Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Maddam Sir

2026-06-01T12:40:56Z

IQOCharli56: Created pg

{{Short description|2020 Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maddam Sir Series.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name = Maddam Sir – Kuch Baat Hai Kyunki Jazbaat Hai
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Comedy]]
*[[Drama]]
*[[Action series|Action]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Gulki Joshi]]
* [[Yukti Kapoor]]
* Sonali Pandit Naik
* [[Bhavika Sharma]]
}}
| creator = [[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]]
| based_on =
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Deepak Malik
*Devang Kakkad
*Vikas Sharma
*Sameer Garud
*Lourrence Joseph John}}
| story =
| screenplay = {{ubl|Deepak Mallik|Devang Kakkad
Vikas Sharma|Sameer Garud}}
| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen
| opentheme = ''Maddam Sir'' theme music
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 741
| list_episodes = List of Maddam Sir episodes
| director = Hemen Chauhan
| creative_director = Taiyyab Mallik
| executive_producer =
| cinematography = Rahul B Soni
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–26 minutes
| company = Jay Production
| network = [[Sony SAB]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]]
*Kinnari Mehtaa}}
| editor = Pankaj Kathpal Rahul Mathur
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|02|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|02|18}}
| narrated =
}}

'''''Maddam Sir''''' is an Indian Hindi [[comedy series|comedy]] [[action series|action television series]] which aired from 24 February 2020 to 18 February 2023 on [[Sony SAB]]<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Gulki Joshi and Bhavika Sharma on their show Maddam Sir completing one year |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-and-bhavika-sharma-on-their-show-maddam-sir-completing-one-year/articleshow/81213342.cms|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Season 2">{{Cite web|title=Gulki Joshi Starrer Maddam Sir To Go Off Air, To Come Back Soon With Season 2|url=https://www.news18.com/news/entertainment/gulki-joshi-and-yukti-kapoor-starrer-maddam-sir-to-go-off-air-but-makers-confirms-second-2-7097053.html|access-date=2023-02-18|website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and digitally streamed on [[SonyLIV]]. Produced by [[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]] for Jay Productions, it stars [[Gulki Joshi]], [[Yukti Kapoor]], Priyanshu Singh, Sonali Naik and [[Bhavika Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Gulki Joshi and Yukti Kapoor share their excitement as Maddam Sir completes 500 glorious episodes |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-and-yukti-kapoor-share-their-excitement-as-maddam-sir-completes-500-glorious-episodes/articleshow/91773246.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yukti Kapoor on Maddam Sir going off-air: Every good thing comes to an end|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yukti-kapoor-on-maddam-sir-going-off-air-every-good-thing-come-to-an-end/articleshow/98034189.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=January 2026}}
Four [[Lucknow]]-based female police officers and one male officer work at a Mahila police station which consists of [[Station House Officer|SHO]] Haseena Mallik, [[Sub inspector|SI]] Karishma Singh, [[Head Constable]] Pushpa Singh, [[Constable]] Santosh Sharma, and male Constable Cheeteshwar Chaturvedi. They are helped by prisoner-turned-spy Billeshwar Champat. Karishma Singh is short-tempered, and Haseena Malik is emotional in solving cases; this sometimes creates a conflict between them.

[[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Anubhav Singh is a negotiation specialist and the cousin of Karishma, who sorts out the differences between them. Love blossoms between Haseena Malik and Anubhav Singh. Haseena proposes to Anubhav; he accepts, but she later learns that he pretended to love her for a national-security mission. After succeeding in the mission, Anubhav realises that he was wrong to have used Haseena and he was in love with her from the beginning. He apologises, declares his love, and proposes marriage. She rejects him, fearing another heartbreak. However, they become closer. Haseena eventually accepts Anubhav's proposal. Anubhav is then ordered to leave his fiancée and his city for a national-security mission which could cost him his life. He sends Haseena away with Karishma’s help, knowing that staying with him would endanger her life.

The Mahila Thana gets a [[humanoid]], [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Mira, for a ninety-day trial of teaching human emotions. However, Karishma feels that the robot is trying to take the place of human police officers. Karishma and Meera solve cases together. Returning to her police station, Haseena collides with a secret agent who delivers a hard disk with the details of all secret agents in the country. The leader of the perpetrators, who killed the agent after failing to get the disk from him, hacks Mira to obtain it. He orders her to kill Haseena, Mira’s friend and colleague. Mira fires her gun, realising what she has done later. She alerts everyone in the police station about the hack. They discover that Mira has developed emotions which Haseena wanted to give her, but they have to dismantle her to prevent further hacking.

A month later, Pushpa and Karishma meet Urmila Mahadev Mhatre in Mumbai: Haseena's lookalike,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maddam Sir: Murdered SHO Haseena Malik returns to life or is it her doppelganger?|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/maddam-sir-murdered-sho-haseena-malik-returns-to-life-or-is-it-her-doppelganger-major-twist-ahead/videoshow/88854696.cms}}</ref> a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[vada pav]] seller. Karishma plans to take Urmila to Lucknow, pretending that she is Haseena Malik; this will help her catch Haseena’s killers. Urmila is actually Haseena in disguise, who was following orders from secret agent Ajay to catch the terrorists involved in the attempt on her life. They want the hard disk with sensitive information about the agents, which could be a threat to national security if it fell into the wrong hands. Bakshi suspects Anubhav, but changes his mind when Anubhav saves Haseena from goons. Haseena trusts Anubhav, and reveals her identity to him. Karishma learns about the hard disk, and Anubhav tells her to guard it carefully. Haseena soon discovers that Anubhav is behind everything; she steals the hard disk from Karishma and confronts Anubhav, publicly calling him a traitor. She shoots Anubhav, who shoots her back; Haseena loses her memory and starts considering herself urmila. Karishma destroys the hard disk and kills Anubhav, but Haseena has forgotten everything. She regains her memory during a fight, and rejoins her MPT team.

Amar Vidrohi and his team join the MPT, leading to rivalry between the two teams. Cheeta and Santosh declare their love, and Haseena goes underground to clear her name. Amar realizes that the MPT belongs to Haseena’s team, and leaves. Misri Pandey returns as the new [[Station house officer|SHO]], but she and her politician uncle framed Haseena. They are arrested, and Haseena returns.

Karishma’s twin sister, Kaushalya (aka Kareena), who ran away with the money their father had saved for Karishma's admission to the police force in order to become an actress, returns to Lucknow. She needs Karishma to train her in police tactics for her upcoming film, in which she plays a female cop. Kareena befriends the MPT team, and Haseena asks them to swap their roles to help them understand the challenges faced in each other’s professions. Karishma forgives Kareena and reconciles with her after learning about her sacrifices for their father. The MPT team later learns that Kareena is unwittingly being used as a suicide bomber by a terrorist group and saves her. Kareena bids farewell to the MPT team and leaves for Chennai to pursue her career.

Chingari Gang tries to replace the police, torturing and traumatising guilty men. Haseena and her team unsuccessfully try to stop them. Cheetah makes a mistake which could get him suspended, but Santosh takes the blame for him and is suspended instead. Karishma secretly infiltrates the gang to stop them. Cheetah and Binni chat online and fall in love. They decide to meet, but Cheetah learns that Binni is a member of the gang. Haseena learns about this and tells Cheetah to continue dating Binni to gain her trust and obtain evidence against the gang. Haseena sees Karishma wearing a Chingari Gang saree, and tells her to continue the act. Shivani, the gang leader, learns about Binni and Cheetah and expels her. Binni later learns that Karishma is betraying the gang, calls Shivani, and tells her everything. Shivani tries to kill Karishma, who is rescued by Haseena and her team. Shivani accidentally kills Saira Begum while trying to kill Haseena; she decides to take responsibility for the Chingari Gang’s crimes and surrenders to the MPT.

Mira returns as Mira G, an upgraded version of herself who can predict crimes. After being shot on her wristwatch, she is sent back to the C.A.R.D. Research Institute.

ACP Naina Mathur comes to Lucknow in search of Cherry, a criminal. She moves back to her hometown after Haseena and Karishma catch Cherry when she tries to kill Naina.

Shaziya Siddiqui, an aspiring police officer, arrives at the MPT. Claiming to be Haseena’s cousin, she wants to take her police exams with Haseena’s help. Shaziya actually escaped from the village of Devariya, which is harshly ruled by two brothers. They have outlawed women pursuing their ambitions and have kidnapped Nagma, Shaziya’s mother, to force her to return. The MPT team rescues Shaziya and Nagma with the help of Santu, Mira G, Misri and Shivani, who is now a lawyer at the Allahabad High Court. Haseena and Karishma expose the failure of Devariya's MLA to maintain law and order, and he vows to take revenge on them. Haseena is promoted to DSP and the team celebrate, but MPT station is bombed, with the media assuming that the team is dead. However, Haseena narrates her journey with the MPT team several months later, indicating that she survived the blast.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Gulki Joshi]] as SHO Haseena Malik, a.k.a. Maddam Sir (2020–2023): Shahjahan and Noorjahan's daughter; Anubhav's love-interest and ex-fiancée; Karishma's mentor and close friend, and Naina's friend and batchmate. At the end of series, she is promoted to [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] and indicates that she survived the fatal blast at MPT.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maddam Sir's Gulki Joshi on playing Urmila: It's tricky to act like Urmila when dressed as Haseena|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/maddam-sirs-gulki-joshi-on-playing-urmila-its-tricky-to-act-like-urmila-when-dressed-as-haseena/videoshow/89015781.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Gulki Joshi back on Maddam Sir cutting short her break, reveals she would be shooting only 4-days-a-week and with lesser hours|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-gulki-joshi-back-on-maddam-sir-cutting-short-her-break-reveals-she-would-be-shooting-only-4-days-a-week-and-with-lesser-hours/articleshow/93326145.cms|access-date=2022-08-03|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yukti Kapoor]] as
**[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Karishma Singh (2020–2023): Kaushalya's elder twin sister; Anubhav's cousin; Pushpa and Pyare's daughter-in-law; protective of Haseena<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maddam Sir actress Yukti Kapoor on facing rejections – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tellyblazer-exclusive-maddam-sir-actress-yukti-kapoor-on-facing-rejections-was-told-i-dont-have-the-face-to-be-the-lead-actress-was-criticised-for-my-weight-and-called-moti/articleshow/88045713.cms|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
**Kaushalya Singh, alias Kareena (2022): An actress; Karishma's younger twin sister; Anubhav's cousin<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yukti Kapoor to be seen in double role in Maddam Sir|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yukti-kapoor-to-be-seen-in-double-role-on-maddam-sir-1982973-2022-08-02|access-date=2022-08-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhavika Sharma]] as [[Internet police|Cybercrime Specialist]] [[Constable]] Santosh "Santu" Sharma (2020–2022; 2023): Cheetah's love interest; suspended due to Cheetah's negligence<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulki Joshi and Bhavika Sharma on their show Maddam Sir completing one year|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-and-bhavika-sharma-on-their-show-maddam-sir-completing-one-year/articleshow/81213342.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Bhavika Sharma on quitting Maddam Sir: I want to grow as an artiste and try new things|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bhavika-sharma-on-quitting-maddam-sir-i-want-to-grow-as-an-artiste-and-try-new-things/articleshow/95180554.cms|access-date=2022-10-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Sonali Pandit Naik as [[head constable]] Pushpa Singh (2020–2023): MPT's oldest member; Pyare's widow; and Karishma's mother-in-law<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maddam Sir's Sonali Naik: If an actor can't express through eyes, he/she isn't an actor|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/maddam-sirs-sonali-naik-if-an-actor-cant-express-through-eyes-he/she-isnt-an-actor/videoshow/87887759.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref>
* Yashkant Sharma as Constable Cheeteshwar "Cheetah" Chaturvedi (2020): A women's psychologist at MPT and Santu's love interest
**[[Priyanshu Singh]] replaced Yashkant as Constable Cheteshwar "Cheetah" Chaturvedi (2020—2023)
* Ajay Jadhav as
** Billeshwar "Billu" Champat (2020–2023): A thief-turned-spy; enjoys living in jail because he has nowhere else to live
** [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Vikram Ghosh (2023): Billu's lookalike, Lucknow's new commissioner, and Shobhna's husband

===Recurring===
* Satyapal Landge as Badnaam (2020–2023): Tea vendor near the MPT
* Ashwani Rathore as Iqbal (2020–2023): The local barber
* Darpan Shrivastava as Usman (2020): A local [[biriyani]] vendor; replaced by Harveer Singh
* [[Gaurav Wadhwa]] as Sunny Chaddha (2020, 2022): A reporter who has a crush on Santosh
**Jatin Arora replaced Wadhwa as Sunny Chaddha (2020–2021)
* Rajesh Dubey as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Uttar Pradesh Police|DSP]] Mahesh Singh (2020–2023): Anubhav's predecessor as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]]
* Umesh Bajpai as Faqruddin Nawab Ahmed "Nawab Sahab" (2020–2023): Owner of the MPT building and Raees and Zeenat's father; has a crush on Head Constable Pushpa Singh
* Nimesh Soni as
** Bulbul Pandey (2020–2023): SHO of Jankipooram Police Thana, Pallavi's husband; Champak's senior and brother-in-law
** Kartik Bajaj (2020): Misogynistic cab company owner
** Balli (2020): Dishonest owner of the LPJ diet-plan company
* Amit Kumar Sinha as
** Tuteja's secretary (2020)
** Manohar: Mehra's Manager (2020)
** Suresh Saxena: Asthana's Secretary (2020)
**Champak Chaudhary : A Janakipuram Police Thaana constable, Pallavi's brother (2020–2023)
* Disha Savla as Pallavi Pandey (2020, 2022–2023): Champak's sister and Bulbul's wife
* [[Rahil Azam]] as DSP Anubhav Singh(2020–2022): An [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] negotiation specialist and Lucknow DSP, Karishma and Kaushalya 's cousin, and Haseena's ex-fiancé. When he turns evil, Karishma and Haseena kill him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rahil Azam on Maddam Sir completing two years: It is amazing to be a part of such a show with a stellar cast |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rahil-azam-on-maddam-sir-completing-two-years-it-is-amazing-to-be-a-part-of-such-a-show-with-a-stellar-cast/articleshow/89796674.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Esha Kansara]] as SI/SHO Misri Pandey (2020, 2022–2023): A corrupt police officer who temporarily comes to MPT<ref>{{Cite news|title=Esha Kansara re-enters ''Maadam Sir'', says "My character is like female version of Chulbul Pandey"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-esha-kansara-to-re-enter-maddam-sir-says-my-character-is-almost-like-a-female-version-of-chulbul-pandey/articleshow/92903042.cms|access-date=2022-07-20|website=Times of India|date=15 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Roopa Divetia as Noorjahan Malik (2021): Haseena's mother;<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kumkum Bhagya's Roopa Divatia enters Maddam Sir|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 July 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumkum-bhagyas-roopa-divatia-enters-maddam-sir/articleshow/84788386.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref>
** Utkarsha Naik replaced Divetia as Noorjahan (2021–2023)
* Salman Shaikh as Rajvir Tomar, a.k.a. Computer (2021): Head constable of Jankipooram Police Thaana who has a crush on Karishma Singh, unaware that she is married
* Jignesh Modi as Chedi (2021): Jankipooram Police Thaana constable
* [[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Mira (2021–2022, 2022, 2023): A [[humanoid]] [[robot]] police officer invented by C.A.R.D. Research Institute, who was sent to MPT for a ninety-day trial to learn emotions under Karishma Singh. She shoots Haseena, and returns to the MPT as Mira G.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pankhuri Awasthy opens up on big twist in Maddam Sir; Says 'It will leave the audience intrigued'|date=10 January 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pankhuri-awasthy-opens-big-twist-maddam-sir-says-it-will-leave-audience-intrigued-990469|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref>
* Prakash Ramchandani as Secret Agent Ajay Bakshi (2021–2023): Anubhav's senior, who saves Haseena's life and asks her to pose as Mumbai vada pav vendor Urmila Mahadev Mhatre to catch the people who tried to murder her for the hard disk
* Savi Thakur as SHO Amar Vidrohi (2022): Yogita's younger brother, Bunty's adoptive father who is temporarily in charge of the MPT<ref>{{Cite news|title=Savi Thakur on playing Amar Vidrohi:"I had always envisioned myself playing a cop one day"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/savi-thakur-as-amar-vidrohi-in-maddam-sir-i-had-always-envisioned-myself-playing-a-cop-one-day/articleshow/92044281.cms|access-date=2022-06-22|website=Times of India|date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Jay Pathak as Harendra Singh, a.k.a. Deewan Ji (2022): MPT head constable under Amar Vidrohi
* [[Rachana Parulkar]] as Advocate Shivani Pawar, a.k.a. Shivani Tai (2022–2023): Chingaari Gang leader turned [[Allahabad High Court]] [[advocate]]<ref name="Rachna"/>
* Prachi Bohra as Binny Chaudhary (2022): Chingaari Gang member<ref name="Rachna">{{Cite news|title=Rachanaa Parulkkar, Praachi Bohra and Sulbha Arya to join Maddam Sir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rachanaa-parulkkar-praachi-bohra-and-sulbha-arya-to-join-maddam-sir/articleshow/94555439.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|website=The Times of India|date=30 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sulabha Arya]] as Saira Begum (2022): Founder of the Chingaari Gang who is accidentally shot dead by Shivani<ref name="Rachna"/>

===Guest===
*Hiral Jain as Shanti, MPT's former worker (2020)
* Trishna Vivek as
** Dr. Archana Nagar, who performed illegal gender tests (2020)
** Sudha Narayan, an NCG officer who suspected that Haseena was a drug smuggler (2020)
* [[Adi Irani]] as Gyanprakash Tuteja, fraud educational institute's chief (2020)
* Shruti Rawat as Parvati, female driver who was blamed for a car crash (2020)
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Angad Acharya, Public vigilante whose people misbehaved with youths (2020)
* Ananya Dwivedi as Zoya, a child with kidney disease whose doctor donates a kidney to her (2020)
* Rishikesh Ingley as
** Dr. Vikas, Zoya's doctor (2020)
** Vikram, a cyber cell officer who challenges Karishma Singh for a cricket match (2020)
** Rahul, a dishonest cashier (2021)
* Mohak Khurana as Roshan, online fraudster who made a fake website (2020)
* Mahi Sharma as
** Mahi, the fake Karishma Singh (2020)
** Nancy, Victor's wife (2020)
** Nisha Amrit, Roshni's mother, a social-media blogger accused of involvement in a terrorist association (2021)
* Neha Tiwari as Chandu, the fake Santosh Sharma (2020)
* [[Shefali Rana]] as the fake Pushpa Singh (2020)
* [[Pallavi Pradhan]] as Savitri Singh, Ajay's mother who has Alzheimer's (2020)
* Amish Tanna as Ashok, caretaker of poor children orphanage (2020)
* Sumit Arora as:
** Brijesh, Haldi's Second husband (2020)
** Kartik, a man who overloved his wife (2022)
* Divyangana Jain as:
**Rani (2020—2021), a career criminal
**Cherry (2023), a criminal mastermind who is arrested by Haseena and Karishma
* [[Amika Shail]] as
**Antara, who criticized for staying with her male friend (2020)
**Naagin, Naagmani Mystery Case (2020)
**Divya, Trapped by a blackmailer (2021)
*[[Shilpa Shinde]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Naina Mathur (2023), Haseena's batchmate and friend<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shilpa Shinde returns to television with Maddam Sir, says 'Women officers are truly remarkable'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shilpa-shinde-returns-to-television-with-sony-sabs-maddam-sir-8380378/lite/|access-date=2023-01-13|website=The Indian Express|date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shilpa">{{Cite web|title=Gulki Joshi takes a dig at Shilpa Shinde's comment on Maddam Sir: Says '15 minutes of fame can rest in peace'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/gulki-joshi-takes-a-dig-at-shilpa-shindes-comment-on-maddam-sir-says-15-minutes-of-fame-can-rest-in-peace-1207722|access-date=2023-01-31|website=Pinkvilla|date=31 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133010/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/gulki-joshi-takes-a-dig-at-shilpa-shindes-comment-on-maddam-sir-says-15-minutes-of-fame-can-rest-in-peace-1207722|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Head Constable Babita Sarkar (2020), a temporary replacement for Pushpa who had trained Haseena and Karishma
* Roopam Sharma as Mona (2021), a corrupt [[clinical psychologist]]
* Lakshya Handa as Avtaar Kapoor (2021), Karishma's boss
* [[Kavita Kaushik]] as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Chandramukhi Chautala from ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title= The feisty cop: Kavita Kaushik joins Maddam Sir as Chandramukhi Chautala|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-feisty-cop-376906|newspaper= Tribune India|date= March 2022|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shubhangi Gokhale]] as Cheeteshwar's aunt (2022)
* Simmi Ghoshal as
** A victim of the online fraud (2020)
**Binno, a victim of noise pollution (2021)
* Guru Saran Tiwari as Yash Kapoor, director of Kareena's film, who is involved with terrorist group which tried to use Kareena as a suicide bomber (2022)
* Tanya Abrol as Dipti, a female wrestler who is the victim of discrimination (2021)
* Govind Khatri as Mahipal Singh (2021): Genda's husband, Mansi's father, Haseena's adoptive uncle, and owner of Prasuti Charitable Hospital.
* [[Hunar Hali|Hunar Hali Gandhi]] as Genda Rani (2021): Mahipal's wife and Mansi's adoptive mother, mastermind of the conspiracy to inject a virus into pregnant women at Prasuti Charitable Hospital
* Swasti Katyal as Mansi Singh, Mahipal's daughter and Genda's adopted daughter (2021)
* Tarka Pednekar as
** Gauri, Asthana's sister (2020)
** Manu, Rani's right hand and advisor (2021)
** Dolly, a divorcee who is harassed by her boss (2021)
* Anupama Prakash as Ileana, Billu's girlfriend (2020)
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as
** Ajay Kumar, an actor who insults Pushpa Singh and the police (2020)
** Manav, Radhe's boss (2020)
** Kareena's co-star in her film (2022)
* Pranay Dixit as
** An actor who is invited to Santosh Sharma's fake wedding (2020)
** Mr. Joseph, head chef of the Yo Kabab company (2020)
** Victor, Nancy's husband who is involved with the dangerous criminal Musa (2020)
** Shankar, Haldi's first husband who blackmails her (2020)
** Shekhar, who wants his wife Pallavi to focus on herself instead of her family (2021)
** Rohit, Chandrika's husband (2021)
** Abhinav Jasuja, a gym owner falsely accused of [[domestic violence]] by his wife (2021)
** Mukesh aka Qaidi Zameer, a detective-novel writer (2021)
** Subod, Jharna's husband (2021)
**Rohit, Mayui's husband who cheats on her (2022)
** Manav, president of M.S fan club (2022)
** Sunny Batra, director of Star advertising agency who fired his employee Deepti because she was pregnant (2022)
** Arun, a man who pretends to be blind (2022)
** Raj, Simran's Husband, whose parents pressurize him to become a father (2022)
** Narayan, Dhanalakshmi's husband, who hides his phone from his wife to conceal his financial problems (2022)
** Barkha's husband, who tortured his wife (2023)
* Preeti Shukhla<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maddam Sir actress Preeti Shukla, 'I share a lovely bond with co-star Yukti Kapoor'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 December 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maddam-sir-actress-preeti-shukla-i-share-a-lovely-bond-with-co-star-yukti-kapoor/articleshow/88168964.cms}}</ref> as
** Sona, Montu's wife (2020)
** Simran, Rahul's wife, who brought a bomb to MPT (2020)
** Chandrika, Rohit's wife, who hires a detective to investigate her husband (2021)
** Rupa Jasuja, Abhinav's wife, who falsely accuses her husband of domestic violence (2021)
** Jharna, Subod's wife (2021)
** Manju, a nurse pressured by her career and family (2022)
** Trisha, who has hallucinations (2022)
** Meethi Shukla, who seizes her landlord's house with her mother-in-law (2022)
* Kunnal Sheth as
** [[Monty Sharma]], Sona's husband, who created App Zara to replace wives (2020)
** Radhe, Haseena's helper who was denied paternity leave (2020)
** Gopal, fake husbands of Nawab Sahab's unmarried tenants (2020)
** Keshav, pressured by his boss to work at the expense of his wife (2021)
** Kailash, cheated by an online friend (2021)
** Jaidev, an actor in [[Betel nut chewing|pan masala]] advertisements (2021)
** Akash Khanna, a resident of sukhinagar where there is water shortage (2022)
** Manu, Tanu's husband who is five years younger (2022)
** Rohan Acharya, owner of the Ummidhai website where poor people receive medical help (2022)
** Kamal Sharma, an amnesiac abandoned by his brother (2022)
* Urvi Gor as
** Alia, mistreated by her brother-in-law (2021)
** Trisha Gulati, kidnapped on New Year's Eve (2021)
** Roshni, a thief with a sham marriage to Cheetah Chaturvedi (2022)
** Karuna, A student of Triveni college and principal's daughter (2022)
* Soneer Vadhera as
** Rahul Mallya, Simran's husband who threatened to explode a bomb to gain his in-laws' respect (2020)
** Shekhar, Shikha's husband, whose newborn child was stolen (2020)
** Ashok, an alcoholic who annoyed his wife (2021)
** Rajesh, Indu's husband (2022)
* [[Urmila Tiwari]] as
** Anita Chauhan, Vijay's wife (2020)
** Shalini, a beauty-parlour owner who is cheated in a dating app (2021)
** Pratha, a girl forced to follow superstitious rituals by her mother (2021)
** Priyali Singh, the fake Aparna Bansal (2021)
** Nafeesa Ansari, a female [[Crime boss|don]] who conducted fake crowdfunding campaigns (2022)
** Radha Rani, Lalit's Wife, who demands expensive stuff from her husband (2022)
** Asha, Badnam's sister (2022)
* Pawan Singh as
** Musa, a dangerous criminal involved in illegal betting (2020)
** Lalit Kumar, Radha Rani's husband, he is scared from his wife because of her expensive demands (2022)
* [[Preeti Puri]] as Shalini Shekhar: A widow persuaded to remarry by her daughter (2021)
* Shrashti Maheshwari as Riya, the [[Commissioner|commissioner's]] daughter who came to MPT to write about the station (2022)
* Piya Valecha as Mrs. Malkhani, owner of the Batterfly club (2021)
* [[Amit Mistry]] as Vijay Chauhan, Anita's husband (2020)
* Dolly Chawla as
** Haldi, Brijesh's wife, who was mistreated by her ex-husband's parents (2020)
** Indu, Rajesh's wife (2022)
* [[Apara Jariwala]] as Sarita Singh, Pushpa's aunt-in-law; Karishma's grand-aunt-in-law (2022)
* Tejal Adivarekar as Malaika, Pushpa and Karishma's home help (2021–2022)
* Ashish Pawar as Sajan, Urmila's (Haseena's) supporter, friend and admirer (2022)
* Prem Vallabh as Mr. Chaturvedi, Cheeta's father (2022)
* Anju Rajiv as Mrs. Chaturvedi, Cheeta's mother (2022)
* Anupama Solanki as Deepti, a creative director with an advertising agency (2022)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anupama Solanki Finally with Maddam Sir I am getting to do a positive role after years'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anupama-solanki-finally-with-maddam-sir-i-am-getting-to-do-a-positive-role-after-years/articleshow/91545667.cms|access-date=2022-07-14|website=Times of India|date=13 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Abhay Bhadoriya as Bunty, a blackmailing teenager addicted to pizza (2022)
* Aman Mishra as Adil Shaikh, an arms dealer chosen by Haseena for her marriage (2022)
* Akansha Sharma as Rama, Karishma's best friend in childhood (2022)
* [[Rakhi Sawant]] as Begum, a thief along with her lover, Badshah (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photos: Rakhi Sawant and Ketan Singh snapped at Sony SAB Mahasangam event|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 October 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-rakhi-sawant-ketan-singh-snapped-sony-sab-mahasangam-event/}}</ref>
* Ketan Singh as Badshah, a thief along with his lover, Begum (2021)
* [[Tunisha Sharma]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|ASP]] Aditi Jammwal from ''[[Hero - Gayab Mode On]]'' (2021)
* Deepak Pareek as Honourable Secretary Advocate Dakshesh Joshipura from ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya - Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]'' (2021)
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Daljeet Bagga from ''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]'' (2021)
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Col. Pushpinder Batra, director of Parakram SAF from ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
* [[Gulfam Khan]] as Mrs. Batra from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Abhay, Koel's husband from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* Prathmesh Sharma as Bala, Parakram SAF cadet from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* [[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Special Agent Karan Shergill from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* [[Kaveri Priyam]] as Cadet Dr. Monami Mahajan from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]] as Cadet Siddharth Ganju from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* Diljot Kaur Chhabra as Special Agent Sanjana Dubey from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* Aditya Deshmukh as Special Agent Faizuddin Siddiqui from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Cadet Koel Roy from ''Ziddi Dil Maane Na''
* [[Ankit Bathla]] as Kabir (2021)

==Production==
===Development===
Before its premiere, the series was entitled ''Mahila Police Thana''. In early February 2020, the main cast promoted it in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.abplive.com/videos/news/madam-sir-serial-star-cast-reaches-lucknow-for-promotion-1153348/amp|title='Madam Sir' serial star cast reaches Lucknow for promotion|access-date=2022-05-30|website=Abp News|language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Bhavika Sharma]] left the series in 2022 because she was unhappy with the development of her character.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Bhavika Sharma on quitting Maddam Sir: I want to grow as an artiste and try new things |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bhavika-sharma-on-quitting-maddam-sir-i-want-to-grow-as-an-artiste-and-try-new-things/articleshow/95180554.cms|access-date=2023-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Controversy==
[[Shilpa Shinde]], cast as Naina Mathur, said that the crew was "not being serious about work" and accused the producers of "not giving [a] satisfactory role to her"<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE! Shilpa Shinde finally clears air on her exit rumours from Maddam Sir: Days went by...|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/exclusive-shilpa-shinde-finally-clears-air-on-her-exit-rumours-from-maddam-sir-days-went-by-tv-news-article-97396046/amp|access-date=2023-02-08|website=Times Now|date=28 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> days after her arrival. Joshi and Sonali Naik responded, "If we were so unprofessional then the show wouldn't have existed for three long years." Joshi added, "Audience is the best judge and all the fifteen minutes of fame can rest in peace."<ref name="Shilpa"/>

Shinde later posted a three-minute video on [[Instagram]], and accused Joshi and Naik of insulting her: {{blockquote|Who's Gulki Joshi? What has she done in her career? She became popular due to me<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Shilpa Shinde-Gulki Joshi war heats up!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shilpa-shinde-gulki-joshi-war-heats-up/articleshow/97704055.cms|access-date=2023-02-08|website=The Times of India|date=8 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ... Cast can't accept some positive changes in show with new entries when the show is on the verge of getting off-air and the TRPs increased due to me.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shilpa Shinde: 'मैडम सर' छोड़ने के बाद गुल्की जोशी पर बरसीं शिल्पा, बोलीं- कुछ उल्टा हुआ तो कैंडल लेकर मत आना|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/shilpa-shinde-slams-maddam-sir-makers-and-lead-actress-gulki-joshi-shared-video-on-social-media-2023-02-04|access-date=2023-02-08|website=Amar Ujala|language=hindi}}</ref>}} Joshi responded, {{blockquote|She abused our whole cast for the sake of limelight and I'm really very grateful to her that I'm getting so much love and support due to this controversy and my followers also increased due to same.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No end to Shilpa Shinde-Gulki Joshi's war of words, 'the actress did it for attention', says the latter|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/no-end-to-shilpa-shinde-gulki-joshis-war-of-words-the-actress-did-it-for-attention-says-the-latter-1208531?amp|access-date=2023-02-08|website=Pinkvilla|date=8 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}

=={{anchor|Crossover}}Crossovers==
''The Big Shanivaar''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rakhi Sawant on Wagle, Maddam Sir and others' Mahasangam; assures non-stop entertainment|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/rakhi-sawant-on-wagle-maddam-sir-and-others-mahasangam-assures-non-stop-entertainment/videoshow/86806181.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|language=en}}</ref> was a ''mahasangam'' (crossover) of all [[Sony SAB]]'s on-going shows (except ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'') telecast on 9 October 2021 to promote Sony SAB's Saturday lineup.

Another edition of ''The Big Shanivaar'' was telecast on 20 November 2021 to celebrate [[Diwali]] in the [[Ziddi Dil Maane Na|Parakram SAF]] and to help its cadet, Koel Roy, escape from her husband.

''Shaam Shaandar'', a one-hour New Year's special, was broadcast on 31 December 2021 with ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]'' and ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''.

In March 2022, [[Kavita Kaushik]] from ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]'' appeared as a guest reprising the role of Chandramukhi Chautala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-feisty-cop-376906|title=Kavita Kaushik is back as Chandramukhi Chautala on 'Maddam Sir'|agency=Tribune News Service|website=Tribune India|date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

In October 2023, [[Gulki Joshi]] appeared as a guest in ''[[Vanshaj]]'' reprising the role of Haseena Malik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/haseena-malik-to-save-yuvikas-life-in-upcoming-narrative-of-vanshaj/articleshow/104204862.cms|title=Haseena Malik to save Yuvika's life in upcoming narrative of 'Vanshaj'|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

In October 2024, Gulki Joshi appears as a guest in ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]'' reprising the role of Haseena Malik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Gulki Joshi On Returning As Haseena Malik In Wagle Ki Duniya: ‘I Was Waiting For This’ - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/gulki-joshi-on-returning-as-haseena-malik-in-wagle-ki-duniya-i-was-waiting-for-this-exclusive-article-114080039 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Wagle Ki Duniya EXCLUSIVE: Gulki Joshi enters as Haseena Malik; says, 'Grateful to be part of THIS important storyline...' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/wagle-ki-duniya-exclusive-gulki-joshi-enters-as-haseena-malik-says-grateful-to-be-part-of-this-important-storyline-1352642 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=Gulki Joshi enters Wagle Ki Duniya to solve an intense case, says 'Haseena Mallik has always stood for justice' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-enters-wagle-ki-duniya-to-solve-an-intense-case-says-haseena-mallik-has-always-stood-for-justice/articleshow/114078354.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Sequel==
After a three-year run, the series went off the air on 18 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ending a show on a high note is better than being pulled off air abruptly, says producer Kinnari Mehta about Maddam Sir coming to an end on February 18|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ending-a-show-on-a-high-note-is-better-than-being-pulled-off-air-abruptly-says-producer-kinnari-mehta-about-maddam-sir-coming-to-an-end-on-february-18/articleshow/97955571.cms|access-date=2023-02-18|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Producer Kinnari Mehta later announced that it would return for a second season. The cast, as Team MPT, later announced their return for season two.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Maddam Sir to wrap up in February, but a new season is being planned|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 January 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-maddam-sir-to-wrap-up-in-february-but-a-new-season-is-being-planned/articleshow/97170463.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-21 |title=Maddam Sir to make a comeback with a second season; Gulki Joshi and Sonali Naik to be a part of it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maddam-sir-to-make-a-comeback-with-a-second-season-gulki-joshi-and-sonali-naik-to-be-a-part-of-it/articleshow/110281556.cms |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2021
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Lead Role Male
| [[Rahil Azam]]
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|rowspan= "6" |2022
|rowspan= "6" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ITA Awards 2022 Nominees|url=https://www.theita2021.com/|date=March 2022}}</ref>
| Popular Show – Drama
| ''Maddam Sir''
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|rowspan= "4" | Popular Actress – Comedy
| [[Yukti Kapoor]]
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-nakuul-mehta-rupali-ganguly-win-best-actor-and-actress-5272742/|title=ITA Awards 2022 Complete Winners List: Nakuul Mehta, Rupali Ganguly Win Best Actor And Actress|website=www.india.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gulki Joshi]]
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
| Sonali Pandit Naik
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
| [[Bhavika Sharma]]
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| Best Director – Comedy
| Hemen Chauhan
| {{Nominated}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Sitcom / Comedy Programme
| ''Maddam Sir''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11867650}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/maddam-sir-1700000181 ''Maddam Sir''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Sony SAB Programmes}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:2020s police comedy television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Shivaji Surathkal

2026-05-06T12:24:08Z

IQOCharli56: new

{{short description|2020 Kannada-language mystery thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shivaji Surathkal: The Case of Ranagiri Rahasya
| image = Shivaji-Surathkal-The-Case-Of-Ranagiri-Rahasya1.JPG
| caption =
| director = [[Akash Srivatsa]]
| producer = Anup Hanumanthe Gowda Rekha KN
| writer = Akash Srivatsa Abhijith YR
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
* [[Radhika Narayan]]
}}
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| cinematography = Guruprasad M. G.
| editing = Srikanth Akash Srivatsa
| studio = Anjandri Cine Combines
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|02|21}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 125 minutes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/shivaji-surathkal-movie-review-a-killer-125-minutes/articleshow/74250164.cms|title=SHIVAJI SURATHKAL MOVIE REVIEW: A KILLER 125 MINUTES|date=21 February 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226100408/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/shivaji-surathkal-movie-review-a-killer-125-minutes/articleshow/74250164.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Shivaji Surathkal: The Case of Ranagiri Rahasya''''' is a 2020 Indian Kannada-language mystery thriller film written and directed by [[Akash Srivatsa]], who also co-wrote the film with Abhijith YR, and produced by Anup Hanumanthe Gowda. It stars [[Ramesh Aravind]] (in his 101st film) and [[Radhika Narayan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/ramesh-aravind-starrer-shivaji-surathkal-movie-trailer-is-out-to-watch-ae-331863.html|title=Shivaji Surathkal Trailer: ರಮೇಶ್ ಅರವಿಂದ್ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ 101 ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಏಕೆ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಗೊತ್ತಾ..?|date=7 February 2020|website=Kannada News18|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229114213/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/ramesh-aravind-starrer-shivaji-surathkal-movie-trailer-is-out-to-watch-ae-331863.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Shivaji Surathkal: The Case of Ranagiri Rahasya'' was released on 21 February 2020 where it received positive reviews from critics. Inspired by Murder on the Orient Express, the film went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada film of 2020]]. The success of the film, led the makers to create a franchise and a sequel of the film titled ''[[Shivaji Surathkal: The Mysterious Case of Maayavi]]'' which released on 14 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2020/feb/26/shivaji-surathkal-part-2-will-come-says-ramesh-arvind-412961.html|title='ಶಿವಾಜಿ ಸುರತ್ಕಲ್' ಯಶಸ್ವಿ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ, ಭಾಗ 2 ಬರುತ್ತೆ ಎಂದ ರಮೇಶ್ ಅರವಿಂದ್!|date=26 February 2020|website=kannadaprabha|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229114213/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2020/feb/26/shivaji-surathkal-part-2-will-come-says-ramesh-arvind-412961.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/desi-sherlock-holmes-kannada-film-shivaji-surathkal-has-the-potential-to-turn-into-a-successful-franchise-8088451.html|title=Desi Sherlock Holmes? Kannada film Shivaji Surathkal has the potential to turn into a successful franchise|date=26 February 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226234359/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/desi-sherlock-holmes-kannada-film-shivaji-surathkal-has-the-potential-to-turn-into-a-successful-franchise-8088451.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/apr/03/shivaji-surathkal-2-trailer-is-out-ramesh-aravind-is-back-as-the-ace-detective-41844.html|title=Shivaji Surathkal 2 trailer is out; Ramesh Aravind is back as the ace detective|website=Cinemaexpress|access-date=5 April 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405101955/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/apr/03/shivaji-surathkal-2-trailer-is-out-ramesh-aravind-is-back-as-the-ace-detective-41844.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Detective Shivaji Surathkal leaves to an eerie resort in Ranagiri to investigate the death of Roshan Ravi, the son of Home Minister Rajiv Ravi. While searching for clues, Shivaji must deal with his own trauma of losing his wife Janani and analyse the 11 suspects behind Roshan's death.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as [[Detective]] Shivaji Surathkal
* [[Radhika Narayan]] as Janani
* [[Aarohi Narayan]] as Dr. Anjali
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] Rajiv Ravi
* Raaghu Raamanakoppa as Govindu
* Ramesh Pandit as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Raheem
* Vinay Gowda as Roshan Ravi, Rajiv Ravi's son
* Rohith Bhanuprakash as Preetam Shetty
* Amita Ranganath as Soukya Ajjampura
* Namratha Surendranath as Smitha Shetty
* [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as Vidhyasagar
* Lakshmi Anand as Eureka Lobo
* K Pradeep as Valerian Lobo alias Bhata
* Kiran Kotta as Anwar
* Nishant Gudihalli as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rudresh
* Dhanush Raj as Bro
* Surya Vasishta as Somjith Gupta
* Mana Adhvik as SI Rakesh
* Sukanya Girish as Jessica Lobo
* Ram Manjjonaath as Ram, Rajeev Ravi [[Personal assistant|PA]]
* [[Vidya Murthy]] as Janani's mother
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shivaji Surathkal - The Case of Ranagiri Rahasya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Anjandri Cine Combines
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:19
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| prev_title = [[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|ABCD: American Born Confused Desi]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = Ira
| next_year = 2021
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Usire
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 3:38
| lyrics1 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| title2 = Yaaro Nee Yaaro
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Judah Sandhy]]
| length2 = 3:10
| lyrics2 = Akash Srivatsa
| title3 = Aparichita
| extra3 = Shreya Sundar Iyer
| length3 = 3:00
| lyrics3 = Jayant Kaikini
| title4 = Saavira
| extra4 = Abhijith Y R
| length4 = 3:30
| lyrics4 = Guru panchanbettu
| total_length = 13:19
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Akash Srivatsa surely seems to have redeemed himself as a storyteller after his debut outing Badmaash. A sequel to a film like this that has the potential to become a franchise would be welcome, so watch this one and stay on track."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivaji Surathkal: The Case Of Ranagiri Rahasya Movie Review : A smart whodunnit that's worth a watch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivaji-surathkal-the-case-of-ranagiri-rahasya/movie-review/74219424.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402205359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivaji-surathkal-the-case-of-ranagiri-rahasya/movie-review/74219424.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> A. Sharaadha of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ramesh Aravind sheds his regular image, and this transformation was possible only because of the director and writer’s imagination, and the actor’s versatility."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/shivaji-surathkal-movie-review-the-tense-whodunit-thriller-has-potential-to-be-turned-into-franchise-2106696.html|title=Shivaji Surathkal movie review: The tense whodunit thriller has potential to be turned into franchise|website=Indian Express|date=22 February 2020|author=A Sharadhaa|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229152557/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/shivaji-surathkal-movie-review-the-tense-whodunit-thriller-has-potential-to-be-turned-into-franchise-2106696.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Naveen Ms of [[FilmiBeat]] writing for its Kannada version gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film has enough suspense, enough emotion ...while praising the acting of [[Ramesh Aravind]] and other members of the cast. He also praised the visuals and music of the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ms |first=Naveen |date=2020-02-20 |title=Shivaji Surathkal Review: ಬೇಕಾದಷ್ಟು ಸಸ್ಪೆನ್ಸ್.. ಬೇಕಿದ್ದಷ್ಟು ಎಮೋಷನ್ |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/shivaji-surathkal-kannada-movie-review-041720.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=kannada.filmibeat.com |language=kn}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''Film Companion South'' wrote "Despite an interesting premise, the film is an underwhelming murder mystery".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/kannada-movies-shivaji-surathkal-zee5-review-ramesh-aravind-despite-an-interesting-premise-an-underwhelming-murder-mystery-akash-srivatsa-baradwaj-rangan/|title=Shivaji Surathkal On ZEE5, With Ramesh Aravind: Despite An Interesting Premise, An Underwhelming Murder Mystery|website=FilmCompanion.|date=10 August 2020|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062158/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/kannada-movies-shivaji-surathkal-zee5-review-ramesh-aravind-despite-an-interesting-premise-an-underwhelming-murder-mystery-akash-srivatsa-baradwaj-rangan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was reported to have collected ₹2 crore in the first week of its run.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-radhika-pandit-top-five-movies-of-the-actress-as-she-turns-36/photostory/74513935.cms | title=Happy Birthday Radhika Pandit: Top FIVE movies of the actress as she turns 36 | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 March 2020 | access-date=17 April 2022 | archive-date=5 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-radhika-pandit-top-five-movies-of-the-actress-as-she-turns-36/photostory/74513935.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2nd Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards 2021]]
|Best Screenplay
|Akash Srivatasa Abhijith
|{{won}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role|title=CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role|newspaper=cinimirror|date=22 February 2021|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214810/http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Ramesh Aravind]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Srikanth Akash Srivatsa
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best VFx
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|[[Anvita Sagar]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Ramesh Pandit]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Debut Producer
|Anjandri Cine Combines
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Shreya Sundar Iyer
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan=4|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|Anup Gowda, Rekha KN
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173254/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|Akash Srivasta
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|Ramesh Aravind
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Aarohi Narayan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==Sequel==
On September 10, 2021, Akash Srivatsa announce the film's sequel titled as ''[[Shivaji Surathkal: The Mysterious Case of Maayavi]]'' and also revealed that the titular character will be seen in three different shades.<ref name="sequel title">{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-returns-with-3-avatars-across-3-different-timelines-in-shivaji-surathkal-2/articleshow/86061806.cms|title= Ramesh Aravind returns with 3 avatars across 3 different timelines in Shivaji Surathkal 2|date= 10 September 2021|website= Times of India|access-date= 10 September 2021|archive-date= 4 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230804020048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramesh-aravind-returns-with-3-avatars-across-3-different-timelines-in-shivaji-surathkal-2/articleshow/86061806.cms|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actor-ramesh-aravind-starrer-shivaji-surathkal-movie-part-2-first-look-released/articleshow/86087749.cms|title=ರಮೇಶ್ ಅರವಿಂದ್ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಶಿವಾಜಿ ಸುರತ್ಕಲ್; ದಿ ಮಿಸ್ಟೀರಿಯಸ್‌ ಕೇಸ್‌ ಆಫ್‌ ಮಾಯಾವಿ'|date=10 September 2021|website=Vijaya Karnataka|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910110850/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actor-ramesh-aravind-starrer-shivaji-surathkal-movie-part-2-first-look-released/articleshow/86087749.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11779616}}

[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Akash Srivatsa]]

Sahar Zaman (journalist)

2026-04-30T05:53:12Z

IQOCharli56: new

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=April 2024}}
{{Independent sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Promotional|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahar Zaman
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|[[art curator]]|[[newscaster]]|television anchor|author | artist}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| employer = Independent
| notable_works =
| title =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|saharzaman.com}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Dhiraj Singh|2007}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Sahar Zaman''' is an Indian television news [[journalist]] and author known for reporting issues concerning [[Citizen rights|citizens' rights]] and security on her daily prime-time shows. Zaman began her journalism career in 2001 and has since held roles of a [[news editor]] and [[prime time|prime-time]] anchor for various national news channels, including [[CNN India]], [[TV Today]], Times Network, and [[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg TV]]. Her prime-time [[debate]]s focus on current affairs, national politics, and social issues.

