Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Basketball Federation of India

2023-10-05T03:50:56Z

Iamabirofficial: Move 1 url.

{{Short description|Governing body of basketball in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
| name = Basketball Federation of India
| abbrev = BFI
| logo = Basketball Federation of India.svg
| logosize =
| sport = [[Basketball]]
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1950}}
| aff = [[FIBA]]
| region = [[FIBA Asia]]
| regionyear =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| location =
| president = Aadhav Arjuna
| chiefexec =
| vicepresident = Ajay Ssud, Donald Steven Wahlang, Dr. Lalrinawma Hnamte, Manohara Kumar, Norman Isaac, Fr. Ralin De Souza, Seema Sharma
| secretary = Kulvinder Singh Gill
| coach = [[Veselin Matić]]
| womenscoach = [[Zoran Višić]]
| url = basketballfederationindia.org
| countryflag = India
}}

The '''Basketball Federation of India''' ('''BFI''') is the governing and controlling body of [[basketball in India]]. It is responsible for the development and promotion of the sports authority of India at all levels. BFI manages all the national-level basketball operations in India and sports authority of India is also undertaking basketball federation of India. It is involved in organizing training camps and national tournaments, and in preparing Indian teams for both men's and women's international competitions in various age categories. The national team of India is also known as the ''Young Cagers''.<ref name=aboutBFI>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiabasketball.org/inner.php?page=13 | title = About the BFI | publisher = BFI | access-date = 30 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140412103753/http://www.indiabasketball.org/inner.php?page=13 | archive-date = 12 April 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
First national level tournaments were organized in India in 1934.<ref name=aboutBFI/> The [[India national basketball team]] became a member of [[FIBA]] in 1936.<ref name=aboutBFI/> The governing body, BFI, was formed in 1950.<ref name=aboutBFI/> [[Poonam Mahajan]] was the president (and also the first female president) of Basketball Federation of India.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-poonam-mahajan-becomes-first-women-president-of-basketball-federation-of-india-2072735 Poonam Mahajan becomes first women president of Basketball Federation of India]</ref> The current head of BFI is K. Govindraj.<ref name=aboutBFI/>

==National teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Age group !! Men !! Women
|-
| '''Senior''' (''[[India men's national basketball team|Men's]]'') (''[[India women's national basketball team|Women's]]'')
| [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[1987 South Asian Games]] [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[1991 South Asian Games]] [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[1995 South Asian Games]] [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[2019 South Asian Games]] [[Image:Silver medal icon.svg]] [[2010 South Asian Games]]
| [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[2019 South Asian Games]] [[Image:Bronze medal icon.svg]] [[2014 Lusofonia Games]]
|-
| '''U-18''' (''[[India men's national under-18 basketball team|Men's]]'') (''[[India women's national under-18 basketball team|Women's]]'')
|{{NA|''N/A''}}
| [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[2018 FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship|2018 Asian Championship]] (Div B)
|-
| '''U-16''' (''[[India men's national under-16 basketball team|Men's]]'') (''[[India women's national under-16 basketball team|Women's]]'')
| 5th – [[2022 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship|2022 Asian Championship]]
| [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[2018 FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship|2018 Asian Championship]] (Div B)
|}

===3x3===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Selection !! Men !! Women
|-
| '''Senior''' (''[[India men's national 3x3 team|Men's]]'') (''[[India women's national 3x3 team|Women's]]'')
| {{tooltip|QF|Quarterfinals}} – [[2013 FIBA Asia 3x3 Championship|2013 Asian Championship]]
| [[Image:Gold medal icon.svg]] [[2013 FIBA Asia 3x3 Championship|2013 Asian Championship]] 4th – 2017 Asian Championship
|}

==Leagues==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Level !! Men !! Women
|-
| '''Professional'''
| [[Elite Pro Basketball League|Elite Pro Basketball League (EPBL)]]{{efn|Formally the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]}} [[Indian National Basketball League|Indian National Basketball League (INBL)]] (developmental) [[National Basketball Championship (men)|National Basketball Championship]] Federation Cup
| Elite Women’s Pro Basketball League [[National Basketball Championship (women)|National Basketball Championship]]
|-
| '''School/College'''
|colspan=2|Indian School Basketball League (ISBL) Indian College Basketball League (ICBL) [[Khelo India University Games]]
|}
{{notelist}}

===3x3===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Level !! Men !! Women
|-
|'''Professional'''
| [[3x3 Pro Basketball League (3BL)]] [[Indian National Basketball League|Indian National Basketball League (INBL)]] (developmental)
| 3BL
|}

==Recognition==
The Indian basketball players have also won several trophies for their country. There are 17 Indian basketball players who have been honored by the [[Government of India]] through the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref name=BFIAwards>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiabasketball.org/inner.php?page=4 |access-date=January 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110095730/http://www.indiabasketball.org/inner.php?page=4 |archive-date=January 10, 2013 |title=Techolac - Computer Technology News }}</ref> Two players have been bestowed with [[Dhyan Chand Award]]s for lifetime achievement.<ref name=BFIAwards/>

==See also==
* [[Sport in India|Sports in India]]
* [[Mizoram Super League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.basketballfederationindia.org/}}
* [https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball.aspx Asia-Basket]

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of the International Basketball Federation}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:National members of FIBA Asia]]
[[Category:Basketball in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]

{{Basketball-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

National Rifle Association of India

2023-09-16T05:33:17Z

Iamabirofficial: Reformat 1 URL

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name=National Rifle Association of India
|abbrev=NRAI
|logo=National Rifle Association of India.svg
|logosize=
|sport=[[Shooting]]
|category=
|image=
|caption=
|jurisdiction=[[India]]
|founded={{Start date and age|df=yes|1951}}
|aff=[[International Shooting Sport Federation|ISSF]]
|region=[[Asian Shooting Confederation|ASC]]
|regionyear=
|headquarters=[[New Delhi]]
|location=
|president=[[Kalikesh Singh Deo]]
|chairman=
|chairperson=
|chiefexec=
|vicepresident=
|director=
|secretary=
|coach=
|womenscoach=
|key staff=
|operating income=
|sponsor=MPL
|year closed=
|replaced=
|prevfounded=
|url=https://www.thenrai.in/
|countryflag=India
}}

The '''National Rifle Association of India''' (NRAI) was founded in 1951 with a view to promote and popularize the [[shooting sports in India]]. The first speaker of [[Lok Sabha]], Sh. G.V. Mavlankar was the founder and the first president of NRAI followed by Sh. Govind Vallabh Pant, Sh. Lal Bahadur Shastri, Sh. Y. B. Chauhan, Sh. G.S. Dhillon and Sh. Joginder Singh. Sh. [[Raninder Singh]] has served as president since December 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raninder Singh appointed NRAI president |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/shooting/28237794_1_nrai-shooting-federation-commonwealth-shooting-championships |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707042110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/shooting/28237794_1_nrai-shooting-federation-commonwealth-shooting-championships |archive-date=7 July 2012 |date=29 December 2010}}</ref>

==Tournaments==
The NRAI is affiliated to the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and the [[International Shooting Sport Federation]] as well as the [[Asian Shooting Confederation]] and other international bodies. NRAI holds five national competitions annually with a view to promote and popularize the Sports of shooting in India:

*National Shooting Championship Competitions (NSCC)
*All India G.V. Mavlankar Shooting Championship (AIGVMSC)
*Sardar Sajjan Singh Sethi Memorial Masters Shooting Championship
*Kumar Surendra Singh Memorial Shooting Championship
*All India Kumar Surendra Singh Memorial Inter School Shooting Championship

==International Performance==
Shooting in India gained visibility when [[Abhinav Bindra]] won the [[Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics#Men's events|Men's 10Metre Air Rifle]] at the [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Olympic Games]]. This was India's first ever Olympic gold medal in an individual sport.

==Shooting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games==
In 2017, the Commonwealth Games Federation announced that the 2022 Commonwealth Games would no longer be held in [[Durban]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games: Durban, South Africa will not host Games in 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/39256432 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313134445/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/39256432 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |language=English |date=13 March 2017}}</ref> The Games were awarded to [[Birmingham]] who chose not to include Shooting in the programme for the first time since 1970.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__62549/Title__Optional-Sports-at-2022-Commonwealth-Games/292/Articles|title=Optional Sports at 2022 Commonwealth Games|date=18 January 2018|work=[[Around the Rings]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162527/http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__62549/Title__Optional-Sports-at-2022-Commonwealth-Games/292/Articles|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/shooting/42753120|title=Birmingham 2022: Shooting dropped from Commonwealth Games|date=19 January 2018|work=BBC|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122213222/http://www.bbc.com/sport/shooting/42753120|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/no-shooting-at-commonwealth-games-top-official-suggests-t20-mixed-cricket-4993578/|title=No shooting at 2022 Commonwealth Games, top official suggests T20 mixed cricket|date=19 January 2018|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072148/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/no-shooting-at-commonwealth-games-top-official-suggests-t20-mixed-cricket-4993578/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following unsuccessful representations by the ISSF and British Shooting to have Shooting reinstated,<ref>{{cite web |title=The decision of the Birmingham Organizing Committee of the Commonwealth Games 2022 |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/news.ashx?newsid=3340 |website=ISSF News |publisher=[[International Shooting Sport Federation]] |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722160115/https://www.issf-sports.org/news.ashx?newsid=3340 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |date=22 July 2019}}</ref> the NRAI and IOA started plans to host a parallel Shooting competition in India and entered discussions with the CGF to have the medals included in Birmingham's medal table.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Liam Morgan |title=Exclusive: India could host Commonwealth Games shooting medal event around Birmingham 2022 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1087912/birmingham-2022-shooting-solution |website=insidethegames.biz |publisher=Dunsar Media Company Limited |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222853/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1087912/birmingham-2022-shooting-solution |archive-date=7 December 2019 |date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The NRAI and IOA proposed to fully fund both the event as well as travel and accommodation expenses for several hundred athletes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games: Birmingham 2022 shooting & archery events could take place in India |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/51013587 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108102955/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/51013587 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Proposals were also made to include Archery, which had not been included since the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in Delhi. Initial plans were to host the event in [[Chandigarh]], which would have required the construction of a new 1000yard fullbore range for the Queens shoot. The planned event - named the ''Commonwealth Shooting and Archery Championship'' - was cancelled in July 2021 due to ongoing concerns over COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Commonwealth Games Shooting Championship in India Cancelled |url=https://nra.org.uk/2022-commonwealth-games-shooting-championship-in-india-cancelled/ |website=National Rifle Association |publisher=[[National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom|National Rifle Association]] |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324042014/https://nra.org.uk/2022-commonwealth-games-shooting-championship-in-india-cancelled/ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |language=English |date=2 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural Commonwealth archery, shooting championships in 2022 cancelled due to COVID |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-archery-shooting-championships-2022-cancelled-covid |website=Olympics.com |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702142010/https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-archery-shooting-championships-2022-cancelled-covid |archive-date=2 July 2021 |language=English |date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sport in India]]
* [[:Category:Sports governing bodies in India|List of national, sports governing bodies of India]]
* [[India at the Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|www.thenrai.in}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of the International Shooting Sport Federation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Rifle Association of India}}
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:National members of the Asian Shooting Confederation|India]]
[[Category:Shooting sports in India]]
[[Category:Rifle associations]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

{{India-org-stub}}
{{Sport-org-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

Mohanpur, Sultanganj

2023-09-12T23:26:35Z

Iamabirofficial: Published a captivating publication.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Mohanpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.23302|N|79.08747|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.532
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1497
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mohanpur''' ([[Devanagari]]: मोहनपुर {{IAST|Mohanpur}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,497, in 243 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Mohanpur had a population of 1,497, in 243 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 52.5% male (771) and 48.5% female (726). The 0-6 age group numbered 266 (132 male and 134 female), or 17.8% of the total population. 622 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 41.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mohanpur as having a population of 749 people, in 134 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|170-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mohanpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 490 people (260 male and 230 female), in 87 households and 68 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 403 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Mohanpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Ahmed Ilias

2023-07-10T21:41:38Z

Iamabirofficial: Finished writing a new addition.

{{Short description|Indian poet (1934–2023)}}
{{Grammar}}
{{More sources}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ahmed Ilias
| native_name = احمد الیاس
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|08|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Taltala|Taltola]], [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|07|07|1934|08|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| nationality = Pakistani
| occupation = Poet
| known_for =
| family =
}}

'''Ahmed Ilias''' (25 August 1934 – 7 July 2023) was an Bangladeshi [[Urdu]] poet of [[Bihar|Bihari]] origin. His ancestors came from [[Munger]] in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Three Poets |url=https://longingbelonging.net/the-three-poets/#!/Ahmed-Ilias |website=Longing Belonging |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ahmed Ilias was born in the [[Taltala|Taltola]] area of [[Calcutta]] on 25 August 1934.<ref name="Bangla">{{cite web |title=Writer Migrant: Ahmed Ilias – Dhaka |url=https://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-interviews/writer-migrant-ahmed-ilias---dhama.html |website=Bangla Stories |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> His mother died in childbirth, and he was raised by Muslim neighbours from [[East Bengal]]. His adoptive father worked at [[Kidderpore]] port. Ilias studied at the [[Calcutta Alia Madrasah]] (established 1781). He continued his studies till the age of 15, when the [[partition of India]] caused him to pause his education due to lack of funds. He resumed a few years later in [[Islamia High School]] in Calcutta. He fell ill before his SSC exams, and lacking the means for treatment, he moved to live with relatives in [[East Pakistan]] in 1953. He came to the provincial capital of [[Dhaka|Dacca]], where he passed his school certificate exams and became a trainee surveyor for the Pakistani government. He travelled all over Bangladesh for his job.

==Career==
Ilias joined the [[Dhaka Press Club]], where he was soon appointed secretary.

Ilias began to take an active interest in writing, and his circle of friends included journalists, poets and writers. He too became a journalist. In 1964, communal riots drove more Indian Muslims, from [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Rourkela]], to East Pakistan. Ilias covered their plight as a reporter. In 1971, as the [[Liberation War]] led to the creation of an independent Bangladesh, Urdu speakers such as Ilias lost their rights and their livelihoods.

Although representing a marginalized, even vilified, language, Ilias gained some renown as a writer of [[Urdu poetry]]. His work has been translated into Bengali. He also wrote a book called ''[[Biharis]]: The Indian Emigres in Bangladesh: An Objective Analysis'' (2003) which was translated into Bengali.

==Social work==
Ilias led the Al-Falah [[NGO]] which works with Urdu speakers who live in various camps in Bangladesh to help them integrate into mainstream society.

