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Eastern Command (Pakistan)

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{{Short description|Pakistani military unit during the 1971 war}}
{{Redirect|Eastern Command of the Pakistan Army|Eastern Commands of the other countries|Eastern Command (disambiguation){{!}}Eastern Command}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox military unit
| unit_name = Eastern Command
| image = [[File:Pakistan army eastern command Insignia.png|Pakistan army eastern command Insignia|100px]]
| image_size =
| caption = Eastern Command Insignia<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=1971 India-Pakistan War | History, Bangladesh, Details, Outcome, United States, Russia, & Timeline | Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/event/1971-India-Pakistan-War }}</ref>
| dates = 1969 – 1971
| country = {{PAK}}
| garrison = [[Dhaka Cantonment|Dacca Cantonment]], [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| battles = *[[Operation Searchlight]]
*[[Operation Barisal]]
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A. A. K. Niazi]]
| commander1_label = Corps Commander
| commander2 = Brig. Gen. [[Baqir Siddiqui]]
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders = Lt. Gen. [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Khan]] [[Vice admiral (Pakistan)|V. Adm.]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|Mohammad Ahsan]]
}}The '''Eastern Command''' of the [[Pakistan Army]] (initially designated as '''III Corps''') was a [[corps]]-sized military field [[Maneuver warfare|manoeuvre formation]] overseen and commanded by its [[Commander of the Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Commander]], typically at the holding rank of the [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lieutenant-General]].

From the [[partition of India]] by Great Britain in 1947 and until 1970, [[Pakistan]] was a divided country with consists of two wings geographically separated by {{convert|1000|mi|km|sigfig=2}}. With chain of command and armed forces' combat machinery stationed in the [[West Pakistan|Western wing]], the military mission of the Pakistan armed forces in [[East Pakistan|Eastern wing]] was to defend and hold in reserves until Pakistani military in west [[stalemate|staled or ceasefire]] with larger [[Indian Army]] (in case of war).<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=128}}</ref> The Central Command based in [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] in Rawalpindi at that time created the formation with one army commander who was to be assisted by the naval and air commanders.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} War planners had drawn up a plan to defend [[Dacca]] by concentrating all their forces along the Dhaka Bowl (the area surrounded by the rivers [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], [[Padma River|Padma]] and [[Meghna]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=113}}</ref>

To curb the insurgent attacks, and [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|political activism]] led by [[All-Pakistan Awami League]] in east, the Central Command authorised to launched clearance operations ([[Operation Searchlight|''Searchlight'']] and [[Operation Barisal|''Barisal'']]), which led to the creation of [[Mukti Bahini]] and their fighting for independence throughout eastern wing, Lieutenant-General [[A. A. K. Niazi]] revised the existing plan in accordance with Central Command directive (which emphasised the need to prevent the Mukti Bahini from occupying any area of the province and to fight for every inch of territory).<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|pp=131–132}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|pp=301, 307}}</ref> The Central Command expected the Indians to occupy a large area of the province, transfer the Mukti Bahini and Bengali refugees there and recognise the Bangladesh government in exile – turning the insurgency into an international diplomatic issue.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=123}}</ref> Lt-Gen. Niazi designated ten cities ([[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[Jhenaidah]], [[Bogra]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet]], [[Comilla]] and [[Chittagong]]) on major communication hubs as "fortress towns" and deployed larger formations of ground troops near the Indian border.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=124–125}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|1997|p=73}}</ref> The final plan called for the armed forces to delay Indian attacks at the border and then gradually fall back to the fortress towns.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=124–125}}</ref> From the fortresses, part of the surviving force was to take up positions near Dhaka and hold out until India was forced for a ceasefire in the west; Pakistani forces in the fortress towns would delay the bulk of the Indian forces and prevent them from concentrating on Dhaka.

=={{anchor|Background: East Pakistan neglected}}Background==
The [[Pakistan Army]] inherited six infantry divisions and an armoured brigade after independence in 1947 from the [[British Indian Army]],<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp47</ref> deploying most of their armed assets in [[West Pakistan]]. [[East Pakistan]] had one infantry brigade in 1948, which was made up of two infantry [[battalion]]s, the 1st [[East Bengal Regiment]] and the 1/14th (1st battalion of [[14th Punjab Regiment]]) or 3/[[8th Punjab Regiment]] (3rd battalion of the [[8th Punjab Regiment]]). Between them, the two battalions boasted five rifle companies (a battalion normally had five companies).<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp49</ref> This weak brigade – under the command of [[Brigadier]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] (served as an acting Major General – appointment: GOC, 14th Infantry Division) – and a number of [[East Pakistan Rifles]] (EPR) wings were tasked with defending East Pakistan during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Kashmir War of 1947]].<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp47, pp51</ref> The [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) and [[Pakistan Navy]] had little presence in East Pakistan at that time. The reasons for placing more than 90 percent of the armed might in West Pakistan were:
*Pakistan did not have the economic base to support adequate forces in both wings, and West Pakistan had more strategic relevance than East Pakistan.<ref name="Ali1992p109">{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=109}}</ref>
*Most government officials were from West Pakistan or non-Bengali. Most economic development was taking place in West Pakistan, and the bulk of the armed forces was placed there to keep its power base secure. [[Pakistani military]] staff planners proposed the following doctrine to justify this deployment: "The defense of the East lies in the West".<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=1q2}}</ref> Broadly speaking, this translated into Pakistan needing to defeat India in the west, regardless of what transpired in the east (including Indian occupation of East Pakistan)<ref name="Ali1992p109" /> because a West Pakistani success would presumably force India to negotiate a favourable settlement.<ref>{{harvnb|Islam|2006|pp=309–310}}</ref> The Pakistani staff also believed in the [[martial race]] theory; it was widely believed that one Pakistani soldier was equal to four to ten Hindus/Indian soldiers,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shultz |first1=Richard H. |author1-link=Richard H. Shultz |last2=Dew |first2=Andrea J. |title=Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat |year=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12982-3 |page=278 |quote=The Martial Races Theory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor played a major role in the under-estimation of the Indian Army by Pakistani soldiers as well as civilian decision makers in 1965.}}</ref><ref>^ Library of Congress studies.</ref> and that the numerical superiority of the Indian armed forces could be negated by a smaller number of Pakistani soldiers.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2004|p=103}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Developments between 1949 and 1965}}1949–1965===
The Pakistan Armed Forces grew significantly in size between the wars of 1949 and 1965. The number of infantry divisions jumped from 6 to 13; it also boasted two armoured divisions and several independent infantry and armoured brigades by 1965.<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp55</ref> All these formations had the required artillery, commando, engineer and transport units attached to them. The growth in military infrastructure was slower in East Pakistan; the single division (14th Infantry division) HQed at [[Dhaka]] now contained two infantry brigades, with the 53rd Brigade stationed at [[Comilla]] and the 107th Brigade deployed in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] by 1963.<ref>{{harvnb|Shafiullah|1989|p=31}}</ref> In 1964, the 23rd Brigade was created in Dhaka. This under-strength division comprised three infantry brigades, with no armour and supported by 10 EPR wings, 12 [[F-86]] Saber planes, and three gunboats<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp55</ref> rode out the 1965 war in the east. The Air Forces had bombed each other's bases with the PAF emerging on top, while the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) and EPR had skirmished along the border; although India had one infantry division and one armoured brigade posted near East Pakistan, the armies never clashed in the east.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

====Reforms of Yahya Khan====
When [[Yahya Khan]] became [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] in 1966, he initiated a series of reforms to revamp the combat capability of the Pakistan army. In East Pakistan a corps headquarters was to be established (initially designated as the III corps which later known as the Eastern Command),<ref>{{harvnb|Matinuddin|1994|p=337}}</ref> but except the 14th Infantry Division, Dacca no new division was raised (although the 57th Infantry Brigade was formed in Dhaka, while the 23rd Infantry Brigade was sent to [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Shafiullah|1989|p=32}}</ref> In 1970, the 29th Cavalry was deployed in Rangpur from [[Rawalpindi]], but East Pakistan was not given any corps artillery or armoured units.

The Pakistan Eastern Command headquarters was inaugurated in [[Dhaka Cantonment|Dacca Cantonment]], Dacca on 23 August 1969 and Lt. Gen. [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] was appointed as the commander; on 1 September 1969, the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] of the country, General Yahya Khan, sent [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]] as [[Martial law|Martial Law Administrator]] of East Pakistan.<ref>§The Man of Honor and Integrity: Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan." (in English), Witness to Surrender., Inter Services Public Relations, Siddique Salik,, pp. 60–90, {{ISBN|984-05-1374-5}}.</ref> Syed Mohammad Ahsan, when Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Navy, had established the naval forces in East Pakistan; the naval presence was tripled in East Pakistan with more officers from West Pakistan deployed in the region. Earlier, The Chief of the General Staff at GHQ, Rawalpindi, Major General [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]], decided to run a series of exercises in East Pakistan to formulate an integrated battle plan for the province in 1967. Dubbed "Operation X-Sunderbans-1", it was run by (then) Colonel [[Rao Farman Ali]] under the command of Major General [[Muzaffaruddin]] (GOC 14th Division); the conclusions of this exercise formed the basis for the Pakistani operational plan in 1971.

== Strategy ==

=== {{anchor|Operation X-Sundarbans-1: assumptions and conclusions}}Operation X-Sundarbans-1 ===
[[File:বাংলাদেশের সামরিক (১৯৬৭-১৯৭১) পরিকল্পনা.png|thumb|300px|right|Pakistani Eastern Command plan for the defence of East Pakistan from 1967 to 1971 (generic representation—some unit locations not shown|alt=Military map of East Pakistan from the late 1960s]]
Pakistani planners assumed that the army in East Pakistan would not defend every inch of the province. Pakistani staff planners identified the following features as significant for setting up a defence plan:<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|pp=109, 111–113}}</ref>
*[[Monsoon]] rains flood the mostly flat country, which hinders movement. The best time for [[conventional warfare]] is between November and March, when the ground firms up to allow easy mechanised movement and armoured warfare.
*Infrastructure was poor. All roads led to Dhaka; there was a lack of lateral roads. There were 300 water channels large enough to be navigable during summer. Without air parity and control of river crossings, movement along interior lines would be hindered.
*East Pakistan was a [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]], surrounded on all sides by Indian forces.
Instead of defending every inch of the land, survival of the armed forces was given top priority and the defence of Dhaka was the ultimate objective.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=113–114}}</ref> Instead of deploying along the {{convert|2600|mi|km|sigfig=2|adj=on}}-long Indian border, three lines of deployment were identified:<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|pp=112–114}}</ref>
*The Forward Line: Roughly forming a semicircle running from [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] – [[Rajshahi]] – [[Hili, Dakshin Dinajpur|Hili]] – [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] – [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] – [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]]. [[Mymensingh]] – [[Sylhet]] - [[Comilla]] – [[Chittagong]]. The Pakistan army did not have the numbers to defend the entire line.
*The Secondary Line: This began along the [[Gorai-Madhumati River|Madhumati]] River, ran north to the [[Padma]] River, ran west along the Padma to Rajshahi, north to Hili, east to [[Bogra]], then east and south along the Brahamputra and Meghna rivers. Comilla was to be abandoned. Khulna, Jessore, and Dinajpur-Rangpur were not to be defended in force; Sylhet and Chittagong were to be independent defence areas.
*Inner Line: The Dhaka Bowl (the area between the Jamuna, Padma, Meghna and Old Brahmaputra Rivers). This (especially the city of Dhaka) must be defended until Pakistan defeated India in the west.
The Pakistani planners were aware of the possible negative political implications among the Bengali population of abandoning forward areas and concentrating the army around the Dhaka Bowl to maximise the defensive potential and achieve better co-ordination; however, it failed to come up with an alternative solution. The planners recommended taking advantage of the poor state of infrastructure and natural obstacles to the fullest.

In brief, the plan was to defend Dhaka by starting with the secondary line and falling back to the inner line.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=113}}</ref>

== Training ==

=== {{anchor|Operation Titumir: re-evaluation of the plan January 1970}}Operation Titu Mir ===
A series of exercises, codenamed "Titu Mir", was conducted by the Eastern Command in 1970; the last was staged in January. The conclusions drawn were:<ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|pp=119–120}}</ref>
*India would launch the main assault on East Pakistan from the west, aiming to capture the area up to the river Jamuna; secondary efforts, directed towards Sylhet and Chittagong, would take place in the east.
*Only with the fall of Dhaka would the capitulation of the province be completed.
*Against a conventional Indian attack with 3:1 superiority in numbers and enemy dominance of the air and sea, an East Pakistan armed force contingent consisting of a single infantry division (supported by a regiment of tanks, 17 EPR wings and other paramilitary forces, a squadron of jets and four gunboats) with no support from West Pakistan would probably be able to last for a maximum of three weeks.<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp73</ref>
The conclusions were submitted to GHQ in Rawalpindi, but no major alteration of the original plan took place at this time.

== Military Engangments ==

=== Bangladesh War of Liberation ===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War|l1 = Civil War in Pakistan}}

During the Pakistan Civil war, Eastern Command was the main branch to conduct operations against [[Mukti Bahini]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War order of battle: Pakistan|Indian international forces]]. The sector continued to fight until the essential defeat at [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|16 December.]]<ref name=":0" />

==== {{anchor|Operation Searchlight and Barisal: start of insurgency}}Operations Searchlight and Barisal ====
{{See also|Operation Searchlight|Operation Barisal}}
During 1971, Pakistan experienced riots and civil disobedience against the military dictatorship in both east and west. The [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] of East Pakistan, Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S.M. Ahsan]] was East Pakistan's governor also. The positions of the [[Pakistan armed forces]] under Admiral Ahsan were changed and deployed at the borders to observe Indian intelligence efforts. The magnitude of force was also increased, and logistics efforts were improved under Admiral Ahsan's command. His two-year rule saw stability and improvement in government control of the province; however, the deployment ratio of military forces increased. In March 1971, General Yahya Khan visited Dhaka to break the [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib]]-[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] impasse. Lieutenant General Tikka Khan's staff at the Eastern Command headquarters was the first to present their assessment of the civil and military situation to General Yahya Khan and the army and air force's senior officers accompanying him, and Vice-Admiral Ahsan persuaded General Yahya Khan at the meeting. During this meeting, Admiral Ahsan brief ran counter to the cut-and-dried solutions of West Pakistan representatives and civil servants. The Pakistan Air Force's [[Air Commodore]] [[Zafar Masud (air commodore)|Mitty Masud]] (AOC, PAF Base Dacca) stressed the importance of a political solution rather than military action. Air Commodore Masud backed Admiral Ahsan, as he believed that an autonomous East Pakistan was preferable to the certainty of military defeat if India decided to intervene. General Yahya Khan rejected Masud's arguments.

Before the start of military operations a final high-level meeting was held (chaired by General Yahya Khan) at the General Headquarters (GHQ), where the participants were unanimously in favour of the military operation (despite the calls from Admiral Ahsan and Air Commodore Masud for a political settlement). One of the bases of the replacement was Admiral Ahsan's resignation; he opposed any military actions in the East Pakistan, and was determined to find political solutions rather than military. The GHQ generals in the army and air force (and the navy admirals) were determined to curb the political movement with violence and military might. Admiral Ahsan went to East Pakistan, later returning to West Pakistan. General Yaqub Khan temporarily assumed control of the province in place of Admiral Ahsan; he was replaced by Lt. General Tikka Khan on his refusal to support military action against civilians. Once Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal launched, Admiral Ahsan resigned from his position as Martial Law Administrator and Governor of East Pakistan, retiring from the Navy in protest.<ref>Matinuddin, Kamal (1994), "§The Turning Point: Admiral's Resignation, the decision fills with regrets." (in English), Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis 1968 – 1971, Lahore Wajidalis, pp. 170–200, {{ISBN|969-8031-19-7}}.</ref> In his place, Rear Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] assumed the Naval Commander of East Pakistan (Flag Officer Commanding of the Eastern Naval Command). Air Commodore [[Zafar Masud (air commodore)|Mitty Masud]] was also replaced by the inexperienced officer Air Commodore [[Inamul Haque Khan]]. Masud resigned from the air force due to his apparent opposition to Operations Searchlight and Barisal. Lt. General [[Tikka Khan]] (Governor, Chief Martial Law Administrator and Commander of Eastern Command, ordered the formulation and implementation of [[Operation Searchlight]] after receiving approval from GHQ, Rawalpindi.

Rear-Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]], commander of the Pakistan Navy in the region, ran violent naval operations that contributed to the insurgency. The Pakistan armed forces had no reserves to meet any unforeseen events.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=63}}</ref> Generals Yakub, Khadim and Farman thought Indian intervention was likely if Pakistan took military action against the Awami League, but no contingency plan was made for any Indian military action.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=59, 80–82}}</ref> Pakistani forces occupied Bangladesh, and Gen. Gul Hassan, then Chief of General Staff of the Pakistan army, and no admirer of Gen. Niazi from 11 April 1971<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|p=237}}</ref> – expressed satisfaction with the situation in mid-April.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=A. R. |author-link=A.R. Siddiqui |date=December 1977 |title=1971 Curtain-Raiser |journal=Defence Journal |volume=III |issue=12 |page=3}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Evolution of the Pakistan High Command plan in 1971}}1971 High Command plan ====
[[File:Ban71may.PNG|thumb|275px|right|Pakistani deployment in May 1971, after reorganisation of Eastern Command forces following Operation Searchlight (generic representation—some unit locations not shown|alt=Military map of East Pakistan in May 1971]]
The size and disposition of Pakistan combat forces in East Pakistan changed during Operation Searchlight. The 14th Division was reinforced by the 9th (made up of the 27th, 313th and 117th Brigades) and the 16th (comprising the 34th and 205th Brigades) Divisions (minus their heavy equipment and most of their supporting units)—in all, fifteen infantry and one commando battalion and two heavy mortar batteries by May 1971.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=90}}</ref> Until the end of 1971, General Yahya Khan's government was unable to find an active military administrator comparable to Admiral Ahsan as the civil war in East Pakistan intensified. Senior general officers and admirals were unwilling to assume the command of East Pakistan until [[Lieutenant-General]] [[General A.A.Niazi|Amir Niazi]] volunteered for this assignment. Lieutenant General Niazi was made the commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command (replacing Lieutenant General Tikka Khan, who remained as Chief Martial Law Administrator and Governor until September 1971). Rear Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] was made second-in-command of the Eastern Command.

==== {{anchor|Redeployment of Pakistan Army May 1971}}May 1971 army redeployment ====
Following the change in command, the 14th Division initially had its brigades posted at Comilla (53rd), Dhaka (57th), Rangpur (23rd) and Jessore (107th) before March 1971. During Operation Searchlight the 57th and the 107th moved to Jessore, while the 53rd had relocated to Chittagong. The Eastern Command moved 9th Division HQ (GOC Maj. Gen. Shawkat Riza) to Jessore, putting the 107th (Commander Brig. Makhdum Hayat, HQ Jessore) and the 57th (Commander Brig. Jahanzab Arbab, HQ Jhenida) under this division.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=126}}</ref> The 16th Division (GOC Maj. Gen. Nazar Hussain Shah) HQ moved to Bogra, which now included the 23rd (Commander Brig. Abdullah Malik, HQ Rangpur), the 205th (HQ Bogra) and the 34th (HQ Nator) Brigades.<ref>{{harvnb|Islam|2006|p=241}}</ref> The 14th Division (GOC Maj. Gen. Rahim) HQ remained at Dhaka, with its brigades at Mymensingh (27th), Sylhet (313th) and Comilla (117th). The 97th Independent Brigade was formed in Chittagong, while the 53rd Brigade was moved to Dhaka as a command reserve.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=126}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Changing the Titumir plan}}Changes to Titu Mir ====
[[File:Ban71Aug.PNG|thumb|275px|right|Pakistani deployment and defence plan in August 1971 after Eastern Command assessment following Operation Searchlight (generic representation—some unit locations not shown|alt=Military map of East Pakistan from August 1971]]
Brig. Gulam Jilani (later DG ISI), chief of staff for Gen. Niazi, reviewed the existing East Pakistan defence plan in June 1971<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=85}}</ref> in light of the prevailing circumstances and left the plan basically unchanged. The following assumptions were made while re-evaluating the plan:<ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|p=121}}</ref>
*The main Indian thrust would come from the east, not the west as assumed in the earlier plan. The Indian army would attack to take control over the area between Sylhet and Chandpur, while a secondary attack would be aimed at Rangpur – Bogra and [[Mymensingh]]. At least five Indian infantry divisions (supported by an armoured brigade) would launch the attack.
*The insurgency situation would have improved, and the Eastern Command would be ready for both internal and external threats. If not, internal security measures have to be taken to contain the insurgency.
*All communication links would be fully functional and under government control, to facilitate troop movements.
Gen. Niazi added the following to the plan:<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=114}}</ref>
*The Pakistani Army would launch attacks towards [[Tripura]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] or the [[Shiliguri]] corridor if needed.
*Take over as much Indian territory as possible when the opportunity arises
No war games were conducted to factor in the new directives, or specific plans drawn up to attain these objectives. The revised plan was sent to Rawalpindi and approved in August 1971. During June and July, Mukti Bahini regrouped across the border with Indian aid through [[Operation Jackpot]] and sent 2,000–5,000 guerrillas across the border (the unsuccessful "Monsoon Offensive").<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=96, 115}}</ref><ref>Hassan, Moyeedul, Muldhara' 71, pp64 – pp65</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1973|p=125}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Proposed offensive from the East}}Eastern offensive proposal====
The Pakistan Army had built up an intelligence network to track [[Mukti Bahini]] infiltrations along the {{convert|2700|km|mi|adj=on}} border with India, so that they could be intercepted.<ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|p=109}}</ref> Gen. Niazi claimed to have suggested the following measures to Gen. Hamid (COS Pakistan Army) during his visit in June:<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|pp=96–98}}</ref>
*Attack the Mukti Bahini training camps across the border inside India in July 1971
*Create chaos within India by aiding the [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Naga people|Naga]] and [[Naxal]] insurgents, thus luring the Indian army away from Bangladesh
*Force the BSF units away from the border areas, sabotage the Farrakka barrage, launch offensive demonstrations against [[English Bazar]] and [[Balurghat]], and bomb [[Calcutta]].
*Reinforced by another squadron of warplanes and an additional infantry brigade, and bringing the existing infantry divisions in East Pakistan up to strength with required artillery and armour along with proper antiaircraft defence, it might be possible to occupy parts of Assam and [[West Bengal]] and create chaos in Calcutta.
*If reinforced with another two divisions (while reinforcing existing forces with required artillery and armour), it might be possible to carry the war onto Indian soil. With India deploying at least 15 divisions in the east to defeat the Pakistani force, its forces in the west could be defeated by the Pakistani army.

The Indian military at this time was vulnerable, with its main formations posted away from the East Pakistan border.<ref>{{harvnb|Singh|1980|p=65}}</ref> Col. Z. A. Khan (commander of the [[Special Services Group]] in East Pakistan) also advocated aggressive action against select Indian targets. General Hamid ruled out any provocations that might provoke Indian retaliation, while outlining the main objective of the Eastern Command: to keep the insurgency under control and prevent the formation of a Bangladesh government inside the province.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=99}}</ref> Gen. Niazi remained convinced that his scheme would have forced India to concede terms,<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|pp=98–99, 282}}</ref> but at least one Pakistani source labels his proposal "sheer folly".<ref>{{harvnb|Matinuddin|1994|pp=342–343, 347–350}}</ref>

The main plan remained unchanged until September 1971: Pakistani units were to fight a series of defensive battles before deploying to defend the Dhaka Bowl, but every inch of the province would not be defended. The Pakistan army occupied all the towns and fortified 90<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=101}}</ref> of the 370 BoPs (half of the BoPs were destroyed by Indian shell fire by July 1971 to facilitate Mukti Bahini infiltration)<ref>Hassan, Moyeedul, Muldhara' 71, pp45</ref> and deployed close to the border to halt Mukti Bahini activity.

=== {{anchor|The final plan: October 1971}}Final plan: October 1971 ===
General Niazi (along with General Jamshed (GOC EPCAF), General Rahim (2IC Eastern Command), Brig. Bakir (COS 3 Corps), Rear Admiral Sharif and Air Commodore [[Inamul Haque Khan]]) reviewed the existing plan and updated it to factor in the manpower shortage, logistical difficulties, and the directive of the GHQ to defend every inch of East Pakistan.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=110}}</ref> The initial assumptions were:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=123–126}}</ref>
*The Indian Army Eastern Command would use 12 infantry/mountain divisions and an armoured brigade for the invasion under three corps commands, supported by Mukti Bahini and BSF units.
*The Mukti Bahini would step up its activities and try to occupy border areas, (if possible) occupying a large area of the province adjacent to the border.
*The PAF in East Pakistan would last only 24 hours against the IAF Eastern Contingent.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=132}}</ref>
*The main Indian assault would come from the west (opposite the [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] sector), with a subsidiary attack from the east (opposite the [[Comilla]] sector).
*The naval detachment would move into the harbours once hostilities commenced.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=134}}</ref>
*The Indian strategic objective was to occupy as much of the province as quickly as possible to set up the Bangladesh government and the Mukti Bahini in the liberated area. Full occupation of the province was not the Indian goal.

==== {{anchor|Choosing a defensive strategy: considerations}}Defensive considerations ====
The review committee analysed four strategic concepts when formulating the revised plan:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=124}}</ref>
*Deploying all available forces to defend the Dhaka Bowl along the Meghna, Jamuna and Padma Rivers. The Pakistan Army could use interior lines to switch forces as needed, and build up a strategic reserve while fighting on a narrower front. The disadvantage was that large tracts of areas outside the bowl would be lost without much effort from the invaders; India could set up the Bangladesh government easily inside the province. Also, it gave the Indians the opportunity to divert some of their forces to the west (thus threatening the balance of forces there) where a near-parity in forces was needed for a decisive result.
*Deploying in depth along the border, gradually moving towards the Dhaka Bowl. There were three problems with this concept:
**The state of the transport network and the transport capacity of the army
**Expected Indian air supremacy
**Mukti Bahini activity; all could combine to hinder movements.
*"Mobile Warfare" (positional defence): While the planners agreed that this was best possible course of action (given the terrain of the province), they also noted the chance of being chased and cornered by both the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army was also greater. Indian air dominance would also pose a threat to mobility, and might unhinge the strategy. Also, a large uncommitted reserve force was needed to execute this strategy properly; the Eastern Command had no such reserves, and could not create one unless reinforced by West Pakistan or by abandoning the "defending every inch of the province" concept.
*The "fortress" concept: Principal towns (especially those situated at communication hubs or an expected enemy thrust axis) would be converted into fortresses and defended to the last. This concept had two advantages: it did not call for the voluntary surrender of territory, concentrated forces and required limited mobility. Also, the planners felt India would have to neutralise the fortresses by capturing them through direct assaults or keeping sufficient forces back before pushing inland; they might not have sufficient forces to threaten the Dhaka Bowl if they bypassed the fortresses.

The fortress concept was adopted; the planners decided on a single defensive deployment of troops on the border, which went against the troop deployments advocated by earlier plans. This was done to stick to the GHQ order of not surrendering any territory to the Mukti Bahini. When devising troop deployments, the planners mixed political considerations with strategic ones and envisioned a forward-leaning defence in depth:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=123–126}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Riza|1977|pp=121–122}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Matinuddin|1994|pp=342–350}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1973|pp=107–112}}</ref>
*BoPs: East Pakistan had 370 border outposts along the Indian border, of which 90 had been occupied by Pakistani forces in an attempt to stop Mukti Bahini infiltration. Some of them had been fortified to withstand conventional assaults and airstrikes. EPCAF or regular soldiers were to man the outposts and offer initial resistance to enemy activity. Forward positions were to have supplies to last 7–15 days, and stockpiles for another 15–30 days in rear areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|p=124}}</ref>
*Strong points: These positions were to be chosen by the area division commanders according to the area terrain. Each strong point was to delay the enemy advance after troops have retreated from the BoPs and regular army units had concentrated around these positions. Flanking areas and communications would be guarded by paramilitary troops. Strong points stored munitions and supplies for up to 15 days.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=161}}</ref>
*Fortresses: These were major cities located on communications-network hubs. After delaying the enemy at the strong points, Pakistani units were to fall back on the fortresses and fight till the last. The fortresses were to contain rations to last 45 days, munitions for 60 days and be fortified like [[Tobruk]] in [[World War II]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=124}}</ref>

==== Defensive lines ====
Once the fortress defence was chosen, General Niazi and his staff designated the following cities as fortresses: Jessore, Jhenida, [[Bogra]], Rangpur, Comilla and [[Bhairab Bazar]] (these were located on communication hubs), [[Jamalpur Sadar Upazila|Jamalpur]] and Mymensingh (defending the northern perimeter of the Dhaka bowl), and Sylhet and Chittagong (independent defence areas). There were four lines of defence:{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*The troops deployed on the border were the forward line. This was in front of the forward line envisioned in the X-Sundarbans exercise of 1967, which had decided it was impossible to defend the entire border against a conventional attack.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|pp=116}}</ref>
*Fortresses: All the fortresses were located on this line except Chittagong and Sylhet, which were to be independent defensive areas. This was the forward line of the 1967 X-Sundarbans plan; it was also deemed indefensible in its entirety in that exercise.
*Dhaka Outer Defense Line: Troops from the fortresses were to retreat to this line, which ran from [[Pabna]] in the west, to Bera and [[Sirajganj]] to the north and then to Mymensingh. From Mymensingh the line went south to Bhairab Bazar; from Bhairab it ran southwest along the Meghna to Daudkandi and [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]], then ran northwest along the Padma to the [[Gorai-Madhumati River|Madhumati]], along the Madhumati back to [[Pabna]]. The fortresses of Bhairab and Mymensingh were part of this line. Pabna, Bera, Chandpur, Daudkandi and [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]] would be turned into fortresses, while Kamarkhali, Goalanda, Nagarbari and Narshindi would be strong points. Faridpur and Narshindi were turned into strong points in December; the other sites were not built up.
*Dhaka Inner Defense Line: This ran from [[Manikganj]] in the west to Kaliakair, on to [[Tongi]], then to Naryanganj and from Naryanganj back to Manikganj. This area was to have a fortress (Naryanganj) and strong points at Kalaikair and Tongi. None were developed by December 1971.

Having chosen the defence concept and defensive lines, the Pakistan Eastern Command outlined its course of action:
*Troops deployed on the border would hold on until ordered to retreat by the GOC. Later, Gen. Niazi forbade any retreat unless units had a casualty rate of 75 percent.
*Troops would "trade space for time" and fight a delaying action, while falling back to the nearest fortress.
*The fortress would be defended to the last (which was understood as the amount of time needed for Pakistan to deliver the knockout blow in the west).
*Troop formations would fall back to the Dhaka outer line to defend Dhaka as needed.
The divisional commanders were authorised to make plans for limited counterattacks in Indian territory to aid in their defensive objectives (one of which was to maintain control of the main roads leading into the territory).

[[File:Ban71Oct.PNG|thumb|325px|right|Pakistani Eastern Command assumed Indian army probable axis of advance in occupied Bangladesh, October 1971 (generic representation—not all unit locations shown|alt=Military map of Bangladesh from October 1971]]

==== {{anchor|Assumed enemy axis of attack and Pakistani deployments}}Planned Pakistani deployments ====
Pakistani planners assumed (based on intelligence estimates) that an Indian force of 8 to 12 infantry divisions, an armoured brigade and the Mukti Bahini would launch the invasion of East Pakistan during the winter. The Pakistani army had divided the country into four sectors:<ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|1997|pp=184–190}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Matinuddin|1994|pp=348–350}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Riza|1977|pp=134–159}}</ref>

'''Northern Sector''': This area is to the north of the Padma and west of the Jamuna River, encompassing the Rajhshahi, [[Pabna]], Bogra, Rangpur and [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] districts. Pakistani planners were undecided on whether the Indian attack would come from the [[Siliguri Corridor]] south towards Bogra or on the Hili–Chilimari axis (from southwest to northeast) to cut the area in two. The division was deployed to counter both possibilities.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=149}}</ref>

The 16th Infantry Division (GOC Maj. Gen. Nazar Hussain Shah, HQ Bogra, then Nator) defended this area. It had the 29th Cavalry, two artillery regiments and a heavy mortar battery (the 117th Independent Mortar Battery), in addition to three infantry brigades: the 23rd (Commander Brig. S.A. Ansari, HQ Rangpur), the 205th (Commander Brig. [[Tajammul Hussain Malik]], HQ Bogra) and the 34th (Brig. Mir Abdul Nayeem, HQ Nator). The general plan of defence was:
*The 23rd Brigade (8th, 25th, 48th Punjab and 26th Frontier Force Battalions) was to defend the area north of the Hili–Chilmari axis. The troops were to retreat to Dinajpur, Saidpur and Rangpur from the border areas, while Dinajpur, Saidpur, T-Junction and [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]] were turned into strong points. The 48th Field regiment and one tank squadron (deployed near Thakurgaon) was also attached to this brigade. Three EPCAF wings, the 34th Punjab and a Mujahid battalion (the 86th) were also deployed in the brigade operational area. The area north of the [[Teesta River]] was a separate defence area where the 25th Punjab, 86th Mujahid, one-wing EPCAF and the independent heavy mortar battery were located.
*The 205th Brigade (the 4th and 13th Frontier Forces and the 3rd Baloch) would defend the area between Hili (a strong point) and [[Naogaon]], then fall back to Bogra (a fortress) and hold out. Palashbari, Phulchari and Joyporhut were turned into strong points. A squadron of tanks (deployed near [[Naogaon]], then Hili) along with the 80th Field Artillery Regiment and a mortar battery was also attached to this brigade.
*The 34th Brigade (the 32nd Punjab and 32nd Baloch) would look after the area between Rajshahi and Naogaon, and if needed would fall back to the Outer Dhaka defence line and defend from Pabna and Bera (both proposed fortresses). Three EPCAF wings supported this brigade. A squadron of tanks was deployed near Pakshi to guard the [[Hardinge Bridge|Hardinge bridge]]. In September, an ''ad hoc'' brigade was formed in Rajshahi to block the Padma from river operations.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=149}}</ref>

'''Western Sector''': This area (south of the Padma and east of the Meghna) contained the Khulna, Jessore, [[Kushtia]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Barisal]] and [[Patuakhali]] districts and was defended by the 9th Division (GOC Maj. Gen. Ansari) made up of two infantry brigades: the 107th (Commander Brig. Makhdum Hayat, HQ Jessore), covering the border from Jibannagar to the Sunderbans to the south, and the 57th (Commander Brig. Manzoor Ahmed, HQ Jhenida), which covered the border from Jibannagar to the Padma in the north. Two artillery regiments, a heavy mortar battery (the 211th) and a squadron of tanks were also part of the division. Pakistani planners assumed three likely axes of advance from the Indian army:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=140}}</ref><ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp243 – pp244</ref>
*The main attack would come in the Calcutta – Banapol – Jessore axis.
*Another thrust would be made, either using the Krishnanagar – Darshana – Chuadanga axis or the Murshidabad – Rajapur – Kushtia axis.
The 107th Brigade (the 12th Punjab, the 15th and 22nd FF Battalions) was tasked with guarding the Benapol axis. This brigade was reinforced with the 38th FF in November, while the Third Independent Tank Squadron was destroyed at [[Battle of Garibpur|Garibpur]] on 22 November. In addition, the 55th Field Artillery Regiment and the heavy mortar battery was attached to the brigade and the 12th and 21st Punjab Battalions were deployed near its operational area.

The 57th Brigade (the 18th Punjab and 29th Baloch) was deployed to cover the [[Darshana]] and Meherpur areas. The 49th Field Artillery regiment was attached to this brigade, and the 50th Punjab reinforced the unit in November. To defend the Hardinge Bridge, a tank squadron was placed under the Eastern Command control near Kushtia.
In September an ''ad hoc'' brigade – the 314th<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=113}}</ref> (CO Col. Fazle Hamid, one Mujahib battalion and five companies each from EPCAF and Razakars) was created to defend the city of Khulna.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=139}}</ref>
The 57th and 107th Brigades were to defend the border, then fall back to Jhenida and Jessore and prevent the Indians from crossing the Jessore–Jhenida road (which runs almost parallel to the border). The brigades also had the option to fall back across the [[Gorai-Madhumati River|Madhumati]] River (which formed part of the Dhaka outer defence line) and defend the area between Faridpur, Kamarkhali and [[Goalundo Ghat|Goalanda]].

'''Dhaka Bowl''': Pakistani planners anticipated a brigade size attack on the Kamalpur – Sherpur – Jamalpur axis, and another along the Haluaghat – Mymensingh axis.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=181}}</ref> They deemed this area impassable because of the hilly terrain on the Indian side and the Modhupur Jungle and [[Brahmaputra]] River to the north of Dhaka. The 27th Brigade initially was posted at Mymensingh, and the 53rd was in Dhaka. However, when the 27th Brigade was sent to Brahmanbaria, the 93rd Brigade (Commander Brig. Abdul Qadir Khan, HQ Mymensingh) was created from units of the 27th Brigade, and the 36th ''ad hoc'' Division (GOC Maj. Gen. Mohammad Jamshed Khan, HQ Dhaka) was created to replace the 14th Division. The order of battle of the 36th ''ad hoc'' Division was:
*The 93rd Brigade (the 33rd Punjab and 31st Baloch, plus the 70th and 71st West Pakistan Ranger wings), supported by the two EPCAF wings and the 83rd Independent Mortar Battery was responsible for the border area between the Jamuna river and [[Sunamganj]]. It developed strong points at Kamalpur, Haluaghat and Durgapur, while Jamalpur and [[Mymensingh]] were turned into fortresses. The course of the Brahmaputra River was designated the "line of no penetration".
*The 53rd Brigade (Commander Brig. Aslam Niazi, the 15th and 39th Baloch Battalions) was posted in Dhaka as command reserves and was responsible for the Dhaka inner defence line. Dhaka also had Razakar, EPCAF and other units that could be deployed for defence of the city. In November, Pakistani forces carried out a cleansing operation inside the Dhaka Bowl, but it had little effect in curbing Mukti Bahini activity.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1973|pp=127–129}}</ref>

'''Eastern Sector''': This sector included the Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla and Sylhet districts. The anticipated lines of advance were:
*The Agartala – Akhaura – Bhairab Bazar axis would be the main thrust, with another attack coming towards Maulavi Bazar – Shamshernagar and a third near Comilla.
*The 14th Division (GOC: Maj. Gen. Rahim Khan, then Maj. Gen Abdul Majid Kazi) was initially HQed at Dhaka until the creation of the 36th ''ad hoc'' Division to cover the Dhaka Bowl, when its HQ moved to Brahmanbaria. The 14th Division initially had four brigades: the 27th (Commander Brig. Saadullah Khan, HQ Mymensingh), the 313th (Brig Iftikar Rana, HQ Sylhet), the 117th (Brig. Mansoor H. Atif, HQ Comilla) and the 53rd (Brig. Aslam Niazi, HQ Dhaka). After the review of September, it was decided to make the 14th responsible for the eastern sector encompassing the Sylhet, Comilla and Noakhali districts only. Chittagong was designated as an independent defence zone under control of the 97th Independent Brigade. Also, two ''ad hoc'' brigades were created: the 202nd and the 93rd, out of the units of the 14th Division. The division order of battle after September was:
*The 202nd ''ad hoc'' Brigade (Commander Brig. Salimullah, HQ Sylhet) was created by detaching the 31st Punjab from the 313th Brigade and incorporating elements of the 91st Mujahid and 12th Azad Kashmir Battalions. A wing each of Tochi and Thal Scouts and [[Khyber Rifles]] were also attached to the brigade, along with a battery from the 31st Field Regiment and the 88th Independent Mortar Battery. Sylhet was made a fortress, while this brigade was responsible for the border stretching from Sunamganj to the northwest of Sylhet, to Latu, to the east of that city.
*The 313th Brigade (Commander Brig. Rana, 30th FF and 22nd Baloch Battalions plus elements of the 91st Mujahid Battalion) moved to Maulavi Bazar (which was developed as a strong point), and the unit was responsible for the border between Latu and Kamalganj. After resisting the expected thrust along the Maulavi Bazar – Shamshernagar front, the brigade was to move south and link up with the 27th Brigade near Brahmanbaria. Gen Niazi also envisioned this brigade launching an assault inside Tripura, if possible.
*The 27th Brigade (33rd Baloch and 12th FF Battalions) was responsible for covering the border between Kamalganj and Kasba (just north of Comilla), and would block the expected main Indian axis of advance with strong points at Akhaura and [[Brahmanbaria]]. The Eighth Independent Armored Squadron (four tanks), 10 field guns from the 31st Field Regiment, a mortar battery along with an EPCAF wing, a Mujahid battalion, units from the 21st Azak Kashmir and 48th Punjab were also part of this brigade. Brig. Saadullah anticipated a three-pronged assault on his area around Akhaura, and planned to ultimately fall back to Bhairab (which was the nearest fortress, and part of the Dhaka outer-defence line).
*The 117th Brigade (the 23rd and 30th Punjab, 25th FF Battalions and 12th Azad Kashmir, minus elements) was HQed at [[Mainamati]] (north of Comilla), which was turned into a fortress. The 53rd Field Regiment and the 117th Independent Mortar Battery were attached to this brigade, along with three EPCAF wings and a troop of tanks. This brigade was responsible for the border between Kasba (to the north of Comilla) to Belonia in Noakhali. It was to concentrate near Comilla in the event of an Indian advance, then fall back to Daudkandi and Chandpur (which were part of the Dhaka outer-defence line and designated fortresses).

===== Chittagong: Independent defence zone =====
The 97th independent Infantry Brigade (Commander Brig. Ata Md. Khan Malik, HQ Chittagong) was to cover the Chittagong fortress and hill tracks. The 24th FF Battalion (along with two EPCAF wings and a Marine battalion) guarded Chittagong itself. The Second SSG was at [[Kaptai Upazila|Kaptai]] while the 60th and 61st Ranger Wings were posted at Ramgarh and [[Cox's Bazar]], respectively.

===== Distribution of artillery and armour =====
The Eastern Command could not attach an artillery regiment to each of the infantry brigades, so only the 23rd, 205th, 57th, 107th, and 117th brigades were given an artillery regiment each. An artillery regiment (the 31st) was split between the 202nd ''ad hoc'' and the 27th Brigades, while elements of three other artillery regiments (the 25th, 32nd and 56th)<ref>Arefin, A.S.M. Shamsul, Muktijudder Prekkhapotey Bektir Aubsthan, pp343</ref> were proportionately distributed among the other brigades as required.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=114}}</ref> The 29th Cavalry was split into three independent squadrons among the 16th Division troops, while two other tank squadrons (one with the 107th Brigade and the other with the 117th Brigade) and two tank troops (one with the 36th ''ad hoc'' Division and the other with the 27th Brigade) were deployed.

[[File:Ban71nov.PNG|thumb|325px|right|Pakistani deployment and final plan of defence after 19 November 1971, incorporating Pakistan Army GHQ suggestions (generic representation—some unit locations not shown|alt=Military map of Bangladesh from November 1971]]

=== {{anchor|Last Minute Changes: November 1971}}Last-minute changes: November 1971 ===
{{See also|Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971}}

General Abdul Hamid, COS of the Pakistani Army, had approved the existing deployment of troops close to the border.<ref name="Ali1992p115">{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=115}}</ref> However, as events unfolded in Bangladesh and the Pakistani Army began to face ever-increasing difficulties, some officers at GHQ began to have second thoughts about the operational plan to defend East Pakistan. Lt. General Gul Hassan, CGS, had little faith in the plan Lt. Gen. Niazi had outlined to him in June.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|pp=296–299}}</ref> Gen. Hassan supposedly tried to get the plan revised several times and insisted on abandoning the concept of defending every inch of the province, wanted the Eastern Command to redeploy regular units away from the border, fight for the BoPs and strong points on a limited scale and ensure Dhaka Bowl had enough reserves instead of the gradual withdrawal of forces to Dhaka outlined in the existing plan.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|pp=296–299, 309–313}}</ref> However, GHQ Rawalpindi approved in October 1971 only with the following adjustments:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=125}}</ref>
*Pakistani units to launch offensive action against English Bazar in West Bengal, if possible
*Commando action to destroy [[Farakka Barrage|Farakka barrage]] should be considered
*Defence of Chittagong should be formed around one infantry battalion
*Dhaka to be defended at all costs
These suggestions were incorporated in the plan without change. From September onwards Pakistani forces had begun to fortify positions with concrete bunkers, anti-tank ditches, land mines and barbed wires. Spiked bamboo was also used, and some areas were flooded to hinder enemy movements.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=113}}</ref> Engineering battalions were sent to construct fortified positions, although some of the strong points and fortresses (especially those inside the Dhaka outer-defence line) remained incomplete.

==== Final reinforcements and directives ====
In November, Gen. Niazi sent Maj. Gen Jamshed and Brig. Bakir Siddiqi to Rawalpindi to request two more divisions as reinforcements (as well as all the heavy equipment left behind by the 9th and 16th Divisions for East Pakistan). The GHQ promised to send 8 infantry battalions and an engineer battalion;<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=132}}</ref> only five battalions were sent to East Pakistan because the GHQ probably could not spare anything else.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=104}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|pp=307–309}}</ref> The first two units (the 38th FF and 50th Punjab) were given to the 9th Division. The next three battalions were split up and sent as reinforcements to various areas, as needed.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=127}}</ref> The last three battalions were to replace the 53rd Brigade as command reserves in Dhaka, but never arrived from West Pakistan. At the meeting, the Eastern Command was told to continue its "political mission" (i.e. prevent territory from falling into Mukti Bahini hands), although by this time {{convert|5000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} of territory had fallen into their hands. Gen Niazi claims this order was never withdrawn,<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=132}}</ref> and Gen. Hassan suggested that Gen. Hamid never altered the plan Gen. Niazi had submitted in October (including the deployment of troops near the border).<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|pp=295–299, 300–309}}</ref> The GHQ never commented on the deployment plan,<ref name="Ali1992p115" /> while others claim the Eastern Command failed to readjust its deployments despite advice from GHQ.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=128}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|39th ad hoc division}}39th ad-hoc Division ====
In November 1971, Rawalpindi GHQ warned the Eastern Command that the Indian army would launch the main attack from the east. Gen. Niazi and Gen. Rahim identified the axis of the main attack as:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=171}}</ref>
*South of Comilla, towards Mudafarganj and [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]]
*East of Belonia, from [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]] south towards [[Chittagong]]
Gen Niazi split the 14th Division and transferred the 117th Brigade to the newly created 39th ''ad hoc'' Division (GOC Maj. Gen. Rahim, HQ Chandpur), which also included the 53rd (Commander Brig. Aslam Niazi, HQ [[Feni District|Feni]]) and the 91st ''ad hoc'' Brigade (Commander Brig. Mian Taskeen Uddin, HQ Chittagong). The deployment of the troops was:
*The 117th Brigade was to cover the area from Kasba to the north of Comilla to Chauddagram in the south. After fighting at the border, the force was to redeploy around the Mainamati fortress and then fall back to defend Daudkandi (which was on the Dhaka outer-defence line).
*The 53rd Brigade (the 15th and 39th Baloch, plus elements of the 21st Azad Kashmir Battalion) was transferred from the command reserve to guard the border from Chaddagram to [[Belonia, India|Belonia]]. This brigade was to fall back to Chandpur, a fortress located on the Dhaka outer-defence line after its initial defence of Feni and [[Laksham]].
*The 91st ''ad hoc'' Brigade (the 24th FF battalion, one Ranger and one Mujahid battalion and elements of the 21st Azad Kashmir) was to guard the Belonia – [[Ramgarh Upazila|Ramgarh]] area. It was to fall back to Chittagong after defending the area. The 48th Baloch was sent to the 97th Brigade in Chittagong after the 24th FF was given to the 91st Brigade.

=={{anchor|Pakistani Western Command Strategy}}Western Command strategy==
The Pakistani high command began contemplating full-scale war with India to settle all issues as the insurgency in Bangladesh began to escalate after August;<ref>Salik, Siddiq, Witness to Surrender, pp100, pp104</ref> with Mukti Bahini activities more aggressive and effective,<ref>Hassan, Moyeedul, Muldhara' 71, pp118 – pp119</ref> Pakistani forces were in disarray.<ref>Khan, Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem, Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership, pp128</ref> In doing so they had to contemplate fighting in the west and the east, and the ongoing insurgency. Since the defence of East Pakistan rested on overwhelming Pakistani success in the west (resulting in India withdrawing its forces in the east),<ref>Cloughley, Brian, A History of the Pakistan Army, [[Oxford University Press]], 1999, pp155 – pp184</ref><ref>Hamdoor Rahman Commission Report, Part IV, Chapters II and III</ref> any formal war would also start when Pakistani forces in West Pakistan were ready to strike. In the summer of 1970, the western operational plan was revised. The following conclusions were drawn:<ref>Hassan Khan, Lt. Gen. Gul, Memories of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan, pp291 – pp293</ref>
*Pakistan can counterattack in retaliation for an Indian attack, or
*Launch preemptive strikes on Indian soil after GHQ approval is granted.
*A reserve force is needed to reinforce formations whenever needed, or to strike a decisive blow.
It was decided to keep part of the reserves to the north of the [[Ravi River]] and part to the south. The plan called for the formations near the border to seize favourable lodgement areas, to screen the main attack of the army. In September 1971 the plan was updated to include:<ref>Hassan Khan, Lt. Gen. Gul, Memories of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan, pp283 – pp286</ref>
*West Pakistan would retaliate immediately after the Indians launched an attack in East Pakistan. Pakistani formations would take over border areas without stretching their defensive capabilities; the idea was to create an impression that West Pakistan had launched a full-scale attack all along the border.
*The reserve force of one armoured and two infantry divisions from south of the Ravi would launch a full-scale attack and, if successful, the northern reserve force would join the assault.

==={{anchor|The decisive point: Western battle plan}}Western battle plan===
[[File:Indo-Pak War West1971.PNG|thumb|325px|right|Deployment of forces on the western front, December 1971 (generic presentation, not to scale; not all geographic features shown)|alt=Military map of West Pakistan from December 1971]]
The Pakistani army had fifteen divisions (including two armoured divisions and in addition to several independent brigade groups) in West Pakistan in 1971. After transferring the 9th and 16th Divisions (known as "China Divisions" because these formations were given new Chinese equipment) to East Pakistan, they had a rough parity with the Indian army in infantry and a slight edge in armour. However, they could only hope to attack with 3:1 superiority in selected areas where surprise was vital. Pakistan had raised the 33rd Infantry Division, and had started to raise the 35th and the 37th Divisions to replace those sent to Bangladesh; these formations were active but not fully operational by November 1971. The Pakistan Army deployed ten infantry and two armoured divisions to face an Indian force of three corps (thirteen infantry, two mountain, one armoured division and several battle groups under the Indian Army Western and Southern Commands)<ref>Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp188</ref> as follows:<ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, A Tale of Millions, pp310</ref>
*The 12th (GOC Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan: six infantry brigades and six wings from the Frontier Corps) and the 23rd (GOC Maj. Gen. Iftikhar Khan Janjua: five infantry brigades, an independent armoured brigade and an armoured regiment) infantry divisions were deployed in [[Azad Kashmir]]. The 12th was to attack the [[Poonch Division|Poonch]] sector, while the 23rd would attack the Chhamb sector initially and then push forward.
*In the [[Sialkot]] sector the 6th Armored Division (GOC Maj. Gen. M. Iskanderul Karim: two armoured brigades and two infantry battalions) was deployed along with the 8th (GOC Maj. Gen. Abdul Ali Malik: three brigades and two armoured regiments), the 15th (GOC Maj. Gen. Abid Ali Zahid: four brigades and eight independent armoured brigades) and the 17th (GOC Maj. Gen. R.D. Shamim: five infantry brigades) infantry divisions under I Corps (Commander Lt General Irshad Ahmed Khan). The 8th was to attack near Sakkargarh, in an attempt to draw off Indian reserves. These formations would then attempt to cut off Kashmir from the rest of India.<ref>Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp231</ref> The 6th Armored and the 17th Divisions were designated "Reserve North".
*The 10th (GOC Maj. Gen. S.A.Z Naqvi: four infantry brigades) and the 11th (six infantry brigades) Infantry Divisions, along with the 3rd Independent Armored Brigade, was stationed in the [[Lahore]] sector under IV Corps (Commander Lt. Gen. Bahadur Shah). These formations were to launch diversionary attacks across the border and defend the central Punjab.
*The 1st Armored Division (two armoured brigades and one infantry battalion) and the 7th (GOC Maj. Gen. I.A. Akram: three infantry brigades) and the 33rd (GOC Maj. Gen. Ch. Nessar Ahmed: three infantry brigades) Infantry Divisions were posted south of the Ravi River; they were later joined by an independent infantry brigade under II Corps (Lt. Gen. Tikka Khan), headquartered in [[Multan]]. This force was designated "Reserve South". The 7th Infantry Division (initially based at Peshawar) was to move east to areas where it could support the 12th and 23rd Divisions as a diversion, then move and form up with the rest of II Corps south of the Sutlej.
*The 18th Infantry Division (GOC Maj. Gen. B.M. Mustafa: three infantry brigades) and two armoured regiments were deployed in Sindh, near Hydrabad.