== Journalism career ==
The focus of Sahar Zaman's journalism work has been current affairs and arts. She is best known for her work at Times Network,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahar Zaman Blog |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/sahar-zaman/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref> and has also contributed to [[CNN India]], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], [[Doordarshan]], [[TV Today]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sahar Zaman|url = http://www.tehelka.com/author/sahar-zaman/|website = Tehelka|access-date = 2016-02-11|archive-date = 16 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160216032814/http://www.tehelka.com/author/sahar-zaman/|url-status = dead}}</ref> OPEN TV, [[Reuters]] Asia, Doordarshan News, and [[Headlines Today]] in various roles, including writer, [[news anchor]], [[Television producer|producer]] and [[reporter]].

She was invited by [[Dawn News]] of Pakistan and Young Asia TV in Sri Lanka to discuss the role of journalism in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Indian experts talk about art and electronic media|url = https://www.dawn.com/news/746628/indian-experts-talk-about-art-and-electronic-media|newspaper = Dawn|location=Pakistan|date = 3 September 2012|access-date = 2016-02-11|first = Peerzada|last = Salman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Sahar Zaman: Exclusive News Stories by Sahar Zaman on Current Affairs, Events at IBNLive|url = http://www.ibnlive.com/byline/sahar-zaman.html|website = ibnlive.com|access-date = 2016-02-11|language = en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She has also discussed her work at TEDx and Lalit Kala Academy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sahar Zaman is winner of India 5000 Women Achiever Awards 2021! |url=https://india5000.com/winners/2021/india-5000-women-achiever-awards-2021/sahar-zaman-1 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=india5000.com}}</ref>

Zaman regularly contributes as a columnist to prominent publications, including ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'', and ''[[National Herald]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch "Bringing Arts Journalism to Mainstream News {{!}} SAHAR ZAMAN {{!}} TEDxJUIT" Video at TEDxTalks |url=https://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Bringing-Arts-Journalism-to-Mai |access-date=2016-02-11 |website=TEDxTalks}}</ref>

==Other activities==
She is the Founder of ''Hunar TV'' a [[Web television|Web TV]] Channel focused on arts, food, and travel, and the director of ''Chamak Patti,'' a functional art brand.

Her debut book is titled ''Talat Mahmood: The Definitive Biography''.<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-sahar-zaman-author-talat-mahmood-the-definitive-biography-101706643789392.html</ref> Zaman has also been a [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] Speaker.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Celebrity Photo Gallery, Celebrity Wallpapers, Celebrity Videos, Bio, News, Songs, Movies|url = http://www.in.com/sahar-zaman/biography-1913997.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160215213244/http://www.in.com/sahar-zaman/biography-1913997.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2016-02-15|website = in.com/|access-date = 2016-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = An interview with Sahar, founder of "Chamak Patti"|url = http://www.smartindianwomen.com/an-interview-with-sahar-founder-of-chamak-patti/|website = Smart Indian Women|access-date = 2016-02-12|language = en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Zaman is married to artist Dhiraj Singh since 2007. They have a son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Mihir |title=The 'Duende' artist |url=https://thepatriot.in/profile/the-duende-artist-12840/amp |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Patriot}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaman, Sahar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian art curators]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian broadcast news analysts]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Mass media people from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

H. V. Venkatesh

2026-04-28T15:13:24Z

IQOCharli56: Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''H. V. Venkatesh''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Pavagada Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for SC community in [[Tumakuru district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H V Venkatesh in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/h-v-venkatesh-pavagada-candidate-s10a137c009/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Venkatesh is from [[Pavagada]], Tumakuru district. His father is Venkataramanappa. He did his B.A. and later completed LLB from [[Bangalore University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H.V.Venkatesh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PAVAGADA (SC)(TUMKUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7630 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Venkatesh won from [[Pavagada Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 83,062 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. M. Thimmarayappa of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 10,881 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Pavagada Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/pavagada-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99322309.cms |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Pavagada Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate H.v.venkatesh Wins From Pavagada |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/madhugiri-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601856 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, H. V.}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Narendra Singh Judeo

2026-04-27T01:11:27Z

IQOCharli56: started basic bio more to come

{{short description|Maharaja of Panna (1963 – 1998) and Indian politician}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Mahendra]] [[Maharaja]]
| image = Narendra_Singh_Ju_Deo_and_Durga_Rajya_Lakshmi_Devi.jpg
| alt = Narendra Singh Judeo with his wife Durga Rajya Lakshmi Devi
| caption = Singh with his wife
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = 4 August 1963 – {{circa|1998}}
| predecessor = [[Yadvendra Singh Judeo|Yadvendra Singh]]
| successor = Manvendra Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|05|29|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{circa|1998}}
| spouse = Durga Rajya Lakshmi Devi
| issue = {{unbulleted list |Manvendra Singh|[[Lokendra Singh Judeo|Lokendra Singh]]|}}
| father = [[Yadvendra Singh Judeo|Yadvendra Singh]]
| mother = Manhar Kunverba
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
| module = {{infobox person
| embed = yes
| education = {{plain list|
* [[Mayo College]]
}}
| signature =
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| constituency1 = [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]]
|successor1 = Jagsuriya
| term_start2 = 1962
| term_end2 = 1967
| constituency2 = [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]]
|predecessor2 = Devendra Vijay Singh
|successor2 = Het Ram Dubey
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1979
|predecessor3 = Varah Giri Shanker Giri
|successor3 = Prabhunarayan Ramdhan
}}
}}
[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''Narendra Singh Judeo''' (sometimes '''Narendra Singh Judev''') was an Indian politician and the [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1963 until his death in 1998.

==Biography==
He was born on 29 May 1915 as the eldest son of [[Yadvendra Singh Judeo]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]], and his wife, Manhar Kunverba, daughter of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sir Stanley Reed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83742/ |title=The Indian Year Book 1933 Vol 19 |date=1945 |pages=993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35728/ |title=Rulers Leanding Families And Officials In The States Of Central India |date=1935 |pages=91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35692 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1921 |date=1922 |pages=33}}</ref> He was educated at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], and served as President of the Mayo College Old Boys' Society from 1950 to 1952.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=Kamla |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nagendra_Singh_a_Many_Splendoured_Life/sVWcwQ-i1MgC |title=Nagendra Singh, a Many Splendoured Life |date=1998 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-0612-3 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayo College Old Boys' Society |url=https://www.mayoobs.com/About/president |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.mayoobs.com}}</ref> He served in the state forces and was on active duty during [[World War II]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=S. N. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_Who_s_Who_1975_76/gNJWAAAAMAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh Who's Who, 1975-76: Eminent Individuals Listed Professionwise |date=1976 |publisher=New Era Publications |pages=206 |language=en}}</ref> Upon the death of his father on 4 August 1963, he succeeded him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] and was officially recognized by the [[Government of India]] on 2 September 1963.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Gazette_of_India/d90KiyonIdsC |title=The Gazette of India |date=1963 |publisher=Authority |pages=1702 |language=en}}</ref> However, in 1971, when the [[Parliament of India]] enacted the [[Privy purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]], he ceased to enjoy his pensions, titles, and privileges.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parliament of India |url=https://archive.org/details/E13841971009161722 |title=The Constitution of India (26th Amendment) Act 1971 |date=1971 |pages=813–814}}</ref>

In 1957, he contested the elections to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]] as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |url=https://archive.org/details/1957_20250408 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH |pages=1,10,225,270}}</ref> He won the seat by securing 16,501 votes.<ref name=":1" /> In 1962, he again contested the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] elections, this time from [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]], as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=https://archive.org/details/1962_20250408 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH |pages=1,5,56,311}}</ref> He won the seat by securing 12,966 votes.<ref name=":2" /> During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], he was imprisoned in the District Jail in [[Jabalpur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hindu_Nationalist_Movement_and_India/iVsfVOTUnYEC? |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India) |date=1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-024602-5 |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scindia |first=Vijaya R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Last_Maharani_of_Gwalior/sbNaTBhe5nUC |title=The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography |last2=Malgonkar |first2=Manohar |date=1987-09-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-659-7 |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref> When [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]] decided to support the [[Janata Party]] during the 1977 general elections to the [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] [[Lok Sabha]], Narendra, who was close to her, contested the election from the [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]] seat as a [[Janata Party]] candidate and won.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirchandani |first=G. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/320_Million_Judges/5xj0g8euumQC |title=320 Million Judges |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-061-7 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Religion_Caste_and_Politics_in_India/XAO3i_gS61wC? |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-04-7 |pages=258 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Personal life'''

He married Durga Rajya Lakshmi Devi, daughter of Maharajkumar Singha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana of [[Lamjang and Kaski|Lamjung and Kaski]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Vamika |url=https://vamikajain.com/Hunting-Souvenirs |title=The Hunting Souvenirs |publisher=[[National Institute of Design]] |year=2018 |location=Gandhinagar |publication-date=2018 |pages=104,139}}</ref> He had two sons and one daughter.<ref name=":0" /> His sons were Manvendra Singh and [[Lokendra Singh Judeo|Lokendra Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_Today/rbUYAQAAMAAJ |title=India Today |date=1994 |publisher=Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:People from Panna district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]

{{Madhesh-politician-stub}}

Christian Porck

2026-04-24T14:59:05Z

IQOCharli56: Started the post w/ refs

{{Short description|17th-century Danish captain and governor of Danish India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Christian Porck
| order = 11th & 13th
| monarch = [[Christian V]]
| country = [[Denmark–Norway]]
| predecessor = [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein]]
| successor = [[Moritz Hartmann (officer)|Moritz Hartmann]]
| term_start = October 1687
| term_end = 1689
| term =
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = 1694
| death_place = [[Tranquebar]], [[Danish India]]
| allegiance = Denmark–Norway
| rank = [[Captain]]
| office = Governor of Tranquebar
| term_start2 = 1690
| term_end2 = 1694
| monarch2 = Christian V
| predecessor2 = Moritz Hartmann
| successor2 = [[Claus Vogdt]]
| service_years = {{circa|1687–1694}}
}}
'''Christian Porck{{Efn|{{IPA|da|kʁɛsdjan pɒg}}}}''' (alternatively spelled '''Pouch'''; {{Died in|1694}}) was a Danish [[captain]] and [[governor of Tranquebar]] from 1687 to 1689 and again from 1690 to 1694.

== Career ==

Porck was installed as Vice Governor of [[Tranquebar]] by Governor [[Wolf Henrik von Kalnein]] in October 1687, being described as a manly ({{Langx|da|mandhaftig|label=none}}) and powerful [[captain]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=98}} Practically, Porck became governor and was very capable in this position, representing Denmark's interests in the area and stabilizing the colony.{{Sfn|Abrahamson|2000|p=14}}

In 1689, Porck was excused as governor in favour of [[Moritz Hartmann (officer)|Moritz Hartmann]], who was sent from [[Copenhagen]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=99}} However, Porck retained his title as Vice Governor and was reinstated as practical governor the following year, as Hartmann left Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=98}}{{Sfn|Hartmann|1895|p=11}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Måske har disse boet |url=https://foreningen-trankebar.dk/297016987/421419796 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=foreningen-trankebar.dk |language=da}}</ref> Subsequently, on 3 October 1691, Porck received an official royal appointment to his position as governor and Commander of [[Dansborg]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=98}}<ref name=":0" />

Between 1690 and 1692, Porck improved the [[bastion]]s around the city, which were initiated by the previous governor, von Kalnein. A proposal of his to further the construction of the bastions was adopted by the council of the [[Danish East India Company]] on 13 December 1690. As a result, the number of men working on the construction became {{Circa|150}} over 1,5 years.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=98}} Porck would die in Tranquebar in 1694,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=98}} being succeeded by [[Claus Vogdt]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=117}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Henrik Eggers}}
* {{Annotated link|Anders Nielsen (colonist)}}

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=[[Copenhagen]] |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Gudbrand |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922077.pdf |title=En familie Hartmann i Danmark og Norge 1615–1895 |publisher=W. C. Fabritius & Sønner |year=1895 |location=[[Oslo]] |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abrahamson |first=Per Olov |url=https://www.islandssamlarna.se/Rapport2000Nr117Mars.pdf |title=Danska Ostindien Vad är det? |publisher=Föreningen Íslandssamlarna |year=2000 |language=sv}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porch, Christian}}
[[Category:1694 deaths]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]

Sarada Prasad Padhan

2026-04-21T04:24:59Z

IQOCharli56: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarada Pradhan
| birth_name = Sarada Prasad Pradhan
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician, Cultivation, Social Service
| father = Brajabandhu Pradhan
| spouse = Sipra Priyadarshini Bal
| nickname = Bulu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|07|27}}
| birth_place = Podamarai, Mahanga, Odisha, India
| predecessor = [[Pratap Jena]]
}}
'''Sarada Prasad Padhan''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2024, representing [[Mahanga Assembly constituency]] as an Independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Mahanga Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mahanga-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916755.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Mahanga, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: Independent candidate Sarada Prasad Padhan with 88632 defeats BJD's Ankit Pratap Jena |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mahanga-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548478-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In both the 2014 and [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|2019]] [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] elections, he contested against [[Pratap Jena]]—first as an independent and later as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate—but was defeated both times.
He secured victory in the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly elections, defeating Ankit Pratap Jena and marking his first electoral success as an independent legislator.

== Political career ==
His father, '''Brajabandhu Padhan''', had served multiple terms as ''Sarpanch'' of Podamarai Grama Panchayat. He initially belonged to the [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD) in [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]] but was sidelined when [[Pratap Jena]] emerged as a key political figure in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=No Smooth Sailing for Pratap |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Mar/31/no-smooth-sailing-for-pratap-592907.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Following his marginalization within the party, he launched his own movement with name ''Mahanga Vikash Parishad (MVP)'' as an independent leader.

In the 2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly elections, he contested as an independent candidate against Pratap Jena but was defeated. Later, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2018<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahanga Development Council head Sarada Pradhan to join BJP |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/body-slider/mahanga-development-council-head-sarada-pradhan-to-join-bjp-272619 |work=O TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=माहांगा विकास परिषद का भाजपा में विलय |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/bhubaneshwar-fushon-to-mahanga-vikas-parishad-in-bjp-17460148.html |work=Jagaran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dharmendra Pradhan leads BJP roadshow in Cuttack district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/dharmendra-pradhan-leads-bjp-roadshow-in-cuttack-district/articleshow/62768464.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and ran again in the 2019 elections, facing Pratap Jena once more but was again unsuccessful.

He was considered to be close to [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet Minister]] [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], but due to internal political dynamics, he was denied a BJP ticket for the 2024 elections.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP workers, independent MLA supporters brawl over meeting CM in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jul/19/bjp-workers-independent-mla-supporters-brawl-over-meeting-cm-in-odisha |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> As a result, he contested as an independent candidate, with his major opponent being Ankit Pratap Jena of BJD.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dissident worry for BJD, BJP in Cuttack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/May/09/dissident-worry-for-bjd-bjp-in-cuttack-2 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Marriage ==
Pradhan married Sipra Priyadarshini Bal on March 2, 2025, in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Odisha's Mahanga MLA Sarada Pradhan set to tie the knot: Wedding ceremony in Rajasthan to be a grand affair |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odishas-mahanga-mla-sarada-pradhan-set-to-tie-the-knot-wedding-ceremony-in-rajasthan-to-be-a-grand-affair |work=Kalinga TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Odisha MLA set to tie nuptial knot; It's destination wedding in Rajasthan |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/odisha-mla-set-to-tie-nuptial-knot-its-destination-wedding-in-rajasthan-8768737 |work=Sambad English}}</ref> Bal is a trainee officer with the [[Odisha Administrative Service]] (OAS) and previously worked as a social extension officer in [[Mahanga]] and [[Nishchintkoili]] Blocks.

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padhan, Sarada Prasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

{{Odisha-politician-stub}}

Ramji Lal Suman

2026-04-20T09:35:43Z

IQOCharli56: creating new page - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Ji Lal Suman
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|7|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hathras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]
| term2 = 1999-2009
| predecessor2 = [[Prabhu Dayal Katheria]]
| successor2 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| office3 = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of India]]
| term3 = 1990-1991
| office4 = National General Secretary, Samajwadi Party
| term4 = Present
| party = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| spouse = Rem Lata Suman
| children = 1 son and 3 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 21 September
| year = 2006
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Agra College]], [[Agra University]]}}
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=475
}}

'''Ram Ji Lal Suman''' (born 25 July 1950) is an [[List of political parties in India|Indian politician]] and current [[Member of Parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is former [[Member of Parliament|MP]] from [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]<ref name="Rajamani">{{cite book|last=Rajamani|first=R. C.|title=Portraits of India's Parliamentarians for the New Millennium: Lok Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnP1rW35OsEC&pg=PA599|accessdate=16 August 2012|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=9788121207027|pages=599–}}</ref> in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is [[Samajwadi Party]] politician.
<ref>{{Cite book |last=Party |first=Samajwadi |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xbAFEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=samajwadi+party&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB6K3UjKCMAxXjcGwGHWAHE58Q6AF6BAgLEAM |title=Samajwadi Party Manifesto 2024 |last2=Prahari |first2=Samajwadi |publisher=Samajwadi Prahari |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafiuzzaman |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kqs1tHWovvcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=samajwadi+party&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB6K3UjKCMAxXjcGwGHWAHE58Q6AF6BAgHEAM |title=The Samajwadi Party: A Study of Its Social Base, Ideology, and Programme |date=2003 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-448-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040420042636/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=475 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suman, Ram Ji Lal}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hathras]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:People from Firozabad district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:07Z

IQOCharli56: creating a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rakdong Tentek
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 7,602
| mla = Norzong Lepcha
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Dugo Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Prajatantra Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Phuchung Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=2 | Mingma Tshering Sherpa
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Norzong Lepcha || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rakdong Tentek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Norzong Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,809 |percentage=61.85% |change={{increase}}41.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuchung Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,116 |percentage=34.36% |change={{increase}}30.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Rapzang Lama |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=233 |percentage=3.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,693 |percentage=27.49% |change= {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,158 |percentage=81.00% |change= {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,602 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}10.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rakdong Tentek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mingma Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,823 |percentage=51.53% |change={{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Danorbu Sherpa |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,140 |percentage=20.81% |change={{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=987 |percentage=18.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norzang Lepcha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=312 |percentage=5.70% |change={{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Lamu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=216 |percentage=3.94% |change={{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,683 |percentage=30.72% |change= {{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,478 |percentage=79.17% |change= {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rakdong Tentek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mingma Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,835 |percentage=54.54% |change={{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuchung Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=880 |percentage=16.93% |change={{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=475 |percentage=9.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=447 |percentage=8.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Bhutia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=195 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=193 |percentage=3.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nim Tshering Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Pintso Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=40 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,955 |percentage=37.61% |change= {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,198 |percentage=81.94% |change= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,556 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rakdong Tentek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuchung Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,650 |percentage=62.71% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Tongden |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=1,230 |percentage=29.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Lhamu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=151 |percentage=3.57% |change={{decrease}}15.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,420 |percentage=33.60% |change= {{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,226 |percentage=72.76% |change= {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,540 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rakdong Tentek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuchung Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,829 |percentage=62.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=566 |percentage=19.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Tongden Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=15.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samdup Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=37 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tenzing Gyastso |party=Independent politician |votes=20 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phigu Tshering |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=17 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}57.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,263 |percentage=43.18% |change= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,925 |percentage=63.82% |change= {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,668 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rakdong Tentek<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dugo Bhutia |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=1,387 |percentage=57.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loden Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=498 |percentage=20.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Tongden Lepcha |party=Janata Party |votes=332 |percentage=13.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Tshering Lasopa |party=Independent politician |votes=119 |percentage=4.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leythup Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=2.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=889 |percentage=36.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,408 |percentage=65.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,816 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coord|27.387|88.518|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:46Z

IQOCharli56: started the entry more to come - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lal Bahadur Nagar
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (49-Lal Bahadur Nagar highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[D. Sudheer Reddy]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samiti]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 49
}}
'''Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. Created shortly before the [[2009 elections in India|2009 general elections]], it is one among 14 constituencies in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. It is part of 24 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]] and part of [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]. It covers the city of [[Lal Bahadur Nagar]] and its surroundings.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-number static-row-header-hash"
! Mandal
|-
|[[Hayath Nagar]]
|-
|[[Saroornagar]]
|-
|}

==Extent of the constituency==
It is a newly formed constituency, created just before the 2009 general election; as per Delimitation Act of 2002.

The assembly constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood !!Districts
|-
| [[L. B. Nagar]]
| rowspan=5|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| [[Karmanghat]]
|-
| [[Lingojiguda]]
|-
| [[Vanasthalipuram]]
|-
| '''[[Hayath Nagar]]'''
|-
| [[Dilsukhnagar]]
| rowspan=3|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| '''[[Saroornagar]]''' (part)
|-
| [[Gaddiannaram]] (part)
|-
| [[B. N. Reddy Nagar]]
| [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Devireddy Sudheer Reddy|D. Sudheer Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[R. Krishnaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2 |[[D. Sudheer Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==
===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Lal Bahadur Nagar<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: LB Nagar">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: LB Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2949.htm |access-date=5 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605043932/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2949.htm |archive-date=5 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Lal Bahadur Nagar Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Lal Bahadur Nagar Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/lal-bahadur-nagar |access-date=5 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605043927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/lal-bahadur-nagar |archive-date=5 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[D. Sudheer Reddy]]
| votes = 1,11,380
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP |candidate= Sama Ranga Reddy |votes= 89,075|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Indian National Congress|candidate= Madhu Yashki Goud|votes= 83,273|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes= 22,305 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Lal Bahadur Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[D. Sudheer Reddy]]
| votes = 1,08,242
| percentage = 44.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = M. Ram Mohan Goud
| votes = 1,03,303
| percentage = 42.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Shekar Rao Perala
| votes = 21,563
| percentage = 8.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3,085
| percentage = 1.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4901

| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,44,841
| percentage =49.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Lal Bahadur Nagar<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925235101/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=49 L. B. Nagar Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[R. Krishnaiah]]
| votes =84,316
| percentage = 33.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate =M.Ram Mohan Goud
| votes =71,791
| percentage = 28.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[D. Sudheer Reddy]]
| votes = 56,489
| percentage = 22.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Putha Pratap Reddy
| votes = 19,376
| percentage = 7.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Satta Party
| candidate = Dosapati Ramu
| votes = 8,888
| percentage = 3.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,525
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,50,852
| percentage =47.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.357|78.551|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Har Govind Singh

2026-04-19T10:54:41Z

IQOCharli56: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Har Govind Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|1|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sirsa Mohan,[[Moradabad district]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]{{smaller|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)}}
| death_date = 29 January 1997
| death_place =
| constituency1 = [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = [[Ram Pal Singh]]
| successor = [[Chetan Chauhan]]
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Somvati Devi
| children = Kushal Kumar,Dr Rahul,Atal Kumar and late Anil Kumar
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3421.htm
}}
'''Har Govind Singh''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], as a member of the [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="Hindustan Year-book and Whos who 1991 p. ">{{cite book | title=Hindustan Year-book and Who's who | publisher=M. C. Sarkar. | year=1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXxDAAAAYAAJ | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=49}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times 2020">{{cite web | title=Chetan Chauhan's political innings blossomed during Mandal-Mandir times | website=Hindustan Times | date=16 Aug 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chetan-chauhan-s-political-innings-blossomed-during-mandal-mandir-times/story-QzhuQvHJUBRJiyyFbcJkuM.html | access-date=20 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Parliament of India, the Ninth Lok Sabha, 1989-1991: A Study 1992 p. 108">{{cite book | title=Parliament of India, the Ninth Lok Sabha, 1989-1991: A Study | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7211-019-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw7Ik01GvHIC&pg=PA108 | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=108}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3421.htm Official biographical sketch in Lok Sabha website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Amroha district]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]

{{JD-politician-stub}}

Baliguda Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:47Z

IQOCharli56: Put up new bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Baliguda}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baliguda
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 82
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Chakramani Kanhar]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,65,501{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Baliguda''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kandhamal district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=82|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011433/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=82|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Baliguda (82) District : Kandhamal |accessdate= 20 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Baliguda]], Baliguda block, K. Nuagaon block, Kotagarh block and Tumudibandh block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

== Elected members ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp102.htm|title= 102 - Baliguda Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|35.88}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.23}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.25}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|33.11}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.42}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.38}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.40}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|53.46}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.43}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|44.80}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|47.23}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Baliguda constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baliguda Assembly Election Results 2024: Baliguda Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/baliguda-constituency-result-18082 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Chakramani Kanhar]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Baliguda Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baliguda-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
|Rajib Patra
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
| rowspan="2" |Karendra Majhi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Surendra Kanhar
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Sahura Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Bhagaban Kanhar
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Laxmi Kanta Mallik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sahura Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sadananda Konhar
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Sahura Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Naresh Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Swatantra Party}}
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Dubura Podra
|-
||[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Lokanath Patra
|{{full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Jadab Padra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20th May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chakramani Kanhar]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Upendra pradhan by a margin of 1,671 votes.<ref name=":0" />
{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Baliguda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Chakramani Kanhar]]
|votes = 43,586
|percentage = 35.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Upendra Pradhan
|votes = 41,915
|percentage = 34.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalpana Kanhar
|votes = 31,481
|percentage = 25.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,606
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,671
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,463
|percentage = 73.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chakramani Kanhar]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Siman Mallick by a margin of 6,940 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Baliguda <ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Chakramani Kanhar]]
|votes = 43,175
|percentage = 39.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Siman Mallick
|votes = 36,265
|percentage = 32.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karendra Majhi
|votes = 25,217
|percentage = 22.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,486
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,940
|percentage = 6.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,10,070
|percentage = 70.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rajib Patra defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Klesa Pradhan by a margin of 2,696 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Baliguda<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Baliguda|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1882.htm?ac=82|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Baliguda (82)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=82|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140902171921/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=82|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 September 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Rajib Patra
|votes = 37,606
|percentage = 37.25
|change = {{up}}15.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Klesa Pradhan
|votes = 34,910
|percentage = 34.58
|change = {{up}}5.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karendra Majhi
|votes = 18,103
|percentage = 17.93
|change = {{down}}15.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,856
|percentage = 1.84
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,696
|percentage = 2.67
|change = {{down}}1.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,00,944
|percentage = 73.59
|change = {{up}}7.0
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,37,163
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Karendra Majhi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sadananda Mallik by a margin of 11,193 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |access-date=18 February 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=11193 |df=}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Baliguda<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karendra Majhi
|votes = 26,180
|percentage = 33.11
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sadananda Mallick
|votes = 22,943
|percentage = 29.02
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Dinesh Singh Pradhan
|votes = 16,980
|percentage = 21.48
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,237
|percentage = 4.09{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 79,079
|percentage = 66.59
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==

{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Kandhamal district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.20|83.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kandhamal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Recognized content

2026-04-11T18:15:42Z

IQOCharli56: stub

{{Wikipedia:Notice board for India-related topics/Header}}
{{User:JL-Bot/Project content
|template=WikiProject India
|category=WikiProject_India_articles
|content-featured-articles
|content-former-featured-articles
|content-featured-lists
|content-former-featured-lists
|content-good-articles
|content-former-good-articles
|content-featured-pictures
|content-former-featured-pictures
|content-featured-portals
|content-former-featured-portals
|content-featured-topics
|content-former-featured-topics
|content-good-topics
|content-featured-sounds
|heading = 3
|compact
|display-total
|maximum=100
}}

===Featured articles===
[[:44th Chess Olympiad]] •
[[:1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election]] •
[[:2000 Sri Lanka cyclone]] •
[[:2003 Sri Lanka cyclone]] •
[[:Margaret Abbott]] •
[[:Sadruddin Aga Khan]] •
[[:Ahalya]] •
[[:Aitraaz]] •
[[:Anbe Sivam]] •
[[:Andha Naal]] •
[[:Vidya Balan]] •
[[:Bengali language movement]] •
[[:Alia Bhatt]] •
[[:Black stork]] •
[[:Chalukya dynasty]] •
[[:Chandralekha (1948 film)]] •
[[:Priyanka Chopra]] •
[[:A. E. J. Collins]] •
[[:O. G. S. Crawford]] •
[[:Darjeeling]] •
[[:Phoolan Devi]] •
[[:Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]] •
[[:Gerald Durrell]] •
[[:Eega]] •
[[:Elephant]] •
[[:Enthiran]] •
[[:Ganesha]] •
[[:Typhoon Gay]] •
[[:Gemini (2002 film)]] •
[[:Reginald Heber]] •
[[:Hoysala architecture]] •
[[:Hoysala literature]] •
[[:Hyderabad]] •
[[:India]] •
[[:Indian roller]] •
[[:Iravan]] •
[[:Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay]] •
[[:Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] •
[[:Kahaani]] •
[[:Katrina Kaif]] •
[[:Kal Ho Naa Ho]] •
[[:Kalidas (film)]] •
[[:Dimple Kapadia]] •
[[:Kareena Kapoor Khan]] •
[[:Sonam Kapoor]] •
[[:Abdul Karim (the Munshi)]] •
[[:Keechaka Vadham]] •
[[:Shah Rukh Khan]] •
[[:Kalki Koechlin]] •
[[:Lage Raho Munna Bhai]] •
[[:The Legend of Bhagat Singh]] •
[[:Lion]] •
[[:Loev]] •
[[:Margarita with a Straw]] •
[[:Marwari horse]] •
[[:Mayabazar]] •
[[:Mother India]] •
[[:Mughal-e-Azam]] •
[[:Rani Mukerji]] •
[[:Margaret Murray]] •
[[:Kingdom of Mysore]] •
[[:Ram Narayan]] •
[[:Nil Battey Sannata]] •
[[:Nyctibatrachus major]] •
[[:Deepika Padukone]] •
[[:Parinda]] •
[[:Pather Panchali]] •
[[:Freida Pinto]] •
[[:Political history of medieval Karnataka]] •
[[:Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565–1760)]] •
[[:Robert Poore]] •
[[:Kangana Ranaut]] •
[[:Rani of Jhansi]] •
[[:Red panda]] •
[[:Hrithik Roshan]] •
[[:Shefali Shah]] •
[[:Sholay]] •
[[:Snooker]] •
[[:Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji]] •
[[:South Asian river dolphin]] •
[[:Taare Zameen Par]] •
[[:Tiger]] •
[[:Tiruchirappalli]] •
[[:James Tod]] •
[[:Tripura]] •
[[:Queen Victoria]] •
[[:Vijayanagara literature in Kannada]] •
[[:INS Vikrant (1961)]] •
[[:Vithoba]] •
[[:Waiting (2015 film)]] •
[[:Western Chalukya Empire]] •
[[:Western Chalukya literature in Kannada]] •
[[:Western Chalukya architecture]] •
[[:Western Ganga dynasty]] •
[[:Mortimer Wheeler]] •
[[:Preity Zinta]]

===Former featured articles===
[[:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] •
[[:Ahmedabad]] •
[[:Amateur radio in India]] •
[[:Auto rickshaw]] •
[[:Bengali language]] •
[[:Bengaluru]] •
[[:Norman Borlaug]] •
[[:Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] •
[[:Buddhism]] •
[[:Buddhist art]] •
[[:Chennai]] •
[[:Chola dynasty]] •
[[:Climate of India]] •
[[:Delhi]] •
[[:Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava]] •
[[:Durian]] •
[[:East India Company]] •
[[:Economy of India]] •
[[:Execution by elephant]] •
[[:Flag of India]] •
[[:Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India]] •
[[:Mahatma Gandhi]] •
[[:Gangtok]] •
[[:Geography of India]] •
[[:Goa]] •
[[:Governor-General of India]] •
[[:Greco-Buddhism]] •
[[:Hinduism]] •
[[:History of Buddhism]] •
[[:History of Tamil Nadu]] •
[[:Hoysala Kingdom]] •
[[:IIT Kharagpur]] •
[[:Indian Institutes of Technology]] •
[[:Indian Railways]] •
[[:Indian Standard Time]] •
[[:Indo-Greek Kingdom]] •
[[:Indus Valley Civilisation]] •
[[:Muhammad Iqbal]] •
[[:Kalimpong]] •
[[:Kargil War]] •
[[:Karnataka]] •
[[:Kaziranga National Park]] •
[[:Kerala]] •
[[:Akhtar Hameed Khan]] •
[[:Rudyard Kipling]] •
[[:Kochi]] •
[[:Kolkata]] •
[[:Ladakh]] •
[[:Lothal]] •
[[:Malwa]] •
[[:Mangaluru]] •
[[:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] •
[[:Mumbai]] •
[[:Mysore]] •
[[:Nathu La]] •
[[:Kazi Nazrul Islam]] •
[[:Pashtuns]] •
[[:Vallabhbhai Patel]] •
[[:Black pepper]] •
[[:Political integration of India]] •
[[:Rail transport in India]] •
[[:Rashtrakuta Empire]] •
[[:Satyajit Ray]] •
[[:2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] •
[[:Adi Shankara]] •
[[:Siege of Malakand]] •
[[:Sikhism]] •
[[:Sikkim]] •
[[:Harbhajan Singh]] •
[[:Syed Ahmad Khan]] •
[[:Rabindranath Tagore]] •
[[:Tamil language]] •
[[:Tamils]] •
[[:Tea]] •
[[:Technopark, Trivandrum]] •
[[:Vijayanagara Empire]] •
[[:War elephant]] •
[[:West Bengal]] •
[[:World War I]]

===Featured lists===
[[:1982 Asian Games medal table]] •
[[:AIFF Player of the Year Awards]] •
[[:The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier]] •
[[:Asin filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Baahubali: The Beginning]] •
[[:Mahesh Babu filmography]] •
[[:Abhishek Bachchan filmography]] •
[[:Amitabh Bachchan filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Bajirao Mastani]] •
[[:Vidya Balan filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Barfi!]] •
[[:Bipasha Basu filmography]] •
[[:Tamannaah Bhatia filmography]] •
[[:Alia Bhatt filmography]] •
[[:List of international cricket centuries at Brabourne Stadium]] •
[[:Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons]] •
[[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by B. S. Chandrasekhar]] •
[[:Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] •
[[:Chief Minister of Jharkhand]] •
[[:Chief Minister of Karnataka]] •
[[:Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] •
[[:Chief Minister of West Bengal]] •
[[:List of awards and nominations received by Parineeti Chopra]] •
[[:List of Priyanka Chopra performances]] •
[[:List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]] •
[[:Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Devdas (2002 Hindi film)]] •
[[:Ajay Devgn filmography]] •
[[:Dhanush filmography]] •
[[:List of Dharma Productions films]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Dil Dhadakne Do]] •
[[:List of accolades received by The Dirty Picture]] •
[[:Districts of West Bengal]] •
[[:Madhuri Dixit filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Dookudu]] •
[[:Sanjay Dutt filmography]] •
[[:List of international cricket centuries at the Eden Gardens]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Enthiran]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Fashion (2008 film)]] •
[[:Shruti Haasan filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Haider (film)]] •
[[:High courts of India]] •
[[:List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut]] •
[[:India national cricket team record by opponent]] •
[[:India women's national cricket team record by opponent]] •
[[:List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress]] •
[[:List of Indian Nobel laureates]] •
[[:List of Indian Premier League centuries]] •
[[:J. C. Daniel Award]] •
[[:Jnanpith Award]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Kahaani]] •
[[:Katrina Kaif filmography]] •
[[:List of awards and nominations received by Kajol]] •
[[:Kajol filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Kaminey]] •
[[:Dimple Kapadia filmography]] •
[[:Kareena Kapoor Khan filmography]] •
[[:Ranbir Kapoor filmography]] •
[[:Shahid Kapoor filmography]] •
[[:Karisma Kapoor filmography]] •
[[:Anurag Kashyap filmography]] •
[[:Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] •
[[:Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] •
[[:Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] •
[[:Aamir Khan filmography]] •
[[:Irrfan Khan filmography]] •
[[:Saif Ali Khan filmography]] •
[[:Salman Khan filmography]] •
[[:Shah Rukh Khan filmography]] •
[[:Khel Ratna Award]] •
[[:Ayushmann Khurrana filmography]] •
[[:Manisha Koirala filmography]] •
[[:Ajith Kumar filmography]] •
[[:Akshay Kumar filmography]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Lagaan]] •
[[:List of awards and nominations received by Priyanka Chopra]] •
[[:List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] •
[[:List of extreme points of India]] •
[[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran Ashwin]] •
[[:List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes]] •
[[:List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross]] •
[[:List of Deccan Chargers cricketers]] •
[[:List of Delhi Capitals cricketers]] •
[[:List of India Twenty20 International cricketers]] •
[[:List of India national football team hat-tricks]] •
[[:List of India women ODI cricketers]] •
[[:List of India women Test cricketers]] •
[[:List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers]] •
[[:List of Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross recipients]] •
[[:List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls]] •
[[:List of Indian naval air squadrons]] •
[[:List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] •
[[:List of National Defence Academy alumni]] •
[[:List of Punjab Kings cricketers]] •
[[:List of Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]] •
[[:List of Victoria Cross recipients of the Indian Army]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Aadukalam]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Kal Ho Naa Ho]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Kaththi]] •
[[:List of accolades received by Koi... Mil Gaya]]

Reached maximum of 100 out of 193
===Former featured lists===
[[:List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party]] •
[[:List of districts in India]] •
[[:List of Indian Academy Award winners and nominees]] •
[[:List of India ODI cricketers]] •
[[:List of India national cricket captains]] •
[[:List of Indian Premier League captains]] •
[[:List of Indian Premier League seasons and results]] •
[[:List of Rajasthan Royals cricketers]] •
[[:List of recognised political parties in India]] •
[[:List of state and union territory capitals in India]]

===Good articles===
[[:1: Nenokkadine]] •
[[:7 Khoon Maaf]] •
[[:15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]] •
[[:16 Vayathinile]] •
[[:1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]] •
[[:1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] •
[[:1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]] •
[[:1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] •
[[:1995 India cyclone]] •
[[:1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] •
[[:1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]] •
[[:1999 Odisha cyclone]] •
[[:2001 Gujarat cyclone]] •
[[:2003 Afro-Asian Games]] •
[[:2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra]] •
[[:2008 Indian Premier League final]] •
[[:2009 Deccan Chargers season]] •
[[:2012 Delhi Daredevils season]] •
[[:2014 Indian Super League final]] •
[[:2015–16 Bengaluru FC season]] •
[[:2018 Sunrisers Hyderabad season]] •
[[:2020–21 SC East Bengal season]] •
[[:2024 Indian Premier League]] •
[[:2025 Chennai Super Kings season]] •
[[:2025 Delhi Capitals season]] •
[[:2025 Gujarat Titans season]] •
[[:2025 Gulzar Houz fire]] •
[[:2025 Indian Premier League]] •
[[:2025 Kolkata Knight Riders season]] •
[[:2025 Lucknow Super Giants season]] •
[[:2025 Mumbai Indians season]] •
[[:2025 Punjab Kings season]] •
[[:2025 Rajasthan Royals season]] •
[[:2025 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season]] •
[[:2025 Sunrisers Hyderabad season]] •
[[:2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] •
[[:A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm]] •
[[:A. R. Rahman: The Spirit of Music]] •
[[:AIX Connect]] •
[[:AK vs AK]] •
[[:Aagadu]] •
[[:Kartik Aaryan]] •
[[:Aashiqui 2]] •
[[:Shyam Swarup Agarwal]] •
[[:Agneepath (2012 film)]] •
[[:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] •
[[:Ahmedabad]] •
[[:Air Costa]] •
[[:Air India]] •
[[:Air India Express Flight 812]] •
[[:Air India Express Flight 1344]] •
[[:Cyclone Akash]] •
[[:Farhan Akhtar]] •
[[:Alam Ara]] •
[[:Alchi Monastery]] •
[[:Alchon Huns]] •
[[:Alexander the Great]] •
[[:Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)]] •
[[:Alimuddin (cricketer)]] •
[[:Anbe Vaa (1966 film)]] •
[[:Andaaz]] •
[[:Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] •
[[:Andhadhun]] •
[[:Andhra Pradesh]] •
[[:Anglo-Indian cuisine]] •
[[:Anjaana Anjaani]] •
[[:Salil Ankola]] •
[[:Anniyan]] •
[[:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] •
[[:Apoorva Raagangal]] •
[[:Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] •
[[:Ardhanarishvara]] •
[[:Arihant-class submarine]] •
[[:Arikamedu]] •
[[:Arjun Reddy]] •
[[:Armaan (2003 film)]] •
[[:Siege of Arrah]] •
[[:Aryacakravarti dynasty]] •
[[:Asana]] •
[[:Ravichandran Ashwin]] •
[[:Asian elephant]] •
[[:Asikni (goddess)]] •
[[:Battle of Assaye]] •
[[:ATK (football club)]] •
[[:Attarintiki Daredi]] •
[[:Sri Aurobindo]] •
[[:Aval Appadithan]] •
[[:Ayudhapurusha]] •
[[:Aṅgulimāla]] •
[[:BGR-34]] •
[[:Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] •
[[:Badami cave temples]] •
[[:Badrinath Temple]] •
[[:Baghban (2003 film)]] •
[[:Baháʼí House of Worship]] •
[[:Bahadur Shah I]] •
[[:Bahubali]] •
[[:Mah Laqa Bai]] •
[[:M. P. Bajana]] •
[[:Bajirao Mastani]]

Reached maximum of 100 out of 789
===Former good articles===
[[:1999 Pakistani Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown]] •
[[:Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)]] •
[[:Acharya Institutes]] •
[[:Ahimsa]] •
[[:Ahimsa in Jainism]] •
[[:Amateur Station Operator's Certificate]] •
[[:Anand (2004 film)]] •
[[:Anandabhadram]] •
[[:Anuradhapura kingdom]] •
[[:Babur]] •
[[:Pete Best]] •
[[:Bhagavad Gita]] •
[[:Ankita Bhakat]] •
[[:Bhaichung Bhutia]] •
[[:Richard Francis Burton]] •
[[:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam]] •
[[:Chamba, Himachal Pradesh]] •
[[:Sunil Chhetri]] •
[[:Dal Lake]] •
[[:Ahmad Hasan Dani]] •
[[:Delhi Metro]] •
[[:Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh]] •
[[:Deshastha Brahmin]] •
[[:Directive Principles in India]] •
[[:The Doon School]] •
[[:Ujjal Dosanjh]] •
[[:Dwarka]] •
[[:Economic development in India]] •
[[:A. K. Fazlul Huq]] •
[[:Feminism in India]] •
[[:Fundamental rights in India]] •
[[:Operation Gibraltar]] •
[[:Golconda diamonds]] •
[[:Golden Temple]] •
[[:Kamal Haasan]] •
[[:Hindu–German Conspiracy]] •
[[:Ilaiyaraaja]] •
[[:India national cricket team]] •
[[:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] •
[[:Indian Institute of Management Rohtak]] •
[[:Indian independence movement]] •
[[:Iyer]] •
[[:Jahanpanah]] •
[[:Kadmat Island]] •
[[:Kapil Dev as Indian national cricket coach]] •
[[:Shraddha Kapoor]] •
[[:Dinesh Karthik]] •
[[:Murali Kartik]] •
[[:Kaundinya]] •
[[:Liaquat Ali Khan]] •
[[:Twinkle Khanna]] •
[[:Khudai Khidmatgar]] •
[[:Virat Kohli]] •
[[:Kolkata Metro]] •
[[:Madras Presidency]] •
[[:Mahabharata]] •
[[:Ramana Maharshi]] •
[[:Mahavira]] •
[[:Manasa]] •
[[:Mannargudi]] •
[[:Meher Baba]] •
[[:Sargun Mehta]] •
[[:Palak Muchhal]] •
[[:2008 Mumbai attacks]] •
[[:Naraka (Hinduism)]] •
[[:Nawabs of Bengal]] •
[[:Nicobar long-tailed macaque]] •
[[:Leander Paes]] •
[[:Parkala massacre]] •
[[:Irfan Pathan]] •
[[:Patna]] •
[[:Potential superpower]] •
[[:Prithu]] •
[[:R.V. College of Engineering]] •
[[:Rama]] •
[[:Periyar]] •
[[:Devika Rani]] •
[[:P. V. Narasimha Rao]] •
[[:Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]] •
[[:Rockstar (2011 film)]] •
[[:Rudra Mahalaya Temple]] •
[[:S/O Satyamurthy]] •
[[:Sacred Jackfruit Tree]] •
[[:Saqib Saleem]] •
[[:Sanskrit]] •
[[:Shriya Saran]] •
[[:Riya Sen]] •
[[:Manu Sharma]] •
[[:Sai Baba of Shirdi]] •
[[:Sikh diaspora]] •
[[:1915 Singapore Mutiny]] •
[[:Bhagat Singh]] •
[[:Sivaji: The Boss]] •
[[:Sivakasi]] •
[[:Snake charming]] •
[[:Spice trade]] •
[[:Tablighi Jamaat]] •
[[:Taj Mahal]] •
[[:Temper (film)]] •
[[:Mother Teresa]]