==Personal life and death==
Ilias had nine children, three sons and six daughters.<ref name="Bangla"/> He died in Dhaka on 7 July 2023, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's renowned Urdu poet Ahmed Ilias dies |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/obituary/bangladeshs-renowned-urdu-poet-ahmed-ilias-dies-661590 |access-date=8 July 2023 |publisher=The Business Standard }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilias, Ahmed}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]

Polly Umrigar Award

2023-05-21T18:33:25Z

Iamabirofficial: /* List of recipients */cite repair;, removed: |others=Special Correspondent

{{short description|Part of the BCCI Indian cricket awards}}
{{Infobox award|year=2006-07|year2=2018-19|most_awards=[[Virat Kohli]] (5)|country=[[India]]|presenter=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]}}

The '''Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year''' is one of the [[BCCI Awards]], awarded to Indian cricketers for outstanding performance in international cricket.
== History ==
The award was instituted in 2007, with [[Sachin Tendulkar]] being the first recipient.

== Award ==
The award includes a trophy, citation, and cash prize of {{Indian Rupee}}15 [[lakh]].

==List of recipients==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Recipient
!References
|-
|2006-07
|[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|
|-
|2007-08
|[[Virender Sehwag]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sehwag-to-get-polly-umrigar-award-555086.html|title=Sehwag to get Polly Umrigar award|date=2009-02-08|website=News18|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2008-09
|[[Gautam Gambhir]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44512220091206|title=Gambhir named India's cricketer for 2008-09 season|date=2009-12-06|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2009-10
|[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sachin-tendulkar-to-get-polly-umrigar-trophy-in-bcci-awards/articleshow/8318581.cms|title=Sachin Tendulkar to get Polly Umrigar Trophy in BCCI awards|date=2011-05-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2010-11
|[[Rahul Dravid]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/dravid-to-get-polly-umrigar-award/article2654090.ece|title=Dravid to get Polly Umrigar award|date=2011-11-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-11|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/dravid-to-get-polly-umrigar-trophy-in-bcci-awards/story-ukoyn9vbKSHHbKbs2ZLGNN.html|title=Dravid to get 'Polly Umrigar' Trophy in BCCI Awards|date=2011-11-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2011-12
|[[Virat Kohli]]
|
|-
|2012-13
|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/poly-umrigar-award-for-ashwin/article5503936.ece|title=Poly Umrigar award for Ashwin|date=2013-12-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2013-14
|[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bhuvneshwar-kumar-bcci-awards-polly-umrigar-award-227672-2014-11-18|title=Bhuvneshwar Kumar to get Polly Umrigar award for best cricketer|agency=IANS |date=November 24, 2014 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2014-15
|[[Virat Kohli]]
|
|-
|2015-16
|[[Virat Kohli]]
|
|-
|2016-17
|[[Virat Kohli]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/010317/virat-kohli-ravichandran-ashwin-bag-polly-umrigar-dilip-sardesai-awards.html|title=Virat Kohli, Ravichandran Ashwin bag Polly Umrigar, Dilip Sardesai awards|date=2017-03-01|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2017-18
|[[Virat Kohli]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-to-receive-polly-umrigar-award-harmanpreet-kaur-to-be-honoured/story-B7YMo7vVX2WSprr9WnlpoM.html|title=Virat Kohli to receive Polly Umrigar award, Harmanpreet Kaur to be honoured|date=2018-06-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2018-19
|[[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/jasprit-bumrah-receives-polly-umrigar-and-dilip-sardesai-awards-at-bcci-annual-function/articleshow/73217119.cms|title=Jasprit Bumrah receives Polly Umrigar and Dilip Sardesai awards at BCCI annual function - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2007]]

World Bank

2023-05-20T15:51:47Z

Iamabirofficial: Article created.

{{short description|International financial institution}}{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The World Bank
| image = [[File:The World Bank logo.svg|250px]] [[File:World Bank building at Washington.jpg|250px]]
| caption = The World Bank building in [[Washington, D.C.]]
| established = {{start date and age|1944|July|7|p=1}}
| extinction =
| type = [[International financial institution]]
| status = Treaty
| purpose =
| headquarters = 1818 [[H Street (Washington, D.C.)|H Street]], NW [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about|title=About the World Bank|website=worldbank.org}}</ref>
| key_people = {{unbulleted list
| [[Ajay Banga]] ([[President of the World Bank Group|President]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://amp.scroll.in/latest/919116/david-malpass-a-us-treasury-official-and-donald-trumps-pick-appointed-world-bank-president |title=David Malpass, a US Treasury official and Donald Trump's pick, appointed World Bank president |work=scroll.in |access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>
| [[Axel van Trotsenburg]] ([[Managing Director|MD]])
| [[Anshula Kant]] ([[Managing Director|MD]] and [[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]])
| [[Indermit Gill]] ([[World Bank Chief Economist|Chief Economist]],)<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Group Leadership |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/managers |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref>}}
| parent_organization = [[World Bank Group]]
| affiliations =
| budget =
| membership = 189 countries (IBRD)<ref name="Member Countries">https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members "Member Countries". Retrieved on 2 January 2022.</ref> 174 countries (IDA)<ref name="Member Countries"/>
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|https://www.worldbank.org/}}
}}
The '''World Bank''' is an [[international financial institution]] that provides [[loan]]s and [[Grant (money)|grant]]s to the governments of [[Least developed countries|low-]] and [[Developing country|middle-income countries]] for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=World Bank |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> The World Bank is the collective name for the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) and [[International Development Association]] (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the [[World Bank Group]]. It was established along with the [[International Monetary Fund]] at the 1944 [[Bretton Woods Conference]]. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s, it focused on loans to developing world countries, shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' [[Sustainable Development Goals]], as well as environmental and social safeguards.

{{As of|2022}}, the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at developing countries to help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank operates a number of training wings and it works with the Clean Air Initiative and the UN Development Business. It works within the Open Data Initiative and hosts an Open Knowledge Repository.

The World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming economic development, causing protests in [[1988 IMF/World Bank protests|1988]] and [[Washington A16, 2000|2000]]. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The president [[David Malpass]] faced strong criticism as he challenged the [[scientific consensus on climate change]]. He was replaced by [[Ajay Banga]], supporting [[climate action]].<ref name=Michelle/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lo |first1=oe |title=US backs Ajay Banga to lead World Bank in climate fight |url=https://climatechangenews.com/2023/02/23/us-backs-ajay-banga-to-lead-world-bank-in-climate-fight/ |website=Climate Home news |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref>

==World Bank Group==
The [[World Bank Group]] is an extended family of five international organizations, and the parent organization of the World Bank, the collective name given to the first two listed organizations, the IBRD and the IDA:

*[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD)
*[[International Development Association]] (IDA)
*[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC)
*[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA)
*[[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID)

==History==
[[File:WhiteandKeynes.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harry Dexter White]] (left) and [[John Maynard Keynes]], the "founding fathers" of both the World Bank and the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)<ref name="Bretton Woods Founding Fathers 2004">{{cite web |title=The Founding Fathers |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023626/http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel3.htm |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

The World Bank was created at the 1944 [[Bretton Woods Conference]], along with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF). The president of the World Bank is traditionally an [[United States|American]].<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 March 2015, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/business/france-germany-and-italy-join-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank.html "France, Germany and Italy Say They'll Join China-Led Bank"]</ref> The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely with each other.
[[File:The Gold Room - Bretton Woods Mount Washington Hotel.jpg|thumb|The Gold Room at the [[Mount Washington Hotel]] where the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established]]
Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference, the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations.<ref name="Goldman 2005">{{cite book |title=Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialnaturewo0000gold |url-access=registration |author=Goldman, Michael |year=2005 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0-300-11974-9}}</ref>{{rp|52–54}} The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low-income countries that could not obtain loans commercially.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Clemens|first1=Michael A.|last2=Kremer|first2=Michael|title=The New Role for the World Bank|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=30|issue=1|pages=53–76|doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.53|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients.<ref name=":0" />

=== {{anchor|Early History|1944|1974|1944-1974}} 1944–1974===
In its early years, the Bank made a slow start for two reasons: it was underfunded, and there were leadership struggles between the US Executive Director and the president of the organization. When the [[Marshall Plan]] went into effect in 1947, many European countries began receiving aid from other sources. Faced with this competition, the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European allies. Until 1968, its loans were [[Earmark (finance)|earmark]]ed for the construction of infrastructure works, such as seaports, highway systems, and power plants, that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan. In 1960, the [[International Development Association]] was formed (as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED), providing soft loans to developing countries.

Before 1974, the reconstruction and development loans the World Bank made were relatively small. Its staff was aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank. [[Fiscal conservatism]] ruled, and loan applications had to meet strict criteria.<ref name="Goldman 2005" />{{rp|56–60}}

The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France in 1947. The Bank's president at the time, [[John J. McCloy|John McCloy]], chose France over two other applicants, Poland and Chile. The loan was for US$250 million, half the amount requested, and came with strict conditions. France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments. World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions. In addition, before the loan was approved, the [[United States State Department]] told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed. The French government complied and removed the [[Communist Party of France|Communist]] [[coalition government]]—the so-called [[Tripartite system (politics)|tripartite]]. Within hours, the loan to France was approved.<ref name="Bird 1992">{{cite book |title=The Chairman: John J. McCloy, the Making of the American Establishment |author=Bird, Kai |year=1992 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-671-45415-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/chairmanjohnjmc00bird}}{{rp|288, 290–291}}</ref>

===1974–1980===
From 1974 to 1980, the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the [[Developing country|developing world]]. The size and number of loans to borrowers greatly increased, as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors.<ref name="World Bank Historical Chronology 1970-1979">{{cite web |title=World Bank Historical Chronology: 1970–1979 |publisher=World Bank Group |author=World Bank |url=http://go.worldbank.org/847R4CBE80 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20111113144021/http://go.worldbank.org/847R4CBE80 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>

These changes can be attributed to [[Robert McNamara]], who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name="Goldman 2005" />{{rp|60–63}} McNamara implored bank treasurer [[Eugene Rotberg]] to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding. Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank.<ref name="Rotberg 1994">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Financial Operations of the World Bank |author=Rotberg, Eugene |encyclopedia=Bretton Woods: looking to the future: commission report, staff review, background papers |year=1994 |publisher=Bretton Woods Commission |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://external.worldbankimflib.org/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5/?searchdata1=219610%7Bckey%7D#_ |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705163027/http://external.worldbankimflib.org/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5/?searchdata1=219610%7Bckey%7D#_ |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of [[Debt of developing countries|Third World debt]]. From 1976 to 1980, developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20%.<ref name="Mosley et al. 1995">{{cite book |title=Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending, 2nd Edition |author=Mosley, Paul |author2=Harrigan, Jane |author3=Toye, John |year=1995 |volume=1 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK |isbn=978-0-415-13209-1}}</ref><ref name="Toussaint 1999">{{cite book |title=Your Money or Your Life!: The Tyranny of Global Finance |author=Toussaint, Eric |year=1999 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-7453-1412-9}}</ref>

The World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established in 1980, to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored.<ref name="World Bank Admin Tribunal 2012">{{cite web | title = World Bank Administrative Tribunal | publisher = World Bank Group | author = World Bank | url = http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/crn/wbt/wbtwebsite.nsf/%28resultsweb%29/about?opendocument | access-date = 14 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111229110521/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/crn/wbt/wbtwebsite.nsf/%28resultsweb%29/about?opendocument | archive-date = 29 December 2011 | url-status=dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===1980–1989===
McNamara was succeeded by US [[President of the United States|President]] [[Jimmy Carter]]'s nominee, [[Alden W. Clausen]], in 1980.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/business/aw-clausen-former-bank-of-america-chief-dies-at-89.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=A.W. Clausen, Former Bank of America Chief, Dies at 89 |author=NELSON D. SCHWARTZ |access-date=27 October 2016 |quote=Mr. Clausen was chosen by President Jimmy Carter to lead the World Bank shortly before Mr. Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in 1980, but the new administration supported Mr. Clausen's nomination.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tom-Clausen-BofA-World-Bank-head-dies-4218430.php |title=Tom Clausen, BofA, World Bank head, dies |publisher=SFGate |access-date=27 October 2016 |quote=That focus paid dividends when President Jimmy Carter nominated him in 1980 to succeed Robert McNamara as president of the World Bank. }}</ref> Clausen replaced many members of McNamara's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis. His 1982 decision to replace the bank's Chief Economist, [[Hollis B. Chenery]], with [[Anne Krueger]] was an example of this new focus. Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing [[Third World]] governments as "[[rent-seeking]] states".

During the 1980s, the bank emphasized lending to service Third-World debt, and [[structural adjustment]] policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations. [[UNICEF]] reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for "reduced health, nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in [[Asia]], [[Latin America]], and [[Africa]]".<ref name="Cornia et al. 1987">{{Cite book | title = Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth | editor = Cornia, Giovanni Andrea | editor2 = Jolly, Richard | editor3 = Stewart, Frances | year = 1987 | publisher = Oxford University Press USA | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-19-828609-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/adjustmentwithhu0001unse }}</ref>

===1989–present===
Beginning in 1989, in response to harsh criticism from many groups, the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism.<ref name="Goldman 2005" />{{rp|93–97}} It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop [[Ozone depletion|ozone-depletion]] damage to the earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991, the bank announced that to protect against deforestation, especially in the Amazon, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.

In order to promote global public goods, the World Bank tries to control communicable diseases such as malaria, delivering vaccines to several parts of the world, and joining combat forces. In 2000 the bank announced a "war on AIDS" and in 2011 the bank joined the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership.<ref name="World Bank Results 2012">{{cite web |title = Results|publisher = World Bank Group|author = World Bank|url = https://www.worldbank.org/results/|access-date = 31 May 2012}}</ref>

Traditionally, based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe, the [[World Bank presidential election, 2012|president of the World Bank]] has been selected from candidates nominated by the United States. This is significant because the World Bank tends to lend more readily to countries that are friendly with the United States, not because of direct U.S. influence but because of the employees of the World Bank.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Richard |last2=Dolan |first2=Lindsay |title=Pleasing the Principal: US Influence in World Bank Policymaking |journal=American Journal of Political Science |year=2021 |volume=65 |pages=36–51 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12531 |s2cid=219757123 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12531 |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> In 2012, for the first time, two non-US citizens were nominated.

On 23 March 2012, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] announced that the United States would nominate [[Jim Yong Kim]] as the next president of the bank.<ref name="Office of the Press Secretary 2012">{{Cite news | title = President Obama Announces U.S. Nomination of Dr. Jim Yong Kim to Lead World Bank | author = Office of the Press Secretary | date = 23 March 2012 | url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/23/president-obama-announces-us-nomination-dr-jim-yong-kim-lead-world-bank | via = [[NARA|National Archives]] | work = [[whitehouse.gov]] | access-date = 23 March 2012}}</ref> Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012 and reelected to a second five-year term in 2017. He announced that he would resign effective 1 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46787840|title=Jim Yong Kim steps down as President of World Bank|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}</ref> He was replaced on an interim basis by now-former World Bank CEO [[Kristalina Georgieva]], then by [[David Malpass]] on 9 April 2019.