Aside from these formations, Pakistan also had two independent artillery and two infantry brigade groups deployed on the border. The initial Pakistani plan was to launch diversionary attacks along the whole Indian border<ref>Qureshi, Maj. Gen. Hakeem A., The 1971 Indo –Pak War A Soldier's Narrative, pp137- pp139</ref> to keep Indian reserve forces away from the main target areas, then attack the Poonch and Chhamb sectors and drive back the Indian forces while an infantry brigade (supported by an armoured regiment) pushed into [[Rajasthan]] towards Ramgarh. Once India had committed her reserves, II Corps would assemble south of the Sutlej (near Bahawalpur) and move east into India, swinging northeast towards Bhatinda and Ludhiana. Then IV Corps would push towards the Indian Punjab. Given that India had a slight edge in forces, Pakistani armoured units and the Pakistan Air Force needed to gain the upper hand quickly to ensure this plan succeeded.

The overall objective of the Pakistani ground assault was to capture enough Indian territory in the west to ensure a favourable bargaining position with India (should the Pakistani Eastern Command fail to repel the Indian attack on Bangladesh), and by forcing India to commit forces in the west and triggering the withdrawal of Indian forces from the east. From October 1971 onwards, Pakistani units began to take up positions along the border.

===Importance of airstrikes===
To negate Indian superiority in infantry (in addition to the 13 divisions deployed along the Pakistan border, it could call up the main reserve force if needed),<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp231</ref> the Pakistan Air Force (OC [[Air Marshal]] A. Rahim Khan) needed to achieve air superiority on the western front. In 1971 it had 17 front-line squadrons<ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp188</ref> facing 26 Indian front-line squadrons (Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal]], AOC-in-C, Western Air Command, Air Marshal M.M Engineer), while India deployed 12 squadrons (AOC-in-C, Eastern Air Command, Air Marshal H.C. Dewan) in the east (against one PAF squadron – CO Air Commodore [[Inamul Haque Khan]]) and had another seven squadrons deployed elsewhere. Pakistani planners had assumed the PAF will be neutralised within 24 hours of IAF launching combat operations over East Pakistan,<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=132}}</ref> and the Pakistani planners were aware that the Indian Air force would then be free to concentrate more aircraft in the west after deploying units to negate any Chinese moves. The PAF devised [[Operation Chengiz Khan]] to launch preemptive strikes on the IAF and neutralise its advantage at the onset of the war.

==={{anchor|Role of the Navy}}Naval role===
The Pakistan Navy was in no position to counter the Indian threat, despite appeals to enhance naval capabilities over the years. The Pakistan Navy under commander-in-chief [[Vice Admiral]] [[Muzaffar Hassan|Muzaffar Hasan]] (Fleet CO: [[Rear Admiral]] MAK Lodhi), with one [[cruiser]], three [[frigate]]s, five [[destroyer]]s, four submarines and several gunboats, faced the Indian Western Fleet ([[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|FOCWF]]: Rear Admiral [[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila|E. C. "Chandy" Kuruvila]]) consisting of one cruiser, eight frigates, one destroyer, two submarines and several patrol and missile boats in 1971.<ref>Rahman, Md. Khalilur, Muktijuddhey Nou-Abhijan, pp23 – pp24</ref> The Pakistan Navy had no aggressive plans except sending the [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] to the Bay of Bengal to sink the Indian aircraft carrier ''INS Vikrant''. On the Eastern Front, Indian Navy Eastern Fleet (Fleet CO: [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet|FOCEF]] [[Rear Admiral]] [[S. H. Sarma]]) consisted of one aircraft carrier, one destroyer, four frigates, 2 submarines and at least four gunboats, Pakistan Navy eastern fleet (CO: Rear Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]]) had only one destroyer was active along with seven gunboats; therefore, it was impossible to conduct operations in the deep Bay of Bengal and he had planned to sit the war out.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=135}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Changed Reality: problems in East Pakistan}}Problems in East Pakistan military==
Pakistan Eastern Command HQ began to revise the operational plan from September onwards under the following assumptions:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=127}}</ref>
*India would launch a conventional attack in East Pakistan aiming to liberate a large area, transfer the Mukti Bahini and the refugees in the liberated area and seek recognition for the Bangladesh government in exile – thus involving the UN in the conflict.
*Mukti Bahini activity (which was supposed to be neutralised when the conventional attack took place, according to the old plan) had peaked, instead of being under control.
*The Army GHQ had ordered that the Mukti Bahini would be denied any area in East Pakistan to declare as "Bangladesh". Every inch of the province was to be defended from Bangladesh forces.
*Control over communications networks vital for the movement of troops and logistics<ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|p=121}}</ref> had collapsed due to the destruction of bridges, ferries and railway lines.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=124–125}}</ref>
Besides the above, the planners also had to factor in the status of the Pakistani forces in the province, logistical challenges presented by their deployment and the state of communications.

==={{anchor|Lack of trained manpower}}Manpower shortage===
The East Pakistan garrison was reinforced with two infantry divisions in April 1971 to restore order and fight the insurgency. All divisional heavy equipment needed to fight a conventional war was left in the west.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=90}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1993|p=308}}</ref> A comparison of the deployed units between March and November shows:<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=90, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|pp=105–109}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|1997|pp=184–190}}</ref><ref>Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp196 – pp197</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|p=20}}</ref><ref>Arefin, A.S.M. Shamsul, Muktijudder Prekkhapotey Bektir Aubsthan, pp342 – pp344</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! March 1971
! June 1971
! Dec 1971
|-
| Division HQ
| 1
| 3
| 3
|-
| Ad hoc Division HQ
| 0
| 0
| 2
|-
| Brigade HQ
| 4
| 11
| 11
|-
| Ad hoc Brigade HQ
| 0
| 0
| 4
|-
| Infantry battalion
| 16
| 30
| 35 + 4
|-
| Artillery Regiment
| 5
| 6
| 6 + 3
|-
| Armoured Regiment
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| Heavy Mortar battery
| 2
| 5
| 5
|-
| Commando Battalion
| 1
| 2
| 2
|-
| Engineer Battalion
| 1
| 3
| 3
|-
| Ack Ack Regiment
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| EPR/EPCAF Wings
| 17
| 17
| 17
|-
| W Pakistan Ranger Wings
| 0
| 7
| 7
|-
| Mujahid Battalion
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
| Razakars
| 0
| 22,000
| 50,000
|-
| Al Badr/Al Shams
| 0
| 0
| 10,000
|}

According to one estimate, the Eastern Command needed at least 250,000 personnel; it barely had 150,000 (50,000 regular soldiers) by November 1971.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=101}}</ref> To fill the manpower gap, the [[East Pakistan Civil Armed Force]] (EPCAF) (17 planes and approximately 23,000 personnel)<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|pp=105–106}}</ref> and [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] (40,000 members, against a target of 1,000,000)<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=105}}</ref> were raised after June 1971. The armed police (11,000 members)<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=106}}</ref> was also reorganised and bolstered with 5,000 West Pakistani personnel.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=96}}</ref>
According to General Niazi, he had requested the following from GHQ in June 1971:
*Three medium- and one light-tank regiments were allocated for East Pakistan, out of which only the regiment already in the province was provided.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=87}}</ref> Also, two heavy- and one medium-artillery regiments were supposed to be sent but never arrived.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=136}}</ref>
*A squadron of fighter planes to back up the PAF unit in East Pakistan.<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=98}}</ref> The PAF had plans to deploy a squadron of [[Shenyang F-6]] planes in East Pakistan in 1971, but these were withdrawn because the PAF infrastructure in the province lacked the operational capacity to support housing two active squadrons.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=123}}</ref>
*Bringing the 9th and 16th Divisions up to strength by sending the artillery and engineering units left behind in West Pakistan and allocating corps artillery and armour for the Eastern Command (none of which was sent).<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=109}}</ref>
The Pakistan GHQ had to weigh every request to resupply, reequip and reinforce the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan against the need of the West Pakistani forces, and did not have enough reserves of manpower and equipment for a long conflict.<ref>Hamdoor Rahman Commission Report, Part IV, Chapters V</ref> The Eastern Command only deemed one of the three divisions fit for conventional warfare. Seven West Pakistan Ranger wings, five Mujahid battalions and a wing of Khyber Rifles, Tochi and Thal Scouts were sent to East Pakistan by November 1971.<ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|1997|pp=184–190}}</ref> Five infantry battalions were sent from West Pakistan in November. Al Badr and Al Shams units contributed another 5,000 men each.

==={{anchor|Stopgap solutions: Ad hoc units}}Ad hoc units===
The lack of regular units also forced the Eastern Command to improvise in two ways: creating ''ad hoc'' formations to mimic regular army formations and mixing regular troops with paramilitary units. When Pakistani planners assumed India would launch its main attack in the east along the [[Akhaura Upazila#History|Akhaura]] – [[Brahmanbaria#History|Brahmanbaria]] axis, it had no brigades available to cover this area. The 27th brigade from [[Mymensingh]] was moved to Akhaura, while two battalions from the brigade were detached to form the 93rd Brigade in Mymensingh.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=126}}</ref> Similarly, the 313th Brigade was moved from Sylhet to [[Moulvibazar|Maulavi Bazar]] and a battalion from the 313th was kept at Sylhet to form the nucleus of the 202nd ''ad hoc'' Brigade. The 14th Division (which covered both the Dhaka Bowl and the Eastern Sector except Chittagong) was given responsibility for the Eastern Sector only, and the 36th ''ad hoc'' Division (containing only the 93rd Brigade) was created to defend the Dhaka Bowl. Similarly, the 314th (for [[Khulna]]) and the Rajshahi ''ad hoc'' Brigades were created and deployed in September.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=126, 139, 149, 167}}</ref> In mid-November, the 39th ''ad hoc'' Division was created to defend the Comilla and [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] districts from the 14th Division units deployed in those areas; the 14th was tasked to defend the Sylhet and Brahmanbaria areas only. The 91st ''ad hoc'' Brigade was created to defend the [[Ramgarh Upazila|Ramgarh area]] north of Chittagong as part of the 39th Division in November. The ''ad hoc'' formations lacked the staff and equipment of regular formations.

===={{anchor|Bluff and deception}}Deception====
General Niazi hoped that by creating five divisional HQs and simulating the signal traffic of numerous brigades, he would deceive the Indian Eastern Command into committing at least 15 infantry divisions and other assorted supporting forces in the east; this would mean India would have less to deploy in the west after retaining forces to use against any possible Chinese attacks from the north<ref>{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|p=98}}</ref> (or at least deter the Indians from aggressive action).<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=127}}</ref> While India did not deploy 15 divisions in the east, the measures deceived the Indian Eastern Command to some extent.<ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|1997|p=84}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Subtracting by adding}}Subtraction by addition====
All paramilitary units (EPCAF/Razakar/Mujahid) were not up to army standards in terms of equipment and effectiveness, and the Eastern Command began to mix them with regular units to bolster their efficiency. Pakistani battalions were given two-thirds-companies of paramilitary units, while a company from some battalions was split into platoons and deployed at the BoPs or other places. Paramilitary personnel were attached to the platoons to bring these units up to company strength.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=115}}</ref> The army members were to stiffen these mixed units, but often the paramilitary members proved to be the weakest link.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=126}}</ref> Thus, some of the regular army units lost cohesion and effectiveness when their regular companies were detached from them.

==={{anchor|East Pakistan: logistical woes}}Logistical woes===
The underdeveloped state of the eastern communication infrastructures and the river system cutting through the plains was a formidable challenge to the movement of troops and supplies. General Niazi had ordered the Pakistan army to live off the land because of logistical difficulties,<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1992|p=90}}</ref> and Maj. General A.O. Mittha (Quartermaster General, Pakistan Army) had recommended setting up river-transport battalions, cargo and [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] flotillas and increasing the number of [[helicopter]]s in the province (none of which happened). Instead, the [[C-130]] planes (which had played a crucial role during Operation Searchlight) were withdrawn from the province,{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} diminishing the airlift capacity of the Pakistani forces further. The Mukti Bahini had sabotaged 231 bridges and 122 rail lines<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=104}}</ref> by November 1971 (thus diminishing transport capacity to 10 percent of normal), and complicated the delivery of the daily minimum 600 tons of supplies to the army units.<ref>Hassan, Moyeedul, Muldhara' 71, pp118 – pp119</ref>

The Eastern Command staff kept the plan unchanged after the review; Pakistani troop deployments were not altered after the July appraisal. Pakistani units were kept at the border with the intention to withdraw them towards Dhaka after a series of defensive battles. The Eastern Command completed a final revision of the plan in October 1971, after both generals (Gul Hassan and Hamid) had visited the province.

=={{anchor|Summing up}}Summary==
The final plan was created to meet both political and strategic objectives, and its success depended on two crucial factors: predicting the possible Indian axis of advance correctly, and the ability of the Pakistani troops to fall back to their designated areas in the face of Indian air superiority and Mukti Bahini activity. The Pakistani Eastern Command was fighting a holding action cut off from reinforcements and without any reserves to counter unforeseen developments, and its ultimate success lay in Pakistan defeating India in the west. If any of the factors deviated from the assumed norm of the plan, the Eastern Command was without the resources to win on its own. The Pakistani army had been fighting the insurgency nonstop for eight months and was severely fatigued<ref>{{harvnb|Riza|1977|p=133}}</ref> and short of supplies; in addition, the deployment near the border had robbed them of the manoeuvrability needed for a flexible defence.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1973|pp=128–129}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | title = How Pakistan Got Divided | year = 1992 | last = Ali | first = Rao Farman | author-link = Rao Farman Ali | location = Lahore | publisher = Jang Publishers | oclc = 28547552}}
* {{cite book | title = A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections | year = 1999 | last = Cloughley | first = Brian | edition = 1st | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-19-579015-3}}
* {{cite book | title = The Idea of Pakistan | year = 2004 | last = Cohen | first = Stephen P. | author-link = Stephen P. Cohen | publisher = Brookings Institution Press | isbn = 0-8157-1502-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/103}}
* {{cite book | title = A Tale of Millions: Bangladesh Liberation War-1971 | year = 2006 | orig-year = First published 1974 | last = Islam | first = Rafiqul | edition = | location = [[Dhaka]] | publisher = Ananna | isbn = 978-984-432-419-0}}
* {{cite book | title = Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation | year = 1997 | last = Jacob | first = JFR | author-link = J. F. R. Jacob | location = Dhaka | publisher = [[University Press Limited]] | isbn = 978-984-05-1395-6}}
* {{cite book | title = Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership | year = 1973 |last = Khan | first = Fazal Mukeem | publisher = National Book Foundation | oclc = 976643179}}
* {{cite book | title = Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan | year = 1993 | last = Khan | first = Gul Hassan | author-link = Gul Hassan Khan | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-19-577447-4}}
* {{cite book | title = Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis 1968 – 1971 | year = 1994 | last = Matinuddin | first = Kamal | author-link = Kamal Matinuddin | location = Lahore | publisher = Wajidalis | isbn = 978-969-8031-19-0}}
* {{cite book | title = The Betrayal of East Pakistan | year = 1998 | last = Niazi | first = A.A.K. | author-link = A.A.K. Niazi | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-19-577727-7}}
* {{cite book | title = Witness to Surrender | year = 1997 | last = Salik | first = Siddiq | author-link = Siddiq Salik |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-19-577761-1}}
* {{cite book | title = The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldiers Narrative | year = 2002 | last = Qureshi | first = Hakeem Arshad | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-579778-7}}
* {{cite book | title = The Pakistan Army 1966–71 | year = 1977 | last = Riza | first = Shaukat | location = Dehra Dun, India | publisher = Natraj | isbn = 978-81-85019-61-1}}
* {{cite book | title = Bangladesh at War | year = 1989 | last = Shafiullah | first = K. M. | author-link = K. M. Shafiullah | location = [[Dhaka]] | publisher = 978-984-08-0109-1 | isbn = 978-984-08-0109-1}}
* {{cite book | title = India's Wars Since Independence | year = 1980 | last = Singh | first = Sukhwant | volume = 1 | location = New Delhi | publisher = Vikas Publishing House | isbn = 0-7069-1057-5}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title = Muktijuddhay Nou-Abhijan | year = 2006 | author = Rahman, Md. Khalilur | publisher = Shahittha Prakash | isbn = 984-465-449-1}}
* {{cite book | title = Pakistan Eye of the Storm | year = 2003 | author = Jones, Owen Bennet | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 0-300-10147-3}}
* {{cite book | title = History, standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh war of liberation | year = 1998 | author = Shamsul Arefin, A.S.M | publisher = University Press Ltd. | isbn = 984-05-0146-1}}
* {{cite book | title = Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata | year = 2005 | author = Nasir Uddin | publisher = Agami Prokashoni | isbn = 984-401-455-7}}
* {{cite book | title = Muktijuddher Itihas | year = 1995 | author = Islam, Rafiqul | publisher = Kakoli Prokashoni | isbn = 984-437-086-8}}
* {{cite book | title = A stranger in my own country, East Pakistan, 1969-1971 | year = 1999 | author = Hussain Raja, Khadim | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-547441-1}}

{{military navigation
|raw_name = Commanders of the Pakistan Eastern Command99 |
|image = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|75px|Flag of the Army]]
|imageleft = [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|75px]]
|title =Commanders of the Eastern Command
|style = wide
|list1 = {{center|[[Lieutenant-General|Lt Gen]] [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Khan]] • [[Lieutenant-General|Lt Gen]] [[Tikka Khan]] • [[Lieutenant-General|Lt Gen]] [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|AAK Niazi]] }}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evolution Of Pakistan Eastern Command Plan}}
[[Category:Military history of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Commands of Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force]]
[[Category:Pakistani military exercises]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy]]
[[Category:Pakistan Marines]]
[[Category:Pakistan military presence in other countries]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Military plans]]

Baalveer

2026-04-30T09:31:54Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Starting a details...

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Baalveer 4 Title Card.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Fantasy]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| creator = {{ubl|[[Vipul D. Shah]]|Sanjeev Sharma}}
| writer = Amit Senchoudhary
| director = {{ubl|Maan Sing|Thusar Bhatia|Kushal Awasthi|Sanjay Satavase}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 5
| num_episodes = 1,673
| producer = {{ubl|[[Vipul D. Shah]]|Sanjeev Sharma}}
| cinematography = Pushpank Gawade
| composer = {{ubl|Lenin Nandi|Souvyk Chakraborty}}
| editor = Hemant Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 16—41 minutes
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| executive_producer = Rajan Singh
| network = [[Sony SAB]] [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|10|8|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|05|9|df=y}}
| screenplay = Rohit Malhotra
| related =
}}
'''''Baalveer''''' is an Indian [[fantasy]] television series and the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running]] [[speculative fiction]] television series in India. The franchise stars [[Dev Joshi]] in the titular role.<ref name=Anushka>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anushka-Sen-to-join-Shama-Sikander-and-Karishma-Tanna-in-Baal-Veer/etarticleshow/16408106.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717145656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/tv/33862095_1_karishma-tanna-essay-shama-sikander|url-status=live|archive-date=17 July 2013|title=Anushka Sen to join Shama Sikander and Karishma Tanna in Baal Veer|date=15 September 2012|access-date=17 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Bhopatkar, Tejashree}}</ref><ref name="Baal Veer-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9q4Q914DTko|title=Baal Veer Episode 1,111 – 4th November, 2016 – Last Episode|date=4 November 2016|access-date=7 November 2016|publisher=SAB TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a wrap for Baalveer|url=https://www.asianage.com/bollywood/it-s-wrap-baalveer-995|website=[[The Asian Age]]|date=2016-10-16|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref>

Its first season aired from 8 October 2012 to 4 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |author=TNN |date=25 April 2014 |title=Baal Veer over takes Mahadev in slot ranking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Baal-Veer-over-takes-Mahadev-in-slot-ranking/articleshow/34210325.cms |access-date=3 June 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAB TV Baalveer official website |url=https://www.sabtv.com/en_usa/show/baalveer/45 |website=sabtv.com}} (Archived)</ref><ref name="Baal Veer">{{cite web |date=8 October 2012 |title=Baal Veer Episode 1 – 8th October, 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAs2fj3Fhxw |publisher=[[SAB TV]]}}</ref>

The second season, titled '''''Baalveer Returns''''', aired from 10 September 2019 to 30 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title=Dev Joshi pens heartfelt farewell note as Baalveer Returns goes off-air. Read full post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/dev-joshi-pens-heartfelt-farewell-note-as-baalveer-returns-goes-off-air-read-full-post-1805641-2021-05-22 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It is a direct sequel to the first season.

The third season, titled '''''Baalveer 3''''', aired from 18 March 2023 to 9 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2023-08-29 |title=पॉपुलर शो बालवीर अक्टूबर महीने में हो जाएगा ऑफ एयर, एक्टर देव जोशी ने कही ये बात |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/baalveer-3-show-going-off-air-in-october-dev-joshi-said-this-thing-2484015 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Dev Joshi's Baal Veer 3 to Go off Air After 7 months |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/dev-joshis-baal-veer-3-to-go-off-air-after-7-months-8556127.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Baalveer 3: Balveer's mom & Bardaul join forces to beat Param |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/serial-updates/baalveer-3-balveers-mom-bardaul-join-forces-to-beat-param-video-103405521 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baalveer 3 update: Baalveer miraculously SAVES his mom as she comes back to life {{!}} TV News |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-serial-updates/baalveer-3-update-baalveer-miraculously-saves-his-mom-as-she-comes-back-to-life-tv-news-video-103517380 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baalveer 3 update: Baalveer tries to STOP Bhasm & Benaam's fight {{!}} Television News |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-serial-updates/baalveer-3-update-baalveer-tries-to-stop-bhasm-benaams-fight-television-news-video-102022238 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> It is a spiritual sequel to ''Baalveer Returns''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-29 |title=The weekend time slot did not work for Baal Veer 3: Dev Joshi on the show going off air in October |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-weekend-time-slot-did-not-work-for-baal-veer-3-dev-joshi-on-the-show-going-off-air-in-october/articleshow/103171958.cms |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title='Baalveer': 5 Reasons To Watch The 3rd Season Of Dev Joshi's Superhero Show |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-baalveer-5-reasons-to-watch-the-3rd-season-of-dev-joshi-s-superhero-show-news-270328 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=New blood on the set |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/telly-tattle-new-blood-on-the-set-23274030 |website=Telly Tattle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baalveer is back with more action and adventure |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/baalveer-is-back-with-more-action-and-adventure-489415 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>

The fourth season, titled '''''Baalveer 4''''', ran from 6 May 2024 to 23 July 2024 on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Dev Joshi Talks About His Return As Baalveer In 'Baalveer 4' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/television/dev-joshi-talks-about-his-return-as-baalveer-in-baalveer-4-says-he-is-proud-to-be-associated-with-the-character |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Baalveer Season 4 Promo Reveals Exciting Adventures And New Antagonists; Show To Stream On THIS OTT Platform |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/baalveer-season-4-promo-reveals-exciting-adventures-and-new-antagonists-show-to-stream-on-ott-sonyliv-platform-10154847 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> It is a direct sequel to ''Baalveer 3''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Baalveer Season 4 Promo Promises More Action And Adventure, Show To Stream On Sony Liv |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/baalveer-season-4-promo-promises-more-action-and-adventure-show-to-stream-on-sony-liv-8855536.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Dev Joshi on making his comeback to Baalveer; Here's what he said |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/baalveer-actor-dev-joshi-opens-up-about-his-return-to-fantasy-drama-heres-what-he-said-1303833 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

A fifth season titled '''''Baalveer 5''''' aired from 7 April 2025 to 10 May 2025 on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=I am excited about Baalveer Season 5, my role has motivated youngsters towards positivity in life: Dev Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-excited-about-baalveer-season-5-my-role-has-motivated-youngsters-towards-positivity-in-life-dev-joshi/articleshow/112011561.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2024-07-25 |title=नए दुश्मन और नई चुनौतियों के साथ लौट रहा 'बालवीर सीजन 5' |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/baalveer-5-ott-release-date-platform-sony-liv-know-when-will-stream-2745481 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> It is a direct sequel to ''Baalveer 4''.

==Series overview==
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview
| auxA = Title
| color1 = #FFFF00
| link1 =
| auxA1 = ''Baalveer''
| episodes1 = 1,111
| start1 = {{Start date|2012|10|8|df=y}}
| end1 = {{End date|2016|11|4|df=y}}
| network1 = [[Sony SAB]]
| color2 = #FF5F5F
| link2 =
| auxA2 = ''Baalveer Returns''
| episodes2 = 354
| start2 = {{Start date|2019|9|10|df=y}}
| end2 = {{End date|2021|6|30|df=y}}
| color3 = #00DD00
| link3 =
| auxA3 = ''Baalveer 3''
| episodes3 = 104
| start3 = {{Start date|2023|3|18|df=y}}
| end3 = {{End date|2023|9|9|df=y}}
| color4 = #4DBEE8
| link4 =
| auxA4 = ''Baalveer 4''
| episodes4 = 57
| start4 = {{Start date|2024|5|6|df=y}}
| end4 = {{End date|2024|7|23|df=y}}
| network4 = [[SonyLIV]]
| color5 = #FF7AC3
| link5 =
| auxA5 = ''Baalveer 5''
| episodes5 = 47{{efn|The episode numbering of ''Baalveer 5'' continues from ''Baalveer 4'', starting at episode 58 instead of restarting from episode 1, making a total of 104 episodes across both seasons.}}
| start5 = {{Start date|2025|4|7|df=y}}
| end5 = {{End date|2025|5|9|df=y}}
}}
</onlyinclude>
==Plot==
===''Baalveer''===
The story revolves around Pari Lok (the Fairy Realm), where good fairies reside, each possessing unique abilities. Rani Pari is the queen of the fairies, while Bhayankar Pari, an evil fairy, plots to create terror on Earth. She seeks revenge as she wasn't given the throne by Maa Pari, when she was a good fairy. Rani Pari assigns different fairies to protect specific locations on Earth from Bhayankar Pari's evil plans, but in vain.

Consequently, Rani Pari decides to give powers to Baalveer to fight with the evil. Years ago, he was born in [[Rajasthan]] with Pari-Tara's powers. Bhayankar Pari tried to abduct him, but Rani Pari stopped her. In a series of events, Baalveer was saved and carried to Pari Lok by Baalpari. Ranipari identified him and permitted Baalpari to raise him in Parilok. In the present, Rani Pari grants him the power of seven fairies, known as Saptapari, along with her own powers to aid him in his mission. An upright man named Mahesh Dagli adopts Baalveer, when he's sent to Earth. Baalveer becomes known as Ballu and is embraced by Mahesh's family -the Saat Sachhon ka Parivar (Family of seven who never lies), who are unaware of his true identity.

The series features multiple confrontations between Baalveer and Bhayankar Pari, who attempts to spread evil in Pari Lok and Earth. Despite various challenges, Baalveer emerges victorious with the help of fairies. Later, Chhal Pari tries to kill Baalveer, but ends up killing Rani Pari. A new Rani Pari emerges to guide Baalveer and fairies.
Bhayankar Pari is eventually killed by Baalveer and new evil fairies are introduced throughout the show. Numerous battles take place to uphold peace and righteousness. The story concludes with the triumph of good over evil, restoring peace and harmony in both Pari Lok and Earth, as Baalveer returns to Pari Lok from Earth.

===''Baalveer Returns''===
Timnasa, an evil enchantress and the queen of Kaal Lok, begins a quest to rule the whole universe and become the most powerful and evil entity. She attacks and destroys the Pari Lok.Baalveer and the surviving fairies take refuge in Pari Lok's sister-planet Veer Lok, whose leader is a white lion, Shaurya. Baalveer becomes weaker due to his injuries in the attack. On Shaurya's instructions, Baalveer goes to Earth as Dev, with the fairies as his sisters, to find his successor, as he needs help to fight Timnasa.

Baalveer's successor is a very mischievous 10-year-old boy named Vivaan. Initially, Baalveer and Vivaan dislike each other, but soon, Baalveer finds out that Vivaan is his successor and discloses his reality to him and takes him to Veer Lok. Timnasa turns Baal Pari into evil Kaal Pari to stop Vivaan's Veer-Tilak. Baalveer manages to get Baal Pari's wand and instates Vivaan as his successor. The duo heroically spoils all of Timnasa's evil plans. Soon, Baalveer and Vivaan start loving and taking care of each other.

Baalveer finds Sarvakaal's prison and Timnasa's past, about how she was banished from Pari Lok years ago by Baal Pari, because of her evil and egoistic intentions. Baalveer fakes losing his memories and lives as Vivaan's brother Debu with him, as instructed by Shaurya. He acquires a new avatar, Naqabposh and befriends Ananya, a girl who is threatened by Timnasa, and also receives help from Sarvakaal. They together go to Earth to find the hidden power which is destined to kill Timnasa. Consequently, it is revealed that Vivaan is Ananya's long-lost brother, and their biological mother is Devaki, the former queen of Shwet Lok, which was destroyed by Timnasa and was made Kaal Lok by her. The trio forms 'Team Shadow' and Vivaan, being the hidden power destined to kill Timnasa, gains Sarvakaal's infinite energy. By this new power, he puts an end to Timnasa's trinity except for Tauba Tauba. During the battle, Masti Pari is killed by Bhaymar, and Vayu Pari and Jwala Pari sacrifice themselves as Timnasa's weapons hit them, to protect the Earth.

Later, when Debu opens the secret message of Timnasa, which she had handed over to him before her death, Timnasa's spirit tells Debu that his biological parents were killed by Shaurya and the fairies. Baalveer cures Baal Pari from Timnasa's magic, but Shaurya persuades her to refrain from revealing the truth.

The series unveils the underwater kingdom of Shinkai, which is ruled by Jalraj Kaikos. The commander-in-chief Bambaal plots to rule over the whole universe, along with his sidekick Milsa. Baalveer captures Milsa, but Bambaal secretly kills her to hide his identity from Debu and Vivaan. Ray's full powers are unleashed by Debu's blood after he threatens Vivaan's life. It is revealed that Baalveer is Jaikaas' son and Ray's twin-brother, born in 2000. Jaikaas was a lunatic scientist of Veer Lok, who planned to destroy Earth by 2020, but was deceptively killed by Shaurya while escaping and Baalveer fell to Rajasthan, where a couple adopted him and later Bhayankar Pari tried to abduct him prompting Rani Pari's interruption. Eventually, Baal Pari carried him to Pari Lok, while Shaurya managed to justify himself. Bambaal, using Baalveer's troubled past, tries to turn him against Shaurya, but enraged, he captures Bambaal and kills him. Ray kills Baalveer out of anger. Later, Baalveer comes back to life as he and Vivaan went through a test of destiny. Ray creates problems for the duo and revives Bhaymar, Timnasa, and Akroor to revenge Bambaal and Milsa's deaths.

Timnasa plots to destroy the earth by attaining the ultimate power, a red diamond. Baalveer, Vivaan and the fairies battle against Timnasa to get the diamond to protect Earth. However, Timnasa deceitfully manages to obtain it. Baalveer manages to find the white magical diamond and sacrifices himself by joining the two diamonds, leading to a terrifying explosion leading to his and Timnasa's death, leaving their souls destroyed.

A new character, Happy, is introduced, who is a lookalike of Baalveer. Kaal, another lookalike of Baalveer with evil intentions who was imprisoned by Swarna Shaurya centuries ago and kept frozen as a statue in Drak Lok gets freed from prison. Baalveers's energy star divides into 6 pieces and entres the body of the 6 lookalikes of Baalveer, which helps Kaal to escape from prison. He decides to kill other lookalikes of himself. Happy tries to administer his newfound powers. Kaal manages to kill a lookalike and gets his powers.

Later, Happy and his family visit Bharat Nagar to conduct wedding of Diwali's relative. The residents of Bharat Nagar are shocked to see Happy, lookalike of Debu, and get emotional assuming him as Debu. However, it is revealed to them that Happy is just a lookalike of Debu. Ray and Bhaymar doubt Happy to be Baalveer and plan to disclose the same. In Drak Lok, the seven Shauryas manage to safeguard remaining three lookalikes of Baalveer at a secret place, but Kaal finds them and manages to kill another lookalike of Baalveer and gain his powers. Happy tries to control his mind and powers. The fairies and Vivaan try to collect energies of seven Shauryas from seven universes to defeat Kaal and try to save the remaining lookalikes.

===''Baalveer 3''===
A spiritual sequel to the previous seasons, this season unravels the story of another universe. The plot is central to the Baalveer of this universe, who is preparing for his mother, Adishi's arrival in Udaka Lok after her two months' journey. He goes to Earth to buy a gift for her and saves a girl named Kaashvi from an accident. In Udaka-Lok, Baalveer passes a test set by Uttan, the ruler of Shaashvan-Lok, and is declared worthy. However, Aageel plans to kill Baalveer using her Mahajadoo.

Kaashvi’s mother is revealed to be Tuyeer, a trusted ally of Aageel. When Aageel attacks Kaashvi, her Mahajadoo is absorbed inside her (as she is the offspring of two different species). Aageel captures Kaashvi and takes her to Himbaash to extract her Mahajadoo, but she is eventually saved by her parents who then safely sends her to Earth. In a series of events, Baalveer is charged guilty for Babel and Tuyeer’s death and thereby is stripped off his memories and powers until the investigation to the matter is completed. Until then, he is sent to Earth via Bardol, a secret agent of Shaashvaan Lok, to lead a new life.

Bardol entrusts Bhaskar Bhardwaj, a magician, to take care of Baalveer until the matter is sorted. Thus, Baalveer begins to live a new life as "Veer Bhardwaj", befriends Kaashvi, after certain bickerings, and furthermore vows to bring an end to the financial problems of his new family.

Veer's memories and powers temporarily return unknowingly via Kaashvi’s help, and under the guidance of "Benaam", Veer regains his superhero identity and soughts to find clues to prove his innocence to Uttan, but in vain. Meanwhile, Shashmaag releases the soul of a devilish witch named "Kurja" and transmits her into Adishi’s body with the objective of escaping from Uttan’s suspicion and to kill Baalveer. Meanwhile, Aageel’s futile attempts of killing Baalveer by manipulating Kaashvi triggers the negative traits of the latter frequently. Simultaneously, Veer and Kaashvi’s bond continues to develop.

Adishi (controlled by Kurja) meets Baalveer and commands him to surrender, to which he refuses. In a set of dramatic twists, she is apparently killed and the blame of the same is put on Baalveer by Shashmaag to instigate Uttan. Although Benaam catches hold of Kurja’s soul, Shashmaag kills the latter in the nick of time.

An angered Uttan soughts to destroy "B", the power source of Baalveer to put an end to his life. However, Baalveer manages to overpower him and preserves "B" safely with himself. In a set of thrilling twists and turns, Baalveer ultimately finds out about Shashmaag’s duality and finally proves his innocence to Mahamahim, who then remorsefully captures and kills Shashmaag with the help of his twin brother, Nehmaag. However, Shashmaag exchanged places with Nehmaag in the nick of time and took his guise, without gaining anyone’s suspicion.

Meanwhile, Aageel poses as "Agni", a righteous protector who then instigates Kaashvi against Baalveer and provokes her into believing that the latter is responsible for her parents’ death. Thus, Kaashvi vows revenge by killing off Baalveer with the help of her newly found powers. She is devastated and hurt to know that Veer is Baalveer, and consequently attacks him in a rough battle at the solar eclipse (when her powers are at par). However, both of them effectively solve the misunderstandings and a regretful Kaashvi eventually reconciles with Veer, only to realise that the Mahajadoo inside her is steadily weakening her survival like a poison.

With the help of Benaam and Kaashvi, Baalveer subsequently manages to extract Mahajadoo from the former’s body, thus making her safe. While Shashmaag joins hands with Aageel to seek revenge, Baalveer eventually finds out that Benaam is his real biological mother, and on being tricked by Aageel, he soughts to free his father, Bhasma, from Krinkaal Lok. He successfully frees his father after overcoming various problems. But, Bhasma, starts destroying the world which angers Uttan. Baalveer promises to return, after realising his mistakes, with greater powers, to save the world.

===''Baalveer 4''===
Baalveer successfully frees his father, Bhasma, from Krinkaal Lok, unaware that he is a villain. Bhasma starts destroying the world. Then, Baalveer makes Bhasma faint. Benam tells Baalveer about his past: Bhasma was initially a soldier of Shashwan Lok, but he wanted to rule the world. So, he pretended to be in love with Benam and married her. Then Baalveer kills his father with Bhasm trident at last, but a new enemy named Param, who has already killed 49 different Baalveers of the universe, is trying to kill this last Baalveer. But to complete the Baliduar Vidhy and fill his powers, he first kills Baalveer's mother Benam and then Mahamahim Uttan.

===''Baalveer 5''===
Baalveer is confronted by a powerful new enemy named Param, who has a mysterious connection to him and has already eliminated Baalveers across multiple universes. Param's sole mission is to destroy the current Baalveer. Adding to Baalveer's struggles, he is dealing with the emotional fallout of a difficult confrontation with his father, leaving him feeling powerless. While, on the other hand Kaashvi and Vivaal set out to kill Ageel but got failed when Ageel regains her powers and vows to kill Vivaal. On the other hand, Tauba Tauba decides to burn Dada Ji's body but gets failed. While, Shashmaag who is pretending to be Nehmaag joins hands with Param. Later, Shashmaag shows his real identity to Baalveer's friends. Baalveer's friends' souls get captured by Param. Baalveer decides to save them. Ageel shows her power parts to Andher and Timira. She tells both that if one of them kill Vivaal she will give them powers. Later, Andher, Timira and Tauba Tauba set out to kill Vivaal. After continuous fights, Baalveer along with the help of other 49 Baalveers' powers finally defeats and kills Param. Then Baalveer and his mother Benaam come to Himbash lok and together they defeat and kill Ageel resulting in the destruction of Ageel's powers and her palace. Then Baalveer and Kashvi finally reunite indirectly confessing their love for each other, concluding the series.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Dev Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Dev Joshi to play negative character in new season of Baalveer Returns |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/dev-joshi-to-play-negative-character-in-new-season-of-baalveer-returns-23167166 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> as:
** Baalveer / Ballu / Dev/ Debu/ Naqabposh: Baal Pari's adopted son; Vivaan's brother-figure; Ray's estranged twin brother; Ananya's love interest;a Saviour of the Earth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=Baalveer is back with more action and adventure. |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/baalveer-is-back-with-more-action-and-adventure-489415/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>(2012–2016, 2019–2021)
** Baalveer / Veer Bhardwaj : Benaam and Bhasm’s biological-son; Adishi's adopted-son; Saviour of the Earth in another universe (2023, 2024, 2025)
**Happy Pandey, a happy-go-lucky guy from Kanpur, a lookalike of Baalveer who got 1/6th of his powers after his death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=Dev Joshi: Playing two starkly different characters, Happy and Kaal, allows me to explore more as an artist|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/dev-joshi-playing-two-starkly-different-characters-happy-and-kaal-allows-me-to-explore-more-as-an-artist-23167836|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref> (2021)
**Kaal: an evil lookalike of Baalveer from Drak Lok who gets 1/6th portion of his powers and wants to kill the other lookalikes to obtain all the powers of Baalveer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Baalveer to Kaal|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/baalveer-to-kaal-234858|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411135815/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/baalveer-to-kaal-234858 |archive-date=11 April 2021 }}</ref> (2021)
** Joshi also portrayed many lookalike of Baalveer including Prince Dorza (2016), four lookalike from different universes who were kidnapped by Kaal (2021) and Kaalveer, an evil shadow-lookalike of Baalveer created from the dark energy of the Manthan Kua. (2025)
*Sharmilee Raj<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Baalveer 3 latest: Miraculous return of Baalveer's mother {{!}} TV News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/serial-updates/baalveer-3-latest-miraculous-return-of-baalveers-mother-tv-news-video-103525967 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> as
** Baal Pari: Baalveer's adoptive mother; One of the Saptapari; Later, Rani Pari's successor; a fairy in Pari Lok who has the power of tresses and curls. She is the senior most fairy after Rani Pari and takes decisions in her absence. In the later season, she succeeds Rani Pari as Pari Lok's ruler. (2012-2016, 2019-2021)
** Benaam: Baalveer's biological-mother; Bhasm’s wife. She helps Veer in recollecting his true identity and proving his innocence. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* [[Anushka Sen]] as Meher Dagli: Smita and Mahesh's daughter; Manav's sister; Later, she becomes Baal Sakhi after receiving powers from the fairies and helps Baalveer. (2012–2016)
* [[Rudra Soni]] as Manav Dagli: Smita and Mahesh's son; Meher's brother; Later, he becomes Baal Mitra after receiving powers from the fairies and helps Baalveer. (2012–2016)
* [[Karishma Tanna]]<ref name="quit3">{{Cite web|date=2014-01-15|title=After Karishma, now Shama quits Baal Veer|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-karishma-now-shama-quits-baal-veer/articleshow/19527679.cms?|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> as Rani Pari (initially Bahuroopi Pari): Pari Lok's supreme ruler; Maa Pari's successor. She controls the forces of righteousness and guides the fairies and Baalveer. She dies while saving Baalveer from Chhal Pari. (2012–2013)
** [[Shruti Seth]] replaced Tanna as Rani Pari; On replacing Tanna, Seth stated,"The language is giving me a tough time. Rani Pari speaks in chaste Hindi. I keep requesting my co-actors and the crew to give me time and they have been immensely supportive."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=2 August 2013 |title=Shruti is the new Rani Pari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shruti-is-the-new-rani-pari-in-baal-veer/articleshow/21529053.cms |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> (2013)
* [[Shama Sikander]]<ref name="quit3"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-23|title=Shweta Kawatra returns to TV with SAB TV's Baal Veer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140323/entertainment-tvmusic/article/shweta-kawatras-returns-tv|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-20|title=Shweta Kawatra will enter Baal Veer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shweta-Kawaatra-will-enter-Baal-Veer/articleshow/30678816.cms?pcode=461|access-date=2021-02-23|website=Times of India}}</ref> as Bhayankar Pari.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-18|title=Shweta Kawatra: I am reliving my childhood fantasy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-reliving-my-childhood-fantasy-shweta-kawatra/articleshow/32236617.cms?|access-date=2021-02-23|website=Times of India}}</ref> She was formerly Bhali Pari but she becomes resentful of the fairies and Maa Pari when she is not given the throne, so she goes away and creates Bhayanak Lok. She wants revenge on Rani Pari and Baalveer for her defeat but is eventually killed by Baalveer. (2012–2014)
** [[Shweta Kawatra]] replaced Sikander as Bhayankar Pari. (2014–2015)
* Sudeepa Singh as Rani Pari: Bahuroopi Pari's successor; She becomes the new queen of Pari Lok after the previous Rani Pari dies. She also defeats many evil powers. The role brought widespread recognition to Singh who says about her role, "Since I have joined the show, children in my building have started calling me Rani Pari didi. And I feel great when they call me that! I feel that children are the most honest audience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Richa |date=5 July 2014 |title=Baalveer and Rani Pari are a hit with Jaipur kids |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rani-pari-and-baal-veer-a-hit-with-jaipur-kids/articleshow/37778232.cms |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>(2014–2016)
* Vansh Sayani as Vivaan: Baalveer's successor and brother-figure; Devaki and Adityapratap's biological son; Karuna's adopted son; Ananya's brother; Khushi's adoptive brother; Abandoned at Karuna's door by his father after Timnasa's attack, Vivaan grows as a mischievous and brave boy. Later, he receives powers, helps Baalveer and develops a close bond with him. (2019–2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baal-veer-promises-to-return-with-a-new-partner-watch-the-promo/articleshow/70552422.cms|title=Baal Veer promises to return with a new partner; watch the promo|date=6 August 2019|work=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Pavitra Punia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV actress Pavitra Punia returns with a new negative act |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/tv-actress-pavitra-punia-returns-with-a-new-negative-act-2223367.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-31 |title=Pavitra Punia to play the wicked Timnasa in Baalveer Returns |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Pavitra-Punia-to-play-the-wicked-Timnasa-in-Baalveer-Returns-21455159 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> as Timnasa: Kaal Lok's evil enchantress; She vows to take revenge for her banishment from Pari Lok by killing Baalveer. After many futile attempts, she dies along with Baalveer. (2019–2020, 2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-punia-to-play-negative-role-in-baalveer-returns/articleshow/70467694.cms|title=Pavitra Punia to play negative role in Baalveer Returns|date=31 July 2019|work=Times of India}}</ref>
** Arsheen Naamdar as child Timnasa. (2019–2020)
* Aditya Ranvijay as
** Bhaymaar, the loyal warlord of Dark Realm. He always competes with Timnasa to take over the throne of Kaal Lok by defeating Baalveer and Vivaan. (2019–2021)
** Shashmaag: Uttan's assistant; Nehmaag’s twin brother. He started to pose as Nehmaag thereafter and joins hands with Aageel. (2023, 2024, 2025)
** Nehmaag: Shashmaag’s righteous twin brother. He was killed by Shashmaag and his identity was taken over by the former. (2023)
* Anahita Bhooshan as Ananya/Karigar Pari: a gymnast and resident of Bharat Nagar Society; Devaki and Adityapratap's daughter; Vivaan's elder sister; Baalveer's friend; She was trapped by Timnasa, but later joins Baalveer and Vivaan. She becomes a fairy with the power to create anything by drawing in the air. (2020–2021)
* Shoaib Ali as Ray: Jaikaas' son; Baalveer's estranged twin brother; Trapped for 20 years in a conical egg created by Jaikaas, he breaks free and teams up with Bambaal and later Timnasa to kill Baalveer. (2020–2021)<ref name="Jaipur News">{{Cite web|last=Lashkari|first=Sakshi|title=Baalveer Returns Introduces The Splendour Of The Underwater World With A Brand New Season|url=https://jaipurnewstoday.com/news/baalveer-returns-introduces-the-splendour-of-the-underwater-world-with-a-brand-new-season/719/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Jaipur News Today|language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Aditi Sanwal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन है बालवीर 3 की हीरोइन अदिति सांवल |url=https://www.abplive.com/web-stories/who-is-baalveer-3-heroin-aditi-sanwal-2355222 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> as Kaashvi Sahay: Tuyeer and Babel's daughter; Baalveer's friend. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Ada Khan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ada Khan on her role of Ageel in Balveer 3: It is a Maleficent kind of look {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ada-khan-on-her-role-of-ageel-in-balveer-3-it-is-a-maleficent-kind-of-look/videoshow/98992417.cms |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as Aageel: Himbaash-Lok's evil empress. She plans to kill Baalveer to establish her reign across the universe and joins hands with Shashmaag for the same. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Behzaad Khan as Uttan : Shaashvaan Lok's ruler; Baalveer's mentor. He is a stickler who always aims to uphold Shaashvaan Lok's rules. (2023, 2024,2025)