Reached maximum of 100 out of 113
===Featured pictures===
<gallery mode=packed>
File:102 Female Plum-headed parakeet in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|102 Female Plum-headed parakeet in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent
File:104 Male Plum-headed parakeet eating in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|104 Male Plum-headed parakeet eating in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent
File:1922 Index of Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.jpg|1922 Index of Great Trigonometrical Survey of India
File:A floral fantasy of animals and birds, India, Mughal.jpg|A floral fantasy of animals and birds, India, Mughal
File:A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited).jpg|A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited)
File:Aerial view of Somapura Mahavihara.jpg|Aerial view of Somapura Mahavihara
File:Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy Block.jpg|Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy Block
File:Amur Falcon (female) at Lonavala.jpg|Amur Falcon (female) at Lonavala
File:Ancient Temple, Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|Ancient Temple, Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir, India
File:Apatani tribal women.jpg|Apatani tribal women
File:Argiope pulchella at Nayikayam Thattu.jpg|Argiope pulchella at Nayikayam Thattu
File:Asfi masjid.jpg|Asfi masjid
File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg|Ashta-Matrika
File:Asian pied starlings (Gracupica contra).jpg|Asian pied starlings (Gracupica contra)
File:Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001.jpg|Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001
File:Axis axis (Nagarhole, 2010).jpg|Axis axis (Nagarhole, 2010)
File:Bangalore Panorama edit1.jpg|Bangalore Panorama edit1
File:Bangles Ornaments.jpg|Bangles Ornaments
File:Bank myna (Acridotheres ginginianus).jpg|Bank myna (Acridotheres ginginianus)
File:Barsana Holi Festival.jpg|Barsana Holi Festival
File:Baspa Valley under snow (pano), Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|Baspa Valley under snow (pano), Himachal Pradesh, India
File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg|Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53
File:Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3 crop.jpg|Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3 crop
File:Bengalia sp.jpg|Bengalia sp
File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|Bharata Natyam Performance DS
File:Blue tiger (Tirumala limniace exoticus) male underside.jpg|Blue tiger (Tirumala limniace exoticus) male underside
File:Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg|Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit)
File:Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus).jpg|Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus)
File:Brown rock chat (Oenanthe fusca).jpg|Brown rock chat (Oenanthe fusca)
File:Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinal Thottunkal.jpg|Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinal Thottunkal
File:Cave Buildings Phuktal Gompa Oct22 A7C 04465.jpg|Cave Buildings Phuktal Gompa Oct22 A7C 04465
File:Cecil Beaton Photographs- Political and Military Personalities; Durri Shehvar, Princess IB783.jpg|Cecil Beaton Photographs- Political and Military Personalities; Durri Shehvar, Princess IB783
File:Chhota imambara Lucknow.jpg|Chhota imambara Lucknow
File:Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha.jpg|Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha
File:Common tiger (Danaus genutia genutia) male underside.jpg|Common tiger (Danaus genutia genutia) male underside
File:Concentric temples of Kalna.jpg|Concentric temples of Kalna
File:Danaus genutia female in Kerala, India.jpg|Danaus genutia female in Kerala, India
File:Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533.jpg|Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533
File:Dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum) male underside.jpg|Dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum) male underside
File:Dense fog over Indian Subcontinent.jpg|Dense fog over Indian Subcontinent
File:Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg|Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1
File:Durgam Cheruvu Panorama.jpg|Durgam Cheruvu Panorama
File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|Elephas maximus (Bandipur)
File:Feral Pigeon Columba livia, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.jpg|Feral Pigeon Columba livia, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
File:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour
File:Five-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus pennantii).jpg|Five-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus pennantii)
File:Flight of Sultan Bahadur During Humayun's Campaign in Gujarat 1535.jpg|Flight of Sultan Bahadur During Humayun's Campaign in Gujarat 1535
File:Francisco Goya - Portrait of the Duke of Wellington.jpg|Francisco Goya - Portrait of the Duke of Wellington
File:Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh.jpg|Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh
File:Ganges Delta ESA22274217.jpeg|Ganges Delta ESA22274217
File:Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh.jpg|Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh
File:Gorakhpur Junction railway station.jpg|Gorakhpur Junction railway station
File:Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit).jpg|Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit)
File:Hampi Vitthala Temple 3465.jpg|Hampi Vitthala Temple 3465
File:Hersilia-2016-06-19-002.jpg|Hersilia-2016-06-19-002
File:High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg|High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK
File:I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra.jpg|I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra
File:India 1835 2 Mohurs.jpg|India 1835 2 Mohurs
File:India 1862 One Mohur.jpg|India 1862 One Mohur
File:India roadway map.svg|India roadway map
File:Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 4.jpg|Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 4
File:Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis benghalensis).jpg|Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis benghalensis)
File:Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria tentoria).jpg|Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria tentoria)
File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001
File:Jaipur 03-2016 20 City Palace complex.jpg|Jaipur 03-2016 20 City Palace complex
File:Justice K. K. Usha.jpg|Justice K. K. Usha
File:Justice K. Sukumaran.jpg|Justice K. Sukumaran
File:Justice K. T. Thomas.jpg|Justice K. T. Thomas
File:Kanayi Kunhiraman Image.jpg|Kanayi Kunhiraman Image
File:Kee monastery Spiti Valley (edited).jpg|Kee monastery Spiti Valley (edited)
File:Keylong West Lahaul Himachal Oct22 A7C 03375 panorama.jpg|Keylong West Lahaul Himachal Oct22 A7C 03375 panorama
File:Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg|Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010
File:Khalsa Heritage Memorial 176 Edit.jpg|Khalsa Heritage Memorial 176 Edit
File:Krishansar Lake, Sonmarg, Kashmir valley, India 01.jpg|Krishansar Lake, Sonmarg, Kashmir valley, India 01
File:Krishna Butterball Below Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02490.jpg|Krishna Butterball Below Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02490
File:Kutia kondh woman.JPG|Kutia kondh woman
File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota (edit).jpg|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota (edit)
File:Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim
File:Leptosia nina-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-003.jpg|Leptosia nina-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-003
File:Lyriothemis acigastra female at Kadavoor.jpg|Lyriothemis acigastra female at Kadavoor
File:MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg|MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop
File:MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg|MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop
File:Mudh Towering Range Pin Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7095.jpg|Mudh Towering Range Pin Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7095
File:Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma
File:Mysore Palace Morning.jpg|Mysore Palace Morning
File:Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male.jpg|Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male
File:Nilgiris Sholur Reflection Bokkapuram Sep22 R16 06402.jpg|Nilgiris Sholur Reflection Bokkapuram Sep22 R16 06402
File:Nishi tribal lightened.jpg|Nishi tribal lightened
File:Nithya Menen 2023 Alt.jpg|Nithya Menen 2023 Alt
File:NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki.jpg|NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki
File:Open wing position of Lexias dirtea (Fabricius, 1793) - Dark Archduke (Female) puddling on rotten Neolamarckia cadamba flowerWLB.jpg|Open wing position of Lexias dirtea (Fabricius, 1793) - Dark Archduke (Female) puddling on rotten Neolamarckia cadamba flowerWLB
File:Oriental honey buzzard Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01405.jpg|Oriental honey buzzard Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01405
File:Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal
File:Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus).jpg|Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus)
File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006
File:Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India
File:Panthera tigris tigris Tidoba 20150306.jpg|Panthera tigris tigris Tidoba 20150306
File:Papilio polymnestor-Kadavoor-2016-07-27-002.jpg|Papilio polymnestor-Kadavoor-2016-07-27-002
File:Parantica aglea at Nayikayam Thattu.jpg|Parantica aglea at Nayikayam Thattu
File:Parked boats at Anjarle Creek.jpg|Parked boats at Anjarle Creek
File:Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration 02.jpg|Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration 02
File:Parthenos sylvia-Kadavoor-2016-06-25-001.jpg|Parthenos sylvia-Kadavoor-2016-06-25-001
File:Phuktal Gompa Tsarap Zanskar Oct22 A7C 04463.jpg|Phuktal Gompa Tsarap Zanskar Oct22 A7C 04463
File:Pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor) female.jpg|Pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor) female
File:Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female.jpg|Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female
File:Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) male.jpg|Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) male
File:Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus chrysippus) male underside.jpg|Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus chrysippus) male underside
File:Porcupine ray from Lakshadweep JJH edit.jpg|Porcupine ray from Lakshadweep JJH edit
File:Portal, Pitam Niwas Chowk, City Palace, Jaipur, 20191218 1000 9059.jpg|Portal, Pitam Niwas Chowk, City Palace, Jaipur, 20191218 1000 9059
File:Prayer flag above Tanze Gompa.jpg|Prayer flag above Tanze Gompa
File:Praying mantis india.jpg|Praying mantis india
File:Purana-Kadavoor-2017-06-03-002.jpg|Purana-Kadavoor-2017-06-03-002
File:Rani ki vav - Patan - Gujarat - Wall Decorations.jpg|Rani ki vav - Patan - Gujarat - Wall Decorations
File:River tern (Sterna aurantia).jpg|River tern (Sterna aurantia)
File:Road Padum Zanskar Range Jun24 A7CR 00818.jpg|Road Padum Zanskar Range Jun24 A7CR 00818
File:Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri borealis) male Jaipur 2.jpg|Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri borealis) male Jaipur 2
File:Rosette, Titles of Shah Jahan.jpg|Rosette, Titles of Shah Jahan
File:Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg|Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched
File:SW Hullathy Gram Panchayat Villages Nilgiris Nov24 A7CR 05293.jpg|SW Hullathy Gram Panchayat Villages Nilgiris Nov24 A7CR 05293
File:Salman Khurshid portrait.jpg|Salman Khurshid portrait
File:Shikara - Sukhna Lake - Chandigarh 2016-08-07 (edit).jpg|Shikara - Sukhna Lake - Chandigarh 2016-08-07 (edit)
File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit
File:Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake.jpg|Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake
File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India
File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png|Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
File:Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall Bangalore Edit1.jpg|Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall Bangalore Edit1
File:Southern plains grey langur (Semnopithecus dussumieri) female head.jpg|Southern plains grey langur (Semnopithecus dussumieri) female head
File:Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232.jpg|Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232
File:Spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis suratensis).jpg|Spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis suratensis)
File:Syed Mujtaba Hussain Kirmani.jpg|Syed Mujtaba Hussain Kirmani
File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|Taj Mahal (Edited)
File:Taj Mahal Mosque, Agra.jpg|Taj Mahal Mosque, Agra
File:Taj Mahal Sunset Edit1.jpg|Taj Mahal Sunset Edit1
File:Taractrocera ceramas Tamil Grass Dart by Jkadavoor.jpg|Taractrocera ceramas Tamil Grass Dart by Jkadavoor
File:Thamarai-Namam2.png|Thamarai-Namam2
File:The Dalai Lama in 2012.jpg|The Dalai Lama in 2012
File:The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva MET DP257990.jpg|The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva MET DP257990
File:The Indian Mutiny 1857-1859 Q69824.jpg|The Indian Mutiny 1857-1859 Q69824
File:Toda Hut.JPG|Toda Hut
File:Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit).jpg|Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit)
File:Venki Ramakrishnan.jpg|Venki Ramakrishnan
File:Vultures in the nest, Orchha, MP, India edit.jpg|Vultures in the nest, Orchha, MP, India edit
File:Wire tailed swallow @kannur.jpg|Wire tailed swallow @kannur
File:Wire tailed swallow2 @kannur.jpg|Wire tailed swallow2 @kannur
File:Women in tribal village, Umaria district, India.jpg|Women in tribal village, Umaria district, India
File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|Yogapith, Mayapur
File:Zanana Kund Aur Galta Ji Ka Mandir - edited.jpg|Zanana Kund Aur Galta Ji Ka Mandir - edited
</gallery>

Total pages in content type is 147

===Former featured pictures===
<gallery mode=packed>
File:India-locator-map-blank.svg|India-locator-map-blank
File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|Taj Mahal in March 2004
</gallery>

Total pages in content type is 2

===Featured portals===
[[:Portal:Hindi cinema]] •
[[:Portal:India]]

===Featured topics===
[[:Wikipedia:Featured topics/Padma Bhushan|Padma Bhushan]] •
[[:Wikipedia:Featured topics/Preity Zinta|Preity Zinta]] •
[[:Wikipedia:Featured topics/Vidya Balan|Vidya Balan]]

<noinclude>
[[Category:WikiProject India|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Phanek

2026-04-04T17:25:25Z

IQOCharli56: creating a details - done

[[File:Panthoibi at Hojai, Assam 01.jpg|thumb|[[Panthoibi]], a [[Meitei goddess]], wearing a phanek]]
[[File:Flickr - dalbera - Bimbavati Devi (Manipuri) (1).jpg|thumb|A [[Manipuri dance]]r, wearing a phanek]]
[[File:Classical Meitei sculpture of a Meitei woman, in traditional Meitei clothing, working on a "Sumbul" (or "Shumbul"), a traditional Meitei big mortar and pestle 04.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of a Meitei woman in a plain phanek]]
'''Phanek''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯅꯦꯛ}}) or '''Fanek''' is a [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei]] clothing, indigenously worn by women, in [[Manipur|Manipur (Kangleipak)]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMA7Ve2-VuIC&dq=phanek+meitei+girl+kangleipak&pg=PT10|title=Che in Paona Bazar|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Kishalay|date=2013-04-11|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-4741-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHmkHBTT_T0C&dq=phanek+sarong+indigenously+meitei+ladies&pg=PA100|title=The Muslims of Manipur|last=Irene|first=Salam|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-828-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTwqEAAAQBAJ&dq=phanek+meitei+female+attire&pg=PA127|title=Body Politics Rethinking Gender and Masculinity|last=Mukherjee|first=Tanmoy Baghira & Ananya|date=2021-01-31|publisher=Tanmoy Baghira & Ananya Mukherjee|isbn=978-81-948850-0-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMf0DwAAQBAJ&dq=phanek+meitei+women&pg=PA3|title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXI. No. 26 (26 JUNE, 1966 )|last=Delhi|first=All India Radio (AIR), New|date=1966-06-26|publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>
One ancient design is the lotus and the bee bordering the ''phanek'' fabric.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC&dq=phanek+design+lotus+bee+border+ancient+one&pg=PA184|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|last=Massey|first=Reginald|date=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9|language=en}}</ref>
The [[Phanek Mayek Naibi]], one of the most popular ''phanek''s, is one such lower garment, which has stripes at its bottom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=phanek+lower+garment+meetei+women+stripes+bottom&pg=PA93|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|language=en}}</ref> It is worn when one goes to office works and in marriage ceremonies. It is worn like a wraparound. Its bottom is adorned with heavy embroidery in different designs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&dq=phanek+ethnic+wear+female+mayek+naibi+office+marriage+wraparound+embroidery&pg=PA175|title=FACETS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY|last1=Thilakavathy|first1=M.|last2=Maya|first2=R. K.|date=2019-06-05|publisher=MJP Publisher|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&dq=phanek+traditional+women%27s+wear+Manipur&pg=PT109|title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-05-25|publisher=FSP Media Publications|language=en}}</ref>
According to [[Meitei culture]], the ''phanek''s are untouchable to the menfolk.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF0oCgAAQBAJ&dq=phanek+untouchable+menfolk&pg=PT11|title=Tattooed with Taboos: An Anthology of Poetry by Three Women from Northeast India|last1=Phuritshabam|first1=Chaoba|last2=Ningombam|first2=Shreema|last3=Haripriya|first3=Soibam|date=2015-07-06|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-4851-9|language=en}}</ref>

A phanek is a traditional wraparound skirt worn by the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur, India]], as well as the [[Meitei diaspora]] worldwide. It is part of women’s clothing and is known for its distinct weaving patterns and motifs. These designs vary by community, reflecting regional traditions, history, and [[cultural identity]].<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong">{{Cite web|title=The Woman in Phanek: Various Contradictions of the Sacred Meitei Sarong|url=http://www.sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong-0|access-date=2025-07-27|website=Sahapedia|language=en}}</ref>

== Similar traditions ==
Similar lower-body garments are found in other parts of [[Northeast India]]. For example, the mekhla is worn in [[Assam]] and the puan in [[Mizoram]]. Each group expresses its ethnic heritage through the colors and weaving styles of such clothing.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

=== Variations among ethnicities ===
In [[Manipur]], different tribes have their own names and patterns for this type of skirt:<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

* Among the Kukis, it is called ponve
* Among Kabuis (also known as Rongmeis), it is called pheisoi
* Among the Tangkhuls, it is called kashan
* Among the Anals, it is called lungvin

These local names and styles show the cultural diversity in the region.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Cultural significance ==
[[File:An artwork of a Meitei woman riding on a wooden boat & trying to catch fish using a fishing net having bamboo pole & frames, using one of her hands & both legs with another hand holding an oar — MMRC, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of a Meitei fisherwoman, in phanek clothing]]

In [[Meitei civilisation]], the phanek is considered sacred. Its patterns often include symbols from [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei folklore]], nature, and historical stories. Traditionally, women weave the phanek, although in recent times, men have also taken up weaving. The garment reflects the community's artistic and cultural values.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

The phanek is more than clothing. It has become a symbol of femininity and women's agency. However, this also highlights the mixed views on gender roles in society.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Sacred and taboo ==
[[File:A carving of an ancient Meitei woman (wearing red coloured phanek & yellow kokkhum) trying to catch fish using different traditional Meitei baskets & cages made of wooden, bamboo & kouna reeds — MMRC, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of a Meitei fisherwoman in phanek clothing]]

The phanek holds a special, yet paradoxical, place in [[Meitei civilization]]. It represents care and life, often linked to feminine virtues. A well-known story is about the queen of Sugnu, who used a phanek to save people from execution by covering them with it, which symbolized giving them a new life.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

In the past, a separate court for women, known as the pacha court, existed in Manipur. The wife of the Sugnu chief had the authority to change a death sentence to a life sentence using this symbolic [[gesture]].<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

Phaneks made of muga silk are used in sacred rituals such as child ear-piercing ceremonies and communal feasts. Different types are used for daily wear, formal occasions, dances, and religious events.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Weaving tradition ==
Weaving phaneks has traditionally been a skill passed down among women. It was an important way to earn income and gain some economic independence. Girls were expected to learn this craft from a young age.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Taboos and beliefs ==
[[File:Graven image of a mother goddess of the Classical Meitei religion (Sanamahism) consecrated inside the Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre (MMRC) and Unity Park in Khangabok, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg|thumb|A [[mother goddess]] of the [[Classical Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) in phanek]]

Certain beliefs about the phanek suggest fear or mistrust. It was considered bad luck to wash it with men's clothes or hang it in the open, where a man might touch or pass under it. It was believed such contact could bring harm to men.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

One example is phanek bashing, where men are hit with a phanek as a form of punishment and humiliation. This act is believed to take away a man’s masculinity and is used symbolically in protests. While this shows the emotional power of the garment, it also continues some traditional gender roles.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Symbol of protest ==
The phanek has also become a symbol of protest and political resistance in Manipur. Women in the state have led major protests, often while wearing phaneks.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

=== Nupi Lan movements ===
[[File:Sculptures depicting Nupi Lan (Women's War) of 1939, installed in the MMRC and Unity Park in Khangabok town, Thoubal district, Manipur.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Meitei women in the nupi lan movements, wearing phanek]]

The nupi lan ({{translation|women's wars}}) are key examples:

* Nupi Lan I (1904): Women opposed the British political agent's attempt to reintroduce lallup, a forced labor system.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />
* Nupi Lan II (1939): Women protested against rice export policies that led to high prices and food shortages.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

In these movements, women wearing phaneks stood up to colonial power. Many lost their lives, and their actions are remembered in public art and memory.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

=== Meira Paibi movement ===
[[File:Artistic productions of Meira Paibis, the Meitei women holding flaming torches, installed in the MMRC and Unity Park, Khangabok, Thoubal.jpg|thumb|Sculptures of [[Meira Paibi]]s in phanek clothings]]

The [[Meira Paibi]]s ({{translation|women with torches}}) are grassroots groups formed in the 1970s. They patrol communities to prevent alcohol use and protest against military and human rights violations. Their activism also uses the symbolic power of the phanek.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

=== Nude Protest at Kangla Fort ===
In 2004, twelve women protested in front of [[Kangla Fort]] by removing their phaneks after the [[rape]] and [[murder]] of Thangjam Manorama by Indian security forces. This powerful act reversed traditional ideas of modesty to protest state violence. Their banner read, “Indian army rape us,” confronting the idea that the state protects its citizens.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

Phaneks are also hung across streets during blockades to symbolize protest. This use highlights both the cultural and political meaning of the garment.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Negotiating identity and gender ==
[[File:Classical Meitei sculptures of 2 Meitei women working on Sumbul, a large mortar, holding big pestles, inside a Meitei house, with traditional tools of daily household activities, being hung in the walls 02.jpg|thumb|Sculptures of two Meitei working women in phanek clothings]]

The phanek represents both empowerment and limitations. Meitei women are respected for their activism, but the figure of the ima (mother) often becomes the only accepted symbol of female power. This narrows the space for other gender identities.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

The phanek is used to show cultural pride and define morality. As such, it is used to set rules on how women and gender minorities should behave.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" /> For example:

* Some groups push for schoolgirls to wear phaneks<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />
* [[:en:wikt:transwomen|Transwomen]] ({{langx|mni|nupi manbi}}) are sometimes banned from wearing them<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />
* In some cases, those who break these rules receive threats<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

These actions are criticized as moral policing and attempts to control culture through narrow ideas of identity.<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

== Legacy ==
The phanek reflects many sides of [[Meitei civilization]]: tradition and protest, pride and control, empowerment and restriction. It stands at the center of debates about gender, culture, and identity in [[Manipur]].<ref name=":sahapedia.org/woman-phanek-various-contradictions-sacred-meitei-sarong" />

[[File:Amit Shah, the then Union Minister for Home Affairs and Cooperation of India, meeting with a group of Meitei women social activists (known as “Meira Paibi” in Classical Meitei language) in Imphal, Manipur State, on May 30, 2023.jpg|thumb|A group of [[Meira Paibi]] team in phanek]]

== See also ==
* [[Meitei clothing in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei clothing in Myanmar]]
* [[Meitei headgears]]

== Bibliography ==
* Bora, Papori. ‘Between the Human, the Citizen and the Tribal.’ In International Feminist Journal of Politics 12 (2010): 341–360.
* Brara, Vijayalakshmi N. ‘Performance: The Gendered Space in Manipur.’ In The Peripheral Centre: Voices from India’s Northeast, edited by Preeti Gill. New Delhi: Zubaan Publications, 2013.
* Brown, R (F.R.C.S.E.). Statistical Account of the native state of Manipur and the hill territory under its rule. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1873.
* Grosz, Elizabeth. ‘Sexual Difference and the Problem of Essentialism.’ In Inscriptions 5 (1989).
* Parratt, John, and Saroj N. Arambam Parratt. ‘The Second “Women's War” and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur.’ Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 4 (Oct, 2001): 905–919.
* Lamabam, Damodar Singh. ‘Makers of Indian Literature: L. Kamal Singh.’ New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000.
* Ray, Panchali. ‘Political motherhood and a spectacular resistance: (Re) examining the Kangla Fort Protest, Manipur.’ In South Asian History and Culture 9, no. 4 (October 2018): 435–448.
* Sharma, Ditilekha. Nations, Communities, Conflict and Queer Lives. Delhi: Zubaan Publications in collaboration with Sasakawa Peace Foundation, 2019.
* Soibam, Haripriya. ‘From the Shackles of Tradition: Motherhood and Women’s agitation in Manipur.’ In Geographies of Difference: Exploration in Northeast Indian Studies, edited by Mélanie Vandenhelsken, Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, [[Bengt G. Karlsson]], 215–232. London: Routledge, 2018.
* Yambem, Sanamani. ‘Nupi Lan: Manipur Women's Agitation 1939.’ In Economic and Political Weekly 11, no. 8 (Feb 21, 1976): 325–331.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpVXpfA663IC&dq=phanek&pg=PA13 Phanek - Meitei traditional attire]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei clothing]]
[[Category:Women's clothing]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

Yatrik (theatre group)

2026-03-31T20:17:50Z

IQOCharli56: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Yatrik''', Delhi's first bi-lingual theatre group was founded in 1964 by [[Joy Michael]], [[Roshan Seth]], [[Sushma Seth]], Nigam Prakash, Kusum Haidar, Rati Bartholomew, Sneih Das and Marcus Murch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Rati Bartholomew: Teacher, Friend and Mentor to Generations of Theatre Practitioners |url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/remembering-rati-bartholomew-yatrik-theatre |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-08 |title=The view from the stage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/the-view-from-the-stage/article5988869.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ashish |date=20 July 1994 |title=Antigone played to spellbound audience |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It nurtured the early careers of many actors in theatre, TV and cinema.

== History ==
Joy Michael, Sushma Seth, Roshan Seth and a few others had been working together with Tom Noonan (the then Cultural-Attache at United States Information Service, Delhi) in a play, ''<nowiki/>'Abe Lincoln in Illinois'''. Noonan's retirement and the group's reluctance to disband led to the idea of 'Yatrik'. The idea emerged on a train ride from Dehradun to Delhi after a performance. Over the summer of 1963-64, individual members of the group contributed their personal resources, and staged plays in Nainital, Mussoorie, Dehradun earning a profit of Rs. 2000/-. With this, ''Yatrik'' was formally launched.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Malick |first=Javed |date=August 1994 |title=Three Decades of Yatrik |journal=[[SPAN Magazine]] |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=8–11}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-11 |title=Joy Michael: ‘Disciplinarian….generous’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/joy-michael-death-theatre-art-disciplinarian-generous-5094345/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The repertory company, registered in 1964 became the city's first professional theatre group. The group conducted weekend performances at Delhi's Mahadev Road. It has since staged over 300 plays in Hindi, and English, performed in India and internationally.<ref name=":1" />

Joy Michael served as its Director for 40 years and produced nearly 250 plays.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

'''Other Directors include''':

Sabina Mehta Jaitly, Prakash Bhatia, Sunit Tandon, [[Avijit Dutt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Show Must Go On': A Personal Tribute to Joy Michael |url=https://thewire.in/culture/joy-micheal-obituary |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Artistes & Productions ==

=== Plays ===
Yatrik was launched with the performance of the Pulitzer Prize winning ''"[[All the King's Men]]"'' (by [[Robert Penn Warren]]) and was directed by Marcus Murch.<ref name=":0" />

''Antigone'', (by [[Jean Anouilh]]) directed by Kusum Haidar

''[[Harvest (play)|Harvest]]'', (by Manjula Padmanabhan) directed by Joy Michael<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Manjula |date=1998 |title=Harvest |url=https://openpublishing.psu.edu/utopia/content/harvest |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=openpublishing.psu.edu |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205221843/https://openpublishing.psu.edu/utopia/content/harvest |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Blood Wedding'', directed by Kusum Haidar

''Stree'' directed by Joy Michael

''The Seagull'' (by [[Anton Chekhov|Anton Chekov]]) directed by Joy Michael

''A Delicate Balance'' directed by Joy Michael

=== Artistes ===
[[Ebrahim Alkazi|E.Alkazi]], [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Zohra Sehgal]], KK Kohli, Lola Chatterjee, [[Bhaskar Ghose]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1964 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Theatrical organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Theatre companies in India]]

Welfare state

2026-03-29T19:40:33Z

IQOCharli56: small changes

{{short description|Form of government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:OECD Social Expenditure by Braunch.svg|thumb|right|400px|Social expenditure as % of [[GDP]] ([[OECD]])]]

A '''welfare state''' is a form of government in which the [[State (polity)|state]] (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social [[well-being]] of its citizens, based upon the principles of [[equal opportunity]], equitable [[distribution of wealth]], and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639266/welfare-state |title= Welfare state| encyclopedia= [[Britannica Online Encyclopedia]]|date= 18 November 2023}}</ref>

There is substantial variability in the form and trajectory of the welfare state across countries and regions.<ref name="Béland-2021a">{{Citation|last1=Béland|first1=Daniel|title=Introduction|date=2021|url=https://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198828389-e-1|work=The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State|pages=xxx–20|editor-last=Béland|editor-first=Daniel|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.1|isbn=978-0-19-882838-9|last2=Morgan|first2=Kimberly J.|last3=Obinger|first3=Herbert|last4=Pierson|first4=Christopher|editor2-last=Leibfried|editor2-first=Stephan|editor3-last=Morgan|editor3-first=Kimberly J.|editor4-last=Obinger|editor4-first=Herbert|url-access=subscription}}</ref> All welfare states entail some degree of [[Public–private partnership|private–public partnerships]] wherein the administration and delivery of at least some welfare programs occur through private entities.<ref name="Béland-2021b">{{Citation|last1=Béland|first1=Daniel|title=Governance|date=2021|url=https://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198828389-e-10|work=The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State|pages=172–187|editor-last=Béland|editor-first=Daniel|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.10|isbn=978-0-19-882838-9|last2=Morgan|first2=Kimberly J.|editor2-last=Leibfried|editor2-first=Stephan|editor3-last=Morgan|editor3-first=Kimberly J.|editor4-last=Obinger|editor4-first=Herbert|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Welfare state services are also provided at varying territorial levels of government.<ref name="Béland-2021b"/>

The contemporary capitalist welfare state has been described as a type of [[mixed economy]] in the sense of state interventionism, as opposed to a mixture of planning and markets, since [[economic planning]] was not a key feature or component of the welfare state.<ref name= "EPE1247">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Welfare state|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Political Economy|editor-first=Phillip Anthony|editor-last=O'Hara|publisher=Routledge|year= 1999|page=1247|isbn= 0-415-24187-1|quote=The welfare state emerged in the twentieth century as one institutional form of this socially protective response. In the 1930s, the responses of emerging welfare states to the Great Depression were to the immediate circumstances of massive unemployment, lost output, and collapse of the financial and trading systems. Planning was not a key element in the response to the crisis of capitalism. Instead, the character of welfare state intervention can best be described as an 'interventionist drift', reflecting the spontaneous, uncoordinated reactions of the protective response.}}</ref> Early features therein, such as public pensions and social insurance, developed from the 1880s onwards in industrializing Western countries.<ref name="Skocpol-1992">{{Cite book|url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674717664|title=Protecting Soldiers and Mothers|last=Skocpol|first=Theda|date=1992|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-71766-4 |language=en|access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Béland-2021a"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koehler-Derrick |first1=Gabriel |last2=Lee |first2=Melissa M. |date=2023 |title=War and Welfare in Colonial Algeria |journal=International Organization |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=263–293 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0020818322000376 |s2cid=256724058 |issn=0020-8183|doi-access=free }}</ref> World War I, the [[Great Depression]], and World War II have been characterized as important events that ushered in the expansion of the welfare state.<ref name="Skocpol-1992"/><ref name="WF EPE2">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1999|title=Welfare state|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Political Economy|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=O'Hara|editor-first=Phillip Anthony|page=1247|isbn=978-0-415-24187-8|quote=The welfare state emerged in the twentieth century as one institutional form of this socially protective response. In the 1930s, the responses of emerging welfare states to the Great Depression were to the immediate circumstances of massive unemployment, lost output, and collapse of the financial and trading systems. Planning was not a key element in the response to the crisis of capitalism. Instead the character of welfare state intervention can best be described as an 'interventionist drift', reflecting the spontaneous, uncoordinated reactions of the protective response...By the late 1970s, the welfare state and the capitalist economic structure in which it was placed were in a general state of crisis. There had never been a well articulated vision or ideological foundation of the welfare state.}}</ref> The fullest forms of the welfare state were developed after [[World War II]].<ref name="Béland-2021a"/>

== Etymology ==
The term welfare is much older than the term welfare state. In [[enlightened absolutism]], the ruler had an unlimited position of power, which he was to only utilize to the extent necessary for the "welfare" of his subjects. The content of the "welfare" or "good police", which limited the ruler's legitimate exercise of power, was defined by the authorities at their own discretion. This is also referred to as "welfare absolutism". The term welfare state is used in connection with princely absolutism, this is usually in conjunction with attributes such as [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]], [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] or pre-modern.

The [[German language|German]] term {{lang|de|sozialstaat}} ("social state") has been used since 1870 to describe state support programs devised by German {{lang|de|[[Historical school of economics|sozialpolitiker]]}} ("social politicians") and implemented as part of [[Otto von Bismarck]]'s conservative reforms.<ref>{{cite journal | first= S. B. | last= Fay | title= Bismarck's Welfare State | journal= Current History | volume= XVIII | date= January 1950 | issue= 101 | pages= 1–7| doi= 10.1525/curh.1950.18.101.1 | s2cid= 249690140 }}</ref>

Today the term is used almost entirely for the "modern" welfare state, which emerged in the 19th century in the course of the socio-economic upheavals caused by [[industrialisation]], the formation of nation states and democratization. While the corresponding English term welfare state is descriptively neutral, the term "{{lang|de|Wohlfahrtsstaat}}" is often used in German as a fighting term with a pejorative connotation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

The literal English equivalent "social state" did not catch on in Anglophone countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Smith |first= Munroe |date= December 1901 |title= Four German Jurists. IV |journal= Political Science Quarterly |volume= 16 |issue= 4 |pages= 641–679 | doi= 10.2307/2140421 |issn= 0032-3195 |jstor= 2140421 }}</ref> However, during the Second World War, Anglican Archbishop [[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]], author of the book ''Christianity and Social Order'' (1942), popularized the concept using the phrase "welfare state".<ref>{{citation |last= Gough |first= I. |date= 1989 |title= The Welfare State |work= The New Palgrave Social Economics| publisher=New York: W.W. Norton|pages= 276–281 }}</ref> Temple's use of "welfare state" has been connected to [[Benjamin Disraeli]]'s 1845 novel [[Sybil (novel)|''Sybil: or the Two Nations'']] (in other words, the rich and the poor), where he writes "power has only one duty – to secure the social welfare of the PEOPLE".<ref>{{cite book | first= Benjamin | last= Disraeli | author-link= Benjamin Disraeli | chapter-url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3760/3760-h/3760-h.htm | title= Sybil | volume = Book 4 | chapter= Chapter 14 | via= [[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> At the time he wrote ''Sybil'', Disraeli (later a prime minister) belonged to [[Young England]], a conservative group of youthful [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] who disagreed with how the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]s dealt with the [[Industrial Revolution#Social effects|conditions of the industrial poor]]. Members of Young England attempted to garner support among the privileged classes to assist the less fortunate and to recognize the [[dignity of labor]] that they imagined had characterized England during the Feudal Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book | last= Alexander | title= Medievalism | pages= xxiv–xxv, 62, 93, and passim }}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Welfare spending#History}}

=== Ancient ===

==== India ====
Emperor [[Ashoka]] of India put forward his idea of a welfare state in the 3rd century [[Common Era|BCE]]. He envisioned his ''[[dharma]]'' (religion or path) as not just a collection of high-sounding phrases. He consciously tried to adopt it as a matter of state policy; he declared that "all men are my children"<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Edicts of King Asoka], Colostate.</ref> and "whatever exertion I make, I strive only to discharge debt that I owe to all living creatures." It was a completely new ideal of kingship.<ref name= "google592">{{cite book|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|year=2003|publisher=Penguin | place = UK|isbn=9780-1-4193742-7|page= 592 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HqmyEbLScZ4C| first =Romila | last = Thapar |access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref> Ashoka renounced war and conquest by violence and forbade the killing of many animals.<ref name= "google1989">{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian History | issue = 35 | series = Chaukhambha oriental research studies|year= 1989| publisher= Chaukhamba Orientalia | via = The University of Virginia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_XlDAAAAYAAJ | first= Upendra |last= Thakur |access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref> Since he wanted to conquer the world through love and faith, he sent many missions to propagate Dharma. Such missions were sent to places like Egypt, Greece, and Sri Lanka. The propagation of Dharma included many measures of people's welfare. Centers of the treatment of men and beasts founded inside and outside of the empire. Shady groves, wells, orchards and rest houses were laid out.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2011 |page=A-185 |publisher=Tata McGraw Hill |isbn=9780071329231}}</ref> Ashoka also prohibited useless sacrifices and certain forms of gatherings which led to waste, indiscipline and superstition.<ref name="google1989"/> To implement these policies he recruited a new cadre of officers called [[Mahamatra|Dharmamahamattas]]. Part of this group's duties was to see that people of various sects were treated fairly. They were especially asked to look after the welfare of prisoners.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2011 |pages=A-184–A185 |publisher=Tata McGraw Hill |isbn=9780071329231}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= A Text Book of Social Sciences|publisher= Pitambar Publishing|isbn=978-81-209-1466-7|pages=45–46|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jV6k0FvIC4sC | first1= N. N.| last1= Kher | first2= Jaideep |last2= Aggarwal| via= Google Books}}</ref>

However, the historical record of Ashoka's character is conflicted. Ashoka's own inscriptions state that he converted to [[Buddhism]] after waging a destructive war. However, the Sri Lankan tradition claims that he had already converted to Buddhism in the 4th year of his reign, although it does not mention the conquest of Kalinga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seneviratna |first=Anuradha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ|title=King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies|date=1994|publisher= Buddhist Publication Society|isbn= 978-955-24-0065-0}}</ref> During this war, according to [[Edicts of Ashoka|Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13]], with nearly 100,000 killed in the war and another 150,000 deported. Some sources (particularly Buddhist oral legends) suggest that his conversion was dramatic and that he dedicated the rest of his life to the pursuit of peace and the common good.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Thapar |first=Romila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas|date=1961|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> However, these sources frequently contradict each other,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh|first=Upinder|date=2012|title= Governing the State and the Self: Political Philosophy and Practice in the Edicts of Aśoka|department=South Asian Studies|journal=University of Delhi|volume= 28|issue=2|pages=131–145|doi= 10.1080/02666030.2012.725581|s2cid= 143362618}}</ref> and a few sources (like ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', earliest versions ranging from 200 AD to 500 AD) describe Ashoka engaging in sectarian mass murder throughout his reign, and make no mention of the philanthropic efforts claimed by earlier legends. The interpretation of Ashoka's dharma after conversion is controversial, but in particular, the texts which describe him personally ordering the massacre of Buddhist heretics and Jains have been disputed by many scholars, since these are directly contradictory to his own edicts, and are legendary in nature.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Age Of Impreial Unity|year=1968 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=234–235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1WgAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Age Of The Nandas And Mauryas|year=1963 |publisher=Bharatiya Itihas Parishad|url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/19859.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Danver|first=Steven L.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99|title=Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions [4 volumes]: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions|date= 22 December 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-078-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Le|first=Huu Phuoc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher= Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8}}</ref>

==== China ====
The [[Emperor Wen of Han|Emperor Wen]] (203 – 157 BCE) of [[Han dynasty|Han Dynasty]] instituted a variety of measures with resemblances to modern welfare policies. These included pensions, in the form of food and wine, to all over 80 years of age, as well as monetary support, in the form of loans or tax breaks, to widows, orphans, and elderly without children to support them. Emperor Wen was also known for a concern over wasteful spending of tax-payer money. Unlike other Han emperors, he wore simple silk garments. In order to make the state serve the common people better, cruel criminal punishments were lessened and the state bureaucracy was made more meritocratic. This led to officials being selected by examinations for the first time in Chinese history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Montgomery|first=Laszlo|title=Han Dynasty (Part 2)|url=https://chinahistorypodcast.libsyn.com/chp-019-the-han-dynasty-part-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055233/https://chinahistorypodcast.libsyn.com/chp-019-the-han-dynasty-part-2|archive-date=27 October 2020|website=[[chinahistorypodcast.libsyn]]}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emperor Wendi of Western Han Dynasty|url=https://www.learnchinesehistory.com/emperor-wendi-western-han-dynasty/|website=[[learnchinesehistory]]|date=5 February 2013|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523072005/https://www.learnchinesehistory.com/emperor-wendi-western-han-dynasty/}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024}}

==== Rome ====
The [[Roman Republic]] intervened sporadically to distribute free or subsidized grain to its population, through the program known as ''[[cura annonae]].'' The city of Rome grew rapidly during the Roman Republic and [[Roman Empire|Empire]], reaching a population approaching one million in the second century AD. The population of the city grew beyond the capacity of the nearby rural areas to meet the food needs of the city.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi= 10.1098/rsif.2017.0367 |pmid = 29142013|pmc = 5721147|title = Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire|journal = Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume = 14|issue = 136| article-number = 20170367|year = 2017|last1 = Hanson|first1 = J. W.|last2 = Ortman|first2 = S. G. |last3 = Lobo|first3 = J.}} p. 10.</ref>

Regular grain distribution began in 123 BC with a grain law proposed by [[Gaius Gracchus]] and approved by the Roman [[plebeian council]] (popular assembly). The numbers of those receiving free or subsidized grain expanded to a high of an estimated 320,000 people at one point.<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1017/CCO9781139025973.019 |chapter = The food supply of the capital|title = The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome|pages = 262–277|year = 2013|last1 = Erdkamp|first1 = Paul|isbn = 978-1-13902597-3 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/9021182|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} pp. 262–264.</ref><ref>Cristofori, Alessandro, "[https://www.academia.edu/853118/Grain_Distribution_in_Late_Republican_Rome Grain Distribution in Late Republican Rome]", pp. 146–151, accessed 17 September 2018</ref> In the 3rd century AD, the dole of grain was replaced by bread, probably during the reign of [[Septimius Severus]] (193–211 AD). Severus also began providing [[olive oil]] to residents of Rome, and later the emperor [[Aurelian]] (270–275) ordered the distribution of [[wine]] and [[pork]].{{sfn|Erdkamp|2013 |pp=266–267}} The doles of bread, olive oil, wine, and pork apparently continued until near the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1353/jla.2012.0015 | title=The Roman Grain Supply, 442–455| journal=Journal of Late Antiquity| volume=5| issue=2 | year=2012| last1=Linn| first1= Jason| s2cid=161127852 | pages = 298–321}}.</ref> The dole in the early Roman Empire is estimated to account for 15 to 33 percent of the total grain imported and consumed in Rome.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4502066 |title = The Organization of the Grain Trade in the Early Roman Empire|journal = The Economic History Review|volume = 60|issue = 2|pages = 313–332|last1 = Kessler|first1 = David|last2 = Temin |first2 = Peter|s2cid = 154086889|year = 2007|doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00360.x}} p. 316.</ref>

In addition to food, the Roman Republic also supplied free entertainment, through ''[[ludi]]'' (public games). Public money was allocated for the staging of ''ludi,'' but the presiding official increasingly came to augment the splendor of his games from personal funds as a form of [[public relations]]. The sponsor was able to cultivate the favor of the people of [[Rome]].<ref>[[Helen Lovatt]], ''Status and Epic Games: Sport, Politics, and Poetics in the Thebaid'' {{ISBN|978-0-52184742-1}} (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 10</ref>

===Islamic Caliphate===
The concept of states taxing for the welfare budget was introduced to the Arabs in the early 7th century by Caliph [[Umar]], most likely adapted from the newly conquered Roman territories.<ref>Miaschi, John (25 April 2017). [https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-welfare-state.html What Is A Welfare State?] The World Atlas, accessed 24 October 2019.</ref> ''[[Zakat]]'' is also one of the [[five pillars of Islam]] and is a mandatory form of 2.5% [[wealth tax]] to be paid by all individuals holding above a basic threshold ([[nisab]]) to provide for the needy once a year after [[Ramadan]]. [[Umar]] (584–644), leader of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (empire), established a welfare state through the [[Bayt al-mal]] (treasury), which for instance was used to stockpile food in every region of the Islamic Empire reserved for Muslims in the Peninsula.<ref name= "Edinburgh">{{cite book| last= Crone|first= Patricia |title= Medieval Islamic Political Thought | publisher= Edinburgh University Press | pages= 308–309 | isbn= 0-7486-2194-6| year= 2005 }}</ref>

=== Modern ===
{{Otto von Bismarck series}}
[[Otto von Bismarck]] established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society, with [[Otto von Bismarck#Social legislation|social-welfare legislation]], in 1880s [[Imperial Germany]].<ref name=Vis>{{cite book|last1=Kersbergen|first1=Kees van|last2=Vis|first2=Barbara|title=Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQL3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge UP|page=38|isbn= 978-1-10765247-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wimmer|first=Andreas|date= 13 February 2019 |title=Why Nationalism Works|journal= Foreign Affairs: America and the World|language=en-US|url= https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-02-12/why-nationalism-works |access-date=30 August 2020|issn= 0015-7120}}</ref> Bismarck extended the privileges of the [[Junker]] social class to ordinary Germans.<ref name=Vis/> His 17 November 1881 Imperial Message to the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] used the term "practical Christianity" to describe his program.<ref>Moritz Busch, ''Bismarck: Some secret pages from his history,'' Macmillan, New York (1898) Vol. II, p. 282</ref> German laws from this era also insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace.<ref name= Austria>{{cite journal| first= Margarete |last= Grandner| title= Conservative Social Politics in Austria, 1880–1890| journal= Austrian History Yearbook| volume= 27 |year= 1996| pages= 77–107|doi= 10.1017/S006723780000583X|s2cid= 143805293|url= http://purl.umn.edu/90596}}</ref>

In [[Switzerland]], the Swiss Factory Act of 1877 limited working hours for everyone, and gave maternity benefits.<ref name=Austria/> The [[Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland|Swiss welfare state]] also arose in the late 19th century; its existence and depth varied individually by [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]]. Some of the programs first adopted were emergency relief, elementary schools, and homes for the elderly and children.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.geschichtedersozialensicherheit.ch/synthese/#c34|title=Geschichte der Sozialen Sicherheit-Synthese |language= de-DE|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

In the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], a version was set up by Count [[Eduard von Taaffe]] a few years after Bismarck in Germany. Legislation to help the working class in Austria emerged from [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Christian right|conservatives]]. Von Taffe used Swiss and German models of social reform, including the Swiss Factory Act of 1877 German laws that insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace to create the 1885 Trade Code Amendment.<ref name= Austria/>

Changed attitudes in reaction to the worldwide [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, which brought unemployment and misery to millions, were instrumental in the move to the welfare state in many countries. During the Great Depression, the welfare state was seen as a "middle way" between the extremes of [[communism]] on the left and unregulated ''[[laissez-faire]]'' [[capitalism]] on the right.<ref name="WF EPE">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1999|title=Welfare state|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Political Economy|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=O'Hara|editor-first=Phillip Anthony|page=1245|isbn=978-0-415-24187-8}}</ref> In the period following World War II, some countries in Western Europe moved from partial or selective provision of [[social service]]s to relatively comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" coverage of the population. Other Western European states did not, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain and France.{{sfn|Esping-Andersen| 1990 |p=108}} Political scientist [[Eileen McDonagh]] has argued that a major determinant of where welfare states arose is whether or not a country had a historical monarchy with familial foundations (a trait that [[Max Weber]] called [[patrimonialism]]); in places where the monarchic state was viewed as a parental steward of the populace, it was easier to shift into a mindset where the industrial state could also serve as a parental steward of the populace.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Eileen |last=McDonagh |author-link=Eileen McDonagh |title=Ripples from the First Wave: The Monarchical Origins of the Welfare State |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=992–1016 |date=December 2015 |doi=10.1017/S1537592715002273|s2cid=146441936 }}</ref>

The activities of present-day welfare states extend to the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as old-age pensions or unemployment benefits) and in-kind welfare services (such as health or childcare services). Through these provisions, welfare states can affect the distribution of wellbeing and personal autonomy among their citizens, as well as influencing how their citizens consume and how they spend their time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Esping-Andersen |first=Gøsta |title=Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-874200-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rice |first=James Mahmud |author2=Robert E. Goodin |author3=Antti Parpo |date=September–December 2006 |title=The Temporal Welfare State: A Crossnational Comparison |journal=Journal of Public Policy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=195–228 |url=http://www.jamesmahmudrice.info/Welfare.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0143814X06000523 |issn=0143-814X |hdl=10419/31604 |s2cid=38187155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615181613/http://www.jamesmahmudrice.info/Welfare.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Analysis ===
In Europe, the idea of the welfare state was mainly championed by socialist and social-democratic circles, although it also had supporters in the centre (the concept of the “welfare state” was coined by the liberal William Beveridge) and even among conservatives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Piketty |first=Thomas |title=A brief history of equality |last2=Rendall |first2=Steven |date=2022 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-27355-9 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

Historian of the 20th-century [[Fascism|fascist movement]], [[Robert Paxton]], observes that the provisions of the welfare state were enacted in the 19th century by [[Christian right|religious conservatives]] to counteract appeals from [[trade union]]s and [[History of socialism|socialism]].<ref name="Paxton way">{{cite news| first= Robert O.| last= Paxton| title= Vichy Lives! – In a way| url= http://www.nybooks.com:80/articles/archives/2013/apr/25/vichy-lives-in-a-way/?pagination=false| work= The New York Review of Books| date= 25 April 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130414234702/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/apr/25/vichy-lives-in-a-way/?pagination=false| archive-date= 14 April 2013| access-date= 16 May 2020| url-status= live}}</ref> Later, Paxton writes "All the modern twentieth-century European dictatorships of the right, both fascist and authoritarian, were welfare states… They all provided medical care, pensions, affordable housing, and mass transport as a matter of course, in order to maintain productivity, national unity, and social peace."<ref name="Paxton way" /> In Germany, [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Nazi Party]] maintained the welfare state established by previous German governments, but restructured it so as to help only [[Aryan race|Aryan]] individuals considered worthy of assistance, excluding "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals, the hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan."<ref name="Evans">[[Richard J. Evans]], ''The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939,'' New York: The Penguin Press, 2005, p. 489</ref> Nevertheless, even with these limitations, over 17 million German citizens were receiving assistance under the auspices of the [[Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt|National Socialist People's Welfare]] by 1939.<ref name="Evans" /> However, [[Adam Tooze]] (in his book [[The Wages of Destruction]]) downplayed the importance of Nazi social policies, as most resources were concentrated on rearmament. The promised low-cost consumer goods, such as the [[Volkswagen]] car, only became available after the war, with the exception of the [[Volksempfänger]] radio, since it was useful for propaganda purposes.