In 2023 a new president was appointed: [[Ajay Banga]]. His term will begun on 2 June. He was supported by the American president [[Joe Biden]] partly because he supports [[climate action]]. He is also expected to help low income countries deal with debts. He is the first Indian American to lead the bank. He worked before as the head of [[Mastercard]]. The former president [[David Malpass]] faced criticism as he challenged the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref name=Michelle>{{cite news |last1=Fleury |first1=Michelle |title=Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65474459 |access-date=7 May 2023 |agency=BBC }}</ref>

==COVID-19 Pandemic==

In September 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the World Bank announced a $12 billion plan to supply "low and middle income countries" with a vaccine once it was approved.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/sep/29/world-bank-announces-plan-poor-countries-buy-covid-vaccines|title=World Bank announces $12bn plan for poor countries to buy Covid vaccines|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Elliot|first=Larry|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> In June of 2022, the bank reported that $10.1 billion had been allocated to supply 78 countries with the vaccine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/coronavirus-covid19/world-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccines |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:World Bank Group headquarters.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[World Bank Group]] headquarters building in Washington, D.C.]]

==Evolution of criteria==
{{Unreferenced section}}
Various developments brought the [[Millennium Development Goals]] targets for 2015 within reach in some cases. For the goals to be realized, six criteria must be met: stronger and more inclusive growth in Africa and fragile states, more effort in health and education, integration of the development and environment agendas, more as well as better aid, movement on trade negotiations, and stronger and more focused support from multilateral institutions like the World Bank.<ref name="World Bank MDGs 2012">{{cite web |title = Millennium Development Goals|publisher = World Bank Group|author = World Bank|url = https://www.worldbank.org/mdgs/|access-date = 31 May 2012}}</ref>

# '''Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger''': From 1990 through 2004, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from almost a third to less than a fifth. Although results vary widely within regions and countries, the trend indicates that the world as a whole can meet the goal of halving the percentage of people living in poverty. Africa's poverty, however, is expected to rise, and most of the 36 countries where 90% of the world's undernourished children live are in Africa. Less than a quarter of countries are on track for achieving the goal of halving under-nutrition.
# '''Achieve Universal Primary Education''': The percentage of children in school in developing countries increased from 80% in 1991 to 88% in 2005. Still, about 72 million children of primary school age, 57% of them girls, were not being educated {{as of|2005|lc=y}}.
# '''Promote Gender Equality''': The tide is turning slowly for women in the labor market, yet far more women than men—worldwide more than 60%—are contributing but unpaid family workers. The World Bank Group Gender Action Plan was created to advance women's economic empowerment and promote shared growth.
# '''Reduce Child Mortality''': There is some improvement in survival rates globally; accelerated improvements are needed most urgently in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 10 million-plus children under five died in 2005; most of their deaths were from preventable causes.
# '''Improve Maternal Health''': Almost all of the half-million women who die during pregnancy or childbirth every year live in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. There are numerous causes of maternal death that require a variety of health care interventions to be made widely accessible.
# '''Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases''': Annual numbers of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths have fallen, but the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the eight worst-hit southern African countries, prevalence is above 15 percent. Treatment has increased globally, but still meets only 30 percent of needs (with wide variations across countries). AIDS remains the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa (1.6 million deaths in 2007). There are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year, leading to more than 1 million deaths. Nearly all the cases and more than 95 percent of the deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.
# '''Ensure Environmental Sustainability''': Deforestation remains a critical problem, particularly in regions of biological diversity, which continues to decline. Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing faster than energy technology advancement.
# '''Develop a Global Partnership for Development''': Donor countries have renewed their commitment. Donors have to fulfill their pledges to match the current rate of core program development. Emphasis is being placed on the Bank Group's collaboration with multilateral and local partners to quicken progress toward the MDGs' realization.

=== Environmental and Social Safeguards ===
To ensure that World Bank-financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation, the following environmental, social, and legal safeguards were defined: Environmental Assessment, Indigenous Peoples, Involuntary Resettlement, Physical Cultural Resources, Forests, Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Safety of Dams, Projects in Disputed Areas, Projects on International Waterways, and Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental and Social Policies |author=The World Bank |publisher= World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-policies#safeguards|access-date = 4 December 2020}}</ref>

At the World Bank's 2012 annual meeting in Tokyo, a review of these safeguards was initiated, which was welcomed by several civil society organisations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most relevant review |author=Korinna Horta |publisher=dandc.eu |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/world-bank-reviewing-its-social-and-environmental-safeguards-and-civil-society-organisations}}</ref> As a result, the World Bank developed a new Environmental and Social Framework, which has been in implementation since 1 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental and Social Framework |author=The World Bank |publisher= World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-framework}}</ref>

==Leadership==
The President of the Bank is the president of the entire [[World Bank Group]]. The president is responsible for chairing meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the Bank. Traditionally, the president of the Bank has always been a U.S. citizen nominated by the United States, the largest shareholder in the bank (the managing director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] having always been a European). The nominee is subject to confirmation by the board of executive directors to serve a five-year, renewable term. While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience, some have not.<ref name="Hurlburt 2012">{{Cite news | title = Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president | author = Hurlburt, Heather | date = 23 March 2012 | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/mar/23/jim-yong-kim-world-bank-president | access-date = 23 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="World Bank Leadership 2012">{{cite web | title = Leadership | publisher = World Bank Group | author = World Bank | url = http://go.worldbank.org/HWEWI4KIO0 | access-date = 17 July 2012}}</ref>

The vice presidents of the Bank are its principal managers, in charge of regions, sectors, networks and functions. There are two executive vice presidents, three senior vice presidents, and 24 vice presidents.<ref name="World Bank Senior Management 2012">{{cite web | title = Senior Management | publisher = World Bank Group | author = World Bank | url = http://go.worldbank.org/DHWEE5LGQ0 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130416051123/http://go.worldbank.org/DHWEE5LGQ0 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 April 2013 | access-date = 12 August 2012 }}</ref>

The boards of directors consist of the World Bank Group president and 25 executive directors. The president is the presiding officer, and ordinarily has no vote except to break a tie. The executive directors as individuals cannot exercise any power or commit or represent the Bank unless the boards specifically authorized them to do so. With the term beginning 1 November 2010, the number of executive directors increased by one, to 25.<ref name="World Bank Boards of Directors 2012">{{cite web | title = Boards of Directors | publisher = World Bank Group | author = World Bank | url = http://go.worldbank.org/LHHOT1LSW0 | access-date = 12 August 2012 |archive-url=http://archive.today/20130416051730/http://go.worldbank.org/LHHOT1LSW0 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Presidents===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Presidents of the World Bank
|-
! Name
! Dates
! Nationality
! Previous work
|-
| [[Eugene Meyer (financier)|Eugene Meyer]]
| 1946–1946
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Newspaper publisher and Chairman of the Federal Reserve
|-
| [[John J. McCloy]]
| 1947–1949
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Lawyer and US Assistant Secretary of War
|-
| {{nowrap|[[Eugene R. Black, Sr.]]}}
| 1949–1963
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Bank executive with [[Chase Manhattan Bank|Chase]] and executive director with the World Bank
|-
| [[George David Woods|George Woods]]
| 1963–1968
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Bank executive with [[First Boston Corporation]]
|-
| [[Robert McNamara]]
| 1968–1981
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| President of the [[Ford Motor Company]], US Defense Secretary under presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|-
| [[Alden W. Clausen]]
| 1981–1986
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Lawyer, bank executive with [[Bank of America]]
|-
| [[Barber Conable]]
| 1986–1991
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| New York State Senator and US Congressman
|-
| [[Lewis Thompson Preston|Lewis T. Preston]]
| 1991–1995
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Bank executive with [[J.P. Morgan]]
|-
| {{nowrap| [[James Wolfensohn]]}}
| 1995–2005
|{{flagcountry|United States}} and {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| Wolfensohn was a naturalised American citizen before taking office. Corporate lawyer and banker
|-
| [[Paul Wolfowitz]]
| 2005–2007
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| US Ambassador to Indonesia, US Deputy Secretary of Defense, Dean of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, a prominent architect of [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], resigned World Bank post due to ethics scandal<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/42f29804-e8ae-11db-b2c3-000b5df10621.html "Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner's Pay Package"], ''The Financial Times'', 12 April 2007, accessed 14 May 2007</ref>
|-
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| 2007–2012
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Deputy Secretary of State and US Trade Representative
|-
| [[Jim Yong Kim]]
| 2012–2019
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Former Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School|Harvard]], president of [[Dartmouth College]], naturalized American citizen<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president |author=Heather Hurlburt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/mar/23/jim-yong-kim-world-bank-president |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=9 March 2016 |quote=Kim is a naturalized US citizen who was born in Korea. |location=London}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kristalina Georgieva]] (acting)
|2019
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
|Former European Commissioner for the Budget and Human Resources and 2010's "European of the Year"
|-
|[[David Malpass]]
|2019–2023
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs
|-
|[[Ajay Banga]]
|2023–present
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| Former head of [[Mastercard]]<ref name=Michelle/>
|}

===Chief Economists===
{{Main|World Bank Chief Economist}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+World Bank Chief Economists<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-24/romer-steps-down-as-world-bank-chief-economist-after-rocky-stint|title=Paul Romer Steps Down as World Bank Chief Economist After Rocky Stint|last=Mayeda|first=Andrew|newspaper=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>
|-
! Name
! Dates
! Nationality
|-
| [[Hollis B. Chenery]]
| 1972–1982
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Anne Osborn Krueger]]
| 1982–1986
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Stanley Fischer]]
| 1988–1990
|{{flagcountry|United States}} and {{flagcountry|Israel}}
|-
| [[Lawrence Summers]]
| 1991–1993
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Michael Bruno (economist)|Michael Bruno]]
| 1993–1996
|{{flagcountry|Israel}}
|-
| [[Joseph Stiglitz|Joseph E. Stiglitz]]
| 1997–2000
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford|Nicholas Stern]]
| 2000–2003
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[François Bourguignon]]
| 2003–2007
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|-
| [[Justin Yifu Lin]]
| 2008–2012
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|-
| [[Kaushik Basu]]
| 2012–2016
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|-
| [[Paul Romer]]
| 2016–2018
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Shanta Devarajan]] (Acting)
| 2018–2018
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| [[Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg|Penny Goldberg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/04/26/yales-penny-goldberg-appointed-chief-economist-world-bank |title=Yale's Penny Goldberg appointed chief economist at the World Bank |access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=World Bank Group President Appoints Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg as Chief Economist |url= http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/26/world-bank-group-president-appoints-pinelopi-koujianou-goldberg-as-chief-economist| access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/world-bank-lose-second-chief-172500978.html|title=World Bank Loses Chief Economist in under 15 months|last=Lawder|first=David|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
| 2018–2020
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
| Aart Kraay (Acting)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/world-bank-chief-economist-announces-resignation-12399274|title=World Bank Chief Economist announces resignation|website=[[Channel News Asia]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aart Kraay |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/a/aart-kraay |publisher=World Bank |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
| 2020–2020
|
|-
| [[Carmen Reinhart]]
| 2020–2022
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
|Indermit Gill
|2022–present
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|}

=== Politicians who were World Bank employees ===
Some notable [[politicians]] who worked for the World Bank include:
* Former Afghanistan president, [[Ashraf Ghani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashraf Ghani {{!}} president of Afghanistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ashraf-Ghani|access-date=23 August 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] was the chief adviser of the interim [[Government of Bangladesh]] during the [[2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis|political crisis of 2006–2008]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 933|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/01/13/d7011301011.htm|access-date=23 August 2021|website=archive.thedailystar.net}}</ref>
* [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]], former World Bank Managing Director who held several posts in the government of [[Nigeria]], including Minister of Finance.
* [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati]], former World Bank Managing Director and current Minister of Finance of [[Indonesia]]

==Members==
{{Main|List of World Bank members}}

The [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) has 189 member countries, while the [[International Development Association]] (IDA) has 174. Each member state of IBRD should also be a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the Bank (such as IDA).<ref name="Member Countries"/> The five United Nations member states that are not members of the World Bank are Andorra, Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and North Korea. Kosovo is not a member of the UN, but is a member of the IMF and the World Bank Group, including the IBRD and IDA.

===Voting power===
In 2010, voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries, notably China. The countries with most voting power are now the United States (15.85%), Japan (6.84%), [[People's Republic of China|China]] (4.42%), Germany (4.00%), the United Kingdom (3.75%), France (3.75%), [[India]] (2.91%),<ref>{{cite news|title=Developing nations get more say in World Bank affairs|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Developing-nations-get-more-say-in-World-Bank-affairs/articleshow/5858176.cms|access-date=5 April 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Russia (2.77%), Saudi Arabia (2.77%) and Italy (2.64%). Under the changes, known as 'Voice Reform – Phase 2', countries other than China that saw significant gains included [[South Korea]], Turkey, [[Mexico]], Singapore, [[Greece]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]], Brazil, [[India]], and Spain. Most developed countries' voting power was reduced, along with a few developing countries such as [[Nigeria]]. The voting powers of the United States, Russia and [[Saudi Arabia]] were unchanged.<ref name="IBRD Voting Power Realignment 2010">{{Cite report | title = IBRD 2010 Voting Power Realignment | publisher = World Bank Group | date = 2010 | author = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development | url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/IBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf | access-date = 14 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111229201102/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/IBRD2010VotingPowerRealignmentFINAL.pdf | archive-date = 29 December 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Veloo 2010">{{Cite news | title = China given more influence in World Bank | author = Veloo, Betsy May | date = 26 April 2010 | publisher = RTHK | url = http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20100426&56&663699 | access-date = 26 April 2010 | archive-date = 5 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605192408/http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/news.htm?main&20100426&56&663699 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards, rule-based with objective indicators, and transparent among other things. Now, developing countries have an increased voice in the "Pool Model", backed especially by Europe. Additionally, voting power is based on economic size in addition to the International Development Association contributions.<ref name="Stumm 2011">{{Cite news | title = World Bank: More responsibility for developing countries | author = Stumm, Mario | date = March 2011 | publisher = D+C | url = http://www.dandc.eu/articles/193054/index.en.shtml | access-date = 12 August 2011}}</ref>