===Recurring===
* Shridhar Watsar as
**Dooba Dooba 1: Tauba Tauba's twin brother; Baalveer's best friend; The General of all the other dwarfs recruited for the security of the fairies in Pari Lok. (2012–2016, 2019–2021)
**Tauba Tauba: Dooba Dooba 1's twin brother; Aageel's maternal uncle; A sidekick of all the evil fairies and Bhaymar. (2012–2016, 2019–2021, 2023, 2024, 2025)
**Mauka Mauka, sidekick of Kaal and lookalike of Dooba Dooba and Tauba Tauba. (2021)
**Watsar also portrayed various characters including Chocolate Uncle (2013-2014), Bagi Chacha (2012–2016), Chittu (2015-2016)
* Purvesh Pimple as Montu Lakhani: A naughty boy who always bothers Manav, Meher, and other children at school; Chintu and Chinti's cousin; later, Debu's arch enemy (2012–2016, 2020-2021)
* [[Aditi Sajwan]] as Natkhat Pari: one of the Saptapari; a unique fairy with the power to make anything and change her size. She is very close to Rani Pari. She guides Baalveer throughout his journey to fight evil. She was killed by Bhayankar Pari in 2014 but was resurrected by Rani Pari in 2016. (2012–2014)
** Neeru Singh replaced Sajwan as Natkhat Pari. (2016)
* [[Lavina Tandon]] as Gaal Pari: One of the Saptapari; a fairy in Pari Lok who has the power to blow giant balloons with unique qualities. (2012–14)
**Neha Narang replaced Tandon as Gaal Pari. (2014)
**Suman Gupta replaced Narang as Gaal Pari. (2015–2016)
* [[Samikssha Batnagar]] as Vijdhar Pari: One of the Saptapari; A fairy in Pari Lok who has the power of electricity. (2012–2013)
**Minal Mogam replaced Batnagar as Vijdhar Pari. (2013–2016)
* [[Manisha Thakkar]] as Bhatkati Pari: One of the Saptapari; a fairy in Pari Lok who has the power of diverting things and making confusing illusions. (2012–2016)
* Sangeeta Khanayat as Aarpaar Pari: One of the Saptapari; a fairy in Pari Lok who has the power to pass through objects. (2012)
**[[Dimple Kava]]
*** replaced Khanayat as Aarpaar Pari. (2013–16)
*** as Dimple Pandey: Jolly's wife and Happy's sister-in-law (2021)
* [[Charu Asopa]] as Atkaati Pari: One of the Saptapari; a fairy in Pari Lok who has the power to create obstacles in the way of anything. (2012–2015)
**Richa Mehta Swami replaced Asopa as Atkaati Pari. (2016)
* Rashmi Singh as Taraz Pari: Naraz Pari's friend; A fairy in Pari Lok who possesses the ability to break things. She used to help Bhayankar Pari secretly along with Naraz Pari, but later regretted and reconciled with the fairies. (2012–2013)
* [[Roop Durgapal]] as Dari Pari: A fairy in Pari Lok who is always afraid but also has the power to frighten others. (2012)
**[[Sameeksha Sud]] replaced Durgapal as Dari Pari. (2013–16)
* Pallavi Dutt as Naraz Pari: Taraz Pari's friend; A fairy in Pari Lok with the power to make people angry; She is initially jealous of the other fairies and helps Bhayankar Pari, but later regrets her mistake and chooses the path of righteousness. (2012–2015)
* Danica Moadi as Bhari Pari: A fairy in Pari Lok, who possesses the power to make someone cry. (2012)
** Sandhya Kashyap replaced Moadi as Bhari Pari (2015-2016)
* Shahina Surve as Firang Pari: A fairy in Pari Lok, who appears and speaks like an Anglo-Indian, possessing the power of language. (2012–2013)
* Nilu Roy as Navrang Pari: A fairy in Pari Lok, who possesses the power to change the color of an object into nine different colors. (2012)
* [[Ekroop Bedi]] as Vigyan Pari: A fairy who is a scientist and inventor in Pari Lok. She possesses the power of science. (2015)
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Mahabhasm Pari: An evil fairy with the power to turn anything into ashes. She used to be Manbadal Pari, who could change anybody's mindset. Later, she kills herself to summon Mahavinashini. (2014-2015)
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Mahavinashini: An evil fairy created by the five elements of nature - Air, Water, Earth, Fire, and Sky - along with five evil fairies who kill themselves to summon her. The fairies were named Mahabhasm Pari, Bhayankar Pari, Bhawandar Pari, Chakravyuh Pari, and Nukeeli Pari. She is also defeated and killed by Baalveer. (2015–2016)
* [[Nigaar Khan]] as Prachandika: An evil fairy who comes to take revenge on Baalveer for her sister Virus' death, but is eventually defeated and killed. (2016)
* Gazala Selmin as Shaatir Pari: An accomplice fairy of Mahavinashini and Prachandika, who advises them on strategies to defeat Baalveer and the fairies. (2015–2016)
* [[Reshmi Ghosh]] as Daityani: An evil fairy who sleeps for ages due to the magic of the fairies, but eventually rises to take revenge on them. Mahavinashini kills her. (2015)
* Arishfa Khan as
**Minty: Montu's Cousin (2013)
**Dant Pari (2014)
**Monica Gehi: A student at Manav and Meher's school. She is the most beautiful girl in the school, and all the boys love her. She develops a crush on Baalveer after he saves her from drowning. (2016)
* Amita Choksi as Smita Dagli: Manav and Meher's mother. (2012–2016)
* Abhay Harpade as Mahesh Dagli: Amrutlal and Kasturi's elder son; Rocky's brother; Smita's husband; Manav and Meher's father. (2012–2016)
*[[Anupamaa|Alpana Buch]] as Kasturi Dagli: Amrutlal's wife; Mahesh and Rocky's mother; Manav and Meher's grandmother (2012-2015)
* [[Raashul Tandon]] as Rocky Dagli: Amrutlal and Kasturi's younger son; Mahesh's brother; Manav and Meher's uncle, who loves playing like a child. (2012–2016)
* Hrihtik Mishra as Rohit: A friend and accomplice of Montu, helping him to bother children at school. (2012–2016)
* Keval Vora as Keval: A friend and accomplice of Montu, helping him to bother children at school. (2012–2015)
* [[Shruti Bisht]] as Saloni: Manav and Meher's friend. (2014–2016)
* Viren Vazirani as Pukky: Manav and Meher's friend (2013–2015).
* Meghna Nikade as Chakravyuh Pari: A fairy who has the power to create mazes and labyrinths. She helps Bhayankar Pari in her attempts to defeat Baalveer. Later, she kills herself to summon Mahavinasni. (2015)
* [[Navina Bole]] as Nukeeli/Kateeli Pari: The fairy twins with the powers of pricking like a needle and cutting like scissors, respectively. They help Bhayankar Pari in her efforts to defeat Baalveer. Later, Nukeeli kills herself to summon Mahavinasni. (2015)
* Tiya Gandwani as
** Patanga Pari: An evil fairy with the power to fly like a kite. (2015)
** Devaki: Shwet Lok's former queen; Aditya Pratap's widow; Ananya and Vivaan's mother. She was captured and imprisoned by Timnasa, but later rescued by Baalveer.(2020)
* [[Swati Verma]] as Kakli Daayan: A witch who wants to become young by killing children. (2015)
* Priyanka Sharma as Sarangi Pari: An evil fairy who possesses the power to make colors with different qualities. (2015)
* [[Namit Shah]] as Jaiveer. (2014)
* [[Sugandha Mishra]] as Chhal Pari: Bhayankar Pari's best friend; An evil fairy who has the power to trick anyone and to sing beautifully. She helps Bhayankar Pari to defeat Baalveer, but ends up killing Rani Pari.(2013–2014)
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Bawandar Pari: An evil fairy who has the power to create typhoons and whirlwinds. She also helps Bhayankar Pari to defeat Baalveer. Later, she kills herself to summon Mahavinasni. (2013–2015)
* [[Akshay Sethi]] as Mogambo Gomango. (2014)
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as Hubahu. (2015)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kunal-bakshi-to-star-in-baal-veer/|title=Kunal Bakshi to star in 'Baal Veer'|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 May 2015|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Gurudev. (2016)
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Honey Bua. (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honey Bua is an interesting role: Vaishali Thakkar|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150625/entertainment-tvmusic/article/honey-bua-interesting-role-vaishali-thakkar|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=2015-06-25|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref>
* Monaz Mevawala as Bhraman Pari: An evil fairy who returns to take revenge on Baal Pari for defeating her. Later, she is killed by the fairies. (2014)
* Arsheen Namdar as Chahya Pari: An evil fairy who possesses the qualities of a shadow. She helps Mahabhasm Pari to defeat Baalveer. (2014)
* Dilip Shah as Goba-Goba. (2013–2014)
* [[Geetanjali]] as Jwala. (2014)
* Kamya Pandey as Sapna Pari: A fairy in Pari Lok who is in charge of protecting others' dreams. (2015)
* [[Choti Sarrdaarni|Piya Valecha]] as Suraksha Pari (Protection Fairy): A fairy who is in charge of guarding the Prison.
* Rashami Patil as Rakshak Pari: The secret messenger of Rani Pari. As well as Rani Pari, she knows the secret of Baalveer's past life. (2015)
* Kavalya Chheda as Ronnie: A bully who always bothers Manav, Meher, and other children in school like Montu. (2014)
* [[Anita Date-Kelkar|Anita Date]] as Tabahee. (2013)
*Javed Pathan as Egyptian king (Pherro yoddha) Mummy.
*Dhruv Bhavsar as
** Rajnikhant (2012)
** Sachin (2014)
* Atul Verma as
** Jabdali, a loyal companion of Timanasa. He was killed by Vivaan. (2019–2020)
** Andher: Aageel's soldier. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Shailendra Pandey
** as Shaurya (Voice), a white lion who is the guardian of Veer Lok and Mentor of Baalveer and Vivaan. (2019–2021)
**as Akroor (Voice), a black panther who was the protector of Kaal Lok who was defeated by Shaurya in Antim Yuddh but returned along with Timnasa. (2019–2020, 2021)
* Krutika Desai as Masti Pari, a fairy of Fairy Realm or Megha on Earth as one of Baalveer's sisters. Most of the time, she accompanied and guided Vivaan just like Natkhat Pari guided Baalveer. She had the power to increase or decrease her size. She was killed by Bhaymar in the 'Antim Yuddh' for saving Ananya. She was also the love interest of Inspector Girpade. (2019–2020)
* Bhaweeka Chaudhary as Paani Pari/Payal, a fairy of Pari Lok with the power of water; Payal on Earth as one of Baalveer's sisters. She helped Baalveer and Vivaan in their adventures with the powers of water. (2019–2021)
* Anuradha Khaira as Dhwani Pari/Diksha, a fairy of Pari Lok with the power of sound; Diksha on Earth as one of Baalveer's sisters. (2019–2021)
* Khushi Mukherjee as Jwala Pari/Jiya, a fairy of Pari Lok with the power of fire; Jiya on Earth as one of Baalveer's sisters. She was a Strict fairy than the others, and very much angry fairy towards evils. One time she burned the hand of Naagini. She was killed by Timnasa's weapons. (2019–2020)
** Urvi Gor replaced Mukherjee as Jwala Pari. (2020–2021)
* [[Amika Shail]] as Vayu Pari/Vidhi, a fairy of Pari Lok with the power of the wind; Vidhi on Earth as one of Baalveer's sisters. She was killed by Timnasa's weapons. (2019–2020)
** Nandini Tiwari replaced Shail as Vayu Pari. (2020–2021)
* Vimarsh Roshan as Bambaal, the cunning antagonist, who was Jalraj Kaikos' younger brother and Commander. He wished to takeover Jalraj's throne and rule over the universe. He was killed by Senior Baalveer. (2020)
* Shweta Khanduri as Milsa. She was killed by Bambaal to hide their secret. (2020)
* [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] as Birba, the new loyalist of Bambaal. She is the most successful scientist in Shinkai after Milsa. (2020)
* Jaya Binju Tyagi as Karuna, Vivaan's adoptive and Khushi's biological mother and Dadasaheb's daughter-in-law. Karuna is a businesswoman living in Bharat Nagar with her two children Khushi and Vivaan and her father-in-law. She runs a tiffin service business in which she delivers tiffin business. Sometimes, she also gives free food to poor people. (2019–2021)
* Khushi Bharadwaj
** as Khushi, Vivaan's adoptive sister, Karuna's daughter, and Dadasaheb's granddaughter. She is a very good girl who always listens to her elders and loves her family. (2019–2021)
** as Kiki(Voice), a young female elephant calf who is Dooba-Dooba's best friend. (2019–2021)
* Arista Mehta as Sutli Girpade, Vivaan, and Gopu's close friend, and Padmini's daughter. She belongs to a middle-class family living in Bharat Nagar and she is intelligent. Her mother Padmini lives with Sutli's maternal uncle, Inspector Shantaram Girpade. (2019–2020)
** Sia Bhatia replaced Mehta as Sutli Girpade (2020–2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|date=|title=Sia Bhatia to replace Arista Mehta in SAB TV's Baalveer Returns|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sia-bhatia-replace-arista-mehta-sab-tv-s-baalveer-returns-200803|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Hridyansh Shekhawat as Gopu Chheda. He is Vivaan and Sutli's close friend. He, Vivaan, and Sutli plan to thwart the troubles created by Chintu and Chinti. His father is the owner of a general store in Bharat Nagar. (2019–2020)
* Yachit Sharma as Rinkoo, Vivaan and Sutli's friend.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Yachit Sharma roped in for SAB TV's Baalveer Returns|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/yachit-sharma-roped-sab-tvs-baalveer-returns-200624|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref> (2020–2021)
* Aarna Bhadoriya as Chinti Mishra, Chintu's sister, who keeps on troubling Vivaan and his paltan with her brother Chintu. (2019–2021)
* Abhay Bhadoriya as Chintu Mishra, Chinti's brother, who keeps on troubling Vivaan and his paltan with his sister Chinti. (2019–2021)
* Priya Sharma as Nagini. She is a [[Gorgon]] and was brought to life by Bhaymar in [[Baghdad]]. She was defeated by Baalveer and [[Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin]] but came back to take revenge. She died because of her own poison. (2020)
* Samay Thakkar as Sarvakaal (voice), the monstrous sage of the Black Realm who was captured by Timnasa, and it was his cosmic power that helped Vivaan kill Timnasa. (2020)
* Tapan A. Bhatt as Dadasaheb, Vivaan's adoptive and Khushi's real paternal grandfather, and Karuna's father-in-law. He is a very talkative person. (2019–2021)
* Guru Saran Tiwari as Mr. Munna Mishra, a selfish and greedy man who is Chintu-Chinti's father and Kamini's husband. He always shows off his richness. (2019–2021)
* Anuradha Verma as Mrs. Kamini Mishra, Chintu-Chinti's mother, and Munna's wife. She also shows off her richness. (2019–2021)
* Akshay Bhagat as Mr. Ratilal Chheda, Gopu's father, and Diwali's husband who owns a shop. He is a miser. (2019–2021)
* Neha Prajapati as Mrs. Diwali Chheda, Gopu's mother, and Ratilal's wife. She is a very caring mother towards her son Gopu. (2019–2021)
* Ajay Padhye as Inspector Shantaram Girpade, a bachelor police Sub-Inspector who is Sutli's maternal uncle and Padmini's younger brother. He loves Masti Pari in her human form Megha, and always tries to impress her. (2019–2021)
* Shruti Gholap as Mrs. Padmini Girpade, Sutli's mother, and Girpade's elder sister. Her husband is unknown. She is a middle-class woman and doesn't have enough money to fulfill Sutli's demands. (2019–2021)
* Reena as Dr. Shalini, Rinkoo's mother who is a Gynaecologist. She did the operation on Karuna during her second delivery. (2020–2021)
* Heer Chopra as Saral Pari, a fairy of Pari Lok with the power of Simplicity: she can make anything that's hard simple to do. She was killed by Akroor for scaring Netra Pari. (2019)
* Alisha Chaudhary as Netra Pari: a fairy of Pari Lok with the power of Vision. Her body was used by Timnasa against Baal Veer for finding his successor. She was later killed by Timnasa. (2019)
* [[Sailesh Gulabani|Shailesh Gulabani]] as
**Parikshak, a sidekick of Bambaal sent to earth for capturing Baalveer. (2020)
**Babel Sahay : Tuyeer's lover-turned husband; Kaashvi’s father. He was killed by Shashmaag. (2023)
*Shagun Singh as Jiya, Chintu Chinti's cousin and dancer, Vivaan's enemy later friend. (2020)
* Amit Lohia as Mahabali, the disciple of Guru Gyani who has a protective dress and crown which cannot be destroyed by Veer Lok's protective shield. Later, both the Baalveers manage to take off the protective dress and crown from his head. Guru Gyani then makes him good from evil and heads towards the Himalayas for meditation. (2021)
* Shresth Saxena as Akal, the hunter of goodness who converts good entities into trophies with his magical arrows. (2021)
* Shubh Saxena as Mand, twin brother of Akal and a hunter of goodness who converts good entities into trophies with his magical arrows. (2021)
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as an evil Egyptian king Imaya. (2021)
* Sharik Khan
** as Vivaan and Sutli's friend. (2020–2021)
** as Pichku (voice), a baby ghost who was trapped in Veer Lok by Shaurya and fairies; has the ability to turn into any object or go through it and can cure every disease or wound. (2021)
* Bharat Bhatia as Babban; Boss of Babban Seth and Sons who wanted to build Casino in the playground where kids play. (2021)
*Myra Singh as Aarohi. She is from Benaras. She always wins all games. She has a catchphrase "UP ke nivasi hote hai bade he saahsi" (Translation: The people of UP are very courageous.)
* Shweta Gautam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=Shweta Gautam Joins Baalveer returns season 2 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/shweta-gautam-i-believe-doing-comedy-makes-me-feel-alive-23169550 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> as Radha Pandey, mother of Happy and Jolly Pandey.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - My character is lively and peppy with a hint of Kanyapuriya tone: Shweta Gautam aka Radha Pandey who is set to enter Baalveer Returns - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-my-character-is-lively-and-peppy-with-a-hint-of-kanyapuriya-tone-shweta-gautam-aka-radha-pandey-who-is-set-to-enter-baalveer-returns/articleshow/81915864.cms|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Times of India|date=5 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> (2021)
* Mihir Rajda as Jolly Pandey, Happy's brother<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-13|title=Exclusive - Sonali Naik from Maddam Sir and Mihir Rajda from Baalveer Returns share their excitement of celebrating Gudi Padwa - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sonali-naik-from-maddam-sir-and-mihir-rajda-from-baalveer-returns-share-their-excitement-of-celebrating-gudi-padwa/articleshow/82052005.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413140610/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sonali-naik-from-maddam-sir-and-mihir-rajda-from-baalveer-returns-share-their-excitement-of-celebrating-gudi-padwa/articleshow/82052005.cms |archive-date=13 April 2021 }}</ref> (2021)
*Ayat Shaikh as Kuki Pandey, Dimple and Jolly Pandey's daughter, and Happy's niece (2021)
*Krish Rao as Puki Pandey, Dimple and Jolly Pandey's son and Happy's nephew (2021)
* Rajat Dahiya as Bhasm: Baalveer's biological-father; Benaam's husband. He was initially a soldier of Shaashvaan-Lok who defied Uttan for his sinister intentions of conquering the world. (2023, 2024)
** [[Manish Khanna]] as
***Kancha Cheena. (2014)
***Badrinath Sharma: Bhasma's human form. He is devoid of his memories and powers and is kept by Baalveer on Earth to prevent Bhasma from causing further destruction. (2024)
* Anupama Kuwar as Tetra: Aageel's soldier. (2023)
* Kunal Seth as Bardol: A secret agent of Shaashvaan Lok. He informs Shaashvaan Lok whenever evil powers attack Earth. He was turned into stone by Aageel; however, he was later rescued and returned to his former self with the help of Baalveer. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Aman Bhutada as Dillaak : Baalveer's friend in Udaka Lok. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Megha Agarwal as Vahamir: Baalveer’s friend in Udaka Lok. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Neelesh Malviya as Hobaad: Shashmaag’s wise assistant in Shaashvaan Lok. He advises Shashmaag in his treacherous plans. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Vinayak Bhave as Bhaskar Bhardwaj: Gargi's husband; Navya and Veer’s father; Eva’s uncle. He is a magician who is entrusted with the task of taking care of Baalveer while he is on Earth. (2023)
* Geeta Bisht as Gargi Bhardwaj: Bhaskar's wife, Navya and Veer’s mother and Eva’s aunt. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Ruchi Singh as Eva Bhardwaj: Veer and Navya’s sister; Bhaskar and Gargi's niece. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* Shahab Khan as Mr. Bhardwaj: Navya, Veer and Eva’s grandfather; Bhaskar’s father: He shares a congenial bond with Veer and often accompanies him in his pranks. (2023, 2024)
* Hiya Bhatt as Navya Bhardwaj: Eva and Veer’s sister; Bhaskar and Gargi's daughter. She was mute due to a psychological disorder that arose post a dreadful accident but regained her voice through Veer’s powers. (2023, 2024, 2025)
* [[Shweta Rastogi]] as Adishi: Baalveer's adoptive mother. She guides the people of Udaka Lok and holds a revered place in Shaashvaan Lok. She was killed by Shashmaag after she deduced his true intentions. (2023)
**Aditi Tambe as young Adishi (2024)
* Mahima Gupta as Kinkori : Baalveer's friend in Udaka Lok. (2023)
* Patrali Chattopadhyay as Tuyeer / Trishna Sahay: Babel's lover-turned-wife; Kaashvi’s mother. She was Aageel's most trusted ally and the former commander of her forces. She was killed by Shashmaag. (2023)
* Jinal Jain as Renu: Kaashvi’s friend. (2023)
*Venkatesh Pande as Param (2024, 2025)

===Guest===
*[[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Maa Pari: The creator and former ruler of Pari Lok. She passes her throne to Bahuroopi Pari. (2012)
*[[Bharti Singh]] as Bharti Mausi (2014)
*[[Kurt Angle]] as Kurt Angle (2014)
* Digvijay Purohit as Jalraj Kaikos, the ruler of the Shinkai kingdom and elder brother of Bambaal. (2020)
* [[Siddharth Nigam]] as [[Aladdin]] from ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''. (2020)
* [[Raashul Tandon]] as Ginu from ''Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga''. (2020)
* Aamir Dalvi as Zafar from ''Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga''. (2020)
* [[Ketan Karande]] as Tejas Pehelwan, a strong wrestler who was defeated by Happy in a wrestling competition. (2021)
* Garima Goel as Kiara: An event head who gives Veer an opportunity to conduct a magic show in a large event. (2023)

==Crossover==
''Baalveer Returns'' had a crossover with ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]'' from 27 January 2020 to 31 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-24 |title=Fans to witness an action-packed week as Baalveer and Aladdin come together to f |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Fans-to-witness-an-action-packed-week-as-Baalveer-and-Aladdin-come-together-to-fight-evil-22485174 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-21 |title=Baalveer Returns and Aladdin set to have a major crossover |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Baalveer-Returns-and-Aladdin-set-to-have-a-major-crossover-22466186 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
===Season 2===
====Development====
The commencement of the show, a sequel to the children's fantasy series ''Baalveer'', was announced in early August 2019 by Optimystix Entertainment and [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|title=Baalveer is back!|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/baalveer-is-back-818213|website=Tribune India|date=2019-08-15|accessdate=2021-04-01|language=en}}</ref> The first promo was released in August 2019. The new series cast [[Dev Joshi]] as Senior Baalveer, and introduced Vansh Sayani in a lead role as Baalveer's successor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Double the magic! Vansh Sayani to be seen as Baalveer's successor in Baalveer Returns|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/double-the-magic-862545|website=Tribune India|language=en|date=2019-11-18|accessdate=2021-04-01}}</ref> [[Pavitra Punia]] was cast as the evil fairy, Timnasa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|title=Pavitra Punia gets diamonds studded in her teeth for Sony SAB's Baalveer Returns|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-punia-gets-diamonds-studded-in-her-teeth-for-baalveer-returns/articleshow/70760225.cms|website=Times Of India|date=20 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

====Filming====
The series is being taped on sets at Film City, in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOlxDbPLDRA|title=Set Tour Of Baalveer Returns With Baalveer Aka Dev Joshi|date=22 January 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
After the Indian government announced the COVID-19 lockdown, the show ceased airing new episodes, along with other shows throughout the Indian entertainment industry. Four months later, after the government relaxed restrictions, the series resumed airing of new episodes, continuing with the storyline that had been interrupted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One actor, three characters: Dev Joshi on his characters in Baalveer Returns|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/one-actor-three-characters-60385|website=Tribune India|date=2020-03-24|accessdate=2021-04-01|language=en}}</ref>

====Casting====
In 2020, [[Pavitra Punia]] announced that she would exit the series to participate in Season 14 of ''[[Bigg Boss]]''. Subsequently, Krutika Desai, Amika Shail and Khushi Mukherjee also quit the show.

The storyline ended and producers announced a new arc, introducing the underwater kingdom of Shinkai, which would be populated by new villains, Bambaal, Milsa and Ray, played by Vimarsh Roshan, Shweta Khanduri and Shoaib Ali, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|title=Vimarsh Roshan to play the new villain in Baalveer Returns|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vimarsh-roshan-to-play-the-new-villain-in-baalveer-returns/articleshow/77065851.cms|website=Times Of India|date=20 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shoaib Ali gets a new look in Baalveer Returns|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shoaib-ali-gets-a-new-look-165891|website=Tribune India|language=en|date=2020-11-04|accessdate=2021-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/in-return-mode-shoaib-ali-has-made-his-way-back-to-the-sets-with-sony-sabs-baalveer-returns-136444|title=Shoaib Ali back to sets with Sony SAB's Baalveer Returns|website=Tribune India|date=2020-09-05|accessdate=2021-04-01|language=en}}</ref>
In mid-December 2020, makers announced that Vimarsh Roshan was leaving the series and Aditya Ranvijay would return as Bhaymaar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/aditya-rannvijay-is-back-in-baalveer-returns-185339|title=Aditya Ranvijay is back in Baalveer Returns|website=Tribune India|language=en|date=2020-12-17|accessdate=2021-04-01}}</ref> In early January 2021, makers announced the return of Pavitra Punia as Timnasa also, following her eviction from ''Bigg Boss''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|title=Pavitra Punia 'overwhelmed' to be back on Baalveer Returns post 'Bigg Boss' sojourn|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-punia-overwhelmed-to-be-back-on-baalveer-returns-post-bigg-boss-sojourn/articleshow/80195916.cms|website=Times Of India|date=10 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Later [[Dev Joshi]] played six different characters.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Dev Joshi: Playing six different roles in Baalveer Returns is exhausting, but I'm loving the challenge - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dev-joshi-playing-six-different-roles-in-baal-veer-is-exhausting-but-im-loving-the-challenge/articleshow/81873511.cms|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Times of India|date=3 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Season 3===
In December 2022, the series was announced by Optimystix Entertainment for [[Sony SAB]] and [[Sony LIV]] through an announcement teaser.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2022 |title=Sony SAB builds on family brand |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sony-sab-builds-on-family-brand-11667542645444.html |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=India's most loved Superhero BAALVEER to weave magic once again |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/03/13/indias-most-loved-superhero-baalveer-to-weave-magic-once-again/ |website=the Live Nagpur}}</ref> The shooting of this series began in January 2023. [[Principal photography]] commenced in [[Mumbai]]. [[Dev Joshi]] was cast in the titular role and was joined by [[Aditi Sanwal]] as leads.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Dev Joshi on Reprising Titular Role in New Season of Balveer: 'It Has Now Become a Part of Me' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dev-joshi-on-reprising-titular-role-in-new-season-of-balveer-it-has-now-become-a-part-of-me-1585973 |website=abplive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Aditi Sanwal Joins Baal Veer 3's Cast, Says She's 'Extremely Happy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/im-extremely-happy-aditi-sanwal-on-joining-the-cast-of-baal-veer-season-3-7300723.html |website=News18}}</ref> Simultaneously, Ada Khan was cast for negative role.

===Season 4===
Baalveer Season 4 was released on 6 May 2024. Rajat Dahiya cast to play negative role.<ref name=":1" />

===Season 5===
Baalveer Season 5 was released on 7 April 2025.Venkatesh pandey cast to play negative role

==Reception==
The first episode of ''Baalveer Returns''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkIuakwLq3U|title=Baalveer Returns - Ep 1 - Full Episode - 10th September, 2019|date=12 September 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> has over 45 million views on [[YouTube]]. ''Baalveer Returns'' episode 233<ref>{{Citation |title=Baalveer Returns - Ep 233 - Full Episode - 12th November 2020 | date=14 November 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zew5xMl7_y0 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-07}}</ref> has over 72 million views on YouTube. Its 170 episode has over 60 million views.
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/4645657703001/Baalveer}}
*{{IMDb title|tt3591138}}
* [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6Rtnh6YJK7YH8LR62Ja_5ZTVB5mdufUL ''Baalveer Returns''] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/baalveer-returns-1700000071 ''Baalveer Returns''] on [[SonyLIV]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10956014|title=Baalveer Returns}}
* {{IMDb title|27161705|title=Baalveer 3}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/baalveer-s3-1700000071 ''Baalveer S3''] on [[SonyLIV]]
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/baalveer-4-1700000071 ''Baalveer S4''] on ''[[Sony Liv]]''
*{{IMDb title |32143545|title=Baalveer 4}}

{{SAB TV Programmes}}
{{Children television series in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian superhero television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows about fairies]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Paul Dangshu

2026-04-25T17:54:13Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: New new article

{{Short description|Indian politician from Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Paul Dangshu
| image = Paul Dangshu Tripura Member of Legislative Assembly.jpg
| caption = Dangshu in 2024
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age| 1992|03|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]], India
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| alma_mater =
| committees = • Member, Public Accounts Committee, [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] (2023-present)
•Member, House Committee, [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] (2023–2024)
}}
'''Paul Dangshu''' (born 20 March 1992), is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]], India. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Tipra Motha Party]] and became member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from the Karamcherra assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2023 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2023-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2348.htm?ac=48 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paul Dangshu: Tripura Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/paul-dangshu-karamchara-candidate-s23a048c001/ |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Election Result 2023: BJP wins 32 seats, Tipra Motha bags 13 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tripura-election-result-2023-live-vote-counting-updates-bjp-ipft-congress-alliances-tipra-motha-cpim-2341430-2023-03-02 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early years ===
Paul has been the lead media in charge of the TIPRA Motha party for the past few years since its formation in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mrinal |date=2023-03-25 |title=Why Tripura's youngest MLA says youth are 'bound to join politics' |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2023/03/25/why-tripuras-youngest-mla-says-youth-are-bound-to-join-politics/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== MLA in Tripura Assembly ===
In 2023, Paul contested the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Assembly Election]] after he was put forward by TIPRA as one of its young faces. He won against the veteran BJP candidate Brajalal Tripura and BJP politician turned Congress [[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=Tripura BJP MLA Diba Chandra Hrankhawl quits ahead of assembly polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-bjp-mla-diba-chandra-hrankhawl-quits-ahead-of-assembly-polls-101672225128230.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> by securing 20,496 votes.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

He polled a massive 52.73% of the total votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karmachara Election Result 2023 LIVE: Karmachara MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/karmachara-assembly-elections-tr-48/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Karmachhara<ref name="results2023">{{cite web|url= https://www.oneindia.com/karmachara-assembly-elections-tr-48/website=oneindia.com|title= KARMACHARA ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS 2023|date= |author= |access-date= 18 April 2023}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Tipra Motha Party|candidate=Paul Dangshu|votes=20,496|percentage=52.73%|change=+52.73|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Braja Lal Tripura|votes=9,901|percentage=25.47%|change=+25.47%|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl|votes=7, 344|percentage=18.89%|change=-36.55%|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,595|percentage=|change=-2.71%|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=38,504|percentage=89.65 %|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Tipra Motha Party|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=52.73%}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dangshu, Paul}}
[[Category:Politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]

{{TMP-politician-stub}}
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Blue pottery of Jaipur

2026-04-24T05:16:30Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Redirect page

{{Short description|Traditional craft from Jaipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum JEG1715.JPG|thumb|Examples in a museum]]
'''Blue pottery''' is widely recognized as a traditional craft of [[Jaipur]] of Central Asian origin.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfyA327hG8EC|accessdate=23 April 2012|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=935|chapter=Blue Pottery of Jaipur}}</ref> The name 'blue pottery' comes from the eye-catching [[cobalt]] blue dye used to colour the pottery. It is one of many [[Eurasia]]n types of [[blue and white pottery]], and related in the shapes and decoration to [[Islamic pottery]].

Jaipur blue pottery has been strongly influenced by the Persian ceramic style but it has developed its own designs and motifs. Inspired more from nature, the pottery is adorned profusely with animals, birds and flowers with a hint of Persian geometric design in the compositions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Taknet |first=DK |title=Jaipur: Gem of India |publisher=IntegralDMS |date=July 2016 |isbn=9781942322054}}</ref> Some of this pottery is semi-transparent and mostly decorated with Mughal [[arabesque]] patterns and bird and other animal [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]].

Jaipur blue pottery, made out of ceramic [[frit]] material similar to Egyptian [[faience]], is glazed and low-fired. No clay is used: the 'dough' for the pottery is prepared by mixing [[quartz]] stone powder, powdered glass, multani mitti ([[fuller's earth]]), [[borax]], [[natural gum|gum]] and water.<ref name="Kapoor2002"></ref> Another source cites ''[[tragacanth|Katira Gond]]'' powder (a gum), and ''saaji'' ([[soda bicarbonate]]) as ingredients.<ref>{{cite web|title=Craftmark Certified Processes: Blue Pottery |url=http://www.aiacaonline.org/craftmark-certified-processes-blue-pottery.asp?links=craftm6 |publisher=All India Artisans and Craftworkers Welfare Association |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221348/http://www.aiacaonline.org/craftmark-certified-processes-blue-pottery.asp?links=craftm6 |archivedate=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Like pottery it is fired only once. The biggest advantage is that blue pottery does not develop any cracks, and blue pottery is also impervious, hygienic, and suitable for daily use. Blue pottery is beautifully decorated with the brush when the pot is rotated.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Blue Pottery - Rajasthan Industries |url=https://industries.rajasthan.gov.in/content/industries/handmadeinrajasthandepartment/artandcraft/bluepottery/bluepottery.html#:~:text=The%20blue%20colour%20or%20turquoise,patterns%2C%20animal%20and%20bird%20motifs. |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Thus it has great utilitarian as well as aesthetic significance.

Being fired at very low temperature makes them fragile. The range of items is primarily decorative, such as [[ashtray]]s, [[vases]], [[Drink coaster|coasters]], small bowls and boxes for [[wikt:trinket|trinket]]s. The colour palette is restricted to blue derived from the [[cobaltous oxide|cobalt oxide]], green from the [[Copper(I) oxide|copper oxide]] and white, though other non-conventional colours, such as yellow and brown are sometimes included.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Museum |first=Alankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsdbAyBU1kQC |title=Tryst with Tradition: Exploring Rajasthan Through the Alankar Museum, Jawahar Kala Kendra |date=2011 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra |language=en}}</ref> The products made include plates, flower vases, soap dishes, surahis (small pitcher), trays, coasters, fruit bowls, door knobs, and glazed tiles with hand painted floral designs. Sometimes, designer pieces for display are also made. The craft is found mainly in Jaipur, but also in Sanganer, Mahalan, and Neota.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Pottery - Rajasthan Industires |url=https://industries.rajasthan.gov.in/content/industries/handmadeinrajasthandepartment/artandcraft/bluepottery/bluepottery.html#:~:text=The%20blue%20colour%20or%20turquoise,patterns%2C%20animal%20and%20bird%20motifs. |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Blue Pottery Dholak, Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Blue Pottery Decorative Dholak, Jaipur]]
[[File:Blue Pottery Designer Vase.jpg|thumb|Blue Pottery Designer Vase, Jaipur]]

==History==

[[File:Meiping vase, Chinese, Ming Dynasty, 16th century CE. Arabic inscription. Porcelain with underglaze blue and small touches of overglaze enamel. Burrell Collection, Glasgow.jpg|thumb|16th-century Ming dynasty porcelain with underglaze blue and [[Arabic]] inscriptions.]]
[[File:Jaipur Blue Pottery Vase with Raja-Rani Design.jpg|thumb|Famous Raja Rani (King Queen) Vase of Jaipur School, [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[Blue and white pottery|Blue and white wares]] first appeared in Iraq under the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. The use of cobalt as an underglaze color was introduced to China from Iraq, where Abbasid potters had been using it on white glazed earthenware since the 9th century. In China, it was first applied to earthenware during the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907 CE) and subsequently to porcelain.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&dq=Blue+and+white+porcelain+first+iraq&pg=PA292 |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |date=2009-05-14 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |language=en}}</ref> The blue glaze on pottery was later used by Mongol artisans who combined Chinese glazing technology with Persian decorative arts. This technique traveled east to India with early [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] conquests in the 14th century. During its infancy, it was used to make tiles to decorate [[mosques]], [[Tomb|tombs]] and [[palaces]] in [[Central Asia]]. Later, following their conquests and arrival in India, the [[Mughals]] began using them in India. Gradually the blue glaze technique grew beyond an architectural accessory to Indian potters.<ref name="LuKs001">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=Statement of Case for Blue Pottery of Jaipur in Rajasthan|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/540/540%20-%20Statement%20of%20Case%20-%2028-12-2015.pdf|accessdate=9 December 2017|publisher=Govt. of India|page=25|chapter=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123629/http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/540/540%20-%20Statement%20of%20Case%20-%2028-12-2015.pdf|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> From there, the technique traveled to the plains of [[Delhi]] and in the 17th century went to Jaipur.<ref name="LuKs001"></ref>

Other accounts of the craft state that blue pottery came to Jaipur in the early 19th century under the ruler [[Sawai Ram Singh II]] (1835–1880).<ref name="Kapoor2002"/> The Jaipur king had sent local artisans to Delhi to be trained in the craft. Some specimens of older ceramic work can be seen in the [[Rambagh Palace]], where the fountains are lined with blue tiles. Sawai Ram Singh, in his reign (1835–1880), promoted art in Jaipur state with dedication. Legend says that impressed by the art of blue pottery, he brought artists from Delhi to Jaipur. However, Jaipur blue pottery introduced original innovations and mastered the art in such a way that it was claimed to have surpassed the Delhi pottery. Back in 1916, ''The Journal of Indian Art'' recorded that Jaipur ware was an improvement upon Delhi pottery.<ref>Notes on Jaipur Pottery. The Journal of Indian Art, 1886-1916; London Vol. 17, Iss. 129-136, (Oct 1916): 27–34.</ref> His successor [[Madho Singh II|Sawai Madho Singh]] patronized an exhibition of industrial arts and crafts in 1883 in which finest blue pottery pieces were exhibited with other arts and crafts.<ref>Tillotson, G. (2004). The Jaipur Exhibition of 1883. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', ''14''(2), 111–126. </ref> Prized possessions of the exhibition were displayed in a museum like space in the exhibition. Many of artisans had been trained in the school of art opened by Sawai Ram Singh and the then director of the school, Opendronath Sen, who had worked particularly to promote the blue pottery, was also happy to see it being showcased in the exhibition.<ref>Tillotson, G. (2004). The Jaipur Exhibition of 1883. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', ''14''(2), 111–126. </ref> Jaipur School indigenised the art of Blue Pottery through designs that were drawn from Indian life like Indian animals, Hindu deities, Indian human figures, features of Indian palaces etc.
[[File:Blue Pottery Jaipur Collection.jpg|thumb|Blue Pottery Collection, Jaipur School, [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[File:Blue pottery pilgrim flask.jpg|thumb|Blue Pottery Pilgrim Flask with Animals at [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[File:Small Vase with leaf shaped handles.jpg|thumb|Vase depicted Indian Palace Design at [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[File:Saraswati Piligrim Flask.jpg|thumb|Goddess Saraswati on Pilgrim Flask, [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[File:Hanuman Flask.jpg|thumb|Deity Hanuman on a Flask, [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[File:Ganesha Pilgrim Flask.jpg|thumb|Lord Ganesha on a Flask, [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]
[[File:Narsimha Flask.jpg|thumb|Narsimha Flask, [[Albert Hall Museum]]]]

However, by the 1950s, blue pottery had all but vanished from Jaipur, when it was re-introduced through the efforts of the muralist and painter [[Kripal Singh Shekhawat]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Blue Pottery |url=http://www.aiacaonline.org/pdf/blue-pottery-extended-documentation.pdf |publisher=All India Artisans and Craftworkers Welfare Association |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801084709/http://www.aiacaonline.org/pdf/blue-pottery-extended-documentation.pdf |archivedate=1 August 2015 }}</ref> with the support of patrons such as [[Kamladevi Chattopadhaya]] and Rajmata [[Gayatri Devi]].<ref name="Kapoor2002"></ref> Today, blue pottery is an industry that provides livelihood to many people in Jaipur. Jaipur blue pottery, despite new innovations in vessels and designs, has retained the traditional blue and adheres to the traditional motifs rendering it instantly recognisable. The fountains inside the Polo Bar and the Maharani Suite within the Rambagh Palace complex are examples of some of the finest craftsmanship of Jaipur Blue Pottery and evidence the support of royal patronage to the art.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Blue pottery from Jaipur 4.jpg|thumb|Contemporary blue pottery products, Jaipur]]

== Process ==
Making blue pottery is a complex and time-intensive procedure and is done in many steps. Being fired at very low temperature makes the process a fragile one, fraught with risks and requires practice, patience, and expertise. The absence of clay is what distinguishes blue pottery from traditional pottery. The materials used to make blue pottery are quartz stone powder, powdered glass, [[borax]], gum, and Multani mitti ([[fuller's earth]]). They are kneaded into a dough by mixing together and adding water. The moulding dough is rolled and flattened into a 4–5 millimetre thick 'Chapatti' (pancake) and placed in moulds with a mixture of pebbles and ash. Moulds, made from Plaster of Paris (POP), are maintained with care to enable multiple use. The mould is turned upside down and removed and the product is left for drying for 1–2 days. After cleaning and shaping the pottery, the surface is polished with sandpaper. This step smoothens the product and makes it ready for painting. After painting motifs over it and adding a final coat of glaze, the fully dried product is ready to get in furnace.
[[File:Blue Pottery Making Process.jpg|thumb|Blue Pottery design being sketched and painted before glazing]]
[[File:Blue Pottery painted object.jpg|thumb|Blue Pottery Painted, ready to go into the furnace]]
The artisans traditionally used to offer prayers before they would set up the furnace. Some artists even today continue the practice to pray for successful baking of pottery. Preparing a furnace for the firing of the pottery is a delicate process, and any misstep can lead to cracks in the product. The products are kept inside a furnace to dry. For approximately 4–5 hours firing of the pieces takes place with meticulous care to maintain even temperatures to avert any cracks. Before taking out the products, the artisans wait for the kiln to cool off completely. It might take 2–3 days before the products can be taken out. The finished products are lightly cleaned before they are showcased or packaged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=shubhangi |date=2016-03-04 |title=Making Process |url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/blue-pottery-jaipur-rajasthan-0/making-process |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=D'Source |language=en}}</ref>

== Revival ==
Jaipur's blue pottery has evolved significantly in terms of materials, styles, and forms. The raw materials used and making processes have changed over the years. Previously, the glazed coating used on pottery contained lead but an increasing awareness of harmful effects has led to lead-free production. In many places, diesel furnaces are being used instead of traditional wood or charcoal-fueled kilns. Even the designs and motifs are moving away from classical repertoire to cater to modern sensibilities and market demands. The revival of Jaipur blue pottery art owes a lot to the artist [[Kripal Singh Shekhawat]]. Seeing the dwindling interest in the art, and deplorable state of the artists, he made it his mission in reviving the art. He garnered the support of Maharani Gayatri Devi of Jaipur and others to give a fillip to the dying art of Jaipur blue pottery.

In its new lease of life many blue pottery shops and training schools have sprung up in Jaipur. Kripal Kumbh, the pottery studio founded by Kripal Singh Shekhawat is still in operation. Established in 1995, Rural Non-farm Development Agency (RUDA) aims to promote artisans of Rajasthan at the global level has also contributed to promote blue pottery of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-20 |title=Colour me bright & blue |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/530097/colour-me-bright-blue.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Leela Bordia with ceramic training from US extended the art of blue pottery to beads, necklace, pendants and other ornament-like items. Her inventory also included items like tiles, bathroom fittings etc. that gained popularity with interior decorators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Anil K. |title=A Historical and Artistic Study of the Blue Pottery of Jaipur |url=https://www.academia.edu/42708064|date= 2002|journal=Interceram: International Ceramic Review|volume=51|issue=6|pages=400–403|s2cid=190196201|issn=0020-5214}}</ref> It has been suggested that to revive and promote the art of blue pottery, sustained efforts are required to train the artists to use standardized tools, diversify into utility products by moving beyond decorative ones, and to assist and enable marketing avenues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Pottery by BIJO JOSEPH PURACKAL - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/bijojoseph7/docs/blue_pottery_last_final_final |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=issuu.com |date=18 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

A notable training center in Jaipur is Sawai Ram Singh Shilp Kala Mandir,<ref name=":0" /> but many artists also conduct short training programmes at their workshops to sustain the legacy of Jaipur blue pottery.
==See also==
* [[Blue and white pottery]]
* [[Fritware]]
* [[Egyptian faience]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajasthani arts]]
[[Category:Indian pottery]]
[[Category:Culture of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Rajasthan]]

Nefamese language

2026-04-20T00:44:18Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Starting the details needs work

{{Short description|Language of Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Nefamese
| altname = Arunamese
| states = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| speakers = unknown
| date = 2006
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Pidgin
| family = [[Assamese language|Assamese-based]] pidgin
| iso3 = nef
| glotto = nefa1235
| glottorefname = Nefamese
}}

'''Nefamese''' or '''''Arunamese''''' is a [[pidgin]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (formerly [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]]), India. Its classification is unclear; ''Ethnologue'' states that it is based on the [[Assamese language]], but also that it is most closely related to the Sino-Tibetan [[Gallong language|Gallong]] like the Assamese language formed out by the mixture of languages like [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Tibeto-Burman]], [[Tai languages|Tai]] and [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages.

Nefamese emerged in eastern Arunachal Pradesh as a [[lingua franca]] among the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Apatani people|Apatanai]], [[Khampti]], [[Hill Miri people|Hill Miri]], [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu Mishimi]], [[Nocte people|Nocte]], [[Wancho Naga|Wancho]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], [[Monpa people|Mompa]], [[Zekhring people|Zakhring]], and [[Bugun language|Bugun]] peoples, among others—between them and with other [[Assamese people|Indigenous Assamese people]] and other Indigenous groups of [[Northeast India]]. The language is threatened by, and has perhaps somewhat been replaced by, the use of [[Hindi]].

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants<ref name=bhuyan2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecho.in/files/The-Phonological-Aspects-of-Nefamese.pdf |title=The Phonological aspects of Nefamese |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Nupur Chandra |year=2012 |access-date=2024-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716025141/https://www.thecho.in/files/The-Phonological-Aspects-of-Nefamese.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|r}}, {{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels<ref name=bhuyan2012/>
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagamese Creole]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |last=Bhuyan |first=Nupur|date=2013 |title=A descriptive analysis of Nefamese |type=PhD |hdl=10603/94064 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/94064}}

{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Assamese-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Endangered pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Indo-European languages]]

Kanumuri Bapi Raju

2026-04-19T22:23:44Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanumuri Bapi Raju
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|06|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Juvvalapalem, [[West Godavari]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Official Status =
| constituency = [[Narsapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = 2009–2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=12&tab=3 |title=Members of Lok Sabha |website=loksabha.nic.in |access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Chegondi Harirama Jogaiah]]
| successor = [[Gokaraju Ganga Raju]]
| constituency1 = [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
| term1 = 1998–1999
| predecessor1 = [[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]
| successor1 = [[Krishnam Raju]]
| spouse =
| children =
| profession =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Hyderabad Public School]]
}}
'''Kanumuri Bapi Raju''' (born 25 June 1947) is an Indian politician, a five term [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly and a two term [[member of parliament]]. Raju represented the [[Narsapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narsapuram constituency]] in 1998 and 2009. He also served as the Chairman of the [[Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bapiraju-declares-assets-worth-rs-66-cr/article5910100.ece |title=Bapiraju declares assets worth Rs. 6.6 cr. |date=2014-04-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]

==External links==
* [https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3842 Indian governmental profile]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapi Raju, Kanumuri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Barasat Government Medical College and Hospital

2026-04-19T07:26:19Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Starting new data

{{Short description|Medical college in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Barasat Government Medical College and Hospital
| image = Barasat Hospital.jpg
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Public]] [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2022}}
| principal = Dr. Suhrita Paul
| address =
| city = [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates =
| campus_type = Urban (20.5 acres)
| colors =
| affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = https://barasatgmch.ac.in/
}}

'''Barasat Government Medical College and Hospital''' ('''BGMCH'''), established in 2022, is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government medical college and hospital.<ref name=t/><ref>{{cite web |title=No. HF/O/IVIERT/705/HFW-240 13 (15) 13 12021 |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/7055.pdf |website=www.wbhealth.gov.in |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817020800/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/7055.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal government plans six new medical colleges |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/bengal-government-plans-six-new-medical-colleges-1502976546.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |agency=The Statesman |publisher=www.thestatesman.com |date=26 June 2021}}</ref> The college is located at [[Barasat|Barasat city]] in [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]. The city belongs to the northern suburbs of [[Kolkata]] or the [[Kolkata metropolitan area]]. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) and associated degrees.<ref>{{cite news |title=ছয় জেলায় হচ্ছে নতুন ছয় হাসপাতাল, স্বাস্থ্য পরিকাঠামোর আরও উন্নতিতে তৎপর নবান্ন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/for-now-the-state-government-has-started-preparations-to-build-six-medical-colleges-and-hospitals-in-six-districts/cid/1289150 |access-date=5 January 2022 |agency=Anandabazar |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=26 June 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> This college also offers the Nursing and para-medical courses. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the North 24 Parganas district.

==Courses==
Barasat Medical College and Hospital undertakes education and training of 100 students MBBS courses,<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal proposes 6 new medical colleges with 100 MBBS seats each |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/west-bengal/west-bengal-proposes-6-new-medical-colleges-with-100-mbbs-seats-each-79157 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=medicaldialogues.in |date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/6-new-medical-colleges-announced-in-west-bengal-in-coordination-with-central-govt/792207 | title=6 new Medical colleges announced in West Bengal in coordination with Central Govt | Education News }}</ref> and a few [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences|NBEMS]] affiliated PG broad-specialty, i.e. [[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]] and PG diploma, i.e. NBEMS-DIPLOMA courses are also undertaken in this medical college.

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref name=t>{{cite news |last1=Konar |first1=Debashis |title=National body nod to 5 new medical colleges in West Bengal, admission likely to start this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/national-body-nod-to-5-new-medical-colleges-in-west-bengal-admission-likely-to-start-this-year/articleshow/93358333.cms |access-date=8 August 2022 |agency=Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]

A. Soundarapandian

2026-04-18T19:28:39Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Starting article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Soundarapandian
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1968|3|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = S. P. Natham
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = K. Kandaswamy
| successor1 = [[K. Ramachandran]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Business, Lawyer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''A. Soundarapandian''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. Hailing from the [[Coonoor]] region of the [[Nilgiris district]], he completed his undergraduate and law degrees ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/tn2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=321 | title=Tamil Nadu 2006 | accessdate=17 January 2026}}</ref> Representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party, he contested and won from the [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor assembly constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]s to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Thirteenth Assembly 2006. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 2007. p. 353-354.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Soundarapandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,303 |percentage=47.36% |change=8.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,589 |percentage=41.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chidambaram. V |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,227 |percentage=7.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbarasan (Alias) Anbu. D |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,729 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandran. P |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theinmathi. P |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=569 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annakili. A |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. P |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=250 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,714 |percentage=5.97% |change=-11.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,666 |percentage=64.85% |change= 11.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,524 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -8.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundarapandian, A.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jethabhai Rathod

2026-04-16T01:55:05Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: data

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Jethabhai Bhurabhai Rathod
| native_name = જેઠાભાઈ ભુરાભાઈ રાઠોડ
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| predecessor = [[Maljibhai Sangrambhai Dabhi]]
| term_end = 1971
| successor = Maljibhai Sangrambhai Dabhi
| party = [[Swatantra Party]]
| other_party =
| constituency = [[Khedbrahma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khedbrahma]]
| birth_date = 1936/1937
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date|df=y|2023|05|12}} (aged 86)
| death_place = Tebda, [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| spouse = Shardaben
| children = 5 sons, 4 daughters
}}

'''Jethabhai Bhurabhai Rathod''' (1936/1937 – 12 May 2023) was an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]] state who had served as the member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Khedbrahma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khedbrahma]] from 1967 to 1971.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=Gujarat: 'BPL cardholder' ex-MLA from Khedbrahma no more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bpl-cardholder-ex-mla-from-khedbrahma-no-more/articleshow/100219561.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rathod contested Taluka Panchayat election in 1967 and lost by only 195 votes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-09 |title=From power to poverty: These ex-MLAs in Gujarat have seen it all |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/from-power-to-poverty-these-ex-mlas-in-gujarat-have-seen-it-all/articleshow/95391312.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As a candidate of the [[Swatantra Party]], he defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. He had campaigned on a bicycle in the election. He served as the member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Khedbrahma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khedbrahma]] from 1967 to 1971.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=पेंशन भी नहीं, BPL कार्ड से कट रही जिंदगी... झकझोर देगी गुजरात के इस पूर्व विधायक की कहानी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/gujarat/story/gujarat-former-mla-jethabhai-rathod-live-bpl-ration-card-help-sons-doing-wages-lcl-1487581-2022-06-24 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Rathod used to go by the state transport bus to attend the Assembly. He lived in the poverty for rest of his life and held [[Below Poverty Line]] card for the government assistance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ધારાસભ્ય બને એટલે વૈભવની છોળો ઉડે એ જરૂરી નથી, વાંચો આ માજી ધારાસભ્યની ખુમારી વિશે |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/sabarkantha/jethabhai-rathod-very-honest-and-only-mla-of-gujarat-who-is-living-in-poverty |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]]|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He did not receive any pension.<ref name=":2" />

After a month of age related illness, he died on 12 May 2023 in Tebda village at age of 86.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=ખેડબ્રહ્માના પૂર્વ ધારાસભ્યનું અવસાન:જેઠાભાઈ રાઠોડ 86 વર્ષની વયે અવસાન પામ્યાં; એક મહિનાથી બીમાર હોવાથી ખાટલામાં હતા અને શુક્રવારે પરિવાર સાથે વાતો કરતા કરતા આંખો મીંચાઈ ગઈ હતી |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/sabarkantha/news/jethabhai-rathore-dies-at-86-he-was-ill-in-bed-for-a-month-and-on-friday-while-talking-to-his-family-his-eyes-closed-131278317.html|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Sabarkantha: ખેડબ્રહ્માના પૂર્વ ધારાસભ્યનું નિધન, સાઈકલ પર કરતા હતા ચૂંટણી પ્રચાર |url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/gujarat/jethabhai-bhurabhai-rathor-former-mla-of-khedbrahma-passed-away-837542 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=ABP Live Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> His body was cremated next day on the bank of [[Sabarmati River]] near his village. His funeral was attended by [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]], an incumbent legislative assembly member from Khedbrahma, and other local politicians.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
Rathod lived in Tebda village in Poshina Taluka of [[Sabarkantha district]] in Gujarat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He married Shardaben and another lady.<ref name=":3" /> He had five sons and four daughters.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathod, Jethabhai}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sabarkantha district]]

Whitefield railway station (Bengaluru)

2026-04-15T07:30:53Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: added stub - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Whitefield
| name_lang = en
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ka & hi
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Vande Bharat Express at Whitefield.jpg
| image_caption = [[MGR Chennai Central–Mysuru Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express]] heading towards {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} railway station
| address = [[Kadugodi]], [[Bangalore]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9964|77.7614|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|874|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| line = [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]]
| distance =
| platform = 4
| tracks = 6
| connections = {{ric|Namma Metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]]
| structure = At Grade
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| accessible =
| code = WFD
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1864}}
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system=Indian Railways
|line1=Bangalore–Chennai |right1=Devangonthi |to-right=Jolarpettai Junction or Chennai Central|left1=Hoodi Halt|to-left=Bengaluru City
}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_locator =
| cta_header =
}}
'''Whitefield railway station''' (station code: WFD) is an [[Indian Railways]] [[train station]] located in [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], [[Bengaluru]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]], which is about 8 km away from the [[Krishnarajapuram railway station]] and serves the Whitefield area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru: Railways To Increase Halts At Banaswadi Even As Station's Last Mile Connectivity Remains Poor|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/whitefield-stn-stuck-time-warp-703716.html|access-date=20 November 2018|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=‘Run suburban train between Yelahanka and Whitefield’|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/run-suburban-train-between-yelahanka-and-whitefield/article24610738.ece|access-date=27 October 2018|work=Times of India Indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The Whitefield railway station is about 3 km north of the Whitefield Bus stop. It lies on the Bangalore–Chennai route and is double and electrified, the [[Krishnarajapuram]]–Whitefield section is slated to be converted to a quadruple line.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/city/just-one-entrance-whitefield-684578.html With just one entry, Whitefield station a 'nightmare']</ref> The station is slated to become a junction with a new [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]]–[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] (53 km; 33 miles) line being laid. It is located near the [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station]] of the Bengaluru [[Namma Metro]] system.