A theoretical addition from 2005 is that of Kahl in her article "The religious roots of modern policy: Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Protestant traditions compared." She argues that the welfare state policies of several European countries can be traced back to their religious origins. This process has its origin in the "poor relief" systems, and social norms present in Christian nations. The example countries are categorized as follows: Catholic (Spain, Italy and France); Lutheran (Denmark, Sweden and Germany); Reformed Protestant (Netherlands, the UK and the USA). The Catholic countries had a late adoption of welfare benefits and social assistance, the latter being splintered and meagre, due to several religious and social factors. Giving alms was an important part of Catholic society as the wealthy could resolve their sins through participation in the act. As such, begging was allowed and was subject to a greater degree of acceptance. Poverty was seen as being close to [[Grace in Christianity|grace]], and there was no onus for change placed onto the poor. These factors, coupled with the power of the church meant that state provided benefits did not arise until late in the 20th century. Additionally, social assistance was not done at a comprehensive level, each group in need had its assistance added incrementally. This accounts for the fragmented nature of social assistance in these countries.<ref name="Kahl 91-126">Kahl, Sigrun (2005). ''The religious roots of modern poverty policy: Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Protestant traditions compared.'' European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, No. 1, Religion and Society, pp. 91–126.</ref>

Lutheran states were early to provide welfare and late to provide social assistance but this was done uniformly. Poverty was seen as more of an individual affliction of laziness and immorality. Work was viewed as a calling. As such these societies banned begging and created workhouses to force the able-bodied to work. These uniform state actions paved the way for comprehensive welfare benefits, as those who worked deserved assistance when in need. When social assistance was delivered for those who had never worked, it was in the context of the uniform welfare provision. The concept of Predestination is key for understanding welfare assistance in Reformed Protestant states. Poor people were seen as being punished, therefore begging and state assistance was non existent. As such churches and charities filled the void resulting in early social assistance and late welfare benefits. The USA still has minimal welfare benefits today, because of their religious roots, according to Kahl.<ref name="Kahl 91-126"/>

Also from 2005, Jacob Hacker stated that there was "broad agreement" in research on welfare that there had not been welfare state retrenchment. Instead, "social policy frameworks remain secure."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hacker|first= Jacob|title=Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|chapter=Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of US Welfare State Retrenchment}}</ref>

== Forms ==
{{see also|Welfare spending#Forms|Social democracy|Christian democracy}}

{{christian Democracy sidebar}}
{{social democracy sidebar}}
{{liberalism sidebar}}
{{progressivism sidebar}}
Broadly speaking, welfare states are either '''universal''', with provisions that cover everybody, or '''selective''', with provisions covering only those deemed most needy. In his 1990 book, ''[[The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism]]'', Danish sociologist [[Gøsta Esping-Andersen]] further identified three subtypes of welfare state models: liberal, social-democratic, and conservative.<ref name="Bo Rothstein"/>

* '''Liberal welfare states''' are characterized by a lack of strong working-class mobilization and an absence of an absolutist political history. These systems primarily rely on means-tested benefits, offering limited social insurance while actively promoting private welfare provisions. Notable examples include the United States, Canada, and Australia.
* '''Conservative corporatist welfare states''' are influenced by a Catholic conservative tradition and have a history of political absolutism. They prioritize social insurance schemes over means-tested assistance or private benefits, yet they limit income redistribution. Countries such as Austria, Italy, France, and Germany exemplify this model.
* '''Socialist (or social democratic) welfare states''' are distinguished by significant working-class participation in governance and the presence of influential social democratic parties. These states implement comprehensive welfare policies that emphasize income redistribution and incorporate labor market strategies to support unemployed individuals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Burden|first=Tom|title=Social policy and welfare: a clear guide|date=1998|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-0-7453-0965-1|location=London|pages=6}}</ref>

Esping-Anderson development of the three subtypes of welfare regimes were categorized under three dimensions: 1) state and market relations or the relationship between the state and market, 2) stratification or social relations and relationships, 3) social citizenship rights or whether or not an individual is dependent on the labor market.<ref name="Esping-Andersen2">{{harvnb|Esping-Andersen|1990|page=228}}</ref>

Since the building of the decommodification index is limited{{efn|According to the French sociologist [[Georges Menahem]], Esping-Andersen's "decommodification index" aggregates both qualitative and quantitative variables for "sets of dimensions" which fluid, and pertain to three very different areas. These characters involve similar limits of the validity of the index and of its potential for replication. Cf. {{harvnb|Menahem|2007}}.}} and the typology is debatable, these 18 countries could be ranked from most purely social-democratic (Sweden) to the most liberal (the United States).<ref name="FS regime">{{cite journal|last1=Ferragina|first1=Emanuele|last2=Seeleib-Kaiser|first2=Martin|year=2011|title=Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf|journal=Policy & Politics|volume=39|pages=583–611|doi=10.1332/030557311X603592|number=4|s2cid=146986126|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005038/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|597}} Ireland represents a near-hybrid model whereby two streams of unemployment benefit exist: contributory and means-tested. However, payments can begin immediately and are theoretically available to all Irish citizens even if they have never worked, provided they are habitually resident.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/10391238/Benefits-in-Europe-country-by-country.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/10391238/Benefits-in-Europe-country-by-country.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= Benefits in Europe: country by country| first= Edward |last= Malnick| date= 19 October 2013| work= The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Social stigma varies across the three conceptual welfare states. Particularly, it is highest in liberal states, and lowest in social democratic states.<ref name="Esping-Andersen" /> Esping-Andersen proposes that the universalist nature of social democratic states eliminate the duality between beneficiaries and non-recipients, whereas in means-tested liberal states there is resentment towards [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistribution]] efforts. That is to say, the lower the percent of GDP spent on welfare, the higher the stigma of the welfare state.<ref name="Esping-Andersen"/> Esping-Andersen also argues that welfare states set the stage for post-industrial employment evolution in terms of employment growth, structure, and stratification. He uses Germany, Sweden, and the United States to provide examples of the differing results of each of the three welfare states.<ref name="Esping-Andersen"/>

According to Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, different types of welfare states emerged as a result of prolonged government by different parties. They distinguish between social democratic welfare states, Christian democratic welfare states, and "wage earner" states.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Huber|first=Evelyne|title=Development and crisis of the welfare state: parties and policies in global markets|date=2001|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|others=John D. Stephens|isbn=0-226-35646-9|location=Chicago|oclc=45276711}}</ref>

According to the Swedish political scientist [[Bo Rothstein]], in non-universal welfare states, the state is primarily concerned with directing resources to "the people most in need". This requires tight bureaucratic control in order to determine who is eligible for assistance and who is not. Under universal models such as Sweden, on the other hand, the state distributes welfare to all people who fulfill easily established criteria (e.g. having children, receiving medical treatment, etc.) with as little bureaucratic interference as possible. This, however, requires higher taxation due to the scale of services provided. This model was constructed by the Scandinavian ministers [[Karl Kristian Steincke]] and [[Gustav Möller]] in the 1930s and is dominant in Scandinavia.<ref name="Bo Rothstein">[[Bo Rothstein]], ''Just Institutions Matter: the Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 18–27.</ref>

Sociologist [[Lane Kenworthy]] argues that the Nordic experience demonstrates that the modern social democratic model can "promote economic security, expand opportunity, and ensure rising living standards for all ... while facilitating freedom, flexibility and market dynamism."<ref>[[Lane Kenworthy|Kenworthy, Lane]] (2014). ''Social Democratic America''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0199322511}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=eVTSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 p. 9].</ref>

American political scientist [[Benjamin Radcliff]] has also argued that the universality and generosity of the welfare state (i.e. the extent of [[decommodification]]) is the single most important societal-level structural factor affecting the quality of human life, based on the analysis of time serial data across both the industrial democracies and the American States. He maintains that the welfare state improves life for everyone, regardless of social class (as do similar institutions, such as pro-worker labor market regulations and strong labor unions).<ref>{{cite book| author-link= Benjamin Radcliff| last= Radcliff| first= Benjamin| year= 2013| title= The Political Economy of Human Happiness| place= New York| publisher= Cambridge University Press}}</ref>{{efn|See also [http://benjaminradcliff.com/scholarly-articles/ "this collection of full-text peer-reviewed scholarly articles on this subject"] by Radcliff and colleagues (such as "Social Forces," "The Journal of Politics," and "Perspectives on Politics," among others)}}

=== Gender and welfare ===
Esping-Andersen's welfare typology is often criticized by feminists for being gender blind.<ref name="Nakray-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Nakray |first=Keerty |date=December 2021 |title=Gender, welfare state regimes and social policy beyond advanced capitalism: Pathways to decommodification in middle-income countries |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/spol.12711 |journal=Social Policy & Administration |language=en |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=1197–1223 |doi=10.1111/spol.12711 |s2cid=233887743 |issn=0144-5596|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Keerty Nakray, Esping-Andersen's three types of dimensions (state and market relations, stratification, and social citizenship rights) does not acknowledge unpaid care-work done by women within the household economy. This failure of recognizing unpaid work is due to the fact that welfare states are focused on the male-breadwinner concept.<ref name="Nakray-2021" /> Because Esping-Andersen argued that the welfare state set the stage for employment evolution, the lack of gender analysis creates an unintended emphasis on male employment.

Welfare Scholar Peter Dwyer goes further to consider the question of gender and citizenship by showing that it is not gender blind, but citizenship by default is considered masculine, and women are not given citizenship rights.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Peter |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t89hcn |title=Understanding social citizenship |date=2010-06-09 |edition=second |publisher=Bristol University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1t89hcn |isbn=978-1-4473-4278-6}}</ref> Dwyer explains that citizenship that is considered "male" is seen as "public citizens" who have traits like rationality and impartiality that make them responsible citizens.<ref name=":0" /> On the other hand, Dwyer lays out women's construction of "private non-citizen," where women are the opposite of men, being irrational, emotional, and ill-equipped to handle the responsibilities of citizenship.<ref name=":0" /> This construction of men and women helps explain why citizenship rights and welfare rights are more difficult for women to access. All of these inequities in citizenship rights are only made more intense when other intersectional factors are considered including race, class, sexuality, and education. Dwyer then introduces the concepts of the "caregiver parity model" and the "universal breadwinner model" as ways to allow women easier access to the welfare state. In the caregiver parity model, according to Reid, women have equal access to childcare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Catherine E. |last2=Moss |first2=Simon |last3=Hyman |first3=Graeme |date=2005-01-01 |title=Caregiver Reciprocity: The effect of reciprocity, carer self-esteem and motivation on the experience of caregiver burden |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00049530500141022 |journal=Australian Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=186–196 |doi=10.1080/00049530500141022 |issn=0004-9530|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This then allows women to access the labor market freely, offering them the same opportunity as when they receive welfare benefits. On the other hand, the universal breadwinner model, as explained by Lister, focuses less on care work responsibilities and more on women's economic employment opportunities with the belief that access to employment will lead to more equal welfare benefits.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lister |first1=Ruth |chapter=Citizenship and changing welfare states |pages=39–57 |editor1-last=Andersen |editor1-first=Jørgen Goul |editor2-last=Jensen |editor2-first=Per H. |title=Changing Labour Markets, Welfare Policies and Citizenship |isbn=9781861342720 |publisher=Policy Press |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/policy-press-scholarship-online/book/21177/chapter-abstract/180800779 |date=2002-01-23 |doi=10.1332/policypress/9781861342720.003.0003 |access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref> As pointed out by Dwyer, both models allow significant opportunities and challenges for advancing women's welfare citizenship.<ref name=":0" />

Sociologist [[Ann Shola Orloff]] reframes the three dimensions with a gendered lens. As she reframes, Orloff incorporates gender and expands the decommodification index within three dimensions: 1) focus on families and the welfare states in state and market relations, 2) including the relationship between gender and labor in stratifications on social provisions, 3) how men and women are dependent on the labor market and the effect of welfare on decommodification for both genders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orloff |first=Ann Shola |date=June 1993 |title=Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=303–328 |doi=10.2307/2095903|jstor=2095903 |s2cid=53453651 }}</ref> Reframing the decommodification index with a gendered lens ensures women doing care-work don't get left behind within the welfare state.

=== UBI as a replacement for the welfare state ===
[[Universal basic income]] (UBI) has been proposed as a replacement for the traditional welfare state where social protection schemes are also [[Social policy|social policies]] with a precise aim that can be regarded as [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]]. The focus of the UBI is granting individuals more [[freedom]] in determining life choices by providing a lifetime of financial security regardless of one's career preferences or lifepath.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Universal income is more than a new form of welfare state" |url=https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/braincamps/economy/has-the-pandemic-revived-debate-over-universal-basic-income/universal-income-is-more-than-just-a-new-form-of-welfare-state/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=Polytechnique Insights |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The American conservative political scientist [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]] has outlined a UBI plan which, in 2014 in the United States of America, would have cost $200 billion less than existing welfare programs. By the year 2020, it would have cost about $1 trillion less.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Rugy |first=Veronique |date=7 June 2016 |title=Universal Basic Income's Growing Appeal |url=https://www.mercatus.org/economic-insights/expert-commentary/universal-basic-incomes-growing-appeal |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=Mercatus Center}}</ref>

== By country {{anchor|By country}} ==
{{Further|Welfare spending#By country}}

=== Australia ===
{{Further|Social security in Australia}}

Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves.<ref name = abs-1988/> The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the [[Australian Labor Party#History|Labor parties]] during this period led to a movement for welfare reform.<ref name = dict-syd-2008>{{cite web|year= 2008|first= Stephen|last= Garton|title= Health and welfare|work= The Dictionary of Sydney|access-date= 23 December 2014|url= http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/health_and_welfare|url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815071913/http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/health_and_welfare|archive-date= 15 August 2012}}</ref>

In 1900, New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the [[Deakin government (1905–1908)|Deakin government]] introduced a national aged pension under the ''Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908''. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced by the [[Andrew Fisher|Fisher government]] in 1912.<ref name = abs-1988>{{cite web|year= 1988|title= History of Pensions and Other Benefits in Australia| work= Year Book Australia, 1988 |publisher= Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date= 23 December 2014|url= http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/3d68c56307742d8fca257090002029cd/8e72c4526a94aaedca2569de00296978!OpenDocument|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141223142853/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/3d68c56307742d8fca257090002029cd/8e72c4526a94aaedca2569de00296978!OpenDocument|archive-date= 23 December 2014}}</ref><ref name = australia-wr-2000/>

In the 1920s and 1930s, detailed proposals were developed for [[National Insurance (Australia)|a comprehensive national insurance scheme]] covering medical, disability, unemployment and pension benefits. Multiple royal commissions were held on the subject and the scheme was legislated as the ''[[National Health and Pensions Insurance Act 1938]]''. However, the scheme was ultimately abandoned for cost reasons in the lead-up to the Second World War.<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gillespie |year=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |title=The Price of Health: Australian Governments and Medical Politics 1910–1960 |oclc=49638492 |isbn=978-0-521-52322-6|pages=91–99}}</ref>

During the Second World War, the federal government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941; a widows' pension in 1942; a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and special benefits in 1945.<ref name = abs-1988/><ref name=australia-wr-2000>{{cite web|date=September 2000 |first=Peter|last=Yeend|title=Welfare Review|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=23 December 2014| url= http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/welfarebrief| url-status= live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223134852/http://www.peeep.us/2cbb82ee|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]] is Australia's publicly funded universal health care insurance scheme. Initially created in 1975 by the [[Whitlam]] Labor government under the name "Medibank". The Fraser Liberal government made significant changes to it from 1976 leading to its abolition in late 1981. The Hawke government reinstated universal health care in 1984 under the name "Medicare".

=== Brunei ===
[[Brunei]] operates a comprehensive welfare state, primarily funded by its substantial oil and gas revenues, which account for approximately 65% of its GDP and 90% of government income. This wealth enables the government to provide citizens with extensive benefits, including free education, free or heavily subsidized healthcare, public housing, and various subsidies on essential goods like fuel and food. Notably, Bruneians pay no personal [[income tax]], and the state covers many living expenses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hashim |first1=Hafiizh |last2=Druce |first2=Stephen C. |last3=Julay |first3=Abdul Hai |title=Brunei Darussalam's Economic Transition in a Shifting Global Asia |chapter=Brunei Darussalam's Economic Diversification Drive: An Assessment of the Socioeconomic and Geopolitical Issues and Challenges. Overcoming Path Dependence? |series=Asia in Transition |date=2025 |volume=23 |pages=21–38 |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-6926-1_2|isbn=978-981-97-6925-4 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

However, Brunei's heavy reliance on [[hydrocarbon resources]] poses sustainability challenges, especially amid global shifts toward [[renewable energy]]. Recognizing this, the government has initiated economic diversification efforts under the "Wawasan Brunei 2035" vision, aiming to reduce dependence on oil and gas by developing sectors like technology, tourism, and agriculture. Despite these initiatives, progress has been gradual, and the long-term viability of Brunei's welfare model remains contingent on successful economic transformation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bakar |first1=Rasidah Hj Abu |title=Brunei sets goals for diversifying economy beyond oil |url=https://thescoop.co/2021/01/08/brunei-sets-goals-for-diversifying-economy-beyond-oil/ |website=The Scoop |access-date=28 April 2025 |date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
Canada's [[Social programs in Canada|welfare programs]]<ref name="Canada">[https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/communities/reports/welfare-income-2009/chapter1.html Chapter 1: What is Welfare?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044624/https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/communities/reports/welfare-income-2009/chapter1.html |date=6 March 2019 }} Retrieved: 4 March 2019.</ref> are funded and administered at all levels of government (with 13 different<ref name="Canada"/> provincial/territorial systems), and include health and medical care, public education (through graduate school), social housing and social services. Social support is given through programs including Social Assistance, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Child Tax Benefit, Old Age Security, Employment Insurance, Workers' Compensation, and the Canada/Quebec Pension Plans.<ref>[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/welfare-state Welfare State.] Retrieved: 4 March 2019.</ref>

=== China ===
{{main|Social welfare in China}}

China traditionally relied on the extended family to provide welfare services.<ref>{{cite book| first1= A. B. |last1= Susanto | first2= Patricia |last2= Susanto|title= The Dragon Network: Inside Stories of the Most Successful Chinese Family Businesses|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xq18xB7SpPgC&pg=PA22|year= 2013|publisher= Wiley|page=22|isbn= 978-1-11833938-1}}</ref> The [[one-child policy]] introduced in 1978 has made that unrealistic, and new models have emerged since the 1980s as China has rapidly become richer and more urban. Much discussion is underway regarding China's proposed path toward a welfare state.<ref>{{cite book| first = Scott | last = Kennedy|title= Beyond the Middle Kingdom: Comparative Perspectives on China's Capitalist Transformation|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5D_eElygkC&pg=PA89|year= 2011|publisher= Stanford U.P.|page= 89|isbn= 978-0-80477767-4}}</ref> Chinese policies have been incremental and fragmented in terms of social insurance, privatization, and targeting. In the cities, where the rapid economic development has centered, lines of cleavage have developed between state-sector and non-state-sector employees, and between labor-market insiders and outsiders.<ref>{{cite journal| first= Xian |last= Huang|s2cid= 18306913| title= The Politics of Social Welfare Reform in Urban China: Social Welfare Preferences and Reform Policies| journal= Journal of Chinese Political Science |date= March 2013| volume= 18| number= 1| pages= 61–85|doi= 10.1007/s11366-012-9227-x|url= https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/The-Politics-of-Social-Welfare-Reform/991031550236404646}}</ref>

=== France ===
{{main|Health care in France|Social protection in France|Social security in France}}

After 1830, French [[liberalism]] and economic modernization were key goals. While liberalism was individualistic and laissez-faire in the United Kingdom and the United States, in France liberalism was based instead on a solidaristic conception of society, following the theme of the French Revolution, ''[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]'' ("liberty, equality, fraternity"). In the Third Republic, especially between 1895 and 1914 "Solidarité" ["solidarism"] was the guiding concept of a liberal social policy, whose chief champions were the prime ministers [[Leon Bourgeois]] (1895–96) and [[Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau]] (1899–1902).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1017/S0020859000001759 |title = The Official Social Philosophy of the French Third Republic: Léon Bourgeois and Solidarism|journal = International Review of Social History|volume = 6|issue = 1|pages = 19–48|year = 1961|last1 = Hayward|first1 = J. E. S.|jstor=44581447|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Hayward|title=Fragmented France: Two Centuries of Disputed Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|year=2007|publisher=Oxford UP|page=44|isbn=978-0-19-921631-4}}</ref> The French welfare state expanded when it tried to follow some of Bismarck's policies.<ref>Allan Mitchell, ''The Divided Path: The German Influence on Social Reform in France After 1870'' (1991) [https://www.questia.com/library/99372318/the-divided-path-the-german-influence-on-social-reform online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414012952/https://www.questia.com/library/99372318/the-divided-path-the-german-influence-on-social-reform |date=14 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 286694|title = The Welfare State in France, 1870–1914|journal = French Historical Studies|volume = 18|issue = 3|pages = 821–838|last1 = Nord|first1 = Philip|year = 1994|doi = 10.2307/286694}}</ref> Poor relief was the starting point.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 286593|title = Origins of the French Welfare State: Poor Relief in the Third Republic, 1871-1914|journal = French Historical Studies|volume = 13|issue = 1|pages = 47–78|last1 = Weiss|first1 = John H.|year = 1983|doi = 10.2307/286593}}</ref> More attention was paid to industrial labour in the 1930s during a short period of socialist political ascendency, with the [[Matignon Accords (1936)|Matignon Accords]] and the reforms of the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]].<ref>{{cite book| first= Paul V. |last= Dutton| title= Origins of the French welfare state: The struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947| publisher= Cambridge University Press| year= 2002| url= http://www.newbooks-services.de/MediaFiles/Texts/3/9780521673563_Intro_001.pdf | via= newbooks-services.de | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122539/http://www.newbooks-services.de/MediaFiles/Texts/3/9780521673563_Intro_001.pdf | archive-date= 23 July 2018 }}</ref> Paxton points out these reforms were paralleled and even exceeded by measures taken by the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] in the 1940s.

=== Germany ===
{{main|Welfare in Germany}}

Some policies enacted to enhance social welfare in Germany were Health Insurance 1883, Accident Insurance 1884, Old Age Pensions 1889 and National Unemployment Insurance 1927. [[Otto von Bismarck]], the powerful [[Chancellor of Germany]] (in office 1871–90), developed the first modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in [[Prussia]] and [[Saxony]] that had begun as early as in the 1840s. The measures that Bismarck introduced – old-age [[pension]]s, [[Accidental death and dismemberment insurance|accident insurance]], and employee health insurance – formed the basis of the modern European welfare state. His paternalistic programs aimed to forestall social unrest and to undercut the appeal of the new [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany#German Empire (1863–1918)|Social Democratic Party]], and to secure the support of the [[working class]]es for the [[German Empire]], as well as to reduce emigration to the United States, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist.<ref>E. P. Hennock, ''The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared'' (2007)</ref><ref>Hermann Beck, ''Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870'' (1995)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Streeck|first1=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s16hvDNAytQC|title=Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies|last2=Thelen|first2=Kathleen Ann|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928046-9|page=28|language=en}}</ref> Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers through his high-[[tariff]] policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the [[Economic liberalism|liberal]] intellectuals who wanted [[free trade]].<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3114686|title = Rulers of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business before 1914|journal = The Business History Review|volume = 53|issue = 1|pages = 40–64|last1 = Spencer|first1 = Elaine Glovka|year = 1979|doi = 10.2307/3114686| s2cid=154458964 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2114256|title = The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873-1879|journal = The Journal of Economic History|volume = 22|issue = 1|pages = 59–70|last1 = Lambi|first1 = Ivo N.|year = 1962|doi = 10.1017/S0022050700102347| s2cid=154067344 }}</ref>

During the 12 years of rule by [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Nazi Party]], the welfare state established by previous German governments was maintained, but it was restructured so as to help only [[Aryan race|Aryan]] individuals considered worthy of assistance, excluding "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals, the hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan."<ref name=Evans/> Nevertheless, even with these limitations, over 17 million German citizens received assistance under the auspices of the [[Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt]] (NSV) by 1939.<ref name=Evans/> The agency projected a powerful image of caring and support for those who were seen as full members of the German racial community, but it also inspired fear through its intrusive questioning and the threat of opening investigations on those who did not fulfill the criteria for support.<ref>[[Richard J. Evans]] (2005). ''The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939''. New York City, New York: The Penguin Press. p. 489-490.</ref>

=== India ===
{{main|Social security in India}}

The [[Directive Principles of India|Directive Principles of State Policy]], enshrined in Part IV of the [[Indian Constitution]] reflects that India is a welfare state. Food security to all Indians is guaranteed under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]] where the government provides food grains to people at a very subsidised rate.

Since 2001, India has developed a strong welfare state with continuous increase in government expenditure on the social sector over the years. The general government's expenditure on social security and welfare which includes health insurances and public hospitals, education, grants for housing, financial transfers to the poor, free bus or metro tickets, unemployment benefits and a variety of social pensions was approximately {{INRConvert|7164000|c}} in 2022, representing 8.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1793817|title=GOVERNMENT'S SPENDING ON SOCIAL SERVICES INCREASES SIGNIFICANTLY DURING THE PANDEMIC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/top-11-states-social-welfare-spends-to-hit-10-year-high-of-rs-4-lakh-crore-in-fy24-crisil/articleshow/102985245.cms?from=mdr|title=Top 11 states' social welfare spends to hit 10-year-high of Rs 4 lakh crore in FY24: Crisil|work=The Economic Times |date=23 August 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1894916|title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/04--Chapter--2-065001a4055e248.66143861.pdf | title=Chapter II - Social Sector | website=cag.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Singapore ===
In [[Singapore]], the government provides financial and social support through a variety of social assistance schemes for lower and middle-income Singaporeans. The [[Ministry of Social and Family Development]] runs ComCare, a program which provides income support for low-income citizen households through various schemes for short-to-medium term assistance, long-term assistance, child support, and urgent financial needs.<ref>{{cite web |title=ComCare |url=https://www.msf.gov.sg/ComCare/Pages/default.aspx |website=msf.gov.sg |publisher=Ministry of Social and Family Development |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015153032/https://www.msf.gov.sg/ComCare/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2018 }}</ref> The [[Community Development Council]]s also run various local assistance schemes within their districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Getting help |url=https://www.cdc.org.sg/about-cdc/getting-help |website=cdc.org.sg |publisher=People's Association |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015153005/https://www.cdc.org.sg/about-cdc/getting-help |archive-date=15 October 2018 }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)|Ministry of Manpower]] runs a Silver Support Scheme which provides additional financial support for low-income elderly with no family support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Silver Support Scheme |url=https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/silver-support-scheme |website=mom.gov.sg |publisher=Ministry of Manpower |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114508/https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/silver-support-scheme |archive-date=15 October 2018 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]] also runs MediFund to assist anyone on their behalf to pay off the rest of their medical bills after initial government subsidies, [[Healthcare in Singapore|other health financing schemes]] as well as funds from the [[Central Provident Fund]] has been used.<ref>{{cite web |title=MediFund |url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/medifund |website=moh.gov.sg |publisher=Ministry of Health |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524015928/https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/medifund |archive-date=24 May 2019 }}</ref>

In 2012, the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) was introduced. It is a medical card that provides extended subsidies exclusively for Singaporean citizens usually from lower-to-middle income households, as well as the older generations, where they could receive treatment for common illnesses, chronic health problems and specific dental issues at private clinics for free. The intentions behind the scheme were to encourage Singaporeans to use such a card and tap into the private healthcare sector for common or minor chronic illnesses, as well as dental care, to reduce the strain at public community hospitals. Originally, only a blue and orange card existed, depending on their household income.<ref name="CHAS"/> The CHAS scheme was further expanded in 2019 to include a new green card that provides for all Singaporeans no matter their household income. As a result, all Singaporeans became covered for chronic and common illnesses as well as dentistry at privately owned clinics. Subsidies for complex chronic conditions was also increased.<ref name="CHAS">{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Vanessa |title=New Chas green card benefits, and enhanced subsidies for other Chas cards and Merdeka Generation start on Nov 1|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-chas-green-card-benefits-and-enhanced-subsidies-for-other-chas-cards-and-merdeka |website=www.straitstimes.com |access-date=30 April 2022 |language=en |date=1 November 2019}}</ref>

In addition, the [[National Council of Social Service]] coordinates a range of 450 non-government [[voluntary welfare organisation]]s to provide social services, while raising funds through [[The Community Chest of Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Organisation |url=https://www.ncss.gov.sg/About-Us/Our-Organisation |website=ncss.gov.sg |publisher=National Council of Social Service |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015153040/https://www.ncss.gov.sg/About-Us/Our-Organisation |archive-date=15 October 2018 }}</ref> Taking the [[World Bank]]'s [[poverty threshold|International Poverty Line]] (IPL)'s [[poverty threshold]] into account, the population of Singaporeans living below the poverty line is virtually non-existent.<ref name="StatSG">{{cite web |title=Household Income – Latest Data |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/households/household-income/latest-data |website=singstat.gov.sg |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015153117/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/households/household-income/latest-data |archive-date=15 October 2018 }}</ref> Singapore also has one of the highest housing ownership rates in the world – over 90 percent – owing to the government's policy of constructing extensive and quality public housing throughout the country and providing extensive subsidies for its citizens to obtain them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majendie |first1=Adam |title=Why Singapore Has One of the Highest Home Ownership Rates |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-08/behind-the-design-of-singapore-s-low-cost-housing |website=Bloomberg.com |access-date=30 April 2022 |language=en |date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
In 1995, the government started the Samurdhi (Prosperity) program aimed at reducing poverty, having replaced the [[Janasaviya|Jana Saviya]] poverty alleviation programme that was in place at the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Irigoyen |first1=Claudia |title=The Samurdhi Programme in Sri Lanka |date=30 May 2017 |url= https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/samurdhi-programme-sri-lanka/ |publisher=Centre for Public Impact |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Main|Welfare state in the United Kingdom}}

About the British welfare state, historian Derek Fraser wrote:
{{blockquote | It germinated in the social thought of late Victorian liberalism, reached its infancy in the collectivism of the pre-and post-Great War [[statism]], matured in the universalism of the 1940s and flowered in full bloom in the consensus and affluence of the 1950s and 1960s. By the 1970s it was in decline, like the faded rose of autumn. Both UK and US governments are pursuing in the 1980s monetarist policies [[wikt:inimical#Adjective|inimical]] to welfare.<ref>{{cite book| first= Derek |last= Fraser | title= The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution | edition= 2nd | year= 1984| page= 233}}</ref>}}

The modern welfare state in the United Kingdom began operations with the [[Liberal welfare reforms|Liberal welfare reforms of 1906–1914]] under [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]].<ref>{{cite book| first = Francis G. | last = Castles|title= The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lLawRZJhlqAC&pg=PA67|year= 2010 |publisher= Oxford Handbooks Online|page= 67 |display-authors=etal|isbn= 978-0-19957939-6 | via= Google Books}}</ref> These included the passing of the [[Old Age Pensions Act 1908]], the introduction of [[free school meal]]s in 1909, the [[Labour Exchanges Act 1909]], the [[Development and Road Improvement Funds Act 1909]], which heralded greater [[government intervention]] in [[economic development]], and the [[National Insurance Act 1911]] setting up a [[national insurance contribution]] for unemployment and health benefits from work.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor = 1852870 |title = David Lloyd George: Land, the Budget, and Social Reform|journal = The American Historical Review|volume = 81|issue = 5|pages = 1058–1066|last1 = Gilbert |first1 = Bentley Brinkerhoff|year = 1976|doi = 10.2307/1852870}}</ref><ref>Derek Fraser 1973, ''The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution''.</ref>

The [[People's Budget]] was introduced by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], David Lloyd George, in 1909 to fund the welfare reforms. After much opposition, it was passed by the [[House of Lords]] on 29 April 1910.<ref name= "liberalhistory">{{cite web|url= http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=46&item=history |title= 1909 People's Budget|publisher= Liberal Democrat History Group|access-date=6 October 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060930235610/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=46&item=history |archive-date= 30 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mr. Lloyd George |last=Raymond |first= E. T. |author-link = E. T. Raymond |year= 1922 |publisher=George H. Doran co |page= [https://archive.org/details/mrlloydgeorge0000raym/page/136 136] |url= https://archive.org/details/mrlloydgeorge0000raym |quote= April 29.}}</ref>

The [[History of the minimum wage#United Kingdom|minimum wage was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1909]] for certain low-wage industries and expanded to numerous industries, including farm labour, by 1920. However, by the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasize the usefulness of [[family allowance]] targeted at low-income families as the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market.<ref>Jane Lewis, [https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/view/38926 "The English Movement for Family Allowances, 1917–1945"]. ''Histoire sociale/Social History'' 11.22 (1978) pp. 441–59.</ref><ref>John Macnicol, ''Movement for Family Allowances, 1918–45: A Study in Social Policy Development'' (1980).</ref> The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view. In 1945, family allowances were introduced; minimum wages faded from view. Talk resumed in the 1970s, but in the 1980s the Thatcher administration made it clear it would not accept a national minimum wage. Finally, with the return of Labour, the [[National Minimum Wage Act 1998]] set a minimum of £3.60 per hour, with lower rates for younger workers. It largely affected workers in high-turnover service industries such as fast-food restaurants, and members of ethnic minorities.<ref>Pat Thane2002, ''Cassell's Companion to Twentieth Century Britain'' pp. 267–68.</ref>

December 1942 saw the publication of the ''Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services'', commonly known as the [[Beveridge Report]] after its chairman, Sir [[William Beveridge]]. The Beveridge Report proposed a series of measures to aid those who were in need of help, or in poverty and recommended that the government find ways of tackling what the report called "the five giants": Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. It urged the government to take steps to provide citizens with adequate income, adequate health care, adequate education, adequate housing, and adequate employment, proposing that "all people of working age should pay a weekly [[National Insurance]] contribution. In return, benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed." The Beveridge Report assumed that the [[National Health Service]] would provide free health care to all citizens and that a Universal Child Benefit would give benefits to parents, encouraging people to have children by enabling them to feed and support a family.

The [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], and then the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] all adopted the Beveridge Report's recommendations.<ref>Beveridge, ''Power and Influence''</ref> Following the Labour election victory in the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]] many of Beveridge's reforms were implemented through a series of Acts of Parliament. On 5 July 1948, the [[National Insurance Act 1946|National Insurance Act]], [[National Assistance Act 1948|National Assistance Act]] and [[National Health Service Act 1946|National Health Service Act]] came into force, forming the key planks of the modern UK welfare state. In 1949, the [[Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949|Legal Aid and Advice Act]] was passed, providing the "fourth pillar"<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/analysis/comment-and-opinion/praise-legal-aid-dont-bury-it/5042498.fullarticle | title= Praise legal aid; don't bury it | first=Catherine | last=Baksi | date=1 August 2014 | work=The Law Society Gazette | access-date=10 June 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143639/https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/analysis/comment-and-opinion/praise-legal-aid-dont-bury-it/5042498.fullarticle | archive-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref> of the modern welfare state, access to advice for legal redress for all.

Before 1939, most health care had to be paid for through non-government organisations – through a vast network of friendly societies, trade unions, and other insurance companies, which counted the vast majority of the UK working population as members. These organizations provided insurance for sickness, unemployment, and disability, providing an income to people when they were unable to work. As part of the reforms,{{clarify|reason=Which reforms?|date=December 2023}} the [[Church of England]] also closed down its voluntary relief networks and passed the ownership of thousands of church schools, hospitals and other bodies to the state.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bagehot |title=God in austerity Britain |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2011/12/10/god-in-austerity-britain |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=19 December 2023 |date=10 December 2011}}</ref>

Welfare systems continued to develop over the following decades. By the end of the 20th century parts of the welfare system had been restructured, with some provision channelled through [[non-governmental organization]]s which became important providers of social services.<ref name="globall">Pawel Zaleski [https://www.scribd.com/document/77295298/2006-Global-Nongovernmental-Administrative-System ''Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector''], [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006</ref>

=== United States ===
{{Main|Social programs in the United States}}

{{See also|History of Social Security in the United States}}

The United States developed a limited welfare state in the 1930s.<ref name= "Walter I. Trattner 2007 15">{{cite book | first =Walter I. | last = Trattner|title=From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America | edition = 6th |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r0PZdo5fXfgC&pg=PR15|year=2007 |publisher= Free Press|page=15|isbn= 978-1-41659318-8}}</ref> The earliest and most comprehensive philosophical justification for the welfare state was produced by an American, the sociologist [[Lester Frank Ward]] (1841–1913), whom the historian [[Henry Steele Commager]] called "the father of the modern welfare state".

Ward saw social phenomena as amenable to human control. "It is only through the artificial control of natural phenomena that science is made to minister to human needs" he wrote, "and if social laws are really analogous to physical laws, there is no reason why social science should not receive practical application such as have been given to physical science."<ref>Quoted in Thomas F. Gosset 1997, ''Race: The History of an Idea in America'' Oxford University Press, [1963], p. 161.</ref> Ward wrote:
{{blockquote|The charge of paternalism is chiefly made by the class that enjoys the largest share of government protection. Those who denounce it are those who most frequently and successfully invoke it. Nothing is more obvious today than the single inability of capital and private enterprise to take care of themselves unaided by the state; and while they are incessantly denouncing "paternalism," by which they mean the claim of the defenceless laborer and artisan to a share in this lavish state protection, they are all the while besieging legislatures for relief from their own incompetency, and "pleading the baby act" through a trained body of lawyers and lobbyists. The dispensing of national pap to this class should rather be called "maternalism," to which a square, open, and dignified paternalism would be infinitely preferable.<ref>Lester Frank Ward 1950, ''Forum'' XX, 1895, quoted in Henry Steele Commager's ''The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s'' New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 210.</ref>}}

Ward's theories centred around his belief that a universal and [[Comprehensive school|comprehensive]] system of education was necessary if a democratic government was to function successfully. His writings profoundly influenced younger generations of [[progressivism|progressive]] thinkers such as [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Thomas Dewey]], and [[Frances Perkins]] (1880–1965), among others.<ref>Henry Steele Commager ed. 1967, ''Lester Ward and the Welfare State'' New York: Bobbs-Merrill.</ref>

The United States was the only industrialized country that went into the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s with no social insurance policies in place. In 1935 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] instituted significant social insurance policies. In 1938 Congress passed the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]], limiting the work week to 40 hours and banning child labor for children under 16, over stiff congressional opposition from the low-wage South.<ref name="Walter I. Trattner 2007 15"/>

The [[History of Social Security in the United States|Social Security law]] was very unpopular among many groups – especially farmers, who resented the additional taxes and feared they would never be worth it. They lobbied hard for exclusion. Furthermore, the Treasury realized how difficult it would be to set up payroll deduction plans for farmers, for housekeepers who employed maids, and for non-profit groups; therefore, they were excluded. State employees were excluded for constitutional reasons (the federal government in the United States cannot tax state governments). Federal employees were also excluded.

The [[Great Society]] was enacted by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] between 1964 and 1968, aimed at eliminating poverty, reducing racial injustice, and expanding social welfare in the country. The Great Society sought to build on the legacy of former President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal reforms of the 1930s, and planned to use the power of the federal government in order to address [[Income inequality in the United States|economic inequality]], improve education and healthcare, and promote [[Civil rights movement|civil rights]].