==List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution==
The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015: the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD), the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), the [[International Development Association]] (IDA), and the [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA). Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital (one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf |title=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |url-status=dead |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906093100/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf |title=International Finance Corporation |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906192909/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf |title=International Development Association |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906164130/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf |title=Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191601/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ The 20 Largest Countries by Voting Power (Number of Votes)
! Rank !! Country !! [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]] !! Country !! [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] !! Country !! [[International Development Association|IDA]] !! Country !! [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency|MIGA]]
|-
| || align=left|'''''World''''' || 2,201,754 || align=left|'''''World''''' || 2,653,476 || align=left|'''''World''''' || 24,682,951 || align=left|'''''World''''' || 218,237
|-
| 1 || align=left|{{Flag|United States}} || 358,498 || align=left|{{Flag|United States}} || 570,179 || align=left|{{Flag|United States}}|| 2,546,503 || align=left|{{Flag|United States}} || 32,790
|-
| 2 || align=left|{{Flag|Japan}} || 166,094 || align=left| {{Flag|Japan}}|| 163,334 || align=left| {{Flag|Japan}}|| 2,112,243 || align=left| {{Flag|Japan}}|| 9,205
|-
| 3 || align=left|{{Flag|China}} || 107,244 || align=left|{{Flag|Germany}} || 129,708 || align=left|{{Flag|United Kingdom}} || 1,510,934 || align=left|{{Flag|Germany}} || 9,162
|-
| 4 || align=left|{{flag|Germany}} || 97,224 || align=left|{{flag|France}} || 121,815 || align=left|{{flag|Germany}} || 1,368,001 || align=left|{{flag|France}} || 8,791
|-
| 5 || align=left|{{flag|France}} || 87,241 || align=left|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 121,815 || align=left|{{flag|France}} || 908,843 || align=left|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 8,791
|-
| 6 || align=left|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 87,241 || align=left|{{flag|India}} || 103,747 || align=left|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 810,293 || align=left|{{flag|China }}|| 5,756
|-
| 7 || align=left|{{flag|India}} || 67,690 || align=left|{{flag|Russia}} || 103,653 || align=left|{{flag|India}} || 661,909 || align=left|{{flag|Russia}} || 5,754
|-
| 8 || align=left|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 67,155 || align=left|{{flag|Canada}} || 82,142 || align=left|{{flag|Canada}} || 629,658 || align=left|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 5,754
|-
| 9 || align=left|{{flag|Canada}} || 59,004 || align=left|{{flag|Italy}} || 82,142 || align=left|{{flag|Italy}} || 573,858 || align=left|{{flag|India}} || 5,597
|-
| 10 || align=left|{{flag|Italy}} || 54,877 || align=left|{{flag|China}} || 62,392 || align=left|{{flag|China}} || 521,830 || align=left|{{flag|Canada}} || 5,451
|-
| 11 || align=left|{{flag|Russia}} || 54,651 || align=left|{{flag|Netherlands}} || 56,931 || align=left|{{flag|Poland}} || 498,102 || align=left|{{flag|Italy}} || 5,196
|-
| 12 || align=left|{{flag|Spain}} || 42,948 || align=left|{{flag|Belgium}} || 51,410 || align=left|{{flag|Sweden}} || 494,360 || align=left|{{flag|Netherlands}} || 4,048
|-
| 13 || align=left|{{flag|Brazil}} || 42,613 || align=left|{{flag|Australia}} || 48,129 || align=left|{{flag|Netherlands}} || 488,209 || align=left|{{flag|Belgium}} || 3,803
|-
| 14 || align=left|{{flag|Netherlands}} || 42,348 || align=left|{{flag|Switzerland}} || 44,863 || align=left|{{flag|Brazil}} || 412,322 || align=left|{{flag|Australia}} || 3,245
|-
| 15 || align=left|{{flag|Korea}} || 36,591 || align=left|{{flag|Brazil}} || 40,279 || align=left|{{flag|Australia}} || 312,566 || align=left|{{flag|Switzerland}} || 2,869
|-
| 16 || align=left|{{flag|Belgium}} || 36,463 || align=left|{{flag|Mexico}} || 38,929 || align=left|{{flag|Switzerland}} || 275,755 || align=left|{{flag|Brazil }}|| 2,832
|-
| 17 || align=left|{{flag|Iran}} || 34,718 || align=left|{{flag|Spain}} || 37,826 || align=left|{{flag|Belgium}}|| 275,474 || align=left|{{flag|Spain}} || 2,491
|-
| 18 || align=left|{{flag|Switzerland}} || 33,296 || align=left|{{flag|Indonesia}} || 32,402 || align=left|{{flag|Norway}} || 258,209 || align=left|{{flag|Argentina}} || 2,436
|-
| 19 || align=left|{{flag|Australia}} || 30,910 || align=left|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 30,862 || align=left|{{flag|Denmark}}|| 231,685 || align=left|{{flag|Indonesia}} || 2,075
|-
| 20 || align=left|{{flag|Turkey}} || 26,293 || align=left|{{flag|Korea}}|| 28,895 || align=left|{{flag|Pakistan}} || 218,506 || align=left|{{flag|Sweden}} || 2,075
|}

==Poverty reduction strategies==
For the poorest [[Developing country|developing countries]] in the world, the bank's assistance plans are based on [[Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper|poverty reduction strategies]]; by combining an analysis of local groups with an analysis of the country's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a plan pertaining to the country in question. The government then identifies the country's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty, and the World Bank instigates its aid efforts correspondingly.

Forty-five countries pledged US$25.1 billion in "aid for the world's poorest countries", aid that goes to the World Bank [[International Development Association]] (IDA), which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries. Wealthier [[nations]] sometimes fund their own aid projects, including those for diseases. Robert B. Zoellick, the former president of the World Bank, said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007, that IDA money "is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on".<ref name="Landler 2007">{{Cite news | title = Britain Overtakes U.S. as Top World Bank Donor | author = Landler, Mark | date = 15 December 2007 | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/world/15worldbank.html | access-date = 14 August 2011}}</ref>

World Bank organizes the [[World Bank Development Marketplace Award|Development Marketplace Awards]], a grant program that surfaces and funds development projects with potential for development impact that are scalable and/or replicable. The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver social and public services to groups with the lowest incomes.

==Global partnerships and initiatives==
The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the [[Clean Technology Fund]] (CTF), focused on making [[renewable energy]] cost-competitive with coal-fired power as quickly as possible, but this may not continue after UN's Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009, because of the Bank's continued investment in [[coal-fired power plant]]s.<ref name="Wheeler 2008">{{Cite news | title = Climate Change in Nashville: A Gathering Storm for the World Bank? | author = Wheeler, David | date = 20 May 2008 | publisher = Center for Global Development | url = http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2008/05/climate-change-in-nashville-a.php | access-date = 9 November 2008}}</ref> (In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance fossil fuel development.)

Together with the [[World Health Organization]], the World Bank administers the [[International Health Partnership]] (IHP+). IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. Partners work together to put international principles for [[aid effectiveness]] and development cooperation into practice in the [[health sector]]. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society, and others to support a single, country-led national health strategy in a well-coordinated way.

===Climate change===
{{main|Climate Change}}
World Bank President [[Jim Yong Kim]] said in 2012:

<blockquote>A 4-degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided—we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/11/18/new-report-examines-risks-of-degree-hotter-world-by-end-of-century |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 October 2013 }}</ref></blockquote>

A World Bank report into [[climate change]] in 2012 noted that (p. xiii) "even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 °C by 2100." This is despite the fact that the "global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2 °C to prevent 'dangerous' climate change". Furthermore, "a series of recent extreme events worldwide highlight the vulnerability of all countries ... No nation will be immune to the impacts of climate change."<ref name= "Turn down the heat">[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11860 Why a 4 degree centrigrade warmer world must be avoided] November 2012 World Bank</ref>

The World Bank doubled its aid for [[climate change adaptation]] from $2.3bn (£1.47bn) in 2011 to $4.6bn in 2012. The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times. It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.<ref>[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/what-climate-change-means-africa-asia-coastal-poor What Climate Change Means for Africa, Asia and the Coastal Poor] World Bank 19 June 2012</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/19/climate-change-developing-countries-world-bank World's poorest will feel brunt of climate change, warns World Bank] ''[[The Guardian]]'' 19 June 2012</ref>

In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance [[fossil fuel]] development,<ref>Ness, Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism," ''Brown Alumni Monthly,'' March/April 2018, p.16</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank to quit upstream oil and gas projects after 2019|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/world-bank-to-quit-upstream-oil-and-gas-projects-after-2019-91736|access-date=26 August 2020|website=Devex}}</ref> but a 2019 [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] article found that the Bank continues "to finance oil and gas exploration, pipelines and refineries," that "these fossil fuel investments make up a greater share of the bank's current energy lending portfolio than renewable projects," and that the Bank "has yet to meaningfully shift away from fossil fuels."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/world-bank/the-world-bank-is-still-hooked-on-fossil-fuels-despite-climate-pledge/|title=The World Bank is Still Hooked on Fossil Fuels Despite Climate Pledge|website=ICIJ|language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref>

EU finance ministers joined civil sector groups, including [[Extinction Rebellion]], in November 2019 in calling for an end to World Bank funding of fossil fuels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-finance-ministers-call-for-end-to-fossil-fuel-funding/a-51173077|title=EU finance ministers call for end to fossil fuel funding|last=Camino Gonzalez|first=Jenipher|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2019/10/18/no-more-excuses-world-bank-must-halt-all-funding-fossil-fuels|title=No More Excuses: The World Bank Must Halt All Funding for Fossil Fuels|website=Common Dreams|language=en|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/climate-change-protesters-plan-to-block-downtown-dc-streets-friday-morning/2019/12/05/1d4c1a04-17a7-11ea-9110-3b34ce1d92b1_story.html|title=Climate change protesters block downtown D.C. streets in hours-long protest|last=Lang|first=Marissa J.|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, the World Bank offered support to Kazakhstan to help the country in its mission for [[low-carbon economy|decarbonization]] and [[carbon neutrality]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank to Support Kazakhstan on its Path to Decarbonization and Carbon Neutrality, Says World Bank VP for Europe and Central Asia|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/world-bank-to-support-kazakhstan-on-its-path-to-decarbonization-and-carbon-neutrality-says-world-bank-vp-for-europe-and-central-asia/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Astana Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023 a new president was appointed: [[Ajay Banga]]. He was supported by the American president [[Joe Biden]] partly because he supports [[climate action]]. The former president [[David Malpass]] faced criticism as he challenged the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fleury |first1=Michelle |title=Biden pick Ajay Banga gets top World Bank job|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65474459 |access-date=7 May 2023 |agency=BBC }}</ref>

===Food security===
{{Main|Food security}}

# Global Food Security Program: Launched in April 2010, six countries alongside the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] have pledged $925 million for [[food security]]. To date, the program has helped eight countries, promoting agriculture, research, trade in agriculture, etc.
# Launched Global Food Crisis Response Program: Given grants to approximately 40 nations for [[seeds]], etc. for improving productivity.
# In process of increasing its yearly spending for agriculture to $6–8 billion from earlier $4 billion.
# Runs various nutrition programs across the world, e.g., [[vitamin A]] doses for children, school meals, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Food Security|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/food-security|access-date=14 October 2020|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref>

==Training wings==

=== Global Operations Knowledge Management Unit ===
The World Bank Institute (WBI) was a "global connector of knowledge, learning and innovation for poverty reduction". It aimed to inspire change agents and prepare them with essential tools that can help achieve development results.

WBI had four major strategies to approach development problems: innovation for development, knowledge exchange, leadership and coalition building, and structured learning. World Bank Institute (WBI) was formerly known as Economic Development Institute (EDI), established on 11 March 1955 with the support of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations. The purpose of the institute was to provide an open place where senior officials from developing countries could discuss development policies and programs. Over the years, EDI grew significantly and in 2000, the institute was renamed as the World Bank Institute. Sanjay Pradhan is the past Vice President of the World Bank Institute.<ref name="World Bank Institute About 2012">{{cite web | title = About WBI | publisher = World Bank Group | author = World Bank Institute | url = http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/about | access-date = 31 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529155048/http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/about | archive-date = 29 May 2012 | url-status=dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> As of 2019, World Bank Institute functions have been mostly encapsulated by a new unit Global Operations Knowledge Management Unit (GOKMU), which is now responsible for knowledge management and learning across the Bank.

===Global Development Learning Network===
The Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) is a partnership of over 120 learning centers (GDLN Affiliates) in nearly 80 countries around the world. GDLN Affiliates collaborate in holding events that connect people across countries and regions for learning and dialogue on development issues.

GDLN clients are typically NGOs, government, private sector, and development agencies who find that they work better together on subregional, regional, or global development issues using the facilities and tools offered by GDLN Affiliates. Clients also benefit from the ability of Affiliates to help them choose and apply these tools effectively and to tap development practitioners and experts worldwide. GDLN Affiliates facilitate around 1000 video conference-based activities a year on behalf of their clients, reaching some 90,000 people worldwide. Most of these activities bring together participants in two or more countries over a series of sessions. A majority of GDLN activities are organized by small government agencies and NGOs.

====GDLN Asia Pacific====
The GDLN in the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced rapid growth and Distance Learning Centers now operate or are planned in 20 countries: Australia, Mongolia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Japan, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Thailand, Laos, Timor Leste, Fiji, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and New Zealand. With over 180 Distance Learning Centers, it is the largest development learning network in the Asia and Pacific region. The Secretariat Office of GDLN Asia Pacific is located in the Center of Academic Resources of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

GDLN Asia Pacific was launched at the GDLN's East Asia and Pacific regional meeting held in Bangkok from 22 to 24 May 2006. Its vision is to become "the premier network exchanging ideas, experience and know-how across the Asia Pacific Region". GDLN Asia Pacific is a separate entity to The World Bank. It has endorsed its own Charter and Business Plan and, in accordance with the Charter, a GDLN Asia Pacific Governing Committee has been appointed.

The committee comprises China (2), Australia (1), Thailand (1), The World Bank (1), and finally, a nominee of the Government of Japan (1). The organization is currently hosted by Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, a founding member of the GDLN Asia Pacific.

The Governing Committee has determined that the most appropriate legal status for the GDLN AP in Thailand is a "Foundation". The World Bank is engaging a solicitor in Thailand to process all documentation in order to obtain this status.

GDLN Asia Pacific is built on the principle of shared resources among partners engaged in a common task, and this is visible in the organizational structures that exist, as the network evolves. Physical space for its headquarters is provided by the host of the GDLN Centre in Thailand – Chulalongkorn University; Technical expertise and some infrastructure is provided by the Tokyo Development Learning Centre (TDLC); Fiduciary services are provided by Australian National University (ANU) Until the GDLN Asia Pacific is established as a legal entity in Thailand, ANU, has offered to assist the governing committee, by providing a means of managing the inflow and outflow of funds and of reporting on them. This admittedly results in some complexity in contracting arrangements, which need to be worked out on a case-by-case basis and depends to some extent on the legal requirements of the countries involved.