==Structure ==
Whitefield railway station has four platforms, each running to 650m in length, shelters, lighting, benches and a booking office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/993 |title=WFD/Whitefield (4) Railway Station Satellite Map – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts |publisher=India Rail Info |date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>

=== Station Layout ===
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="390" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="6" width="50" valign="center" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''P1'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] next station is [[Hoodi Halt railway station|Hoodi Halt]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1 & P2'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left | </nowiki>'''''(Used for MEMUs and Express trains)'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]] / [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] next station is [[Devangonthi]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 3'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] next station is [[Hoodi Halt railway station|Hoodi Halt]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]] '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' '''P3''' Doors will open on the left '''<nowiki>| </nowiki>''(Used for MEMUs and Express trains)'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 4'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''''Not in Operation'''''
|-
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''P1'''
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
|}

==Line==
[[File:Whitefield railway station.jpg|left|thumb|Station Board]]
Whitefield railway station is on the [[Bangalore–Chennai main line]]. The railway station is located between [[Hoodi Halt railway station]] and [[Devangonthi railway station]].

== Originating/terminating trains ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Train number
!Train name
!Type
!Source
!Destination
|-
|06567/06568
|Whitefield–Baiyyappanahalli MEMU Special
|EMU
|[[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]]
|[[Baiyyappanahalli]]
|-
|66541/66542
|[[Whitefield–KSR Bengaluru City EMU]]
|MEMU
|[[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]]
|[[Bengaluru|Bengaluru City]]
|-
|06593/06594
|Whitefield–Baiyyappanahalli EMU Special
|Passenger
|[[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]]
|[[Baiyyappanahalli]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of railway stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|1518}}

{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Western Railway zone|left=Hoodi Halt|right=Devangonthi|type=[[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]]}}

{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1864]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bangalore railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Sindhanur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:25Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: added data - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sindhanur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image = 58-Sindhanur constituency.svg
| mla = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Venkatrao Nadagouda
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:239285}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Sindhanur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Raichur district]]. [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] is the current MLA from Sindhanur.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shiv Basan Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Baswantrao Bassanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Channanagowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Baswantrao Bassanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Narayanappa Hanumanthappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Mal. Lappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || R. Narayanappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[K. Virupaxappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Venkata Rao Nadagouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Venkata Rao Nadagouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sindhanur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sindhanur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1058.htm?ac=58 |access-date=22 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422073331/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1058.htm?ac=58 |archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,645 |percentage = 41.98% |change = {{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kariyappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,703 |percentage = 29.48% |change = {{increase}}20.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkata Rao Nadagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,461 |percentage = 24.78% |change = {{decrease}}18.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Nekkanti |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 2,147 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangram Narayan Killed |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,065 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,942 |percentage = 12.51% |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,523 |percentage = 73.35% |change = {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,412}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,285 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Venkata Rao Nadagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 71,514 |percentage = 43.75% |change = {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,917 |percentage = 42.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolla Sheshagirirao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,795 |percentage = 9.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,344 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Jalaluddin Akbar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,597 |percentage = 0.98% |change = {{decrease}}11.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,676 |percentage = 69.79% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,464}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,521 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,213 |percentage = 46.55% |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kariyappa |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 36,197 |percentage = 34.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkata Rao Nadagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,895 |percentage = 29.22% |change = {{decrease}}18.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekhar Patil |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 11,692 |percentage = 11.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolla Sheshagirirao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,557 |percentage = 9.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanna Elekudalagi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,176 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bashumiya |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 997 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramesh Patil Bergi |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star |votes = 868 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,016 |percentage = 12.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,271 |percentage = 72.64% |change = {{increase}}13.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,728}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,977 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Venkata Rao Nadagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 53,621 |percentage = 47.40% |change = {{increase}}26.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,747 |percentage = 34.25% |change = {{decrease}}21.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narayanappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,394 |percentage = 10.07% |change = {{decrease}}7.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabir Pasha Maski |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,608 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yogappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mariyappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayanandayya Swamy |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 956 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramana Eralagaddi |party = Independent politician |votes = 897 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maremma Sukalpet |party = Independent politician |votes = 684 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,874 |percentage = 13.15% |change = {{decrease}}20.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,143 |percentage = 58.65% |change = {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,123}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,915 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 79,001 |percentage = 55.26% |change = {{increase}}8.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumanagouda Amareshappagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,277 |percentage = 21.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bhaskar Rao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,392 |percentage = 17.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shailaja Prabhakar |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,721 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Badiger. H. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,477 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Basavaraj Bennur |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,102 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Garapati Venkataratnam |party = Independent politician |votes = 994 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 48,724 |percentage = 34.08% |change = {{increase}}29.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,124 |percentage = 64.33% |change = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,964}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,492 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 64,853 |percentage = 51.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Virupakshappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,367 |percentage = 46.78% |change = {{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huligeppa Badiger |party = Independent politician |votes = 930 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bashumiya |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 815 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,486 |percentage = 4.32% |change = {{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,707 |percentage = 67.57% |change = {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,917}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,729 |percentage = 3.59% |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,916 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Virupaxappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,415 |percentage = 41.96% |change = {{increase}}10.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 50,968 |percentage = 41.59% |change = {{decrease}}18.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumangouda |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 16,422 |percentage = 13.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanegouda Ragalparvi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,615 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 447 |percentage = 0.36% |change = {{decrease}}28.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,718 |percentage = 72.08% |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,539}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,167 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{decrease}}3.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,405 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hampanagouda Badarli]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 59,285 |percentage = 59.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narayanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,940 |percentage = 31.19% |change = {{decrease}}20.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hamumanagoudaamareshgouda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 5,294 |percentage = 5.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangi Bheemappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,770 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Premraj Jain Huliseth |party = Independent politician |votes = 686 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,345 |percentage = 28.57% |change = {{increase}}24.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,428 |percentage = 66.27% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,204}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,224 |percentage = 5.90% |change = {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,082 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narayanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,723 |percentage = 51.99% |change = {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 38,527 |percentage = 48.01% |change = {{increase}}44.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,196 |percentage = 3.98% |change = {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,781 |percentage = 66.00% |change = {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,250}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,531 |percentage = 3.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,427 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.07 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mal. Lappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,942 |percentage = 49.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narayanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,596 |percentage = 45.26% |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurupadswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,026 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{decrease}}20.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Premraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 725 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,346 |percentage = 4.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,347 |percentage = 60.51% |change = {{decrease}}10.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,558}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,789 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}12.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanappa Hanumanthappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,536 |percentage = 37.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amare Gouda Channan Gouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,875 |percentage = 32.55% |change = {{decrease}}25.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Bheemappa Kanakappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,912 |percentage = 23.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Premraj Muta Khanmal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,216 |percentage = 3.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sagayya Karibassayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,441 |percentage = 2.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,661 |percentage = 4.59% |change = {{decrease}}12.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,679 |percentage = 71.50% |change = {{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,980}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,699 |percentage = 4.45% |change = {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,863 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baswantrao Bassanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,599 |percentage = 58.54% |change = {{increase}}22.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amare Gouda Channan Gouda |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 18,130 |percentage = 41.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,469 |percentage = 17.08% |change = {{decrease}}11.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,296 |percentage = 63.06% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,729}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,415 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Channanagowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,389 |percentage = 64.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Basangouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,936 |percentage = 35.61% |change = {{decrease}}15.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,453 |percentage = 28.78% |change = {{increase}}25.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,180 |percentage = 70.21% |change = {{increase}}19.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,325}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,807 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}10.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baswantrao Bassanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,073 |percentage = 51.47% |change = {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amaregouda |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 14,212 |percentage = 48.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 861 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{decrease}}11.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,053 |percentage = 51.16% |change = {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,285}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,651 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baswantrao Bassanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,752 |percentage = 48.10% |change = {{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amaregouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,129 |percentage = 33.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bassappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,503 |percentage = 14.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shadaksharswami |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,049 |percentage = 4.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,623 |percentage = 14.83% |change = {{decrease}}24.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,433 |percentage = 44.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,433}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,399 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}16.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindhanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shiv Basan Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,358 |percentage = 65.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardan Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,056 |percentage = 25.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddaramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,514 |percentage = 6.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basamma Sheran Basaw Raj |party = Independent politician |votes = 699 |percentage = 2.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,302 |percentage = 39.37% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,627 |percentage = 44.84% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,627}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,687 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Raichur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.77|76.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Raichur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Shruti Jauhari

2026-03-29T00:56:32Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: added a article

{{Infobox person
| name = Shruti Jauhari
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1969
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| education = MSc (Zoology), MA (Music), PhD (Music)
| alma_mater = [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]
| occupation = Vocalist, musicologist, writer, music historian
| known_for = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[khayal]] and [[thumri]] styles
| notable_works = ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'' (2011) ''Rag Malika'' (2016)
| style = [[Khayal]], [[Thumri]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| discography =
| years_active = 1980s–present
| website = https://shruti.in/
}}
}}

'''Shruti Jauhari''' (born 1969) is an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist, [[musicologist]], writer, and [[music historian]].<ref name=NewIndianExpress/> She is known for her work in the [[khayal]] and [[thumri]] styles.<ref name=dhvaniohio>{{cite news |title=Focus on pallavi singing at Nadasangamam |url=https://www.dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/news-notes-Nadasangamam.pdf |work=SRUTI |publisher=Dhvani India Performing Arts Society of Central Ohio |date=April 2015 |pages=45}}</ref> She has authored three books on [[Hindustani classical music]], including ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'' (2011)<ref name=Hindustan/><ref name=GautamTheHindu/> and ''Rag Malika'' (2016).<ref name=TheHindu/>

Jauhari is a graded artist of [[All India Radio]] and has been active in both performance and teaching. She was Faculty Head of Hindustani Classical Music at the [[KM Music Conservatory]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Amritapa |title=Bridging gap between Hindustani, Carnatic music |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Bridging-gap-between-Hindustani-Carnatic-music-24092014005097 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127021437/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Bridging-gap-between-Hindustani-Carnatic-music-24092014005097 |archive-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref> in Chennai and visiting faculty at the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=NewIndianExpress/> Her book, ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'' (2011) is listed as suggested reading in the music syllabi of [[Sikkim University]]<ref name=Sikkim/> and the [[Central University of Punjab]].<ref name=Punjab/><ref name=dainikbhaskar/>

== Early life and background ==
Shruti Jauhari was born in [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh. She received her initial training in [[Hindustani classical music]] from her father, R. M. Verma, and later trained under Pandit G. R. Kulkarni.<ref name=TimesOfIndia>{{cite news |last1=Ayub |first1=Jamal |title=Shruti Jauhari- Taking Hindustani music to gen next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/shruti-jauhari-taking-hindustani-music-to-gen-next/articleshow/19421854.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Hindustan/> She also trained under Pandit Sharada Prasad Bhatt.<ref name=NewIndianExpress>{{cite news |last1=Sampath |first1=Janani |title=Setting the pitch, the Shruti way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Mar/31/setting-the-pitch-the-shruti-way-592705.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=March 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=gold/>

Jauhari completed a master's degree in music from [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]<ref name=TimesOfIndia/> and also holds a master's degree in zoology.<ref name=gold/> She also did a PhD in music.<ref name=gold/> In 1994, after moving to [[Chennai]], she undertook voice culture training and studied aspects of [[Carnatic music]] under [[K. J. Yesudas]].<ref name=NewIndianExpress/><ref name=gold>{{cite news |title=Musician, Performing Artist, Historian, Teacher, Author, gives a workshop on Hindustani Classical Vocal Singing. |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/calendar/?id=6974 |publisher=[[Goldsmiths, University of London]] |date=November 20, 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
She has performed Indian classical music in India and abroad.<ref name=Hindustan/> Since 1988, she has been a graded artist with [[All India Radio]],<ref name=DK>{{cite web |title=Shruti Jauhari |url=https://dkprintworld.com/author-book/shruti-jauhari/ |publisher=DK Print |date=2015}}</ref> with broadcasts from its Jabalpur, Bhopal, and Chennai stations.<ref name=TimesOfIndia/>

She has performed at several venues across India, including Vyloppilly Samskriti Bhavan in [[Kerala]], [[Madras Music Academy]] in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Thumri and Tappa styles in Hindustani Classical Music |journal=The Music Academy |volume=86 |issue=2015 |page=51 |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/catalogue/files/journals/Vol.86_2015.pdf |publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]]}}</ref> [[India International Centre]] in New Delhi, [[Indiranagar Sangeetha Sabha|Purandara Bhavana]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[Bharat Bhavan]] in [[Bhopal]],<ref name=TimesOfIndia/> and the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=dainikbhaskar/> Outside India, her performances have taken place at Denis Arnold Hall, [[University of Oxford]], Belgrave Neighbourhood Centre, [[Leicester]], [[National Piping Centre]], Glasgow, and the [[Asian Civilisations Museum]] in Singapore.<ref name=dainikbhaskar/>

Jauhari has conducted a series of workshops titled Shruti Samvaad, focusing on the fundamentals of Hindustani classical music, including its history, structure, grammar, and stylistic nuances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shruti Jauhari's lec-dem on elements of Hindustani music on September30 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/classical-notes/article3888581.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=September 13, 2012}}</ref> Some of her workshops have been held at institutions such as [[Goldsmiths, University of London]], the [[University of Oxford]],<ref name=Oxford>{{cite news |last1=Spence |first1=Laura |title=Artistic Licence: Exploring the sounds of South Asia |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/arts-blog/artistic-licence-exploring-sounds-south-asia |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |date=May 15, 2018}}</ref> [[Asian Civilisations Museum]], Singapore,<ref name=DK/> the [[India International Centre]], New Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Appreciation and Promotion |url=https://iicdelhi.in/programmes/music-appreciation-promotion-261 |publisher=[[India International Centre]] |date=April 21, 2016}}</ref> [[Narada Gana Sabha]], Ramanujan Auditorium, and [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|The Institute of Mathematical Sciences]].<ref name=dainikbhaskar/> She has delivered lecture-demonstrations on voice culture as a specialised subject within Hindustani classical music.<ref name=TimesOfIndia/>

In 2018, Jauhari collaborated on ''Mallikāmoda'', a composition combining elements of Hindustani classical music and Western chamber music, commissioned by the [[University of Oxford]] Music Faculty and premiered at the [[Holywell Music Room]] as part of the Sounds of South Asia Series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mallikāmoda (for voice and chamber ensemble) |url=http://desoliver.com/mallikamoda/ |publisher=Des Oliver |date=2018}}</ref><ref name=Oxford/>

In 2010, Jauhari performed alongside [[Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], and [[Javed Ali]] in ''Raag Roop Aur Rang'', a curated concert blending film songs with classical [[raga]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swaminathan |first1=G |title=Catchy mix of old and new |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Catchy-mix-of-old-and-new/article16044660.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=September 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423155349/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Catchy-mix-of-old-and-new/article16044660.ece |archive-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
She wrote her first book on music, titled ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'', which was published in 2011 by D.K. Printworld, New Delhi. The book explains the foundational concepts of [[Hindustani music]], including rāg, tāl, [[gharana]] traditions, and historical background,<ref name=Hindustan/> and received critical acclaim.<ref name=TimesOfIndia/><ref name=Hindustan/> Jauhari's ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'' (2011) is listed as "suggested reading" in the undergraduate music curriculum at [[Sikkim University]]<ref name=Sikkim>{{cite web |title=Suggested Reading |url=http://music.cus.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BPA-Hons-2017.pdf |publisher=Department Of Music, [[Sikkim University]] |pages=2}}</ref> and in the postgraduate syllabus at the [[Central University of Punjab]].<ref name=Punjab>{{cite web |title=Central University of Punjab Bathinda |url=https://cup.edu.in/iqac_syllabi/2020-22/Arts/MPA-Mu%2020.pdf |publisher=[[Central University of Punjab]] |page=3 |date=2020}}</ref>

Her second book, ''Rag Malika'', was published in 2016 by Sangeet Karyalaya, [[Hathras]]. It is an English adaptation of [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]'s Kramik Pustak Malika. The book presents selected [[raga|rāgs]] and [[Tala (music)|tāls]] with notations and interpretive commentary. It is intended to be accessible to both Indian and Western readers. The cover features artwork by [[S. Rajam]].<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news |title=A musical East-West link |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/A-musical-East-West-link/article16076735.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520020126/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/A-musical-East-West-link/article16076735.ece |archive-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref>

Jauhari authored her third book, ''Fundamentals of Hindustani Classical Music'', published in 2021 by [[Munshiram Manoharlal]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Hindustani Classical Music |date=2021 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |isbn=9788121513548 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Hindustani_Classical_Mus/-nBxzgEACAAJ?hl=en}}</ref> She also contributed to ''Bharatasya Sangeet-Vishwanubandha Yatra'', an anthropological review of Indian music published by Mumbai Tarun Bharat in collaboration with the [[Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]].<ref name=dainikbhaskar>{{cite news |title=जबलपुर की सुरसाधिका डॉ. श्रुति जौहरी, जिन्होंने ऑक्सफोर्ड तक पहुँचाया हिंदुस्तानी संगीत |url=https://dainikbhaskarup.com/dr-shruti-johri-the-music-director-of-jabalpur-who-brought-hindustani-music-to-oxford/ |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=July 17, 2025 |location=[[Uttar Pradesh]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Academic ===
She has served as visiting faculty in the Department of Music at the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=NewIndianExpress/> In 2001, Jauhari established the Geetanjali Sangeet Academy in Chennai.<ref name=gold/> She served as the Faculty Head of [[Hindustani classical music]] at the [[KM Music Conservatory]], founded by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name=TimesOfIndia/>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music''. D.K. Printworld, 2011. {{ISBN|978-8124605684}}
* ''Rag Malika''. Sangeet Karyalaya, 2016. {{ISBN|81-89828-13-4}}
* ''Fundamentals of Hindustani Classical Music''. Munshiram Manoharlal, 2021. {{ISBN|978-81-215-1354-8}}
* ''Bharatasya Sangeet-Vishwanubandha – Yatra''. Mumbai Tarun Bharat & [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], 2023. {{ASIN|B0CG9RTTBH}}

== Reception ==
Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', in his review of ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'', described the book as "an enriching journey of the various gharanas of vocal music, letting us peek into the lives of some illustrious musicologists and singers." He noted that the volume "does not really purport to be a treatise on history" and is "meant for those musically inclined and who might want to pursue this strand of music either as a [[rasika]] or a student, perhaps eventually graduating into a performer".<ref name=Hindustan>{{cite news |last1=Bhaskaran |first1=Gautaman |title=Review: Elements of Hindustani Classical Music |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-elements-of-hindustani-classical-music/story-AJ4JWLNCbBOCBSJrv0irJN.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=August 6, 2011 |location=Chennai}}</ref>

Reviewing ''Elements of Hindustani Classical Music'' in ''[[The Hindu]]'', Savitha Gautam wrote that the book "packs quite a bit of information" and offers "valuable information about the evolution and the current state" of Hindustani music. She appreciated its coverage of musical forms, gharanas, and notable figures, but noted that it "lacks tight editing" and pointed to issues with grammar and punctuation.<ref name=GautamTheHindu>{{cite news |last1=Gautam |first1=Savitha |title=Of alap, raag and taan: Shruti Jauhari's book on Hindustani classical music packs quite a bit of information |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-alap-raag-and-taan/article2370747.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=August 19, 2011}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'', in its review, described Jauhari's book Rag Malika (2016) as "a unique attempt" to adapt [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande|V.N. Bhatkhande]]'s ''Kramik Pustak Malika'' into English, noting that it "holds enormous possibilities" for connecting Hindustani and Western classical music. It also noted that the book seeks to bridge the gap between Indian and Western musical traditions and contribute to a broader global music consciousness.<ref name=TheHindu/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/Dec/11/god-is-the-opposite-of-ego-432846.html God is the opposite of ego] at ''[[The New Indian Express]]''
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jauhari, Shruti}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian music historians]]
[[Category:Indian women musicologists]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:All India Radio women]]
[[Category:Educators from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

2026-03-25T23:21:57Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Starting a entry needs work

{{Short description|1957 Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 150
| long_title =An Act to provide for the development and regulation of mines and minerals under the
control of the [[Union government of India|Union]]
| citation = [http://mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Filelinks/e342d686_MMDR%20Act%201957.pdf Act 67 of 1957]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 28 December 1957
| amended_by = 1958, 1960, 1972, 1978, 1986, 1994, 1999, 2010, [[Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2015|2015]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to regulate the [[Mining in India|mining sector in India]]. It was amended in 2015 and 2016. This act forms the basic framework of mining regulation in India.<ref name="Usa2009">{{cite book|author=Ibp Usa|title=India Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB2XgE_JvWcC&pg=PA163|access-date=9 March 2015|date=20 March 2009|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-2292-4|page=163}}</ref>

This act is applicable to all minerals except minor minerals and [[radioactive|atomic]] [[mineral]]s. It details the process and conditions for acquiring a mining or [[prospecting]] licence in India. Mining minor minerals comes under the purview of state governments.<ref name="Usa2009"/> [[Sand|River sand]] is considered a minor mineral.<ref name="PadmalalMaya2014">{{cite book|author1=D. Padmalal|author2=K. Maya|title=Sand Mining: Environmental Impacts and Selected Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efcsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|access-date=9 March 2015|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-9144-1|page=128}}</ref> For mining and prospecting in [[forest]] land, prior permission is needed from the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]].<ref name="WarhurstNoronha1999">{{cite book|author1=Alyson Warhurst|author2=Maria Ligia Noronha|title=Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OV1mdNAQtfgC&pg=PA296|access-date=9 March 2015|date=17 September 1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-56670-365-9|page=296}}</ref>

==Amendments==

===2015===
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image =
| imagesize = 150
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title =An Act further to amend the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
| citation = [http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/18C_2015_LS_Eng.pdf Act No 10 of 2015]
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 3 March 2015
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 20 March 2015
| date_assented = 26 March 2015
| date_signed =
| date_commenced = 12 January 2015<ref name=Act>{{cite web|title=Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163279.pdf|publisher=E-Gazette|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
| bill =
| bill_citation = 18-C of 2015
| bill_date = 24 February 2015
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by =
| repeals = Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}
The act was amended by The '''Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015''' replacing the [[Lawmaking procedure in India|ordinance]] promulgated on 12 January 2015.<ref name=MiningOrdinance>{{cite news|title=Ordinance on mines, ninth by NDA govt.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ordinance-on-mines-ninth-by-nda-govt/article6785810.ece|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=QuickGuide>{{cite news|title=A quick guide to the Bills in Parliament|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-quick-guide-to-the-bills-in-parliament-today/article6951403.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 March 2015}}</ref> The bill sought to bring transparency to the allocation of mining licence process by auctions.<ref name=LSPasses/> It was passed in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 3 March 2015 and in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 20 March 2015.<ref name=LSPasses>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha passes changes to Mines and Minerals Act|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-quick-guide-to-the-bills-in-parliament-today/article6951403.ece|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=3 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Passed>{{cite news|title=Parliament passes Mines and Minerals, Coal Mines Bill|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/economy/parliament-passes-mines-and-minerals-coal-mines-bill_121521.html|access-date=27 March 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=21 March 2015}}</ref>

In November 2014, the draft of the bill was released for public comments.<ref name=Plans>{{cite news|title=Govt plans to issue mineral mining licences via auctions|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/govt-plans-to-issue-mineral-mining-licences-via-auctions/article6608637.ece|access-date=9 March 2015|date=17 November 2015}}</ref> On 12 January 2015, Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015, was approved by the [[President of India]]. It was the 7th ordinance by the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] government since it took power in May 2014.<ref name=MiningOrdinance/> The bill to replace the ordinance was introduced in the Parliament on 23 February 2015.<ref name=CoalBills>{{cite news|title=Land and Coal Bills introduced in Lok Sabha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/land-acquisition-amendment-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-amid-opposition-uproar/article6928709.ece|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

On 16 May 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] cancelled licences of 26 mines in [[Odisha]] state. These mines were being operating even though the state had not given them renewal leases. The state was given 6 months to resolve the issues. During this period, Odisha renewed 8 leases.<ref name=CannotOdisha>{{cite news|title=Mining law ensures auction cannot take off in Odisha|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mining-law-ensures-auction-cannot-take-off-in-odisha-115030301485_1.html|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> On 6 January 2015, the [[Government of Odisha]] decided to auction its remaining non-coal mining leases awaiting renewal.<ref name=Outsmarts>{{cite news|title=Naveen Patnaik outsmarts Centre on mines auction issue|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-naveen-patnaik-outsmarts-centre-on-mines-auction-issue-2050305|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=OdishaAuction>{{cite news|title=Odisha to auction mine leases except coal|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/odisha-to-auction-mine-leases-except-coal-115010500789_1.html|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 January 2015}}</ref> The state was granted 2 more months on 23 February to decide. However, introduction of the bill delayed Odisha's plans of auction.<ref name=CannotOdisha/>

The amendment seeks to introduce a system of auctions to allocate mining licenses. A fixed percentage to the revenue of any mine will be allocated to development of the area around it, to be called a District Mineral Foundation. The state government will set the rates and it will be in addition to the [[royalties|royalty]].<ref name=Plans/><ref name=Foundation>{{cite news|title=Union govt to create District Mineral Foundation in mining-affected areas|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/union-govt-to-create-district-mineral-foundation-in-miningaffected-areas/article6638970.ece|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 November 2015}}</ref> A National Mineral Exploration Trust will be set up to explore and promote non-coal minerals. It will have a starting fund of {{currency|500|INR}} crore and will be funded by a 2% levy from mining license holders.<ref name=Seed>{{cite news|title=Govt to seed mineral trust with Rs500 cr|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/govt-to-seed-mineral-trust-with-rs500-cr/|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 January 2015}}</ref>

The licences will have a validity of 50 years, compared to the previous 30 years. There will be no renewal of licences, only re-auction.<ref name=LSPasses/><ref name=Plans/> The bill contains a new license for [[prospecting]]-cum-[[mining]], replacing a two-stage process.<ref name=ProvenReserves>{{cite news|title=Auction of mining leases not useful without proven reserves, says SGAT|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/auction-of-mining-leases-not-useful-without-proven-reserves-says-sgat-115012000785_1.html|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 January 2015}}</ref> The mining and prospecting-cum-mining licences may be transferred to another party by notifying the state government. The state government may charge a fees for such transfers.<ref name=Plans/> Notified minerals like iron ore, [[limestone]], [[manganese]], and [[bauxite]], will not require a prospecting licence. The mining licence will be auctioned. For non-notified minerals, a prospecting-cum-mining licence will be required.<ref name=Hefty/>

The amendment will make [[Mining scams in India|illegal mining]], [[trespassing]] and violation of norms, [[cognisable offence]]s punishable by 2 years imprisonment and/or fine. The state government will be allowed to set up special courts for such trials.<ref name=Hefty>{{cite news|title=Proposed mines Bill for hefty penalty for violators|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/BjAPr5YBi9JBLVl9tnZlWO/Proposed-mines-Bill-for-hefty-penalty-for-violators.html|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

====Criticism====
In January 2015, after the ordinance was signed, a [[mining industry]] [[lobby group]] Society of Geo-scientists and Allied Technologists (SGAT) said that the [[prospecting]]-cum-[[mining]] was useless as no one would apply for such a licence unless they had found a proven reserve by prospecting first.<ref name=ProvenReserves/>

In March 2015, during the session in which the bill was tabled, the central government did accept the changes proposed some opposition members, some of whom staged a [[walk-out]].<ref name=AmidOppnWalkout/> [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD) political party of [[Odisha]] said that the bill infringes on the rights of state governments. The view was supported by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref name=LSPasses/> [[Kariya Munda]] of [[BJP]] said that provisions for the [[tribal]]s displaced by mines should be made. [[Tathagata Satapathy]] of BJD also voiced similar concerns. The period of validity of licences was criticised as being too long at 50 years.<ref name=AmidOppnWalkout>{{cite news|title=LS Passes Mines and Minerals Bill Amid Oppn Walkout|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/LS-Passes-Mines-and-Minerals-Bill-Amid-Oppn-Walkout/2015/03/04/article2697019.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114237/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/LS-Passes-Mines-and-Minerals-Bill-Amid-Oppn-Walkout/2015/03/04/article2697019.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 March 2015}}</ref>

===2016===
The Union Cabinet of India approved amendments in March 2016. The amendment will allow transfer of captive mining leases not granted through auction. Transfer of captive mining leases, granted otherwise than through auction, would allow mergers and acquisitions of companies and facilitate ease of doing business for companies to improve profitability and decrease costs of the companies' dependent on supply of mineral ore from captive leases. The transfer provisions will also facilitate banks and financial institutions to liquidate stressed assets where a company or its captive mining lease is mortgaged.<ref>{{citation |title=Amendment to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/amendment-to-the-mines-and-minerals-development-and-regulation-act-1957-116031000721_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=10 March 2016 }}</ref>

===2024===
The Supreme Court bench of nine members ruled that taxation powers on minerals and ores is exclusive domain of state governments. However, Parliament can impose upper bar to limit the taxation by states. MMDR Act is nothing to do with tax collection by the Union. It also ruled that royalty, which is in the domain of states, is not a tax .<ref>{{Citation |title=Supreme Court judgement on Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act |date=25 July 2024 |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=get_court_pdf&diary_no=90121999&type=j&order_date=2024-07-25&from=latest_judgements_order |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The power of states' taxation can extend on atomic minerals and dangerously inflammable resources (oil, natural gas, etc) covered in non-taxation (general) entries 6 and 53 of Union List respectively. However, the verdict while interpreting entry 54 of the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|union list]], has not clarified what is [[public interest]] and when or how long it is to be applied.

==See also==
* [[Mining in India]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (No. 67 of 1957) |url=http://mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Filelinks/e342d686_MMDR%20Act%201957.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Mines (India)]] |date=May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218152618/http://mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Filelinks/e342d686_MMDR%20Act%201957.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 }}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1957]]
[[Category:Mining law and governance]]
[[Category:Mining in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Mines (India)]]

Hinduism in Germany

2026-03-23T05:15:40Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox religious group|group=German Hindus|flag = File:Aum_Om_red.svg
| flag_size = 50px|image=Hamm_Hindutempel_Sri-Kamadchi-Ampal_Gopuram_1.jpg|image_caption=Sri Kamakshi Amman temple in [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]]|population=c.130,000 (2017)|religions=[[Shaivism]] (majority) [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]] (minority)|scriptures=[[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Vedas]]|languages=[[Sanskrit]] (sacred) [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Pashto]], [[Dari]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]] (Majority)}}{{Hinduism by country}}

[[Hinduism]] is a minority religion practiced by an estimated 100,000 to 150,0000 people, or an estimated 0.12% of the population in [[Germany]].<ref name="REMID">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-13 |title=Mitgliederzahlen: Hinduismus - REMID |url=https://remid.de/info_zahlen/hinduismus/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=de}} </ref>

It is the country’s fourth-largest religion after [[Christianity]], [[irreligion]], and [[Islam]]. The community is highly diverse, consisting primarily of Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus (refugees since the 1980s), Indian Hindus (post-1950s migrants and recent skilled workers), smaller [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Afghan Hindu]] and [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese]] groups, and a modest number of German/European converts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Religionszugehörigkeiten 2023 |url=https://fowid.de/meldung/religionszugehoerigkeiten-2023 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=fowid.de |language=de}}</ref><ref name="REMID"/>

[[Germany]]'s encounter with [[Hinduism]] has a unique history. Unlike [[United Kingdom|Britain's]] colonial relationship with India, Germany’s engagement with Hinduism grew mainly out of academic and philosophical fascination.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGetchin |first=Douglas T. |title=Indology, Indomania, and orientalism: ancient India's rebirth in modern Germany |date=2009 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-4208-5 |location=Madison [N.J.]|pages=55-101}}</ref>

==History==

=== German Indology and Hindu Philosophy ===
German interest in [[Hinduism]] first grew out of the [[Romantic movement]]'s deep fascination with [[ancient India]]. [[Indian literature]] captured the imagination of writers and thinkers. In 1791, [[Georg Forster]] published the first German translation of [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa’s]] famous play [[Shakuntala|Śākuntalā]] (based on [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]'s English version). This work captivated major literary figures, including [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], who famously wrote an epigram praising the drama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanyon |first=Blake |date=2021-03-16 |title=Intoxicating Dreams: German Orientalism |url=https://cewm.org/magazine-articles/intoxicating-dreams-german-orientalism/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Close Encounters With Music |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marchand |first=Suzanne L. |title=German orientalism in the age of empire: religion, race, and scholarship |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-16907-3 |edition= |series=Publications of the German Historical Institute |location=Cambridge |pages=59-61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandra |first=Dr Prem Lata |last2=Mishra |first2=Abhay Kumar |date=2024 |title=Shakuntala, critique of eurocentrism, and the grotesque: Herder and Goethe on India |url=https://www.humanitiesjournals.net/archives/2024.v6.i2.A.84/shakuntala-critique-of-eurocentrism-and-the-grotesque-herder-and-goethe-on-india |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=15–21 |doi=10.33545/26647699.2024.v6.i2a.84 |issn=2664-7702}}</ref> In 1808 [[Friedrich Schlegel]]’s ''Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier'' (''On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians'') argued that [[Sanskrit]] was the root of a shared [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. This theory shaped [[Europe|European]] intellectual thought and helped drive the creation of formal academic departments for [[Indology|Indological research]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schlegel |first=Friedrich von |title=Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier: Ein Beitrag zur Begründung der Alterthumskunde |date=1808 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-06786-7 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Linguistics |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Germana |first=Nicholas A. |title=The Orient of Europe: the mythical image of India and competing images of German national identity |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-0192-8 |location=Newcastle|pages=122-131}}</ref>

=== Freidrich Max Mueller and the translation of the Vedas ===
[[Friedrich Max Müller]] (1823–1900), born in [[Dessau]], was one of the leading scholars who introduced ancient Hindu texts to European audiences.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fynes |first=R. C. C. |title=Müller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900), Sanskritist and philologist |date=2004-09-23 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-18394 |access-date=2026-03-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/18394 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> After studying [[Sanskrit]] under [[Franz Bopp]] in Berlin and [[Eugène Burnouf]] in Paris, he moved to England in 1846. With patronage from the [[East India Company]], he produced the first critical edition of the Rigveda (including Sāyaṇa's 14th-century commentary), published in six volumes between 1849 and 1874. He later edited the [[Sacred Books of the East]] (1879–1910), a 50-volume series of English translations of major religious texts from [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and other Asian traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Molendijk |first=Arie L. |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198784234.001.0001/acprof-9780198784234 |title=Friedrich Max Müller and the Sacred Books of the East |date=2016-08-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-878423-4 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198784234.003.0007|pages=162-186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molendijk |first=Arie L. |date=September 2016 |title=Forgotten Bibles: Friedrich Max Müller’s Edition of the Sacred Books of the East |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09593683.2016.1224507 |journal=Publications of the English Goethe Society |language=en |volume=85 |issue=2-3 |pages=159–169 |doi=10.1080/09593683.2016.1224507 |issn=0959-3683}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The first significant wave of [[Hindus|Hindu]] immigration to Germany began in the 1950s. Since the 1970s, Tamils from [[Sri Lanka]] arrived as asylum seekers to Germany (most of them were Hindus). In 2000, there were 90,000 Hindus in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baumann-martin.de/london-paper.htm|title=Disputed Space for Beloved Goddesses|author=Martin Baumann|date=April 2001|publisher=Martin Baumann (2001 International Conference at LSE)|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614073216/http://www.baumann-martin.de/london-paper.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, there were 6,000 Hindus in Berlin, and in 2009, around 5,000 Hindus lived in [[Lower Saxony]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2007 |title=Construction Starts on Berlin's First Hindu Temple |newspaper=Spiegel Online |location=Germany |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/a-home-for-ganesha-construction-starts-on-berlin-s-first-hindu-temple-a-515011.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A New Hindu Temple for Germany|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/fire-ceremony-in-hanover-a-new-hindu-temple-for-germany-a-614948.html|newspaper=Spiegel Online|date=23 March 2009|location=Germany}}</ref>

According to the statistics of REMID,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mitgliederzahlen: Hinduismus – REMID – Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V.|url=https://www.remid.de/info_zahlen/hinduismus/|access-date=2021-07-12|language=de-DE|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013144444/https://www.remid.de/info_zahlen/hinduismus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 2017 there were an estimated 130,000-150,000 [[Hindus]] in Germany. About 42,000–45,000 were [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]; 60,000–80,000 were [[Indians in Germany|Indian]]; more than 7,500 were from a white and other ethnicities; and some 7,000–10,000 were [[Afghan Hindus]].

== Temples ==
{{Main|List of Hindu temples in Germany}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Sri Muthumariamman Tempel 2020 a.jpg|Sri Muthumariamman Temple
File:Britz Blaschkoallee Sri-Mayurapathy-Murugan-Tempel.JPG|Britz Blaschkoallee Sri Mayurapathy Murugan Temple
File:Hamm Hindutempel Sri-Kamadchi-Ampal Gopuram 1.jpg|Sri Kamakshi Amman temple in [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]]
</gallery>

== Denominations and organizations ==
Germany has over 50–100 Hindu temples and worship sites, the large majority are [[Tamils|Tamil]]. Many began as makeshift spaces and evolved into purpose-built structures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |url=https://brill.com/view/title/56478 |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) |last2=Sardella |first2=Ferdinando |date=2020-07-23 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43228-4 |doi=10.1163/9789004432284_049|pages=1020-1040}}</ref>

===ISKCON===
The first [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] temple in Germany was built 1970 in [[Hamburg]]. The ISKCON guru [[Sacinandana Swami]] translated the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into German.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-11|title=First translation of the Gita|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/first-translation-of-the-gita/article20104419.ece|access-date=2021-07-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Balinese Hinduism===
{{see|Balinese Hinduism}}
There are about 700 [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindu]] families living in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-01|title=Feature: The Hindu Diaspora within Continental Europe|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2014/2014-01-special-feature-the-hindu-diaspora-within-continental-europe/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Hinduism Today|language=en-US}}</ref> with the one temple located in [[Hamburg]] in front of the [[Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg]] and the second, [[Pura Tri Hita Karana]] located in [[Erholungspark Marzahn]], Berlin, which is a functioning Hindu temple located in the Balinese Garden of the park and it is one of the few Hindu temples of Balinese architecture built outside Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blogger|first=Balinese|date=2008-09-28|title=Bali "The Truly Of Paradise": The First Temple in Hamburg Germany|url=http://balinesehome.blogspot.com/2008/09/first-temple-in-hamburg-germany.html|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Bali "The Truly Of Paradise"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Balinese Hinduism in Germany|url=http://blog.baliwww.com/religion/1751|website=Bali blogs}}</ref>

==Notable German Hindus==

*[[Claudia Ciesla]], [[Bollywood]] actress
*[[Walther Eidlitz]], writer, poet, [[Indologist]]
*[[Hansadutta Swami]]
*[[Mother Meera]]
*[[Siva Sri Paskarakurukkal]]
*[[Mathias Rust]]
*[[Sadananda]]
*[[Sacinandana Swami]]

==See also==
* [[Indians in Germany]]
* [[Religion in Germany]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Germany|Hinduism|Religion|Europe
}}
* {{Cite news |title=Hindus opposing EU swastika ban |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6269627.stm |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=17 January 2007}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Hinduism in Europe}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Germany| ]]

Chola conquest of Anuradhapura

2026-03-18T10:36:16Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: further expanded structure for clarity and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Chola conquest of the Anuradhapura Kingdom]]

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Usha Uthup

2026-03-18T09:25:26Z

Iautomationtraining Hub:

{{Short description|Indian singer & actress (born 1947)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Usha Uthup
| background = solo_singer
| image = Usha Uthupji.jpg
| caption = Usha Uthup, {{circa|2024}}
| image_size =
| alias = Didi
| birth_name = Usha Iyer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1947|11|08}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| instrument = [[Vocalist]]
| genre = [[Indian pop]], [[filmi]], [[jazz]], [[R&B]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Sundar |first=Pavitra |date=2020 |editor-last1=Brueck |editor-first1=Laura |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Jacob |editor-last3=Verma |editor-first3=Neil |title=Indian Sound Cultures, Indian Sound Citizenship |publisher=University of Michigan Press |pages=140 |chapter=Usha Uthup and Her Husky, Heavy Voice |isbn=978-0-472-07434-1}}</ref> [[Indian classical music]], [[Classical music|Western]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Playback singer|actress}}
| years_active = 1966 – present
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2011) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2024)
}}
}}
'''Usha Iyer Uthup''' (born 8 November 1947) is an Indian singer known for her deep [[contralto]] voice and her versatility across genres and languages. A prominent figure in Indian music since the 1970s, she has received a [[Filmfare Award]], and was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Shri]] in 2011 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2024 for her contribution in the field of arts.<ref name=tt>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Im-thrilled-beyond-comprehension-Usha-Uthup/articleshow/7366271.cms |title=I'm thrilled beyond comprehension: Usha Uthup |date=26 January 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219071211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Im-thrilled-beyond-comprehension-Usha-Uthup/articleshow/7366271.cms |archive-date=19 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2024-padma-awards-full-list/article67777593.ece |title=2024 Padma awards |date=25 January 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Usha was born on 8 November 1947<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2011 |title=Nov 8th: Happy Birthday Usha Uthup! (Her Most Iconic Songs.) |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2011/11/08/nov-8th-happy-birthday-usha-uthup-her-most-iconic-songs |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=MissMalini |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Odishatv |title=Did you know these interesting facts about the 'Queen of Pop' Usha Uthup, who turns 75 today |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/did-you-know-these-interesting-facts-about-the-queen-of-pop-usha-uthup-who-turns-75-today-189778 |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=Did you know these interesting facts about the ‘Queen of Pop’ Usha Uthup, who turns 75 today |language=en}}</ref> into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/good-housekeeping/story/its-great-to-be-me-usha-uthup-112757-2012-08-08 |title=It's Great To Be Me: Usha Uthup |date=8 August 2012 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=te>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub260211My_Bad.asp |title=Profile: My bad girl voice |volume=8 |issue=8 |date=26 February 2011 |magazine=[[Tehelka]] |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907135526/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub260211My_Bad.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her father was Vaidyanath Someshwar Sami Iyer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Midnight-s-Children/Article1-913683.aspx |title=Midnight's Children |date=14 August 2012 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815082439/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Midnight-s-Children/Article1-913683.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2012}}</ref>

She studied at St. Agnes High School, [[Byculla]]. When she was in school she was thrown out of music class because she didn't fit in with a voice like hers. But her music teacher recognized that she had some music in her and would give her clappers or triangles to play. Even though she was not formally trained in music, she grew up in an atmosphere of music. Her parents used to listen to a wide range from Western classical to [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] including [[Kishori Amonkar]] and [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] on radio and she used to join them.<ref name=hi>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400640400.htm |title=Tea, croissants and Usha Uthup |first=Anuj |last=Kumar |date=4 December 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102000422/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400640400.htm |archive-date=2 January 2004}}</ref> She used to enjoy listening to [[Radio Ceylon]].

Her next door neighbor was S.M.A. Pathan, who was then the deputy commissioner of police. His daughter, Jamila, influenced Usha to learn [[Hindi]] and take up Indian classical music. This fusion approach helped her to pioneer her unique brand of Indian pop in the 1970s.

She was married to Jani Chacko Uthup who hailed from the [[Manarcaud]] Painumkal family of [[Kottayam]]. They have a daughter Anjali and a son Sunny, named after the song, "[[Sunny (Bobby Hebb song)|Sunny]]".<ref name="MidDay">{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/its-a-full-circle-for-usha-uthup/91208 |title=It's a full circle for Usha Uthup |first1=Melissa |last1=Dcosta |first2=Dhvani |last2=Solani |date=11 August 2010 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Her husband, Jani Chacko, died due to a cardiac arrest on 8 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/legendary-singer-usha-uthup-s-husband-jani-chacko-uthup-passes-away/ar-BB1pCDl1?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531&cvid=5a1bdd5208b044b6973efad1c03def98&ei=8|title=Legendary singer Usha Uthup's husband Jani Chacko Uthup passes away |date=9 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Usha Uthup's first public singing occurred when she was nine. Her sisters, who were already exploring a career in music, introduced her to [[Ameen Sayani]], then the most popular radio announcer in India. Ameen Sayani gave her an opportunity to sing in the Ovaltine Music Hour of Radio Ceylon. She sang a number called "Mockingbird Hill". After that, several appearances followed through her teenage years.

===Singing career===
[[Image:Usha Uthup at Toshali National Crafts Mela, Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar 2.jpg|thumb|Uthup during a performance, {{circa|2012}}]]
Uthup started her music career in Chennai in 1969, singing in a small nightclub called Nine Gems in the basement of the erstwhile [[Safire Theatre complex]] on Mount Road,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-usha-uthup-as-she-completes-50-years-as-a-singer/article27325397.ece |title=There's magic about Madras: Usha Uthup |last=Rajendra |first=Ranjani |date=30 May 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=27 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/news-and-interviews/28368378_1_usha-uthup-padma-shri-manmadhan-ambu |title=Padma Shri is icing on cake for Usha Uthup |first=M. |last=Suganth |date=2 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917151544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/news-and-interviews/28368378_1_usha-uthup-padma-shri-manmadhan-ambu |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> wearing a saree and leg calipers.{{Citation needed |date=July 2019}} Her performance was so well received that the owner of the nightclub asked her to stay on for a week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=233 |title='I am completely a people's person...' – Usha Uthup |first=Naveen |last=Frank |date=18 February 2006 |website=[[Daijiworld]] |access-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517045434/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=233 |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> After her first night club gig, she began singing in Calcutta at night clubs such as Trincas. She met her future husband, Jani Chacko Uthup, in Trincas . At about the same time, she also sang at "Talk of the Town", now known as "Not Just Jazz by the Bay" in Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref name="MidDay" /> After Trincas, her next engagement took her to Delhi where she sang at the [[Oberoi]] hotels. By happenstance, a film crew belonging to Navketan unit and [[Dev Anand]] visited the nightclub and they offered her a chance to sing movie playback. As a result, she started her Bollywood career with Ivory-Merchant's Bombay Talkies (1970) in which she sang an English number under Shankar-Jaikishan and then ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]''. Originally, she was supposed to sing Dum Maro Dum along with Asha Bhosle for Hare Rama Hare Krishna. However, as a result of internal politicking on the part of other singers, she lost that chance but ended up singing an English verse.{{Citation needed |date=July 2019}}

In 1968, she recorded covers of two pop songs in English, "[[Jambalaya (On the Bayou)|Jambalaya]]" and [[The Kingston Trio]]'s "Greenback Dollar", on an [[Extended play|EP]], ''Love Story'', and "Scotch and Soda", another Kingston Trio song, which sold very well in the Indian market. She also spent some time in London during this early period. She was a frequent visitor to [[Vernon Corea]]'s [[BBC]] office at the Langham in London and was interviewed on ''[[London Sounds Eastern]]'' on [[BBC Radio London]].
Usha visited Nairobi as part of an Indian festival. She was so popular that she was invited to stay on. Singing and quite often nationalistic songs in Swahili made her extremely popular and the then President Jomo Kenyatta made her an Honorary Citizen of Kenya. She sang the famous song "Malaika" ('Angel') with Fadhili Williams who was the original singer. She produced a record "Live in Nairobi" with a local band Fellini Five.

Uthup sang several songs in the 1970s and 1980s for music directors [[Rahul Dev Burman|R. D. Burman]] and [[Bappi Lahiri]]. She also reprised some of R. D. Burman songs that were sung by others such as "Mehbooba Mehbooba" and "Dum Maro Dum" and popularised them to a distinct end.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/usha-uthup-wears-dignity-in-her-tone/article7651752.ece |title=Usha Uthup wears dignity in her tone |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=14 September 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=27 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Uthup also sang for a two-volume collection of children's rhymes "Karadi Rhymes", which are "Indian Rhymes for Indian Kids", brought out by Karadi Tales ([http://www.karaditales.com www.karaditales.com]). The rhymes reflect the Indian ethos through the Sa-re-ga-ma, mangoes, Indian rivers, the train experiences, Indian festivals, indigenous trees, Cricket, Indian foods like bhelpuri and sambhar, Indian attire like the dhoti, sari, bindi and bangles and even some folk tales. With each rhyme set to an Indian raga, and sung in her characteristic voice with a feisty tempo, Usha creates the atmosphere for children and, surprisingly, even adults to sing along and dance to the toe-tapping beats.

She appeared as a judge on a singing reality show ''[[Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star]]'' – Season 2 (2012), aired on [[DD National]] channel, along with [[Ismail Darbar]]. She is the judge in the Season 3 of the show as well. She also appeared as a chief guest for Marathi singing reality show. She entertained the audience with Marathi songs. She was also a judge in [[Star Vijay| Star Vijay's]] Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 1 and [[Airtel Super Singer 5]]. She appeared on the Kapil Sharma Show on 26 May 2019.

She is a stage performer and gives performances all over the world and is known for her lively stage presence. Uthup has been felicitated with several awards over the years, some of which include Rajiv Gandhi Purashkar for National Integration for quality music, Mahila Shiromani Purashkar for international peace, and Channel [V] award for outstanding achievement.

She recorded her first album with Luis Banks for which she was paid Rs. 3500. Since then, she has recorded numerous albums. Usha's Hindi version of Michael Jackson's "Don't Stop Til You Get Enough", titled "Chhupke Kaon Aya", can be found on the album ''Tom Middleton – The Trip'' (2004). A cover of Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" is on another Tom Middleton album, ''Cosmosonica – Tom Middleton Presents Crazy Covers Vol. 1'' (2005). She recorded a song called "Rhythm and Blues" with the Indian rock band [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]] which appeared on Channel V on 23 April 2007. Uthup received a lot of recognition for having a unique voice that ranges between [[contralto]] and [[alto]].([https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-m-a-people-s-singer-usha-uthup/story-aUfpINcGaARcIrwsZLEzqK.html#:~:text=My%20voice%20was%20between%20contralto,I%20was%20determined%20to%20perform.])

===Acting career===
Uthup is also an actress. In 2006, she acted in the [[Malayalam]] movie ''[[Pothan Vava]]'' as Kurisuveettil Mariamma.

She made a cameo appearance in the movie ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay To Goa]]''. In 2007, she appeared in ''Bow Barracks Forever'' directed by Anjun Dutt as herself. Again in 2007, she appeared in ''Hattrick'' music video as herself.

She appeared in disguise on ''Indian Idol'' 1 and 2. She was one of the co-judges of the 2007 and 2008 and ''Idea Star Singer'' Season V (2010).

She has a minor role in the 2010 Tamil movie ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''.

She also acted in Vishal Bhardwaj's ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'' as a maid. She has also sung a song in the film which released on 18 February 2011. In 2012, she has starred in a Kannada film ''[[Parie]]''.