By 2013, the U.S. remained the only major industrial state without a uniform national sickness program. American [[Health care finance in the United States|spending on health care]] (as a percent of GDP) is the highest in the world, but it is a complex mix of federal, state, philanthropic, employer and individual funding. The US spent 16% of its GDP on health care in 2008, compared to 11% in France in second place.<ref>{{cite book| first = Soeren | last = Mattke|title= Health and Well-Being in the Home: A Global Analysis of Needs, Expectations, and Priorities for Home Health Care Technology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bmKInEI1PzQC&pg=PT33|year=2011 |publisher= Rand Corp |pages=33–|display-authors= etal|isbn= 978-0-83305279-7}}</ref>

Some scholars, such as Gerard Friedman, argue that [[Labor unions in the United States|labor-union]] weakness in the [[Southern United States]] undermined unionization and social reform throughout the United States as a whole, and is largely responsible for the anemic U.S. welfare state.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2566376|title = The Political Economy of Early Southern Unionism: Race, Politics, and Labor in the South, 1880–1953|journal = The Journal of Economic History|volume = 60|issue = 2|pages = 384–413|last1 = Friedman|first1 = Gerald|year = 2000|doi = 10.1017/S0022050700025146|s2cid = 154931829}}</ref> Sociologists [[Loïc Wacquant]] and John L. Campbell contend that since the rise of [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] ideology in the late 1970s and early 1980s, an expanding carceral state, or government system of [[Incarceration in the United States|mass incarceration]], has largely supplanted the increasingly retrenched social welfare state, which has been justified by its proponents with the argument that the citizenry must take on personal responsibility.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states: A rejoinder to Loïc Wacquant |author= John L. Campbell|journal=[[Theoretical Criminology]] |date= 2010 |volume=14 |issue=1|page=68 |doi=10.1177/1362480609352783|s2cid= 145694058}}</ref><ref>[[Loïc Wacquant]]. ''[https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/prisons-of-poverty Prisons of Poverty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062741/https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/prisons-of-poverty |date=29 November 2014 }}.'' [[University of Minnesota Press]] (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bja4pNc2Ra8C&pg=PA55 p. 55] {{ISBN|0816639019}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url= https://cedar.wwu.edu/jec/vol7/iss1/5/ |title = Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism|journal = Journal of Educational Controversy|volume = 7|issue = 1|date = January 2013|last1 = Mora|first1 = Richard |last2 = Christianakis|first2 = Mary}}</ref> Scholars assert that this transformation of the welfare state to a post-welfare punitive state, along with neoliberal structural adjustment policies and the globalization of the U.S. economy, have created more extreme forms of "destitute poverty" in the U.S. which must be contained and controlled by expanding the criminal justice system into every aspect of the lives of the poor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2015|isbn= 978-0-41-567344-0|editor-last=Haymes|editor-first=Stephen N.|location=London and New York|pages=3–4|editor-last2=de Haymes|editor-first2=María V.|editor-last3= Miller|editor-first3=Reuben J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref>

Other scholars such as Esping-Andersen argue that the welfare state in the United States has been characterized by private provision because such a state would better reflect the racial and sexual biases within the private sector. The disproportionate number of racial and sexual minorities in private sector jobs with weaker benefits, he argues, is evidence that the American welfare state is not necessarily intended to improve the economic situation of such groups.<ref name="Esping-Andersen"/>

Political scientist Julia Lynch posits that the United States differs from countries with similar welfare states with a focus on only helping the "deserving" and tax incentives over providing cash incentives to provide a baseline standard of living. This leads the system to primarily benefit the elderly, as they are more often considered deserving after a lifetime of work and tend to be better positioned to benefit from tax incentives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=Julia |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28209/chapter/213182680 |title=A Cross-National Perspective on the American Welfare State |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Béland |editor-first=Daniel |series=Oxford Handbooks Online |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.023 |editor-last2=Morgan |editor-first2=Kimberly J. |editor-last3=Howard |editor-first3=Christopher}}</ref>

==By region==
=== Latin America ===
Welfare states in [[Latin America]] have been considered as "welfare states in transition",<ref>Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1996). Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economy. London: Sage Publications.</ref> or "emerging welfare states".<ref>Huber, Evelyne, & John D. Stephens (2012). Democracy and the Left. Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</ref> Welfare states in Latin America have been described as "truncated": generous benefits for formal-sector workers, regressive subsidies and informal barriers for the poor to obtain benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Holland |first=Alisha C.|date=2018|title= Diminished Expectations: Redistributive Preferences in Truncated Welfare States |journal= World Politics|language=en|volume=70|issue=4|pages=555–594|doi=10.1017/S0043887118000096|issn=0043-8871|doi-access= free}}</ref> Mesa-Lago has classified the countries taking into account the historical experience of their welfare systems.<ref>Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (1994). ''Changing Social Security in Latin America''. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.</ref> The pioneers were Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, as they started to develop the first welfare programs in the 1920s following a bismarckian model. Other countries such as Costa Rica developed a more universal welfare system (1960s–1970s) with social security programs based on the Beveridge model.<ref>Carlos Barba Solano, Gerardo Ordoñez Barba, and Enrique Valencia Lomelí (eds.), Más Allá de la pobreza: regímenes de bienestar en Europa, Asia y América. Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte</ref> Researchers such as Martinez-Franzoni<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00013.x| title=Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Capturing Constellations of Markets, Families, and Policies| journal=Latin American Politics and Society| volume=50| issue=2| pages=67–100| year=2008| last1=Franzoni| first1=Juliana Martínez| s2cid=153771264| hdl=10669/77373| hdl-access=free}}</ref> and Barba-Solano<ref>Barba Solano, Carlos (2005). [https://www.academia.edu/18641797 Paradigmas y regímenes de bienestar]. Costa Rica: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales</ref> have examined and identified several welfare regime models based on the typology of Esping-Andersen. Other scholars such as Riesco<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1468-2397.2009.00643.x|title = Latin America: A new developmental welfare state model in the making?| journal=International Journal of Social Welfare| volume=18| pages=S22–S36|year = 2009|last1 = Riesco|first1 = Manuel}}</ref> and Cruz-Martinez<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s11205-013-0549-7|title = Welfare State Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (1970s–2000s): Multidimensional Welfare Index, its Methodology and Results| journal=Social Indicators Research| volume=119| issue=3 | pages=1295–1317|year = 2014|last1 = Cruz-Martínez|first1 = Gibrán|s2cid = 154720035|url = https://osf.io/download/5c54e0c3e16f550019871899/}}</ref> have examined the welfare state development in the region.

About welfare states in Latin America, Alex Segura-Ubiergo wrote:
{{blockquote|Latin American countries can be unequivocally divided into two groups depending on their 'welfare effort' levels. The first group, which for convenience we may call welfare states, includes Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Brazil. Within this group, average social spending per capita in the 1973–2000 period was around $532, while as a percentage of GDP and as a share of the budget, social spending reached 51.6 and 12.6 percent, respectively. In addition, between approximately 50 and 75 percent of the population is covered by the public health and pension social security system. In contrast, the second group of countries, which we call non-welfare states, has welfare-effort indices that range from 37 to 88. Within this second group, social spending per capita averaged $96.6, while social spending as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of the budget averaged 5.2 and 34.7 percent, respectively. In terms of the percentage of the population actually covered, the percentage of the active population covered under some social security scheme does not even reach 10 percent.<ref>Segura-Ubiergo, Alex (2007). ''The Political Economy of the Welfare State in Latin America: Globalization, Democracy and Development''. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–31</ref>}}

=== Middle East ===
{{Expand section|date=November 2022}}
[[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{cite journal| url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/nea/817.htm | title= Saudi Arabia| journal= Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2000| date= 23 February 2001| access-date= 23 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061026213956/http://www.saudinf.com/main/h814.htm Social Services]}}, Saudinf.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mofa.gov.sa/Detail.asp?InSectionID=1516&InNewsItemID=1746| title= The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – A Welfare State| website= mofa.gov.sa| publisher= Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Saudi Arabia| place= Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428001552/http://www.mofa.gov.sa/Detail.asp?InSectionID=1516&InNewsItemID=1746| archive-date= 28 April 2007| access-date= 23 July 2018}}</ref> [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1= Sulayman |last1= Khalaf | first2= Hassan |last2= Hammoud|s2cid= 153891759 | title= The Emergence of the Oil Welfare State| journal= [[Dialectical Anthropology]]| volume= 12| year= 1987| number= 3| pages= 343–357|doi= 10.1007/BF00252116 }}</ref> and the [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krane|first=Jim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC|title=City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism|date=15 September 2009|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4299-1899-2|page=10|language=en}}</ref> are examples of welfare states in the Middle East.

=== Nordic countries ===
{{Main|Nordic model}}

The Nordic welfare model refers to the [[social policy|welfare policies]] of the Nordic countries, which also tie into their labor market policies. The Nordic model of welfare is distinguished from other types of welfare states by its emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting [[gender equality]], [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]] and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistribution]] and liberal use of the expansionary fiscal policy.<ref name= "Esping-Andersen">{{harvnb|Esping-Andersen|1990|page =228}}</ref>

While there are differences among the Nordic countries, they all share a broad commitment to social cohesion, a universal nature of welfare provision in order to safeguard individualism by providing protection for vulnerable individuals and groups in society and maximizing public participation in social decision-making. It is characterized by flexibility and openness to innovation in the provision of welfare. The Nordic welfare systems are mainly funded through [[taxation]].<ref name="The Nordic Council">{{cite web |url= http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/areas-of-co-operation/the-nordic-welfare-model/about-the-nordic-welfare-model |title=About the Nordic welfare model |publisher =The Nordic Council |access-date=2 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084537/http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/areas-of-co-operation/the-nordic-welfare-model/about-the-nordic-welfare-model |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>

== Effects ==
{{See also|Welfare spending#Effects}}

=== Effects of welfare on poverty ===
{{Main|Welfare's effect on poverty}}

Empirical evidence suggests that taxes and transfers considerably reduce poverty in most Western countries whose welfare states constitute at least a fifth of GDP.<ref name="Kenworthy">{{Cite journal |jstor = 3005973|title = Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment|journal = Social Forces|volume = 77|issue = 3|pages = 1119–1139|last1 = Kenworthy|first1 = Lane|year = 1999|doi = 10.2307/3005973|url = http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/188.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810134045/http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/188.pdf|archive-date = 10 August 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Bradley et al.">{{Cite journal |jstor = 3088901|title = Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies|journal = American Sociological Review|volume = 68|issue = 1|pages = 22–51|last1 = Moller|first1 = Stephanie|last2 = Huber|first2 = Evelyne|last3 = Stephens|first3 = John D.|last4 = Bradley|first4 = David|last5 = Nielsen|first5 = François|year = 2003|doi = 10.2307/3088901}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2|Country
!colspan=2|Absolute poverty rate (1960–1991) (threshold set at 40% of U.S. median household income)<ref name="Kenworthy"/>
!colspan=2|Relative poverty rate (1970–1997)<ref name="Bradley et al."/>
|-
!Pre-welfare
!Post-welfare
!Pre-welfare
!Post-welfare
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}||23.7||5.8||14.8||4.8
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}||9.2||1.7||12.4||4.0
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}||22.1||7.3||18.5||11.5
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}||11.9||3.7||12.4||3.1
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}||26.4||5.9||17.4||4.8
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}||15.2||4.3||9.7||5.1
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}||12.5||3.8||10.9||9.1
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}||22.5||6.5||17.1||11.9
|-
|{{flag|France}}||36.1||9.8||21.8||6.1
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}||26.8||6.0||19.5||4.1
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}||23.3||11.9||16.2||9.2
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||16.8||8.7||16.4||8.2
|-
|{{flag|United States}}||21.0||11.7||17.2||15.1
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}||30.7||14.3||19.7||9.1
|-
|}

=== Effects of social expenditure on economic growth, public debt and education ===
{{See also|List of countries by social welfare spending}}

Researchers have found very little correlation between economic performance and social expenditure.<ref name="atkinson1995">{{cite book |last=Atkinson |first=A. B. |title=Incomes and the Welfare State |year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-55796-2 }}</ref> They also see little evidence that social expenditures contribute to losses in productivity; economist Peter Lindert of the [[University of California, Davis]] attributes this to policy innovations such as the implementation of "pro-growth" tax policies in real-world welfare states.<ref name="lindert2004">{{cite book |last=Lindert |first=Peter |title=Growing Public: Social Spending And Economic Growth Since The Eighteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/growingpublicsoc00lind_0 |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-82175-9 }}</ref> Social expenses have also not contributed significantly to public debt. Martin Eiermann wrote:
{{blockquote|According to the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], social expenditures in its 34 member countries rose steadily between 1980 and 2007, but the increase in costs was almost completely offset by GDP growth. More money was spent on welfare because more money circulated in the economy and because government revenues increased. In 1980, the OECD averaged social expenditures equal to 16 percent of GDP. In 2007, just before the financial crisis kicked into full gear, they had risen to 19 percent – a manageable increase.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eiermann|first=Martin|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/european-financial-crisis_b_2015125|title=The Myth of the Exploding Welfare State|date=29 October 2012|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>}}

A Norwegian study covering the period 1980 to 2003 found welfare state spending correlated negatively with student achievement.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Does a generous welfare state crowd out student achievement? Panel data evidence from international student tests | url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/twi/respas/0031.html| year=2008| last1=Falch| first1=Torberg| last2=Fischer| first2=Justina AV| journal=Twi Research Paper Series}}</ref> However, many of the top-ranking OECD countries on the 2009 [[Programme for International Student Assessment|PISA]] tests are considered welfare states.<ref>{{cite news| last= Shepherd| first= Jessica| date= 7 December 2010| url= https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/dec/07/world-education-rankings-maths-science-reading |title= World education rankings: which country does best at reading, maths and science?| work= The Guardian| access-date= 28 November 2013}}</ref>

== Criticism and response ==
{{main|Criticism of welfare}}

Early conservatives, under the influence of [[Thomas Malthus]] (1766–1834), opposed every form of social insurance "root and branch". Malthus believed that the poor needed to learn the hard way to practice frugality, self-control and chastity. Traditional conservatives also protested that the effect of social insurance would be to weaken private charity and loosen traditional social bonds of family, friends, religious and non-governmental welfare organisations.<ref>{{cite journal| url= https://mises.org/journals/jls/21_2/21_2_1.pdf |first= James Rolph |last= Edwards| title= The Costs of Public Income Redistribution and Private Charity| journal= Journal of Libertarian Studies| volume= 21| number= 2 | year= 2007| pages= 3–20| via= mises.org| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306025923/https://mises.org/journals/jls/21_2/21_2_1.pdf| archive-date= 6 March 2008| url-status= live}}</ref>

On the other hand, [[Karl Marx]] opposed piecemeal reforms advanced by middle-class reformers out of a sense of duty. In his ''Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League'', written after the failed revolution of 1848, he warned that measures designed to increase wages, improve working conditions and provide social insurance were merely bribes that would temporarily make the situation of working classes tolerable to weaken the revolutionary consciousness that was needed to achieve a socialist economy.{{efn|"However, the democratic petty bourgeois want better wages and security for the workers, and hope to achieve this by an extension of state employment and by welfare measures; in short, they hope to bribe the workers with a more or less disguised form of alms and to break their revolutionary strength by temporarily rendering their situation tolerable."<ref>{{cite book| url= http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/communist-league/1850-ad1.htm |first= Karl |last= Marx| title= Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League| year= 1850| access-date= 5 January 2013 | via= Marxists.org}}</ref>}} Nevertheless, Marx also proclaimed that the Communists had to support the bourgeoisie wherever it acted as a revolutionary progressive class because "bourgeois liberties had first to be conquered and then criticised".<ref>{{cite journal| url= http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1897/04/marx-reform.htm | first= Eduard |last= Bernstein| title= Karl Marx and Social Reform| journal= Progressive Review| number= 7| date= April 1897}}</ref>

In the 20th century, opponents of the welfare state have expressed apprehension about the creation of a large, possibly self-interested, bureaucracy required to administer it and the tax burden on the wealthier citizens that this entailed.<ref>{{cite book| first= Alan |last= Ryan| title= The Making of Modern Liberalism| publisher= Princeton and Oxford University Presses| year= 2012| pages= 26 and passim |isbn=9780691148403}}</ref>

[[Conservatism in the United States|Conservative]] and [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] groups such as [[The Heritage Foundation]]<ref name="Confronting the Unsustainable Growth of Welfare Entitlements">{{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100626104921/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2010/06/Confronting-the-Unsustainable-Growth-of-Welfare-Entitlements-Principles-of-Reform-and-the-Next-Steps Confronting the Unsustainable Growth of Welfare Entitlements: Principles of Reform and the Next Steps]}}", The Heritage Foundation</ref> and the [[Cato Institute]]<ref name="Welfare and the Culture of Poverty">{{cite journal | last1 = Niskanen | first1 = A | year = | title = Welfare and the Culture of Poverty | url = http://www.cato.org/cato-journal/springsummer-1996/welfare-culture-poverty | journal = The Cato Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 1 }}</ref> argue that welfare creates dependence, a disincentive to work and reduces the opportunity of individuals to manage their own lives.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Welfare State |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |last=Tanner |first=Michael |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=540–42 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n327 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |quote= |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This dependence is called a "[[culture of poverty]]", which is said to undermine people from finding meaningful work.<ref name="Welfare and the Culture of Poverty" /> Many of these groups also point to the large budget used to maintain these programs and assert that it is wasteful.<ref name="Confronting the Unsustainable Growth of Welfare Entitlements" />

In the book ''Losing Ground'', [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]] argues that welfare not only increases poverty, but also increases other problems such as [[single-parent household]]s, and crime.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Charles |url= |title=Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980 |publisher=Basic Books |year=1984 |pages=58, 125, 115 |author-link=Charles Murray (political scientist)}}</ref>

In 2012, political historian [[Alan Ryan]] pointed out that the modern welfare state stops short of being an "advance in the direction of socialism. [...] [I]ts egalitarian elements are more minimal than either its defenders or its critics think". It does not entail advocacy for [[social ownership]] of industry. Ryan further wrote:
{{blockquote|The modern welfare state, does not set out to make the poor richer and the rich poorer, which is a central element in socialism, but to help people to provide for themselves in sickness while they enjoy good health, to put money aside to cover unemployment while they are in work, and to have adults provide for the education of their own and other people's children, expecting those children's future taxes to pay in due course for the pensions of their parents' generation. These are devices for shifting income across different stages in life, not for shifting income across classes. Another distinct difference is that social insurance does not aim to transform work and working relations; employers and employees pay taxes at a level they would not have done in the nineteenth century, but owners are not expropriated, profits are not illegitimate, cooperativism does not replace hierarchical management.<ref>{{cite book| first= Alan |last= Ryan| title= On Politics, Book Two: A History of Political Thought From Hobbes to the Present | publisher= Liveright| year= 2012| pages= 904–905 |isbn=9798212086219}}</ref>}}

In 2017, historian [[Walter Scheidel]] argued that the establishment of welfare states in the West in the early 20th century could be partly a reaction by elites to the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] and its violence against the bourgeoisie, which feared violent revolution in its own backyard. They were diminished decades later as the perceived threat receded. Scheidel spoke to ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]''<nowiki/>'s Matt Taylor in an interview:
{{blockquote|It's a little tricky because the US never really had any strong leftist movement. But if you look at Europe, after 1917 people were really scared about communism in all the Western European countries. ''You have all these poor people, they might rise up and kill us and take our stuff.'' That wasn't just a fantasy because it was happening next door. And that, we can show, did trigger steps in the direction of having more welfare programs and a rudimentary safety net in response to fear of communism. Not that they [the communists] would invade, but that there would be homegrown movements of this sort. American populism is a little different because it's more detached from that. But it happens roughly at the same time, and people in America are worried about communism, too{{snd}}not necessarily very reasonably. But that was always in the background. And people have only begun to study systematically to what extent the threat, real or imagined, of this type of radical regime really influenced policy changes in Western democracies. You don't necessarily even have to go out and kill rich people{{snd}}if there was some plausible alternative out there, it would arguably have an impact on policy making at home. That's certainly there in the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s. And there's a debate, right, because it becomes clear that the Soviet Union is really not in very good shape, and people don't really like to be there, and all these movements lost their appeal. That's a contributing factor, arguably, that the end of the [[Cold War]] coincides roughly with the time when inequality really starts going up again, because elites are much more relaxed about the possibility of credible alternatives or threats being out there.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first= Matt|date=22 February 2017 |title=One Recipe for a More Equal World: Mass Death|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/one-recipe-for-a-more-equal-world-mass-death/|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref>}}

=== The welfare queen ===
{{Main|Welfare queen}}

Some argue that the public opinion on welfare in the US is in part a product of racist and classist political and ideological campaigns.<ref name="Foster-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Carly Hayden |date=2008 |title=The Welfare Queen: Race, Gender, Class, and Public Opinion |journal=Race, Gender & Class |volume=15 |issue=3/4 |pages=162–179 |jstor=41674659 |issn=1082-8354}}</ref> The popular concept of the [[welfare queen]], a person taking advantage of the welfare system, came to be as a result of such effort.

The first version of the welfare queen was a lazy and selfish woman, living off of state benefits and having many children to obtain as much financial support as possible. In another case, it was a man buying T-bone steaks with [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]], while the rest of the country struggled to put food on the table. While never stated directly, it was presumed by the public that both characters were, of course, black people, who were lazily exploiting the system and lived lavishly, while the regular hard-working middle-class American, imagined by the public to be white, had to foot the bill.<ref name="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education-2007">{{Cite journal |date=2007 |title=Looking Back: Ronald Reagan, a Master of Racial Polarization |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |issue=58 |pages=33–36 |jstor=25073820 |issn=1077-3711}}</ref>

In "The Welfare Queen: Race, Gender, Class, and Public Opinion", Carly Hayden Foster analyzes Martin Gilens' writing in "Why Americans Hate Welfare" and argues that race interacts with [[gender]] and [[Social class in the United States|class]]. These aspects together are then key determinants in whether or not there is public support for welfare. According to her analysis, survey respondents are more likely to support welfare spending if the mother reliant on welfare is described as white, while a black welfare mother fares significantly less support.<ref name="Foster-2008" /> It is argued that this is in part because of the idea that the black mother would then have an incentive to have more black babies, but is in general interrelated with the perceived reproductive behavior of the mother,<ref name="Foster-2008" /> which in this case is affected by the enduring [[Stereotypes of African Americans|Jezebel stereotype]] that presents black women as inherently sexually promiscuous.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jezebel Stereotype – Anti-black Imagery – Jim Crow Museum |url=https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/jezebel/index.htm |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu}}</ref> Similarly, public support of welfare is unlikely in the case of poor single mothers.

===Welfare fraud===
{{Main|Welfare fraud}}
The widespread assumption that some or many welfare recipients are fraudulent apparently guides public opinion. In "The Crime of Survival" Jullily Kohler-Hausmann defends the position that anti-fraud campaigns as it relates to welfare worsen public perception of welfare recipients and frame them as criminals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohler-Hausmann |first=Julilly |date=2007 |title="The Crime of Survival": Fraud Prosecutions, Community Surveillance, and the Original "Welfare Queen" |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=329–354 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2008.0002 |jstor=25096482 |issn=0022-4529}}</ref> He goes on to cite Martin Gilens who in "Why Americans Hate Welfare" argues:
{{blockquote|[A] large majority of Americans agree that government should provide monetary support to those who are unable to support themselves. But the perception of welfare abuse is widespread. Indeed, as the survey evidence … suggests, it would be hard to exaggerate the level of cynicism toward welfare recipients held by the American public. This perception of welfare recipients' dishonesty and freeloading is at the core of Americans' conviction that welfare spending should be cut.<ref name="Foster-2008" /><ref name="Gilens-1999">{{Cite book |last=Gilens |first=Martin |title=Why Americans hate welfare: race, media and the politics of antipoverty policy |date=1999 |publisher=University Press of Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-29364-6 |series=Studies in communication, media, and public opinion |location=Chicago (Ill.)}}</ref>}}

This sentiment was perpetrated by the Reagan administration and he himself addressed the supposed fraud in public programs in his first inaugural address. During his presidency, welfare spending tighetened and the anti-fraud rhetoric was used to justify big cuts to welfare programs.<ref name="Covert-2019">{{Cite magazine |last=Covert |first=Bryce |date=2 July 2019 |title=The Myth of the Welfare Queen |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/154404/myth-welfare-queen |access-date=29 March 2024 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}}</ref> Regarding this period, Martin Gilens cites Julius Wilson, who writes:
{{blockquote|As the economic situation worsened, Ronald Reagan was able to convince many working- and middle-class Americans that the decline in their living standards was attributable to expensive programs for the poor…}}

Martin Gilens argues that economic circumstance is a deciding factor in the public opinion on welfare. He says that during the period of growing economy, people are willing to share their profits with the less fortunate, but this generosity disappears in times of economic turmoil, as people are primarily preoccupied with their own well-being and are less willing to provide for the poor because their own situation takes precedence.<ref name="Gilens-1999" />

He cites Michael Katz, who claims that the [[1973–1975 recession|stagflation]] following the [[1973 oil crisis|1973 energy crisis]] caused the public opinion to shift toward a negative attitude toward the expansion of the social welfare state, as people who worried for their financial future were in search of a scape-goat for their economic losses, in this case welfare recipients.<ref name="Gilens-1999" />

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Constitutional economics]]
* [[Corporate welfare]]
* [[Economic security]]
* [[Flexicurity]]
* [[Free rider problem]]
* [[Happiness economics]]
* [[Hidden welfare state]]
* [[Involuntary unemployment]]
* [[Guaranteed minimum income]]
* [[Nanny state]]
* [[Social policy]]
* [[Social protection]]
* [[Social stratification]]
* [[State Socialism (Germany)]]
* [[Welfare capitalism]]
* [[Welfare economics]]
* [[Welfare reform]]
* [[Welfare state in the United Kingdom]]

; Models
* [[European social model]]
* [[Nordic model]]
* [[Social programs in the United States]]
* [[Third Way]]

; Transfer of wealth
* [[Cloward–Piven strategy]]
* [[Transfer payment]]

; Housing
* [[Council house]]
* [[Housing estate]]
* [[Public housing]]
* [[Subsidized housing]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal| doi=10.1177/0952872002012002114| title=Three worlds of welfare capitalism or more? A state-of-the-art report| journal=Journal of European Social Policy| volume=12| issue=2| pages=137–158| year=2002| last1=Arts| first1=Wil| last2=Gelissen| first2=John| s2cid=154811175| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258136528}}
* {{cite book| last =Bartholomew| first =James| title =The Welfare of Nations| publisher =Biteback| date =2015| page =448| url =https://www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/the-welfare-of-nations| isbn =978-1-84954-830-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Castles, Francis G.|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLawRZJhlqAC&pg=PA67|year=2010|publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online|page=67|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-0-19-957939-6}}
* [[Gøsta Esping-Andersen|Esping-Andersen, Gøsta]]; Politics against markets, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1985).
* {{cite book| title= The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism| publisher = Princeton University Press| date = 1990| isbn = 978-0-06-902857-3 | title-link = The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism|first=Gøsta |last=Esping-Andersen|location=Princeton NJ}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ferre | first1 = Juan Cruz | year = 2023 | title = Welfare regimes in twenty-first-century Latin America | url = | journal = Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 101–127 | doi = 10.1017/ics.2023.16 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Huddie | first1 = Paul | last2 = Carney | first2 = Amy | year = 2023 | title = Military welfare history: what is it and why should it be considered?. | url = | journal = War & Society | volume = 42 | issue = 4| pages = 305–316 | doi = 10.1080/07292473.2023.2245252 }} on welfare for soldiers and their families; also impact of warfare on welfare state
* [[Lane Kenworthy|Kenworthy, Lane]]. ''[http://global.oup.com/academic/product/social-democratic-america-9780199322510?cc=us&lang=en&# Social Democratic America].'' [[Oxford University Press]] (2014). {{ISBN|0199322511}}
* Korpi, Walter; "The Democratic Class Struggle"; London: Routledge (1983).
* Koehler, Gabriele and Deepta Chopra; "Development and Welfare Policy in South Asia"; London: Routledge (2014).
* {{cite journal | doi=10.1080/01402380008425373 |title = The Scandinavian welfare state in the 1990s: Challenged but viable|journal = West European Politics|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 209–228|year = 2000|last1 = Kuhnle|first1 = Stein|s2cid = 153443503}}
* Kuhnle, Stein. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4yEAp_BdfGkC Survival of the European Welfare State]'' 2000 Routledge {{ISBN|041521291X}}
* {{cite journal| doi=10.1111/j.1468-246X.2007.00281.x| title=The decommodified security ratio: A tool for assessing European social protection systems| journal=International Social Security Review| volume=60| issue=4| pages=69–103| year=2007| last1=Menahem| first1=Georges| s2cid=64361693| url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00198398/file/ISSR-2007-4-TheDSRatoolforassessing.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720193922/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00198398/file/ISSR-2007-4-TheDSRatoolforassessing.pdf| archive-date=20 July 2018| url-status=live}}
* Obinger, Herbert, Klaus Petersen, and Peter Starke, eds. ''Warfare and welfare: Military conflict and welfare state development in western countries'' (Oxford University Press, 2018) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pWhiDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=%22military+welfare&ots=HpV1SJJtHh&sig=6xkZrA9o1cZM08hg1bOJVCW6q7Q online].
* Pierson, P. (1994). ''Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite journal|jstor = 25053959|title = The New Politics of the Welfare State|journal = World Politics|volume = 48|issue = 2|pages = 143–179|last1 = Pierson|first1 = Paul|s2cid = 55860810|year = 1996|doi = 10.1353/wp.1996.0004|url = http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~iversen/PDFfiles/Pierson1996.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170414160715/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~iversen/PDFfiles/Pierson1996.pdf|archive-date = 14 April 2017}}
* [[Bo Rothstein|Rothstein, Bo]]. ''Just institutions matter: the moral and political logic of the universal welfare state'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
* [[Benjamin Radcliff|Radcliff, Benjamin]] (2013) ''The Political Economy of Human Happiness'' (New York: Cambridge University Press).
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/renewal/22-3-4/clement-attlee-and-foundations-british-welfare-state|title=Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state|date=2014|first1=Rachel|last1=Reeves|first2=Martin|last2=McIvor|journal=Renewal|volume=22|issue=3–4|pages=42–59|access-date=30 January 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806100153/https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/renewal/22-3-4/clement-attlee-and-foundations-british-welfare-state}}
* Van Kersbergen, K. ''Social Capitalism'' (London: Routledge, 1995).
* {{cite journal| doi=10.1177/0020715212469512| title=Regimes and cultures of social security: Comparing institutional models through nonlinear PCA| journal=International Journal of Comparative Sociology| volume=53| issue=5–6| pages=444–477| year=2012| last1=Vrooman| first1=J Cok| s2cid=154903810| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236972021}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}

=== Data and statistics ===
* OECD
** [http://www.oecd.org/department/0,2688,en_2649_33929_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Health Policy and Data: Health Division]
** [http://www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure OECD – Social Expenditure database (SOCX)]
** [http://www.oecd.org/els/socialpoliciesanddata/benefitsandwagescountryspecificinformation.htm Figures on wages and benefit systems in various OECD member states]
* [https://archive.today/20130620195520/http://aei.pitt.edu/view/euar/Development_of_the_Social_Situation.html Contains information on social security developments in various EC member states from 1957 to 1978]
* [https://archive.today/20130620195548/http://aei.pitt.edu/view/euar/Social_Developments.html Contains information on social security developments in various EC member states from 1979 to 1989]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101718/http://aei.pitt.edu/31986/1/COM_(93)_531_final.pdf Contains information on social assistance programmes in various EC member states in 1993]
* [http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sofia/08711.pdf Contains detailed information on the welfare systems in the former Yugoslav republics]
* [http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/2194-benefits-taxation-poverty.pdf The impact of benefit and tax uprating on incomes and poverty (UK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514220327/http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/2194-benefits-taxation-poverty.pdf |date=14 May 2013 }}

{{library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|others=no|about=yes|label=Welfare state}}
{{authority control}}
{{social democracy}}{{Christian Democracy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Welfare State}}
[[Category:Welfare state| ]]
[[Category:Comparative politics]]
[[Category:Government aid programs]]
[[Category:Social democracy]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism]]
[[Category:Christian democracy]]

Nepal national cricket team

2026-03-28T19:30:29Z

IQOCharli56: added info

{{Short description|National men's cricket team of Nepal}}
{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Nepal women's national cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Nepal
| logo_image = Cricket Association of Nepal logo.svg
| image_size = 250px
| nickname = Rhinos, Cardiac Kids, Men in Red and Blues
| association = [[Cricket Association of Nepal]]
| captain = [[Rohit Paudel]]
| coach = [[Stuart Law]]
| icc_status = Associate member with ODI status
| icc_member_year = 1988
| icc_region = [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| odi_rank = 17th
| odi_rank_best = 14th (2 May 2019) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi |title=Men's ODI Team Rankings |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324175838/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi |url-status=live }}</ref>
| t20i_rank = 18th
| t20i_rank_best = 11th (2 May 2019) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/t20i |title=Men's T20I Team Rankings |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106154218/http://www.icc-cricket.com/team-rankings/t20i |url-status=live }}</ref>

| first_odi = v {{cr|NED}} at [[VRA Cricket Ground]], [[Amstelveen]]; 1 August 2018
| most_recent_odi = v {{cr|UAE}} at [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]; 5 November 2025
| num_odis = 81
| num_odis_this_year = 0
| odi_record = 38/40 (1 tie, 2 no results)
| odi_record_this_year = 0/0 (0 ties, 0 no results)

| wc_apps =
| wc_first =
| wc_best =

| wcq_apps = 4
| wcq_first = [[2001 ICC Trophy|2001]]
| wcq_best = 8th ([[2018 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]])

| first_t20i = v {{cr|HK}} at [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]; 16 March 2014
| most_recent_t20i = v {{cr|SCO}} at [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]; 17 February 2026
| num_t20is = 116
| num_t20is_this_year = 4
| t20i_record = 66/44 (3 ties, 3 no results)
| t20i_record_this_year = 1/3 (0 ties, 0 no results)

| wt20_apps = 3
| wt20_first = [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
| wt20_best = Group stage (2014, [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]], [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]])
| wt20q_apps = 6{{efn|T20 World Cup Qualifier refers to the Regional Final of the ICC Asia region from the 2023 edition.}}
| wt20q_first = [[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012]]
| wt20q_best = '''Champions''' ([[2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|2025]])
| website = {{URL|https://cricketnepal.org.np}}
| a_pattern_la =
| a_pattern_b = _nep_cr2526
| a_pattern_ra =
| a_pattern_pants =
| a_leftarm = 130842
| a_body = 130842
| a_rightarm = 130842
| a_pants = 130842

| t_pattern_la =
| t_pattern_b = _nep_t20wc26
| t_pattern_ra =
| t_pattern_pants =
| t_leftarm = 130842
| t_body = 130842
| t_rightarm = 130842
| t_pants = 130842

| asofdate = 17 February 2026
}}

{| class="infobox" style="width: 20em; font-size: 95%em;"
|- style="color:#FFFFFF; background:#1350C1; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5” style="text-align: center"|Nepal national cricket teams
|- style="text-align: center"
|[[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|40px]] '''[[Nepal women's national cricket team|Women's]]'''
|[[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|40px]] '''Men's'''
|[[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|40px]] '''[[Nepal A cricket team|Men's A]]'''
|[[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|40px]] '''[[Nepal women's national under-19 cricket team|Women's U19]]'''
|[[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|40px]] '''[[Nepal national under-19 cricket team|Men's U19]]'''
|}

The '''Nepal men's national cricket team''' ({{langx|ne|नेपाल पुरुष राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट टोली}}) represents [[Nepal]] in men's [[International cricket]] and is governed by the [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] (CAN). They do not have test status. They have been an [[List of International Cricket Council members|Associate Member]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) since 1996.<ref name="Nepal's Profile at CricketArchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/93.html |title=Nepal's Profile at CricketArchive |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070102/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/93.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal were awarded [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) status by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] in June 2014 until the [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] and earned [[One Day International]] (ODI) status in 2018.

Nepal has played 81 ODI matches, winning 38, losing 40, [[List of tied One Day Internationals|tying]] 1 and with 2 ending in a [[no-result]]. As of 7 February 2026, Nepal is ranked 17th in the [[ICC ODI Championship]] on 27 rating points. Nepal has not qualified for any edition of the [[Cricket World Cup]], however they have appeared in [[ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|World Cup Qualifier]] 3 times.

The team has also played 116 Twenty20 International matches, winning 66, losing 44, [[List of tied Twenty20 Internationals|tying]] 3 and with 3 ending in a [[no-result]]. As of 7 February 2026, Nepal is ranked 16th in the [[ICC T20I Championship]] on 176 rating points. Nepal has appeared in the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] three times in [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]], [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] and [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]. They have also appeared in the [[Asia Cup]] in [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]] and [[Cricket at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] in [[Cricket at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]], [[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]] and [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]].

== History ==

=== Beginnings ===
According to the 1877 book, History of Nepal edited by Daniel Wright: {{Blockquote
|text=''"Attempts have been made at various times by their tutors to get the young men to play cricket and other games, but such amusements are thought degrading"''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=Daniel |title=History of Nepal |date=1877 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278840/page/n105 74] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278840}}</ref>}}
Over time, cricket came to be considered a gentleman's sport, and involvement was limited mainly to the ruling [[Rana dynasty|Rana family]] and other members of the Nepali elite.

In 1946, the [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] was formed to promote cricket amongst the aristocracy. After the introduction of democracy through the [[1951 Nepalese revolution|Revolution of 1951]], cricket began to spread to the rest of the population. In 1961, in an effort to promote cricket to the whole of Nepal, the Cricket Association of Nepal became part of the [[National Sports Council (Nepal)|National Sports Council]]. Nevertheless, the National games tended to be limited to [[Kathmandu Valley]] until the 1980s.<ref name="EWC">Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan, Sports Books Publishing, 2007</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan">{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Roy |title=The Encyclopedia of World Cricket |publisher=SportsBooks Ltd |date=2007}}</ref>

=== ICC membership ===

Improvements to communications and transport infrastructure in Nepal allowed the game to expand outside Kathmandu in the 1980s<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan" /> and Nepal became an Affiliate Member of the International Cricket Council in 1988.<ref name="Nepal's Profile at CricketArchive" /> A major development program was begun in the early 1990s, which saw regional and district tournaments being established and the increased promotion of cricket in schools.<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan" />

The local population's interest in cricket increased quickly, and the demand to play was such that restrictions had to be placed on the number of teams in several tournaments until more facilities could be built in the mid-1990s.<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan" /> Nepal became an Associate Member of the [[International Cricket Council]] on February 2, 1996,<ref name="Nepal's Profile at CricketArchive" /> which was the year the national team played for the first time in the [[1996 ACC Trophy]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

By 1998, the facilities in Nepal had improved sufficiently to allow them to host that year's ACC Trophy at grounds in [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur]] and [[Kirtipur]] (at [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground|TU Cricket Ground]]) and [[Kathmandu]].<ref name="Pepsi ACC Trophy 1998">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/NEP/1998-99_NEP_Pepsi_Asian_Cricket_Council_Trophy_1998-99.html |title=Pepsi ACC Trophy 1998 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134952/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/NEP/1998-99_NEP_Pepsi_Asian_Cricket_Council_Trophy_1998-99.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Currently, the country has one of the best fan followings among ICC Associate Members. It lost for three years its governing body, the [[Cricket Association of Nepal]] (CAN) which was suspended by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) due to unnecessary government interference in 2016, but it was reinstated in October 2019.<ref name="CAN Suspension">{{cite web |url=http://www.letzcricket.com/reading/articles/nepali-cricket-the-untold-story |title=Nepali Cricket: The Untold Story |work=Letzcricket |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719101406/http://www.letzcricket.com/reading/articles/nepali-cricket-the-untold-story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-re-admitted-as-icc-member|title=Nepal re-admitted as ICC member|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=13 November 2019|date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===

==== 2000 – 2009 ====

In 2000, Nepal's youth development policy began to pay off when the [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team]] finished eighth in the [[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|Under-19 World Cup]]. The senior team had their best performance to date later in the year when they reached the semi-finals of the [[2000 ACC Trophy]] before losing to [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] at [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]].<ref name="Scorecard of Hong Kong v Nepal, ACC Trophy 2000">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/101/101503.html |title=Scorecard of Hong Kong v Nepal, ACC Trophy 2000 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033339/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/101/101503.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They competed in the [[Cricket World Cup Qualifier|ICC Trophy]] for the first time the following year. In the tournament in [[Ontario]], they beat [[Germany national cricket team|Germany]] and [[Gibraltar national cricket team|Gibraltar]], but a loss to eventual runners-up [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] prevented them from progressing past the first round.<ref name="ICC Trophy 2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/series/61178.html |title=ICC Trophy 2001 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324181834/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/series/61178.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal were runners-up to the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] in the [[2002 ACC Trophy]] in [[Singapore]]<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v United Arab Emirates, ACC Trophy 2002">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/101/101528.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v United Arab Emirates, ACC Trophy 2002 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073151/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/101/101528.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and they hosted the ACC Emerging Nations Tournament in 2003, winning easily against [[Bhutan national cricket team|Bhutan]] and the [[Maldives national cricket team|Maldives]]. They won so comprehensively that they were not invited back to the tournament the next time it was played in 2005.<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Cricket by Roy Morgan" /> [[Raju Khadka]] became the first Nepalese cricketer to score an international [[Century (cricket)|century]], when he slammed an unbeaten 105 off just 50 balls against [[Bhutan national cricket team|Bhutan]] in the tournament.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Bhutan, ACC Emerging Nations Tournament 2003">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/169/169659.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Bhutan, ACC Emerging Nations Tournament 2003 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531164748/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/169/169659.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played [[first-class cricket]] for the first time in 2004, playing in the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] against the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] and [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]]. They beat [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]],<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Malaysia, ICC Intercontinental Cup 2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/134702.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Malaysia, ICC Intercontinental Cup 2004 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301194340/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/134702.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but drew with the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]],<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v United Arab Emirates, ICC Intercontinental Cup 2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/305720.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v United Arab Emirates, ICC Intercontinental Cup 2004 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316101808/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/305720.html |url-status=live }}</ref> failing to reach the semi-final stage. Nepal finished third in the [[ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament|2004 ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament]], which qualified them for the [[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup]],<ref name="ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament 2004">{{cite web |url=http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/fast-track-countries-tournament-2004-2005/571 |title=ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament 2004 |publisher=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108171935/http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/fast-track-countries-tournament-2004-2005/571 |url-status=live }}</ref> and finished 5th in the [[2004 ACC Trophy]], which qualified them for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup qualification#World Cup Qualifying Series Division 2 2005|repêchage tournament]] of the [[2005 ICC Trophy]]. They finished third in this tournament after beating [[Qatar national cricket team|Qatar]]<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Qatar, ICC World Cup Qualifying Series 2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/102/102372.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Qatar, ICC World Cup Qualifying Series 2005 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194107/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/102/102372.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in a play-off, meaning that they did not qualify for the [[2005 ICC Trophy]]. [[Shakti Gauchan]] scored a century against [[Italy national cricket team|Italy]] and stayed unbeaten on 106 off 103 balls in the tournament.<ref name="Scorecard of Italy v Nepal, ICC World Cup Qualifying Series 2005">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/102/102363.html |title=Scorecard of Italy v Nepal, ICC World Cup Qualifying Series 2005 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 May 2005 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226234209/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/102/102363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They beat the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] and drew with [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] in the [[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup]], but missed out on qualification for the semi-finals by half a point. They were runners-up to the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] in the [[ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament|2005 ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament]].<ref name="ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament 2005 Points Table">{{cite web |url=http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/fast-track-countries-tournament-2005-2006/667 |title=ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament 2005 Points Table |publisher=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=7 May 2005 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916215537/http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/fast-track-countries-tournament-2005-2006/667 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2006, Nepal played [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] in [[Windhoek]] in a play-off match to decide the final team in the [[2006 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]. Nepal needed to win outright to qualify for the main tournament, but the match was drawn after there was no play on the first day.<ref name="Scorecard of Namibia v Nepal, ICC Intercontinental Cup 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/86/86449.html |title=Scorecard of Namibia v Nepal, ICC Intercontinental Cup 2006 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=26 March 2006 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181919/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/86/86449.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in the year, they toured [[Pakistan]], playing against the Pakistan Cricket Academy<ref name="Nepal in Pakistan 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/PAK/2006-07_PAK_Nepal_in_Pakistan_2006-07.html |title=Nepal in Pakistan 2006 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 August 2006 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135054/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/PAK/2006-07_PAK_Nepal_in_Pakistan_2006-07.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> before playing in the [[2006 ACC Trophy]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].