===JUSTPAL Network===
A Justice Sector Peer-Assisted Learning (JUSTPAL) Network was launched in April 2011 by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Department of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Region. JUSTPAL's objective is to provide an online and offline platform for justice professionals to exchange knowledge, good practices, and peer-driven improvements to justice systems and thereby support countries to improve their justice sector performance, quality of justice, and service delivery to citizens and businesses.

The JUSTPAL Network includes representatives of judiciaries, ministries of justice, prosecutors, anti-corruption agencies, and other justice-related entities from across the globe. It has active members from more than 50 countries.

To facilitate fruitful exchange of reform experiences and sharing of applicable good practices, JUSTPAL has organized its activities under five Communities of Practice (COPs): Budgeting for the Justice Sector; Information Systems for Justice Services; Justice Sector Physical Infrastructure; Court Management and Administration; and Prosecution and Anti-Corruption Agencies.

==Country assistance strategies==
As a guideline to the World Bank's operations in any particular country, a Country Assistance Strategy is produced in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the Bank or other parties.

==Multi-Donor Trust Fund==
Another programme is the Multi-Donor Trust Fund.<ref name="mdtfu">{{cite news |title=World Bank Announces Additional $1.49 Billion Financing Support for Ukraine |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/06/07/-world-bank-announces-additional-1-49-billion-financing-support-for-ukraine |publisher=The World Bank Group }}</ref>

==Clean Air Initiative==
Clean Air Initiative (CAI) is a World Bank initiative to advance innovative ways to improve air quality in cities through partnerships in selected regions of the world by sharing knowledge and experiences. It includes [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref name="Clean Air Initiative 2012">{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = Clean Air Initiative-Asia Center | author = Clean Air Initiative | url = http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/aboutus | access-date = 31 May 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100625070337/http://cleanairinitiative.org/portal/aboutus | archive-date = 25 June 2010 | url-status=dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Initiatives like this help address and tackle [[List of pollution-related diseases|pollution-related diseases]].

==United Nations Development Business==
Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981, ''[[Development Business]]'' became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices, Contract Awards, and Project Approvals.<ref name="Development Business 2012">{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = United Nations | url = http://www.devbusiness.com/DevBusinessViewer.aspx?Content=AboutUNDBPage | access-date = 19 August 2012}}</ref>

In 1998, the agreement was renegotiated, and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an online version of the publication. Today, ''Development Business'' is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks, U.N. agencies, and several national governments, many of which have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in ''Development Business'' a mandatory requirement.<ref name="Development Business 2012" />

The World Bank or the [[World Bank Group]] is also a sitting observer in the [[United Nations Development Group]].<ref name="UN Development Group 2012">{{cite web | title = UNDG Members | publisher = United Nations | author = United Nations Development Group | url = http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 | access-date = 19 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144047/http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13 | archive-date = 11 May 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Open data initiative==
The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models. These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse,<ref name="Strom 2011">{{Cite news | title = World Bank Is Opening Its Treasure Chest of Data | author = Strom, Stephanie | date = 2 July 2011 | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/03/business/global/03world.html | access-date = 20 August 2012}}</ref> whereas the recent publications describing them are available as [[open access]] under a [[Creative Commons Licenses|Creative Commons Attribution License]], for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award.<ref name="SPARC 2012">{{cite web | title = SPARC Innovator: The World Bank | publisher = Association of Research Libraries | author = SPARC | url = http://www.arl.org/sparc/media/World_Bank_SPARC_Innovator.shtml | access-date = 11 July 2012}}</ref>

The World Bank also endorses the [[Principles for Digital Development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/why-world-bank-endorses-principles-digital-development|title=Why the World Bank endorses the Principles for Digital Development|first=Samhir|last=Vasdev|website=Information and Communications for Development}}</ref>

==Grants table==

The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iatistandard.org/202/codelists/Sector/ |title=DAC 5 Digit Sector |publisher=The IATI Standard |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> to which the World Bank has committed funding, as recorded in its [[International Aid Transparency Initiative]] (IATI) publications. The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts "will cover 100% of [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]] and [[International Development Association|IDA]] development flows" but will not cover other development flows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iatiregistry.org/publisher/about/worldbank |title=About - The World Bank - IATI Registry |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!
! colspan="12" | Committed funding (US$ millions)
|-
! Sector !! Before 2007 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016 !! Sum
|-
| Road transport
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,654.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,993.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,501.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,550.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,032.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,603.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,852.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,883.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,081.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,922.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 723.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,799.8
|-
| Social/ welfare services
| style="text-align:right;" | 613.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 208.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 185.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,878.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,477.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,493.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,498.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,592.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,745.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,537.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 73.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,303.5
|-
| Electrical transmission/ distribution
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,292.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 862.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,740.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,435.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,465.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 907.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,614.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 395.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,457.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,632.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 374.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,177.8
|-
| Public finance management
| style="text-align:right;" | 334.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 223.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 499.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 129.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 455.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 346.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,156.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,724.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,160.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,438.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 690.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 14,158.6
|-
| Rail transport
| style="text-align:right;" | 279.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 284.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,289.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 912.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 892.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,487.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 841.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 740.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,964.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,172.2
| style="text-align:right;" | −1.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,862.5
|-
| Rural development
| style="text-align:right;" | 335.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 237.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 382.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 616.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,317.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 972.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 944.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 177.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 380.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,090.3
| style="text-align:right;" | −2.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,452.4
|-
| Urban development and management
| style="text-align:right;" | 261.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 375.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 733.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 739.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 542.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,308.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 914.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 258.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 747.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,122.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 212.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,214.9
|-
| Business support services and institutions
| style="text-align:right;" | 113.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 721.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 181.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 363.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 514.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 310.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 760.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,281.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,996.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 491.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,753.7
|-
| Energy policy and administrative management
| style="text-align:right;" | 102.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 243.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 324.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 234.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 762.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 654.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 902.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 480.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,594.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,001.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 347.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,648.0
|-
| Agricultural water resources
| style="text-align:right;" | 733.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 749.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 84.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 251.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 780.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 819.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 618.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,040.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,214.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 824.0
| style="text-align:right;" | −105.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,011.0
|-
| Decentralisation and support to subnational government
| style="text-align:right;" | 904.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 107.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 176.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 206.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 331.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 852.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 880.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 466.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,417.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 432.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 821.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,597.3
|-
| Disaster prevention and preparedness
| style="text-align:right;" | 66.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 260.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 417.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 609.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 852.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 373.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,267.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,759.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 114.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,733.5
|-
| Sanitation - large systems
| style="text-align:right;" | 441.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 679.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 521.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 422.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 613.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,209.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 268.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 55.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 890.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 900.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 93.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,096.3
|-
| Water supply - large systems
| style="text-align:right;" | 646.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 438.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 298.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 486.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 845.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 640.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 469.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 250.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,332.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 609.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 224.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,241.3
|-
| Health policy and administrative management
| style="text-align:right;" | 661.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 54.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 285.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 673.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,581.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 799.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 251.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 426.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 154.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 368.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 496.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,753.1
|-
! Other
! style="text-align:right;" | 13,162.7
! style="text-align:right;" | 6,588.3
! style="text-align:right;" | 8,707.1
! style="text-align:right;" | 11,425.7
! style="text-align:right;" | 17,099.5
! style="text-align:right;" | 11,096.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 16,873.4
! style="text-align:right;" | 13,967.1
! style="text-align:right;" | 20,057.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 21,096.5
! style="text-align:right;" | 3,070.3
! style="text-align:right;" | 140,074.5
|-
! Total
! style="text-align:right;" | 24,602.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 13,069.4
! style="text-align:right;" | 17,712.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 27,152.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 33,975.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 26,314.8
! style="text-align:right;" | 34,248.6
! style="text-align:right;" | 27,593.9
! style="text-align:right;" | 43,748.8
! style="text-align:right;" | 41,905.2
! style="text-align:right;" | 7,624.5
! style="text-align:right;" | 297,948.5
|}

==Open Knowledge Repository==
{{main|Open Knowledge Repository}}
The World Bank hosts the Open Knowledge Repository (OKR)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org | title=Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) | publisher=World Bank | access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products. The World Bank's repository is listed in the [[Registry of Research Data Repositories]] re3data.org.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Entry in re3data.org|url=http://service.re3data.org/repository/r3d100000042|website=www.re3data.org|access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref>

==Criticisms and controversy{{anchor|Criticisms}}==
The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations, such as the indigenous rights group [[Survival International]], and academics, including [[Henry Hazlitt]], [[Ludwig Von Mises]], and its former Chief Economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]].<ref name="Stiglitz 2003a">{{Cite book | title = The Roaring Nineties: A New History of the World's Most Prosperous Decade | author = Stiglitz, Joseph E. | year = 2003 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-393-05852-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/roaringninetiesn00stig }}</ref><ref name="Stiglitz 2003b">{{Cite book | title = Globalization and Its Discontents | author = Stiglitz, Joseph E. | year = 2003 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-393-32439-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/globalizationits00stig_0 }}</ref><ref name="Stiglitz 2007">{{Cite book | title = Making Globalization Work | author = Stiglitz, Joseph E. | year = 2007 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-393-33028-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/makingglobalizat00stig }}</ref> Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and "a world in which international trade is State-dominated" when they were being advocated.<ref name="Hazlitt 1984">{{Cite book | title = From Bretton Woods to World Inflation: A Study of the Causes and Consequences | author = Hazlitt, Henry | year = 1984 | publisher = Regnery Publishing | location = Washington, D.C. | isbn = 978-0-89526-617-0}}</ref> Stiglitz argued that the [[free market]] reform policies that the Bank advocates are often harmful to [[economic development]] if implemented badly, too quickly ("[[shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]"), in the wrong sequence or in weak, uncompetitive economies.<ref name="Stiglitz 2003b" /><ref name="Schneider 2002">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = World Markets: Anthropological Perspectives | author = Schneider, Jane | encyclopedia = Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines | editor = MacClancy, Jeremy | year = 2002 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-0-226-50013-3 | url = https://archive.org/details/exoticnomoreanth00macc }}</ref>

One of the most common criticisms of the World Bank has been the way it is governed. While the World Bank represents 188 countries, it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries. These countries (which also provide most of the institution's funding) choose the Bank's leadership and senior management, and their interests dominate.<ref name="Woods 2007">{{Cite book | title = The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers | author = Woods, Ngaire | year = 2007 | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca, NY | isbn = 978-0-8014-7420-0}}</ref>{{rp|190}} Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank's role in developing countries makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid, and therefore a pillar of [[global apartheid]].<ref name="Alexander 1996">{{Cite book | title = Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics | author = Alexander, Titus | year = 1996 | publisher = Polity | location = Cambridge, UK | isbn = 978-0-7456-1352-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/unravellinggloba0000alex }}</ref>{{rp|133–141}}

In the 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF forged the [[Washington Consensus]], policies that included [[deregulation]] and liberalization of markets, [[privatization]] and the [[civil service reform in developing countries|downscaling of government]]. Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development, it was criticized for ignoring equity, employment, and how reforms like privatization were carried out. Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on GDP growth and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards.<ref name="Stiglitz 2007" />{{rp|17}}

The [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much "on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time" and called on the institution to "strengthen anti-corruption efforts".<ref name="Committee on Foreign Relations 2010">{{Cite report | title = The International Financial Institutions: A Call For Change | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | date = 2010 | author = Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 111th Congress | url = http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/55285.pdf | access-date = 20 August 2012}}</ref>

[[James Ferguson (anthropologist)|James Ferguson]] has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty. Instead, the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power. His case studies of development projects in [[Thaba-Tseka District|Thaba-Tseka]] show that the World Bank's characterization of the economic conditions in [[Lesotho]] was flawed, and the Bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting its projects. As a result, the projects failed to help the poor but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferguson|first1=James|last2=Lohmann|first2=Larry|title=The Anti-Politics Machine|url=http://stuz-muk.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ferguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf|journal=The Ecologist|volume=24|issue=5|pages=176–181|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516125652/http://stuz-muk.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Ferguson-The-Anti-Politics-Machine.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of [[protesting]], such as the [[World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests]],<ref name="Gibbs 2002">{{Cite news | title = Europe: Norway: Protests As World Bank Meets | author = Gibbs, Walter | date = 25 June 2002 | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/25/world/world-briefing-europe-norway-protests-as-world-bank-meets.html | access-date = 20 August 2012}}</ref> the 2007 [[October Rebellion]],<ref name="Williams & Ruane 2007">{{Cite news | title = Violence Erupts at Protest in Georgetown | author = Williams, Clarence | author2 = Ruane, Michael E. | date = 20 October 2007 | newspaper = The Washington Post | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901728.html | access-date = 30 May 2008}}</ref> and the 1999 [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity|Battle of Seattle]].<ref name="Wilson 1999">{{Cite news | title = Embattled police chief resigns | author = Wilson, Kimberly A.C. | date = 7 December 1999 | newspaper = Seattle Post-Intelligencer | url = http://www.iatp.org/news/embattled-police-chief-resigns | access-date = 19 May 2008}}</ref> Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world, even among the Brazilian [[Kayapo people]].<ref name="Clendenning 2008">{{cite magazine | title = Amazon Indians Attack Official Over Dam Project | author = Clendenning, Alan | date = 21 May 2008 | agency = Associated Press | magazine = National Geographic | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080521-AP-indians-dam.html | access-date = 21 May 2008}}</ref>

Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank, implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding. "When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice," observed ''[[The Economist]]'' in 2012, "they routinely tell governments to reject [[cronyism]] and fill each important job with the best candidate available. It is good advice. The World Bank should take it."<ref name="The Economist 2012">{{Cite news | title = Hats off to Ngozi | date = 31 March 2012 | newspaper = The Economist | url = https://www.economist.com/node/21551490 | access-date = 2 April 2012}}</ref>

In 2021, an independent inquiry of the World Bank's ''Doing Business'' reports by the law firm [[Wilmer_Cutler_Pickering_Hale_and_Dorr|WilmerHale]] found that World Bank leaders, including then-Chief Executive [[Kristalina Georgieva]] and then-President [[Jim Yong Kim]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Inquiry puts ex-World Bank officials under scrutiny on China |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-china-world-bank-jim-yong-kim-aee690d7ec87d9bbd4d36cc5fcfa7018 |work=AP News }}</ref> pressured staff members of the bank to alter data to inflate the rankings for [[China]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Probe finds World Bank changed data to boost China ranking |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/17/probe-finds-world-bank-changed-data-to-boost-china-ranking |work=Al-Jazeera }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Investigation finds World Bank leaders pushed staffers to boost rankings for China and Saudi Arabia in high-profile reports |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/17/business/world-bank-investigation/index.html |work=CNN }}</ref>

===Structural adjustment===
The effect of [[structural adjustment]] policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank.<ref>{{cite book|last=Graeber|first=David|author-link=David Graeber|title=Direct Action: An Ethnography|publisher=[[AK Press]]|pages=442–443|isbn=978-1-904859-79-6|year=2009}}</ref> The [[1979 energy crisis]] plunged many countries into economic crisis.<ref name="deVries 1996">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = The World Bank's Focus on Poverty | author = deVries, Barend A. | encyclopedia = The World Bank: Lending on a Global Scale | editor = Griesgraber, Jo Marie | editor2 = Gunter, Bernhard G. | year = 1996 | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London, UK | isbn = 978-0-7453-1049-7}}</ref>{{rp|68}} The World Bank responded with [[structural adjustment loan]]s, which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance. Some of these policies included encouraging [[production (economics)|production]], investment and labour-intensive manufacturing, changing real [[exchange rates]], and altering the distribution of government resources. Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily. For some countries, particularly in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], economic growth regressed and inflation worsened.