In 2019, she appeared in the documentary ''If Not for You''{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} for which, she recorded a cover of "[[Blowin' in the Wind]]" by legendary singer-songwriter [[Bob Dylan]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Composer
!Language
|-
|1970
|"Jogan Pritam Ki"
|''[[Devi (1970 film)|Devi]]''
|[[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|-
|rowspan=2|1971
|"Mai bhi jaloon tu bhi jale"
|''[[Kabhi Dhoop Kabhi Chhaon (1971 film)|Kabhi Dhoop Kabhi Chhaon]]''
|[[Chitragupta]]
|-
|"Hare Rama Hare Krishna"
|''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]''
|[[Rahul Dev Burman|R D Burman]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1974
|"I am in love"
|''[[Kanyakumari]]''
|M B Sreenivasan
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|-
|"Love Is Just Around The Corner"
|''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakkari]]''
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1975
|"Love is beautiful"
|''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|-
|"Hello Lover"
|''[[Idhayakkani]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[M.S.Viswanathan]]
|-
|1976
|"It's Easy To Fool You"
|''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1977
|"How Can I Tell You"
| rowspan="2" |''Sangharsha''
| rowspan="2" |[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|-
|"We Have Got"
|-
|"Peethambara O Krishna"
|''Sivathandavam'' (album)
|
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="2" |1978
|"Where there is"
|''[[Randu Penkuttikal]]''
|M S Vishwanathan
|-
|"One Two Cha Cha Cha"
|''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Rahul Dev Burman|R D Burman]]
| rowspan="7" |Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980
|"Doston Se Pyar Kiya"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''
|-
|"Shaan Se..."
|-
|"Hari Om Hari"
|''[[Pyaara Dushman]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981
|"Ramba"
|''[[Armaan (1981 film)|Armaan]]''
|-
|"Tu Mujhe Jaan Se Bhi Pyara Hai"
|''[[Wardat (1981 film)|Wardat]]''
|-
|1982
|"Koi Yahan Aha Nache Nache"
|''[[Disco Dancer]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|1984
|"Oh my darling"
|''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Kadha]]''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|-
|"Hey Diwana"
| ''Kaveri''
|
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|1988
|"Sidhartha"
|''[[Sidhartha (1998 film)|Sidhartha]]''
|Shyam
|Malayalam
|-
|"Akka Alla Tangi Alla"
| ''Vijaya Khadga''
| [[Hamsalekha]]
| [[Kannada]]
|-
|1990
|"Naaka Bandi"
|''Naaka Bandi''
| rowspan="2" |[[Bappi Lahiri]]
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|rowspan=3|1991
|"Uri Uri Baba"
|''[[Dushman Devta]]''
|-
|"Vegam Vegam Pogum Pogum"
|''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Tamil
|-
|"Keechurallu"
|''Keechurallu''
|Telugu
|-
|1993
|"Chalo Chalk"
|''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]''
|S P Venkatesh
| rowspan="6" |Malayalam
|-
|rowspan=3|1994
|"Njanee Rathriye"
|''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]''
|L Vaidyanathan
|-
|"Nanthyar Vilakkum"
|''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]''
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|-
|"Mafia"
|Mafia
|[[Anand–Milind]]
|-
|1995
|"Jinka Ninja"
|''Kalamasseriyil Kalyaanayogam''
|Tomin Thankachari
|-
|1996
|"Ladies college campusil"
|''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]''
|R Anand
|-
|1997
|"Daud"
|''[[Daud (film)|Daud]]''
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|"Raja Ki Kahani"
|''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|-
|"Abbabboo Premsite Em Sukhamo"
|''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]''
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|"Melam Lotto"
| rowspan="2" |''Rapid Action Force''
| rowspan="2" |Sailesh
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|-
|"Manasilore"
|-
|2001
|"Vande Mataram"
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|[[Jatin–Lalit]], Sandesh Shandilya, Aadesh Shrivastav
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|-
|rowspan=2|2003
|"Kabhi Pa Liya Tho Kabhi Kho Diya"
|''[[Joggers' Park (film)|Jogger's Park]]''
|Tabun
|-
|"Din Hai Na Ye Raat"
|''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|-
|2005
|"Rambhe Ninge"
|''[[Swamy (2005 film)|Swamy]]''
|[[Gurukiran]]
|Kannada
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|"Vaave Makane"
|''[[Pothan Vava]]''
|[[Alex Paul]]
|Malayalam
|-
|"Meter Iddone"
|''[[Ambi (film)|Ambi]]''
|[[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|-
|"Yarivanu"
|''Shubham''
|Gurikiran
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|"Wicket Bacha" (with Earl)
|''[[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]''
|[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|"Teri Meri Merry Christmas"
|''Bow barracks Forever''
|Anjun Dutt
|-
|"Kshana Kshana"
|''[[Kshana Kshana]]''
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|-
|2008
|"Yavva Yavva Naa Hege"
|''[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]''
|Gurukiran
|-
|2009
|"Gudsu Gudsu"
|''[[Kannadada Kiran Bedi]]''
|Hamsalekha
|-
|rowspan=3|2011
|"Hai Ye Maya"
|''[[Don 2]]''
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|Hindi
|-
|"Viriyunnu"
|''[[Bombay March 12]]''
|[[Afzal Yusuf]]
|Malayalam
|-
|"Darling", "Doosri Darling" (with [[Rekha Bhardwaj]])
|''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]''
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|-
|rowspan="4"|2012
|"Ramba main Samba"
|''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]''
|[[Jeet Ganguly]]
|-
|"Aami Shotti Bolchi"
|''[[Kahaani]]''
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|-
|"Yeh Raat Mona Lisa"
|''Kaafiron Ki Namaaz''
|Advait Nemlekar
|-
|"Jhoom Jhoom Zara"
|''[[Parie]]''
|Veer Samarth
|Kannada
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|"Race Gurram"
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[S. Thaman]]
|Telugu
|-
|"Dumeel"
|''[[Damaal Dumeel]]''
|Tamil
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|"Hoi Kiw/Chalo Chalo"
|''[[Rock On 2]]''
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|Hindi
|-
|"Dirty Picture"
|''[[Thikka]]''
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Telugu
|-
|2019
|"Empuraane"
|''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''
|[[Deepak Dev]]
|Malayalam
|-
|2021
|"Drishyam 2 Title Track"
|''[[Drishyam 2]]''
|[[Anil Johnson]]
|Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|"Phire Takao"
|''[[Kolkatar Harry]]''
|[[Jeet Ganguly]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bengali Language|Bengali]]
|-
|"Chumbok Mon"
|''[[Kacher Manush]]''
|Nilayan Chatterjee
|-
|"Drishyam 2 Title Track (Hindi)"
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4"|2024
| rowspan="4"|"Lucky Baskhar Title Track"
| rowspan="4"|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
| rowspan="4"|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Telugu
|-
|Tamil
|-
|Hindi
|-
|Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|"Azrael"
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
|[[Deepak Dev]]
|Malayalam
|-
|"Ramba Ho"
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|Hindi
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1973 ||''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]''||||[[Hindi]]
|-
| 1975 ||''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''||||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2006||''[[Pothan Vava]]''||Kurisuveettil Mariamma||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007||''Bow Barracks Forever''||rowspan="2"|Herself||[[English language|English]]
|-
|''Hattrick'' || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2010 || ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' ||Indira ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2011 || ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'' ||Maggie Aunty ||[[Hindi]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''[[Parie]]'' || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| ''Ideal Couple'' || Sophy ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|''[[Keymon & Nani in Space Adventure]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/nov/nov62.php |title=Nick's Keymon Ache to make its theatrical debut on 9 November |date=6 November 2012 |website=indiantelevision.com |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> ||Nani (voice role) || rowspan="3" | Hindi
|-
| 2015 ||''[[X: Past Is Present]]'' ||Mrs. Baker
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Rock On 2]]'' || Herself (cameo)
|-
| 2019 || ''If Not for You''{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} || Herself || [[English language|English]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Achcham Madam Naanam Payirppu]]'' || Charukesi || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
|2025
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
|Meera Patnayak
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
|2004–2006||[[Indian Idol]]||Guest||Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007–2017
|[[Super Singer Junior]]
| rowspan="8" |Judge
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|-
|[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer Senior]]
|-
|2007–2008||[[Star Singer]]||Malayalam
|-
|2011 ||Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champion || [[Kannada]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2012||''[[Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star]]'' – Season 2||Hindi
|-
| Gaurav Maharashtracha||Marathi
|-
|Kuyil Paatu||Tamil
|-
|rowspan=3|2016||Phire Asar Gaan||Bengali
|-.
|[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]|| rowspan="4" |Guest ||Malayalam
|-
|[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]||rowspan=3 |Hindi
|-
|2018||[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]
|-
|2019||[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Usha Uthup, at an Investiture Ceremony II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 01, 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Uthup being awarded [[Padma Shri]], {{circa|2011}}]]
[[File:Padma Bhushan Smt Usha Uthup.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Uthup being awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], {{circa|2024}}]]

===Civilian awards===
* [[Padma Shri]] - 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topnews.in/light/usha-uthup-girish-kasaravalli-get-padma-shri-231934 |title=Usha Uthup, Girish Kasaravalli to get Padma Shri |website=TopNews.in |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109041410/http://www.topnews.in/light/usha-uthup-girish-kasaravalli-get-padma-shri-231934 |url-status=dead}}</ref> – Fourth Highest Civilian Award presented by [[Government of India]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]] - 2024 – Third Highest Civilian Award presented by [[Government of India]]

===Film awards===
{{BLP sources section|date=April 2023}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominated Song
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[57th Filmfare Awards|2012]]
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| rowspan="4" |"[[7 Khoon Maaf (soundtrack)|Darling]]"
| rowspan="4" |''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[13th IIFA Awards|2012]]
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2012
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2012]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 |date=30 January 2013 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]] |access-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th Mirchi Music Awards|2017]]
| Lifetime Achievement Award
|N/A
|N/A
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2006
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Best Character actress
|N/A
|''[[Pothan Vava]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|1999
|rowspan="4"|Kalakar Awards
|rowspan="2"|Best Audio Album (Bangla)
|''"Darling"''
|N/A
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2002
|''Chai Silpir Samman''
|N/A
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2004
|rowspan="2"|Best Playback Singer for the film
|"Kabhi Pa Liya To Kabhi Kho Diya"
|''[[Joggers' Park (film)|Joggers Park]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2013
|"Ramba Mein Samba"
|''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]''
|{{won}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.ushauthup.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|0412683|Usha Uthup}}
*{{cite web |title=Before Darrrling, Usha Uthup sang these hit songs! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-hit-songs-of-usha-uthup/20110217.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] Movies}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uthup, Usha}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Russian-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian jazz singers]]
[[Category:Indian women jazz singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]

Nathar Shah

2026-03-16T10:36:12Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Muslim mystic and preacher (969–1038)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
|name = '''Sultan Syed Shah Mutaharuddin Suhrawardi'''
|titles = {{Ubl
|
|'''Tabal-e-Aalam Baadshah'''
| '''Nathar Shah Wali'''
| '''Baba-e-Nathar Sarmast Dhool Samandar'''
}}
|image =
|caption = Cave atop small hill where Hazrat Baba Fakhruddin, successor of Nathar Wali had prayed
|birth_name = {{resize|Syed Shah Mutaharuddin}}
|birth_date = 969 [[Common Era|CE]]
|birth_place =[[Anatolia]]
|death_date = 1038 [[Common Era|CE]] (aged 69)
|death_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], Chola Empire
|feast_day =
|beatified_date =
|beatified_place =
|beatified_by =
|canonized_date =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|major_shrine = [[Tiruchirapalli]]
|relatives =
|attributes =
|patronage =
|issues= Halimah Saadiya (adopted daughter)
|tradition =[[Hanafi|Hanafism]]
|suppressed_date =
|influenced = {{Ubl
| Abdur Rahman Siddiqi
| [[Baba Fakruddin|Sultan Syed Baba Fakhruddin]]
| Syed Shah Hayder Wali
| [[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Syed Shah Khadir Wali]]
| Syed Rahmatullah Baba
}}
| venerated_in = [[Islam]], especially in the [[Indian subcontinent]]
}}
[[File:footview.jpg|thumb|Holy foot impressions of Baba Fakhruddin, successor of Natahr Wali in Penukonda, AP]]
'''Sultan Syed Shah Mutaharuddin Suhrawardi''' (969–1039),<ref>{{cite book|title=The Preaching of Islam|page=267|first=T. W.|last=Arnold|publisher=Charles Scribner and Sons|year=1896}}</ref> also called '''Nathar Wali''' or '''Nadir Shah''', was a [[Muslim]] preacher and [[Mysticism|mystic]] from [[Anatolia]] who in the 9th-10th century moved to [[Tamil Nadu]], India, where he travelled about preaching Islam.<ref name="Khan1985">{{cite book|author=Shafique Ali Khan|title=Two Nation Theory: As a Concept, Strategy and Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9ggAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1985|publisher=Royal Book Company|page=70}} - ''Nathar Wali (died in 1039) is supposed to be the earliest Muslim Sufi who dedicated his life to Islam in the south''.</ref> He went to [[Tiruchirapalli]] in Tamil Nadu,<ref name="Bayly2004" /><ref name="India1962">{{cite book| author = Numismatic Society of India| title = The journal of the Numismatic Society of India| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qERmAAAAMAAJ| access-date = 4 May 2011| year = 1962| publisher = Numismatic Society of India, P.O. Hindu University. }}</ref> Importantly the tamil warrior community were converted by his preaching are known as [[Rowther|''Ravuttars'']] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], they are one of the earliest [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Soorian Kasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&dq=tiruchirapalli+Ravuttans&pg=PA49 |title=India, That Is, Sidd |date=1996 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-561-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&dq=Nathar+shah+tiruchirapalli&pg=PA102 |title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: from Gingee to Kurukṣetra |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHYeAAAAMAAJ&q=tiruchirapalli+Ravuttans |title=Prime Minister Indira Gandhi Speaks on Foreign Policy, 1981 |date=1981 |publisher=External Publicity Division, Ministry of External Affairs, [Government of India |language=en}}</ref> The most important Islamic building in the city is Nathar Shah's Mosque, which contains the tomb of the saint Sultan Nathar Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Colin |title=General view of Nathar Shah's Tomb, Tiruchchirappalli |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02476000.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> According to legend it is atop the grave of the three-headed Hindu demon Tiriasuran whom Nathar killed.<ref name="Bayly2004">{{cite book| author = Susan Bayly| title = Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&pg=PA137| access-date = 4 May 2011| date = 22 April 2004| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-89103-5| pages = 137– }}</ref>

== Early life ==
According to the source Tabl-e-Aalam, Nathar Shah was born Syed Shah Mutaharuddin into an aristocratic [[Islam in Iran|Persian Muslim]] family of great influence and landholdings in [[Anatolia]] to the ''[[Emir]]'' of Bahanasa, Syed Shah Ahmed Kabeer, and Syeda Fathimunnisa. His younger brother, Syed Shah Jalaluddin became the ''Emir'' of Bahanasa after he left.

== Life in Tiruchirapalli ==
Nathar Wali left his comfortable life in search of murshid(spiritual preceptor).<ref name="Bayly2004" /><ref name="Bayly2004-p117">{{cite book|author=Susan Baylyy|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&pg=PA117|access-date=15 September 2013|date=22 April 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|pages=117–}}</ref> He was a Qalandar (mystical sufi saint) who came to India along with 900 Qalandars to spread Islam. Before coming to India, he became the ''[[Mureed]]'' (Student) of Ibrahim Garamseel near the [[Pakistan]] region. After that, he traveled his journey towards different parts of India, and at last he reached [[Trichy]] and settled there. During this time, [[Tiruchirappalli]] was a part of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]] under the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]], although Nathar Wali has never interacted with him. His Islamic campaigns and its effects led a large number of the Hindu Rowther community, a warrior community living in the Tamil Nadu region, to accept [[Islam]]. During his time, a large number of Rowthers were attracted to Islam and converted to Mohammedan Islamic religion, retaining their caste name as an identity despite changing their religion. He was said to have performed miracles. Along with his qalandars, he came to Tiruchirapuram, which is now known as [[Tiruchirappalli]], and led a religious life with his qalandars in a flower garden there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&dq=Nathar+shah+tiruchirapalli&pg=PA102 |title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: from Gingee to Kurukṣetra |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Disciples ==
* [[Baba Fakruddin| Sultan Baba Fakhruddin Suhrawardi Qalandar]]
* [[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Abdul Qadir Shah al-Hamid Sohrawardi]]

== Death ==
He died in Tiruchirappalli in 1039 and was buried there, and a mosque constructed at the spot. Tiruchirappalli's followers call him "Natharnagar".<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazrat Tabl-e-Aalam Badashah Nathar Auliya (R.A) Baba Natharvali |url=https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-tabl-e-aalam-badashah-nathar-auliya-r-a-baba-natharvali/ |website=Aal-e-Qutub Aal-e-Syed Abdullah Shah Ghazi |language=en |date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}

{{wikiquote}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vali, Nathar}}
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:969 births]]
[[Category:1039 deaths]]
[[Category:Turkish Muslim missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian people]]

Pronouns in Hindi

2026-03-14T20:18:06Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: New data

{{Short description|Words in Hindi that substitute for a noun or noun phrase}}
{{Cleanup|reason=The first two sections contradict themselves over and over again about what cases Hindi has, and though the article is about pronouns the first titled section is about postpositions.|date=December 2022}}
The personal pronouns and possessives in [[Modern Standard Hindi]] of the [[Hindustani language]] displays a higher degree of [[inflection]] than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject ([[Nominative case|nominative]]), a direct object ([[Accusative case|accusative]]), an indirect object ([[Dative case|dative]]), or a [[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]] object. Pronouns further have special forms used with [[postpositions]].

The [[possessive pronoun]]s are the same as the [[possessive adjective]]s, but each is inflected to express the [[grammatical person]] of the possessor and the [[grammatical gender]] of the possessed.

Pronoun use displays considerable variation with [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] and [[dialect]], with particularly pronoun preference differences between the most colloquial varieties of Hindi.

== Postpositions ==
The function of case marking in Hindi is done exclusively by postpositions. The pronouns of Hindi can be declined into three cases, [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Oblique case|oblique]] (and [[Ergative case|ergative]]), and [[Dative case|dative]]/[[Accusative case|accusative]]. The oblique and ergative case is used with the case marking postpositions to form the [[Ergative case|ergative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]]/[[Dative case|dative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]]/[[Ablative case|ablative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Inessive case|inessive]], [[Adessive case|adessive]], [[Terminative case|terminative]], and [[Semblative case|semblative]] cases. The postpositions are considered to be [[bound morphemes]] to the pronouns.<ref name="Schmidt2003p293">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=293}}</ref> The eight primary postpositions of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
!Case Marker
!Postposition
!Explanation
!Example
!English
|-
!Ergative
|ने (ne)
|marks the subject of the sentence
|इसने (isne)
|he/she
|-
!Accusative
| rowspan="2" |को (ko)
|marks the receiver of an action
| rowspan="2" |इसको (isko)
|him/her
|-
!Dative
|marks the indirect object; can also mark the subject ([[quirky subject]])
|to him/her
|-
!Instrumental
| rowspan="2" |से (se)
|marks the object with/using which the action was done
| rowspan="2" |इससे (isse)
|with him/her
|-
!Ablative
|shows movement away from the object
|from him/her
|-
!Genitive
|का (kā)
|shows possession
|इसका (iskā)
|his/her(s)
|-
!Inessive
|में (mẽ)
|shows something is in/inside something
|इसमें (ismẽ)
|in him/her
|-
!Adessive
|पे / पर (pe / par)
|shows something is on/at something
|इसपे (ispe)
|on him/her
|-
!Terminative
|तक (tak)
|shows something is goes up to the object
|इसतक (istak)
|till him/her
|-
!Semblative
|सा (sā)
|shows resemblance
|इससा (issā)
|like him/her
|}
'''Note''':

* The pronoun इस (is) which is the oblique case of the nominative demonstrative pronoun यह (yah) can be translated as ''he'', ''she'', ''it'', and ''this''.
* ''The postpositions which end in the vowel '''ा''' (-ā) (which are the genitive and semblative postpositions) can further decline according to gender, number, and grammatical case of the noun it describes. The declension of postpositions follow the following declension by changing their end vowels:''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Pattern
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ा
-ā
|े
-e
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |ी
-ī
|-
!Oblique
| colspan="2" |े
-e
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Genitive Marker
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|का
kā
|के
ke
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |की
kī
|-
!Oblique
| colspan="2" |के
ke
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Semblative Marker
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|सा
sā
|से
se
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |सी
sī
|-
!Oblique
| colspan="2" |से
se
|}

== Personal pronouns ==
Hindi has [[personal pronoun]]s in the first and second [[Grammatical person|person]], but not the third person, where demonstratives are used instead. They are inflected for case and number (singular, and [[plural]]), but not for gender. Pronouns decline for four grammatical cases in Hindi: The nominative case, the accusative/dative case and two postpositional cases, the oblique and ergative cases. The second person pronouns have three levels of formality: intimate, familiar, and formal. As also done in many other Indo-European languages, the plural pronouns are used as singular polite or formal pronouns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190213/http://koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf |title=Modern Hindi Grammar|archivedate=August 28, 2017|website=www.koausa.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Spencer|first=Andrew|date=2020-08-20|title=CASE IN HINDI |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="2" |1st Person
! colspan="3" |2nd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
|-
!Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
| rowspan="2" |मैं
{{tooltip|2=I|''mãĩ''}}
| rowspan="3" |हम
{{tooltip|2=we|''ham''}}
| rowspan="2" |तू
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tū''}}
| rowspan="3" |तुम
{{tooltip|2=you (familiar)|''tum''}}
| rowspan="3" |आप
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āp''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Oblique
!Ergative
|-
!Regular
|मुझ
{{tooltip|2=me|''mujh''}}
|तुझ
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tujh''}}
|-
!Regular
''(Emphatic)''
|मुझी
{{tooltip|2=me|''mujhī''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमीं

{{tooltip|2=we|''hamī̃''}}
|तुझी
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tujhī''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुम्हीं

{{tooltip|2=you (familiar)|''tumhī̃''}}
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
!Ergative
''(Emphatic)''
|—
|—
|-
! colspan="2" |Accusative
| rowspan="2" |मुझे
{{tooltip|2=me/to me|''mujhe''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमें
{{tooltip|2=us / to us|''hamẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुझे
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (intimate)|''tujhe''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुम्हें
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (familiar)|''tumhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! colspan="2" |Dative
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Postpositional Pronouns using the Oblique/Ergative Cases
! rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="2" |1st Person
! colspan="3" |2nd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
|-
!Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Ergative
|मैंने
{{tooltip|2=I|''mãĩne''}}
|हमने
{{tooltip|2=we|''hamne''}}
|तूने
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tūne''}}
|तुमने
{{tooltip|2=you (familiar)|''tumne''}}
|आपने
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āpne''}}
|-
!Accusative
| rowspan="2" |मुझको
{{tooltip|2=me/to me|''mujhko''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमको
{{tooltip|2=us / to us|''hamko''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुझको
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (intimate)|''tujhko''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुमको
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (familiar)|''tumko''}}
| rowspan="2" |आपको
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āpko''}}
|-
!Dative
|-
!Instrumental
| rowspan="2" |मुझसे
{{tooltip|2=using me / with me / from me|''mujhse''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमसे
{{tooltip|2=using us / with us / from us|''hamse''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुझसे
{{tooltip|2=(using you / with you) / (from you) [intimate]|''tujhse''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुमसे
{{tooltip|2=(using you / with you) / (from you) [familiar]|''tumse''}}
| rowspan="2" |आपसे
{{tooltip|2=(using you / with you) / (from you) [formal]|''āpse''}}
|-
!Ablative
|-
!Genitive
|—
|—
|—
|—
|आपका
{{tooltip|2=your/yours/of you [formal] (masculine singular object)|''āpkā''}}
|-
!Inessive
|मुझमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside me|''mujhmẽ''}}
|हममें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside us|''hammẽ''}}
|तुझमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you (intimate)|''tujhmẽ''}}
|तुममें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you [familiar]|''tummẽ''}}
|आपमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you [formal]|''āpmẽ''}}
|-
!Adessive
|मुझपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at me|''mujhpe''}}
|हमपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at us|''hampe''}}
|तुझपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at you [intimate]|''tujhpe''}}
|तुमपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at you [familiar]|''tumpe''}}
|आपपे
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you [formal]|''āppe''}}
|-
!Terminative
|मुझतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till me|''mujhtak''}}
|हमतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till us|''hamtak''}}
|तुझतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till you [intimate]|''tujhtak''}}
|तुमतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till you [familiar]|''tumtak''}}
|आपतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until you [formal]|''āptak''}}
|-
!Semblative
|मुझसा
{{tooltip|2=like me / similar to me|''mujhsā''}}
|हमसा
{{tooltip|2=like us / similar to us|''hamsā''}}
|तुझसा
{{tooltip|2=like you / similar to you [intimate]|''tujhsā''}}
|तुमसा
{{tooltip|2=like you / similar to you [familiar]|''tumsā''}}
|आपसा
{{tooltip|2=like you / similar to you [formal]|''āpsā''}}
|}
'''Note:'''

* In the eastern dialects of Hindi, the pronoun हम {{tooltip|2=we|''ham''}} is used as both the first person singular and plural pronoun.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=106}}</ref> When plurality is to be implied then words such as लोग {{tooltip|2=people|''log''}} (people), सब {{tooltip|2=all|''sab''}} (all) are added after the pronoun.
* True genitive pronouns exist for the personal pronouns (except आप {{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āp''}}) and they cannot be constructed from the oblique cases, they are discussed in the 'Possessive Pronouns' section below.
*The emphasised oblique case for the pronoun आप (āp) is constructed periphrastically using the exclusive emphatic particle ही (hī) which is आप ही (āp hī). Although pronounced the same as आफी (āphī), it is never written like that.

== Demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns ==
Just like [[Sanskrit pronouns and determiners|Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] does not have true third person pronouns, but its [[demonstrative]]s play their role when they stand independently of a substantive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=2003|isbn=81-208-0508-9|location=New Delhi|pages=264–265}}</ref> The demonstrative pronouns just like the personal pronouns can be declined into the nominative, ergative, accusative/dative and the oblique case.<ref name=":1" />

The relative and the interrogative pronouns can be constructed for the non-nominative cases by just changing the first consonant of the demonstrative pronouns to ज (j) and क (k) respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="4" |Demonstrative
! colspan="2" |Interrogative
! colspan="2" |Relative
|-
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Nominative
!Literary
|यह
{{tooltip|2=this|''yah''}}
|ये
{{tooltip|2=these|''ye''}}
|वह
{{tooltip|2=that|''vah''}}
|वे
{{tooltip|2=those|''ve''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |क्या,कौन
{{tooltip|2=what?|''kyā''}}, {{tooltip|2=who?|''kaun''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |जो
{{tooltip|2=what/who|''jo''}}
|-
!Colloquial
| colspan="2" |ये
{{tooltip|2=this/these|''ye''}}
| colspan="2" |वो
{{tooltip|2=that/those|''vo''}}
|-
!Emphatic
| colspan="2" |यही
{{tooltip|2=this|''yahī''}}
| colspan="2" |वही
{{tooltip|2=that|''vahī''}}
|—
|—
| colspan="2" |(जो भी)
({{tooltip|2=whatever/whoever|''jo bhī''}})
|-
! colspan="2" |Accusative
| rowspan="2" |इसे
{{tooltip|2=this/to this|''ise''}}
| rowspan="2" |इन्हें
{{tooltip|2=these/to these|''inhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |उसे
{{tooltip|2=that/to that|''use''}}
| rowspan="2" |उन्हें
{{tooltip|2=those/to those|''unhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |किसे
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom? (singular)|''kise''}}
| rowspan="2" |किन्हें
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (plural)|''kinhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिसे
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (singular)|''jise''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिन्हें
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (plural)|''jinhẽ''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Dative
|-
! rowspan="3" |Oblique
!Regular
| rowspan="2" |इस
{{tooltip|2=this|''is''}}
|इन
{{tooltip|2=that|''in''}}
| rowspan="2" |उस
{{tooltip|2=that|''us''}}
|उन
{{tooltip|2=those|''un''}}
| rowspan="2" |किस
{{tooltip|2=whom/who (singular)|''kis''}}
|किन
{{tooltip|2=who/whom? (plural)|''kin''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिस
{{tooltip|2=who (singular)|''jis''}}
|जिन
{{tooltip|2=who/whom (plural)|''jin''}}
|-
!Ergative
|इन्हों
{{tooltip|2=these|''inhõ''}}
|उन्हों
{{tooltip|2=those|''unhõ''}}
|किन्हों
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kinhõ''}}
|जिन्हों
{{tooltip|2=who|''jinhõ''}}
|-
!Emphatic
|इसी

{{tooltip|2=this|''isī''}}
|इन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=that|''inhī̃''}}
|उसी

{{tooltip|2=that|''usī''}}
|उन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=those|''unhī̃''}}
|किसी

{{tooltip|2=whom/who (singular)|''kisī''}}
|किन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=who/whom? (plural)|''kinhī̃''}}
|—
|—
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Postpositional Pronouns using the Oblique & Ergative Cases
! rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="4" |Demonstrative
! colspan="2" |Interrogative
! colspan="2" |Relative
|-
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Ergative
|इसने
{{tooltip|2=this|''isne''}}
|इन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=they|''inhõne''}}
|उसने
{{tooltip|2=that|''usne''}}
|उन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=those|''unhõne''}}
|किसने
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kisne''}}
|किन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kinhõne''}}
|जिसने
{{tooltip|2=who (singular)|''jisne''}}
|जिन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=who (plural)|''jinhõne''}}
|-
!Accusative
| rowspan="2" |इसको
{{tooltip|2=this/to this|''isko''}}
| rowspan="2" |इनको
{{tooltip|2=these/to these|''inko''}}
| rowspan="2" |उसको
{{tooltip|2=that/to that|''usko''}}
| rowspan="2" |उनको
{{tooltip|2=those/to those|''unko''}}
| rowspan="2" |किसको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom? (singular)|''kisko''}}
| rowspan="2" |किनको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom? (plural)|''kinko''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिसको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (singular)|''jisko''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिनको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (plural)|''jinko''}}
|-
!Dative
|-
!Instrumental
| rowspan="2" |इससे
{{tooltip|2=using this/from this|''isse''}}
| rowspan="2" |इनसे
{{tooltip|2=using these/from these|''inse''}}
| rowspan="2" |उससे
{{tooltip|2=using that/from that|''usse''}}
| rowspan="2" |उनसे
{{tooltip|2=using them/from them|''unse''}}
| rowspan="2" |किससे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom)? / from what(whom)? [singular]|''kisse''}}
| rowspan="2" |किनसे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom)? / from what(whom)? [plural]|''kinse''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिससे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom) / from what(whom) [singular]|''jisse''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिनसे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom) / from what(whom) [plural]|''kinse''}}
|-
!Ablative
|-
!Genitive
|इसका
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iskā''}}
|इनका
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inkā''}}
|उसका
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uskā''}}
|उनका
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unkā''}}
|किसका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiskā''}}
|किनका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinkā''}}
|जिसका
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiskā''}}
|जिनका
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinkā''}}
|-
!Inessive
|इसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside this|''ismẽ''}}
|इनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside these|''inmẽ''}}
|उसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside that|''usmẽ''}}
|उनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside those|''unmẽ''}}
|किसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside what/which? (singular)|''kismẽ''}}
|किनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside what/which? (plural)|''kinmẽ''}}
|जिसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside which (singular)|''jismẽ''}}
|जिनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside which (plural)|''jinmẽ''}}
|-
!Adessive
|इसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on this|''ispe''}}
|इनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on these|''inpe''}}
|उसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on that|''uspe''}}
|उनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on those|''unpe''}}
|किसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom? (singular)|''kispe''}}
|किनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom? (plural)|''kinpe''}}
|जिसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom (singular)|''jispe''}}
|जिनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom (plural)|''jinpe''}}
|-
!Terminative
|इसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until this|''istak''}}
|इनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until these|''intak''}}
|उसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until that|''ustak''}}
|उनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until those|''untak''}}
|किसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom? (singular)|''kistak''}}
|किनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom? (plural)|''kintak''}}
|जिसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom (singular)|''jistak''}}
|जिनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom (plural)|''jintak''}}
|-
!Semblative
|इससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to this/like this|''issa''}}
|इनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to these/like these|''insa''}}
|उससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to that/like that|''ussa''}}
|उनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to those/like those|''unsa''}}
|किससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom? (singular)|''kissa''}}
|किनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom? (plural)|''kinsa''}}
|जिससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom (singular)|''jissa''}}
|जिनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom (plural)|''jinsa''}}
|}
'''Notes:'''

* The ergative case is predominantly used with animate nouns.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hoop|first1=H.|title=Ergative Case-marking in Hindi|date=2007-12-04|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226198692|volume=72|pages=63–78|access-date=2020-08-20|last2=Narasimhan|first2=Bhuvana}}</ref>
* कौन {{tooltip|2=who?|''kaun''}} is the animate interrogative and क्या {{tooltip|2=what?|''kyā''}} is the inanimate interrogative.
* जो is used as both the animate and inanimate relative pronoun.
* The genitive and semblative postpositions decline to agree with the number, gender, and case of the object it possesses or describes respectively.

== Possessive pronouns ==
The [[possessive pronoun]]s are the same as the [[possessive adjective]]s, but each is inflected to express the [[grammatical person]] of the possessor and the [[grammatical gender]] of the possessed. Unlike the personal pronouns (except for आप), there are no true possessive pronoun forms for the demonstrative pronouns. So, the demonstrative, interrogative, and relative possessive pronouns are formed using oblique case with the postposition का (kā).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=N. Koul|first=Omkar|title=Modern Hindi Grammar|publisher=McNeil Technologies, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-931546-06-5|location=United States of America|pages=75–81}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Person
! rowspan="3" |Nominative
! colspan="6" |Genitive
|-
! colspan="3" |Masculine
! colspan="3" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |1st Person
|मैं
{{tooltip|2=I|''mãĩ''}}
|मेरा
{{tooltip|2=my/mine (masculine singular object)|''merā''}}
| colspan="2" |मेरे
{{tooltip|2=my/mine (masculine plural object)|''mere''}}
| colspan="3" |मेरी
{{tooltip|2=my/mine (feminine object)|''merī''}}
|-
|हम
{{tooltip|2=we|''ham''}}
|हमारा
{{tooltip|2=our/ours (masculine singular object)|''hamārā''}}
| colspan="2" |हमारे
{{tooltip|2=our/ours (masculine plural object)|''hamāre''}}
| colspan="3" |हमारी
{{tooltip|2=our/ours (feminine object)|''hamārī''}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |2nd Person
!Intimate
|तू
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tū''}}
|तेरा
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [intimate] (masculine singular object)|''terā''}}
| colspan="2" |तेरे
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [intimate] (masculine plural object)|''tere''}}
| colspan="3" |तेरी
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [intimate] (feminine object)|''terī''}}
|-
!Familiar
|तुम
{{tooltip|2=you (neutral)|''tum''}}
|तुम्हारा
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [neutral] (masculine singular object)|''tumhārā''}}
| colspan="2" |तुम्हारे
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [familiar] (masculine plural object)|''tumhāre''}}
| colspan="3" |तुम्हारी
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [familiar] (feminine object)|''tumhārī''}}
|-
!Formal
|आप
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āp''}}
|आपका
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [formal] (masculine singular object)|''āpkā''}}
| colspan="2" |आपके
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [formal] (masculine plural object)|''āpke''}}
| colspan="3" |आपकी
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [formal] (feminine object)|''āpkī''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Nominative
! colspan="6" |Genitive
|-
! colspan="3" |Masculine
! colspan="3" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
|-
! rowspan="4" |Demonstrative
! rowspan="2" |Proximal
!Singular
|यह
{{tooltip|2=this|''yah''}}
| rowspan="2" |ये
{{tooltip|2=this/these|''ye''}}
|इसका
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iskā''}}
| colspan="2" |इसके
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iske''}}
| colspan="3" |इसकी
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iskī''}}
|-
!Plural
|ये
{{tooltip|2=these|''ye''}}
|इनका
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inkā''}}
| colspan="2" |इनके
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inke''}}
| colspan="3" |इनकी
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inkī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Distal
!Singular
|वह
{{tooltip|2=that|''vah''}}
| rowspan="2" |वो
{{tooltip|2=that/those|''vo''}}
|उसका
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uskā''}}
| colspan="2" |उसके
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uske''}}
| colspan="3" |उसकी
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uskī''}}
|-
!Plural
|वे
{{tooltip|2=those|''ve''}}
|उनका
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unkā''}}
| colspan="2" |उनके
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unke''}}
| colspan="3" |उनकी
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unkī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Interrogative
! colspan="2" |Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |कौन, क्या
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kaun''}}, {{tooltip|2=what?|''kyā''}}

|किसका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiskā''}}
| colspan="2" |किसके
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiske''}}
| colspan="3" |किसकी
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiskī''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|किनका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinkā''}}
| colspan="2" |किनके
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinke''}}
| colspan="3" |किनकी
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinkī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Relative
! colspan="2" |Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |जो, सो
{{tooltip|2=what, who, that (animate and inanimate)|''jo''}}, {{tooltip|2=what, that (inanimate)|''so''}}
|जिसका
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiskā''}}
| colspan="2" |जिसके
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiske''}}
| colspan="3" |जिसकी
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiskī''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|जिनका
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinkā''}}
| colspan="2" |जिनके
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinke''}}
| colspan="3" |जिनकी
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinkī''}}
|}

* The possessive pronouns and the genitive postposition का (kā) decline to agree with the number, gender, and case of the possessed object.
* In colloquial usage जो (jo) functions as both animate and inanimate relative pronoun. सो (so) (inanimate relative pronoun) also sometimes used but in a limited manner.

== Reflexive pronouns ==
There are a number of words in Hindi that function as [[reflexive pronoun]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-20|title=Reflexive Pronouns|url=https://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/pronouns/reflexive-pronouns/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=hindilanguage.info|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The indeclinable ''स्वयं'' ''(svayam)'' can indicate reflexivity pertaining to [[Grammatical subject|subjects]] of any person or number, and—since subjects in Hindi can appear in the nominative, or dative cases<ref name=":3">Bhatt, Rajesh (2003). Experiencer subjects. Handout from MIT course “Structure of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages”.</ref>—it can have the sense of any of these two cases.

* ख़ुद (khud) and स्वयं (svayam) are indeclinable reflexive pronouns.
* अपना (apnā) is a declinable reflexive pronoun.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Declinable
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|अपना
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apnā''}}
|अपने
{{tooltip|2=one's own (plural object)|''apne''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |अपनी
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular/plural object)|''apnī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" |अपने
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apne''}}
|-
!sans noun
|अपने
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apne''}}
|अपनों
{{tooltip|2=one's own (plural object)|''apnõ''}}
|अपनी
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apnī''}}
|अप्नियों
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apniyõ''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Undeclinable
! colspan="2" |Nominative
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |ख़ुद
{{tooltip|2=oneself (singular/plural object)|''khud''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Oblique
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |स्वयं
{{tooltip|2=oneself (singular/plural object)|''svayam''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Oblique
|}

== Indefinite pronouns ==
There are two indefinite pronouns in Hindi: कोई {{tooltip|2=someone|''koī''}} (someone, somebody) and कुछ {{tooltip|2=something|''kuch''}} (something). कुछ {{tooltip|2=something|''kuch''}} is also used as an adjective (numeral and quantitative) and as an adverb meaning ‘some, a few, a little, partly.’ Similarly, कोई {{tooltip|2=someone|''koī''}} can be used as an adverb in the sense of ‘some, about.’ When it is used with the semblative postposition सा {{tooltip|2=semblative postposition|''sā''}} the pronoun कोई सा {{tooltip|2=of some kind / some / something|''koī sā''}} (of some kind, some, something) is formed. The indefinite pronouns of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
!Animate
!Inanimate
!Animate
!Inanimate
!Animate
!Inanimate
|-
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural (some)
! colspan="2" |Plural (several)
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|कोई
{{tooltip|2=someone, somebody|''koī''}}
| colspan="3" |कुछ

{{tooltip|2=something|''kuch''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |कई
{{tooltip|2=many/several (people/things)|''kaī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |किसी
{{tooltip|2=someone/something|''kisī''}}
| colspan="2" |कुछ
{{tooltip|2=some (people/things)|''kuch''}}
|-
!sans noun
|किन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=some (people)|''kinhī̃''}}
|कुछों
{{tooltip|2=some (people/things)|''kuchõ''}}
| colspan="2" |कइयों
{{tooltip|2=many/several (people/things)|''kaīyõ''}}
|}
'''Note:''' ''The animate plural forms are also used as formal animate singular forms.''

== Adverbial pronouns ==
Adverbial pronouns of Hindi and the declension pattern of the declinable pronouns are mentioned in the table below:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Interrogative
! rowspan="2" |Relative
! colspan="2" |Demonstrative
|-
!Proximal
!Non-proximal
|-
! rowspan="4" |Undeclinable
!Time
|कब
{{tooltip|2=when?|''kab''}}
|जब
{{tooltip|2=when|''jab''}}
|अब
{{tooltip|2=now|''ab''}}
|तब
{{tooltip|2=then|''tab''}}
|-
!Direction
|किधर
{{tooltip|2=whither? where? where to?|''kidhar''}}
|जिधर
{{tooltip|2=whither/to where/where|''jidhar''}}
|इधर
{{tooltip|2=hither/to here/here|''idhar''}}
|उधर
{{tooltip|2=thither/to there/there|''udhar''}}
|-
!Place
|कहाँ
{{tooltip|2=where?|''kahā̃''}}
|जहाँ
{{tooltip|2=where|''jahā̃''}}
|यहाँ
{{tooltip|2=here|''yahā̃''}}
|वहाँ
{{tooltip|2=there|''vahā̃''}}
|-
!Manner
|कैसे
{{tooltip|2=how?, in what manner?|''kaise''}}
|जैसे
{{tooltip|2=like how|''jaise''}}
|ऐसे
{{tooltip|2=like this|''aise''}}
|वैसे
{{tooltip|2=like that|''vaise''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Declinable
!Quantity
|कितना
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnā''}}
|जितना
{{tooltip|2=as much/many|''jitnā''}}
|इतना
{{tooltip|2=this much/many|''itnā''}}
|उतना
{{tooltip|2=that much/many|''utnā''}}
|-
!Quality
|कैसा
{{tooltip|2=how? (quality)|''kaisā''}}
|जैसा
{{tooltip|2=like how (quality)|''jaisā''}}
|ऐसा
{{tooltip|2=like this (quality)|''aisā''}}
|वैसा
{{tooltip|2=like that (quality)|''vaisā''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Pattern
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|ा
{{tooltip|2=आ|''-ā''}}
|े
{{tooltip|2=ए|''-e''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |ी
{{tooltip|2=ई|''-ī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" |े

{{tooltip|2=ए|''-e''}}
|-
!sans noun
|े
{{tooltip|2=ए|''-e''}}
|ों
{{tooltip|2=ओं|''-õ''}}
|ी
{{tooltip|2=ई|''-ī''}}
|ियों
{{tooltip|2=इयों |''-iyõ''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension for कितना (kitnā) [how much?]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|कितना
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnā''}}
|कितने
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitne''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |कितनी
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" |कितने
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitne''}}
|-
!sans noun
|कितने
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitne''}}
|कितनों
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnõ''}}
|कितनी
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnī''}}
|कितनियों
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitniyõ''}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last =Schmidt|first=Hans|editor=John Lynch|year= 2003|chapter= Temathesis in Rotuman|title=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology|publisher= Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies|pages = 175–207|chapter-url=http://www.rotuma.net/os/Temathesis%20in%20Rotuman.pdf|isbn=978-0-85883-503-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|year=2003|chapter=Hindi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|pages=250–285}}
*{{cite book|last1=Snell|first1=Rupert|last2=Weightman|first2=Simon|year=1989|title=Teach Yourself Hindi|publisher=McGraw-Hill|edition=2003|isbn=978-0-07-142012-9|title-link=Teach Yourself}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Pronouns by language]]

Vimala Raman

2026-03-14T13:58:11Z

Iautomationtraining Hub:

{{short description|Australian actress and model}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vimala Raman
| image = Vimala Raman (cropped).jpg
| caption = Raman at a press conference in 2013
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Sydney]], Australia
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2006–present
| spouse = [[Vinay Rai]] (relationship)<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/we-are-committed-to-each-other-everything-else-is-just-paperwork-vinay-rai-and-vimala-raman/articleshow/128336601.cms</ref>
}}

'''Vimala Raman''' is an Australian actress and former model who has worked in [[Indian cinema]]. She appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] language films. Born and brought up in Australia, she made her debut in 2006 with the [[Tamil film]] ''Poi''. An established [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and a graduate in [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] Information Systems from the [[University of New South Wales]], [[Sydney]], Raman had also won the title of ''Miss India Australia'' in 2004<ref>{{cite web |title=Vimala Raman crowned Miss India Australia |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041029/world.htm#2 |website=The Tribune |access-date=5 June 2016 |date=28 October 2004 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324234455/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041029/world.htm#2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
In February 2016, she acted in the Malayalam film ''Oppam'', along with actor Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vimala-Raman-as-Mohanlals-heroine/articleshow/50851806.cms |title=Vimala Raman as Mohanlal's heroine |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160402055440/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vimala-Raman-as-Mohanlals-heroine/articleshow/50851806.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' || Shilpa || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Debut film
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' || Vaiga Menon || rowspan=8 | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pranayakalam]]'' || Maria Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Sarah Eapen ||
|-
| ''[[Romeo (2007 film)|Romeo]]'' || Dr. Priya ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]'' || Smitha ||
|-
|''[[College Kumaran]]'' || Madhavi Menon ||
|-
|''Apoorva'' || Lakshmi Devi ||
|-
|''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' || Ranjitha || Tamil ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Evaraina Epudaina]]'' || Madhumitha || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Evaraina Epudaina' fame Vimala Raman looks stunning on Instagram and we have proof |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 January 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/evaraina-epudaina-fame-vimala-raman-looks-stunning-on-instagram-and-we-have-proof/photostory/67658156.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603004138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/evaraina-epudaina-fame-vimala-raman-looks-stunning-on-instagram-and-we-have-proof/photostory/67658156.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Nagavalli || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Gaayam 2]]'' || Vidya || rowspan=4 | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ranga The Donga]]'' || Mangamma ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Raaj (film)|Raaj]]'' || Priya ||
|-
|''[[Chattam]]'' || Sindhu ||
|-
| ''[[Dam 999]]'' || Meera || [[English language|English]] || Dubbed in Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''Kulumanali'' || Pravallika || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'' || Herself || [[Item number|Special appearance]] in the song "Tha Tha Thamara"
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''[[Mumbai Mirror (film)|Mumbai Mirror]]'' || Jia || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chukkalanti Ammayi Chakkanaina Abbayi]]'' ||Sameera || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Amazon Turning Point '' || Madonna || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Raja Rajendra]]'' ||Yamuna || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016|| ''Poyi Maranju Parayathe'' || Swayamprabha || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Oppam]]'' || Devayani || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Vimala Raman as Mohanlal's heroine |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 January 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vimala-raman-as-mohanlals-heroine/articleshow/50851806.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807011744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vimala-Raman-as-Mohanlals-heroine/articleshow/50851806.cms}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 |||''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]''|| [[Lakshmi|Shridevi]] [[Padmavathi]] || Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forgotten Actress' Surfaces in Hot Avatar |date=22 July 2020 |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/forgotten-actress-vimala-raman-surfaces-in-hot-avatar/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213549/https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/forgotten-actress-vimala-raman-surfaces-in-hot-avatar/}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Iruttu]]'' || Jinn Shaika || rowspan=3 | Tamil ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Grandma (2022 film)|Grandma]]'' || Priyanka ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Asvins (film)|Asvins]]'' || Arthi ||
|-
| ''[[Rudrangi]]'' || Meera Bhai || rowspan=3 |Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]'' || Dr. Priya Bahadur ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Anthima Theerpu (2024 film)|Anthima Theerpu]]'' || Surya Devara Rathna Prabha ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Madharaasi]]'' || Sherin || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[K-Ramp]]'' || Steppie || Telugu || Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-15 |title='K-Ramp' OTT release date: When and where to watch Kiran Abbavaraam And Yukti Thareja starrer romantic comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/k-ramp-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-kiran-abbavaraam-and-yukti-thareja-starrer-romantic-comedy/articleshow/125346964.cms |access-date=2025-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[PubGoa]]''
|Aadhira
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PubGoa on Zee5: Forgotten Actress Hopes for A Career in OTT |date=21 November 2020 |url=https://www.binged.com/news/pubgoa-on-zee5-forgotten-actress-vimala-raman-hopes-for-a-career-in-ott/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506192600/https://www.binged.com/news/pubgoa-on-zee5-forgotten-actress-vimala-raman-hopes-for-a-career-in-ott/}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2606820}}
* {{Twitter|vimraman}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, Vimala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:People educated at MLC School]]
[[Category:University of New South Wales alumni]]
[[Category:Australian people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (soundtrack)

2026-03-11T12:28:02Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: small fix

{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Vtvalbumcover.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2010|01|06}}
| recorded = 2009–2010
| venue =
| studio = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 69:02
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Couples Retreat (soundtrack)|Couples Retreat]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Ye Maaya Chesave (soundtrack)|Ye Maaya Chesave]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc =
}}

'''''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa''''' is the soundtrack of the 2010 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[romance film]] [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa|of the same name]], directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. The soundtrack album and background score were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], collaborating with Menon for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|first=M |last=Suganth|title=2 crore for NEP audio rights!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/news-interviews/31642728_1_audio-industry-ilaiyaraaja-audio-rights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/news-interviews/31642728_1_audio-industry-ilaiyaraaja-audio-rights|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2013|access-date=3 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2012}}</ref> The lyrics for the songs were penned by Menon's usual associate, [[Thamarai]] along with [[Kalyani Menon]] and [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]], the latter penning the Malayalam lyrics in the album. The album was released on 25 December 2009 in [[London]] with several film personalities participating at the grand function. It was the first time that a Tamil film audio release was held in London.<ref name="Release">{{cite web|title=Another audio launch for 'VTV'|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52884.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326142612/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52884.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2010|access-date=2009-12-30|website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It was followed by an audio launch function which was also held in [[Chennai]] on 6 January 2010.<ref name="Release" /> [[Sony Music India]] released the album.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sify.com/movies/sony-music-grabs-vtv-goa-news-tamil-kkfr2Wehhic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119060051/http://sify.com/movies/sony-music-grabs-vtv-goa-news-tamil-kkfr2Wehhic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-19|title=Sony Music grabs VTV & Goa|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2009-09-18}}</ref> The album opened to positive reviews from music critics.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-south-top-tamil-films-of-2010/20101209.htm|title=Top Tamil films of 2010
|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2009-12-09}}</ref> The audio was marked as #1 in [[Asia]], in terms of advance bookings.<ref>{{citation|title=Vinnai Thandi Varuvaaya audio creates history!|url=http://sify.com/movies/Vinnai-Thandi-Varuvaaya-audio-creates-history-imagegallery-kollywood-kbjmXAjfdfd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112081429/http://sify.com/movies/Vinnai-Thandi-Varuvaaya-audio-creates-history-imagegallery-kollywood-kbjmXAjfdfd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2010|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> The album was ranked among the best musicals of 2010.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62922.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109202008/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62922.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2011|title=REWIND: The Music of 2010|website=IndiaGlitz|date=7 January 2011|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> A collector's edition of the film was released on 1 December 2010, which featured two unreleased tracks. The same soundtrack album was reused in the simultaneous Telugu version ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]'' (2010) and its Hindi remake ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' (2012).

== Release ==

===Unofficial versions===
Before the official audio release, the track "[[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]" was leaked and went viral on the internet. Later the track was officially released with the same singer but another strophe had been added to the song.

===Official version===
The official audio of ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'' was released at the [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] held at [[London]] on 25 December 2009, which was attended by several film personalities, including the lead actors [[Silambarasan]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], composer [[A. R. Rahman]], lyricist [[Thamarai]], director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] amongst others attending the event, which also featured a live unplugged performance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-03|title=Vinnaithandi Varuvayaa audio launch in London|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vinnaithandi-varuvaya-audio-launch-in-london-tamil_amp-news-52268|access-date=2020-07-15|website=IndiaGlitz|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-25|title=Rahman launches his music of new Tamil film at BAFTA in London - Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/news/rahman-launches-his-music-of-new-tamil-film-at-bafta-in-london/560566/|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528074326/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rahman-launches-his-music-of-new-tamil-film-at-bafta-in-london/560566/|archive-date=28 May 2010|access-date=2010-01-15|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 6 January 2010, another audio release function was held at [[Sathyam cinemas]] in [[Chennai]] with several film personalities participating in the grand function, amongst the cast and crew, after which the original audio cassettes and CDs were available in stores.<ref name="Release" /> Three songs and a trailer was screened at the event. The audio was released by [[Kamal Haasan]], who has previously acted in Gautham's direction in the film ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-07|title=Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya Audio Launch - Pictures|url=http://www.extramirchi.com/hotcelebs/kamal/vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-audio-launch-pictures/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=extraMirchi.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The CD's & cassettes cover released by [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music India]] had an image of three [[Silambarasan]]'s and on the right side a [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]. All the lyrics are penned by Menon's usual associate, [[Thamarai]] and the Malayalam lyrics by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]] and [[Kalyani Menon]].