In the [[2006 ACC Trophy]], Nepal bowled [[Myanmar national cricket team|Myanmar]] out for just 10 runs off 12.1 overs after winning the toss and sending Myanmar in; no batsman scored more than one, the innings included five ducks, with a top score of five extras (three leg byes and two wides). [[Mehboob Alam (cricketer)|Mehboob Alam]] and [[Binod Das]] picked up seven and three wickets, respectively.<ref name="Scorecard of Myanmar v Nepal, ACC Trophy 2006">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/101/101588.html |title=Scorecard of Myanmar v Nepal, ACC Trophy 2006 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=20 August 2006 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731074058/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/101/101588.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In reply, Nepal hit three off the first ball, followed by three wides that went for five, and then hit another three from the second legitimate delivery to win by ten wickets. Some critics called it the greatest mismatch in the history of international cricket<ref name="The greatest mismatch in international history?">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000030/003035.shtml |title=The greatest mismatch in international history? |publisher=Cricket Europe |access-date=20 August 2006 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312024714/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000030/003035.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the score of 10 is the lowest in any level of men's international cricket. They finished fourth in the tournament after losing to [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in a play-off.<ref name="Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ACC Trophy 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/101/101598.html |title=Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ACC Trophy 2006 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001220/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/101/101598.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They won the [[ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament|ACC Premier League]] in 2006.<ref name="ACC Premier League 2006 Points Table">{{cite web |url=http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-premier-league-2006/735 |title=ACC Premier League 2006 Points Table |publisher=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=6 March 2007 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914202341/http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-premier-league-2006/735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

They played in the [[2007 ACC Twenty20 Cup]] in [[Kuwait]], where they finished fourth in their first round group.<ref name="ACC Twenty20 Cup 2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/series/317971.html |title=ACC Twenty20 Cup 2007 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 October 2007 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810234347/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/series/317971.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2008, Nepal traveled to [[Jersey]] to play in [[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five]] of the [[World Cricket League]]. [[Mehboob Alam (cricketer)|Mehboob Alam]] set the world record by taking all ten wickets in the match against [[Mozambique national cricket team|Mozambique]]. He got his name in the [[Guinness World Records]] for this, becoming the first bowler to take all 10 wickets in an ICC international cricket match with limited overs.<ref name="First bowler to take 10 wickets in a limited overs international">{{cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-bowler-to-take-10-wickets-in-a-limited-overs-international/ |title=First bowler to take 10 wickets in a limited overs international |publisher=Guinness World Records |access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref> Nepal topped Group A after the group qualifying matches but lost to [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in the semi-final<ref name="Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, WCL Division Five 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/349858.html |title=Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, WCL Division Five 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 May 2008 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102140815/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/349858.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and finished third overall after defeating the [[United States national cricket team|USA]] in the playoff for third place.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v USA, WCL Division Five 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/349865.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v USA, WCL Division Five 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123213743/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/349865.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With only the top two from this tournament qualifying for [[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Four]] in [[Tanzania]] later in the year, Nepal missed out on the chance to take their [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]] dream any further. Later, Nepal appeared in the [[2008 ACC Trophy Elite]] and finished fourth after losing to the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] in the semi-final<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v UAE, ACC Trophy Elite 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/engine/match/362148.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v UAE, ACC Trophy Elite 2008 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 August 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104070205/http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/engine/match/362148.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and to [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in the playoff for third place.<ref name="Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/engine/match/362150.html |title=Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 August 2008 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214211318/http://www.espncricinfo.com/other/engine/match/362150.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal finished fifth in the [[2009 ACC Twenty20 Cup]] after beating [[Singapore national cricket team|Singapore]] by 9 wickets in the playoff for fifth place.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Singapore, ACC T20 Cup 2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/436145.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Singapore, ACC T20 Cup 2009 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 November 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164336/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/436145.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a group match against [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]], Nepal needed 7 runs off the last ball to win. [[Binod Bhandari]], making his debut for the national team, hit a last-ball six to tie the match. Eventually Nepal won the match in [[bowl-out]].<ref name="Playerspeak: Binod Bhandari Batsman">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Playerspeak%3A+Binod+Bhandari+Batsman+&NewsID=408224 |title=Playerspeak: Binod Bhandari Batsman |publisher=The Himalayan Times |access-date=9 March 2014 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031225202/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Playerspeak%3A+Binod+Bhandari+Batsman+&NewsID=408224 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 2010 – 2014 ====
Nepal won their first major tournament, beating [[United States national cricket team|USA]] in the final of [[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Five]] held at [[Kathmandu]] in February 2010.<ref name="Vishvakarma bowls Nepal to title">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/content/story/450230.html |title=Vishvakarma bowls Nepal to title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 February 2010 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205210406/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/content/story/450230.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sharad Vesawkar]] scored a century and stayed unbeaten on 105 off 134 balls against [[Fiji national cricket team|Fiji]] in the tournament.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Fiji, WCL Division Five 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/engine/current/match/442705.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Fiji, WCL Division Five 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2010 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122232819/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcl/engine/current/match/442705.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal played very well in [[2010 ACC Trophy Elite]], winning all the matches in group stage and beating [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]] in the semi-final by 8 runs<ref name="Scorecard of Malaysia v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/454613.html |title=Scorecard of Malaysia v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2010 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904093241/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/454613.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but lost the final against an [[One Day International|ODI]] team [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] by 95 runs and finished runners-up.<ref name="Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/454616.html |title=Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 April 2010 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904093245/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/454616.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal came third in [[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Four]], thus remaining in Division Four for [[2012 ICC World Cricket League Division Four]].<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Tanzania, WCL Division Four 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/current/match/467094.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Tanzania, WCL Division Four 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> In November, Nepal appeared in [[Cricket at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]] and lost against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the quarter-final.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Sri Lanka, Asian Games 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/485181.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Sri Lanka, Asian Games 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2010 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125170555/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/485181.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first match Nepal had played against a Full Member nation.

In December 2011, Nepal hosted the [[2011 ACC Twenty20 Cup]] and finished fourth, thereby qualifying for the [[2012 World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]].<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Oman, ACC T20 Cup 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/538803.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Oman, ACC T20 Cup 2011 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108114819/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/538803.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal faced Afghanistan in the 3 match T20I series and 5 match ODI series at the start of 2012 but Afghanistan defeated Nepal 3-0 in the T20I series and again defeated Nepal 5-0 in the ODI series.<ref>Afghanistan defeats Nepal 3-0 in the T20I series and 5-0 in the ODI series in 2012.</ref>

Nepal finished seventh in the [[2012 World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] after defeating [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]]<ref name="Scorecard of Kenya v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-qualifier-2012/engine/match/546467.html |title=Scorecard of Kenya v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324180343/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-qualifier-2012/engine/match/546467.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]]<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v PNG, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-qualifier-2012/engine/match/546474.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v PNG, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325172255/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-qualifier-2012/engine/match/546474.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in play-offs. [[Shakti Gauchan]] took the first international [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] for Nepal against [[Denmark national cricket team|Denmark]] in the tournament.<ref name="Scorecard of Denmark v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-qualifier-2012/engine/current/match/546419.html |title=Scorecard of Denmark v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2012 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316010137/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-twenty20-qualifier-2012/engine/current/match/546419.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2012, Nepal appeared in [[2012 ICC World Cricket League Division Four]], where [[Subash Khakurel]] and [[Anil Mandal]] each scored a century. [[Subash Khakurel]] scored 115 off 142 balls against [[United States national cricket team|United States]]<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v USA, WCL Division Four 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/engine/match/576411.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v USA, WCL Division Four 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-date=9 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909035848/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/engine/match/576411.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Anil Mandal]] scored 113 off 134 balls against [[Denmark national cricket team|Denmark]].<ref name="Scorecard of Denmark v Nepal, WCL Division Four 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/engine/match/576414.html |title=Scorecard of Denmark v Nepal, WCL Division Four 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910151637/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/engine/match/576414.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a match against [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]], [[Shakti Gauchan]] set up Nepal's convincing victory with a new record. The left-arm orthodox spinner's figures of 10–8–2–3 is the best economical bowling spell ever in limited over encounters.<ref name="Scorecard of Malaysia vs Nepal, WCL Division Four 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/engine/match/576409.html |title=Scorecard of Malaysia v Nepal, WCL Division Four 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907205623/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/engine/match/576409.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WCL 4: Magical Shakti sets up big win">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricket.com.np/new/2012/09/06/wcl-4-magical-shakti-sets-up-big-win/ |title=WCL 4: Magical Shakti sets up big win |publisher=Cricket Nepal |access-date=6 September 2012 |date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031181930/http://www.cricket.com.np/new/2012/09/06/wcl-4-magical-shakti-sets-up-big-win/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won all the six matches of the tournament and progressed to [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]]. Nepalese players won [[Player of the match|man of the match]] awards in all the six matches Nepal played and [[Basanta Regmi]] won the player of the tournament award after taking a total of 21 wickets in the tournament.<ref name="Nepal crush USA in the final">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/content/story/581637.html |title=Nepal crush USA in the final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317171045/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv4-2012/content/story/581637.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October, Nepal competed in [[2012 ACC Trophy Elite]] and had to share the trophy with the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] after a thrilling tied final in [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] on 12 October 2012. [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] posted 241, a target that looked in Nepal's sight after their 94-run opening stand. However, they lost wickets consistently, and eventually needed 12 off the last over with just two wickets in hand. [[Shakti Gauchan]] smacked [[Shadeep Silva]]'s left-arm for a six, but could manage only one run off the last ball, hence ending a splendid final match in a tie.<ref name="Nepal, UAE share ACC Elite title after thrilling tie">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/586493.html |title=Nepal, UAE share ACC Elite title after thrilling tie |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014025058/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/586493.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Skipper [[Paras Khadka]] scored an unbeaten 106 off just 77 balls against [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]], his maiden century for Nepal, in the tournament.<ref name="Scorecard of Kuwait v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/584793.html |title=Scorecard of Kuwait v Nepal, ACC Trophy Elite 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 October 2012 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007034911/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/584793.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Nepali National Cricket team.JPG|thumb|Nepal cricket team during the [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]] in [[Bermuda]]]]

Nepal competed in [[2013 ACC Twenty20 Cup]] held at home grounds in [[Kirtipur]] and [[Patan, Lalitpur|Lalitpur]]. Nepal easily marched towards the final of the tournament with high class performance from their captain, [[Paras Khadka]], and the team thrashed the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] by 6 wickets.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v UAE, ACC T20 Cup 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/624068.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v UAE, ACC T20 Cup 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403123237/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/624068.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal had earlier qualified for [[2013 World Twenty20 Qualifier|2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]], reaching the semi-final of the tournament. Nepal had to be satisfied with runners-up status after losing to an [[One Day International|ODI]] team [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] by 7 wickets.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Afghanistan, ACC T20 Cup 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/624070.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Afghanistan, ACC T20 Cup 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717111954/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-twenty20-cup-2012-13-624038/nepal-vs-afghanistan-final-624070/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> The Nepalese team was supported by a huge fan following throughout this tournament with an average turnout of 15,000 – 20,000 (about 25,000 in the semi-final and final) during their matches while hundreds of thousands watched live on television – undoubtedly the largest public support outside the Test-playing nations.<ref name="And the award goes to… the crowd!">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricket.com.np/new/2013/04/06/and-the-award-goes-to-the-crowd/ |title=And the award goes to… the crowd! |publisher=Cricket Nepal |access-date=6 April 2013 |date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031161755/http://www.cricket.com.np/new/2013/04/06/and-the-award-goes-to-the-crowd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won the [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]] held in [[Bermuda]] and qualified for the [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014 World Cup Qualifier]].<ref name="Airee, Vesawkar carry Nepal to Div 3 title">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv3-2013/content/story/634296.html |title=Airee, Vesawkar carry Nepal to Div 3 title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510031228/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv3-2013/content/story/634296.html? |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal also played in [[2013 ACC Emerging Teams Cup]], where under-23 age level teams of the four Test nations – [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] took part along with the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]], [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and the hosts [[Singapore national cricket team|Singapore]].<ref name="ACC Emerging Teams Cup 2013">{{cite web |url=http://asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-emerging-teams-cup |title=ACC Emerging Teams Cup 2013 |publisher=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022061050/http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-emerging-teams-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal finished third in [[2013 World Twenty20 Qualifier|2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] held in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]<ref name="Nepal signs off with third-place finish">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/match-reports/76525/nepal-signs-off-with-third-place-finish |title=Nepal signs off with third-place finish |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055531/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/match-reports/76525/nepal-signs-off-with-third-place-finish |url-status=live }}</ref> and qualified for the [[2014 World Twenty20|2014 ICC World Twenty20]], defeating [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] off the last ball of the thrilling quarter-final.<ref name="Nepal enters ICC World Twenty20 with thrilling win">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/match-reports/76405/nepal-enters-icc-world-twenty20-with-thrilling-win |title=Nepal enters ICC World Twenty20 with thrilling win |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031114850/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/match-reports/76405/nepal-enters-icc-world-twenty20-with-thrilling-win |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== T20I status and series ===

On 28 June 2014, the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] awarded [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] status to Nepal, who took part and performed exceptionally well in the [[2014 World Twenty20|2014 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref name="Results of ICC Board meeting in Melbourne">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/80822/results-of-icc-board-meeting-in-melbourne |title=Results of ICC Board meeting in Melbourne |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712065502/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/80822/results-of-icc-board-meeting-in-melbourne |archive-date=12 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Nepal, Netherlands get T20 international status">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/756175.html |title=Nepal, Netherlands get T20 international status |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226180032/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/756175.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal had already played three T20I matches before gaining the status, as the ICC had earlier announced that all matches at the [[2014 World Twenty20|2014 ICC World Twenty20]] would have T20I status.<ref name="Big stage for two debutants">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/content/story/728133.html |title=Big stage for two debutants |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221203505/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/content/story/728133.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 March
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| runs1 = [[Gyanendra Malla]] 48 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Haseeb Amjad]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score1 = 149/8 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|HKG}}
| runs2 = [[Babar Hayat]] 20 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Shakti Gauchan]] 3/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 69 (17 overs)
| result = Nepal won by 80 runs
| venue = [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]], [[Chittagong]]
| scorecard = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2014/engine/match/682899.html Scorecard]
}}
*''First ever T20I match for Nepal''
Nepal lost the status in July 2015, after failing to qualify for the [[2016 World Twenty20|2016 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref name="Nepal loses T20I status">{{cite news |url=http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/item/24820-nepal-loses-t20i-status.html |title=Nepal loses T20I status |publisher=República |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530145921/http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/item/24820-nepal-loses-t20i-status.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Paras khadka.JPG|thumb|Captain [[Paras Khadka]] batting during the [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]]]]
[[File:Nepali Fans.JPG|thumb|Nepal fans in [[Bermuda]] during the [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]]]]

Nepal played their first ever [[Hong Kong cricket team against Nepal in Sri Lanka in 2014–15|Twenty20 International series]] against [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] in November 2014 in [[Sri Lanka]]. Initially the series was scheduled for three matches<ref name="ACC SCHOLARSHIPS CONTINUE FOR UMPIRES AND ANALYSTS">{{cite news |url=http://asiancricket.org/index.php/news/october-2014/3000 |title=ACC SCHOLARSHIPS CONTINUE FOR UMPIRES AND ANALYSTS |publisher=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023020649/http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/news/october-2014/3000 |url-status=live }}</ref> but only one match was played because of continuous rain and poor ground conditions.<ref name="Hong Kong overcome Kami record">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/802807.html |title=Hong Kong overcome Kami record |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124220625/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/802807.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal lost the match but [[Sompal Kami]] put in an impressive performance by scoring 40 off 31 balls,<ref name="Scorecard of Hong Kong v Nepal, Nepal tour of Sri Lanka 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/802327.html |title=Scorecard of Hong Kong v Nepal, Nepal tour of Sri Lanka 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719165810/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/802327.html |url-status=live }}</ref> coming in at No. 10. This was the world-record for the highest score made by a batsman at that position.<ref name="Highest score by a No. 10 batsman in Twenty20 International cricket">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Highest score by a No. 10 batsman in Twenty20 International cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719163354/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played their second [[Nepalese cricket team in the Netherlands in 2015|Twenty20 International series]] against the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] from 30 June to 3 July 2015. Nepal lost the 4 match series 3–1. [[Paras Khadka]] was named the player of the series.<ref name="Scorecard of Netherlands v Nepal, Nepal tour of Netherlands 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands-v-nepal-2015/engine/match/883347.html |title=Scorecard of Netherlands v Nepal, Nepal tour of Netherlands 2015 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220113/http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands-v-nepal-2015/engine/match/883347.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal missed out on qualification for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 World Cup]], finishing ninth in the [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014 World Cup Qualifier]] in [[New Zealand]] in January.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Uganda, World Cup Qualifier 2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2014/engine/current/match/696749.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Uganda, World Cup Qualifier 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127181433/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2014/engine/current/match/696749.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal were the best of the three associate teams on display in Group A of the [[2014 World Twenty20|2014 ICC World Twenty20]]. They comprehensively beat [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]],<ref name="Scorecard of Hong Kong v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/match/682899.html |title=Scorecard of Hong Kong v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814122115/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/match/682899.html |url-status=live }}</ref> held their own with the bat against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]<ref name="Scorecard of Bangladesh v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/engine/match/682907.html |title=Scorecard of Bangladesh v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 March 2014 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324133406/http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/engine/match/682907.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and pulled off a strong win against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]],<ref name="Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/match/682913.html |title=Scorecard of Afghanistan v Nepal, ICC World Twenty20 2014 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320060644/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/match/682913.html |url-status=live }}</ref> their first since 2004 in any format against their old rivals.<ref name="Two wins a great achievement for Nepal: Khadka">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/mens-news/79199/two-wins-a-great-achievement-for-nepal-khadka |title=Two wins a great achievement for Nepal: Khadka |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031214/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/mens-news/79199/two-wins-a-great-achievement-for-nepal-khadka |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal's bowlers did not bowl a single wide or no ball throughout the tournament.<ref name="Most extras conceded by a team in WT20 2014">{{cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-world-twenty20-2014/stats?seriesid=2132&statid=29&section=Team |title=Most extras conceded by a team in WT20 2014 |work=NDTV |access-date=22 March 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108142342/http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-world-twenty20-2014/stats?seriesid=2132&statid=29&section=Team |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal were also the only team to not concede 140 in an innings in the tournament.<ref name="Most runs conceded by a team in WT20 2014">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=team_high_score;orderbyad=reverse;series=8083;team_view=bowl;template=results;type=team |title=Most runs conceded by a team in WT20 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 April 2014 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204214542/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=team_high_score;orderbyad=reverse;series=8083;team_view=bowl;template=results;type=team |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal finished third in the [[2014 ACC Premier League]], where they beat [[One Day International|ODI]] teams [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]]<ref name="Khakurel stars as Nepal beats UAE">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/match-reports/80271/khakurel-stars-as-nepal-beats-uae |title=Khakurel stars as Nepal beats UAE |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113911/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/match-reports/80271/khakurel-stars-as-nepal-beats-uae |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], and qualified for the [[2014 ACC Championship]].<ref name="Nepal qualify for two-day event">{{cite news |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/05/06/top-story/nepal-qualify-for-two-day-event/389208.html |title=Nepal qualify for two-day event |publisher=ekantipur.com |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508162610/http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/05/06/top-story/nepal-qualify-for-two-day-event/389208.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September, Nepal participated in the [[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Asian Games]] but failed to qualify beyond quarter-finals.<ref name="Asian Games: Afghanistan ends Nepal's medal hopes">{{cite news |url=http://www.cricketlok.com/asian-games-afghanistan-ends-nepals-medal-hopes/ |title=Asian Games: Afghanistan ends Nepal's medal hopes |publisher=Cricketlok |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211122/http://www.cricketlok.com/asian-games-afghanistan-ends-nepals-medal-hopes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nepal won the [[2014 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]] held in [[Malaysia]] and qualified for the [[2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]].<ref name="Pun, Malla and Budhaayer shine as Nepal wins Pepsi ICC World Cricket League Division 3">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/82706/pun-malla-and-budhaayer-shine-as-nepal-wins-pepsi-icc-world-cricket-league-division-3 |title=Pun, Malla and Budhaayer shine as Nepal wins Pepsi ICC World Cricket League Division 3 |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031010658/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/82706/pun-malla-and-budhaayer-shine-as-nepal-wins-pepsi-icc-world-cricket-league-division-3 |archive-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Gyanendra Malla]] scored his maiden century, 114 off 125 balls, against [[Singapore national cricket team|Singapore]] in the tournament.<ref name="Scorecard of Nepal v Singapore, WCL Division Three 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv3-2014/engine/match/785973.html |title=Scorecard of Nepal v Singapore, WCL Division Three 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026112051/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wcldiv3-2014/engine/match/785973.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In November, Nepal toured [[Sri Lanka]], as [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] approved a request from the [[Asian Cricket Council]] to support the region's Non-Test playing countries,<ref name="HONG KONG AND NEPAL TOUR SRI LANKA">{{cite news |url=http://asiancricket.org/index.php/news/october-2014/2992 |title=HONG KONG AND NEPAL TOUR SRI LANKA |publisher=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010211131/http://asiancricket.org/index.php/news/october-2014/2992 |url-status=live }}</ref> where they played two three-day matches against [[Sri Lanka Cricket Combined XI]].<ref name="Scorecard of Kurunegala Combined XI v Nepal, Nepal tour of Sri Lanka 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/800051.html |title=Scorecard of Kurunegala Combined XI v Nepal, Nepal tour of Sri Lanka 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127110023/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/800051.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Scorecard of Sri Lanka Cricket Combined XI v Nepal, Nepal tour of Sri Lanka 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/800053.html |title=Scorecard of Sri Lanka Cricket Combined XI v Nepal, Nepal tour of Sri Lanka 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126172316/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/800053.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a [[#T20I status and series|Twenty20 International series]] against [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]].

==== 2015 – 2019 ====

Nepal finished fourth in the [[2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]] in [[Namibia]]<ref name="Scorecard of 3rd Place Playoff: Kenya v Nepal, WCL Division Two 2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/engine/match/812805.html |title=Scorecard of 3rd Place Playoff: Kenya v Nepal, WCL Division Two 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123195412/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/engine/match/812805.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and qualified for the [[2015–2017 ICC World Cricket League Championship|2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship]].<ref name="Kenya and Nepal will take their places in the ICC World Cricket League Championship">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/84879/afghanistan-and-ireland-receive-opportunity-to-qualify-for-the-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-with-full-members |title=Kenya and Nepal will take their places in the ICC World Cricket League Championship |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129062811/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/84879/afghanistan-and-ireland-receive-opportunity-to-qualify-for-the-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-with-full-members |archive-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> But Nepal failed to secure promotion to Division One and qualification to [[2015–2017 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup]] after finishing third in the round-robin stage.<ref name="Redemption for Netherlands, regret for Nepal">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/content/story/823971.html |title=Redemption for Netherlands, regret for Nepal |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=26 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126221727/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/content/story/823971.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WCL Division Two 2015 Points Table">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/engine/series/812771.html?view=pointstable |title=WCL Division Two 2015 Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119202441/http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/engine/series/812771.html?view=pointstable |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Basanta Regmi]] became the first bowler to take 100 wickets in the [[World Cricket League]]. He achieved this feat after taking 2 wickets against [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] in the tournament. On 11 April 2015, Nepal hosted a 63-over (31.3 overs per side) tribute match in honour of the Australian cricketer [[Phillip Hughes]] who was batting on 63 when he was struck by a bouncer. The match was played at the [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground|TU Cricket Ground]], [[Kirtipur]] between Team Red, combined of players of Nepal and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and Team Blue, composed of all Nepalese players.<ref name="Emotions run high at Hughes tribute match in Nepal">{{cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/phillip-hughes-tribute-match-kathmandu-nepal-ryan-carters-matthew-elliott/2015-04-11 |title=Emotions run high at Hughes tribute match in Nepal |publisher=Cricket Australia |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412174448/http://www.cricket.com.au/news/phillip-hughes-tribute-match-kathmandu-nepal-ryan-carters-matthew-elliott/2015-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, Nepal toured [[Netherlands]] to play a [[#T20I status and series|Twenty20 International series]] against the home team. Then Nepal appeared in the [[2015 World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] held in [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], where the team finished seventh in the Group A,<ref name="ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2015 Points Table">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/engine/series/875401.html?view=pointstable |title=ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier 2015 Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=18 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718041404/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/engine/series/875401.html?view=pointstable |url-status=live }}</ref> thus failing to qualify for the second consecutive [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC World Twenty20]].<ref name="Nepal ends league phase with three points from six matches, is out of qualification race for World T20 2016">{{cite news |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20-qualifier/news/2015/news/89056/bowlers-inspire-jersey-to-comfortable-win |title=Nepal ends sandesh league phase with three points from six matches, is out of qualification race for World T20 2016 |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616125256/http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20-qualifier/news/2015/news/89056/bowlers-inspire-jersey-to-comfortable-win |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nepal finished second in [[2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]] to earn a place in the [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]. On 15 March, Nepal claimed [[One Day International]] (ODI) status for the first time with their win over [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier 9th place play off encounter.<ref name="Cricinfo-ODI-status">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22774835/nepal-claim-odi-status-first |title=Nepal claim ODI status for the first time |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 March 2018 |date=15 March 2018 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315172333/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22774835/nepal-claim-odi-status-first |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to gaining ODI status, Nepal also regained [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) status. After gaining ODI status, Nepal's captain at the Cricket World Cup Qualifier, [[Paras Khadka]], said that they want to gain [[Test cricket|Test]] status, which he believes will take between eight and ten years to achieve.<ref name="Test">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/647094 |title=Khadka: 'We want to become a Test nation' |access-date=18 March 2018 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042730/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/647094 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 August 2018
| time = 11:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 189 (47.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Michael Rippon]] 51 (76)
| wickets1 = [[Paras Khadka]] 4/26 (10 overs)
| score2 = 134 (41.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gyanendra Malla]] 51 (61)
| wickets2 = [[Pieter Seelaar]] 3/20 (9 overs)
| result = Netherlands won by 55 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1151834.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[VRA Cricket Ground]], [[Amstelveen]]
| umpires = [[Rizwan Akram]] (Ned) and [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin)
| motm = [[Michael Rippon]] (Ned)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = First ever ODI match for Nepal
}}
Nepal played their first 3 match ODI series against UAE and won 2–1, their first ODI series win. Paras Khadka became the first batsman to score an ODI century for Nepal. [[Sundeep Jora]] became the world's youngest player to score a half-century in T20I format, at the age of 17 years and 103 days. In October 2019, the [[Cricket Association of Nepal]], which was suspended in 2016, was readmitted as an ICC member.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27844309/zimbabwe-nepal-readmitted-icc-members |title=Zimbabwe and Nepal readmitted as ICC members |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022095146/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27844309/zimbabwe-nepal-readmitted-icc-members |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2020 – 2022 ====

Nepal hosted [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] in the [[2020 Nepal Tri-Nation Series|fifth round]] of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] in February 2020. Nepal won 2 games (1 each) out of 4 in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CWC League 2 {{!}} 2019-2023 World Cup League 2 {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429214459/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the last match of the series, Nepal bowled out the United States for the joint-lowest total of 35 in ODI cricket.<ref name="ICC Men's Cricket World Cup League 2: Nepal v United States at Kirtipur, Apr 24, 2021 - Cricket Scorecard - ESPN Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2021-22-1196667/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-30th-match-1215127/full-scorecard|title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup League 2: Nepal v United States at Kirtipur, Apr 24, 2021 - Cricket Scorecard|work=Cricinfo|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211121908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2021-22-1196667/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-30th-match-1215127/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kushal Malla]] (Nep) made his ODI debut, and at the age of 15 years and 340 days, he became the youngest male cricketer to score an international half-century while playing against the USA on February 8, 2020.

Nepal hosted the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] and [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]] in the [[2020–21 Nepal Tri-Nation Series]] in April 2021. Nepal finished top in the points table winning three out of four group matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2021-1257942/points-table-standings|title=Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series 2021 - Points Table|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124941/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2021-1257942/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref> and qualified for the final, where they played against the Netherlands. Nepal comprehensively beat the Netherlands by 142 runs and won the series.<ref name="Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series Final: Nepal v Netherlands at Kirtipur, Apr 24, 2021 - Cricket Scorecard - ESPN Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2021-1257942/nepal-vs-netherlands-final-1257951/full-scorecard|title=Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series Final: Nepal v Netherlands at Kirtipur, Apr 24, 2021 - Cricket Scorecard|work=Cricinfo|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424105300/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2021-1257942/nepal-vs-netherlands-final-1257951/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kushal Bhurtel]], making his debut for Nepal, scored 278 runs in the series at an average of 69.50 and a strike rate of 140.40<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13922;type=series|title=Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series 2021 - Stats: Most Runs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424115203/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13922;type=series|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the Player of the series award.<ref name="Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series Final: Nepal v Netherlands at Kirtipur, Apr 24, 2021 - Cricket Scorecard - ESPN Cricinfo"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283987.html|title=Records–One-Day Internationals–Team records–Lowest Innings Totals|publisher=ESPN|work=Cricinfo|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003517/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283987.html|archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

Nepal toured Oman in September 2021, to play two ODI matches against [[Papua New Guinea cricket team|PNG]]. They won both matches comfortably, showcasing their skills and determination on the cricket field. In the first ODI, Nepal won by two wickets with 63 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.N.G. vs Nepal Scorecard 2021 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-v-papua-new-guinea-odis-2021-1276291/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-1st-odi-1276295/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513064446/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-v-papua-new-guinea-odis-2021-1276291/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-1st-odi-1276295/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] won the man of the match award for his impressive bowling attack of 4/35 in his 10 overs, while [[Rohit Paudel]] scored the highest for Nepal with a steady knock of 41 off 65. In the second ODI, Nepal won by a whopping 151 runs with [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] again winning the man of the match award for his exceptional bowling of 6/11 in 5.1 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs P.N.G. Scorecard 2021 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-v-papua-new-guinea-odis-2021-1276291/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-2nd-odi-1276296/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429195402/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-v-papua-new-guinea-odis-2021-1276291/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-2nd-odi-1276296/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]], [[Kushal Bhurtel]], [[Bikram Sob]] made ODI debut for Nepal in this series. The second ODI was the day/night match of the series.

Nepal then played 4 back-to-back day/night ODI in September 2021 against [[United States men's national cricket team|USA]] and [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]]. it was the sixth round of the [[2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]]. In the first match against the US, [[Kushal Bhurtel]] won the man of the match award with his score of 84 off 93 and 3 catches, helped Nepal beat USA by 5 wickets with 6 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S.A. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-37th-match-1275249/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429203900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-37th-match-1275249/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal lost its second game of the series with Oman by 5 wickets even though [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] scored 90 off 112 in this match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Oman Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/oman-vs-nepal-38th-match-1275250/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429202359/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/oman-vs-nepal-38th-match-1275250/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal lost its third game of the series as well, this time against the US by 6 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs U.S.A. Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-40th-match-1275252/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717111936/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-40th-match-1275252/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gulsan Jha]] made his ODI debut in the match. Nepal won its last match of the series against Oman by 7 wickets with 190 balls remaining. [[Karan KC|Karan Kc]] won the man of the match in the game for his bowling spell of 4/25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/oman-vs-nepal-41st-match-1275253/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429202358/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/oman-vs-nepal-41st-match-1275253/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

In march of 2022, Nepal toured [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] for the seventh round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] to play 2 games each against [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] and [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|PNG]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021/22 Season Cricket Schedule - Upcoming Cricket Calendar |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2021%2F22;view=season |access-date=2023-04-29 |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502023402/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2021%2F22;view=season |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first match of the series against PNG, Nepal won by 2 wickets with 4 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.N.G. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-68th-match-1302624/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[Rohit Paudel]] was the man of the match for his 60 off 83 balls. [[Sagar Dhakal]] made his ODI debut in the game. Nepal lost both of their 2nd and 3rd game against UAE by 48 and 99 runs respectively<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.A.E. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-69th-match-1302625/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429203927/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-69th-match-1302625/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.A.E. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-71st-match-1302627/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429205436/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-71st-match-1302627/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won its 4th game of the series against PNG by 7 wickets with 78 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.N.G. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-72nd-match-1302628/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429205437/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-72nd-match-1302628/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aarif Sheikh]] was the man of the match for his all-round performance of 59* off 102 and 1/21 in his 10 overs.

Nepal toured the [[United States]] for the eighth round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] to play 2 games each against [[United States Cricket team|United States]] and [[Oman cricket team|Oman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Season Cricket Schedule - Upcoming Cricket Calendar |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first match of the series against Oman, Nepal lost by 13 runs despite the 5 wickets haul by [[Karan KC]] (5–38 in 10 overs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-oman-86th-match-1312805/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171539/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-oman-86th-match-1312805/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sunil Dhamala]] made an ODI debut in this match. The second match against the USA was declared tied as both teams could not surpass 274 runs in the given 50 overs each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs U.S.A. Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-states-of-america-vs-nepal-87th-match-1312806/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171536/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-states-of-america-vs-nepal-87th-match-1312806/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dev Khanal]] made his half-century whereas [[Mohammad Aadil Alam]] made his ODI debut and took 3 wickets for the team. Nepal won its 3rd game with wide margin against Oman by 7 wickets with 101 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-oman-89th-match-1312808/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171536/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-oman-89th-match-1312808/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karan KC]] was the man of the match for his 5/33 in 9 overs whereas [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]](62) and [[Kushal Bhurtel]](56) scored half-centuries and [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] got 3 wickets in the match. Nepal lost its last game of the series against the US by 39 runs<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S.A. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-states-of-america-vs-nepal-90th-match-1312809/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171611/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-states-of-america-vs-nepal-90th-match-1312809/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> despite [[Karan KC]]'s 3-wicket-haul and [[Aarif Sheikh]]'s 63 runs with the bat.

Nepal then travelled to the [[Scotland]] for the ninth round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] to play 2 games each against [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Season Cricket Schedule - Upcoming Cricket Calendar |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal lost its first game of the series against Namibia by 40 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-92nd-match-1322031/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171540/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-92nd-match-1322031/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Spinner [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 4 wickets and [[Aarif Sheikh]] scored 50 runs in the match. [[Basir Ahamad]] made an ODI debut for Nepal(Cap 33). Nepal beat the Scotland in the next game by 5 wickets with 149 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/scotland-vs-nepal-93rd-match-1322032/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] was the player of the match with his score of 71 off 62 balls whereas bowlers [[Sompal Kami]] and [[Mohammad Aadil Alam]] took 3 wickets each. The next game was against Namibia which they lost again by 63 runs[[Sandeep Lamichhane]]'s 4-wicket haul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-95th-match-1322034/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171541/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-95th-match-1322034/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal lost its last game against the host Scotland as well by 8 wickets with 186 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Scotland Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/scotland-vs-nepal-96th-match-1322035/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/scotland-vs-nepal-96th-match-1322035/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Fast Bowler [[Kishore Mahato]] made his ODI debut in the game(Cap 34).

In between the league 2 ODI games, Nepal toured [[Kenya]] to play 5 T20I against the host [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Season Cricket Schedule - Upcoming Cricket Calendar |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won the first game by 5 wickets with 4 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya vs Nepal Scorecard 2022 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-1st-t20i-1328474/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430201707/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-1st-t20i-1328474/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sompal Kami]] was the man of the match for his bowling spell of 3/22 in 4 overs. Kenya won the second T20I by 18 runs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya vs Nepal Scorecard 2022 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-2nd-t20i-1328475/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430201803/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-2nd-t20i-1328475/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Basir Ahamad]] made T20I debut for Nepal in that match. Nepal won the third T20I by 4 wickets with 3 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya vs Nepal Scorecard 2022 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-3rd-t20i-1328476/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430201705/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-3rd-t20i-1328476/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gyanendra Malla]] was the player of the match for his 46 off 41 balls. [[Arjun Saud]] made T20I debut for Nepal in this match. Nepal lost the fourth match of the series by 7 runs despite [[Sandeep Lamichhane]]'s maiden 5-wicket haul in T20I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya vs Nepal Scorecard 2022 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-4th-t20i-1328477/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315013911/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-4th-t20i-1328477/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won its final game of the series by 31 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Kenya Scorecard 2022 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-5th-t20i-1328478/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430201803/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-in-kenya-2022-1328462/kenya-vs-nepal-5th-t20i-1328478/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gyanendra Malla]] won the man of the match award for his knock of 59 off 44 balls. With the win, Nepal won the series 3-2 and [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] was named player of the series for his 12 wickets in 5 games.

The next tour was in December 2022 where Nepal travelled to [[Namibia]] for the tenth round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] to play 2 games each against [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Season Cricket Schedule - Upcoming Cricket Calendar |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |url-status=live }}</ref> The first game was declared no-result due to rain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Namibia Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-116th-match-1341976/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430173457/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-116th-match-1341976/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gyanendra Malla]] scored 75 off 94 balls for Nepal in the match and Opener [[Arjun Saud]] made his ODI debut for Nepal(Cap 35). In the second game, Nepal lost with Scotland by 3 wickets and 107 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Scotland Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-117th-match-1341977/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430173500/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-117th-match-1341977/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> In the third game, Nepal lost against Namibia by 86 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-119th-match-1341979/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717111937/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/namibia-vs-nepal-119th-match-1341979/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Spinner [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] took 4 wickets in the game. In the fourth game of the series against Scotland, Nepal was all out for 119 runs in 36th over and lost the game pretty marginally by 8 wickets with 198 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Scotland Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-120th-match-1341980/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430173458/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-120th-match-1341980/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2023 - Present ===
In early February 2023, just before the home series against the table-topper [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] and table-third ranked [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]], Nepal hired [[Monty Desai]] as the head coach of the national team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Varun |publisher=India TV News |date=2023-02-06 |title=India's Monty Desai appointed Nepal's head coach |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/indias-monty-desai-appointed-nepals-head-coach-nepal-cricket-association-of-nepal-sandeep-lamichhane-nepal-cricket-manoj-prabhakar-2023-02-06-845112 |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318220831/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/indias-monty-desai-appointed-nepals-head-coach-nepal-cricket-association-of-nepal-sandeep-lamichhane-nepal-cricket-manoj-prabhakar-2023-02-06-845112 |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-February of that year, Nepal hosted a 4 match ODI series for the eleventh round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] to play 2 matches each against Namibia and Scotland at the [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground]] in [[Kirtipur]]. Nepal played its first match against Namibia winning by 2 wickets with 14 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-namibia-121st-match-1358073/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181408/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-namibia-121st-match-1358073/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Bhurtel]] was the player of the match for his maiden ODI century (115 off 113). Captain [[Rohit Paudel]] also scored 72 off 76 and bowlers [[Karan KC]] and [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 5 and 3 wickets respectively. Nepal won its second game of the series against Scotland by 3 wickets with 18 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-123rd-match-1358075/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181406/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-123rd-match-1358075/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> All-rounder [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] was the player of the match for his all-round performance of 85 not out of 116 balls and 1 for 25 in 5 overs. [[Kushal Malla]] also scored a rapid 81 off 67 balls and bowler [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 3 wickets in the match. Nepal won its third game of the series as well at home soil against Namibia, winning by 3 wickets with 15 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-namibia-124th-match-1358076/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181410/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-namibia-124th-match-1358076/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Opener [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] won the player of the match award for his exceptional batting display of 81 off 98 balls. [[Gyanendra Malla]] and [[Kushal Malla]] also scored half centuries scoring 65 and 62 runs respectively; and leg-spinner [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 3 wickets in the match. The last match of the home-series was against Scotland which Nepal won again by beating the table-topper Scotland by 2 wickets with 35 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scotland vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-126th-match-1358078/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181408/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-scotland-126th-match-1358078/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Captain [[Rohit Paudel]] won the player of the match award for his critical contribution of 95 runs in 101 balls. Bowlers [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] and [[Karan KC]] took 4 and 3 wickets each. Karan KC's death over batting (31 of 37) partnership with Rohit for the ninth wicket was vital for the team's result.

In late February, soon after the home series, national team travelled to [[Dubai]] for the 4 match ODI series against the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] and the [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]]. It was for the twelfth round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]]. Nepal beat PNG in the first match by 4 wickets with 28 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.N.G. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-129th-match-1358081/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513064415/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-129th-match-1358081/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Bhurtel]] was the man of the match for his 56 off 69. Fast bowler [[Gulsan Jha]] took 3 wickets and his duo-fast bowler [[Pratis GC]] made an ODI debut for Nepal (Cap 37). Spinner [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] was not in the playing 11 in the match as he was waiting for the supreme-court's decision to allow him to leave the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamichhane allowed to travel but participation in CWC League 2 tri-series subject to ICC approval |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lamichhane-allowed-to-travel-but-participation-in-cwc-league-2-tri-series-subject-to-icc-approval-1360959 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430184817/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lamichhane-allowed-to-travel-but-participation-in-cwc-league-2-tri-series-subject-to-icc-approval-1360959 |url-status=live }}</ref> The next match was against the home team UAE. [[Sandeep Lamichhane|Sandeep]] was allowed to travel to UAE where he joins the team in replacement for the injured [[Mousom Dhakal]] to play against the home team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Lamichhane joins Nepal in UAE as an injury replacement |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sandeep-lamichhane-to-join-nepal-in-uae-as-injury-replacement-1361332 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430184814/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sandeep-lamichhane-to-join-nepal-in-uae-as-injury-replacement-1361332 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite his 3 wickets haul, and batting of 26* of 24, Nepal lost its match by 68 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.A.E. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-131st-match-1358083/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430184816/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-131st-match-1358083/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Malla]] also scored a rapid-fire half-century (60 off 53) in the match. Nepal beat PNG by 3 wickets with 12 balls remaining in the third match of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.N.G. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-132nd-match-1358084/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430184813/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-132nd-match-1358084/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] was the player of the match for his batting knock of 86* of 130 balls. [[Sandeep Lamichhane]]'s unbroken 50 run partnership with [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] for the eighth wicket was crucial in the match. Nepal beat UAE by 42 runs in the final match of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs U.A.E. Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-134th-match-1358086/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430184813/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/united-arab-emirates-vs-nepal-134th-match-1358086/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhim Sharki]] won the player of the match for his 70 runs of 99 balls. Bowlers [[Sompal Kami]] and [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] took 3 wickets in the match.

The thirteenth and final round of the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]] was to be held in Nepal, between team Nepal, the [[UAE cricket team|UAE]], and the [[PNG national cricket team|PNG]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Season Cricket Schedule - Upcoming Cricket Calendar |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430171534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/index.html?search=nepal;season=2022;view=season |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal played its first home match of the series against the PNG winning by 52 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs P.N.G. Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-135th-match-1358087/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430195044/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-135th-match-1358087/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> In the match, Opener [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] scored his maiden ODI century scoring 110 runs a ball and won the player of the match award. Bowler [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 4 wickets in the game. Nepal won the second game as well beating UAE by massive 177 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs U.A.E. Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-137th-match-1358089/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430195046/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-137th-match-1358089/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rohit Paudel]] won the man of the match for his crucial knock of 77 runs in 112 balls and spinner [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] took 5 wickets in the match. With this win, Nepal won 9 of their 10 games in the league 2 and regained the ODI status for next 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nine-out-of-10 Nepal retain ODI status |url=http://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/13/nine-out-of-10-nepal-retain-odi-status |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Kathmandu Post |language=English |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112447/https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/13/nine-out-of-10-nepal-retain-odi-status |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played its third game of the home series against the PNG. Nepal won the match by 9 wickets with 254 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.N.G. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-138th-match-1358090/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430195042/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-papua-new-guinea-138th-match-1358090/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Leg-spinner [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] was the man of the match for his third ODI 5-wicket haul for Nepal. Nepal bundled PNG for 95 runs and chased down the total in 7.4 overs, thanks to unbeaten knock of [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]]'s 21 ball 53* runs. With this win, Nepal now needed just a win in next match against the UAE to directly qualify for the World cup qualifiers 2023 to be held in [[Zimbabwe]] later in the year.

On March 16, 2023, Nepal played its final and must-win match against the UAE under the Bad light-affected game. Nepal won the match by 9 runs due to DLS method. Nepal had to chase down the highest total to be chased down by Nepali team in ODI, a massive target of 311 runs. Thanks to half-century contributions by [[Kushal Bhurtel]](50), [[Bhim Sharki]](67), [[Aarif Sheikh]](52), and [[Gulsan Jha]](50*), Nepal was 269/6 in 44 overs winning the match by 9 runs due to [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.A.E. vs Nepal Scorecard 2019-2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-140th-match-1358092/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430195042/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-cup-league-2-2019-2023-1196667/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-140th-match-1358092/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> With this win, Nepal finished 3rd out of 7 teams in the [[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]], and qualified automatically for the [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] in [[Zimbabwe]] to be held in June 2023.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} It was Nepal's 11 must-win victories in the last 12 remaining games in the series to achieve the landmark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twelve games, 11 miracles: how Nepal battled their way to the World Cup Qualifier |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/twelve-games-11-miracles-how-nepal-battled-their-way-to-the-world-cup-qualifier-1371624 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195901/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/twelve-games-11-miracles-how-nepal-battled-their-way-to-the-world-cup-qualifier-1371624 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 18, 2023, Nepal played their first ODI against a full member nation. This was the first match of the 2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier, Nepal faced Zimbabwe in the [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]. Zimbabwe won the toss and opted to field first. [[Kushal Bhurtel]] and [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] stitched the highest opening and overall partnership of 171 for Nepal in ODIs. Bhurtel top-scored with a score of 99 (95), Nepal posted a total of 290/8 in 50 overs. In the second innings, [[Sompal Kami]] and [[Gulsan Jha|Gulshan Jha]] picked the wickets of the Zimbabwean openers. However, courtesy [[Craig Ervine]] and [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]' centuries Zimbabwe defeated Nepal by 8 wickets.
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 June 2023
| time = 9:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 290/8 (50.0 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kushal Bhurtel]] 99 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Richard Ngarava]] 4/43 (9 overs)
| score2 = 291/2 (44.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Craig Ervine]] 121* (128)
| wickets2 = [[Sompal Kami]] 1/30 (5.3 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377746.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Craig Ervine]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = First ever ODI match for Nepal against a test playing nation
}}

==== 2023 ACC Premier Cup ====
Nepal hosted [[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup]] in April/May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=cricnepal |date=2023-02-01 |title=Nepal to host ACC Premier Cup |url=https://www.cricnepal.com/nepal-to-host-acc-premier-cup |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=cricnepal.com |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331084453/https://www.cricnepal.com/nepal-to-host-acc-premier-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the final stage of qualification for the [[2023 Asia Cup]] tournament. The 10 associate teams played the tournament in the [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground]] and [[Mulpani International Cricket Ground]] hosting the matches. The winner of the tournament would qualify for the [[2023 Asia Cup]] as well as the top three teams would also qualify for the [[2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=ACCMedia1 |number=1638828200116494336 |date=23 March 2023 |title=The ACC Men's Premier Cup – an integral part of ACC's new pathway structure gets underway on the 18th of April in Nepal. 10 Associate nations will battle it out for the title and the winner will directly qualify for the Men's Asia Cup 2023. #ACCMensPremierCup #ACC |access-date=2023-05-01 |language=en}}</ref>

Nepal started the tournament with the win against [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]] winning by 6 wickets with 82 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal open ACC Premier Cup against Malaysia |url=http://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/24/nepal-open-acc-premier-cup-against-malaysia |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Kathmandu Post |language=English |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515201123/https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/24/nepal-open-acc-premier-cup-against-malaysia |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Malla]] was the man of the match for his rapid-fire half-century, scoring 77* off 40. [[Bhim Sharki]] also scored 71 off 98 whereas bowlers [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] and [[Sompal Kami]] took 3 wickets each.