By the late 1980s, some international organizations began to believe that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world's poor, due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food, as subsidies were lifted. The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans, allowing for social spending to be maintained, and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises.<ref name="deVries 1996" />{{rp|70}} In 1999, the World Bank and the IMF introduced the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach to replace structural adjustment loans.<ref name="Tan 2007">{{Cite encyclopedia | title = The poverty of amnesia: PRSPs in the legacy of structural adjustment | author = Tan, Celine | encyclopedia = The World Bank and Governance: A Decade of Reform and Reaction | editor = Stone, Diane | editor2 = Wright, Christopher | year = 2007 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-415-41282-7}}</ref>{{rp|147}}

===Fairness of assistance conditions===
Some critics,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/treacherousconditions07052003.pdf | title=Treacherous conditions: How IMF and World Bank policies tied to debt relief are undermining development | publisher=World Development Movement | year=2003 | access-date=12 May 2013 | author=Hardstaff, Peter | archive-date=29 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329034727/http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/treacherousconditions07052003.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> most prominently the author [[Naomi Klein]], are of the opinion that the World Bank Group's loans and aid have unfair conditions attached to them that reflect the interests, financial power and political doctrines (notably the [[Washington Consensus]]) of the Bank and the countries that are most influential within it. Among other allegations, Klein says the Group's credibility was damaged "when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for Hurricane Mitch; when it demanded labour 'flexibility' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/27/comment.business | title=The World Bank has the perfect standard bearer | newspaper=The Guardian | date=27 April 2007 | access-date=12 May 2013 | author=Klein, Naomi}}</ref>

A study of the period 1970-2004 found that a less-developed country would on average receive more World Bank projects during any period when it occupied one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dreher|first1=Axel|last2=Sturm|first2=Jan-Egbert|last3=Vreeland|first3=James Raymond|title=Development aid and international politics: Does membership on the UN Security Council influence World Bank decisions?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387808000187|journal=Journal of Development Economics|language=en|volume=88|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.02.003|issn=0304-3878|hdl=10419/50418|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Sovereign immunity===
The World Bank requires [[sovereign immunity]] from countries it deals with.<ref name="IFI Watch 2004">{{Cite journal | title = The World Bank and the Question of Immunity | journal = IFI Watch – Bangladesh | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | year = 2004 | pages = 1–10 | author = IFI Watch | url = http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf | access-date = 4 September 2004 | archive-date = 8 November 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041108100213/http://www.unnayan.org/Other/IFI_Watch_Bangladesh_Vol_1%20No_1.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="World Bank Sovereign Immunity 2007">{{Cite report | title = Sovereign Immunity | publisher = World Bank Group | date = 2007 | author = World Bank | url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINFANDLAW/Resources/sovereignimmunity.pdf | access-date = 20 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hasson 2002">{{Cite journal | title = Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity on Trial: Noriega, Pinochet, and Milosevic – Trends in Political Accountability and Transnational Criminal Law | journal = Boston College International and Comparative Law Review | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | year = 2002 | pages = 125–158 | author = Hasson, Adam Isaac | url = http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol25/iss1/6/ | access-date = 25 April 2012}}</ref> Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions. It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a "shield which The World Bank wants to resort to, for escaping accountability and security by the people".<ref name="IFI Watch 2004"/> As the United States has veto power, it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests.<ref name="IFI Watch 2004"/>

===PricewaterhouseCoopers===
World Bank favored [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] as a consultant in a bid for privatizing the water distribution in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=WB channels Delhi water for PWC|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/WB-channels-Delhi-water-for-PwC/articleshow/1185933.cms}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 ===
The World Bank has been criticized for the slow response of its [[Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility]] (PEF), a fund that was created to provide money to help manage pandemic outbreaks. The terms of the PEF, which is financed by bonds sold to private investors, prevent any money from being released from the fund until 12 weeks after the outbreak was initially detected (23 March). The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] met all other requirements for the funding to be released in January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/70dd05ac-54d8-11ea-8841-482eed0038b1|work=Financial Times|title=World Bank's pandemic bonds sink as coronavirus spreads|access-date=4 March 2020|first=Anna|last=Gross | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref>

Critics have argued that the terms of the PEF are too stringent, and the 12-week delay means that the funding will be much less effective than if it was released to assist governments in initially containing the outbreak. They argue that the fund prioritizes the interests of the private bondholders over public health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200226-coronavirus-pandemic-bonds|publisher=France 24|title='Useless' pandemic bonds offer little hope for dealing with coronavirus|first=Sébastian|last=Seibt| name-list-style = vanc |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Cronyism ===
In May 2023, British newspaper [[The Guardian|''The Guardian'']] reported leaked recordings from some World Bank staff referring to Robert Malpass, the son of the institution's president [[David Malpass]], as a "prince" and an "important little fellow" who could go "running to daddy" if things went wrong. Malpass served as undersecretary of the [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury]] in the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] before being appointed by Trump in February 2019 to be World Bank's president. Before Malpass became president, his son Robert had joined the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC), a branch of the World Bank Group that lends money to private sector businesses and whose [[United States dollar|USD]] 5.5 billion funding from a USD 13 billion World Bank capital increase was secured by the US Treasury at the time that David Malpass was the Treasury's undersecretary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Makortoff |first=Kalyeena |last2=correspondent |first2=Kalyeena Makortoff Banking |title=World Bank staff were told to give special treatment to son of Trump official |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/apr/12/world-bank-staff-son-of-trump-official-david-malpass |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks|Business}}
* [[Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework]]
* [[Democracy Index]]
* [[Energy Sector Management Assistance Program]] (ESMAP)
* [[International Finance Corporation]]
* [[New Development Bank]]
* [[The Swiss constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}
* Ascher, W. "New development approaches and the adaptability of international agencies: the case of the World Bank" ''International Organization'' 1983. 37, 415–439.
* Bazbauers, Adrian Robert. ''The World Bank and Transferring Development'' (Springer, 2018).
* Bergsen, H., Lunde, L., ''Dinosaurs or Dynamos? The United Nations and the World Bank at the Turn of the Century.'' (Earthscan, London, 1999).
* Bilbert, C., and C. Vines, eds. ''The World Bank: Structures and Policies'' (Cambridge UP, 2000)
* Brown, Michael Barratt. ''Africa's choices: after thirty years of the World Bank'' (Routledge, 2019).
* Davis, Gloria. ''A history of the social development network in The World Bank, 1973-2003'' (The World Bank, 2004).
* Heldt, Eugénia C., and Henning Schmidtke. "Explaining coherence in international regime complexes: How the World Bank shapes the field of multilateral development finance." ''Review of International Political Economy'' (2019): 1–27. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09692290.2019.1631205 online]
* Heyneman, Stephen P. "The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank, 1960–2000." ''International Journal of Educational Development'' 23 (2003) 315–337
* Hurni, Bettina S. ''The Lending Policy Of The World Bank In The 1970s'' (1980)
* Mason, Edward S., and Robert E. Asher. ''The world bank since Bretton Woods'' (Brookings Institution Press, 2010).
* Pereira, João Márcio Mendes. "The World Bank as a political, intellectual, and financial actor (1944-1994)." ''Relaciones Internacionales'' 26.52 (2017): [https://revistas.unlp.edu.ar/RRII-IRI/article/download/2179/3594 online in English]
* Pereira, João Márcio Mendes. "Assaulting Poverty: Politics and Economic Doctrine in the History of the World Bank (1944-2014)." ''Revista De História'' 174 (2016): 235–265. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-83092016000100235&script=sci_arttext online]
* Polak, Jacques J., and James M. Boughton. "The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund: A Changing Relationship." in ''Economic Theory and Financial Policy'' (Routledge, 2016) pp. 92–146.
* Salda, Anne C. M., ed. ''Historical dictionary of the World Bank'' (1997)
*Weaver, Catherine. 2008. ''Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform''. Princeton University Press.
* Woods, Ngaire. ''The globalizers: the IMF, the World Bank, and their borrowers'' (Cornell UP, 2014).
* World Bank. ''A Guide to the World Bank'' (2nd ed. 2007) [https://www.questia.com/library/119807900/a-guide-to-the-world-bank online]

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.worldbank.org/}}
* [https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do/brief/ibrd IBRD main page]
* [https://www.worldbank.org/ida/ IDA main page]

{{World Bank}}
{{Central banks}}
{{Economics}}
{{Humanitarian partners of the European Commission}}

[[Category:World Bank| ]]
[[Category:World Bank Group| ]]
[[Category:1944 in economics]]
[[Category:Carbon finance]]
[[Category:International economic organizations]]
[[Category:Multilateral development banks]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1944]]
[[Category:Supranational banks]]
[[Category:United Nations Development Group]]

Oireachtas

2022-11-15T21:05:29Z

Iamabirofficial:

{{Short description|Parliament of the Republic of Ireland}}
{{about|the modern legislature|alternative meanings|Oireachtas (disambiguation)|and|Irish parliament (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Hiberno-English}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color = #08a04b
| name = Oireachtas Éireann
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_caption = Emblem of Oireachtas Éireann
| logo_pic = HousesOireachtasLogo.png
| logo_res = 250px
| logo_alt =
| house_type = Bicameral
| houses = [[Seanad Éireann]] ([[Members of the 26th Seanad|26th]]) [[Dáil Éireann]] ([[Members of the 33rd Dáil|33rd]])
| established = 29 December 1937 ([[Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland#Plebiscite|Modern form]])
| preceded_by = [[Oireachtas (Irish Free State)|Irish Free State Oireachtas]]
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = [[President of Ireland]]
| leader1 = [[Michael D. Higgins]]
| election1 = [[2011 Irish presidential election|11 November 2011]]
| leader2_type = [[Ceann Comhairle]]
| leader2 = [[Seán Ó Fearghaíl]]
| election2 = [[2016 Ceann Comhairle election|10 March 2016]]
| leader3_type = [[Ceann Comhairle#Leas-Cheann Chomhairle|Leas-Cheann Comhairle]]
| leader3 = [[Catherine Connolly]]
| party3 = [[Independent politician (Ireland)|Ind]]
| election3 = 23 July 2020
| leader4_type = [[Cathaoirleach]]
| leader4 = [[Jerry Buttimer]]
| election4 = [[Members of the 26th Seanad|16 December 2022]]
| party4 = [[Fine Gael|FG]]
| leader5_type = [[Cathaoirleach#Leas Chathaoirleach|Leas-Chathaoirleach]]
| leader5 = [[Mark Daly (politician)|Mark Daly]]
| election5 = 16 December 2022
| party5 = [[Fianna Fáil|FF]]
| leader6_type = [[Taoiseach]]
| leader6 = [[Leo Varadkar]]
| election6 = [[Government of the 33rd Dáil|17 December 2022]]
| party6 = [[Fine Gael|FG]]
| leader7_type = [[Tánaiste]]
| leader7 = [[Micheál Martin]]
| election7 = [[Government of the 33rd Dáil|17 December 2022]]
| party7 = [[Fianna Fáil|FF]]
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Mary Lou McDonald]]
| party8 = [[Sinn Féin|SF]]
| election8 = 27 June 2020
| members = '''Seanad Éireann''': 60 '''Dáil Éireann''': 160
|house1 = {{longitem|[[Seanad Éireann]]}}
|house2 = {{longitem|[[Dáil Éireann]]}}
|structure1 = Current Seanad Éireann composition.svg
|structure1_res = 250px
|structure2 = Current Dáil Éireann composition.svg
|structure2_res = 250px
| authority = [https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part4. Articles 15−27, Constitution of Ireland]
| salary = €73,726 per year + expenses ([[Seanad Éireann|Senators]]) €105,271 per year + expenses ([[Teachtaí Dála|TDs]])