As a part of the film's promotion, the audio cassettes and CDs were released across the world via [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]'s online retail store, and also made available digitally on [[iTunes]], [[Nokia Store]], and an [[iPhone]] application, in which will allow the users to stream and listen to the full-length songs from the film, download the songs, wallpapers and other movie related information.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A R Rahman's Tamil album gets global premiere |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/a-r-rahmans-tamil-album-gets-world-premiere/20100107.htm|access-date=2020-07-15|work=Rediff.com}}</ref> This initiative is a first for an iPhone application that is entirely based on movie OST. It is the result of the joint efforts by [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Entertainment India]] and Dot Com Infoway Mobile Studios, a Chennai-based Software and Mobile applications developer. The service will be available to any registered user of iPhone apps across the world, where a user will be charged $1.99 ({{Indian Rupee|}}139 in terms of [[Indian rupee|INR]]) for downloading the application facilitating unlimited streaming of the songs from the album and $2.99 ({{Indian Rupee|}}213 in terms of [[Indian rupee|INR]]) to download the whole album. The software company has also made sure to restrict unauthorized sharing of the content through this unique application, where a user who downloads the songs on his iPhone or [[iPod]] will not be able transfer it to any other unauthorized device.<ref name=":1" />

===Collector's edition===
A collector's edition special pack, titled ''A. R. Rahman Collectors' Edition Pack of Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'', was released by Sony Music on 1 December 2010. This edition included two additional songs, [[BAFTA]] audio premiere, [[A. R. Rahman]] T-shirt and liner notes of the songs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gautham's VTV , collector's pack unveiled|url=http://sify.com/movies/gautham-s-vtv-collector-s-pack-unveiled-news-tamil-klpjFSijfcd.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117082213/http://sify.com/movies/gautham-s-vtv-collector-s-pack-unveiled-news-tamil-klpjFSijfcd.html|archive-date=2010-11-17|access-date=2010-12-03|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vinnai Thandi Varuvaya Special Collector's edition unveiled|url=http://600024.com/vinnai-thandi-varuvaya-special-collectors-edition-unveiled/|access-date=2010-12-03|publisher=60024.com}}</ref> The additional songs, a female version of "[[Aaromale]]" and "Jessie's Land" were performed by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Megha (singer)|Megha]] respectively, at the audio premiere held at [[BAFTA Awards]] in [[London]] on 11 December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|last=P. Sangeetha|date=2010-12-01|title=Gautham Menon's Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa Collectors Edition launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/A-collectors-edition-pack-of-Gautham-Menons-Vinnaithaandi-Varuvaayaa-was-launched-recently-in-Chennai-The-pack-includes-two-unreleased-tracks-from-the-album-/articleshow/6929561.cms|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Other versions ==

===Telugu version===
{{main|Ye Maaya Chesave (soundtrack)}}
The same soundtrack was also used in the Telugu version of the film, ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]'', which was simultaneously made and released with the Tamil version. The Telugu version of the soundtrack was released on 3 February 2010. It also had the same set of vocalists except for Rahman, who was replaced by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] for the Telugu version of "Mannipaaya" which was titled ''Vintunaava''. The lyrics were penned by [[Anantha Sreeram]].

===Hindi version===
{{main|Ekk Deewana Tha (soundtrack)}}
The same soundtrack was also used for the Hindi remake, titled ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' which is also directed by Gautham Menon. The soundtrack was released on 23 December 2011.

== Tamil ==
The tracklist was released by A. R. Rahman's official website on 16 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (Official track list)|url=https://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=66|publisher=A R Rahman}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Thamarai]], except where noted
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Omana Penne
| note1 = Malayalam lyrics: [[Kalyani Menon]]
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Kalyani Menon]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 5:44
| title2 = Anbil Avan
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Devan Ekambaram]]
| length2 = 3:57
| lyrics2 =
| title3 = Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Vivek Aggarwal
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 =
| title4 = [[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]
| extra4 = [[Blaaze]], [[Suzanne D'Mello|Suzanne]], [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics4 =
| note4 = Rap lyrics:[[Blaaze]]
| length4 = 5:30
| title5 = Kannukkul Kannai
| extra5 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length5 = 3:52
| lyrics5 =
| title6 = Mannipaaya
| extra6 = [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 6:36
| lyrics6 =
| title7 = [[Aaromale]]
| extra7 = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| length7 = 5:46
| lyrics7 =
| note7 = Lyrics:[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra8 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| extra9 = [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| title7 =
| all_lyrics =
| total_length =
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 = 1:58
| title9 = Jessie's Land
| length8 = 4:33
| title8 = [[Aaromale]] – Female Version
| length7 =
| length6 =
| title1 =
| title6 =
| length5 =
| title5 =
| length4 =
| title4 =
| length3 =
| title3 =
| length2 =
| title2 =
| length1 =
| headline = ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'' (Collector's Edition)
}}

== Reception ==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = IndiaGlitz
| rev1Score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/10901.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227075645/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/10901.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2009 |title=Vinnaithandi Varuvaya Music Review songs lyrics |website=IndiaGlitz |date=9 January 2010 |access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Rediff.com]]
| rev2Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/13/south-tamil-music-review-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya.htm |title=Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya: Vintage Rahman |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=7 January 2010 |access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref>
| rev3 = Behindwoods
| rev3Score = {{rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa-silambarasan-rahman.html |title=Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa – Tamil Music Review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref>
| rev4 = Music Aloud
| rev4Score = {{rating|8.5|10}}<ref>{{cite web|author=VIP |url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2010/01/11/vinnai-thaandi-varuvaaya-music-review/ |title=Vinnai Thaandi Varuvaaya |publisher=Music Aloud |date=7 January 2010|access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref>
| rev1score =
| rev5 = Radioandmusic.com
| rev5score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name="Vinnaithandi Varuvaya">{{Cite web|title=Vinnaithandi Varuvaya|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/reviews/film-music-reviews/vinnaithandi-varuvaya|access-date=2020-07-15|website=radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref>
}}
The album received positive reviews from music critics. ''Indiaglitz'' gave the album 4 out of 5 stating "Vinnaithandi Varuvaya is a cute little album that has experimental score by Rahman. The man with Midas Touch, Rahman is at again. The album is a rich treasure not just for Rahman-fans but to genuine music-lovers too. The music composer seems to have set a trend which others would soon emulate."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vinnaithandi Varuvaya Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vinnaithandi-varuvaya-songs-review-tamil-movie-10901|access-date=2020-07-15|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the album 3.5 out of 5 stating "In a rather telling interview with [[Nik Gowing]] of [[BBC]], Rahman expressed his deep desire to bring South Indian (he sweetly included all the four states) music out of its narrow confines and popularize it all over the world because it had so much to offer. He has taken a huge step in that direction with this album. Though the music sounds global, it has some tasteful native sensibilities."<ref name=":0" /> ''Rediff'' rated the album 3 out of 5 stating "It isn't possible to toss an opinion of an A R Rahman album based on just one listen. This composer has a talent for coming up with numbers that grow on you. Lyricist Thamarai stands out, as well. Having said that, it doesn't look like VTV is one of her best efforts. Blame the post-Oscar hype or the burden of too many projects but aside from a few moments of brilliant heights, ARR pretty much sticks to his proven template. In this collection, he's gone more for the western crowd, it seems and there's little space for experimentation. A discerning music-lover might be left yearning for something more. For diehard ARR fans though, it's a musical treat."<ref>{{cite web|date=7 January 2010|title=Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya: Vintage Rahman|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/13/south-tamil-music-review-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya.htm|access-date=29 October 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Music Aloud gave the rating of 8.5 out of 10 stating "To sum up, it is refreshing to hear a set of totally new tunes from a Gautam Menon flick. Rahman has started off his 2010 campaign in style. And in ''Aaromale'', he has once again shown why he is a league apart from other music directors of his time."<ref>{{cite web|author=VIP|date=7 January 2010|title=Vinnai Thaandi Varuvaaya|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2010/01/11/vinnai-thaandi-varuvaaya-music-review/|access-date=2011-10-29|publisher=Music Aloud}}</ref> Milliblog reviewed "Gautam’s fish-out-of-bowl state shows as he grapples with Rahman’s divergently different melodic palette."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music review: Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (Tamil – A R Rahman) by Milliblog!|date=10 January 2010 |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/01/10/music-review-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa-tamil-a-r-rahman/|access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref> Radioandmusic.com gave the album 3.5 out of 5 and reviewed "Experimental in nature, the album Vinnaithandi Varuvaya exudes freshness. My pick in the album includes Hossana which would go well with the audiences, Alphonse Joseph owes Rahman for beautiful composition- Aaoromale and Mannipaya."<ref name="Vinnaithandi Varuvaya"/>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
|-
|BIG Tamil Entertainment Awards<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-08/big-awards-28-03-11.html|title=A 'BIG' NIGHT FOR TAMIL ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY|website=Behindwoods|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref>
| Most Entertaining Male Singer
| [[Vijay Prakash]] for "Hosanna"
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/simbu-and-trisha-win-edison-awards-for-excellence-in-cinema/ |title=Simbu and Trisha win Edison awards for excellence in cinema |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=2011-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622073416/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/simbu-and-trisha-win-edison-awards-for-excellence-in-cinema/ |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref>
| Best Male Singer
| [[Vijay Prakash]] for "Hosanna"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Best Music Director]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Thamarai]] for "Mannipaaya"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award (Tamil)|Best Male Playback]]
| [[Vijay Prakash]] for "Hosanna"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Mannipaaya"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Vijay Prakash]] for "Hosanna"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|Vijay Music Awards
| Popular Album of the Year
| ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Female Singer
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Mannipaaya"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Male Singer
| [[Vijay Prakash]] for "Hosanna"
| {{won}}
|}

== Album credits ==
Credits adapted from A. R. Rahman's official website.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A. R. Rahman - The Official Site|url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=66|access-date=2020-07-15|website=arrahman.com}}</ref>

=== Producers ===
[[A. R. Rahman]]

=== Songwriters ===

* [[A. R. Rahman]] (Composer & Arranger)
* [[Thamarai]] (Lyrics)
* [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]] (Lyrics, [[Aaromale]])

=== Performers ===
[[A. R. Rahman]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Kalyani Menon]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Suzanne D'Mello|Suzanne]], [[Blaaze]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Alphons Joseph]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]

=== Musicians ===

* [[Nadaswaram]] - Natarajan
* [[Guitar]] - Johny George, Sanjeev Thomas, Keith Peters
* [[Violin]] - Ganesh Rajagopalan
* [[Flute]] - [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]], Kiran
* [[Cello]] - Elith Martyn
* [[String (music)|Strings]] - Chennai Strings Orchestra (conducted by V. J. Srinivasamurthy)
* [[Choir]] - [[KM Music Conservatory]]
* [[Backing vocalist|Backing vocals]] - [[Blaaze]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]], Vivek Agarwal, Dr. Narayanan, V. V. Prasanna, [[Haricharan|Haricharan Seshadri]], [[Kalyani Menon]]

=== Personnel ===

* Additional programming and arrangement - T. R. Krishna Chetan, [[P. A. Deepak]], Hentry Kuruvilla, Vivianne Chaix
* Additional vocal supervisor - Srinivas Doraisamy

=== Sound engineers ===

* [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]] - [[P. A. Deepak]], T.R. Krishna Chetan, Vivianne Chaix, Suresh Perumal, Kannan Ganpat
* [[AM Studios]], [[Chennai]] - Sivakumar S

=== Production ===

* Mixed by - [[P. A. Deepak]], [[K. J. Singh]]
* Mastered by - Sivakumar S
* Musicians co-ordinatior - Noel James, T. M. Faizuddin
* Musicians fixer - Samidurai

Music Label - [[Sony Music Entertainment]] Pvt. Ltd.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (Soundtrack)}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2010 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]

Bhikhu Parekh

2026-03-05T05:51:54Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: adjusted article per sources for clarity

{{Short description|British political theorist (born 1935)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Parekh
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FBA|FAcSS|FRSA}}
| image = Official portrait of Lord Parekh crop 2.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2020
| order =
| office1 = [[Member of the House of Lords]]
| status1 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| termlabel1 = [[Life peer]]age
| term_start1 = 10 May 2000
| term_end1 =

| birth_name = Bhikhu Chhotalal Parekh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1935|1|4}}
| birth_place = Amalsad, [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| citizenship = United Kingdom
| nationality =
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = [[Anant Parekh]]
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| awards =

| module =
{{Infobox academic | child = yes
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]] [[London School of Economics]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = [[Political science]]
| sub_discipline = {{hlist|[[Political history]]|[[political philosophy]]|[[Marxism]]|[[multiculturalism]]}}
| workplaces = {{plain list|
* [[London School of Economics]]
* [[University of Glasgow]]
* [[University of Hull]]
* [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
* [[University of Westminster]] }}
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| notable_works = ''[[Marx's Theory of Ideology]]'' (1982) ''[[Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory]]'' (2002)
| notable_ideas =
| influenced =
}}
}}
'''Bhikhu Chhotalal Parekh''' ('''Baron Parekh'''; born 4 January 1935)<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | author=Anon| title=Parekh | id = U30023 | year = 2003 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U30023}}</ref> is a British [[political theorist]], academic, and [[life peer]]. He is a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] member of the [[House of Lords]]. He was Professor of Political Theory at the [[University of Hull]] from 1982 to 2001, and Professor of [[Political Philosophy]] at the [[University of Westminster]] from 2001 to 2009. He served as president of the [[Academy of Social Sciences]] from 2003 to 2008.<ref name=whoswho/>

==Early life and education==
Parekh was born in the village of Amalsad in the province of [[Gujarat]], India;<ref name="bba">[http://www.bombaybar.com/lectures/justice_kt_desai_memorial_lecture_2009_lord_bhikhu_parekh.php Biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613173042/http://www.bombaybar.com/lectures/justice_kt_desai_memorial_lecture_2009_lord_bhikhu_parekh.php |date=13 June 2010 }} as the speaker for the Justice KT Desai Memorial Lecture 2009, Bombay Bar Association. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</ref> his father was a goldsmith with a basic education.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=159231&sectioncode=26|title=A lord with a rainbow notion|journal=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=13 October 2000}}.</ref> Parekh was admitted to the [[University of Bombay]] at the age of 15,<ref name="bba"/> and earned a bachelor's degree there in 1954 and a Master's in 1956. He began his graduate studies at the [[London School of Economics]] in 1959, and received his PhD in 1966.<ref name="essex"/>

==Career==
He taught at the [[London School of Economics]] and at the [[University of Glasgow]] before finding a long-term position at the [[University of Hull]].<ref name="essex"/> Between 1981 and 1984 he was Vice-Chancellor at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in India.<ref name="bba"/><ref name="essex"/> He also held the Centennial Professorship in the Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London School of Economics<ref name="bba"/> and a professorship of political philosophy at the [[University of Westminster]].<ref>[http://www.westminster.ac.uk/schools/humanities/politics-and-international-relations/people People – University of Westminster Department of Politics and International Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201225051/http://www.westminster.ac.uk/schools/humanities/politics-and-international-relations/people |date=1 December 2010 }}. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</ref> In 2002, he served as president of the [[Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences]].<ref name="essex"/>

Parekh has also served on the [[Commission for Racial Equality]] (including a spell as vice-chairman) and has held membership of a number of bodies concerned with issues of racial equality and multiculturalism – most notably as Chairman of the [[Runnymede Trust|Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain]] from 1998 to 2000. The report of this body (often referred to as the "Parekh Report") has been the basis for much of the debate on multiculturalism in the UK in the early 21st century.

===House of Lords===
He was appointed a [[life peer]] on 10 May 2000 as '''Baron Parekh''', of [[Kingston upon Hull]] in the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref name="essex"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=55847 |date=15 May 2000 |page=5315}}</ref>

Parekh sits in the Lords as a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] peer. From July 2001 to December 2003, he was a member of the [[Joint Committee on Human Rights]].<ref name="bio HoL">{{cite web |title=Lord Parekh |url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-parekh/2545 |website=UK Parliament |access-date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Publications===
*{{cite book
| title = Bentham's Political Thought
| publisher = Croom Helm
| year = 1973
| isbn = 0-85664-037-9}}
*{{cite book
| title = [[Marx's Theory of Ideology]]
| publisher = Johns Hopkins Univ Pr
| year = 1982
| isbn = 0-8018-2771-X
| page = 256}}
*{{cite book
| title = Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political Discourse
| publisher = Sage
| year = 1989
| isbn = 0-8039-9605-5
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/colonialismtradi0000pare
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Gandhi's Political Philosophy. A critical examination
| publisher = Macmillan
| year = 1989
| isbn = 0-333-54765-9
| page = 246}}
*{{cite book
| title = The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain: Report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain
| publisher = Profile Books
| year = 2000
| isbn = 1-86197-227-X}}
*{{cite book
| title = Gandhi: A Very Short Introduction
| publisher = Oxford Paperbacks
| year = 2001
| isbn = 978-0-19-285457-5}}
*{{cite book|title=[[Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory]]|publisher=Harvard UP|year=2002|isbn=0-674-00995-9}}
*{{cite book
| title = European Liberalism and 'the Muslim Question': Does Intercultural Dialogue Make Sense? (ISIM Papers)
| publisher = Amsterdam University Press
| year = 2008
| isbn = 9789053560877}}
*{{cite book
| title = A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World
| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-1-4039-0647-2}}
* He also wrote an account of "The Rushdie Affair and the British Press; Some Salutary Lessons" for the Commission for Racial Equality in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20Rushdie%20Affair%20and%20the%20British%20Press:%20Some%20Salutary%20Lessons&author=B.%20Parekh&publication_year=1990|access-date=2020-06-25|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>
*''Colour, Culture and Consciousness: Immigrant Intellectuals in Britain'', Allen & Unwin, 1974, {{ISBN|0-04-301067-9}}

===Awards and honours===
Parekh was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts]] (FRSA) in 1988, and a [[Fellow of the Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences]] (FAcSS) in 1999.<ref name="essex"/> In 2003, he was elected a [[Fellow of the British Academy]] (FBA), the United Kingdom's [[national academy]] for the humanities and social sciences.<ref name="FBA">{{cite web |title=Professor Lord (bhikhu) Parekh |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/bhikhu-parekh-FBA |website=The British Academy |access-date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/elections/2003/parekh_b.cfm Elections to the Fellowship > 2003 > Professor Lord (Bhikhu) Parekh] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606070922/http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/elections/2003/parekh_b.cfm |date=6 June 2011 }}. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</ref>

He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the [[University of Essex]] in 2003.<ref name="essex">[http://www.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/or/2003/bhikhu-parekh-oration.aspx Honorary Graduates: Orations and responses – Lord Parekh of Kingston upon Hull], [[University of Essex]], 9 July 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</ref> In 2008, he was awarded an Honorary DUniv From The University of Hull. On 11 July 2011, Parekh was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Social Sciences (DSoc Sci) from [[Nottingham Trent University]]. On 20 July 2011, Parekh was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy from [[Edge Hill University]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/news/2011/07/lord-parekh-receives-honorary-award/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140109/http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/news/2011/07/lord-parekh-receives-honorary-award/| archive-date = 2014-02-22| title = Lord Parekh receives honorary award - News}} </ref> He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Bristol in July 2022.

He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2007.<ref name="bba"/>

==Personal life==
Parekh has three sons,<ref name=whoswho/> including [[Anant Parekh]], they were all awarded [[scholarship]]s to study at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name=hull>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/first-hull-prestigious-royal-society-3358877|title=Man becomes first from Hull to be inducted into prestigious group|first=Barnabas|last=Stephenson|date=September 25, 2019|website=hulldailymail.co.uk|publisher=[[Hull Daily Mail]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101071655/https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/first-hull-prestigious-royal-society-3358877|archive-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-prec|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Baron Mitchell|The Lord Mitchell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom|Gentlemen]]''' ''Baron Parekh'' '''}}
{{s-fol|after=[[Sebastian Coe|The Lord Coe]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Bhikhu Parekh, Baron}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Hull]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Westminster]]
[[Category:British political philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:Commissioners for Racial Equality]]

Chappale

2026-03-04T07:27:06Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Made a info added tags - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chappale
| image = Chappale.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Naganna|B. Naganna]]
| writer =
| screenplay = B. Naganna
| story = Nanjunda
| based_on = 
| producer = N. M. Suresh
| starring = [[Sunil Raoh]] [[Richa Pallod]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sai Sathish
| editing = S. Manohar
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| studio = Sri Thulaja Bhavani Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|12|31|ref1=<ref name="V2" />}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chappale''''' ({{translation|Claps}}) is a 2004 Indian Kannada-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Naganna|B. Naganna]] and starring [[Sunil Raoh]] and [[Richa Pallod]] in her Kannada debut.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sunil Raoh]] as Vijay
*[[Richa Pallod]] as Janaki
*Ajay as Indra
*[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[V. Manohar]]
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as the police inspector
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*Myna as Jayaraj
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]'' (2003), producer N. M. Suresh,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nm-suresh-is-kfcc-president/article67339252.ece|title=N.M. Suresh is KFCC president|date=23 September 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sunil Raoh]] and [[R. P. Patnaik]] collaborated again for this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_chappale_recording.asp|title= Time for 'Chappale' – N.M. Suresh's second film|website=Viggy|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501072502/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_chappale_recording.asp|archive-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> Newcomer Ajay debuted as the villain.<ref name="V1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_chappale_mahurath.asp|title=Chappale – a rhythmic pulsation|website=Viggy|date=19 August 2004|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041001001154/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_chappale_mahurath.asp|archive-date=1 October 2004}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/chappale/6ghcSjC2IPU_|title=Chappale Songs, Download Chappale Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com|date=31 October 2004|work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]].<ref name="V1" /> The audio release function was held at Shree Ramana Maharishi Academy for the Blind in [[Bangalore]] with [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Gurukiran]] and [[K. Manju]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_chappale02.asp|title=Chappale all set for {{sic|nolink=y|relase}}|website=Viggy|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221100301/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_chappale02.asp|archive-date=21 December 2004}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Good Morning
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Bachiko Nannali
| extra2 = [[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ilu Ilu
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Sadane Torida Nimagella
| extra4 = Sharadha Sugam
| length4 =
| title5 = Chappale Thattu
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Ninneya Nenapendigu
| extra6 = R. P. Patnaik, [[Usha (singer)|Usha]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Yen Ivaga
| extra7 = [[Udit Narayan]], Nagachandrika Bhat
| length7 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 31 December 2004.<ref name="V2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_chappale.asp|title='Chappale' to welcome New Year!|website=Viggy|date=30 December 2004|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502062218/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_chappale.asp|archive-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "''Chappale'' produced by N. M. Suresh and directed by Naganna is a convincing musical love story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review_more.php?ctid=5&cid=2427&page=1|title=Chappale|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111204431/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review_more.php?ctid=5&cid=2427&page=1|archive-date=11 January 2005|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The film picks up the tempo when rowdy Indra enters the scene and the subsequent twists and turns in the post-interval part make the film watchable. The campus scenes, car chasing and action scenes are good. But a student’s imagination of underwear episode in the college seems too much. Sunil suits the playboy image. Richa Pallod’s smile is better than her acting. Debutante actor Ajay, as rowdy Indra, needs to further hone his skills. Camerawork by Sai Sathish is good".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan022005/mr5.asp|title=Chappale|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=17 March 2025|date=2 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204171807/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan022005/mr5.asp|archive-date=4 February 2005}}</ref> ''Music India Online'' wrote "The deft direction, catchy music, good acting by lead artistes and cinematography – senior director Naganna gives a well measured meaningful film. Producer N.M.Suresh after the mega hit of ‘Excuse Me’ once again come up with a notable film".<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Chappale (2004)|website=Music India Online|access-date=4 May 2025|url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/7670/1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112140220/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/7670/1/|archive-date=12 January 2005}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nm-suresh-celebrates-10-years-in-sandalwood/articleshow/26838379.cms|title=NM Suresh celebrates 10 years in Sandalwood|date=4 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Sound Party (2023 film)

2026-03-03T09:22:06Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: basic expand details for clarity and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sound Party
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sanjay Sheri
| writer = Sanjay Sheri
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Ravi Polishetty Mahendra Gajendra Sri Shyam Gajendra
| starring = [[VJ Sunny]] Hrithika Srinivas [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Srinivas J Reddy
| editing = Avinash G
| music = Madeen
| studio = Full Moon Media
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sound Party''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy]] written and directed by Sanjay Sheri and produced by Ravi Polishetty, Mahendra Gajendra and Sri Shyam Gajendra under the banner Full Moon Mediia Productions. The film stars [[VJ Sunny]] in the lead alongside Hrithika Srinivas and [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=VJ Sunny's next film announced|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/feb/10/vj-sunnys-next-film-announced-39863.html|work=Cinema Express |date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
A dimwitted unemployed father-son duo embarks on a quest for wealth, launching an eccentric family-run restaurant. But their dreams unravel when their eatery is shuttered illegally, leading to a series of chaotic comical events, including unwittingly yielding control of their lives to a local criminal MLA. Framed for a crime they didn't commit but unknowingly admit to, the two find themselves serving a death sentence amid the prison's perils. The son's valiant efforts to expose truths and save his family add layers of humour and heart, delving into themes of avarice and the bonds that endure.

== Cast ==
* [[VJ Sunny]] as Raghava aka Dollar Kumar
* Hrithika Srinivas
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]] as Kuber Kumar
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]] (voiceover)<ref name="D"/>

== Release and reception ==
The film was released in theatres on 24 November 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics who felt that the film was good in bits and pieces.<ref name="D">{{cite news |title=Sound Party entertains in bits and pieces, VJ Sunny Shines|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241123/sound-party-movie-review-rating.html|work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Despite the entertainment quotient, 'Sound Party' falls short of what could have been a comprehensive entertainment experience due to its lacklustre screenplay in a few places. While humorous dialogues featuring Sunny and Shivannarayana manage to elicit a few laughs, they alone are insufficient to salvage the overall viewing experience".<ref name="D"/> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote that "In the uproarious comedy ''Sound Party'', a father-son duo dives into the restaurant business, seeking quick riches but landing in legal troubles. Directed by Sanjay Sheri, the dynamic cast, led by VJ Sunny and Hrithika Srinivas, creates a hilarious ensemble".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sound-party-review-vj-sunny-hrithika-srinivas-film-is-a-laughter-riot-review-105419636|title=Sound Party Review: VJ Sunny, Hrithika Srinivas Film Is A Laughter Riot|date=24 November 2023|website=TimesNow}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' wrote that "On the whole, Sound Party is a comedy caper that has impressive performances by VJ Sunny and Shivannarayana. Although the film starts on a dull note and has a very predictable storyline, the fun factor keeps the audience engaged".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sound-party-review-the-vj-sunny-comedy-caper-is-only-for-a-strict-few-laughs/b36c7f4de9348|title=Sound Party Movie Review! Over the top but has passable comedy|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "On the whole, Sanjay manages to come up with several entertaining bits, but the shoddy screenplay and the predictable nature of the plot make the film less enjoyable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sound-party-review-a-laughter-ride-840102|title='Sound Party' review: A laughter ride|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=24 November 2023|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|26690968}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Vilaasam

2026-03-03T03:30:20Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: fixes

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Pa. Rajaganesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vilaasam
| image =
| caption =
| director = Pa. Rajaganesan
| producer = Pavithran Prashanth
| writer = Pa. Rajaganesan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]]|[[Sanam Shetty]]}}
| music = Ravi Raaghav
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]] V. A. Ramalingam
| editing = Rangees Chandrasekhar
| studio = Sree Sanaa Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|14|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vilaasam''''' ({{translation|Address}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Pa. Rajaganesan. The film stars [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] and [[Sanam Shetty]] in the lead roles. It was released on 14 November 2014, and was later dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2014 |title=பவன் ஹீரோவாக நடிக்கும் விலாசம்! | Pawan acting as hero - movie titled Vilasam |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/23777/cinema/Kollywood/Pawan-acting-as-hero---movie-titled-Vilasam.htm |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Shiva (Seesa)
* [[Sanam Shetty]] as Abhi
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Pandian
* [[Aruldoss]] as Bawa
* [[Rajendran]]
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* Cheran Raj
* [[Sujibala]]
* Shamili
* Sharmila
* [[Bose Venkat]]
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Dr. Naghendirababu
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
* [[Kottachi]]
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was directed by debutant Raja Ganesan, with [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] and [[Sanam Shetty]] picked to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Sanam gets busy in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanam-gets-busy-in-Kollywood/articleshow/42181607.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Vilasam' is getting ready | Sulekha Movies |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/telugu-movie-vilaasam-news-vilasam-is-getting-ready |via=movies.sulekha.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Ravi Raaghav.

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|all_lyrics =
|title1= Yarivo Yevaravro
|extra1= [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|length1=
|title2= Silukku Sundariye
|extra2= [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Priyadharshini, Reshmi
|length2=
|title3= Kasu Thanthavana
|extra3= [[Gana Bala]], Jayamoorthy
|length3=
|title4= Salai Ooram Nindru
|extra4= [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Haricharan]]
|length4=
|title5= Nanba Nanba
|extra5= Deepak
|length5=
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 14 November 2014, alongside six other films in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury-November 14 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-14-news-tamil-ololBmhfhdbfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114142353/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-14-news-tamil-ololBmhfhdbfe.html |archive-date=14 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted that the film was an "appreciable effort by a debutant maker", concluding that it was a "gripping tale about identity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2014 |title=A Gripping Tale about Identity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/nov/15/a-gripping-tale-about-identity-682751.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a positive review, praising the performance of the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2014 |title=விலாசம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2014/11/14121345/Vilasam-movie-review.vpf |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref> Likewise, critics from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' and IFlicks.com also gave the film positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=விலாசம் - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1415/Vilasam/ |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Vilasam |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/11/18151853/Vilasam.vpf |website=Iflicks}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2014 action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Doddaballapura

2026-02-21T19:30:01Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Doddaballapura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name = Dod ballapura
| nickname = DB Pura
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_shield = Karnataka emblem.svg
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.292|N|77.543|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru North district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = City Municipal Council
| government_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 14
| area_rural_km2 = 776
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 880
| population_total = 93105
| population_rural = 214952
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/587/download/1996/DH_2011_2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE_RURAL.pdf|access-date=28 February 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 561 203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-43]]
| website = http://www.doddaballapurcity.mrc.gov.in
| footnotes =
}}
'''Doddaballapura''' is a city and the district headquarters of [[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru North district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. ''Dodda'' means "big" in the native language [[Kannada]]. It is an industrial city which houses several national companies, and lies 40 km away from [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref>[http://bangalorerural.kar.nic.in/english/doddaballapur.asp]{{dead link|date=June 2018}}</ref>

The place is mentioned as Ballalapura thanda in a record dated 1598 from the local Adinarayana temple. It might have originated from the Hoysala name Ballala, and later become corrupted as Ballapura. It is also believed that the village derived its name from a cow used to drop one 'balla' of milk over a certain anthill and this omen led to the foundation of the town. From 'balla' the name Ballapura was thus derived.

==Economy==
Doddaballapur is about 40 km from Bangalore towards North on Bangalore-Hindupur state highway (SH-9). This town is known for weaving silk Sarees. Majority of Taluk's population are still agriculture as main source of income. In town area people are dependent on weaving related business (mainly [[power loom]]s). Thousands of town working group travel daily to Bangalore for work.

[[Bashettihalli]] is a nearby town with numerous industries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dia-association.com/member_industries.shtml|title=Doddaballapur Industries Association, Bangalore|website=www.dia-association.com|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref>

The industrial area including a huge apparel park and it has multiple national and international garments factories established - employs thousands of people in and around Doddaballapur including people from [[Gauribidanur]] travelling daily to the industrial area.

Upcoming Projects:

The site of the upcoming $22 billion, {{convert|12000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[BIAL IT Investment Region]], the largest IT region in India and one of the largest infrastructure projects in Karnataka's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/State-Cabinet-approves-IT-park-near-Devanahalli-airport/article16840312.ece |title=State Cabinet approves IT park near Devanahalli airport |publisher=The Hindu |date=2010-01-29 |accessdate=2018-06-08}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Air===
The [[Kempegowda International Airport]] is the nearest airport.

===Rail===
Doddaballapur railway station (Station code: DBU) is a 4 platform railway station situated on the [[Guntakal–Bangalore section|Bangalore - Guntakal]] electrified double line. No trains originate here, however multiple important trains originating from Bangalore travelling northwards to cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Jaipur etc.. halt here. These trains provide rail connectivity to nearby cities like [[Bangalore]], [[Hindupur]], [[Anantapur]] and [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]]. The railway station is maintained by [[South Western Railway zone|Southwestern Railway zone of Indian railways]].

===Roadways===
Doddaballapur is connected to the Greater Bangalore metropolitan area through Karnataka State Highway 9 and is situated about 20 km away from the suburb of [[Yelahanka]]. The road is a paved 4 lane highway. [[National Highway 648 (India)|National Highway 648]], a stub of [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH - 48]] passes through Doddaballapur. This highway connects [[Dobbaspet]] to [[Hosur]]. State highway 74 also passes through the city. This highway connects [[Nelamangala]] town to [[Chikkaballapur]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Doddaballapura}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bangalore Rural district]]

Skalzang Kalyan

2026-02-18T16:00:06Z

Iautomationtraining Hub:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Skalzang Kalyan
| image =
| fullname = Skalzang Dorjey Kalyan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|8|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tukla, Ladakh|Tukla]],<ref name="qnt"/> [[Leh district]], India (now [[Ladakh]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 18 January 2021
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1246527.html Cricinfo
}}
''' Skalzang Dorjey Kalyan''' (born 19 August 1989) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1246527.html |title=Skalzang Kalyan |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 18 January 2021, for [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]] in the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244382.html |title=Elite, Group A, Bengaluru, Jan 18 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Dorjey Kalyan became the first player from [[Ladakh]] region to play in the national level domestic competition.<ref name="qnt">{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/skalzang-dorjey-kalyan-first-ladakh-cricketer-selected-jandk-team#read-more |title=Skalzang Dorjey Becomes First Ladakhi Picked in J&K’s Cricket Team |website=Quint |access-date=31 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/65720274 |title=Cricket in India: How a tour guide and Thikse Monastery are helping cricket thrive in Ladakh |last=Matthews |first=Callum |website=BBC |access-date=5 June 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1246527}}
* {{CricketArchive|id=2432098}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyan, Skalzang}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Leh district]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Ladakh]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1989-stub}}

Onge

2026-02-15T07:09:08Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: refined citations further and fixed typos per standard format

{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}{{Short description|Ethnic group of Andaman Islands}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Onge
| native_name = {{lang|oon|ॳङे (Öñge)}}
| native_name_lang = oon
| image =
| image_caption = A young Onge mother with her baby
| population = 101<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx 2011 census data]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112010546/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |date=12 January 2021 }}</ref>
| total_year = 2011 census
| regions = {{flag|India}} specifically [[Little Andaman Island]]
| languages = [[Önge language|Önge]], one of the [[Ongan languages]]
| religions = [[traditional religion|traditional]] folk religion (animism)
| related_groups = other [[Andamanese people]]s, especially [[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
}}

The '''Onge''' (also '''Önge''', '''Ongee''', and '''Öñge''') are an [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese ethnic group]], indigenous to the [[Andaman Islands]] in [[Southeast Asia]] at the [[Bay of Bengal]], [[India]]. They are traditionally [[hunter-gatherers|hunter-gatherers and fishers]], but also practice [[plant cultivation]]. They are designated as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Distribution of different Andamanese peoples, languages, and dialects at the time of British contact compared to the present day.png|left|thumb|200x200px|The distributions of different Andamanese peoples, languages, and dialects at the time of British contact compared to the present-day.]]
In the 18th century the Onge were distributed across [[Little Andaman Island]] and the nearby islands, with some territory and camps established on [[Rutland Island]] and the southern tip of [[South Andaman Island]]. After they encountered British colonial officers, friendly relations were established with the [[British Empire]] in the 1800s through Lieutenant [[Archibald Blair]]. Originally restive, they were pacified by [[Maurice Vidal Portman|M. V. Portman]] in the 1890s.{{clarify|reason=In what way were they 'restive'? What does it mean that they were 'pacified'? These terms seem like obscure euphemisms for some kind of violent conflict.|date=August 2013}}<ref name="weber1">George Weber, ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm the Tribes]''. Chapter 8 in ''[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/text-group-BodyChapters.htm The andamanese]''. Accessed on 2012-07-03.</ref><ref name="portman" /> British naval officer [[Maurice Vidal Portman|M. V. Portman]] described them as the "mildest, most timid, and inoffensive" group of Andamanese people he had encountered.<ref name="weber">{{cite web|first=George|last=Weber|url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm|title=Maurice Vidal Portman (1861–1935)|work=The Andamanese (Appendix A – Pioneer Biographies of the British Period to 1947)|access-date=3 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204050/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/app-a/a-portman.htm|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="portman"/> By the end of the 19th century they sometimes visited the [[South Brother Island, India|South]] and [[North Brother Island, India|North Brother Islands]] to catch [[sea turtle]]s; at the time, those islands seemed to be the boundary between their territory and the range of the [[Great Andamanese people]] further north.<ref name="portman">M. V. Portman (1899), ''[http://booksnow2.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca2/22/historyofourrela02portuoft/historyofourrela02portuoft_bw.pdf A history of our Relations with the Andamanese]'', Volume II. Office of the Government Printing, Calcutta, India.</ref> Today, the surviving members are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman: Dugong Creek in the northeast, and South Bay.

The Onge were semi-nomadic and fully dependent on [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] for food.

The Onge are one of the aboriginal peoples ([[adivasi]]) of India. Together with the other Andamanese tribes and a few other isolated groups elsewhere in [[Oceania]], they comprise the [[Negrito]] peoples.

[[image:Onge people depicted in Kolkata Museum.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Onge people in Kolkata Museum]]

=== Population ===
Onge population numbers were substantially reduced in the aftermath of colonisation and settlement, from 672 in 1901 to barely 100.<ref name="Pandya1993">{{cite book |last=Pandya |first=Vishvajit |title=Above the Forest: A Study of Andamanese Ethnoanemology, Cosmology, and the Power of Ritual |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562971-2}}</ref>{{rp|51}}<ref name="bbc2004a">{{cite news |title=अंडमान में जनजातियों को ख़तरा |trans-title=Tribes endangered in the Andamans |work=BBC News |date=30 December 2004 |language=hi |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2004/12/041230_tsunami_aborigins |quote=जारवा के 100, ओन्गी के 105, ग्रेट एंडमानिस के 40–45 और सेन्टेलीज़ के क़रीब 250 लोग नेगरीटो कबीले से हैं, जो दक्षिण एशिया की प्राचीनतम जनजाति है {{bracket|100 of the Jarawa, 105 of the Onge, 40–45 of the Great Andamanese, and about 250 of the Sentinelese belong to the Negrito group which is South Asia's oldest tribal affiliation}}.}}</ref> The population is still maintaining their cultural and biological identity, and it appears that total numbers have increased from 100 to 117 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raviprasad |first1=B.V. |last2=Ghosh |first2=Amit Kumar |last3=Sasikumar |first3=M. |year=2020 |title=Survival, Continuity and Identity Among the Onge of Andaman and Nicobar Islands |series=Volume 69, Issue 1 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |volume=69 |pages=71–81|doi=10.1177/2277436X20927255 |s2cid=220324793 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A major cause of the decline in Onge population is the changes in their food habits brought about by their contact with the outside world.<ref>Devi, L. Dilly (1987). "Sociological Aspects of Food and Nutrition among the Onges of the Little Andaman Island". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delhi, Delhi</ref> The Onge are also one of the least fertile people in the world. About 40% of the married couples are sterile. Onge women rarely become pregnant before the age of 28.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA44 | title=Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns| isbn=978-81-8324-010-9| last1=Mann| first1=Rann Singh| date=January 2005| publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref> Infant and child mortality is in the range of 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/ecocide-or-genocide-the-onge-andaman-islands |title=Ecocide or Genocide? The Onge in the Andaman Islands |work=Cultural Survival |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The Onge's [[net reproductive index]] is 0.91.<ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA64 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 64. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> The net reproductive index among the Great Andamanese is 1.40.<ref>A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA72 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 72. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref>

In 1901, there were 672 Onge; 631 in 1911, 346 in 1921, 250 in 1931, and 150 in 1951.<ref name="jsr1976">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social Research |title=Journal of Social Research |publisher=Council of Social and Cultural Research, Ranchi University Department of Anthropology, Bihar |date=1976 |volume=19 |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIQrAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Frontline1999">{{cite journal |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1609/16090710.htm |title=Little Andaman: a chronology |journal=Frontline |date=1999 |location=Chennai, India |volume=16 |issue=9 |issn=0970-1710}}</ref>

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=== Tsunami surviving tactics ===
The semi-nomadic Onge have traditional stories that tell of the ground shaking and a great wall of water destroying the land. Taking heed of this story, the Onge survived the [[tsunami|tsunami catastrophe]] caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] by taking shelter in the highlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/mariana-budjeryn/and-then-came-tsunami-disaster-brings-atte |title=And Then Came the Tsunami: Disaster Brings Attention and New Challenges to Asia's Indigenous Peoples |access-date=22 February 2010 |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |publisher=[[Cultural Survival Quarterly]]}}</ref>

=== Poisoning incident ===
In December 2008, eight male tribal members died after drinking a toxic liquid{{spnd}}identified as [[methanol]] by some sources{{spnd}}that they had apparently mistaken for [[ethanol|drinking alcohol]].<ref name="alcerr">{{cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=9 December 2008|title=Alcohol error hits Andamans tribe|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7772952.stm|access-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> The liquid apparently came from a container that had washed ashore at Dugong Creek near their settlement on the island, but Port Blair authorities ordered an investigation into whether it had originated elsewhere. A further 15 Onge were taken to hospital with at least one critically ill.<ref name="bottle">{{cite web|author=Buncombe, Andrew|date=12 December 2008|title=Washed-up poison bottle kills eight members of island tribe|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/washedup-poison-bottle-kills-eight-members-of-island-tribe-1062908.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212223232/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/washedup-poison-bottle-kills-eight-members-of-island-tribe-1062908.html|archive-date=12 December 2008|access-date=12 December 2008|location=London|format=online edition|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

With their population estimated at only around 100 before the incident, the director of [[Survival International]] described the mass poisoning as a "calamity for the Onge", and warned that any more deaths could "put the survival of the entire tribe in serious danger".<ref name="bottle" /> [[Bhupinder Singh Thakur|Bhopinder Singh]], the [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman Islands]], ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2008|title=Inquiry ordered into death of Onge tribesmen|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812111313.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151921/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812111313.htm|archive-date=3 November 2012|access-date=13 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Onge have been rather vulnerable toward any option for radical change, they deserve close, careful attention to ward off any untoward impact of change-initiatives.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Danda |first1=Dipali |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Sumit |title=Dilemma of Development among the Onge of Andaman |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-032-15127-4}}</ref>

== Culture and religion ==
The native Andamanese religion and belief system is a form of [[animism]]. [[Ancestor worship]] is an important element in the religious traditions of the Andaman islands.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bxown AK|date=30 September 1909|title=The Religion of the Andaman Islanders|journal=Folklore|volume=20|issue=3|pages=257–371|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1909.9719883}}</ref> The Andamanese probably had no government or clan leader, but made decisions by group [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Andaman Islanders|vauthors=Brown AR|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1933|location=Cambridge|page=44}}</ref>

== Language ==
The Onge speak the [[Önge language]]. It is one of two known [[Ongan languages]] (southern [[Andamanese languages]]). Önge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north, and possibly in the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], and, after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined. However, a moderate increase has been observed in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=23&issue_id=9 |title=The Colonisation of Little Andaman Island |access-date=23 June 2008 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, there were 94 native Onge speakers<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite book |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2013 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |chapter=Öñge |edition=17th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |chapter-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/oon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160836/http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/oon/ |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman Island (see map above), making it an [[endangered language]].

The [[Ongan languages]], to which Onge belongs, have been proposed by [[Juliette Blevins]] to be related to [[East Asian languages|Mainland Asian languages]], such as [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]].<ref>Blevins, Juliette (2007), "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands" (PDF), ''Oceanic Linguistics'', '''46''' (1): 154–198, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1353/ol.2007.0015, [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 143141296</ref> However, this proposal has not been well received by other linguists, such as [[Robert Blust]], who concludes that the hypothesis is not supported by the [[comparative method]] (used in linguistics), and also cites non-linguistic (such as cultural, archaeological, and biological) evidence against Blevins' hypothesis.<ref>Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 53:2:300–391. "To put it bluntly, the AON hypothesis is a castle built on sand, an elaborate illusion fostered by the misplaced hope that a major discovery has been made that somehow eluded the investigations of all other scholars."|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279031484_Some_Recent_Proposals_Concerning_the_Classification_of_the_Austronesian_Languages</ref> [[George van Driem]] (2011) considers Blevins' evidence as "not compelling", although he leaves the possibility open that some resemblances could be the result of contact/borrowing, a position also held by Hoogervorst (2012).<ref>{{cite book |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2011 |chapter=Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256442016 |access-date= 13 November 2021 |editor=N.J Enfield |title=Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Hoogervorst |first=Tom |year=2012 |title=Southeast Asia in the ancient Indian Ocean world: combining historical linguistic and archaeological approaches |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Oxford |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8b47816-7184-42ab-958e-026bc3431ea3 |access-date=13 November 2021 |quote=Nevertheless, it is conceivable that some of the given forms are genuinely related, though better explained as loans than common inheritance (p. 91).}}</ref>

== Genetics ==
[[File:PCA calculated on present-day individuals from eastern Eurasia and Near Oceania.png|thumb|PCA calculated on present-day and ancient individuals from eastern Eurasia and Oceania. PC1 (23,8%) distinguish East-Eurasians and Australo-Melanesians, while PC2 (6,3%) differentiates East-Eurasians along a North to South cline.]]
[[File:Eastern non-Africans.png|thumb|Genetic population tree of "eastern non-African" populations.]]
Genetically, the Onge, as well as other Andamanese people, are distantly related to [[East Asian people]]. The Andamanese Onge show the highest affinity towards some Southeast Asian [[Negrito]] ethnic groups, such as the [[Aeta people]], but also ancient remains of [[Hoabinhian]]s, which are all characterized by Basal-East Asian ancestry. It was found that Andamanese (Onge) split from the common ancestor of modern day East Asians between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, before becoming isolated on the [[Andaman Islands]]. The Andamanese (Onge) as well as East Asians, are also distantly related to Ancient Ancestral South Indians, a proposed ancient indigenous lineage of [[South Asia]]. Recent genetic evidence suggest that a Basal-East Asian population (close or ancestral to Andamanese and East Asians) was widespread in [[Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|journal=Nature|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|issn=0028-0836|pmc=8387238|pmid=34433944|bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=30 March 2021|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|article-number=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512|bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="LipsonReich2017">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |year=2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url= |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yan |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Chen |first3=Pengyu |last4=Wang |first4=Zheng |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=Combined Low-/High-Density Modern and Ancient Genome-Wide Data Document Genomic Admixture History of High-Altitude East Asians |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=12 |issue=582357 |article-number=582357 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.582357 |doi-access=free |pmid=33643377 |pmc=7905318 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aghakhanian |first1=Farhang |last2=Hoh |first2=Boon-Peng |last3=Yew |first3=Chee-Wei |last4=Subbiah |first4=Vijay Kumar |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Sequence analyses of Malaysian Indigenous communities reveal historical admixture between Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=13743 |page=13743 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-17884-8 |pmid=35962005 |pmc=9374673 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1213743A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tianyi |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Zhu |first3=Zhonghua |last4=Ma |first4=Minmin |last5=Shi |first5=Han |last6=Speidel |first6=Leo |last7=Min |first7=Rui |last8=Yuan |first8=Haibing |last9=Jiang |first9=Zhilong |last10=Hu |first10=Changcheng |last11=Li |first11=Xiaorui |last12=Zhao |first12=Dongyue |last13=Bai |first13=Fan |last14=Cao |first14=Peng |last15=Liu |first15=Feng |date=29 May 2025 |title=Prehistoric genomes from Yunnan reveal ancestry related to Tibetans and Austroasiatic speakers |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq9792 |journal=Science |volume=388 |issue=6750 |doi=10.1126/science.adq9792 |quote=The present-day Onge and ancient Hòabìnhian individual (La368) share a close genetic relationship to each other, carrying a deeply diverged Basal Asian ancestry as genetically distant from populations carrying Tianyuan ancestry as those carrying East Asian ancestry. |article-number=eadq9792 |pmid=40440384 |bibcode=2025Sci...388q9792W }}</ref> Onge are also closely related to [[Papuans (Indonesia)|Papuans]] and [[Aboriginal Australians]] although they lack the additional Denisovan ancestry found in the latter two,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001/html |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |volume=2 |issue=1 |via=Pivot Science Publications}}</ref> however, other studies detected Denisovan and Neanderthal affinities.<ref name="Mondal, Bertranpetit & Lao.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mondal M, Bertranpetit J, Lao O | title = Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = 246 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30651539 | pmc = 6335398 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7 | bibcode = 2019NatCo..10..246M }}</ref><ref name="Teixeira & Cooper">{{cite journal | vauthors = Teixeira JC, Cooper A | title = Using hominin introgression to trace modern human dispersals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 116 | issue = 31 | pages = 15327–15332 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31300536 | pmc = 6681743 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1904824116 | bibcode = 2019PNAS..11615327T | doi-access = free }}</ref> Overall, despite their affinities, there was a simultaneous split between the Onge, Asian (including Han, Indigenous Taiwanese and Thai) and Near Oceanian (including Aboriginal Australians and Melanesians) lineages after the initial eastward migration of an [[Ancient East Eurasians|ancient eastern lineage]] from the [[Iranian Plateau]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Purnomo |first1=Gludhug A. |last2=Kealy |first2=Shimona |last3=Connor |first3=Sue O' |last4=Tobler |first4=Raymond |display-authors=3 |date=2024 |title=The genetic origins and impacts of historical Papuan migrations into Wallacea |journal=PNAS |volume=121 |issue=52 |article-number=e2412355121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2412355121 |doi-access=free |pmid=39689173 |pmc=11670103 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12112355P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vallini |first1=Leonardo |last2=Zampieri |first2=Carlo |last3=Shoaee |first3=Mohamed Javad |last4=Bortolini |first4=Eugenio |display-authors=3 |date=2024 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1882 |page=1882 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |pmid=38528002 |pmc=10963722 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1882V }}</ref>
[[File:Population genome tree (SAsia or AASI).png|thumb|Genetic population tree of Eurasian populations.]]
A study by Reich et al. (2009) found that while the Onge are distantly related to modern South Asians, they have none of the admixture from [[Neolithic]] Iranian farmers or [[Yamnaya culture|steppe pastoralists]] which is widespread on the mainland. From this, they conclude that the Onge are solely descended from one of the ancient populations which contributed to the genetics of modern Indians.<ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|date=24 September 2009|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> According to Chaubey and Endicott (2013), overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asians and East Asians than they are to present-day South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Endicott|first1=Phillip|last2=Chaubey|first2=Gyaneshwer|date=June 2013|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1/3|pages=153–173|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927|issn=0018-7143|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to Yelmen et al. 2019, the non-West Eurasian part extracted from South Asian samples, especially from certain South Indian tribal groups, are a better proxy for Ancient Ancestral South Asian (AASI) ancestry than the Andamanese Onge are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yelmen|first1=Burak|last2=Mondal|first2=Mayukh|last3=Marnetto|first3=Davide|last4=Pathak|first4=Ajai K|last5=Montinaro|first5=Francesco|last6=Gallego Romero|first6=Irene|last7=Kivisild|first7=Toomas|last8=Metspalu|first8=Mait|last9=Pagani|first9=Luca|date=August 2019|title=Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1628–1642|doi=10.1093/molbev/msz037|issn=0737-4038|pmc=6657728|pmid=30952160}}</ref> There is also evidence of deep divergence between the AASI lineage and the ancestry found in present Onge.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite bioRxiv |last1=Kerdoncuff |first1=Elise |last2=Skov |first2=Laurits |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Zhao |first4=Wei |display-authors=3 |date=2024 |title=50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ∼2,700 Whole Genome Sequences |biorxiv=10.1101/2024.02.15.580575 }}</ref> According to a 2023 study, [[Great Andamanese]] are found to be ancestral to the Onge and [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] groups.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Thirunavukkarasu |first1=Sitalaximi |last2=Varghese |first2=N. |last3=Kashyap |first3=V.K. |date=2023 |title=Genetic differentiation of Andaman Islanders and their relatedness to Nicobar Islanders |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367466955 |journal=Human Gene |volume=35 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