Nepal played its second game against [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] at [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground]] in [[Kirtipur]]. It was the only ODI game for Nepal in the group stage. It was also the 50th One day international match for Nepal. [[Kushal Malla]] was the player of the match again for his maiden century in the ODI, scoring 108 off 64 balls.<ref name="Kushal makes his first century">{{Cite web |title=Kushal makes his first century |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2023/21/301056/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Khabarhub |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428062229/https://english.khabarhub.com/2023/21/301056/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the fastest ODI century by Nepali batsmen, scoring century in just 59 balls.<ref name="Kushal makes his first century" /> Nepal batted first and asked Oman to chase down the highest totals Nepal had ever scored- a massive total of 310 runs. Nepal won the match by 84 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Oman Scorecard 2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-oman-7th-match-group-a-1367985/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112439/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-oman-7th-match-group-a-1367985/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sompal Kami]] also scored his second ODI half century in the match scoring 63* off 48 balls, whereas bowlers [[Karan KC]] and [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 3 wickets each. With the first wicket of the match for [[Sandeep Lamichhane|Sandeep]], He broke the record of [[Rashid Khan]] to take fastest 100 wickets in ODI in terms of number of matches played- 42 matches, previous record was 44 matches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=cricnepal |date=2023-04-21 |title=Sandeep Lamichhane fastest to complete 100 ODI wickets |url=https://www.cricnepal.com/sandeep-lamichhane-fastest-to-complete-100-odi-wickets |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=cricnepal.com |language=en-US |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429013709/https://www.cricnepal.com/sandeep-lamichhane-fastest-to-complete-100-odi-wickets |url-status=live }}</ref>

The third match against [[Saudi Arabia national cricket team|Saudi Arabia]] at [[Mulpani International Cricket Ground]] was abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain interruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Saudi Arabia Scorecard 2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-saudi-arabia-14th-match-group-a-1367992/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195902/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-saudi-arabia-14th-match-group-a-1367992/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

The last group stage match was against [[Qatar national cricket team|Qatar]]. Nepal won the match by 68 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Qatar Scorecard 2023 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-qatar-19th-match-group-a-1367997/full-corecard |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] won the player of the match for his all-round performance of 42* off 58 and a bowling spell of 5/14 in 9.1 overs. [[Sompal Kami]] also took 3 wickets in the match. With the win, Nepal finished the group stage as the table topper and advanced to Semi-final to play against [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 NEP vs QAT Points Table {{!}} Premier Cup Points Table {{!}} Premier Cup Standings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/points-table-standings |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004232023/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 April, Nepal played its semi-final match against group B runner-up [[Kuwait]]. Kuwait won the toss and elected to field first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs KUW, ACC Men's Premier Cup 2023, 1st Semi-Final at Kirtipur, April 29, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-kuwait-1st-semi-final-1367999/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031202851/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-kuwait-1st-semi-final-1367999/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> The match was reduced to 42 overs due to rain. Batting first, Nepal had scored 281/9 in 42 overs. [[Rohit Paudel]] (94 off 95) and [[Kushal Malla]] (57 off 44) scored half-centuries in the match. In response, Kuwait was 37/6 in 8.3 overs before the match was called off due to rain. Even though the match did not produce a clear winner, Nepal qualified for the final by virtue of being the top placed team from Group A.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs KUW, ACC Men's Premier Cup 2023, 1st Semi-Final at Kirtipur, April 29, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-kuwait-1st-semi-final-1367999/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112441/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-kuwait-1st-semi-final-1367999/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

Regardless of the final, Nepal had qualified for the [[2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]] to be held in [[Sri Lanka]] in July 2023 by declaring a spot in the Finals.

Nepal played the finals against the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] at TU ground on May 1, 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final, Kirtipur, May 01 - 02, 2023, ACC Men's Premier Cup (Junaid Siddique 0*, Karthik Meiyappan 1*, Lalit Rajbanshi 3/5) - Stumps, UAE vs NEPAL, Final, live score, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1368002/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195901/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1368002/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won the toss and elected to bowl first. UAE was 9 down for 106 in 27.3 overs, before rain interrupted the day's play and the match postponed to the reserve day- the next day. Eventually, UAE got all-out on 117 and Nepal, despite losing three early wickets, won the game by 7 wickets courtesy to [[Gulsan Jha]]'s 67 off 84 balls, his 2nd half century, and [[Bhim Sharki]]'s 36 off 72 balls with the bat. In terms of bowling, [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] took 4 for 14, his 2nd 4-for in his 7.1 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalit Rajbanshi Profile - Cricket Player Nepal {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/lalit-rajbanshi-913853 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503063541/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/lalit-rajbanshi-913853 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gulsan Jha]] won the Player of the match whereas [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] won the Player of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal beat U.A.E. Nepal won by 7 wickets (with 117 balls remaining) - U.A.E. vs Nepal, ACC Men's Premier Cup, Final Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1368002/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501195901/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-premier-cup-2023-1367844/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1368002/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref>

The win in the Final guaranteed "The trip to [[Pakistan]] and Sri-Lanka" for the Nepali team to the [[2023 Asia Cup]] for the first time to be held in September 2023 where they were to be playing against test giants [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=cricnepal |title=Nepal qualify for the Asia Cup 2023 |url=https://www.cricnepal.com/nepal-qualify-for-the-asia-cup-2023 |website=cricnepal.com |date=2 May 2023 |language=en-US |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505123023/https://www.cricnepal.com/nepal-qualify-for-the-asia-cup-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2023 ICC World Cup Qualifier ====
Following the tournament, Nepal travelled to [[Zimbabwe]] to play 2 warm-up matches prior to the main-event [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] in June–July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QLF Warm-up {{!}} 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Warm-up Matches {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-warm-up-matches-2023-1379547 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107210144/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-warm-up-matches-2023-1379547 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal lost its first warm-up match against [[UAE national cricket team|UAE]] by 3 wickets with 1 ball remaining but won the 2nd game against [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]].

Nepal played its first game of the tournament against the host [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] on June 18, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZIM vs NEP, ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023, 1st Match, Group A at Harare, June 18, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/zimbabwe-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1377746/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/zimbabwe-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1377746/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> It was Nepal's first ever ODI match against a full member team. Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field first. Batting first, Nepal scored 290/8 in 50 overs. [[Kushal Bhurtel]] scored 99 runs, missing a ton by 1 run and [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] scored 66 runs. Their partnership of 171 runs for the first wicket was the highest partnership for Nepal for any wickets at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal ODI matches fow highest partnerships for any wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031163127/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zimbabwe chased the target in 45th over and won the opening match of the tournament.

The second match was against [[USA national cricket team|USA]]. Nepal won the toss and elected to field first. [[Karan KC]] took 4 wickets 9 overs and [[Gulsan Jha]] took 3 wickets in 10 overs, restricting USA for 207 runs. In the match, wicketkeeper [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] broke the record for most dismissals by wicketkeeper for Nepal in ODI going past [[Binod Bhandari]]'s 22 dismissals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal ODI matches keeping most dismissals career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/keeping-most-dismissals-career/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031163128/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/keeping-most-dismissals-career/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> While chasing, [[Bhim Sharki]] played a brilliant inning of 77* to help win the match. [[Karan KC]] was the player of the match.

In the match against [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]], Nepal won the toss and elected to field first. [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] took 3 wickets and west indies scored 339/7 in 50 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs WI, ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023, 9th Match, Group A at Harare, June 22, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-west-indies-9th-match-group-a-1377754/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129045147/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-west-indies-9th-match-group-a-1377754/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> while chasing, Nepal was all out for 238 runs, [[Aarif Sheikh]] scored 63 runs. In the match, [[Aarif Sheikh]] and [[Gulsan Jha]] made 68 run partnership for 7th wicket, which was the highest partnership for Nepal in ODI for 7th wicket at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal ODI matches fow highest partnerships by wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-by-wicket/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031163127/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-by-wicket/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played its last game in the group-stage against [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]]. it was the must win game for both teams. Netherlands won the toss and elected to field first. Coming to bat first, Nepal was all out for 167 runs in 45th over. Netherlands chased the target comfortably in 28th over and won the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs NED, ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023, 14th Match, Group A at Harare, June 24, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-netherlands-14th-match-group-a-1377759/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173907/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-netherlands-14th-match-group-a-1377759/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, with the loss, Nepal did not qualify for super 6 round of the tournament. [[Zimbabwe]], [[Netherlands]] and [[West Indies]] were the teams to qualify from the group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 IRE vs NEP Points Table {{!}} CWC Qualifier Points Table {{!}} CWC Qualifier Standings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/points-table-standings |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714204443/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the 7th place play-off semi-final, Nepal played against UAE, Nepal won the toss and elected to field first. [[Karan KC]] and [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] took 3 wickets each, restricting UAE for 181 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs UAE, ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023, 7th Place Playoff Semi-Final at Harare, July 02, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-7th-place-playoff-semi-final-1377771/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-7th-place-playoff-semi-final-1377771/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal chased down the total in 44th over and won the match. [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] won the player of the match by scoring unbeaten 79*. During the chase, the unbeaten partnership of [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] and [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] of 79* runs for the 8th wicket was the highest partnership for Nepal for 8th wicket in ODI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=Nepal beat U.A.E. Nepal won by 3 wickets (with 40 balls remaining) - Nepal vs U.A.E., ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier, 7th Place Playoff Semi-Final Takashinga Sports Club, Highfield, Harare July 02, 2023 Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-7th-place-playoff-semi-final-1377771/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173909/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-7th-place-playoff-semi-final-1377771/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played the last game of the tournament for the 7th place play-off final against [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]]. Ireland won the toss and elected to field first. With the help of [[Gulsan Jha]]'s 57*, Nepal scored 268/9 in the first inning. Ireland chased down the total with 4 balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRE vs NEP, ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023, 7th Place Playoff at Harare, July 04, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/ireland-vs-nepal-7th-place-playoff-1377774/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173909/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/ireland-vs-nepal-7th-place-playoff-1377774/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karan KC]] took 4 wickets in the match. Following the result, Nepal finished the tournament 8th out of 10 in the competition.

==== 2023 ACC Men's Emerging team Asia Cup ====
Nepal had qualified to play this tournament by winning the [[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup]]. It was a List-A tournament comprising 8 A-teams along with Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 NEP vs PAK-A Points Table {{!}} ACC Emerging Points Table {{!}} ACC Emerging Standings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-emerging-cup-2023-1386983/points-table-standings |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718224427/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/acc-men-s-emerging-cup-2023-1386983/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal played 3 games in the tournament against Pakistan-A, India-A, and UAE-A simultaneously. Nepal lost both of its game against the full nation and won the third game against UAE-A. Following the result, Nepal finished 3rd out of 4 teams in the group and thus did not qualify for the semi-finals. India-A and Pakistan-A were the teams to qualify for the semi-final from the group.

==== 2023 Asia Cup ====
Nepal had qualified to play this year's edition of Asia cup by winning the [[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup]] held in [[Nepal]] earlier this year. Nepal was in the same group with the test giants [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Nepal played its first game of the tournament against [[Pakistan]] on August 30, 2023, at [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Pakistan]]. Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK vs NEP, Asia Cup 2023, 1st Match, Group A at Multan, August 30, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/pakistan-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1388392/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173909/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/pakistan-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1388392/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan scored a massive 342/6 in 50 overs. Nepal was all out for 104 runs within 24th over and lost the match by a huge margin of 238 runs. [[Sompal Kami]] had conceded the most 85 runs in 10 overs, which was the highest runs conceded by Nepali bowler in ODI at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal ODI matches bowling most runs conceded innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-runs-conceded-innings/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173911/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-runs-conceded-innings/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The second match was against [[India]] on September 4 at [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sri Lanka]]. India won the toss and elected to field first. Nepal got all out for 230 runs in 49th over. [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] scored 58 runs in the match. In reply, India chased down the reduced total (due to rain interruption) of 145 runs in 23 overs without losing any wicket in 21st over and won the match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs NEP, Asia Cup 2023, 5th Match, Group A at Kandy, September 04, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/india-vs-nepal-5th-match-group-a-1388398/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031173912/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/india-vs-nepal-5th-match-group-a-1388398/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> With the result, Nepal did not qualify for semi-final of the tournament. [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] were the teams to qualify from the group.

==== 2023 Asian Games ====
Nepal then travelled to [[Huangzhou District|Huangzhou]], [[China]] for the 2023 Asian games. It was the T20I tournament and the first T20I game for Nepal of the year. Nepal played its first game of the tournament against [[Mongolia]], who were playing their first ever T20I match. Mongolia won the toss and elected to field first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNG vs NEP, Asian Games Men's Cricket Competition 2023, 1st Match, Group A at Hangzhou, September 27, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/mongolia-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1399104/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021070121/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/mongolia-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1399104/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Coming to bat first, [[Kushal Malla]] scored 137* in 50 balls, the highest score in T20I for Nepal, surpassing [[Dipendra Singh Airee]]'s 110 against [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches batting most runs innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927053106/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rohit Paudel]] and [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] also scored half centuries each scoring 61 and 52* simultaneously. Nepal ended up scoring a massive 314/3 in 20 overs, which was the highest team score by any team in T20I ever, surpassing [[Afghanistan]]'s 278.<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20I matches {{!}} Team records {{!}} Highest innings totals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-innings-totals-283218 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181529/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-innings-totals-283218 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mongolia was 41 all-out in 14th over, thus Nepal won the match by 273 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNG vs NEP, Asian Games Men's Cricket Competition 2023, 1st Match, Group A at Hangzhou, September 27, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/mongolia-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1399104/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021070121/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/mongolia-vs-nepal-1st-match-group-a-1399104/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> In this match, several T20I records were broken. The 273 runs win margin was the highest win margin in term of run for Nepal surpassing previous 142 runs win margin record against the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches team largest margins by runs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-largest-margins-by-runs/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181527/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-largest-margins-by-runs/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 3rd wicket partnership of 193 runs between [[Rohit Paudel]] and [[Kushal Malla]] broke the previous T20I record of 184 between [[Devon Conway]] and [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] of [[New Zealand]] against [[West Indies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20I matches {{!}} Partnership records {{!}} Highest partnership for the third wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-partnership-for-the-third-wicket-283594 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181527/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-partnership-for-the-third-wicket-283594 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the highest partnership for Nepal for any wicket surpassing previous record of 171 between [[Kushal Bhurtel]] and [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] for the third wicket partnership against [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches fow highest partnerships for any wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181527/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-for-any-wicket/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Malla]] also broke the record for the most sixes in an innings for Nepal with 12 sixes breaking previous record of [[Paras Khadka]]'s 9 sixes against [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches batting most sixes innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-sixes-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181528/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-sixes-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Malla]] also broke the record for the most runs scored in boundaries in an innings by scoring 104 runs via boundaries, he surpassed previous record of 82 runs by [[Paras Khadka]] against [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches batting most runs from fours sixes innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-from-fours-sixes-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-from-fours-sixes-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Malla]] also broke the record for fastest hundred in T20I, scoring century in 34 balls, beating the previous record of 35 balls century by [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] of [[South Africa]], [[Rohit Sharma]] of [[India]], and [[Sudesh Wickramasekara]] of [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20I matches {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest hundreds |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-hundreds-386083 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107210821/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-hundreds-386083 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] also broke the record for fastest 50 in T20I, scoring half-century in 9 balls, beating the previous record of 12 balls by [[Yuvraj Singh]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20I matches {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Fastest fifties |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-fifties-284094 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108030241/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-fifties-284094 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played its second game of the tournament against [[Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MDV vs NEP, Asian Games Men's Cricket Competition 2023, 7th Match, Group A at Hangzhou, October 01, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/maldives-vs-nepal-7th-match-group-a-1399110/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021014927/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/maldives-vs-nepal-7th-match-group-a-1399110/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won the toss and elected to bat first. Nepal scored 212/7 in 20 overs. [[Rohit Paudel]] scored 52 off 27 balls. In response, Maldives was all out for 74 with 2 balls to spear. [[Abinash Bohara]] bowled an impressive spell of 6/11 in 3.4 overs. The 70 runs partnership for the fifth wicket between [[Rohit Paudel]] and [[Gulsan Jha]] broke the previous record of 61 runs partnership between [[Binod Bhandari]] and [[Aarif Sheikh]] for the highest run partnership for the 5th wicket in T20I for Nepal. [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] also surpassed [[Gyanendra Malla]]'s record for most matches in T20I going past Malla's 45.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal beat Maldives Nepal won by 138 runs - Maldives vs Nepal, Asian Games Men's Cricket Competition, 7th Match, Group A Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field October 01, 2023 Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/maldives-vs-nepal-7th-match-group-a-1399110/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045651/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/maldives-vs-nepal-7th-match-group-a-1399110/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches individual most matches career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-most-matches-career/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215543/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-most-matches-career/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the win, Nepal reached the quarter-final of the tournament to play against [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 IND vs NEP Points Table {{!}} Asian Games (M) Points Table {{!}} Asian Games (M) Standings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/points-table-standings |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014020858/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> India won the toss and elected to bat first. India scored 202/4 in 20 overs. In response, Nepal scored 179/9 in 20 overs. Thus, India won the match by 23 runs, and Nepal were knocked out of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs NEP, Asian Games Men's Cricket Competition 2023, 1st Quarter-Final at Hangzhou, October 03, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/india-vs-nepal-1st-quarter-final-1399113/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215543/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/india-vs-nepal-1st-quarter-final-1399113/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series ====
In Mid-October, right before the 2023 ICC Men's T20 World cup Asia Regional Final, Nepal hosted a triangular series against [[UAE]] and [[Hong Kong]] as a preparation for the main event to be held later that month. All of the group stage matches were to be played in [[Mulpani Cricket Stadium]] in [[Mulpani, Kathmandu|Mulpani]] and the final were to take place in [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground]] in [[Kirtipur]]. It was also the first time a T20I match was played in [[Mulpani Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=cricnepal |date=2023-10-18 |title=Mulpani Cricket Ground set to host the first-ever T20I match |url=https://www.cricnepal.com/mulpani-cricket-ground-set-to-host-the-first-t20i-match |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=cricnepal.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026123317/https://www.cricnepal.com/mulpani-cricket-ground-set-to-host-the-first-t20i-match |url-status=live }}</ref> The venue became 190th ground to host T20I match. [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] were to miss the series as he had pulled out of it stating to "revitalize myself" and "needed family time".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamichhane pulls out of Nepal Tri-series |url=http://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/10/13/sandeep-lamichhane-withdraws-his-name-from-upcoming-trilateral-t20-series |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018100140/https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/10/13/sandeep-lamichhane-withdraws-his-name-from-upcoming-trilateral-t20-series |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played its first game against the [[UAE]] on 18 October at [[Mulpani Cricket Stadium|Mulpani]]. [[Mousom Dhakal]] made his T20I debut for Nepal (cap 44).<ref name="espncricinfo.com">{{Cite web |title=All Nepal Cricket T20 international players, cricketers profile, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/team/nepal-33/caps/twenty20-international-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215544/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/team/nepal-33/caps/twenty20-international-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal won the toss and elected to field first. UAE scored 140/7 in 20 overs and in response Nepal chased down the score in 18.5 overs losing 3 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs UAE, Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series 2023/24, 1st Match at Kathmandu, October 18, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-1st-match-1403288/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112947/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-1st-match-1403288/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karan KC]] took 3 wickets in the match. [[Rohit Paudel]] scored 51* and took 2 catches and won the player of the match award. The 93-run unbroken 4th wicket partnership between [[Rohit Paudel]] and [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] broke the record for the highest partnership for 4th wicket for Nepal in T20I.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Nepal beat U.A.E. Nepal won by 7 wickets (with 7 balls remaining) - Nepal vs U.A.E., Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series, 1st Match Mulpani Cricket Ground October 18, 2023 Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-1st-match-1403288/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717113024/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-1st-match-1403288/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played its second game the next day against [[Hong Kong]]. Nepal won the toss and elected to field first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs HKG, Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series 2023/24, 2nd Match at Kathmandu, October 19, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-hong-kong-2nd-match-1403289/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031234812/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-hong-kong-2nd-match-1403289/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Hong Kong was all out for 94 runs in 19.3 overs. [[Karan KC]] took 4 wickets (4/15) in the game and was awarded player of the match. In response, Nepal chased down the total in 13.5 overs losing 4 wickets.

In the third game against [[Hong Kong]], Nepal won the toss and elected to bat first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs HKG, Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series 2023/24, 3rd Match at Kathmandu, October 21, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-hong-kong-3rd-match-1403290/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112947/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-hong-kong-3rd-match-1403290/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pratis GC]] made his T20I debut for Nepal (cap 45).<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/> Nepal scored 213/6 in 20 overs. [[Kushal Malla]] scored 92 in 41 balls and [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] scored 57 off 34 balls. In response, Hong Kong scored 134/8 in 20 overs, thus losing the game by 79 runs. [[Kushal Malla]] won the player of the match award. in the match, the 145 runs partnership for the 5th wicket between [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] and [[Kushal Malla]] broke the record for the highest run partnership for 5th wicket in T20I, breaking the record of 121 between [[James Neesham]] and [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] of [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20I matches {{!}} Partnership records {{!}} Highest partnership for the fifth wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-partnership-for-the-fifth-wicket-283580 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215544/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-partnership-for-the-fifth-wicket-283580 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among Nepali batters, the duo broke the record of 70 runs between [[Rohit Paudel]] and [[Gulsan Jha]] for 5th wicket partnership.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches fow highest partnerships by wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-by-wicket/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713224421/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/fow-highest-partnerships-by-wicket/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the win, Nepal reached the final of the series with a game yet to play.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023/24 NEP vs UAE Points Table {{!}} Nepal Tri-Nation Points Table {{!}} Nepal Tri-Nation Standings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/points-table-standings |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030035235/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepal played its 4th game of the tri-series against the [[UAE]]. Nepal won the toss and elected to field first. UAE scored 164/7 in 20 overs. In response, Nepal chased down the total in 20th over with 4 balls to spear. [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] scored 62 in 50 balls. [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] won the player of the match for his quick knock of 40 off 15 balls. The 99-run partnership between [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] and [[Rohit Paudel]] broke the record of 93 runs partnership between [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] and [[Rohit Paudel]] for the 4th wicket partnership in T20I for Nepal.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Nepal beat U.A.E. Nepal won by 5 wickets (with 4 balls remaining) - Nepal vs U.A.E., Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series, 5th Match Mulpani Cricket Ground October 23, 2023 Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-5th-match-1403292/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031190728/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-5th-match-1403292/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref>

The final game of the tr-series was against Nepal and the [[UAE]]. It was the only game to be held at [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground]]. UAE won the toss and elected to field first. Nepal scored 162/8 in 20 overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs UAE, Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series 2023/24, Final at Kirtipur, October 27, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1403294/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215543/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1403294/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kushal Bhurtel]] scored 50 off 29 balls. In response, UAE chased down the total losing 6 wickets with a ball to spear. With the loss, Nepal finished as the runner-up of the Triangular series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=U.A.E. beat Nepal U.A.E. won by 4 wickets (with 1 ball remaining) - Nepal vs U.A.E., Nepal Tri-Nation T20I Series, Final Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground, Kirtipur October 27, 2023 Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1403294/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215543/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nepal-tri-nation-t20i-series-2023-24-1403272/nepal-vs-united-arab-emirates-final-1403294/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Canada Tour of Nepal 2024 ====
On February 8, 2024, [[Cricket Association of Nepal|Nepal]] played a cricket series against [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] at the [[Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground|Tribhuvan University Ground]]. The first ODI witnessed Captain [[Rohit Paudel]]'s career-best figures of 4-22 leading Nepal to a 7-run victory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Canada, 1st ODI, Feb 8, Canada tour of Nepal, 2024 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/89033/nep-vs-can-1st-odi-canada-tour-of-nepal-2024 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303095629/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/89033/nep-vs-can-1st-odi-canada-tour-of-nepal-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Continuing on February 10, 2024, Nepal chased down a target of 286 runs in the second ODI, thanks to the collective efforts of Paudel, [[Anil Sah]], and [[Dev Khanal]], securing a four-wicket win and tying the national record for the most successful run chase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Canada, 2nd ODI, Feb 10, Canada tour of Nepal, 2024 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/89033/nep-vs-can-2nd-odi-canada-tour-of-nepal-2024 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303094913/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/89033/nep-vs-can-2nd-odi-canada-tour-of-nepal-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The series concluded on February 12, 2024, with a 9-wicket victory in the third ODI. [[Anil Sah]] and [[Bhim Sharki]] delivered outstanding centuries, guiding Nepal to a comprehensive win and sealing a clean sweep.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal vs Canada, 3rd ODI, Feb 10, Canada tour of Nepal, 2024 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/89033/nep-vs-can-3rd-odi-canada-tour-of-nepal-2024 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112951/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/89033/nep-vs-can-3rd-odi-canada-tour-of-nepal-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepal's performance in Kirtipur extended their winning streak to 15 consecutive ODIs, making it the fourth-longest home winning streak in men's ODI history.

==== ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024 ====
In Nepal's debut match of the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup 2024]] Group D stage on June 4, 2024, they faced the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] at [[Dallas]]. This historic encounter marked the beginning of Nepal's campaign in the tournament, as they sought to make a strong impression in their second World Cup appearance after 10 years. Despite putting up a valiant effort, Nepal fell short against the formidable Dutch team, with the match concluding in a closely contested result. The Netherlands' disciplined bowling attack, spearheaded by left-arm spinner [[Tim Pringle]] and [[Logan van Beek]], proved challenging for Nepal's batting lineup, as they were bowled out for 106 runs. However, Nepal fought hard, managing to stretch the game to the 19th over, showcasing their resilience and determination. Reflecting on the match, Nepal's captain [[Rohit Paudel]] acknowledged the challenging batting conditions and highlighted the need for stronger partnerships to set a competitive total. While Nepal's bowlers displayed tenacity, missed catching opportunities proved costly, allowing the Netherlands to chase down the target with ease. [[Max O'Dowd]]'s resilient half-century, supported by [[Bas de Leede]]'s decisive boundary, sealed the victory for the Netherlands, despite Nepal's spirited performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Netherlands beat Nepal, Netherlands won by 6 wickets (with 8 balls remaining) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/nepal-vs-netherlands-7th-match-group-d-1415707/live-cricket-score |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615030721/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/nepal-vs-netherlands-7th-match-group-d-1415707/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref>

Their second match, against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the [[Central Broward Park]], was abandoned due to heavy rain, which gave Nepal 1 point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs SL Cricket Scorecard, 23rd Match, Group D at Lauderhill, June 11, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/nepal-vs-sri-lanka-23rd-match-group-d-1415723/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620001616/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/nepal-vs-sri-lanka-23rd-match-group-d-1415723/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

Their third match, against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] at the [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], was historic. Nepal's bowling attack, spearheaded by [[Kushal Bhurtel]], who took 4/19 and [[Dipendra Singh Airee]], who took 3/21 restricted South Africa to only 115/7, with [[Reeza Hendricks]] top-scoring with 47 runs. Nepal managed to score 34 runs in the first 7 overs, with Kushal Bhurtel scoring 13 runs off 20 balls. However, the 8th over was disastrous for Nepal. [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] bowled out Kushal, and then just 2 balls later, bowled [[Rohit Paudel]] for 0 runs. However, [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] and [[Anil Sah]] propelled Nepal to 82/2 in 13 overs, needing just 34 runs off 42 balls. However, [[Aiden Markram]] managed to get a breakthrough with a great catch from [[Marco Jansen]], seeing off Anil Sah, who made 27 runs off 24 balls. Once more, Aasif Sheikh and Dipendra Singh Airee managed to get on their feet. By the end of the 17th over, Nepal was 98/3, and needed 18 runs off 18 balls. However, Shamsi turned things around, taking 2 wickets in the 18th over, seeing off Airee, who made 6 runs off 11 balls and Aasif, who made 42 runs off 49 balls. However, the target was very much still doable. Nepal needed 16 runs off 12 balls, with [[Kushal Malla]] and [[Gulsan Jha]] at the crease. However, [[Anrich Nortje]] managed to bowl Kushal out, who had made 1 run off 3 balls. [[Sompal Kami]] came out and gave his team hope. After 2 consecutive dot balls, he bashed a ball over 100 metres for a maximum, followed by running 2 runs to finish the penultimate over. Nepal needed just 8 runs off 6 balls as the last over started. With Gulsan Jha at strike and [[Ottneil Baartman]] balling, the first 2 balls were dots. However, Gulsan turned things around with a cracking boundary for 4. Now, Nepal needed 4 runs off 3 balls. Gulsan managed to get 2 runs, and Nepal needed just 2 runs off 2 balls to make history. Baartman managed to get in a dot ball, and suddenly Nepal needed 2 runs off 1 ball to win and a single for a Super Over. For the last ball, Gulsan couldn't get a hit, and they scrambled for a single. [[Quinton de Kock]] threw the ball and it deflected to Klaasen off Gulsan. Gulsan slowed down a bit at the very end, and [[Heinrich Klaasen]] managed to run him out, ending in Nepal losing by just 1 run.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP vs SA Cricket Scorecard, 31st Match, Group D at Kingstown, June 14, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/nepal-vs-south-africa-31st-match-group-d-1415731/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619223425/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/nepal-vs-south-africa-31st-match-group-d-1415731/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

This meant that Nepal was out of the World Cup, with just one match remaining, against Bangladesh. [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] won the toss and chose to bat first. [[Sompal Kami]] managed to catch and ball out [[Tanzid Hasan]], giving Nepal the advantage from the first ball. The last ball of the over was given out by the empire, but [[Liton Das]] reviewed, and a not out was decided. Then, Airee managed to bowl out [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] in the 3rd ball of the second over, ending the over with Bangladesh at just 11/2. Bangladesh managed to stand for another two overs before another wicket. In the final over of the powerplay, Liton Das threw up, and the ball was caught, and by the end of the powerplay, Bangladesh was only 26/3. Just the next over, Paudel managed to get [[Towhid Hridoy]] caught out, and Bangladesh ended the over at 31/4. [[Mahmudullah]] and [[Shakib Al Hasan]] put Bangladesh back on its feet, but at the end of the 8th over, poor running meant Mahmudullah was caught run out, and Bangladesh was a measly 52/5 by the end of the 8th over. By the end of the 10th over, Bangladesh were still only 59/5, but Paudel managed to trap Shakib lbw in the 11th. At the start of the 13th over, [[Sandeep Lamichhane]], who was only playing his second game since his getting suspended on allegations of rape, managed to trap Tanzid lbw, but after an appeal, it appeared the ball would have spun a bit too much, keeping Tanzid on the crease. However, just the next ball, Lamichhane managed to bowl him. By the end of his over, Bangladesh were stranded at 72/7. Lamichhane came to bowl just one over later. He managed to bowl out [[Jaker Ali]], and by the end of his over, Bangladesh were at 75/8, giving Lamichhane his 100th wicket in T20Is. However, Rashid Hossain managed to smash a 6 and a 4 in the next over, which ended in Taskin being nearly caught lbw, but saved by the third umpire. Just the next ball, Airee bowled Rashid out. By the end of their innings, Bangladesh had been restricted to just 106. Nepal started their innings hopeful for a victory, but the powerplay ended with Nepal stranded at 20/3, with Tanzid Hasan Sakib managing to grab a wicket maiden and 3 wickets overall in just the powerplay. The next two overs went similarly, with both [[Mustafizur Rahman]] and [[Tanzim Hasan Sakib]] grabbing wickets, giving Tanzim 4. As the 6th over ended, Nepal was only 26/5. However, Airee and [[Kushal Malla]] managed to give Nepal chances. As the 15th over ended, Nepal had been propelled to 77/5, needing 30 runs off 24 balls. However, just the next over, Mustafizur managed to see off Kushal Malla, and Taskin saw off Gulsan Jha. At the end of the 17th, Nepal were 85/7 and needed 22 runs off 12 balls. Mustafizur, however, had a wicket maiden in the penultimate over, and Nepal were 85/8 and needed 22 runs of f6 balls. In the ultimate over, Shakib managed to get 2 off 2, and Nepal lost, managing only 85 runs due to Taskin's beautiful spell, and Bangladesh were propelled into the Super Eight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ball by Ball Commentary & Live Score - BAN vs NEP, 37th Match, Group D |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/bangladesh-vs-nepal-37th-match-group-d-1415737/ball-by-ball-commentary |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620075746/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/bangladesh-vs-nepal-37th-match-group-d-1415737/ball-by-ball-commentary |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Team image ==
===Home Ground===
{{Main|List of cricket grounds in Nepal}}

{{location map+|Nepal|float=none|width=390|caption=Locations of all major cricket stadiums within Nepal.|places=
{{location map~|Nepal|label=[[Tribhuvan University Cricket Ground|TU Cricket Ground]]
|position=top|lat=27.828056|long=85.290278}}
{{location map~|Nepal|label=[[Mulpani Cricket Ground|Mulpani Cricket Ground]]|position=bottom|lat=27.712222 |long=85.396389}}
{{location map~|Nepal|label=[[Pokhara Cricket Stadium|Pokhara Cricket Stadium]]|position=left|lat=28.20375 |long=83.99185}}
}}
[[Tribhuvan University Cricket Ground|TU Cricket Ground]] in [[Kirtipur]] and [[Mulpani Cricket Ground]] in [[Mulpani, Kathmandu]] are the only two grounds with [[One Day International]] status. There are other cricket grounds in the country that host regional and national level tournaments with some being under construction and few undergoing some development.
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Venue
! Location
! Capacity
! Tests
! ODIs
! T20Is
! WT20Is
|-
|[[Tribhuvan University Cricket Ground|TU Cricket Ground]]
|[[Kirtipur]], [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]]
|15,000
|0
|34
|34
|14
|-
|[[Mulpani Cricket Ground|Upper Mulpani Cricket Ground]]
|[[Kageshwari-Manohara]], [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]]
|4,000
|0
|1
|13
|0
|-
|[[Pokhara Rangasala|Pokhara Cricket Stadium]]
|[[Pokhara]], [[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]]
|(Proposed expansion)
|0
|0
|0
| 4
|}

=== Kit evolution ===

====Kit suppliers====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#ED1C24;border: 2px solid #3F43A4;" |Kit provider
!style="background:#ED1C24;border: 2px solid #3F43A4;" |Period
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} KELME
| 2021–2025
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} T10 Sports
| 2025–present
|}

== Tournament history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Key'''
|style="background:gold" width="20"|
|align="left"| '''Champions'''
|-
|style="background:silver" width="20"|
|align="left"| '''Runners-up'''
|-
|style="background:#90EE90" width="20"|
|align="left"| '''3rd position'''
|-
|}

===ICC Cricket World Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="color:#002868; background:white;" colspan=8|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]] record
! style="color:#002868; background:white;" colspan=5|[[ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier|Qualification]] record
|-
! scope="col"|Host & Year
! scope="col"|Round
! scope="col"|Position
! scope="col"|{{abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
|-
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|PAK}} {{flagicon|SRI}} [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|NED}} {{flagicon|SCO}} {{flagicon|WAL}} [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
|-
| {{flagicon|KEN}} {{flagicon|RSA}} {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]|| colspan="7" |''Did not qualify'' || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="2" |''Not eligible''|| colspan="5" rowspan="2" |''Not eligible''
|-
| {{flagicon|BAN}} {{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SRI}} [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="3"|''Did not qualify'' || 16 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|WAL}} [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]|| 35 || 17 || 17 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]|| 36 || 19 || 15 || 1 || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|NAM}} {{flagicon|SA}} {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]||colspan="12" rowspan="2"|''TBD''
|-
| {{flagicon|BAN}}{{flagicon|IND}} [[2031 Cricket World Cup|2031]]
|}

===ICC T20 World Cup===
{{main|Nepal at the Men's T20 World Cup}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! width=150 |Host & Year
! width=100 |Round
! width=75 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] ||colspan="7" rowspan=3|''Not eligible''
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|-
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]] ||colspan="7"|''Did not qualify''
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] || First round || 12/16 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] || colspan="7" rowspan="3" |''Did not qualify''
|-
|{{flagicon|OMA}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|West Indies}} [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] || rowspan=2 | Group Stage || rowspan=2 | 17/20 || 4 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SL}} [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]] || colspan="7" rowspan="2" |''TBD''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|SCO}} {{flagicon|WAL}} [[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2030]]
|-
!Total
!0 Titles
!3/10
!11
!3
!7
!0
!1
|}

===ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifiers===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! width=150 |Host & Year
! width=100 |Round
! width=75 |Position
! width=50 |P
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
!Notes
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1979 ICC Trophy|1979]] || colspan="7" rowspan="3" |Not eligible – Not an ICC member
|
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1982 ICC Trophy|1982]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1986 ICC Trophy|1986]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[1990 ICC Trophy|1990]] || colspan="7" rowspan="2" |Not eligible – ICC affiliate member
|
|-
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[1994 ICC Trophy|1994]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|MYS}} [[1997 ICC Trophy|1997]] || colspan="7" |Did not participate
|
|-
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[2001 ICC Trophy|2001]] || Group stage || Round 1 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0
|
|-
|{{flagicon|IRE|cricket}} [[2005 ICC Trophy|2005]] || colspan="7" |Did not qualify
|
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2009 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2009]] || colspan="7" |Not eligible – In Division Five
|
|-
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014]] || Playoffs || 9th || 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0
|Relegated to 2014 Division 3
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018]] || Playoffs || 8th || 6 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0
|Gained [[One Day International|ODI status]] until 2023
|-
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]] || Playoffs || 8th || 6|| 2|| 4|| 0|| 0
|Had retained [[One Day International|ODI status]] until 2027
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag.svg}} [[2027 Cricket World Cup qualification|2027]] || colspan=8 | ''TBD''
|-
!Total
!colspan="2"|
!23
!9
!14
!0
!0
!
|}

=== ICC T20 World Cup Qualifiers ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! width=150 | Host & Year
! width=100 | Round
! width=75 | Position
! width=50 | P
! width=50 | W
! width=50 | L
! width=50 | T
! width=50 | NR
! Notes
|-
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2010]] || colspan="7" | Did not qualify ||
|-
|- bgcolor="#90EE90"
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2013]] || Semi-final || 3rd || 10 || 6 || 4 || 0 || 0 || Qualified for the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IRE|cricket}}{{flagicon|SCO}} [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015]] || Group Stage || 12th || 6 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 1 ||
|-
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier|2019]] || colspan="7" | Did not qualify ||
|-
| {{flagicon|OMN}} [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier Group A|2022]] || Semi-final || 3rd || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
|- bgcolor="silver"
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[2023 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier#Regional Final|2023]] || Runners-up || 2nd || 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 0 || Qualified for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
|-
|- bgcolor="gold"
| {{flagicon|OMN}} [[2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|2025]] || Winners || 1st || 8 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 || Qualified for the [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
|-
! Total
! colspan="2" |
! 44
! 28
! 14
! 1
! 1
!
|}

===ACC Asia Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col"|Host & Year
! scope="col"|Round
! scope="col"|Position
! scope="col"|{{abbr|Pld|Games played}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[1997 Asia Cup|1997]]|| colspan="7" |Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2000 Asia Cup|2000]]|| colspan="7" |Did not participate
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="2"|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SL}} [[2010 Asia Cup|2010]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="2" |Did not participate
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]]
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]|| colspan="7" |Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]|| colspan="7" |Did not participate
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="2"|Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}}{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||Group Stage
|5th/6th
|2
|0
|2
|0
|0
|-
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]|| colspan="7"|Did not qualify
|-
||{{flagicon|BAN}} 2027|| colspan="7"|To be determined
|-
||{{flagicon|PAK}} 2029|| colspan="7"|To be determined
|-
||{{flagicon|OMA}} 2031|| colspan="7"|To be determined
|-
|'''Total'''||'''1/9'''||'''0 Title '''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

===ACC Asia Cup Qualifier===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=150|Host & Year
! width=50 |Tournament
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |P
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |N/R
!'''Notes'''
|-

|{{flagicon|MAS}}[[2014 ACC Premier League|2014]]|| [[2014 ACC Premier League|ACC Premier League]]
|3rd
|5
|3
|2
|0
|0
|Qualified for [[2014 ACC Championship]], but the tournament was cancelled.
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}}[[2016 Asia Cup Qualifier|2016]]|| [[2016 Asia Cup Qualifier|Asia Cup Qualifier]]
|colspan="6" rowspan="1" |''did not participate''
|Had no [[Twenty20 International|T20I status]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}}[[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier|2018]]|| [[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier|Asia Cup Qualifier]]
|4th
|5
|2
|3
|0
|0
|Qualified for the [[2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
|-
|{{flagicon|OMA}}[[2020 Asia Cup Qualifier|2020]]|| [[2022 Asia Cup Qualifier|Asia Cup Qualifier]]
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" |''did not qualify''
|Setback in eastern regional qualifier
|- style="background:gold;"
|{{flagicon|NEP}}[[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup|2023]]|| [[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup|ACC Premier Cup]]
|'''Champions'''
|6
|5
|0
|0
|1
|Qualified for the [[2023 Asia Cup]] and [[2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
|-
|{{flagicon|OMA}}[[2024 ACC Men's Premier Cup|2024]]|| [[2024 ACC Men's Premier Cup|ACC Premier Cup]]
|4th
|6
|4
|2
|0
|0
|
|}

=== Asian Games ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |N/R
!Notes
|-

|{{flagicon|CHN}}[[Cricket at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]
|Quarter-finals
|3
|1
|2
| -
| -
|Knocked out by Sri-Lanka in the Quarter-Final
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}}[[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]
|Quarter-finals
|3
|2
|1
| -
| -
|Knocked out by Afghanistan in the Quarter-Final
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}}[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]]
|Quarter-finals
|3
|2
|1
| -
| -
|Knocked out by India in the Quarter-Final
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Cricket at the 2026 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2026]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== World Cricket League / Cricket World Cup League 2===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |N/R
!Notes
|-
|[[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five]]
||3rd place
|7
|5
|1
|0
|1
|Remained in [[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Five|2010 Division Five]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
|[[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Five]]
||'''Champions'''
|6
|5
|1
|0
|0
|Promoted to [[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Four|Division Four for 2010]]
|-

|[[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Four]]
||3rd place
|6
|4
|2
|0
|0
|Remained in [[2012 ICC World Cricket League Division Four|Division Four for 2012]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
|[[2012 ICC World Cricket League Division Four]]
||'''Champions'''
|6
|6
|0
|0
|0
|Promoted to [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three|Division Three for 2013]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
|[[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]]
||'''Champions'''
|6
|4
|2
|0
|0
|Promoted to the [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014 World Cup Qualifier]]
|- style="background:Gold;"
|[[2014 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]]
||'''Champions'''
|6
|5
|1
|0
|0
|Promoted to [[2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|Division Two for 2015]]
|-

|[[2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|2015 Division Two]]
|| 4th place
|6
|3
|3
|0
|0
|Qualified for the [[2015-17 ICC World Cricket League Championship]]
|-

|[[2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship]]
|| 7th place
|14
|4
|9
|0
|1
|Relegated to [[2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|Division Two]]
|- style="background:silver;"
|[[2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]]
|| Runners-Up
|6
|4
|2
|0
|0
|Advanced to the [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]
|-bgcolor="#90EE90"
|[[2019–2023 Cricket World Cup League 2]]
|3rd
|36
|19
|15
|1
|1
|Advanced to the [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] and retained ODI status until 2027
|-
|[[2024–2026 Cricket World Cup League 2]]
| colspan="7" |On Going
|}

=== South Asian Games ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=150|Host & Year
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |N/R
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Cricket at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
|4th
|5
|1
|4
|0
|0
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Cricket at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
|Bronze
|5
|3
|2
|0
|0
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Cricket at the 2025 South Asian Games|2025–26]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup/Asia Cup Rising Stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="8" |'''ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup (List A Tournaments)'''
|-
!'''Host & Year'''
!Tournament
!Position
!GP
!W
!L
!T
!NR
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} 2013
|[[2013 ACC Emerging Teams Cup]]
|Group Stage
|3
|0
|3
|0
|0
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} 2017
|[[2017 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
|Group Stage
|3
|1
|2
|0
|0
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}}{{flagicon|SL}} 2018
|[[2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} 2019
|[[2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
|Group Stage
|3
|1
|2
|0
|0
|-
|{{Flagicon|SL}} 2023
|[[2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
|Group Stage
|3
|1
|2
|0
|0
|-
|{{Flagicon|Oman}} 2024
|[[2024 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|-
|{{Flagicon|Qatar}} 2025
|[[2025 Asia Cup Rising Stars]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|}

=== ICC Intercontinental Cup ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="8" |ICC Intercontinental Cup (First Class Tournament)
|-
!Year
!Tournament
!Position
!GP
!W
!L
!D
!points
|-
|2004
|[[2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
|Group Stage- Asia Group
|2
|1
|0
|1
|42
|-
|2005
|[[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
|Group Stage- Asia Group
|2
|1
|0
|1
|40.5
|-
|2006-07
|[[2006–07 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|-
|2007-08
|[[2007–08 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|-
|2009-10
|[[2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|-
|2011-13
|[[2011–2013 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|-
|2015-17
|[[2015–2017 ICC Intercontinental Cup]]
| colspan="6" |Did not qualify
|}

=== ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament record
|-
! width="100" |Year
! width="100" |Tournament
! width="100" |Position
|- style="background:Gold;"
|2006
|[[ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament]]
|| '''Winners'''
|}

=== ACC Trophy ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | ACC Trophy record (50 Over Tournament)
|-
! width="100" | Year
! width="100" | Tournament
! width="100" | Position
|-
|1996
|[[1996 ACC Trophy]]
| First round
|-
|1998
|[[1998 ACC Trophy]]
| First round
|-
|2000
|[[2000 ACC Trophy]]
|Semi-finals
|- style="background:silver ;"
|2002
|[[2002 ACC Trophy]]
| Runners-up
|-
|2004
|[[2004 ACC Trophy]]
|5th place
|-
|2006
|[[2006 ACC Trophy]]
| 4th place
|-
|2008
|[[2008 ACC Trophy Elite]]
|4th place
|- style="background:silver ;"
|2010
|[[2010 ACC Trophy Elite]]
|Runners-up
|- style="background:Gold;"
|2012
|[[2012 ACC Trophy Elite]]
|'''Winners''' (Shared trophy with [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team]]
|}

== Current squad ==
The list of [[One Day International|ODI]] & [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] centrally contracted players with Cricket Association of Nepal for 2025-2026 year.
The bold players selected for [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]].