|political_groups1 =
'''[[Government of the 33rd Dáil|Government]] (41)'''
:{{Color box|{{party color|Fianna Fáil}}|border=silver}} [[Fianna Fáil]] (21)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Fine Gael}}|border=silver}} [[Fine Gael]] (16)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Green Party (Ireland)}}|border=silver}} [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] (4)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (19)'''
:{{Color box|{{party color|Sinn Féin}}|border=silver}} [[Sinn Féin]] (4)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Labour Party (Ireland)}}|border=silver}} [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] (4)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Human Dignity Alliance}}|border=silver}} [[Human Dignity Alliance]] (1)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=silver}} [[Independent politician (Ireland)|Independent]] (10)
| joint_committees = {{Collapsible list |title=[[Committees of the Oireachtas|20]] |Agriculture, Food and the Marine |Autism |Children, Disability, Equality, Integration, and Youth |Disability Matters |Education, Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation, and Science |Enterprise, Trade and Employment |Environment and Climate Action |European Union Affairs |Finance, Public Expenditure and Reform, and Taoiseach |Foreign Affairs and Defence |Gender Equality |Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement |Irish Language, Gaeltacht and the Irish-speaking Community |Health |Housing, Local Government and Heritage |Justice |Public Petitions |Social Protection, Community and Rural Development and the Islands |Transport and Communications |Tourism, Culture, Arts, Sport and Media
}}
| term_length = Not exceeding 5 years
|political_groups2 = '''[[Government of the 33rd Dáil|Government]] (80)'''
:{{Color box|{{party color|Fianna Fáil}}|border=silver}} [[Fianna Fáil]] (36)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Fine Gael}}|border=silver}} [[Fine Gael]] (33)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Green Party (Ireland)}}|border=silver}} [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] (11)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (78)'''
:{{Color box|{{party color|Sinn Féin}}|border=silver}} [[Sinn Féin]] (36)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Labour Party (Ireland)}}|border=silver}} [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] (7)
:{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Social Democrats (Ireland)}}|border=silver}} [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats]] (6)}}
:{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|People Before Profit–Solidarity}}|border=silver}} [[People Before Profit–Solidarity|PBP–S]]}} (5)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Aontú}}|border=silver}} [[Aontú]] ([[Peadar Tóibín|1]])
:{{Color box|{{party color|Right to Change}}|border=silver}} [[Right to Change|RTOC]] ([[Joan Collins (politician)|1]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dublin-td-joan-collins-leaves-i4c-to-found-new-party-right-to-change-8cf70tw9b|title=Dublin TD Joan Collins leaves I4C to found new party Right to Change|work=The Times|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625084606/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dublin-td-joan-collins-leaves-i4c-to-found-new-party-right-to-change-8cf70tw9b|url-status=live}}</ref>
:{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=silver}} [[Independent politician (Ireland)|Independent]] (23)
;[[Ceann Comhairle]]
:{{Color box|{{party color|Ceann Comhairle}}|border=silver}} ([[Seán Ó Fearghaíl|1]])
| voting_system1 = [[Indirect election]]
| voting_system2 = [[Proportional representation]] ([[single transferable vote]])
| last_election1 = [[2020 Seanad election|31 March 2020]]
| last_election2 = [[2020 Irish general election|8 February 2020]]
| next_election3 = [[Next Irish general election|By March 2025]]
| session_room = 20130810 dublin214.JPG
| meeting_place = [[Leinster House]], [[Kildare Street]], Dublin
| constitution = [[Constitution of Ireland]]
| website = {{url|https://www.oireachtas.ie/}}
| rules = [https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/parliamentaryBusiness/standingOrders/seanad/2020/2020-04-15_seanad-eireann-standing-orders-relative-to-public-business-2020_en.pdf. Seanad Éireann – Standing Orders Relative to Public Business 2020] [https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/parliamentaryBusiness/standingOrders/dail/2021/2021-01-27_consolidated-dail-eireann-standing-orders-january-2021_en.pdf. Dáil Éireann – Standing Orders Relative to Public Business 2020]
}}
{{Politics of the Republic of Ireland}}
The '''Oireachtas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛr|ə|k|t|ə|s}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Oireachtas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806004610/https://www.lexico.com/definition/oireachtas |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-06 |title=Oireachtas |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA-ga|ˈɛɾʲaxt̪ˠəsˠ|lang}}), sometimes referred to as '''Oireachtas Éireann''', is the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[parliament]] of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>The Oireachtas is described as the "National Parliament" in Article 15 of the [[Constitution of Ireland]], though this term is not an alternative official title.</ref> The Oireachtas consists of:
*The [[President of Ireland]]
*The [[bicameralism|two houses]] of the Oireachtas ({{lang-ga|Tithe an Oireachtais}}):<ref>{{IPA-ga|ˈtʲɪhə ənˠ ˈɛɾʲaxt̪ˠəʃ|IPA}}</ref>
**[[Dáil Éireann]] ([[lower house]])
**[[Seanad Éireann]] ([[upper house]])

The houses of the Oireachtas sit in [[Leinster House]] in [[Dublin]], an eighteenth-century [[Duke|ducal]] [[palace]]. The directly elected Dáil is by far the more powerful branch of the Oireachtas.

==Etymology==
The word {{lang|ga|oireachtas}} comes from the [[Irish language|Irish]] word {{lang|ga|airecht}}/{{lang|ga|oireacht}} ("deliberative assembly of freemen; assembled freemen; assembly, gathering; patrimony, territory"), ultimately from the word {{lang|ga|airig}} ("freeman").<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rwRDAAAQBAJ&q=oireacht&pg=PA878|title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|first1=Theodore William|last1=Moody|first2=Dáibhí Ó|last2=Cróinín|first3=Francis X.|last3=Martin|first4=Francis John|last4=Byrne|first5=Art|last5=Cosgrove|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198217374|via=Google Books|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922130543/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rwRDAAAQBAJ&q=oireacht&pg=PA878|url-status=live}}</ref> Its first recorded use as the name of a legislative body was within the [[Irish Free State]].

==Composition==
Dáil Éireann, the lower house, is directly elected under [[universal suffrage]] of all Irish citizens who are residents and at least eighteen years old. An election is held at least once every five years as required by law; however, the house can be dissolved at any time at the request of the [[Taoiseach]] (head of government). Dáil elections use a system of [[proportional representation]] by way of a [[single transferable vote]]. The Dáil has 160 members. The Seanad is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members selected in a number of different ways. 43 senators are elected by councillors and parliamentarians, 11 are appointed by the Taoiseach, and six are elected by two [[university constituency|university constituencies]], thus having 60 members in total. The President of Ireland is directly elected once every seven years, and may serve a maximum of two terms; however, if, as has occurred on a number of occasions, a consensus among the larger political parties can result in only a single candidate being nominated, no actual election takes place.

==Role==
To become law, a [[bill (proposed law)|bill]] must first be approved by both the Dáil and in most circumstances the Seanad (although the Dáil can override a Seanad refusal to pass a bill), and then signed into law by the President. Bills to amend the Constitution must also be approved by the people in a referendum prior to being presented to the President. In most circumstances, the president is in effect obliged to sign all laws approved by the Houses of the Oireachtas, although the president has the power to [[Advisory opinion|refer most bills to the Supreme Court for a ruling on constitutionality.]] The powers of the Seanad are in effect limited to delay rather than veto. It is the Dáil, therefore, that is the supreme tier of the Irish legislature. The general [[enacting formula]] for [[Acts of the Oireachtas]] is: "Be it enacted by the Oireachtas as follows:—", for an act with a preamble this enacting formula is, instead, "Be it therefore enacted by the Oireachtas as follows:—".

===Powers===
The Oireachtas has exclusive power to:

* Legislate, including a power vested in the Dáil of approving the financial resolutions relevant to the budget. However, the courts<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bederev -v- Ireland & ors : Judgments & Determinations : Courts Service of Ireland|url = http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/bce24a8184816f1580256ef30048ca50/ad1638c8122f48ef80257e04003f88df?OpenDocument|website = www.courts.ie|access-date = 2015-10-04|archive-date = 8 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008051534/http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/bce24a8184816f1580256ef30048ca50/ad1638c8122f48ef80257e04003f88df?OpenDocument|url-status = live}}</ref> have allowed the Oireachtas to delegate limited legislative powers to other entities, such as Government Ministers.
* Create subordinate legislatures.
* Propose changes to the constitution (must be initiated in the Dáil), which must then be submitted to a [[referendum]].
* Raise military or armed forces.
* Allow international agreements to become part of the domestic law of the state.
* Pass certain laws having an extraterritorial effect (in accordance with the similar practices of other states).
* Enact, when it considers a [[state of emergency]] to exist, almost any law it deems necessary, with the imposition of capital punishment being the only absolutely excluded act in all circumstances.

===Limitations===
* Laws are invalid if, and to the extent that, they contradict the constitution.
* In the event of a conflict, [[EU law]] also takes precedence over acts of the Oireachtas, as is common throughout the [[European Union]].
* It may not retrospectively criminalise acts that were not illegal at the time they were committed.
* It may not enact any law providing for the imposition of the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]], even during a state of emergency.

==Committees==
{{main|Committees of the Oireachtas}}
The Oireachtas has a number of [[joint committee (legislative)|joint committees]] that include members of both houses. There are currently fifteen of these:
*Joint Committee on Agriculture and the Marine
*Joint Committee on Children, Disability, Equality and Integration
*Joint Committee on Climate Action
*Joint Committee on Education, Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science
*Joint Committee on Enterprise, Trade and Employment
*Joint Committee on European Union Affairs
*Joint Committee on Finance, Public Expenditure and Reform, and Taoiseach
*Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence
*Joint Committee on Health
*Joint Committee on Housing, Local Government and Heritage
*Joint Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement
*Joint Committee on Justice
*Joint Committee on Media, Tourism, Arts, Culture, Sport and the Gaeltacht
*Joint Committee on Social Protection, Community and Rural Development and the Islands
*Joint Committee on Transport and Communications Networks
*Working Group of Committee Chairmen

==History==

''Oireachtas'' has been the title of two parliaments in [[History of Ireland|Irish history]]: the current Oireachtas of Ireland, since 1937, and, immediately before that, the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State]] of 1922–1937.

The earliest parliament in Ireland was the [[Parliament of Ireland]], which was founded in the thirteenth century as the supreme legislative body of the lordship of Ireland and was in existence until 1801. This parliament governed the English-dominated part of Ireland, which at first was limited to Dublin and surrounding cities, but later grew to include the entire island. But the Irish Parliament was, from the passage of [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] in 1494 until its repeal in 1782, subordinate to the English, and later British, [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. This Parliament consisted of the [[Monarchy of Ireland|King of Ireland]], who was the same person as the King of England, a [[Irish House of Lords|House of Lords]] and a [[Irish House of Commons|House of Commons]]. In 1800 the Irish Parliament abolished itself when it adopted the [[Acts of Union 1800|Act of Union]], which came into effect from 1 January 1801.

The next legislature to exist in Ireland came into being in 1919. This was a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] parliament established by [[Irish republicanism|Irish republicans]], known simply as [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)|Dáil Éireann]]. This revolutionary Dáil was notionally a legislature for the whole island of Ireland. In 1920, in parallel to the Dáil, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] created a [[home rule]] legislature called the [[Parliament of Southern Ireland]]. However, this parliament was boycotted by most Irish politicians. It was made up of the King, the [[House of Commons of Southern Ireland]] and the [[Senate of Southern Ireland]]. The Parliament of Southern Ireland was formally abolished in 1922, with the establishment of the Oireachtas under the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]].

The Oireachtas of the Irish Free State consisted officially of the [[Monarchy in the Irish Free State|King]] and two houses, named, as their successors would be, Dáil Éireann (described, in this case, as a 'Chamber of Deputies') and Seanad Éireann. However, the [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Free State Senate]] was abolished in 1935. The modern Oireachtas came into being in 1937, with the adoption by referendum of the Constitution of Ireland.

===Broadcasting===
The first Oireachtas radio and television broadcasts were of [[List of addresses to the Oireachtas|ceremonial addresses from dignitaries]], beginning with that of [[John F. Kennedy]] during his 1963 state visit.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Kennedy Arrives at the Dáil |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1722-john-f-kennedy/451915-president-kennedy-arrives-at-the-dil/ |website=RTÉ Archives |access-date=7 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144904/https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1722-john-f-kennedy/451915-president-kennedy-arrives-at-the-dil/ |url-status=live }}; {{cite web |title=50th Anniversary of the First Dáil Marked at Mansion House |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2019/0110/1022429-first-dail-50th-anniversary/ |website=RTÉ Archives |access-date=7 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144940/https://www.rte.ie/archives/2019/0110/1022429-first-dail-50th-anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Regular radio broadcasting of edited Oireachtas proceedings began in October 1986, although [[Government budget|budget]] statements had already been broadcast live.<ref>{{cite web |title=Broadcasting of Seanad Proceedings: Statement |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1986-10-01/3/ |website=Seanad Éireann (17th Seanad) debates |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=7 April 2020 |language=en-ie |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144900/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1986-10-01/3/ |url-status=live }}; {{cite web |title=Radio Transmissions From Oireachtas, 1986 |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1013/823818-oireachtas-broadcasting-service/ |website=RTÉ Archives |access-date=7 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407144904/https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1013/823818-oireachtas-broadcasting-service/ |url-status=live }}; {{cite news |last1=Moriarty |first1=Theresa |title=Mikes make Oireachtas media-shy |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1986/1008/Pg025.html#Ar02507 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 April 2020 |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=25 }}</ref> Television coverage of Dáil, Seanad, and committee proceedings began in 1990, 1991, and 1993 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Oireachtas |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/a-misc/tv.htm |title=Parliamentary Televising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530023639/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2Fa-misc%2Ftv.htm |archive-date=30 May 2006 }}; {{cite web |last1=Bowman |first1=John |title=Through a Lens — Leinster House 25 Years on TV |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/oireachtas-tv/oireachtas-tv-productions/oireachtas-tv-documentaries/1008/ |website=Oireachtas TV documentaries |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=17 April 2020 |language=en-ie |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805223106/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/oireachtas-tv/oireachtas-tv-productions/oireachtas-tv-documentaries/1008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2005 the proceedings of both houses have been made available over the internet by [[HEAnet]] and the [[eDemocracy]] Unit of the Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oir.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/livewebcast/Web-Live.htm&CatID=83&m=w|title=live broadcasts|publisher=Oireachtas|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504112212/http://www.oir.ie/ViewDoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2Flivewebcast%2FWeb-Live.htm&CatID=83&m=w|archive-date=4 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Houses of the Oireachtas Channel]] (publicly known as Oireachtas TV) is a digital television channel in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kehoe |first=Ian |url=http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2008/05/11/story32805.asp |title=Dáil TV station to be unveiled this week |newspaper=Sunday Business Post |access-date=24 January 2011 }}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It broadcasts Committee and Houses and other parliament proceedings following its establishment under the [[Broadcasting Act 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/bills28/acts/2009/a1809.pdf |title=(Number 29 of 2008) – Tithe an Oireachtais |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=24 January 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107224425/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2Fbills28%2Facts%2F2009%2Fa1809.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irlgov.ie/oireachtas/leaflet/tv.html |title=Parliamentary Televising |publisher=Irlgov.ie |access-date=24 January 2011 |archive-date=20 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120180841/http://www.irlgov.ie/oireachtas/leaflet/tv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 November 2011, it began broadcasting a pilot service on [[UPC Ireland]]. On 22 September 2014, the Houses launched the dedicated television channel Oireachtas TV, bringing unfiltered access to the parliamentary process to over one million households nationwide. The service is available free of charge on UPC Channel 207 and Sky Channel 574.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/mediazone/pressreleases/name-24377-en.html |title=New TV channel to bring Oireachtas proceedings to over one million homes |publisher=Houses of the Oireachtas |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606112120/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/mediazone/pressreleases/name-24377-en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012, the Oireachtas launched its first e-consultation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=Michael |title=Politics at the Touch of a Button: An Evaluation of the First Ever Oireachtas (Irish Houses of Parliament) E-consultation |journal=Parliamentary Affairs |volume=66 |number=3 |page=597|doi=10.1093/pa/gsr072 }}</ref>

===Houses of the Oireachtas family day===
On 28 June 2008, the first Houses of the Oireachtas family day was held.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0628/oireachtas.html |title=Thousands visit Leinster House of fun |work=[[RTÉ News]] |access-date=28 June 2008 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119001748/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0628/oireachtas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This initiative by the then [[Ceann Comhairle]] of [[Dáil Éireann]], [[John O'Donoghue (politician)|John O'Donoghue]] and the [[Cathaoirleach]] of [[Seanad Éireann]], [[Pat Moylan (politician)|Pat Moylan]] aimed to increase public awareness in the work of the Houses of The Oireachtas. It included tours of both chambers of the Oireachtas, lectures on the history of Oireachtas, historic political speeches recited by actors and a hot air balloon – commemorating the balloon flight which took place in 1785 from Leinster Lawn. The Oireachtas family day took place again in 2009,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0627/oireachtas.html |title=Family Day at Leinster House |work=[[RTÉ News]] |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801052925/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0627/oireachtas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but it has not been held since then.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/open-the-dail-and-seanad-chambers-to-the-public-says-td-349891-Feb2012/ |title=Open the Dáil and Seanad chambers to the public, says TD |work=The Journal.ie |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018121155/http://www.thejournal.ie/open-the-dail-and-seanad-chambers-to-the-public-says-td-349891-Feb2012/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Northern Ireland representation==
Although, as adopted in 1937, Article 3 of the constitution asserted the "right of the parliament and government established by this constitution to exercise jurisdiction" over the whole of Ireland, it also provided that pending the "re-integration of the national territory"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constitution.ie/Documents/Bhunreacht_na_hEireann_web.pdf|title=CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND|website=Constitution.ie|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209115852/https://www.constitution.ie/Documents/Bhunreacht_na_hEireann_web.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Acts of the Oireachtas would not apply to Northern Ireland. Therefore, no serious attempts have been made for the representation of Northern Ireland in the Dáil. As Taoiseach, [[Éamon de Valera]], while a staunch opponent of partition, and who had been elected to represent a Northern constituency in the [[Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)|First Dáil]], did not pursue the idea of seats in the Dáil for Northern Ireland, on the grounds that this would amount to representation "without taxation or responsibility".<ref name="Coogan2015">{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim Pat|title=De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CFlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT693|access-date=12 May 2016|publisher=Head of Zeus|isbn=9781784975371|page=644|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152127/https://books.google.com/books?id=5CFlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT693|url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning with [[Seamus Mallon]] in 1982, one or more from Northern Ireland have been included among the eleven [[Nominated members of Seanad Éireann|Senators nominated by the Taoiseach]] after most elections.