The Onge's physical similarities with indigenous [[Africans|African]] groups are also reflective of adaptation to tropical rainforests and [[convergent evolution]] rather than shared ancestry.<ref name=":3" />

The Onge population is consistently declining and infant mortality rate is very high. Several physiological parameters such as ABO, Rh blood group, blood pressure, SGOT, SGPT and total protein level, Hepatitis B surface antigen, VDRL and some genetic markers have been conducted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shrawan |date=1988 |title=Blood groups, sickle cell trait and total haemoglobin among Onge of Little Andaman |url=https://www.academia.edu/99184442 |journal=Human Science |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=378–381}}</ref> The results of blood pressure, cholesterol level and liver enzyme test do not show any abnormality. However, the incidence of HbsAg is found to be very high that might have affected their fertility.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shrawan |date=1992 |title=Immunogenetic study on the Onge population |url=https://www.academia.edu/97472297 |journal=J. Anthrop. Surv. India |volume=41 |pages=55–84}}</ref>

Analysis of paternal lineages indicates that all Onge carry the Y-DNA [[Haplogroup D-M174|Haplogroup D]], widespread in [[East Asia]] and less in [[Central Asia]].<ref>Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V.Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, [[Erika Hagelberg]]（2003）；[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982202013362 Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population] ；Current Biology　Volume 13, Issue 2, 21 January 2003, Pages 86–93　doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2</ref> Maternally, the Onge also exclusively belong to the [[haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]] clade, bearing the M2 and M4 subclades, commonly found in Asia.<ref name="endicott2003">{{cite journal |title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders |author1=M. Phillip Endicott |author2=Thomas P. Gilbert |author3=Chris Stringer |author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox |author5=Eske Willerslev |author6=Anders J. Hansen |author7=Alan Cooper |year=2003 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307014229/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2019|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=178–184 |quote=The HVR‑1 data separate them into two lineages, identified on the Indian mainland ... as M4 and M2 ... The Andamanese M2 contains two haplotypes ... developed in situ, after an early colonization ... Alternatively, it is possible that the haplotypes have become extinct in India or are present at a low frequency and have not yet been sampled, but, in each case, an early settlement of the Andaman Islands by an M2‑bearing population is implied ... The Andaman M4 haplotype ... is still present among populations in India, suggesting it was subject to the late Pleistocene population expansions.... |pmid=12478481 |doi=10.1086/345487 |pmc=378623 |bibcode=2003AmJHG..72..178E }}</ref><ref name="Reich" /><ref name="Moorjani">{{cite journal |last=Moorjani |first=Priya |author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |author6=David Reich |title=Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=422–438 |date=5 September 2013 |pmid=23932107 |pmc=3769933 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006}}</ref>

The immunoglobulin levels (G,M and A) have been studied and found to be quite high compare to other Indian and world populations. The increase level of immunoglobulins in the Onge might have resulted to frequent exposure to different kind of infections and diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shrawan |date=1987 |title=Study of immunoglobulin levels in the Onge of Little Andaman |url=https://www.academia.edu/99046127 |journal=Human Science |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=260–265}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Negritos}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Negritos]]

Parvathi Nayar

2026-02-09T06:06:45Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: New details

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvathi Nayar
| image = Parvathi-nayar.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|3|24}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| education = [[University of the Arts London|Central St Martins College of Art and Design]]
| known_for = [[Contemporary Art]], Drawings, Videos
| notable_works = <li>A Story of Flight, <li>Jai He public art project, <li>T2 Terminal Mumbai Airport <li>The Fluidity of Horizons <li>Kochi Muziris Biennale
| website = {{URL|http://www.parvathinayar.com/}}
}}

'''Parvathi Nayar''' is a [[New Delhi]] born visual artist and creative writer. She is best known for her creative videos, sculptures, paintings, bookmaking and photography. She was one of 70 artists selected to be part of B70, the historical 70th anniversary birthday show of [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://chennailivenews.com/Art-Culture/Features/20143604103606/Parvathys-Master-strokes.aspx | title=Parvathy's Master strokes | publisher=Chennai live news | access-date=2016-10-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202171825/http://chennailivenews.com/Art-Culture/Features/20143604103606/Parvathys-Master-strokes.aspx | archive-date=2 December 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
One of her works, a 20-foot-high drawn sculpture artwork, was installed at New Mumbai airport on the opening day ceremony in 2014. Her work has also been collected by [[Singapore Art Museum]], [[Sotheby's Institute of Art]], The Australia India Institute and [[Deutsche Bank]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/infinite-canvas/article696741.ece | title= Infinite canvas | publisher=The Hindu | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/aug/23/a-life-offered-to-art-509528.html | title=A life offered to art | publisher= New Indian Express | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-celebrating-amitabh-bachchan-on-canvas-1751300 | title=Celebrating Amitabh Bachchan on canvas | publisher=DNA India | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://artradarjournal.com/2014/01/10/indias-largest-public-art-project-opens-in-mumbai-airport/ | title=India's largest public art project lands at Mumbai airport | publisher=Artradarjournal | access-date=2016-10-07 | archive-date=28 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528212002/http://artradarjournal.com/2014/01/10/indias-largest-public-art-project-opens-in-mumbai-airport/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==
2004 MA Fine Art, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London on a Chevening Scholarship from the British government
1985 BA Fine Art (Distinction), Stella Maris College, University of Madras, Madras. She was ranked first in the University, Best Outgoing Student, Dept Of Fine Arts,
Matriculation (Second State Rank, Tamil Nadu) & Plus2,
[[Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/aug/23/a-life-offered-to-art-509528.html | title=A life offered to art | publisher=New Indian Express | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>

==Work==
Parvathi’s work examines the narratives of spatial relationships, both the internal/intimate spaces, and the external/public, and often through the prism of science and technology. She often uses science as a medium to explain and explore world through unusual microscopic and macroscopic perspectives.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-math-of-art-parvathi-nayar-on-her-12piece-sculpture-music-of-the-spheres/article9060348.ece | title=The math of art | publisher=The Hindu | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=272 | title=Parvathi Nayar's art with a social agenda | publisher=The Arts Trust | access-date=2016-10-07 | archive-date=9 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115517/http://www.theartstrust.com/Magazine_article.aspx?articleid=272 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Jai He Public Art Project
Her 20-foot-high drawn-sculptural artwork was commissioned and installed as part of the public art project Jai He at the new Mumbai airport that opened in 2014<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/t2-mumbai-a-grand-museum-that-shows-what-indian-art-is-all-about/article5563019.ece | title=T2 Mumbai: A grand museum that shows 'what Indian art is all about'| publisher=The Hindu Business Line| access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>
The Seeds of Things/The Nature of Things
The hand-drawn graphite drawing The Seeds of Things (90 x 63 x 2 inches) and its companion video The Nature of Things (duration 6 mins, 34 secs) was created for the show To Let The World In curated by Dr Chaitanya Sambrani, Art Chennai, Lalit Kala Akademi, 2012.
The Ambiguity of Landscapes
Solo show of drawings, videos, artist book, animation and photography curated by Annapurna Garimella at Gallery Veda, Chennai, India
Kochi Muziris Biennale 2014/15
Parvathi was invited to the Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2014/15 curated by Jitish Kallat for which she created an installation of drawings and sound titled "The Fluidity of Horizons".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fwdlife.in/six-powerful-installations-by-women-artists-from-kochi-muziris-biennale-that-you-may-have-missed | title=Six powerful Installations by women artists from Kochi-Muziris Biennale that you may have missed!!! | publisher=FWD Life | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/biennale-2014/i-felt-biennale-theme-was-written-for-me-parvathi-nayar.html | title=I felt Biennale theme was written for me: Parvathi Nayar | publisher=Manorama Online | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/sep/26/A-holy-dip-in-the-river-that-was-Cooum-years-ago-1522967--1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608035152/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/sep/26/A-holy-dip-in-the-river-that-was-Cooum-years-ago-1522967--1.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 June 2023 | title=A holy dip in the river that was Cooum, years ago! | publisher= New Indian Express | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140826/lifestyle-booksart/article/scent-madras-jasmine | title=Scent of Madras jasmine | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>
.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/infinite-canvas/article696741.ece | title=Infinite canvas | publisher=The Hindu | access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref> Parvathy was also the "TEDx Chennai Speaker" for the event held on 23 October 2016 at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tedxchennai.in/#speakers|title=TEDxChennai|website=TEDxChennai|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>

===List of selected exhibitions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
|-
| colspan="2" | Solos
|-
| 2014
| "The Ambiguity of Landscapes" curated by Annapurna Garimella, Gallery Veda, [[Chennai]], [[India]]
|-
| 2008
| "I Sing the Body Electric", Bombay Art Gallery, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|-
| 2007
| "Win Lose Draw", commissioned by ARTSingapore, [[Singapore]]
|-
| 2006
| "Innerscapes", curated by Caroline Bannerjee, Song of India, [[Singapore]]
|-
| 2006
| "drawing is a verb: an installation", curated by Phan Ming Yen, [[Old Parliament House, Singapore|The Arts House]], [[Singapore]]
|-
| 1998
| "Journey", Kinara, [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|-
| 1997
| "Flowers, Faces, Feelings", [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|-
| 1996
| "the art of a woman", the Koi Gallery, [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
|-
| 1994
| "Woman and the Elements", [[Temasek Polytechnic]], [[Singapore]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, Parvathi}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-09T01:39:22Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: New details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Robertsganj {{Small|UP-80}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Robertsganj.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 1952
|party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp = [[Chhotelal Kharwar]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons = [[Chakia Assembly constituency|Chakia]] [[Ghorawal Assembly constituency|Ghorawal]] [[Robertsganj Assembly constituency|Robertsganj]] [[Obra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Obra]] [[Duddhi Assembly constituency|Duddhi]]
|electors =
|reservation=SC
}}
'''Robertsganj''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|383
|[[Chakia Assembly constituency|Chakia]] (SC)
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|Kailash Kharvar
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 400
|[[Ghorawal Assembly constituency|Ghorawal]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|[[Anil Kumar Maurya]]
|-
|401
|[[Robertsganj Assembly constituency|Robertsganj]]
|[[Bhupesh Chaubey]]
|-
|402
|[[Obra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Obra]] (ST)
|Sanjeev Gond
|-
|403
|[[Duddhi Assembly constituency|Duddhi]] (ST)
|Vacant
|{{party name with color|Casual vacancy}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |Ram Swarup
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Shiv Sampati Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Pyare Panika]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Subedar Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ram Nihor Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Ram Shakal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Lal Chandra Kol]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|2007^
|[[Bhai Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Chhotelal Kharwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|{{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Chhotelal Kharwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

^By Poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Robertsganj<ref name="Robertsganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Robertsganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/robertsganj |accessdate=22 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622144436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/robertsganj |archivedate=22 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Robertsganj">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Robertsganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2480.htm |accessdate=22 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622144448/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2480.htm |archivedate=22 June 2025}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Chhotelal Kharwar]]|votes=4,65,848|percentage=46.14|change={{increase}}6.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Apna Dal (Soneylal)|candidate=[[Rinki Kol]]|votes=336,614|percentage=33.34|change={{decrease}}11.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dhaneshwar Gautam|votes=118,778
|percentage=11.77|change={{increase}}11.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=19,032
|percentage=1.89|change={{decrease}}0.25}}
{{Election box majority||votes=129,234
|percentage=12.80|change={{increase}}7.30}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,009,545
|percentage=56.74|change={{decrease}}0.63}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Apna Dal (Soneylal)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Robertsganj<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|votes = 4,47,914
|percentage = 45.32
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Bhai Lal]]
|votes =3,93,578
|percentage = 39.82
|change = {{increase}}24.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Chaudhary
|votes =35,269
|percentage =3.57
|change = {{decrease}}6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 21,118
|percentage = 2.14
|change = {{increase}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,336
|percentage = 5.50
|change = {{decrease}}16.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,88,804
|percentage =57.37
|change = {{increase}}3.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Robertsganj]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chhotelal]]
|votes = 3,78,211
|percentage = 42.69
|change = {{increase}}25.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sharada Prasad
|votes = 1,87,725
|percentage = 21.19
|change = {{decrease}}6.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Pakauri Lal|Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|votes = 1,35,966
|percentage = 15.35
|change = {{decrease}}21.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Chaudhary
|votes = 86,235
|percentage = 9.73
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Kannaoujiya
|votes = 24,363
|percentage = 2.75
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 18,489
|percentage = 2.09
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,90,486
|percentage = 21.50
|change = {{increase}}12.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,85,876
|percentage = 54.05
|change = {{increase}}4.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Robertsganj]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
|votes = 2,16,478
|percentage = 36.36
|change ={{increase}}11.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Chandra Tyagi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,66,219
|percentage = 27.92
|change ={{increase}}1.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Shakal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,04,411
|percentage = 17.54
|change ={{decrease}}5.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Adhar Joseph
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 55,809
|percentage = 9.37
|change ={{increase}}0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rambriksha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 15,936
|percentage = 2.68
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gulab
|party = PDFO
|votes = 9,951
|percentage = 1.67
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Chandra Shekhar
|party = [[Janvadi Party (Socialist)|JPS]]
|votes = 8,439
|percentage = 1.42
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 8,271
|percentage = 1.39
|change =''N/A''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,259
|percentage = 8.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,98,805
|percentage = 49.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Robertsganj]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/robertsganj/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Robertsganj lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Mirzapur Division topics}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Coord|24.68|83.08|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sonbhadra district]]

Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T07:50:35Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: edit

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rohtak {{Small|HR-7}}
| type = LS
| map_image = Haryana_Wahlkreise_Lok_Sabha.svg
| map_caption = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Haryana]], Rohtak is numbered 7
| established = 1952
| incumbent_image = Deepender_Singh_Hooda.jpg
| mp = [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
| reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| assembly_cons = [[Meham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Meham]]
 [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]] [[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] [[Kalanaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalanaur]] [[Bahadurgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurgarh]] [[Badli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badli]] [[Jhajjar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhajjar]] [[Beri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beri]] [[Kosli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kosli]]
}}

'''Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 10 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] and [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]] districts and part of [[Rewari district]].
{{Pie chart
| value1 = 61.90
| value6 = 4.7
| value3 = 9.52
| value2 = 9.52
| value5 = 4.76
| value4 = 4.76
| value7 = 4.76
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (13 Times)]]
| label6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''Bharatiya Janata Party''' (1 Time)]]
| label3 = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|'''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' (2 Times)]]
| label2 = [[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (2 Times)]]
| label5 = [[Janata Dal|'''Janata Dal''' (1 Time)]]
| label4 = [[Lokdal|'''Lokdal''' (1 Time)]]
| label7 = [[Indian National Lok Dal|'''Indian National Lok Dal''' (1 Time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color6 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| color2 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color4 = {{party color|Lokdal}}
| color7 = {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
| caption = Members of Parliament from Rohtak Lok Sabha Constituency
}}

==Assembly segments==
At present, Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies. These are:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary/Assembly Constituency wise Electors in Final Roll 2009 |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409213734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana}}</ref>
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|60
|[[Meham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Meham]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
|[[Balram Dangi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
|61
|[[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|-
|62
|[[Rohtak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
|[[Bharat Bhushan Batra]]
|-
|63
|[[Kalanaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalanaur]] (SC)
|[[Shakuntla Khatak|Shakuntala Khatak]]
|-
|64
|[[Bahadurgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurgarh]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
|[[Rajesh Joon (politician)|Rajesh Joon]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|65
|[[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
|[[Kuldeep Vats]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|66
|[[Jhajjar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhajjar]] (SC)
|[[Geeta Bhukkal]]
|-
|67
|[[Beri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beri]]
|[[Raghuvir Singh Kadian]]
|-
|73
|[[Kosli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kosli]]
|[[Rewari district|Rewari]]
|[[Anil Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohtak (Haryana) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019-Rohtak Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/parliamentary-constituencies/rohtak.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranbir Singh Hooda|Ch. Ranbir Singh Hooda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Ch. Ramandeep
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Chaudhary Randhir Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Mukhtiar Singh Malik|Ch. Mukhtiar Singh Malik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Sher Singh Kadyan|Prof. Sher Singh Kadyan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Swami Indrevesh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hardwari Lal|Ch. Hardwari Lal Dalal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1987^
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Chaudhari Devi Lal|Ch. Devi Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda|Ch. Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|Capt. Inder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda|Ch. Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" rowspan"4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2005^
| rowspan="3" |[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma|Arvind Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

^ denotes by-polls

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rohtak]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 783,578
|percentage= 62.76
|change={{increase}}16.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 438,280
|percentage= 35.11
|change={{down}}11.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,362
|percentage = 0.19
|change = {{down}}0.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 345,298
|percentage = 27.65
|change = {{up}}27.04
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,254,043
|percentage =65.53
|change ={{decrease}}4.99
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Rohtak<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]|votes=573,845|percentage=47.01|change={{increase}}16.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]|votes=566,342|percentage=46.40|change={{decrease}}0.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jannayak Janata Party|candidate=Pradeep Deswal|votes=21,211|percentage=1.74|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=3001|percentage=0.25|change={{decrease}}0.22}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,503|percentage=0.61|change={{decrease}}15.73}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,224,994|percentage=70.52|change={{increase}}3.81}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Rohtak<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]|votes=4,90,063|percentage=46.86|change={{decrease}}23.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Om Prakash Dhankar]]|votes=3,19,436|percentage=30.55|change={{increase}}30.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Shamsher Singh Kharkara|votes=1,51,120|percentage=14.45|change={{decrease}}2.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Naveen Jaihind|votes=46,759|percentage=4.47|change={{increase}}4.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=4,932|percentage=0.47|change={{increase}}0.47}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,70,627|percentage=16.34|change={{decrease}}36.98}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,45,723|percentage=66.71|change={{increase}}1.15}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}23.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Rohtak<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
|votes = 5,85,016
|percentage = 69.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Nafe Singh Rathee]]
|votes = 1,39,280
|percentage = 16.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raj Kumar
|votes = 68,210
|percentage = 8.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
|candidate = Krishan Murti
|votes = 20,472
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Satyawan Ranga
|votes = 6,876
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,45,736
|percentage = 53.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,35,930
|percentage = 65.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rohtak district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|28.9|76.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohtak (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Jhajjar district]]

Batala

2026-01-28T10:23:46Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: general adjusted layout based on references and added references after review

{{About|the city in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Batala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Punjabi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Kandh Sahib.jpg
| photo2b = Veer Hakikat Rai Ji.jpg
| photo2a = Darshan of Kali maata.jpg
| photo3a = Batala railway station Entry.jpg
| size = 260
}}
| image_alt = Batala Map
| image_caption = [[Gurudwara]] Kandh Sahib, [[Kali Mata]] [[Mandir]], [[Haqiqat Rai]] temple, [[Batala railway station]] entry
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.8186|N|75.2028|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Majha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1465
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Local self-government in India|Local Self Government]]
| governing_body = [[Batala Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Sukhdeep Singh Teja
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| area_footnotes = (2015)
| area_rank = 8th
| area_total_km2 = 42
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 249
| population_total = 211594
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank =
| population_metro = 617780
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 143505
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01871<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2018-04-18|title=Telephone directory of Gurdaspur district|url=http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/telephone_directory.htm|website=gurdaspur.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214111246/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/telephone_directory.htm|archive-date=14 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| registration_plate = PB-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from Amritsar
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|39|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from Jalandhar
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|78|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Chandigarh
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|203|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|470|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha#Punjab|Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Batala Assembly Constituency]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Batala''' is the eighth largest city in the state of [[Punjab, India]] in terms of population after [[Ludhiana]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Patiala]], [[Bathinda]], [[Mohali]] and [[Hoshiarpur]]. Batala ranks as the second-oldest city after Bathinda. It is a [[municipal corporation]] (since 3 March 2019) in [[Gurdaspur district]] in the [[Majha]] region of the state of Punjab. It is located from holy city Amritsar 39 km and about 32km from [[Gurdaspur]], the headquarters of the district. It is also a [[Police district]]. Batala holds the status of the most populated town of the district with 31% of the district's total population. It is the biggest industrial town in the district.

Batala is an important place for [[Sikh]] devotees. [[Guru Nanak Dev|Guru Nanak]], the founder of the Sikh religion was married here to Mata Sulakhni, the daughter of Mul Chand Chauna in 1485.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050802074716/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-08-02|title=About District}}</ref> Many [[temple]]s and [[gurdwara]]s related to the guru's marriage attract devotees from near and far. Every year celebrations are conducted on the anniversary of Nanak's marriage (Babe Nanak Da Viah) at Gurudwara Kandh Sahib. There is also a historical gurdwara Satkartarian Sahib related to 6th [[Sikh gurus|guru of Sikhs]], [[Guru Hargobind]].

Batala was once known as the "Iron Bird of Asia" as it produced the highest amount of [[cast iron]], agricultural and mechanical machinery. Batala is still one of the leading cities in [[North India|Northern India]] in manufacturing of cast iron and mechanical machinery. It is also an agricultural marketplace and industrial center. Cotton ginning, weaving, sugar refining, and rice milling are some of other industries.

== History ==
{{Further|Punjab|Radcliffe Line}}

Batala was founded in 1465 by Abhay Pratap Bal of the [[Bhati Rajputs of Kapurthala]], under the suzerainty of Sultan [[Bahlul Lodi]]. During the [[Mughal Empire]], Emperor [[Akbar]] granted the city as a ''[[jagir]]'' to his foster brother, Shamsher Khan. In the 16th century, Batala was one of the prominent cities in the Punjab region, comparable in importance to cities such as [[Lahore]] and [[Jalandhar]]. It predates [[Amritsar]] by over a century.

Historically, Batala was a fortified city with 12 gates, many of which are still known by their original names, including Sheran Wala Gate, Khajuri Gate, Bhandari Gate, Ohri Gate, Thathiari Gate, Hathi Gate, Pahari Gate, Mori Gate, Kapoori Gate, and Achli Gate. Some of these structures still exist today, though they are in varying states of preservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_139.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 7, page 133 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>

Batala is home to several [[gurdwaras]], including those associated with [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]]. These sites are of great religious importance and attract thousands of Sikh pilgrims annually.

Under [[British India]], Batala served as the headquarters of a ''[[tehsil]]'' in the Gurdaspur District of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. The allocation of this district during the [[partition of India]] in 1947 was highly contested due to its nearly equal population of Muslims and non-Muslims. Initially, the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Lord Wavell]] assigned the three eastern tehsils—Gurdaspur, Batala, and Pathankot—to India, and the western tehsil, [[Shakargarh Tehsil|Shakargarh]], to Pakistan.

The entire district of Gurdaspur was depicted as part of Pakistan in the 'notional partition line' of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], and the matter was referred to the [[Radcliffe Line|Punjab Boundary Commission]]. Ultimately, the final partition line confirmed Wavell's division, placing Batala within Indian territory. For a brief period from 14 to 17 August 1947, Batala was considered part of Pakistan before being officially incorporated into India.<ref>{{citation |last1=Tan |first1=Tai Yong |last2=Kudaisya |first2=Gyanesh |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-44048-1|pages=91–}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sialkoti |first=Zulfiqar Ali |title=An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue during the Last Two Decades of the British Raj until the Declaration of 3 June 1947 |journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |volume=XXXV |number=2 |year=2014 |url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2035-2,%202014/4%20Punjab%20Boundary%20Line,%20Zulfiqar%20Ali.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Fate of Kashmir |journal=India Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=77–102 |issn=1473-6489 |doi=10.1080/714002326|s2cid=153890196 }}</ref>

At the time of Partition, Batala had a Muslim majority population. Following the announcement of the final boundary, most Muslims migrated to Pakistan, while Hindu and Sikh refugees from areas that became part of Pakistan settled in Batala. Today, the city has a Hindu majority (approximately 56%) and a significant Sikh minority (about 38%).

==Politics==
The city is part of the [[Batala Assembly Constituency]]. Mainly, the [[Indian National Congress]] has a stronghold over the constituency as it won assembly elections 9 times out of 16. [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]/[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 4 times, [[Janata Party]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Aam Aadmi Party]] each won 1 time. [[Amansher Singh]] is the incumbent MLA who belongs to Aam Aadmi Party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030948/https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>

Batala is also a [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation in India]] which was upgraded in the year of [[Batala Municipal Corporation|2019]] from [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipal Council]].<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/batala-mc-upgraded-to-corporation-834039 Batala MC upgraded to corporation]. 18 September 2019.''The Tribune''. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</ref> First election for the Corporation were held in the year of [[Batala Municipal Corporation#1st election|2021]] which was won by Congress.<ref>[https://www.news18.com/punjab-local-body-elections-2021/ Punjab Local body election 2021]. ''www.news18.com''. Retrieved 17 February 2021</ref>

{{See also|List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh}}
===Villages===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Population
|-
|[[Aliwal Jattan]]
|470
|-
|[[Araianwali]]
|155
|-
|[[Badowal Khurd]]
|1,378
|-
|[[Bajjuman]]
|1,836
|-
|[[Basarpura]]
|1,659
|-
|[[Bajjuman]]
|1,836
|-
|[[Balarwal]]
|1,229
|-
|[[Basrai]]
|3,565
|-
|[[Bhadur Hussain]]
|2,209
|-
|[[Bhagtupur]]
|1,420
|-
|[[Bhalowali]]
|1,106
|-
|[[Bhamboi]]
|2,504
|-
|[[Bhamri]]
|3,327
|-
|[[Bharathwal]]
|948
|-
|[[Bhole Ke]]
|1,739
|-
|[[Bijliwal]]
|1,685
|-
|[[Bishniwal]]
|543
|-
|[[Bohja]]
|2,155
|-
|[[Bujjianwali]]
|984
|-
|[[Bure Nangal]]
|1,171
|-
|[[Chahgill]]
|278
|-
|[[Chahal Khurd]]
|477
|-
|[[Chak Bhagtupur]]
|67
|-
|[[Chak Chao]]
|670
|-
|[[Chak Sidhwan]]
|63
|-
|[[Chak Tara]]
|418
|-
|[[Chak Wassan]]
|398
|-
|[[Chandke]]
|207
|-
|[[Chandu Suja]]
|774
|-
|[[Chataurgarh]]
|1,111
|-
|[[Chaudhriwala]]
|2,654
|-
|[[Cheema Kalla]]
|194
|-
|[[Chhapianwali]]
|293
|-
|[[Chhelowal]]
|968
|-
|[[Chhit]]
|1,080
|-
|[[Choranwali]]
|604
|-
|[[Chuhewal]]
|1,138
|-
|[[Dewaniwal]]
|2,141
|-
|[[Dhadialanatt]]
|3,878
|-
|[[Dhandoi]]
|2,015
|-
|[[Doburji]]
|606
|-
|[[Kazampur]]
|834
|-
|[[Khokhowal]]
|221
|-
|[[Mathola]]
|2,403
|-
|[[Meekey]]
|1,285
|-
|[[Mehmedpur]]
|416
|-
|[[Mehtewal]]
|465
|-
|[[Missarpura]]
|1,717
|-
|[[Mollowali]]
|309
|-
|[[Mulianwali]]
|2522
|-
|[[Nangal Buttar]]
|1,047
|-
|[[Nangal Jhawar]]
|1,455
|-
|[[Nathwal]]
|1,155
|-
|[[Nawan Pind Barqiwala]]
|395
|-
|[[Nawan Pind Mahmawala]]
|324
|-
|[[Nawan Pind Milkhi-wala]]
|751
|-
|[[Parowal]]
|1,407
|-
|[[Phulke]]
|1,034
|-
|[[Pind Purana]]
|1,439
|-
|[[Pinda Rori]]
|526
|-
|[[Pirowali]]
|589
|-
|[[Punwan]]
|947
|-
|[[Purian Kalan]]
|2,153
|-
|[[Purian Khurd]]
|736
|-
|[[Qila Lal Singh]]
|2,141
|-
|[[Qila Tek Singh]]
|1,000
|-
|[[Rajputan]]
|754
|-
|[[Rikhia]]
|848
|-
|[[Rupowali]]
|988
|-
|[[Raliali Khurd]]
|670
|-
|[[Riali Kalan ]]
|939
|-
|[[Sagarpur]]
|451
|-
|[[Sahan Pannu]]
|69
|-
|[[Sakhowal]]
|1,560
|-
|[[Sangherah]]
|945
|-
|[[Sarchur]]
|1,989
|-
|[[Sarupwali]]
|2,294
|-
|[[Sarwali]]
|1,987
|-
|[[Seikhwan]]
|924
|-
|[[Shahpur Araian]]
|366
|-
|[[Sham Sherpur]]
|2,558
|-
|[[Sheikhowali]]
|215
|-
|[[Sheikhwan]]
|1,592
|-
|[[Sokala]]
|1,486
|-
|[[Talwandi Bha-rath]]
|3,150
|-
|[[Talwandi Goraya]]
|1,179
|-
|[[Talwandi Jhunglan]]
|1,718
|-
|[[Tenaniwal]]
|198
|-
|[[Thindh]]
|861
|-
|[[Thirriyewal]]
|1,151
|-
|[[Udhanwal]]
|2,088
|-
|[[Ugrewala]]
|975
|-
|[[Winjwan]]
|1,460
|-
|[[Withwan]]
|640
|}

==Police Administration==
Batala became a police district in 1988, on 19 April, when the Government of Punjab issued an official notification on 17 April 1988.<ref>[https://batala.punjabpolice.gov.in/history.php History.] ''batala.punjabpolice.gov.in''</ref> Since then, [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP) is the head of the Police department of Batala.<ref>[https://batala.punjabpolice.gov.in/org.php Organization.] ''batala.punjabpolice.gov.in''</ref> The SSP is either selected from [[Indian Police Service]] or [[State Police Services]], i.e. [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].<ref name="BPRD1">{{cite web|author=Bureau of Police Research and Development|title=Functions, Roles and Duties of Superior Police Officers|url=https://www.bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/6798203243-Volume%202.pdf|publisher=[[Bureau of Police Research and Development]]|access-date=10 December 2023|pages=17–24|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202154021/https://www.bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/6798203243-Volume%202.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The incumbent SSP of Batala is Suhail Qasin Mir, serving on this post since 3 August 2024.<ref>[https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/132861/ips-officer-hailing-from-jk-posted-as-ssp-batala-in-punjab.html IPS officer hailing from JK posted as SSP Batala in Punjab.] ''www.crosstownnews.in''</ref> [[Sumedh Singh Saini]] was the first SSP of Batala on the creation of Batala as Police district. He later became [[Director general of police]] [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>[https://batala.punjabpolice.gov.in/hall-of-fame.php Hall of Fame.] ''batala.punjabpolice.gov.in''</ref>
===List of Senior Superintendent of Police Batala===
*IPS - Indian Police Service
*PPS - Punjab Police Service
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" id="pm list" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
|-
!1
|[[Sumedh Singh Saini]] (IPS)
|19 April 1988
|1 August 1988
|{{ayd|19 April 1988|1 August 1988}}
|-
!2
|S. M. Sharma (IPS)
|1 August 1988
|11 December 1988
|{{ayd|1 August 1988|11 December 1988}}
|-
!3
|Gobind Ram (IPS)
|11 December 1988
|13 September 1989
|{{ayd|11 December 1988|13 September 1989}}
|-
!4
|S. K. Goel (IPS)
|13 September 1989
|30 April 1990
|{{ayd|13 September 1989|30 April 1990}}
|-
!5
|Jagdish Kumar (PPS)
|2 May 1990
|15 July 1990
|{{ayd|2 May 1990|15 July 1990}}
|-
!6
|Sita Ram Rattan (PPS)
|15 July 1990
|8 January 1992
|{{ayd|15 July 1990|8 January 1992}}
|-
!7
|C. S. R. Reddy (IPS)
|8 January 1992
|2 January 1993
|{{ayd|8 January 1992|2 January 1993}}
|-
!8
|Rohit Choudary (IPS)
|2 January 1993
|12 January 1996
|{{ayd|2 January 1993|12 January 1996}}
|-
!9
|Prabodh Kumar (IPS)
|13 January 1996
|17 February 1996
|{{ayd|13 January 1996|17 February 1996}}
|-
!10
|Ranbir Singh Khatra (PPS)
|18 February 1996
|2 December 1996
|{{ayd|18 February 1996|2 December 1996}}
|-
!11
|Loknath Angra (PPS)
|2 December 1996
|27 April 2000
|{{ayd|2 December 1996|27 April 2000}}
|-
!12
|S. S. Brar (PPS)
|27 April 2000
|30 January 2002
|{{ayd|27 April 2000|30 January 2002}}
|-
!13
|R. K. Sharda (PPS)
|4 February 2002
|7 March 2002
|{{ayd|4 February 2002|7 March 2002}}
|-
!14
|V. Neerja (IPS)
|7 March 2002
|4 August 2002
|{{ayd|7 March 2002|4 August 2002}}
|-
!15
|Naresh Kumar (IPS)
|5 August 2002
|13 September 2003
|{{ayd|5 August 2002|13 September 2003}}
|-
!16
|Ram Singh (IPS)
|13 September 2003
|12 December 2004
|{{ayd|13 September 2003|12 December 2004}}
|-
!17
|Jatinder Jain (IPS)
|13 December 2004
|15 April 2006
|{{ayd|13 December 2004|15 April 2006}}
|-
!18
|L. K. Yadav (IPS)
|15 April 2006
|13 March 2007
|{{ayd|15 April 2006|13 March 2007}}
|-
!19
|[[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]] (IPS)
|13 March 2007
|17 April 2007
|{{ayd|13 March 2007|17 April 2007}}
|-
!20
|Rajendra Namdeo Dhoke (IPS)
|22 April 2007
|5 May 2008
|{{ayd|22 April 2007|5 May 2008}}
|-
!(15)
|Naresh Kumar (IPS)
|8 May 2008
|7 July 2009
|{{ayd|8 May 2008|7 July 2009}}
|-
!21
|D. P. Singh (IPS)
|1 October 2009
|1 September 2010
|{{ayd|1 October 2009|1 September 2010}}
|-
!22
|Gurdeep Singh (PPS)
|1 October 2010
|25 July 2011
|{{ayd|1 October 2010|25 July 2011}}
|-
!23
|Gurkirpal Singh (PPS)
|25 July 2010
|23 April 2012
|{{ayd|25 July 2010|23 December 2012}}
|-
!24
|Rajpal Singh Sandhu
|23 April 2012
|12 October 2012
|{{ayd|23 April 2012|12 October 2012}}
|-
!25
|Tulsi Ram (IPS)
|12 October 2012
|24 August 2013
|{{ayd|12 October 2012|24 August 2013}}
|-
!26
|Surinderjit Singj Mand (PPS)
|24 August 2013
|27 February 2014
|{{ayd|24 August 2013|27 February 2014}}
|-
!27
|Harjinder Singh Sandhu (IPS)
|27 February 2014
|31 May 2014
|{{ayd|27 February 2014|31 May 2014}}
|-
!28
|Bikrampal Singh Bhatty (IPS)
|31 May 2014
|7 August 2014
|{{ayd|31 May 2014|7 August 2014}}
|-
!29
|Maninder Singh (PPS)
|11 August 2014
|7 December 2014
|{{ayd|11 August 2014|7 December 2014}}
|-
!30
|Inderbir Singh (IPS)
|7 December 2014
|6 August 2015
|{{ayd|7 December 2014|6 August 2015}}
|-
!31
|Harpreet Singh (PPS)
|6 August 2015
|11 October 2015
|{{ayd|6 August 2015|11 October 2015}}
|-
!32
|Diljinder Singh Dhillon (PPS)
|11 October 2015
|23 December 2016
|{{ayd|11 October 2015|23 December 2016}}
|-
!33
|Manmohan Kumar Sharma (PPS)
|23 December 2016
|7 January 2017
|{{ayd|23 December 2016|7 January 2017}}
|-
!34
|Deepak Hilary (IPS)
|7 January 2017
|3 July 2017
|{{ayd|7 January 2017|3 July 2017}}
|-
!35
|Opinderjit Singh Ghuman (PPS)
|3 July 2017
|31 July 2020
|{{ayd|3 July 2017|31 July 2020}}
|-
!36
|Rachhpal Singh (PPS)
|31 July 2020
|31 July 2021
|{{ayd|31 July 2020|31 July 2021}}
|-
!37
|Ashwani Kapur (IPS)
|31 July 2021
|21 August 2021
|{{ayd|31 July 2021|21 August 2021}}
|-
!38
|Mukhwinder Singh Bhullar (PPS)
|14 October 2021
|1 January 2022
|{{ayd|14 October 2021|1 January 2022}}
|-
!39
|Gaurav Toora (IPS)
|1 January 2022
|11 April 2022
|{{ayd|1 January 2022|11 April 2022}}
|-
!40
|Rajpal Singh (IPS)
|18 April 2022
|21 July 2022
|{{ayd|18 April 2022|21 July 2022}}
|-
!41
|Satinder Singh (IPS)
|22 July 2022
|16 February 2023
|{{ayd|22 July 2022|16 February 2023}}
|-
!42
|Ashwini Gotyal (IPS)
|17 February 2023
|3 August 2024
|{{ayd|17 February 2023|3 August 2024}}
|-
!43
|Suhail Qasim Mir (IPS)
|3 August 2024
|20 November 2025
|{{ayd|3 August 2024|20 November 2025}}
|-
!45
|Mehtab Singh (IPS)
|20 November 2025
|Incumbent
|{{ayd|20 November 2025}}
|}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Batala City<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/6-Batala.html|title=Batala City Population 2023 | Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population|website=www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=center
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|56}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|37.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|4.35}}
{{bar percent|Others|#9955BB|1.83}}}}

As per provisional data from the 2011 census, the Batala urban agglomeration had a population of 158,404, out of which males were 83,536 and females were 74,868. The literacy rate was 85.28 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2012-07-07 }}</ref>

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Batala city and their [[sex ratio|gender ratio]], as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Batala city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Batala (M Cl + OG)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male!!Gender ratio
|-
|Hindu||88,825||41,750||47,075||886
|-
|Sikh||59,996||28,406||31,590||899
|-
|Christian||6,897||3,289||3,608||911
|-
|Muslim||383||169||214||789
|-
|Jain||114||56||58||965
|-
|Buddhist||30||14||16||875
|-
|Other religions||34||14||20||700
|-
|Not stated||2,342||1,268||1,074||1180
|-
|Total||1,58,621||74,966||83,655||896
|}

== Economy ==

=== Minerals ===

Foundry sand is found in Dharamkot, near Batala; the deposits are located 6.5 km west of Batala. Exposed on both sides of Batala–Dera Baba Nanak road, the Dharmkot sand is a natural moulding sand, containing about 20% clay. Another deposit which is about 4 metres thick, occurs at about 6 km from Batala on the Batala Qadian road. The sand has a yellowish tinge on the surface, but is reddish brown at a depth of about 1 metre.

The sand deposits are also found at Bhagwanpur about 15 km west of Batala on Dera Baba Nanak Road and about 10 km from Gurdaspur on the Gurdaspur Naushera Road (20 percent clay).

[[Potassium nitrate|Salt petre]] occurs in the district at the villages of Thikriwala, Pandori in the tehsils of Gurdaspur and Dhawan, Chataurgarh and Badowal in the tehsil of Batala. It is a source of potassium nitrate which can be used for making crackers and gunpowder, in the match and sugar industries, and as fertilizer. It is also famous because of village bodhi di khui and also famous for bajwa people in it.

== Landmarks ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
Located in Gurdaspur district, {{convert|38|km|mi}} from Amritsar on the Kashmir [[Grand Trunk road]].
One of the older towns in the province of Lahore in earlier times, Batala is home to many monuments of religious and historic importance, such as Hazira Park, Barah Dari, Hakikat Samadh. These monuments are connected with [[Sikh]] history and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. The city consists of several churches constructed during the [[British Raj]].

=== Jal Mahal (Baradari) ===

The Jal Mahal and the palace of Maharaja Sher Singh were built by the Maharaja (CE 1780–1839). The palace is under the control of the authorities of the local Baring Union Christian College. The administrative offices of the college are housed in it. Jal Mahal is under the control of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Jal Mahal (Baradari) and the palace of Maharaja Sher Singh were connected through a tunnel. According to some senior citizens, Shamsher Khan Tank of Jal Mahal used to be filled with water through the tunnel, which was further connected to a long tunnel (canal) to the Beas, near Kahnuwan. The remnants of the tunnel can be seen near Baring Christian College.

Maharaja Sher Singh used to hold meetings of his courtiers in Jal Mahal. The water reservoir was built by Shamsher Khan while the beautiful Baradari in the centre of the tank was constructed by Maharaja Sher Singh. It has a square room in the centre of a pavilion with a passageway. The entry to the first floor is by a staircase with concave-shaped steps on the north-eastern canal. Jal Mahal has eight doors in the lower part of the building and four in the upper storey. The inner wall contained beautiful art glass carvings and wall paintings. However, major parts of the paintings have been erased or damaged. The roof of the pavilion has also fallen. The Municipal Council provided a tubewell to fill up the tank till the eighties. All sides of the reservoir were lined with Nanakshahi bricks. However, with the passage of time the brick lining has been destroyed. Nowadays, on one side of the tank is located a vridh ashram owned and managed by the Dainik Prarthana Sabha. There also exists Bhadr Kali Mandir and Shivala. The upper portion of Jal Mahal is in a dilapidated condition and the time is not far when this magnificent structure will pass into oblivion.

=== Gurdwara Kandh Sahib ===
[[File:Kandh Sahib.jpg|250px|thumb|Gurudwara Kandh Sahib]]
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was married here to Bibi Sulakhani Ji. He was engaged to the daughter of Mul Chand Chauna who along with the Brahmin priests insisted on a traditional Hindu marriage while Guru Nanak Dev Ji wanted a simple marriage. Guru Nanak Dev ji was sitting beside a crooked mud wall (kandh) discussing the marriage plans with the Brahmin clergy. It was planned to push the wall on top of the Guru but Guru Nanak Dev ji was warned of the plan by an old woman. Guru Nanak Dev Ji just smiled and said "This wall will not fall for centuries. The will of God shall prevail." The wall is still preserved within the Gurdwara and a celebration is held here every year on the anniversary of Guru Nanak's marriage. At walking distance of two minutes there is Gurudwara Dera sahib, which was house of Mata Sulakhni Ji (bride of Guru Nanak dev ji). An ancient well is situated in Gurudwara dera sahib, it is said that water of well is having special curing powers in itself.

=== Kali Dwara Mandir ===
[[File:Enterance view of kali maata.jpg|thumb|left|Photo of kalidwara mandir]]
Another very famous and the most-visited devotional place here is the temple dedicated to Goddess Kali.
It's situated in the heart of city i.e., Chakri Bazar and maximum rush is seen on Tuesdays.
During Navratri time, a lot of people from city and surrounding region visit the temple. People of Batala and outside have true faith on Mata Kali Dwara Mandir.
Many other temples are also situated in Batala City.

=== Sati Lakshmi Devi Smadh ===
[[File:Fountain in smadh park.jpg|right|thumb|Fountain in smadh park]]
Sati Laxmi Devi Smarak is located in the Smadh road of Batala opposite to Hanuman Akahara, The Smadh of Sati Lakshmi devi is there, who was engaged to Veer Hakikat Rai, When Laxmi Devi heard the news of death of her becoming husband, She became Sati (throw herself in fire and burn to death), her age was 10 years at that time, On that place a big public park is made by Local People on the smadh of Veer Haqiqat Rai and Sati Lakshmi Devi.

== Transport ==
Batala is an important industrial town famous for the manufacture of machine tools and woolen products. Therefore, it is well connected with the other cities and towns of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] by road and railways. Government and private buses are the main source of journey to other cities. Batala has the only government bus depot in the district.

=== Bus ===
[[File:Bus stand Batala (Jalandhar buses).jpg|left|thumb|Bus Stand Batala (Buses for Jalandhar side)]]
[[File:Bus Stand Batala (Gurdaspur buses).jpg|right|thumb|Bus Stand Batala (Buses for Gurdaspur side)]]
Bus Stand Batala is near Gandhi Chowk and people can normally commute to different cities via buses, everyday around 1,000 buses ferry more than 40,000 passengers.

=== Rail ===
[[File:Batala railway station Entry.jpg|thumb|left|Batala railway station Entry]]
[[File:Batala railway station board.jpg|thumb|right|[[Batala Junction railway station|Batala railway station board]]]]
[[Batala railway station]] (station code BAT) is on the [[Amritsar–Pathankot line]] of the Firozpur division of the [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. Amritsar Junction railway station located about {{convert|38|km|mi}} from the town is the nearest major railway station. Train to Qadian is another diversion from Batala. Ministry of Railways has accepted in 2010 Budget plan to connect the Batala–Quadian rail link to Jalandhar via Beas Junction. The project would start soon. This project will help connect Batala to high-speed Amritsar–Delhi section and cutting travel time to Jalandhar by 1 hour, with no need to go via Amritsar.

=== Air ===
[[Guru Ram Das International Airport]] serving the city of [[Amritsar]] is the nearest international airport and is located about 40 km from the town. [[Pathankot Airport]] in [[Pathankot]], situated {{convert|70|km|mi}} away from Batala is the nearest military airport.

== Hospitals==
Batala has a number of hospitals, schools and colleges affiliated to different boards.
* Satsar Hospital, Batala<ref>{{cite web |url=http://satsarhospital.com/ |title=Home |website=satsarhospital.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423162925/http://www.satsarhospital.com/ |archive-date=2016-04-23}}</ref>
* Mahajan Hospital, Batala
* Navtej Humanity Hospital & Club<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NavtejHumanityclub/|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NavtejHumanityclub/|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>
* Johal Surgical Hospital
* Civil Hospital, Batala
* Batala Hospital, Dera Road, Shukerpura, Batala
*Jagt Da Hospital

==Education==
During [[Sikh Empire|Ranjit Singh's rule]], Qadri family, which was known for its scholarship, used to run a large prominent school in Batala, which used to attract students from as far as Iran and Afghanistan. Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] had donated a big [[jagir]] (estate) for the maintenance of this school. This jagir was later taken back by the British during their rule.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/37371624 | title=Refocusing on the Education System under the Sikh Rule | last1=Syed | first1=Robinashoeb }}</ref>

'''Colleges'''
* [[Baring Union Christian College]] (GNDU)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buccbatala.org/index.html|title=Baring Union Christian College, Batala|website=www.buccbatala.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buccbatala.org/|title=Baring Union Christian College, Batala|website=buccbatala.org|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=September 2024}}
* [[Batala Institute of Medical Science]], Sarwali, Dera road, Batala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://batalainstituteofmedicalsciences.com/|title=Batala Institute of Medical Science|website=batalainstituteofmedicalsciences.com|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[IK Gujral PTU campus Batala]] (degree college)
* [[Government Polytechnic college, Batala]]
* [[Guru Nanak Dev College]]
* [[R.R. Bawa DAV College for Girls]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rrbdavc.org/|title=RR Bawa DAV College For Girls|website=rrbdavc.org}}</ref>
* [[Royal Institute of Nursing, Batala]]
* [[S.L. Bawa DAV College]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slbdavbatala.in/|title=S.L.B DAV College – Imparting Education to the Rural & Urban Youth|website=slbdavbatala.in}}</ref>
* [[V.M.S. institute of information and technology]]

'''Schools'''
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=September 2024}}
* [[Akshey Sareen's School]]
* [[Arya girls Sr. secondary school]] (PSEB)
* [[Baring School]] ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]])
* [[BVN Sainik High School]]
* [[Cambridge International School, Batala]] (CBSE)
* [[City young School]], ICSE
* [[Dr. Daulat Ram Bhalla DAV Centenary Public School]] ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]])
* [[Des Raj DAV Senior Secondary School]] (CBSE)
* [[Dr. MRS Bhalla DAV School]], Qila mandi, Batala. (PSEB)
* [[Evergreen Science & Sports School]], Achalsahib (Chahalkalan) (PSEB)
* [[Excelsior Public]] (CBSE)
* [[F.c. Verma Sr. Secondary School]] (PSEB)
* [[F.S.M. Silver Creek School]] (ICSE)
* [[Gems Cambridge International School, Batala]]
* [[Govt. Senior Secondary school (Boys), Batala]] (PSEB)
* [[Guru Nanak School]]
* [[Guru Nanak Khalsa Sr/Sec (Narowal), Batala]]
* [[Hollyhock High School]], Batala
* [[Kotli Bhan Singh primary school]]
* [[Methodist sen.sec. school]] (PSEB)
* [[The Millennium School, Batala]] (CBSE)
* [[National Progressive School, Batala]] (PSEB)
* [[R D Khosla DAV Model Senior Secondary School]] (CBSE)
* [[Saheed Baba Deep Singh Modern School]], Dhupsari
* [[Salvation Army School and College, Batala]]
* [[Shri Guru Nanak Dev Academy]] Kandila, Batala
* [[St. Francis School, Batala]] (ICSE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stfrancisbatala.com/|title=St Francis School, Batala|website=www.stfrancisbatala.com|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[WoodStock Public School]], Anarkali Rd, Batala (CBSE)

== Notable people ==
* [[Dev Anand]] – Indian actor, studied at Batala, [[Dharamshala]] and [[Lahore]] before partition.
* [[Muhammad Hussain Batalvi]] – Indian [[Ahl-i Hadith]] leader.
* [[Riaz Batalvi]] – Pakistani journalist and writer.
* [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]] – Indian poet.
*[[Mohini Hameed]] – Pakistani radio broadcaster, anchor and actress.
* [[Bhupinder Singh Mann]] – [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (from 1990 to 1996), nominated by the President of India for outstanding contributions to the cause of Indian farmers.
* [[Gurpartap Singh Mann]] – Member of [[Punjab Public Service Commission (India)|Punjab Public Service Commission]] (PPSC).
* [[Mumtaz Mufti]] – Pakistani writer, awarded the high Pakistani civilian award [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] and [[Munshi Premchand]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://urdu.digestpk.com/category/writers/mumtaz-mufti/ |title=Mumtaz Mufti | Free Urdu Novels |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617045812/http://urdu.digestpk.com/category/writers/mumtaz-mufti/ |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] – Sikh Misaldar and ruler of Batala during the Sikh [[Misl|Misl period]]
* [[Surjit Singh Randhawa]] – hockey player of the Indian men's national hockey team.
* [[Prabhjot Singh (field hockey)|Prabhjot Singh]] – hockey player of the Indian men's national hockey team.

{{Cleanup-list|section|date=September 2024}}
* [[Mian Ghulam Farid Khan]] – Extra-Assistant Commissioner (Revenue) in the British Indian government and Honorary Magistrate of Batala. Awarded the title of [[Khan Bahadur]] on 1891 by the British government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbssAQAAMAAJ&q=ghulam.farid+khan+bahadur|title=Who's who in India, Containing Lives and Portraits of Ruling Chiefs, Notables, Titled Personages, and Other Eminent Indians|date=31 August 1911|publisher=Newul Kishore Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Mian Din Muhammad]] – Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Ambassador to [[Peshawar]], his counsellor and tutor of prince [[Sher Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aziz |first=Khursheed Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ii1WAAAAYAAJ&q=mian+din+muhammad+of++batala |title=Pakistan: Studies in history and politics |date=2002 |publisher=Vanguard |isbn=978-969-402-358-8 |language=en}}</ref> Later he became a revenue minister of Sher Singh. Kucha Din Muhammad is a locality in Batala named after him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrEBAAAAMAAJ |title=In the By-lanes of History: Some Persian Documents from a Punjab Town |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mian Muhammad Said]] – Officer of [[Indian Imperial Police|Imperial police]]. Served as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] Lahore and Inspector-General [[Kapurthala State]]. Awarded title of Khan Bahadur on 1923 by the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-general]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIkyQEfSH70C&q=mian+mohammad+said+khan+bahadur+inspector-general+of+police+kapurthala|title=Indian Who's who|first=Kabad: Waman|last=P|publisher=Yeshanand & Company|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Nahra]]
*[[Dadiala Najara]]
*[[Dadu Jodh]]
*[[Kastiwal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://gurdaspur.nic.in/ Official Website of the Gurdaspur district, Punjab]
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55748/Batala Batala at Encyclopædia Britannica]

{{Gurdaspur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gurdaspur district]]

Wunna Dam

2026-01-22T16:33:31Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: corrected details per standard format and fixed typos after review

{{Infobox dam
| name = Wunna Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Wunna Dam
| dam_crosses = Wunna river
| location = Nagpur
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2525|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|18.18|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|390|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1966
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|21640|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|569|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Wunna Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Wunna river near Nagpur in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|18.18|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2525|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|390|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|23560.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2010-10-22 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Behzad Lucknavi

2025-11-22T16:28:30Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: Starting a details...