[[Sinn Féin]] has advocated that Northern Ireland [[Northern Ireland Assembly|MLAs]], [[British House of Commons|MPs]], and [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]s should have the right to participate in Dáil debates, if not vote. In 2005 the Taoiseach, [[Bertie Ahern]], proposed that Northern Ireland MPs should be able to address a [[committee of the whole]] Dáil. However, [[Fine Gael]], the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]], and Ahern's coalition partners, the [[Progressive Democrats]], all opposed the idea,<ref name="ill">[https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/ahern-proposal-on-mps-ill-advised-1.1261957 Ahern proposal on MPs ill-advised] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081817/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/ahern-proposal-on-mps-ill-advised-1.1261957 }}, ''[[Irish Times]]'', 29 October 2005</ref> as did the [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]], the [[Socialist Party (Ireland)|Socialist Party]] and some Oireachtas members from [[Fianna Fáil]].<ref>[https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/most-deputies-oppose-dail-speaking-rights-for-mps-26211440.html Most deputies oppose Dail speaking rights for MPs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322082010/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/most-deputies-oppose-dail-speaking-rights-for-mps-26211440.html }}, ''[[Sunday Independent (Ireland)|Sunday Independent]]'', 7 August 2005</ref> Only Sinn Féin, the party that stood to gain most from the proposal, supported it, while the more moderate [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] (SDLP) described it as a step forward.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ahern-plan-to-give-north-mps-dail-rights-rejected-1.511570 Ahern plan to give North MPs Dail rights rejected] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081757/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ahern-plan-to-give-north-mps-dail-rights-rejected-1.511570 }}, ''[[Irish Times]]'', 28 October 2005</ref> The proposal was also criticised widely in the media, with an editorial in ''[[The Irish Times]]'', declaring that: "The overwhelming democratic imperative is that the institutions of this State should represent and serve the people of the State."<ref name="ill"/> From 2011, Northern Ireland MEPs had the same automatic right as MEPs from the Republic to participate in meetings of the Seanad's European committee, whereas other MEPs require an invitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad2011061600007|title=Standing Orders: Motion|work=Seanad Éireann debates|pages=Standing Order 70A(6)|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605111419/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad2011061600007|url-status=live}}</ref> This ended in 2020 when the United Kingdom left the EU, which consequently meant all UK MEPs left office.

==Houses of the Oireachtas Commission==
{{anchor|Commission}} 
While each house is empowered to organise its own business, they have always co-operated in practical matters arising from the fact that they share Leinster House as a common building complex. The '''Houses of the Oireachtas Commission''' was established by statute in 2003 to provide a formal structure for this, which was previously done by a joint committee. Non-political support staff, such as ushers and the English–Irish translation staff, are employed by this Commission and treated as part of the [[Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland#Civil Service of the State|Civil Service of the State]]. The Commission's [[chairperson]] and [[chief executive]] are the [[Ceann Comhairle]] and [[Clerk (legislature)|clerk]] of the Dáil respectively; other members are the [[Cathaoirleach]] of the Seanad, one appointed by the [[Minister for Finance]], four by the Dáil, and three by the Seanad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/about/commission/|title=The Houses of the Oireachtas Commission|publisher=Oireachtas|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403093421/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/about/commission/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2003/act/28/enacted/en/index.html|title=Houses of the Oireachtas Commission Act 2003|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409155506/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2003/act/28/enacted/en/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Commission, through the translation department, is responsible for periodic updates to [[An Caighdeán Oifigiúil]], the official standard form of the [[Irish language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2013/act/3/section/3/enacted/en/html#sec3|title=Houses of the Oireachtas Commission (Amendment) Act 2013, Section 3|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409151140/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2013/act/3/section/3/enacted/en/html#sec3|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bicameralism]]
* [[List of Acts of the Oireachtas]]
* [[Records of members of the Oireachtas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.oireachtas.ie}}

{{Ireland topics}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}

[[Category:Oireachtas| ]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in Ireland]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Ireland]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Ireland]]
[[Category:Bicameral legislatures|Ireland]]
[[Category:Politics of the Republic of Ireland]]

1st Asian Film Awards

2021-10-09T14:17:45Z

Iamabirofficial: Created page with 'The '''1st Asian Film Awards''' were given on March 20, 2007 on the opening night of the 31st Hong Kong International Film Festival. Given to films...'

{{Short description|Asian Film Awards}}
{{morefootnotes|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 1
| award = Asian Film Awards
| image =
| caption = Official title card
| awarded_for = Excellence in [[Cinema of Asia|Asian cinema]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|3|20}}
| site = [[Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre]]
| award_org = {{Plainlist|
*[[Hong Kong International Film Festival]]}}
| presenting_org =
| host =
| best_picture = ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]''
| best_direction = [[Jia Zhangke]]
| best_direction_film = ''[[Still Life (2006 film)|Still Life]]''
| best_actor = [[Song Kang-ho]]
| best_actor_film = ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]''
| best_actress = [[Miki Nakatani]]
| best_actress_film= ''[[Memories of Matsuko]]''
| free_award_type =
| free_award =
| most_awards = 4 - ''The Host''
| most_nominations = 5 - ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]''
| network =
| duration =
| viewership =
| ratings =
| website = [http://www.afa-academy.com/ Asian Film Awards]
| last =
| next = [[2nd Asian Film Awards|2nd]]
}}

The '''1st [[Asian Film Awards]]''' were given on 20 March 2007 at the [[Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre]], on the opening night of the 31st [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]].

Given to films released in 2006 by [[film industry|film industries]] from [[Asian cinema|across Asia]], awards were given in 10 categories: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Screenwriter, Best Cinematographer, Best Production Designer, Best Composer, Best Editor and Best Visual Effects. Up to six nominees are honored in each category.

The most awards went to ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'', directed by [[Bong Joon-ho]]. It had been nominated in five categories and won four: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Visual Effects and Best Cinematographer.<ref>{{cite web|first1=James|last1=Pomfret|title=Koreans win big at HK's first pan-Asian film awards|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-hongkong-film-dc-idUSHKG7714120070321?sp=true|agency=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2008-01-19|date=20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=First Asian film awards shine HK film festival|url=http://www.newsgd.com/prdcorner/hkmacaoexpress/200703220004.htm|website=Guangdong News|accessdate=2016-04-02|date=22 March 2007}}</ref>

==Awards==

===Best Film===
*'''Winner''': ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'' ([[Cinema of South Korea|South Korea]])
** ''[[Curse of the Golden Flower]]'' ([[Cinema of China|China]]/[[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])
**''[[Exiled]]'' (Hong Kong)
**''[[Love and Honor (2006 film)|Love and Honor]]'' ([[Cinema of Japan|Japan]])
**''[[Opera Jawa]]'' ([[Cinema of Indonesia|Indonesia]])
**''[[Still Life (2006 film)|Still Life]]'' (China)
**''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (India)

===Best Director===
*'''Winner''': [[Jia Zhangke]], ''[[Still Life (2006 film)|Still Life]]'' ([[Cinema of China|China]])
**[[Hong Sang-soo]], ''[[Woman on the Beach]]'' ([[Cinema of South Korea|South Korea]])
**[[Jafar Panahi]], ''[[Offside (2006 Iranian film)|Offside]]'' ([[Cinema of Iran|Iran]])
**[[Johnnie To]], ''[[Exiled]]'' ([[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])
**[[Tsai Ming-liang]], ''[[I Don't Want to Sleep Alone]]'' ([[Cinema of Taiwan|Taiwan]])
**[[Apichatpong Weerasethakul]], ''[[Syndromes and a Century]]'' ([[Cinema of Thailand|Thailand]])

===Best Actor===
*'''Winner''': [[Song Kang-ho]], ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'' ([[Cinema of South Korea|South Korea]])
**[[Chang Chen]], ''[[The Go Master]]'' ([[Cinema of China|China]])
**[[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]], ''[[I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again|Don]]'' ([[Cinema of India|India]])
**[[Andy Lau]], ''[[A Battle of Wits (2006 film)|A Battle of Wits]]'' (Japan / Hong Kong / China/ South Korea)
**[[Ken Watanabe]], ''[[Memories of Tomorrow]]'' (Japan)

===Best Actress===
*'''Winner''': [[Miki Nakatani]], ''[[Memories of Matsuko]]'' (Japan)
**[[Gong Li]], ''[[Curse of the Golden Flower]]'' (Hong Kong/China)
**[[Kim Hye-soo]], ''[[Tazza: The High Rollers]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Im Soo-jung (actress)|Im Soo-jung]], ''[[I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Rie Miyazawa]], ''[[Hana (film)|Hana]]'' (Japan)
**[[Zhang Ziyi]], ''[[The Banquet (2006 film)|The Banquet]]'' (Hong Kong/China)

===Best Screenwriter===
*'''Winner''': [[Mani Haghighi]], ''[[Men at Work (2006 film)|Men at Work]]'' (Iran)
**[[Hong Sang-soo]], ''[[Woman on the Beach]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Tetsuya Oishi (screenwriter)|Tetsuya Oishi]] and [[Shusuke Kaneko]], ''[[Death Note (2006 film)|Death Note]]'' (Japan)
**[[Sohn Jae-gon]], ''[[My Scary Girl]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Prabda Yoon]], ''[[Invisible Waves]]'' (Thailand)
**[[Zhang Cheng (screenwriter)|Zhang Cheng]], [[Yue Xiajun]], [[Ning Ha]], ''[[Crazy Stone (film)|Crazy Stone]]'' (China/Hong Kong)

===Best Cinematographer===
*'''Winner''': [[Kim Hyung-koo]], ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Andrew Lau]] and [[Lai Yiu Fai]], ''[[Confession of Pain]]'' (Hong Kong)
**[[Liao Pen-jung]], ''[[I Don't Want to Sleep Alone]]'' (Taiwan)
**[[Sayombhu Mukdeeprom]], ''[[Syndromes and a Century]]'' (Thailand)
**[[Wang Yu (cinematographer)|Wang Yu]], ''[[The Go Master]]'' (China)

===Best Production Designer===
*'''Winner''': [[Tim Yip]], ''[[The Banquet (2006 film)|The Banquet]]'' (China/Hong Kong)
**[[Cho Geun-hyun]], ''[[Forbidden Quest]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Towako Kuwajima]], ''[[Memories of Matsuko]]'' (Japan)
**[[Patrick Tam (film director)|Patrick Tam]] and [[Cyrus Ho]], ''[[After This Our Exile]]'' (Hong Kong)
**[[Emi Wada]], ''[[The Go Master]]'' (China)

===Best Composer===
*'''Winner''': [[Rahayu Supanggah]], ''[[Opera Jawa]]'' (Indonesia)
**[[Jeong Yong-jin]], ''[[Woman on the Beach]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Peter Kam]], ''[[Isabella (2006 film)|Isabella]]'' (Hong Kong)
**[[Lim Giong]], ''[[Still Life (2006 film)|Still Life]]'' (China)
**[[Tamiya Terashima]], ''[[Tales from Earthsea]]'' (Japan)

===Best Editor===
*'''Winner''': [[Lee Chatametikool]], ''[[Syndromes and a Century]]'' (Thailand)
**[[Kim Sun-min]], ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Angie Lam]], ''[[Dog Bite Dog]]'' (Japan / Hong Kong)
**[[Park Gok-ji]] and [[Jeong Jin-hee]], ''[[A Dirty Carnival]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Patrick Tam (film director)|Patrick Tam]], ''[[After This Our Exile]]'' (Hong Kong)

===Best Visual Effects===
*'''Winner''': The Orphanage, ''[[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]]'' (South Korea)
**Angela Barson and Chung Chi-hang, ''[[Curse of the Golden Flower]]'' (Hong Kong/China)
**DTI (Digital Tetra Inc.), ETRI, ''[[The Restless (2006 film)|The Restless]]'' (South Korea)
**Ohya Tetsuo, Kamiya Makoto, Onoue Katsuro, ''[[The Sinking of Japan]]'' (Japan)
**Masahide Yanagawase, ''[[Memories of Matsuko]]'' (Japan)

===Special Awards===
*Box Office Star of Asia Award: [[Andy Lau]]
*Asian Film Award for Outstanding Contribution to Asian Cinema: [[Josephine Siao Fong-fong]], presented by [[Luc Besson]]
*Asian Film Award for Excellence in Scholarship in Asian Cinema: [[David Bordwell]], presented by [[Johnnie To]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.asianfilmawards.asia}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160315071353/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2007/eng/nominations.htm 2007 Asian Film Awards: Nominations]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160315071607/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2007/eng/results.htm 2007 Asian Film Awards: Award Results]

{{Asian Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asian Film Awards 2006}}
[[Category:Asian Film Awards ceremonies]]
[[Category:2006 film awards]]
[[Category:2007 in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:2007 in Asia|Film]]
[[Category:2007 in Chinese cinema|Hong Kong]]