{{short description|Pakistani poet, lyricist (1900–1974)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Behzad Lucknavi
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Behzad Lucknavi.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| pseudonym = Behzad Lucknavi
| birth_name = Sardar Hasan Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|10|10|1900|01|01}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet, Lyricist
| language = [[Urdu]]
| residence =
| nationality = Pakistani
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Gazal]]|[[Naʽat]]|[[Nazm]]}}
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| years_active =
}}

'''Behzad Lucknavi''' (born '''Sardar Hasan Khan'''; 1 January 1900 {{endash}} 10 October 1974<ref>{{cite web| title=Behzad Lucknavi biography and information |website=Cinestaan.com website| url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/behzad-lucknavi-70750/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004141408/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/behzad-lucknavi-70750/about |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2021|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>) was a Pakistani [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]] and lyricist. He primarily wrote [[naat]]s and [[ghazal]]s and sometimes radio plays for the [[All India Radio]], Delhi and later for [[Radio Pakistan]] after [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|emigrating to Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn/>

He started participating in [[mushaira]]s at age of twelve. Then veteran radio personality [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]] introduced him to [[All India Radio]].<ref name="express.pk">{{Cite web |url=https://www.express.pk/story/1729497/ |title=بہزاد لکھنوی (Behzad Lucknavi profile in Urdu language)|website=Express News website|archive-date=30 June 2022|author=Rafiuzaman Zuberi|date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630162440/https://www.express.pk/story/1729497/#google_vignette|access-date=17 April 2024|url-status=dead}} </ref>

He wrote film song lyrics for seventeen films, including ''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'' (1942), ''[[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1941) and ''[[Dhanwan (1937 film)|Dhanwan]]'' (1937).<ref name="cinestaan.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/behzad-lucknavi-70750/filmography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004141412/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/behzad-lucknavi-70750/filmography |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2021 |title=Behzad Lucknavi movies filmography|website=Cinestaan.com website|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was born as Sardar Hasan Khan on 1 January 1900 in United Province, [[British Raj|British India]] (in modern-day [[Lucknow]], India).<ref name="express.pk"/> He initially worked in the [[Indian Railways]]<ref name="urdupoint.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/behzad-lakhnavi.html|title=Behzad Lakhnavi Poetry - Urdu Shayari, Ghazals, Nazams & Poems|website=UrduPoint website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210162916/https://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/behzad-lakhnavi.html|archive-date=10 December 2023|url-status=dead|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> but later for the [[All India Radio]] at [[Indian rupee|₹]]120 per month.<ref name="express.pk"/> He was later employed by the [[Radio Pakistan]] where he used to recite naats as part of [[Friday prayer|congregational prayer]]. He also wrote a number of radio plays.<ref name="express.pk"/>

As a ghazal writer, he contributed to the [[Urdu literature]] of Pakistan.<ref name=BR>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/amp/3100721|title=LITERARY NOTES: Focus on Naatia poetry|newspaper=Business Recorder newspaper|date=13 November 2004|access-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828104424/https://www.brecorder.com/news/amp/3100721|archive-date=28 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> An Indian [[ghazal]] singer, [[Begum Akhtar]] first gained her recognition after she sang her first ghazal ''Diwana banana hai toh, toh diwana bana de'' written by Lakhnavi.<ref name=livemint>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/memories-of-akhtari-11570190924213.html|title=Memories of Akhtari|first=Shreya Ila|last=Anasuya|date=5 October 2019|website=Livemint.com website|archive-date=11 December 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211133244/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/memories-of-akhtari-111641422235910.html|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> He also wrote film song lyrics, including "Mere Liye Woh Gham-e-Intezaar" for the film ''[[Anokha Pyar]]'' (1948) sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref name=cinestaan>{{Cite web| url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/may/31/13581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815171242/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/may/31/13581|url-status=live| archive-date=15 August 2020 |title=When Anil Biswas gave Lata Mangeshkar her first hit with ‘Mere Liye Woh Gham-e-intezaar’ – Death anniversary special|website=Cinestaan.com website|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

Lucknavi's ghazal, ''Aey Jazba-e-Dil Gar Mein Chahun, Har Cheez Muqabil Aajaye'' is very popular in Pakistan and has been sung by many singers there.<ref name=rekhta/>

== Publications ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=100%
!scope="col" width=2%|#
!scope="col" width=25%| Title
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Type/Credited as
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |1||''Haseen Qatil''
||1924
||novel
|rowspan="21"|<ref name=rekhta>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/behzad-lakhnavi/ebooks|title=Urdu Books of Behzad Lakhnavi|website=Rekhta.org website|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |2||''Paidaishi Jasoos''
||1925
||Novel
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |3||''Bete Ka Qatil''
||1926
||Novel
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |4||''Mushaf-e-Bahzad''
||1938
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |5||''Behzad Lucknavi Ke Sau Geet''
||1940
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |6||''Charagh-e-Toor''<ref name="urdupoint.com"/>
||1941
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |7||''Kufr-o-Iman''
||1945
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |8||''Sana-e-Habeeb''
||1954
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |9||''Wajd-o-Haal''<ref name="urdupoint.com"/>
||1955
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |10||''Aah Na Tamam''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |11||''Aah Na Tamam''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |12||''Aah-e-Natamam''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |13||''Bahram Ki Wapsi''
|{{n/a}}
||Novel
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |14||''Bustan-e-Bahzad''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |15||''Kaif-o-Suroor''<ref name="urdupoint.com"/>
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |16||''Mauj-e-Noor''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |17||''Mauj-e-Tuhoor''<ref name="urdupoint.com"/>
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |18||''Naat-e-Huzoor''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |19||''Naghma-e-Noor''<ref name="urdupoint.com"/>
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |20||''Naghmat-e-Bahzad Lakhnavi''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |21||''Pili Chhatri''
|{{n/a}}
||Poetry
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Remarks denote a short description of the work where available.
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=100%
!scope="col" width=2%|#
!scope="col" width=15%| Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Lyricist
!scope="col" | Dialogue
!scope="col" | Screenwriter
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |1||''1951''
||Pyar Ki Baten
|{{ya}}
||
||
|rowspan="17"|<ref name="cinestaan.com"/>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |2||''1951''
||Ada
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |3||''1950''
||Khel
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |4||''1950''
||Pagle
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |5||''1950''
||Wafa
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |6||''1949''
||Ladli
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |7||''1949''
||Nisbat
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |8||''1948''
||[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |9||''1948''
||[[Anokha Pyar]]<ref name=cinestaan/>
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |10||''1947''
||Andhon Ki Duniya
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |11||''1947''
||Jadui Ratan
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |12||''1946''
||[[Dhanwan (1946 film)|Dhanwan]]
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |13||''1943''
||[[Poonji]]
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |14||''1942''
||Zamindar
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |15||''1942''
||[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |16||''1941''
||[[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|Taj Mahal]]
|{{ya}}
||
||
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |17||''1931''
||[[Dhanwan (1937 film)|Dhanwan]]
|{{ya}}
||
||
|}

== Personal life ==
He spent his last days in difficult circumstances due to personal [[financial crisis]] and [[Complication (medical)|medical complication]]s. He then submitted a request to the [[Karachi Municipal Corporation]] for financial assistance. He was given [[Pakistani rupee|PKR]]1,000 for his surgery. The commissioner of [[Karachi]] later offered him a government job at [[primary school]] as a teacher but he refused the post.<ref name=Dawn>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1458873|title=This week 50 years ago : Protests and Behzad Lakhnavi|first=Peerzada|last=Salman|date=21 January 2019|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828104422/https://www.dawn.com/news/1458873|access-date=17 April 2024|archive-date=28 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 10 October 1974 in Karachi, Pakistan.<ref name="urdupoint.com"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/Poets/behzad-lakhnavi/profile Behzad Lakhnavi] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknavi, Behzad}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani poets]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Poets from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani performers of Islamic music]]
[[Category:Urdu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Pakistani radio personalities]]
[[Category:Islamic poetry]]

Suicide by hanging

2025-11-08T18:37:41Z

Iautomationtraining Hub: refined content per standard format for consistency

{{Short description|Suicide method}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:A woman discovering a man who has committed suicide by hanging himself from a balcony MET DP868023.jpg|thumb|An early 20th century engraving of a woman discovering a suicide by hanging]]
{{Suicide sidebar}}
[[Hanging]] is often considered to be a simple [[suicide method]] that does not require complicated techniques; a study of people who attempted suicide by hanging and lived usually suggests that this perception may not be accurate.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/197/4/320|title=Factors influencing the decision to use hanging as a method of suicide: qualitative study|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=September 2010|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076349|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831090749/http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/197/4/320|archive-date=31 August 2015|last1=Biddle|first1=Lucy|last2=Donovan|first2=Jenny|last3=Owen-Smith|first3=Amanda|last4=Potokar|first4=John|last5=Longson|first5=Damien|last6=Hawton|first6=Keith|last7=Kapur|first7=Nav|last8=Gunnell|first8=David|volume=197|issue=4|pages=320–325|pmid=20884956|s2cid=4892401|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is one of the most commonly used suicide methods and has a high [[mortality rate]]; Gunnell ''et al''. gives a figure of at least 70 percent.<ref name=Gun>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/ije/dyh398 |title=The epidemiology and prevention of suicide by hanging: A systematic review |year=2005 |last1=Gunnell |first1=D. |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=433–42 |pmid=15659471 |last2=Bennewith |first2=O |last3=Hawton |first3=K |last4=Simkin |first4=S |last5=Kapur |first5=N|doi-access=free }}</ref> The materials required are easily available, making it a difficult method [[Suicide prevention|to prevent]].<ref name=Gun/> In the [[International Classification of Diseases|International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]], suicides by hanging are classified under the code X70: "Intentional [[self-harm]] by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation."<ref name=Trends>"Trends".</ref><ref>[http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/X70 X70 Intentional self-harm by hanging, strangulation and suffocation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102133725/http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en |date=2 November 2014 }} ICD-10: 2007 version.</ref>

Hanging is divided into suspension hanging and the much rarer drop hanging⁠ ⁠— the latter can kill in various ways. People who survive either because the cord or its anchor point of attachment breaks, or because they are discovered and cut down, can face a range of serious injuries, including [[cerebral anoxia]] (which can lead to permanent [[brain damage]]), [[Larynx|laryngeal]] fracture, [[cervical fracture]], [[Trachea|tracheal]] fracture, [[Pharynx|pharyngeal]] laceration, and [[carotid artery]] injury. Ron M. Brown writes that hanging has a "fairly imperspicuous and complicated symbolic history".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPj9daGFkoYC&pg=PA226 ''The Art of Suicide'']. [[Reaktion Books]]. p. 226.</ref> There are commentaries on hanging in [[Ancient history|antiquity]], and it has various cultural interpretations. Throughout history, numerous [[List of people who died by hanging#Suicide by hanging |famous people have died due to suicide by hanging]].

== Medical effects and treatment ==
{{See also|Hanging#Medical effects}}

People who survive hanging report seeing flashing lights and hearing ringing sounds.<ref>{{cite book |title=Elsevier Comprehensive Guide |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier India |isbn=978-81-312-1620-0 |page=616 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9ZXqSXOUbsC&pg=PA616 |language=en}}</ref>
The neck of people who are hanged are usually marked with furrows where the [[Ligature (strangulation)|ligature]] had constricted the neck. An inverted V mark is also often seen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dolinak |first1=David |last2=Matshes |first2=Evan |last3=Lew |first3=Emma O. |title=Forensic Pathology: Principles and Practice |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-047066-5 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdtgE0eHTL4C&pg=PA211 |language=en}}</ref> Because of the pressure on the jaw, the tongue is sometimes protruding, causing it to dry.<ref name=Riviello>Riviello, Ralph (ed) (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=keng9ELAE2IC&pg=PA15 ''Manual of Forensic Emergency Medicine: A Guide for Clinicians'']. [[Jones & Bartlett Learning]]. pp. 15–7.</ref> Depending on the circumstances, [[petechia]]e may be present on the eyes, face, legs, and feet.<ref name=Riviello/><ref>''Forensic Pathology'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=JdtgE0eHTL4C&pg=PA213 p. 213].</ref> [[Cervical fracture]]s of the spine are rare unless the hanging is a drop hanging,<ref>Gunn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eesJuyXhKHoC&pg=PA181 p. 181].</ref> which usually causes an injury known as [[hangman's fracture]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2004.02.012 |title=Prognostic factors in hanging injuries |year=2004 |last1=Matsuyama |first1=Takeshi |last2=Okuchi |first2=Kazuo |last3=Seki |first3=Tadahiko |last4=Murao |first4=Yoshinori |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=207–10 |pmid=15138959}}</ref> Suspension hanging usually results in [[cerebral hypoxia]] and decreased [[muscle tone]] around the neck.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0020-1383(03)00110-4 |title=A study of 13 cases of near-hanging presenting to an Accident and Emergency Department |year=2004 |last1=Hanna |first1=S.J |journal=Injury |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=253–6 |pmid=15124792}}</ref> According to Aufderheide ''et al''., the most common cause of death of hangings is cerebral hypoxia.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(94)70206-3 |title=Emergency airway management in hanging victims |year=1994 |last1=Aufderheide |first1=Tom P. |last2=Aprahamian |first2=Charles |last3=Mateer |first3=James R. |last4=Rudnick |first4=Eric |last5=Manchester |first5=Elizabeth M. |last6=Lawrence |first6=Sarah W. |last7=Olson |first7=David W. |last8=Hargarten |first8=Stephen W. |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=879–84 |pmid=7978561}}</ref>

Most people who are hanged die before they are found; the term "near hanging" refers to those who survive (at least for a while—for example, until they reach a hospital).<ref name=Adams>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2026.1999.00314.x |title=Near hanging |year=1999 |last1=Adams |first1=Nick |journal=Emergency Medicine Australasia |volume=11 |pages=17–21}}</ref><ref>Wyatt, ''et al''., [https://books.google.com/books?id=pggVmvFqf2gC&pg=PA226 p. 226].</ref> Initial treatment of survivors follows the "usual priorities of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC)". Treatment should be "directed at airway control with [[endotracheal intubation]], ventilation using [[positive end expiratory pressure]] (PEEP), and [[hyperventilation]] with supplemental oxygen to control [[intracranial pressure]]".<ref name=Howell>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/emj.13.2.135 |pmid=8653240 |title=Near hanging presenting to an accident and emergency department |year=1996 |last1=Howell |first1=M A |last2=Guly |first2=H R |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=135–136|pmc=1342658 }}</ref> One study of people who experienced near-hanging who were treated appropriately at a hospital found that 77 percent of them survived.<ref name=Adams/>

== Prevalence ==
[[File:Ixtab.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ixtab]] (Rope Woman), the [[Maya civilization|ancient Maya]] goddess of suicide by hanging. Under certain circumstances, suicide was considered an honorable way to die and Ixtab would act as a [[psychopomp]] for these individuals.]]
According to Anton J. L. van Hooff, hanging was the most common suicide method in primitive and pre-industrial societies.<ref>''Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA97 pp. 97–8].</ref> A 2008 review of 56 countries based on [[World Health Organization]] mortality data found that hanging was the most common method in most of the countries,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/0042-9686_86_07-043489-table-T1.html |title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923003222/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/0042-9686_86_07-043489-table-T1.html |archive-date=23 September 2011 |doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489 |year=2008 |last1=Ajdacic-Gross |first1=Vladeta |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=86 |issue=9 |pages=726–32 |pmid=18797649 |last2=Weiss |first2=MG |last3=Ring |first3=M |last4=Hepp |first4=U |last5=Bopp |first5=M |last6=Gutzwiller |first6=F |last7=Rössler |first7=W |pmc=2649482}}</ref> accounting for 53 percent of the male suicides and 39 percent of the female suicides.<ref>O'Connor, Rory C.; Platt, Stephen; Gordon, Jacki. (eds) (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3fDGLWQtwFkC&pg=PA34 ''International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice'']. [[John Wiley & Sons]]. p. 34.</ref>

In [[England and Wales]], hanging is the most commonly used method, and is particularly prevalent in the group of males aged 15–44, comprising almost half of the suicides in the group. It is the second most common method among women, behind poisoning. In 1981 hanging accounted for 23.5 percent of male suicides, and by 2001 the figure had risen to 44.2 percent.<ref name=Trends/> The proportion of hangings as suicides in 2005 among women aged 15–34 was 47.2 percent, having risen from 5.7 percent in 1968.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.39475.603935.25 |title=Suicide rates in young men in England and Wales in the 21st century: Time trend study |year=2008 |last1=Biddle |first1=L. |last2=Brock |first2=A. |last3=Brookes |first3=S. T |last4=Gunnell |first4=D. |journal=BMJ |volume=336 |issue=7643 |pages=539–42 |pmid=18276666 |pmc=2265363}}.</ref> In the [[Suicide in the United States|United States]] it is the second most common method, behind firearms,<ref>[http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml "Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and Prevention"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024213742/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml |date=24 October 2010 }}. [[National Institute of Mental Health]]. Retrieved 2 August 2011.</ref> and is by far the most common method for those in psychiatric wards and hospitals.<ref>(2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pqgO28-AA5UC&pg=PA91 ''Front Line of Defense: The Role of Nurses in Preventing Sentinel Events'']. [[Joint Commission Resources]]. p. 91.</ref> Hanging accounts for a greater percentage of suicides among younger Americans than among older ones.<ref>''Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA290 pp. 290–1].</ref> Differences exist among ethnic groups; research suggests that hanging is the most common method among [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]] and [[Japanese Americans]].<ref>Maris, Ronald W.; Berman; Alan L.; Maltsberger, John T.; ''et al''. (eds) (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wPISeZFOTdwC&pg=PA385 ''Assessment and Prediction of Suicide'']. [[Guilford Press]]. p. 385.</ref> Hanging is also a frequently used method for those in custody, in several countries.<ref name=Gun/>

== Related elements ==
[[Homicide]]s may be disguised as a hanging suicide.<ref name=Wyatt107>Wyatt, ''et al''., [https://books.google.com/books?id=pggVmvFqf2gC&pg=PA107 p. 107].</ref> Features that suggest that the death is a homicide include the ligature marks being under the larynx, scratch marks on the ligature, and the presence of significant injury on the skin of the neck.<ref name=Riviello/>

== Cultural aspects ==

[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -47- - Desperation.jpg|thumb|175px|Painting by [[Giotto]] depicting a person committing the sin of ''desperatio'', the rejection of God's mercy, because while choked they are unable to ask for [[repentance]].<ref>''Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA108 pp. 108–9].</ref>]]

Historically, countries that have had a recent history of using hanging as a method of [[capital punishment]] tend to have a low rate of hanging suicides, which may be because such suicides were regarded as shameful, according to Farmer and Rodhe.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00632.x |title=Effect of availability and acceptability of lethal instruments on suicide mortality AN ANALYSIS OF SOME INTERNATIONAL DATA |year=1980 |last1=Farmer |first1=R. |last2=Rohde |first2=J. |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=436–46 |pmid=7211428|s2cid=27848391 }}</ref><ref>''Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA292 p. 292].</ref> Hanging, with its connection to justice and injustice, is what the [[Department of Health and Aged Care]] of Australia calls a "particularly confronting display of resistance, defiance, individual control and accusatory blame"; it is "a rebuke and statement of uncaring relations, unmet needs, personal anguish, and emotional payback".<ref>Hunter, ''et al''., p. 22. For the second quote, see p. 24.</ref> A 2010 study by the ''[[British Journal of Psychiatry]]'' that investigated the motivations of people who had made a near-fatal suicide attempt found that those who had attempted a hanging considered it a painless, quick, simple, and clean method, while those who had opted for a different method held an opposing view.<ref name=BJP>{{cite journal |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076349 |title=Factors influencing the decision to use hanging as a method of suicide: Qualitative study |year=2010 |last1=Biddle |first1=L. |last2=Donovan |first2=J. |last3=Owen-Smith |first3=A. |last4=Potokar |first4=J. |last5=Longson |first5=D. |last6=Hawton |first6=K. |last7=Kapur |first7=N. |last8=Gunnell |first8=D. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=197 |issue=4 |pages=320–5 |pmid=20884956|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== China ===
There is a popular belief in Chinese culture that the spirits of those who killed themselves by hanging will haunt and torment the survivors, because they had died in rage and with feelings of hostility and anger.<ref>H. X. Lee, Jonathan; Nadeau, Kathleen. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&pg=PA11 ''Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife'']. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 11.
* Lee, Evelyn (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PLXmf749kmAC&pg=PA59 ''Working with Asian Americans: A Guide for Clinicians'']. [[Guilford Press]]. p. 59.</ref> Angry and oppressed women would use this method as an act of revenge.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=4719540 |year=1973 |last1=Bourne |first1=PG |title=Suicide among Chinese in San Francisco |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=744–50 |pmc=1775294 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |doi=10.2105/AJPH.63.8.744}}</ref> Lee & Kleinman write that hanging, the most common method in traditional China, was the "final, but unequivocal, way of standing still against and above oppressive authorities, often with the suicide ceremonially dressed prior to the ultimate act".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Sing |last2=Kleinman |first2=Arthur |date=2005 |chapter=Suicide as Resistance in Chinese History |editor1=Elizabeth J. Perry |editor2=Mark Selden |title=Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn= |pages=294–317}}</ref>{{rp|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RNh81O2ZC-wC&pg=PA302 302]}}

=== Ancient Rome ===
In [[ancient Rome]], death by hanging—suicide or otherwise—was regarded as particularly shameful, and those who had died by this method were refused a burial.<ref>Hill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XFUF19l_uR4C&pg=PA190 p. 190].
* Kyle, Donald G. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1GYH63-fARUC&pg=PA131 ''Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome'']. [[Routledge]]. pp. 131–2.</ref> [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'', for example, refers to the [[noose]] as ''nodum informis leti'' ("the coil of unbecoming death").<ref>[[Catharine Edwards (historian)|Edwards, Catharine]] (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioq6GmIyLQIC&pg=PA107 ''Death in Ancient Rome'']. [[Yale University Press]]. p. 107.
* See also: Langlands, Rebecca (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aEXOF_tdahYC&pg=PA184 ''Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome'']. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 184.</ref> Timothy Hill writes that there is no conclusive explanation of why the stigma existed; it has been suggested that hanging was a method of the poor.<ref>Hill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XFUF19l_uR4C&pg=PA289 p. 289].</ref> The [[ancient Greece|Greeks]] considered hanging as a woman's death because many women had died by this method.<ref>Loraux, Nicole (1991). [https://archive.org/details/tragicwaysofkill00nico/page/9 ''Tragic Ways of Killing a Woman'']. [[Harvard University Press]]. pp. 9–10. Translated by Anthony Forster.</ref> A study found that, in literary sources, 1.5–10 percent and 30 percent of suicides in the Roman and Greek civilizations, respectively, were by hanging.<ref>Murray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=31JUrc0ki9AC&pg=PA499 p. 499].</ref>

=== Australia ===
Suicide by hanging is particularly common among [[Indigenous Australians and suicide|Indigenous Australians]], who have a high suicide rate, especially among young men.<ref name=Hunter>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00281.x |title=Indigenous suicide in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States |year=2002 |last1=Hunter |first1=Ernest |last2=Harvey |first2=Desley |journal=Emergency Medicine Australasia |volume=14 |pages=14–23 |pmid=11993831 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00050060008257463 |title=Suicide: An Australian Psychological Society Discussion Paper |year=2000 |last1=Graham |first1=Anne |last2=Reser |first2=Joseph |last3=Scuderi |first3=Carl |last4=Zubrick |first4=Stephen |last5=Smith |first5=Meg |last6=Turley |first6=Bruce |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=35 |pages=1–28}}</ref> Ernest Hunter and Desley Harvey suggest that hanging accounts for two-thirds of indigenous suicides.<ref name=Hunter/> Hanging has deep symbolic meanings in Indigenous Australian culture, beyond those attached to the act generally.<ref name=Tatz>Tatz, Colin (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mnknz3uIIqQC&pg=PA65 ''Aboriginal Suicide is Different: A Portrait of Life and Self-Destruction'']. [[Aboriginal Studies Press]]. pp. 65–6.</ref><ref>Hunter, ''et al''., pp. 21, 24.</ref> Hanging appears in indigenous art, film, music, and literature.<ref>Hunter, ''et al''., p. 25.</ref> There are reports of [[Auditory hallucination|voices encouraging people to kill themselves]], and of [[Shadow person|ghostly figures]] holding a noose, but saying nothing.<ref>Hunter, ''et al''., pp. 25, 29–30.</ref>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
* {{anl|Ixtab}}
* [[List of suicide crisis lines]]
* {{anl|Suicide prevention}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [https://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging2.html "The processes and physiology of judicial hanging"]. capitalpunishmentuk.org. Retrieved 9 August 2011. [https://archive.today/20120804220502/https://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging2.html Archived] 9 August 2011.
* Layton, Julia. [https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm "How does death by hanging work?"]. [[HowStuffWorks]]. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
* Mann, John Dixon (1908). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnI6AAAAQAAJ&pg=PA208 ''Forensic Medicine and Toxicology'']. [[Taylor & Francis]]. pp. 208–13.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0379-0738(82)90124-4 |title=Hanging – A review |year=1982 |last1=Bowen |first1=David A.LL. |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=247–9 |pmid=7141362}}
* Van Hooff, Anton J. L. (1990). ''From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity''. [[Routledge]].
* {{cite journal |pmid=1343195 |year=1992 |last1=Simounet |first1=C |last2=Bourgeois |first2=M |title=Suicides and attempted suicides by hanging |volume=150 |issue=7 |pages=481–5 |journal=Annales médico-psychologiques}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pounder |first1=Derrick J. |title=Why Are the British Hanging Themselves? |journal=American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=135–40 |date=June 1993 |doi=10.1097/00000433-199306000-00006|pmid=8328433 |s2cid=40274951 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(94)70206-3 |title=Emergency airway management in hanging victims |year=1994 |last1=Aufderheide |first1=Tom P. |last2=Aprahamian |first2=Charles |last3=Mateer |first3=James R. |last4=Rudnick |first4=Eric |last5=Manchester |first5=Elizabeth M. |last6=Lawrence |first6=Sarah W. |last7=Olson |first7=David W. |last8=Hargarten |first8=Stephen W. |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=879–84 |pmid=7978561}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00313029600169294 |title=The Pathology of Hanging Deaths in Western Australia |year=1996 |last1=Samarasekera |first1=Ananda |last2=Cooke |first2=Clive |journal=Pathology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=334–8 |pmid=9007952|s2cid=43075665 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF03014468 |title=Airway and respiratory management following non-lethal hanging |year=1997 |last1=Kaki |first1=Abdullah |last2=Crosby |first2=Edward T. |last3=Lui |first3=Anne C. P. |journal=Canadian Journal of Anesthesia |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=445–50 |pmid=9104530|doi-access=free }}
* Scott-Clark, C.; Levy, A. ''[[The Sunday Times Magazine]]''. 1 February 1998. pp. 13–21.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s002340050048 |title=Brain damage in hanging: A new CT finding |year=2000 |last1=Brancatelli |first1=G. |last2=Sparacia |first2=G. |last3=Midiri |first3=M. |last4=d'Antonio |first4=V. |last5=Sarno |first5=C. |last6=Lagalla |first6=R. |journal=Neuroradiology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=209–10 |pmid=10772145|s2cid=37717139 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reser |first1=Joseph P. |url=https://spjp.massey.ac.nz/issues/1999-v11/v11-2_reser.pdf |title=Indigenous suicide in cross-cultural context |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=95–110 |year=1999|doi=10.1017/S0257543400000663 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1054/jcfm.2000.0419 |title=Fractures of the hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages in suicidal hanging |year=2000 |last1=Green |first1=H. |last2=James |first2=R.A. |last3=Gilbert |first3=J.D. |last4=Byard |first4=R.W. |journal=Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=123–6 |pmid=16083660}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |title=Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology? |year=2004 |last1=Elliott-Farrelly |first1=Terri |journal=Advances in Mental Health |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=138–145|s2cid=71578621 }}
* Oehmichen, Manfred; Auer, Roland N.; König, Hans Günter. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aU-xIHy53j4C ''Forensic Neuropathology and Associated Neurology'']. [[Springer Science+Business Media]].
* Jevon, Philip; Bowden, David F.; Halliwell, David. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=n7D4AVblH3oC&pg=PA126 ''Emergency Care and First Aid for Nurses: A Practical Guide'']. [[Elsevier]]. pp. 126–8.
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1258/rsmmsl.47.2.177 |pmid=17520966 |title=Masking and bondage in suicidal hanging |year=2007 |last1=Benomran |first1=F.A. |last2=Masood |first2=S.E. |last3=Hassan |first3=A.I. |last4=Mohammad |first4=A. A. |journal=[[Medicine, Science and the Law]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=177–180|s2cid=32094890 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00503.x |title=Suicidal Hanging Resulting in Complete Decapitation – Forensic, Radiological, and Anthropological Studies: A Case Report |year=2007 |last1=Dedouit |first1=Fabrice |last2=Tournel |first2=Gilles |last3=Bécart |first3=Anne |last4=Hédouin |first4=Valéry |last5=Gosset |first5=Didier |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=1190–3 |pmid=17645743|s2cid=8017102 }}
* Yip, Paul S. F. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HuHQbtlyM40C ''Suicide in Asia: Causes and Prevention'']. [[Hong Kong University Press]].
* {{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/suicide_prevention_asia.pdf |title= Suicide and Suicide Prevention in Asia |access-date= 30 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110824021443/https://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/suicide_prevention_asia.pdf |archive-date= 24 August 2011 |url-status= dead }} {{small|(667 KB)}}. [[World Health Organization]]. 2008. 30 July 2011. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20081018185613/https://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/suicide_prevention_asia/en/index.html webpage].
{{Refend}}

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Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam

2025-10-03T08:27:39Z

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M. P. Bajana

2025-09-08T00:16:27Z

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{{Short description|Indian amateur cricketer (1886–1927)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = M. P. Bajana
| image = MP Bajana.jpg
| caption = Bajana with the Somerset team in 1912
| country = India
| fullname = Manek Pallon Bajana
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1886|09|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1927|04|28|1886|09|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| nickname = Pyjamas<ref name="tour">{{cite book |editor-first=Scyld |editor-last=Berry |editor-link=Scyld Berry |title=[[Wisden Cricketer's Almanack|Wisden Cricketer's Almanack 2011]] |edition=148 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wisden & Co. Ltd |location=Alton, Hampshire |isbn=978-1-4081-3130-5 |last=Kidambi |first=Prashant |chapter=The most extraordinary cricket tour |pages=74–84}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)|Opening batsman]]
| club1 = [[India national cricket team|Indians]]
| year1 = 1911
| club2 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|1912–1920}}
| type1 = First-class
| debutdate1 = 29 June
| debutyear1 = 1911
| debutfor1 = [[India national cricket team|Indians]]
| debutagainst1 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| lastdate1 = 18 August
| lastyear1 = 1920
| lastfor1 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| lastagainst1 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 55
| runs1 = 1975
| bat avg1 = 20.78
| 100s/50s1 = 3/7
| top score1 = 115
| deliveries1 = 233
| wickets1 = 4
| bowl avg1 = 33.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/14
| catches/stumpings1 = 36/–
| date = 2 February
| year = 2010
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3415/3415.html CricketArchive
}}
'''Manek Pallon Bajana''' (14 September 1886 – 28 April 1927) was an Indian [[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateur cricket]]er who played 55 [[first-class cricket]] matches between 1911 and 1920. Originally a member of the [[Indian cricket team in England in 1911|Indian team which toured England in 1911]], he remained in the country and joined [[Somerset County Cricket Club]], for which he played as an [[Batting order (cricket)|opening batsman]] until 1920. During his nine-year first-class cricket career, Bajana scored 1,975 runs at an [[Batting average (cricket)|average]] of 20.78. He scored three centuries, and made his highest score in 1920, scoring 115 runs against [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]].

==Early life and Indian tour==
Manek Pallon Bajana was born on 14 September 1886 in India.<ref name="ciprof">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26821.html |title=Player Profile: Prince Bajana |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> Leading up to 1911, he was employed in India by [[Maharaja]] [[Nripendra Narayan]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/534448.html |title=My kingdom for a bat |last=Lynch |first=Steven |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> and early that year, Bajana travelled as part of the Maharajah's retinue to England,<ref name="tour"/> where Narayan was attending the [[coronation]] of King [[George V]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA111 |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Indian Princely States |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |page=111 |publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=1-897829-19-1}}</ref> In England, he joined up with the [[Indian cricket team in England in 1911|touring Indian cricket team]], as one of seven [[Parsi]] players in the side. The 1911 tour was the first by a representative Indian team, and included a mix of [[Hindu]]s, Parsis, [[Muslim]]s, and two members of the [[Untouchability|untouchable]] [[Chamar]] caste.<ref name="tour"/> Bajana appeared in seven matches during the tour, of which four had [[First-class cricket|first-class]] status.<ref name="fcm">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3415/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class Matches played by Prince Bajana (55) |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="om">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3415/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |title=Miscellaneous Matches played by Prince Bajana (9) |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The team did not fare very well in their contests; the [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] of the side, Maharaja [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]], only played three matches and spent the rest of his time socialising with the British high society, and there were rumours of sectarianism between the Parsi and Hindu members of the team. In twenty-three matches, they won six and lost fifteen, the remaining two being drawn.<ref name="tour"/> Bajana was one of four batsmen to score a first-class [[Century (cricket)|century]] for the Indians;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/India_in_British_Isles_1911/f_Indians_Batting.html |title=First-class Batting and Fielding for Indians: India in British Isles 1911 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> he struck 108 against [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] at [[County Ground, Taunton|Taunton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/8/8505.html |title=Somerset v Indians: India in British Isles 1911 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> On his first-class debut, Bajana suffered the ignominy of a [[Pair (cricket)|pair]] – [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] without scoring in both [[Innings#Cricket|innings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/8/8475.html |title=Surrey v Indians: India in British Isles 1911 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> During the tour, Bajana made it known that he was looking to remain in England and play [[county cricket]]. His century against Somerset drew the attention of that county, and he joined them in 1912.<ref name="foot">{{Cite book |title=Sunshine, Sixes and Cider: The History of Somerset Cricket |last=Foot |first=David |year=1986 |publisher=[[David & Charles]] |location=Newton Abbot, Devon |isbn=0-7153-8890-8 |page=62}}</ref>

==County cricketer==
At the time of Bajana's arrival in the Somerset team, the county were struggling to compete in the [[County Championship]], and were making a financial loss.<ref>Roebuck (1991), pp. 107–113.</ref> In three of the four years prior to 1912, Somerset had finished bottom of the championship table, and there was little improvement in the final three years before the [[First World War]], each of which resulted in a bottom-three finish.<ref>Roebuck (1991), p. 411.</ref> The Somerset cricket historian, [[David Foot (journalist)|David Foot]], records that at this time, the county's recruitment policy was "susceptible to exotic grandeur and haughty lineage," and suggested that a player's cricketing ability was often a secondary consideration to their social standing.<ref name="foot"/> Bajana made his debut for Somerset in May 1912,<ref name="fcm"/> opening the batting for the county against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]. He scored twenty-two and seven in a six-wicket victory for his county.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/8/8640.html |title=Sussex v Somerset: County Championship 1912 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In the subsequent match, against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]], Bajana scored his first half-century in county cricket, hitting 71 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in the second innings; the highest score of any Somerset batsman in the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/8/8642.html |title=Hampshire v Somerset: County Championship 1912 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> He passed 50 on three further occasions that year,<ref name="bbs">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/3/3415/f_Batting_by_Season.html |title=First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Prince Bajana |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> and along with [[Len Braund]] and [[Ernie Robson]], was ever-present in the Somerset team that season. His year's aggregate of 575 runs in the County Championship, and his score of 95, made against [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] in August,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/8/8867.html |title=Worcestershire v Somerset: County Championship 1912 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> were both the county's best that season, in a year in which no player scored a century for Somerset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/County_Championship_1912/Somerset_Batting.html |title= Batting and Fielding for Somerset: County Championship 1912 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>

Bajana appeared less frequently for Somerset in 1913, playing ten matches for the county.<ref name="Som1913">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/County_Championship_1913/Somerset_Batting.html |title=Batting and Fielding for Somerset: County Championship 1913 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> He only scored one half-century, accruing 78 runs against [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9008.html |title=Somerset v Derbyshire: County Championship 1913 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> His [[Batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 19.75 in 1913 placed him fourth in the Somerset batting averages.<ref name="Som1913"/>

He did not play for Somerset in 1914, as business interests had taken him to London. Instead he played regularly for Shepherd's Bush, for whom he had appeared on occasion from his first arrival in England,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shepherdsbushcc.co.uk/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=2 |title=The rise of the Bush |last=Perrin |first=David |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707062601/http://www.shepherdsbushcc.co.uk/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=2 |archive-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> and for whom in 1914 he made two centuries over one bank holiday weekend; 134 against Brixton and 121 against North London.<ref name="Carter, Andy">{{Cite book |title= Beyond the Pale |last=Carter |first=Andy |year=2019 |publisher=[[Matador Publishing]] |location=Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire |isbn=978-1-83859-202-8 |page=123}}</ref>

At the outbreak of the First World War county cricket was suspended, but Bajana continued to play for Shepherd's Bush until in 1916 he became involved in the foundation of the Indian Gymkhana club in Mill Hill, north London, scoring a century in the club's first match against Australian Imperial Forces. Thereafter Bajana played, and captained, in a number of matches for Indian Gymkhana, scoring another century for the team against a New Zealand APS side in 1918.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19181026.2.85.4 |title=Cricket |work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|Evening Post]] |publisher=Blundell Bros Limited |volume=XCVI |issue=102 |date=26 October 1918 |page=11 |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vads.ac.uk/large.php?uid=33224 |title=First-Class Cricket Match |publisher=VADS |year=1919 |access-date=23 May 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1919 he returned to the Somerset team, playing in six of their twelve County Championship matches. His batting average of 27.55 in that competition was the second-highest amongst his team, bettered only by [[Jack MacBryan]]. Bajana hit two half-centuries during the season,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/County_Championship_1919/Somerset_Batting.html |title= Batting and Fielding for Somerset: County Championship 1919 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> scoring 77 against Derbyshire,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9607.html |title=Derbyshire v Somerset: County Championship 1919 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> and 59 against [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9621.html |title=Essex v Somerset: County Championship 1919 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The following 1920 season was Bajana's last with Somerset. He appeared fifteen times for the county in first-class cricket, averaging just over twenty.<ref name="bbs"/> In a match against [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]], he achieved his highest first-class score, hitting 14 [[Boundary (cricket)|fours]] on his way to a total of 115 runs in 135 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9791.html |title=Cambridge University v Somerset: University Match 1920 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In his next match, he scored a second century for Somerset, and his only one in the County Championship, scoring 106 runs against [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9810.html |title=Somerset v Warwickshire: County Championship 1920 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> Bajana played his final first-class match against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] in August 1920, scoring six and a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9948.html |title=Middlesex v Somerset: County Championship 1920 |publisher=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In all, Bajana scored 1,975 first-class runs at an average of 20.78. He scored three centuries and seven half-centuries in 96 innings. He was rarely used as a bowler, and took four wickets at an average of 33.00.<ref name="ciprof"/>

==Personal and later life==
In his history of Somerset cricket, David Foot describes Bajana as a "smallish solidly built opening bat".<ref name="foot"/> During his time at Somerset, he was known as "Pyjamas", which sounds similar to his surname.<ref name="foot"/> For a time, he ran an antiques and art dealership in [[Bayswater]], London with Constantine Diamandis, but they dissolved their partnership in early 1920.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31784 |date=17 February 1920 |page=1990 }}</ref> After the conclusion of his first-class cricket career, he continued to play for Indian Gymkhana, including matches at [[Lord's]] against the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] in each of 1922, 1923 and 1924.<ref name="om"/> He died in [[Bethnal Green]], London on 28 April 1927 at the age of 40.<ref name="ciprof"/>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book | title = From Sammy to Jimmy: The Official History of Somerset County Cricket Club| last=Roebuck | first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Roebuck | year = 1991 | publisher = Partridge Press |location=[[London]] | isbn = 1-85225-085-2 }}

==External links==
* {{cricketarchive|ref=Archive/Players/3/3415/3415.html}}
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/26821.html}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajana, Manek Pallon}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Parsi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Somerset cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Parsi cricketers]]

Directorate of Prosecution (Kerala)

2025-08-31T03:19:39Z

Iautomationtraining Hub:

{{refimprove|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Directorate of Prosecution, Kerala
| native_name_a = {{lang|ml|പ്രോസീക്യൂഷൻ ഡയറക്ടറേറ്റ്, കേരളം}}
| type = Agency
| formed = 2000
| jurisdiction = [[Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| chief1_name = Sri. TA Shaji
| chief1_position = Director General of Prosecution {{small|(DGP)}}
| chief2_name = Sri. Girish Panju M.S
| chief2_position = Director of Prosecution (Administration)
| parent_department = [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Department of Home, Government of Kerala]]
| website = https://prosecution.kerala.gov.in
}}

'''Directorate of Prosecution''' is the prosecuting agency of [[Government of Kerala]], and under administrative control of [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Department of Home]], [[Government of Kerala]]. The key function of the Directorate is to streamline the conduct of prosecution, for and on behalf of the State, before the Courts and to monitor and supervise the Prosecutors working in various sub-ordinate Courts in the State. The key responsibility of the Directorate is to supervise and streamline the work of prosecution machinery of the state. The Directorate of Prosecution is headed by the '''Director General of Prosecution''', The DGP is assisted by Director of Prosecution, Deputy Directors of Prosecution, Assistant Directors of Prosecution and [[Prosecutor|Public Prosecutors]]. The Directorate of Prosecution is headquartered in [[Ernakulam]], the judicial capital of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |title=About Directorate |url=https://prosecution.kerala.gov.in/index.php/ab/ab-2 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=prosecution.kerala.gov.in |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Code: Directorate of Prosecution |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_000010_197402_1517807320555&sectionId=22392&sectionno=25A&orderno=26 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Government appoints K Gopalakrishna Kurup as Advocate General, TA Shaji to be Director General of Prosecutions |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=552806&u=government-appoints-k-gopalakrishna-kurup-as-advocate-general-ta-shaji-to-be-director-general-of-prosecutions-552806 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> 
T.A. Shaji is the current Director General of Prosecution of kerala.

== Overview ==
The Directorate of Prosecution is established in 2000 and it is headed by the Director General of Prosecution. He is assisted by a Director of Prosecution (Admn). The directorate is under administrative control of the Department of Home. the Department of Home is headed by the Additional Chief Secretary (Home).

===organizational structure===
* Additional Chief Secretary (Home & Vigilance)
* Director General of Prosecution (DGP) [Head of the department and also State Public Prosecutor]
* Director of Prosecution (Administration)
* Deputy Director of Prosecution and District Public Prosecutor and Government Pleader
* Public Prosecutor and Government Pleader
* Assistant Public Prosecutor and Government Pleader

== See also ==

* [[Advocate general (India)]]
* [[Advocate general]]
* [[Department of Home (Kerala)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]

Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology

2025-04-18T06:15:08Z

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#REDIRECT [[Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University]]

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Vivekodayam

2024-12-31T03:53:04Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Vivekodayam
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = Literary magazine
| frequency = Quarterly
| circulation =
| publisher =
| founder = Kumaran Asan
| founded = 1904
| firstdate = April 1904, 1079 Medom 30
| company =
| country = India
| based =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| website = 
| issn =
| oclc =
}}
'''''Vivekodayam''''' ('Dawn of wisdom') is a [[Malayalam]] literary journal established in 1904 to serve as a voice of the underprivileged communities in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It was founded by [[Kumaran Asan]], a prominent poet of Malayalam literature, social reformer, disciple of [[Narayana Guru]] and founder-secretary of the associated [[SNDP Yogam]], who was inspired by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]] (The journal name was a tribute to him.).{{sfn|George|1972|p=22}}{{sfn|Das|1991|p=257}}{{sfn|Sadasivan|2000|p=600}}

== History ==
Prominent poet, Kumaran Asan served as the founding editor of ''Vivekodayam'', which published its first monthly issue in April, 1904 and it soon became the leading literary journal in Kerala. Under Asan's editorship, ''Vivekodayam'' primarily served as a voice for the social reform message of SNDP Yogam. At the same time, it covered the literary, political, and social themes and published original literary works, literary criticism, informative writings, and inspirational essays. Its fierce advocacy of the interests of the Ezhava community led to it being popularly referred to as the ''Ezhava Gazette''. Asan continued as the editor of Vivekodayam till 1919, when he resigned shortly after his marriage.{{sfn|George|1972|pp=22,66–67}}{{sfn|Sadasivan|2000|p=600}}

After several years of dormancy, the journal was revived by [[C.R. Kesavan Vaidyar]].{{sfn|Kesavan|1988|p=19}} ''Vivekodayam'' is currently published quarterly by the Kumaran Asan National Institute of Culture (KANIC), which was founded in 1958 to preserve the writings and memory of Kumaran Asan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Publications|url=http://kanic.kerala.gov.in/publications.htm|publisher=Kumaran Asan National Institute of Culture|access-date=15 September 2013|archive-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118112046/http://kanic.kerala.gov.in/publications.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Notable articles==
Editorials written by Asan in ''Vivekodayam'' attracted widespread attention, and covered current affairs, criticism of the Government, and championed the cause of education and employment opportunities for the Ezhavas.{{sfn|George|1972|pp=66–67}}

''Vivekodayam'' published Asan's starkly critical reviews of three contemporary Malayali ''Mahakavyam's'' (epic poems): ''Chitrayogam'' by [[Vallathol]], ''Umakeralam'' by [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ulloor]] and ''Rugmangadacharitam'' by [[Pandalam Kerala Varma]]. Asan criticized these works for being conservative in form and for blindly following the norms of [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] epics. His criticism caused a stir in the literary community and engendered responses from the authors, and fans, of those works followed by replies by Asan himself.{{sfn|George|1972|pp=68–69}}{{sfn|Sadasivan|2000|p=600}}

Besides original essays and criticism ''Vivekodayam'' included translations of works from other languages, such as [[James Allen (author)|James Allen]]'s ''[[As a Man Thinketh]],'' (translated by Asan; published as ''Manampole Mangalyam''){{sfn|George|1972|p=70}} and [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s Bengali poem ''[[Nachuk Tahate Shyama]]'' (translated by Asan; published in two issues in 1904).<ref name="Awakened">{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Shankari Prasad |author-link1=Sankari Prasad Basu |title=Vivekananda and social movements in Kerala |journal=[[Prabuddha Bharata]] |date=1989 |volume=94 |issue=2 |page=103 |url=https://archive.org/stream/PrabuddhaBharata-July1896-Dec2001/Prabuddha%20Bharata-July1896-Dec2001/Year%201989/02PB-Feb1989#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=K. M.|title=Makers of Indian literature. Kumaran Asan| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnpkNQEACAAJ|year=1972| publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi, India }}
*{{cite book|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|title=A History of Indian Literature: Western impact: Indian response, 1800–1910|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA257|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-006-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Sadasivan| first=S.N.| title=A Social History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA600|year=2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-170-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Kesavan|first=Bellary Shamanna|title=History of Printing and Publishing in India: A Story of Cultural Re-awakening (Vol. 2)|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJDgAAAAMAAJ }}
{{refend}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Ezhava]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1904]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]
[[Category:Quarterly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]

Pushpa 3: The Rampage

2024-12-19T10:58:48Z

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#REDIRECT [[Pushpa (film series)#Pushpa 3: The Rampage (TBA)]]
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Maraland

2024-10-12T22:54:50Z

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{{Short description|Autonomous District Council in Mizoram state, India}}
{{distinguish|Maryland}}
{{nofootnotes|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Maraland map physical.gif|thumbnail|right|Map of Maraland]]

'''Maraland''' is a region in the southeastern part of [[Mizoram]] state, [[India]]. The region is one of the three [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous District Councils]] in the state.

==See also==
*[[Mara Thyutlia Py]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120501130249/http://www.maraland.net/maraland.html Maraland information at Maraland.NET]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060208013255/http://www.maraland.org/content/view/33/54/ Maraland.org]

[[Category:Mizoram]]

Goga Pahalwan

2024-05-11T19:21:32Z

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#REDIRECT [[Bholu Brothers]]

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Beti Bachao Bahu Lao

2024-05-07T10:22:20Z

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#REDIRECT [[Vishva Hindu Parishad#Beti Bachao Bahu Lao]]

Principal Chief Conservator of Forests

2024-04-22T23:29:25Z

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#REDIRECT [[Indian Forest Service#Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]]

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[[Category:Civil Services of India]]
[[Category:Forest administration in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]

India Unmade

2023-11-30T18:54:05Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{short description|2018 non-fiction book}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = yes
| name = India Unmade: How the Modi Government Broke the Economy
| image = File:India Unmade cover art.jpeg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| authors = [[Yashwant Sinha]], [[Aditya Sinha]]
| audio_read_by =
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| publisher = [[Juggernaut Books]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2018
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| pages = 264
| awards =
| isbn = 9789386228864
| isbn_note =
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| website = [https://www.juggernaut.in/books/india-unmade Juggernaut Books]
}}
'''''India Unmade: How the Modi Government Broke the Economy''''' is a book coauthored by [[Yashwant Sinha]] and [[Aditya Sinha]] published in 2018. The book criticizes the economic performance of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] government near the end of its tenure prior to the [[2019 Indian general election]].

== Authors ==
The book is coauthored by [[Yashwant Sinha]], who served as the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] during the [[Vajpayee Government]], and [[Aditya Sinha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/india-unmade-how-the-modi-government-broke-the-economy-review-dissenting-voice/article26035678.ece|title='India Unmade — How the Modi Government Broke the Economy' review: Dissenting voice|last=Subramanian|first=Kandaswami|date=2019-01-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Description ==
The book criticizes the economic performance of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government led by [[Narendra Modi]] as the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] between the period 2014-2019. The topics covered in the book include the alleged manipulation of the [[Economy of India|gross domestic product of India]], the alleged irregularities in the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]] and the alleged interference with the independence of [[Reserve Bank of India]]. The authors of the book criticise the [[Make in India]] programme and consider the implementation of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] to be shoddy. The authors of the book say that [[Narendra Modi]] missed a golden opportunity to transform the Indian economy, pointing out the large electoral mandate he received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modi-unmade-india-yaswant-sinha-in-no-holds-barred-book/articleshow/67206715.cms|title=Modi 'unmade' India: Yaswant Sinha in no-holds-barred book|last=|first=|date=22 December 2018|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> The authors also argue that the previous NDA government led by [[AB Vajpayee]] was politically and ideologically different than the present one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/yashwant-sinha-explains-how-modi-broke-the-economy-in-new-book-1424459-2019-01-06|title=Yashwant Sinha explains how Modi broke the economy in new book|last=Mittal|first=Ishaan|date=January 6, 2019|website=[[India Today]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

While criticizing Modi, Yashwant Sinha says that he has no conflict of interest in writing this book since he has no plans to run for a political office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/narendra-modi-government-is-manipulating-data-gdp-back-series-needs-to-be-urgently-examined-yashwant-sinha-5774291.html|title=Narendra Modi government is manipulating data; GDP back series needs to be urgently examined: Yashwant Sinha|last=|first=|date=2018-12-22|website=[[Firstpost]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' describes the book to be "neither an economic treatise, nor a political pamphlet". It states that the book reveals the lack of democracy within the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], as exemplified by the hurried compilation of the book.<ref name=":0" /> [[The Financial Express (India)|''The Financial Express'']] considers the book to be one-sided despite constituting an "interesting reading".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-india-unmade-how-the-modi-government-broke-the-economy-by-yashwant-sinha-and-aditya-sinha/1456026/|title=Book review: 'India Unmade: How The Modi Government Broke The Economy' by Yashwant Sinha and Aditya Sinha|last=Sabnavis|first=Madan|date=2019-01-27|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Juggernaut Books books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Collaborative non-fiction books]]