{{updated|18 Feb 2026}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | No.
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Name
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Age
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Batting style
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Bowling style
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | C/G
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Forms
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Domestic Team
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | NPL
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Last ODI
! style="text-align:center; background:#003893; color:white; | Last T20I
|-
!colspan="11"style="text-align:center;" | Batsmen
|-
|14||'''[[Kushal Bhurtel]]'''
|{{age|1997|01|22}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Leg break]] ||style="text-align:center;" | B || ODI, T20I||[[Nepal Police Cricket|Nepal Police Club]]||Pokhara Avengers
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|52||[[Bhim Sharki]]
|{{age|2001|9|26}} || Right-handed ||{{n/a}}|| style="text-align:center;" | C || ODI, T20I||[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]||Kathmandu Gorkhas
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2025
|-
|17||'''[[Rohit Paudel]]'''(c)
|{{age|2002|09|2}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||style="text-align:center;" | A || ODI, T20I||[[APF Cricket|APF Club]]||Lumbini Lions
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|24||'''[[Aarif Sheikh]]'''
|{{age|1997|10|05}}||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]]||style="text-align:center;" | C || ODI, T20I|| [[Nepal Police Cricket|Nepal Police Club]]||Sudurpaschim Royals
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|21||'''[[Sundeep Jora]]'''|| {{age|2001|10|20}} || Right-handed ||{{n/a}}||style="text-align:center;" | C ||T20I||[[APF Cricket|APF Club]]||Lumbini Lions
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|18||[[Dev Khanal]]|| {{age|2005|05|29}} || Right-handed ||{{n/a}}|| style="text-align:center;" |D ||ODI||[[Lumbini Province cricket team|Lumbini Province]]||Chitwan Rhinos
|{{cricon|CAN}} 2024
|{{n/a}}
|-
| ||Mayan Yadav
|{{age|2005|05|07}}|| Right-handed ||{{n/a}}|| style="text-align:center;" |D ||ODI||[[Madhesh Province cricket team|Madhesh Province]]||Janakpur Bolts
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| ||Subh Kansakar
|{{age|2000|05|15|}}|| Right-handed ||{{n/a}}||style="text-align:center;"|EC||ODI, T20I||[[Bagmati Province cricket team|Bagmati Province]]||Janakpur Bolts
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| ||Arjun Kumal
|{{age|2005|12|11}}||Right-handed ||{{n/a}}||style="text-align:center;"|EC||ODI||[[Gandaki Province cricket team|Gandaki Province]]||Pokhara Avengers
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
! ! colspan="11"style="text-align:center;" | Wicket-keepers
|-
|09||'''[[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]]'''
|{{age|2001|01|22}} ||Right-handed||{{n/a}}|| style="text-align:center;" | A || ODI, T20I||[[APF Cricket|APF Club]]|| Janakpur Bolts
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|16||[[Anil Kumar Sah]]
|{{age|1998|11|17}}||Right-handed||{{n/a}} ||style="text-align:center;" | B || ODI, T20I||[[Madhesh Province cricket team|Madhesh Province]]||Janakpur Bolts
|{{cricon|NED}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2025
|-
| 01||'''[[Lokesh Bam]]'''
|{{age|2003|08|14}} || Right-handed ||{{n/a}}|| style="text-align:center;"|D|| T20I||[[APF cricket team|APF Club]]||Biratnagar Kings
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
||||Arjun Gharti
|{{age|2003|6|29}} || Right-handed ||{{n/a}}|| style="text-align:center;" | EC ||ODI, T20I||[[Karnali Province cricket team|Karnali Province]]||Karnali Yaks
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="11"style="text-align:center" | All-rounders
|-
|45||'''[[Dipendra Singh Airee]]''' (vc)|| {{age|2000|01|24}}||Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]]||style="text-align:center;"|A||ODI, T20I||{{n/a}}||Sudurpaschim Royals
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|15||'''[[Gulsan Jha]]'''|| {{age|2005|2|17}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] ||style="text-align:center;"|B||ODI, T20I||[[Nepal Police Cricket|Nepal Police Club]]||Karnali Yaks
|{{cricon|USA}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|75||'''[[Basir Ahamad]]'''
|{{age|2003|09|11}}|| Left-handed||[[Slow left-arm orthodox]]||style="text-align:center;" | D ||ODI, T20I||[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]
||Biratnagar Kings
|{{cricon|NED}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2025
|-
|02||[[Kushal Malla]]
|{{age|2004|3|5}}|| Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||style="text-align:center;"|C||ODI, T20I||[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]||
Chitwan Rhinos
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|OMN}} 2025
|-
|55||[[Mohammad Aadil Alam]]
|{{age|2003|08|18|}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]||{{n/a}}||T20I||
[[Madhesh Province cricket team|Madhesh Province]]
||Kathmandu Gorkhas
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|OMN}} 2025
|-
|71||[[Bibek Yadav]]
| {{age|2003|10|7}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] ||style="text-align:center;" | D ||T20I||[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]||
Lumbini Lions
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|QAT}} 2024
|-
|30 ||[[Rupesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{age|2000|07|14}}||Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]]||style="text-align:center;"| EC ||T20I||[[Madhesh Province cricket team|Madhesh Province]]||Janakpur Bolts
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2025
|-
| ||[[Santosh Yadav]]
|{{age|2006|11|17}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | EC ||ODI|| [[Lumbini Province cricket team|Lumbini Province]]||Kathmandu Gorkhas
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="11"style="text-align:center;" | Pace bowlers
|-
|10||'''[[Sompal Kami]]'''
| {{age|1996|02|02}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Pace bowling|Fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| A || ODI, T20I ||[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]
||Karnali Yaks
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|33||'''[[Karan KC]]'''
|{{age|1991|10|10}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|Fast medium]]|| style="text-align:center;"| B || ODI, T20I|| [[Nepal Police cricket team|Nepal Police Club]]||Kathmandu Gorkhas
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|WIN}} 2026
|-
| 22||'''[[Nandan Yadav]]'''
|{{age|2000|07|27}}||Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] ||{{n/a}}||ODI, T20I|| [[APF Cricket|APF Club]] ||Karnali yaks
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|23||[[Rijan Dhakal]]
|{{age|1999|5|6}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] ||style="text-align:center;" |D ||ODI, T20I||[[Bagmati Province cricket team|Bagmati Province]]||Chitwan Rhinos
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2025
|-
|37||[[Pratis GC]]
|{{age|2004|5|22}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] ||style="text-align:center;" | D ||T20I||[[Bagmati Province cricket team|Bagmati Province]]||Biratnagar Kings
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|KSA}} 2024
|-
|11||[[Aakash Chand]]|| {{age|2004|12|18}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| D||ODI, T20I||
[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]
||Pokhara Avengers
|{{Cricon|CAN}}2024
|{{cricon|PNG}}2024
|-
|13||[[Avinash Bohara]]
||{{age|1997|07|30}}||Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| D || T20I|| [[APF Cricket|APF Club]]||Sudurpaschim Royals
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|BAN}} 2024
|-
||||[[Hemant Dhami]]
|{{age|2006|04|14}}||Right-handed || Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]] ||style="text-align:center;"|EC||ODI||[[Sudurpashchim Province cricket team|Sudurpashchim Province]]||Sudurpaschim Royals
|{{Cricon|CAN}}2024
|{{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="11"style="text-align:center;" | Spin bowlers
|-
|25||'''[[Sandeep Lamichhane]]'''
|{{age|2000|08|02}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Leg break]] ||style="text-align:center;"| A || ODI, T20I||[[Bagmati Province cricket team|Bagmati Province]]||Biratnagar Kings
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2026
|-
|-
|27||'''[[Lalit Rajbanshi]]'''
|{{age|1999|2|27}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | B || ODI, T20I|| [[Nepal Police Cricket|Nepal Police Club]]||Janakpur Bolts
|{{cricon|UAE}} 2025
|{{cricon|ITA}} 2026
|-
|05||[[Shahab Alam]]
|{{age|2001|1|11|}}|| Left-handed|| [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]||style="text-align:center;"|D||T20I||
[[Tribhuwan Army Club cricket team|Nepal Army Club]]
||Kathmandu Gorkhas
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|WIN}} 2025
|-
||23||'''[[Sher Malla]]'''
|{{age|2002|12|1|}}|| Left-handed|| Right-arm [[off-break]]||{{n/a}}||T20I||[[Sudurpashchim Province cricket team|Sudurpashchim Province]]||Lumbini Lions
|{{n/a}}
|{{cricon|ENG}} 2026
|-
|08||[[Sagar Dhakal]]
|{{age|2001|12|14}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | D ||ODI, T20I||[[Nepal Police Cricket|Nepal Police Club]]||Pokhara Avengers
|{{cricon|SCO}} 2022
|{{cricon|USA}} 2024
|-
|||[[Surya Tamang]]
|{{age|2001|09|30}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | D || ODI||[[Bagmati Province cricket team|Bagmati Province]]||Biratnagar Kings
|{{cricon|CAN}} 2024
|{{n/a}}
|-
||||Dipesh Kandel
|{{age|2005|07|04}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | EC ||ODI||[[Koshi Province cricket team|Koshi Province]]||Kathmandu Gorkhas
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

=== Pay grade ===
[[Cricket Association of Nepal|CAN]] awards central contracts to its players, their pay is graded according to the importance of the player. Players' Monthly salaries are as follows:
* Grade A – रु. 1,00,000
* Grade B – रु. 70,000
* Grade C – रु. 55,000
* Grade D – रु. 35,000
* Grade EC. (Emerging Category) – रु. 25,000

;Match fees
Players also receive a match fee of Rs 5,000 per T20I match and Rs 10,000 per ODI match.

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head Coach
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Stuart Law]]
|-
| Assistant Coach
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Nic Pothas]]
|-
| Bowling Consultant
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ian Harvey]]
|-
| Strength and Conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|India}} Abdul Sattar
|-
| Cricket Manager
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Binod Das]]
|-
| Logistics Manager
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} Prabal Gautam
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} Lokendra Kunwar
|-
| Masseur
| {{flagicon|West Indies}} Dane Dominic Currency
|-
| Analyst
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} Raman Shiwakoti
|-
| Photographer
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Sajan Lamichhane]]
|}

===Coaching history===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Period
! Coach
! Achievements
|-
| 2001
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Aftab Baloch]]
| • Guided Nepal in early ICC regional tournaments. • Helped lay the foundation for Nepal’s youth cricket development.
|-
| 2001–2010
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Roy Dias]]
| • Led Nepal to victory in the [[2006 ACC Premier League]]. • Coached Nepal U19s in the [[2006 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2006]] and [[2008 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2008 U19 World Cups]]. • Established Nepal as a strong Associate nation in Asia.
|-
| 2011–2015
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Pubudu Dassanayake]]
| • Qualified Nepal for the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014 ICC T20 World Cup]] — Nepal’s first global event. • Improved fitness, discipline, and professionalism within the team.
|-
| 2015–2019
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Jagat Tamata]]
| • Guided Nepal to [[2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two|WCL Division 2 2018]] success. • Helped Nepal earn [[One Day International]] status for the first time. • Coached during Nepal’s debut in [[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier]].
|-
| 2019–2020
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Umesh Patwal]]
| • Oversaw Nepal’s first full ODI series as an ODI nation. • Focused on player development of youngsters like [[Rohit Paudel]] and [[Kushal Bhurtel]].
|-
| 2020–2021
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Dav Whatmore]]
| • Led Nepal to victory in the [[2021 Nepal Tri-Nation Series (T20I)|2021 Tri-Nation T20I Series]] at home. • Strengthened batting and fielding structures. • Promoted a more aggressive playing style.
|-
| 2021–2022
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Pubudu Dassanayake]]
| • Returned for second tenure. • Guided Nepal to the [[2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off]]. • Revitalized senior players’ form and mentored new talents.
|-
| 2022
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
| • Short tenure focused on side rebuilding. • Integrated domestic performers into the national squad. • Began preparations for 2023 qualifying campaigns.
|-
| 2023–2025
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Monty Desai]]
| • Led Nepal to [[2023 Asia Cup]] participation — Nepal’s debut in the event. • Qualified Nepal for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024 T20 World Cup]]. • Oversaw record victories in [[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup]] and improved batting confidence.
|-
| 2025–present
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Stuart Law]]
| • Appointed March 2025. • Continuing Nepal’s progress following qualification for the [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 T20 World Cup]]. • Implementing Australian high-performance structure and coaching methodology.
|}

==Records and statistics==
===One Day Internationals===
{{main|List of Nepal One Day International records}}

* Highest team total: 321 v. [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] on June 8, 2025 at [[Forthill]], [[Dundee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-highest-innings-totals/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |title=Records / Nepal / One Day Internationals / Highest totals |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085155/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-highest-innings-totals/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most ODI runs for Nepal'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual batting career records for Nepal in ODI matches|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2|access-date=17 February 2024|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717113500/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#bdb76b;"
! Player!!Runs!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Rohit Paudel]] || 2,000 || 29.85 || 2018–2025
|-
|[[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] || 1,677 || 28.91 || 2021–2025
|-
|[[Kushal Bhurtel]] || 1,454 || 23.07 || 2021–2025
|-
|[[Aarif Sheikh]] || 1,405 || 28.10 || 2018–2025
|-
|[[Dipendra Singh Airee]] || 1,241 || 21.77 ||2018–2025
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Most ODI wickets for Nepal'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual bowling career records for Nepal in ODI matches|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-wickets-career/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2|access-date=17 February 2024|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217123952/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-wickets-career/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#bdb76b;"
! Player!!Wickets!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Sandeep Lamichhane]] || 135 || 19.93 || 2018–2025
|-
|[[Karan KC]] || 91 || 26.91 || 2018–2025
|-
|[[Sompal Kami]] || 85 || 30.24 || 2018–2025
|-
|[[Lalit Rajbanshi]] || 47 || 25.38 || 2019–2025
|-
|[[Dipendra Singh Airee]] || 42 || 35.33 || 2018–2025
|}
{{col-end}}

'''Head-to-head record'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |[[One Day International|Matches]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Won]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Lost]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tied]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#No result|No Result]]
!scope="col" |First match
!scope="col" |First win
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="8" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Members]]'''
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|IND}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 September 2023 ||
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|IRE}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 July 2023 ||
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|PAK}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 30 August 2023 ||
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|WIN}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 22 June 2023 ||
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|ZIM}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 18 June 2023 ||
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate Members]]'''
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|CAN}}
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 8 February 2024 || 8 February 2024
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|NAM}}
| 8 || 2 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 11 July 2022 || 14 February 2023
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|NED}}
| 7 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 1 August 2018 || 3 August 2018
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|OMA}}
| 8 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 5 February 2020 || 19 September 2021
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|PNG}}
| 10 || 8 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 7 September 2021 || 7 September 2021
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|SCO}}
| 10 || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 13 July 2022 || 13 July 2022
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|UAE}}
| 17 || 9 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 30 August 2018 || 26 January 2019
|-
!scope="row" | {{cr|USA}}
| 11 || 4 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 8 February 2020 || 8 February 2020
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Totals'''
|'''81''' ||'''38''' ||'''40''' ||'''1''' ||'''2 '''||colspan="2" |'''W%: 48.73%'''
|-
| colspan="9" | {{small|''Statistics are correct as of ODI #4925 {{cr|NEP}} v {{cr|UAE}} at [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]; 5 November 2025.''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Nepal / One-Day Internationals matches / Result summary |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/nepal-32/one-day-internationals-2 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Records / One-Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283878.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Twenty20 Internationals===
{{main|List of Nepal Twenty20 International cricket records}}

* Highest team total: 314/3 v. [[Mongolia national cricket team|Mongolia]] on 27 September 2023 at [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-highest-innings-totals/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |title=Records / Nepal / Twenty20 Internationals / Highest totals |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927053103/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-highest-innings-totals/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Highest T20I score: 137*, [[Kushal Malla]] vs [[Mongolia national cricket team|Mongolia]] on 27 September 2023 at [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3|title=Records / Nepal / Twenty20 Internationals / High scores|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927053106/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best individual bowling figures: 6/11, [[Abinash Bohara]] vs [[Maldives]] on 1 October 2023 at [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal T20I matches bowling best figures innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-best-figures-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927053107/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-best-figures-innings/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most T20I runs for Nepal'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual batting career records for Nepal in T20I matches|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3|access-date=12 April 2024|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717113501/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/batting-most-runs-career/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#bdb76b;"
! Player!!Runs!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Dipendra Singh Airee]] || 2,125 || 33.20 || 2018–2026
|-
|[[Kushal Bhurtel]] || 1,885 || 28.56 || 2021–2026
|-
|[[Rohit Paudel]] || 1,720 || 27.30 || 2019–2026
|-
|[[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] || 1,710 || 25.14 || 2021–2026
|-
|[[Kushal Malla]] || 1,003 || 23.32 || 2019–2025
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Most T20I wickets for Nepal'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual bowling career records for Nepal in ODI matches|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-wickets-career/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3|access-date=12 April 2024|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717113502/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-wickets-career/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#bdb76b;"
! Player!!Wickets!!Average!!Career span
|-
|[[Sandeep Lamichhane]] || 130 || 12.90 ||2018–2026
|-
|[[Karan KC]] || 106 || 20.75 || 2015–2026
|-
|[[Sompal Kami]] || 84 || 23.46 || 2014–2026
|-
|[[Abinash Bohara]] || 75 || 19.70 || 2019–2024
|-
|[[Dipendra Singh Airee]] || 60 || 20.16 || 2018–2026
|}
{{col-end}}

'''Head-to-head record'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |[[Twenty20 International|Matches]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Won]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Lost]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tied]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#No result|No Result]]
!scope="col" |First match
!scope="col" |First win
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|ICC Full Members]]'''
|-
|align=left| {{cr|AFG}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 20 March 2014 || 20 March 2014
|-
|align=left| {{cr|BAN}}
| 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 18 March 2014 ||
|-
|align=left| {{cr|ENG}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 8 February 2026 ||
|-
|align=left| {{cr|IND}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 October 2023 ||
|-
|align=left| {{cr|IRE}}
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 13 July 2015 ||
|-
|align=left| {{cr|RSA}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 14 June 2024 ||
|-
|align=left| {{cr|WIN}}
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 27 September 2025 || 27 September 2025
|-
|align=left| {{cr|ZIM}}
| 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 27 September 2019 ||
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|ICC Associate members]]'''
|-
|align=left| {{cr|BHU}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 December 2019 || 5 December 2019
|-
|align=left| {{cr|CAN}}
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 21 February 2022 || 21 February 2022
|-
|align=left| {{cr|HKG}}
| 12 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 16 March 2014 || 16 March 2014
|-
|align=left| {{cr|ITA}}
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 12 February 2026 ||
|-
|align=left| {{cr|JPN}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 10 October 2025 || 10 October 2025
|-
|align=left| {{cr|KEN}}
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 25 August 2022 || 25 August 2022
|-
|align=left| {{cr|KUW}}
| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 27 July 2019 || 27 July 2019
|-
|align=left| {{cr|MAS}}
| 10 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 13 July 2019 || 13 July 2019
|-
|align=left| {{cr|MDV}}
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 6 December 2019 || 6 December 2019
|-
|align=left| {{cr|MGL}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 27 September 2023 || 27 September 2023
|-
|align=left| {{cr|NAM}}
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 27 February 2024 || 1 March 2024
|-
|align=left| {{cr|NED}}
| 15 || 6 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 30 June 2015 || 3 July 2015
|-
|align=left| {{cr|OMA}}
| 9 || 6 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 10 October 2019 || 11 February 2022
|-
|align=left| {{cr|PNG}}
| 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 17 July 2015 || 28 March 2022
|-
|align=left| {{cr|PHI}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 19 February 2022 || 19 February 2022
|-
|align=left| {{cr|QAT}}
| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 23 July 2019 || 13 April 2024
|-
|align=left| {{cr|SAM}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 17 October 2025 || 17 October 2025
|-
|align=left| {{cr|SAU}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 17 April 2024 || 17 April 2024
|-
|align=left| {{cr|SCO}}
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 17 June 2025 || 17 June 2025
|-
|align=left| {{cr|SIN}}
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 28 July 2019 || 28 September 2019
|-
|align=left| {{cr|THA}}
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 March 2020 || 4 March 2020
|-
|align=left| {{cr|UAE}}
| 11 || 6 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 31 January 2019 || 1 February 2019
|-
|align=left| {{cr|USA}}
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 17 October 2024 || 17 October 2024
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Totals'''
|'''116''' ||'''66''' ||'''44''' ||'''3''' ||'''3 '''||colspan="2" |'''W%: 56.89%'''
|-
| colspan="9" | {{small|''Statistics are correct as of T20I #3720 {{cr|Nepal}} v {{cr|SCO}} at [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]; 17 February 2026.''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Nepal / T20I matches / Result summary |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/nepal-32/twenty20-internationals-3 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary
|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283307.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Nepal}}
{{div col}}
* [[Cricket in Nepal]]
* [[Cricket Association of Nepal]]
* [[Nepal A cricket team]]
* [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team]]
* [[List of Nepal Twenty20 International cricket records]]
* [[List of Nepal ODI cricketers]]
* [[List of Nepal Twenty20 International cricketers]]
* [[Nepal women's national cricket team]]
* [[Nepal A cricket team]]
* [[Nepal women's national under-19 cricket team]]
* [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team]]
* [[Nepal national blind cricket team]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketnepal.org.np/ Cricket Association of Nepal at ''cricketnepal'']
{{commons category|Nepal national cricket team}}

{{Cricket in Nepal}}
{{Nepal in international cricket}}
{{National cricket teams}}
{{National sports teams of Nepal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nepal National Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Cricket teams in Nepal]]
[[Category:National cricket teams]]
[[Category:Nepal in international cricket]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of Nepal|C]]

Vijaya Vilas Palace

2026-03-26T14:14:35Z

IQOCharli56: further enhanced intro per standard format and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Princely palace}}
{{Advert|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Vijaya Vilas Palace
| image = Vijay Vilas Palace.jpg
| completion_date = 1929
| construction_start_date = 1920
| location_town = [[Mandvi]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = India
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]
| current_tenants =
}}
'''Vijaya Vilas Palace''' is a summer palace of [[Maharao]] of Kutch located on the beach of [[Mandvi]] in [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=a>[http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=262&webpartid=535 Vijay Vilas Palace, Mandvi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124161739/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=262&webpartid=535 |date=January 24, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="b">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asanjokutch.com/content/monuments.asp?main_cat=visitor|title=Visitors Guide > Historical Monuments|website=www.asanjokutch.com|access-date=2017-05-03|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172735/http://www.asanjokutch.com/content/monuments.asp?main_cat=visitor|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==

The palace was built during the reign of [[Khengarji III]] as a summer resort for his son and heir to the kingdom, the [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] Shri [[Vijayarajaji|Vijayaraji]], for whom it was named. Construction started in 1920<ref name=c>Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas: A Brief History and Glory by Raja Pawan Jethwa (2007)-Calcutta. Section II – [[Mistris of Kutch]] and architects built by them mainly in Princely State of Kutch.</ref> and was completed in 1929.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><ref name=c/>

=== Architecture ===
The palace was built with red [[sandstone]]. Its distinctive [[Rajput]] architecture largely refers to the plan of palaces of [[Orchha]] and [[Datia]]. It is designed with a central high dome on pillars, [[Bengal]] domes on the sides, windows with colored glass, carved stone [[jali|''jalis'']], domed bastions at the corners, an extended porch, and other stone-carved elements. The palace is set in the middle of gardens with water channels and marble fountains. The jalis, [[Jharokha|jharokas]], [[chhatri]]s, [[Chhajja|chhaja]]s, [[mural]]s, stone carvings, and [[Stained glass|colored glass work]] on windows and door panels were created by architects and craftsmen from [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], Bengal, and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], as well as the local [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] artisan community, the [[Mistris of Kutch|Mistri]] and [[Suthar]]s.<ref name="a" /><ref name="b" /><ref name="c" /> The top balcony offers a complete view of the surrounding area. The windows ensure the feeling of being in the open space, with sea winds passing through.<ref name="a" /><ref name="b" /><ref name="c" />

==Current status==

Vijaya Vilas Palace has its own private beach. It offers overnight accommodation in a separate resort on the grounds. The royal family of [[Kutch State]] used to reside permanently in the palace after the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] in which one of the wings of another palace at [[Bhuj]] - the Ranjit Vilas - was heavily damaged. Now, the Royals use the palace as a summer home. The second level is private and for their use. The Palace also houses a museum on the first level. The upper open terrace offers views of the area.<ref name=b/>
<gallery widths="220px" heights="200px">
File:Vijay Vilas - 2009.JPG|Front view of Vijay Vilas Palace
File:VIJAYA-VILAS palace.jpg|Vijaya Vilas Palace standing at sea shore of Mandavi
File:VIJAYA-VILAS palace gujarat 01.jpg|A closer view of the gate. One can read ''Vijaya Vilas'' above the entrance
File:Inside VIJAYA-VILAS palace.jpg|Inside the palace
File:Vijaya Vilas Palace.jpg|View from the balcony
</gallery>

==In popular culture==

Scenes from the Bollywood movies ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]],'' ''[[Lagaan]]'', and ''[[Commando]]'', as well as a number of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]], were filmed in this palace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/Mandvi-Overview.html|title=Mandvi tourism - Hotels, Sightseeing, Reviews & Photos - HolidayIQ|last=HolidayIQ.com|website=www.holidayiq.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-03|archive-date=2013-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509054318/http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/Mandvi-Overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Palaces in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1929]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1929]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Ricky Kej

2026-03-25T19:34:51Z

IQOCharli56: creating new page

{{Short description|Indian composer (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ricky Kej
| image = 3-time Grammy® Award-winner, Ricky Kej.jpg
| caption = Ricky Kej with his three Grammy Awards
| birth_name = Ram Gyan Kej
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|8|5}}
| occupations = Music Composer, Songwriter, Record Producer
| years_active = 2000–present
| website = {{URL|rickykej.com}}
}}

'''Ram Gyan "Ricky" Kej''' (born 5 August 1981) is an Indian [[music composer]], [[environmentalist]], a three-time [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] Award winner and a four-time Grammy nominee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Ricky Kej|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/ricky-kej/18527|access-date=2021-05-17|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921020906/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/ricky-kej/18527|url-status=live}}</ref> Kej was conferred with a [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri award]] India's fourth highest civilian award, in 2025 by the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu|Smt Droupadi Murmu]] for his contributions to the Arts. He has performed at venues including at the [[United Nations]] headquarters in [[New York City|New York]] and [[Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} First WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health, 30 October – 1 November 2018|url=http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314210049/http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2018|access-date=2020-11-16|website=WHO}}</ref> In October 2023, Kej was announced as a [[Goodwill ambassador|UN Goodwill Ambassador]] (UNCCD) at the United Nations General Assembly by then President, [[Csaba Kőrösi|Csaba Körösi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three-time Grammy Award Winner Ricky Kej appointed UNCCD Goodwill Ambassador |url=https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/press-releases/three-time-grammy-award-winner-ricky-kej-appointed-unccd-goodwill |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> He was also awarded the [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jyotsna National Music Award]] 2025 for his contribution to Indian music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MVD |date=2025-04-26 |title=Kavita Krishnamurti, Ricky Kej honoured at 12th Lokmat Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards |url=https://english.metrovaartha.com/entertainment/kavita-krishnamurti-ricky-kej-honoured-at-12th-lokmat-sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Metrovaartha- En |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/kavita-krishnamurti-ricky-kej-to-be-honoured-at-12th-lokmat-sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards/2487510 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

Kej is the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] holder for the world's largest singing lesson, achieved through the recording of 13,944 tribal children performing the [[Jana Gana Mana|Indian National Anthem]]. The lesson is among the largest mass-participation musical education events involving indigenous children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest singing lesson |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-singing-lesson|website=Guiness World Records|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

Kej was also named a [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|UNCCD]] Land Ambassador<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNCCD Land Ambassadors {{!}} UNCCD|url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/unccd-land-ambassadors|access-date=2020-04-06|website=www.unccd.int|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503083922/https://www.unccd.int/actions/unccd-land-ambassadors|url-status=live}}</ref> at the COP14 to raise public awareness about the challenges of [[land degradation]], [[desertification]] and [[drought]]. Kej serves as a "High-Profile Supporter" of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ricky Kej {{!}} UNHCR |url=https://www.unhcr.org/prominent-supporters/ricky-kej |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419021224/https://www.unhcr.org/prominent-supporters/ricky-kej |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=UNHCR |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> UNESCO - MGIEP Global Ambassador for Kindness,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grammy Award winning musician and SDG champion Ricky Kej lends voice to #KindnessMatters|url=http://mgiep.unesco.org/|access-date=2020-04-06|website=UNESCO MGIEP|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403053657/https://mgiep.unesco.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] Celebrity Supporter,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-appointed-unicef-supporter-telugu-states-93756|access-date=2020-04-06|website=thenewsminute.com|title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej appointed UNICEF supporter for Telugu states|date=21 December 2018|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924154108/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-appointed-unicef-supporter-telugu-states-93756|url-status=live}}</ref> and is an ambassador for the [[Earth Day|Earth Day Network]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-13|title=RENOWNED CONSERVATIONIST & GRAMMY ® AWARD WINNER RICKY KEJ BECOMES "AMBASSADOR OF EARTH DAY NETWORK, INDIA"|url=https://www.earthday.org/renowned-conservationist-grammy-award-winner-ricky-kej-becomes-ambassador-of-earth-day-network-india/|access-date=2020-04-06|website=Earth Day|language=en|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014141040/https://www.earthday.org/renowned-conservationist-grammy-award-winner-ricky-kej-becomes-ambassador-of-earth-day-network-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Kej was named as a GQ Hero 2020 by [[GQ]] India magazine<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=GQ Heroes: Ricky Kej|url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/gq-heroes-ricky-kej|access-date=2020-11-16|website=GQ India|date=19 October 2020|language=en-IN|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123223848/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/gq-heroes-ricky-kej|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2023, Kej was named as one of GQ India's "Man of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |last=GQ |date=2023-11-22 |title=Meet the winners of GQ Men Of The Year 2023 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-winners-of-gq-men-of-the-year-2023 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kej is credited with over 3,500 placements for radio and television [[jingles]].<ref name="3000_Jingles_BetterIndia">{{cite web |last=Pareek |first=Pareek |date=10 February 2015 |title=Bangaluru Based Musician Ricky Kej Brings Home A Grammy |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/19287/bangaluru-based-musician-ricky-kej-brings-home-grammy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301015103/http://www.thebetterindia.com/19287/bangaluru-based-musician-ricky-kej-brings-home-grammy/ |archive-date=1 March 2016 |accessdate=26 February 2016 |publisher=TheBetterIndia}}</ref> He composed the music for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony]], held at [[Dhaka]] on 17 February 2011.<ref name="Parsons_Profile">{{cite web |last=Parsons |first=Kathy |title=Ricky Kej |url=http://www.mainlypiano.com/Artist_Pages/Ricky_Kej.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083021/http://www.mainlypiano.com/Artist_Pages/Ricky_Kej.html |archive-date=5 December 2014 |accessdate=27 November 2014 |publisher=MainlyPiano}}</ref> On 18 July 2016, he was awarded the Excellence and Leadership award as a global humanitarian artist at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]], New York and performed excerpts from ''Shanti Samsara'' live in the [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]]. Kej concluded his performance at the United Nations General Assembly by saying, "To end, I want to state the obvious ... Climate change is real ... Climate change is human induced. Climate change is affecting us all ... and our actions affect countries on the other side of the world."<ref name="Performs_at_UN">{{cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=Ricky Kej performs at UN, bags excellence and leadership award |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Ricky-Kej-performs-at-UN-bags-excellence-and-leadership-award/articleshow/53265056.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925091806/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Ricky-Kej-performs-at-UN-bags-excellence-and-leadership-award/articleshow/53265056.cms |archive-date=25 September 2016 |accessdate=28 December 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Novus_Summit">{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Novus Summit- United Nations |url=http://www.novussummit.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801140319/http://www.novussummit.org/ |archive-date=1 August 2016 |accessdate=28 December 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ricky Kej was born in [[North Carolina]] on 5 August 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricky Kej|url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/ricky-kej-musician-environmentalist/|website=goldenglobes.com|date=14 April 2022|accessdate=13 May 2024|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512183523/https://goldenglobes.com/articles/ricky-kej-musician-environmentalist/|url-status=live}}</ref> Half Punjabi and Marwari by birth,<ref name=Kej_Mid-Day>{{cite web|title=Bangalore to Mumbai|last=Ghose|first=Priyanjali|date=November 2009|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bangalore-to-mumbai/64710|publisher=Mid-Day|accessdate=28 November 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205172546/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bangalore-to-mumbai/64710|url-status=live}}</ref> Kej grew up in North Carolina and moved to [[Bangalore]], [[India]] when he was six years old and has lived there since.<ref>{{cite web|title='Music an extension of my personality': Composer Ricky Kej|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2023/02/17/grammy-award-winner-ricky-kej-interview.html|publisher=theweek.in|date=26 February 2023|accessdate=13 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kej_NRIPulse">{{cite web |title=Topping Charts the Kej Way |last=D G |first=Supriya |date=18 August 2014 |url=http://www.nripulse.com/topping-charts-the-kej-way/ |publisher=NRI Pulse |accessdate=27 November 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220103834/http://www.nripulse.com/topping-charts-the-kej-way/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended the [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], Bangalore and studied dentistry at the Oxford Dental College in Bangalore. He did not pursue a career in the field and opted for a career in music instead.<ref name=Kej_TNIE>{{cite web|title=Tuned to Perfection |last=Choudhury | first=Prerna |date=December 2009 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article89117.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130052906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article89117.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2014|work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Kej holds two [[Doctorate|Doctorate Degrees]] ([[Doctor of Letters]]) from the [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences]], Bubaneshwar and from [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|Gitam University]] in [[Visakhapatnam]], India. Kej's life and journey as a musician are now taught to 7th-grade children in India as part of the ICSE syllabus English textbooks. Kej is also a professor at the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]) and an Honorary Fellow at Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and The Environment ([[ATREE]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ricky Kej |url=https://www.atree.org/profile/ricky-kej/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

While attending university he joined a progressive rock band which he says gave him a good foundation and exposure to music.<ref name=Kej_Mid-Day /> In an early interview, Kej's mother, Pammi Kej, has opined that her son's artistic genes were inherited from his grandfather Janaki Das, an actor, Olympic cyclist, and freedom fighter.<ref name=YoungOnTheConsole_Hindu>{{cite web|title=Young on the console |last=Rodgers | first=Debbie |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/08/03/stories/2004080301040300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130052851/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/08/03/stories/2004080301040300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-30|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Kej said he does not consider degree in dentistry as an alternate career option, and notes that there are ups and downs in every occupation and there is no real need for a backup career.<ref name=Kej_TNIE/> He said that his decision to follow a career in music was not an easy one for his parents to accept.<ref name=Kej_NRIPulse/>[[File:Ricky_Kej_receiving_the_Padma_Shri_Award_from_the_President_of_India,_Droupadi_Murmu.jpg|thumb|331x331px|Ricky Kej receiving the Padma Shri Award from the President of India, Droupadi Murmu]]

== Music career ==

=== Beginnings ===
Kej started off his career as the keyboardist of Bengaluru-based progressive rock band Angel Dust.<ref name="RollingStoneIndia_Feb2015">{{cite magazine|title=Who is Ricky Kej?|last=Deshpande|first=Disha|date=February 2015|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/ricky-kej/|magazine=Rolling Stone|accessdate=19 February 2015|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219172132/http://rollingstoneindia.com/ricky-kej/|url-status=live}}</ref> Two years into the band, he moved on to become a full-time composer and set up his own studio, Raveolution, in 2003. He eventually went on to create music for over 3,000 ad jingles and [[Kannada]] films.<ref name="BusinessStandard_Feb2015">{{cite news |title=India doesn't produce more Grammy winners because of Bollywood |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |date=February 2015 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-doesn-t-produce-more-grammy-winners-because-of-bollywood-ricky-kej-115021400663_1.html |work=Business Standard |accessdate=19 February 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220011128/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-doesn-t-produce-more-grammy-winners-because-of-bollywood-ricky-kej-115021400663_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Shanti Orchestra'' ===
Kej's 13th studio album, ''Shanti Orchestra,'' was released on 9 July 2013.<ref name="SO_AMG">{{cite web|title=Ricky Kej – Shanti Orchestra|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/shanti-orchestra-mw0002583668|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816230616/http://www.allmusic.com/album/shanti-orchestra-mw0002583668|url-status=live}}</ref> The album peaked at No. 3 in November 2013 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart,<ref name="Radio_Nov2013">{{cite web |title=ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart |date=November 2013 |url=http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/top100.asp?m=11&y=2013 |publisher=ZoneMusicReporter |accessdate=20 February 2015 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214151937/http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/top100.asp?m=11&y=2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was ranked No. 37 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2013.<ref name="Radio_2013">{{cite web|title=ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2013|url=http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/Top1002013.asp|publisher=ZoneMusicReporter|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201214853/http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/Top1002013.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The album was nominated for a 2013 ZMR Music Award<ref name="Telegraph_Feb2015">{{cite web|title=India's new age Grammy|last=Paul|first=Mathures|date=February 2015|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150212/jsp/t2/story_2798.jsp#.VObPN_mUdyw|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220120605/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150212/jsp/t2/story_2798.jsp#.VObPN_mUdyw|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the track "Forever" from the album was also nominated for a Hollywood Music in Media (HMMA) Award in the same year.<ref name="HMMA_2013">{{cite web|title=2013 Music Genre Nominees|url=http://www.hmmawards.com/2013-music-genre-nominees/|publisher=HMMA|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055316/http://www.hmmawards.com/2013-music-genre-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== ''2 Unite All'' ===
Kej produced a benefit album, ''2 Unite All'', with [[Peter Gabriel]]<ref name="2UniteAll">{{cite web|title=Grammy-Winning Artists, Rock Stars and Composers Join Forces in First US-Produced Benefit Album for Gaza Relief|url=http://www.2uniteall.com/about.html|publisher=2uniteall.com|accessdate=28 February 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302003008/http://www.2uniteall.com/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2UniteAll2">{{cite web |title=All-star musicians come together to support Gaza with new album 2 Unite All |last=Robbins |first=Annie |date=7 November 2014 |url=http://mondoweiss.net/2014/11/musicians-together-support/ |publisher=mondoweiss |accessdate=28 February 2016 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229223420/http://mondoweiss.net/2014/11/musicians-together-support/ |url-status=live }}</ref> aimed at urgent humanitarian aid to the Palestinians in Gaza. The album also features [[Stewart Copeland]], drummer from the English rock band the Police, drummer [[Rick Allen (drummer)|Rick Allen]] of English rock band [[Def Leppard]], American rock band [[System of a Down]] frontman [[Serj Tankian]], and Grammy Award-winning opera singer [[Sasha Cooke]].<ref name="RollingStoneIndia_Feb2015" /><ref name="NDTV_Feb2015">{{cite web |title=Grammy Winner Ricky Kej Says India is Not the Primary Market For His Music |date=February 2015 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/music/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-says-india-is-not-the-primary-market-for-his-music-740181 |publisher=NDTV |accessdate=19 February 2015 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219164554/http://movies.ndtv.com/music/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-says-india-is-not-the-primary-market-for-his-music-740181 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Winds of Samsara'' ===
''Winds of Samsara'',<ref name="WOS_AMG">{{cite web |title=Ricky Kej & Wouter Kellerman – Winds of Samsara |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/winds-of-samsara-mw0002700397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211224359/http://www.allmusic.com/album/winds-of-samsara-mw0002700397 |archive-date=11 February 2015 |accessdate=19 February 2015 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> his 14th studio album and a collaboration with South African flautist [[Wouter Kellerman]], was released on 15 July 2014 after being in production for two years.<ref name="RollingStoneIndia_Feb2015" /> "The 'Samsara' in the album name has many meanings – the world around us, the world within us, family, ideals, etc. ''Winds'' was specifically chosen because of the album's flute-based style."<ref name="TOI_Feb2015">{{cite web |last=Christopher |first=Kavya |date=February 2015 |title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej returns home |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Grammy-Award-winner-Ricky-Kej-returns-home/articleshow/46228656.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217050926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Grammy-Award-winner-Ricky-Kej-returns-home/articleshow/46228656.cms |archive-date=17 February 2015 |accessdate=19 February 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The album debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard New Age Albums Chart in August 2014,<ref name="Billboard_WOS">{{cite magazine |date=August 2014 |title=New Age Albums Charts |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2014-08-02/new-age-albums |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004014645/http://www.billboard.com/charts/2014-08-02/new-age-albums |archive-date=4 October 2014 |accessdate=27 November 2014 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref name="RockingTheKej_Hindu">{{cite news |last=Rodricks |first=Allan Moses |date=July 2014 |title=Rocking The Kej |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rocking-the-kej/article6267693.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130102857/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rocking-the-kej/article6267693.ece |archive-date=30 November 2014 |accessdate=27 November 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> a first for a person of Indian origin<ref name="Kej_NRIPulse" /> and stayed in the top 10 for 12 weeks straight. The album also peaked at No. 1 on the Zone Music Reporter Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart in the month of July 2014,<ref name="Radio_July2014">{{cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart |url=http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/top100.asp?m=7&y=2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021014/http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/top100.asp?m=7&y=2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=27 November 2014 |publisher=ZoneMusicReporter}}</ref> and was ranked No. 3 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2014.<ref name="Radio_2014">{{cite web |title=ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2014 |url=http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/Top1002014.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220125841/http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/charts/Top1002014.asp |archive-date=20 February 2015 |accessdate=20 February 2015 |publisher=ZoneMusicReporter}}</ref> The album received the Grammy award for Best New Age Album in February 2015.<ref name="DH_Feb2015">{{cite web |date=February 2015 |title=Winds of Samsara' by Bengaluru-based composer Ricky Kej wins Grammy |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/458609/winds-samsara-bengaluru-based-composer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211084505/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/458609/winds-samsara-bengaluru-based-composer.html |archive-date=11 February 2015 |accessdate=19 February 2015 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Kej dedicated the award to non-film music composers in India.<ref name="IBNLive_Feb2015">{{cite web |date=February 2015 |title=Grammy-winning Indian musician Ricky Kej wants to work with Pharrell Williams and Hans Zimmer next |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/grammywinning-indian-musician-ricky-kej-wants-to-work-with-pharrell-williams-and-hans-zimmer-next/528672-45-75.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218182502/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/grammywinning-indian-musician-ricky-kej-wants-to-work-with-pharrell-williams-and-hans-zimmer-next/528672-45-75.html |archive-date=2015-02-18 |accessdate=19 February 2015 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref>

=== ''Shanti Samsara'' ===
On 30 November 2015, Kej's album ''Shanti Samsara – World Music for Environmental Consciousness'' was launched on 30 November 2015 at the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] by Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and then French president, [[François Hollande|Francois Hollande]].<ref name="EconomicTimes_Launch">{{cite web |date=1 December 2015 |title=Narendra Modi & Francois Hollande launch Ricky Kej's music album in Paris |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-01/news/68688381_1_music-album-ricky-kej-wouter-kellerman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306052428/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-01/news/68688381_1_music-album-ricky-kej-wouter-kellerman |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The prime minister personally presented French president François Hollande with a copy of the CD. In the months since its launch, Kej has traveled widely speaking about conservation and the environment, including a visit to the Republic of [[Kiribati]], where he interviewed and created music with three-term ex-president, [[Anote Tong]].<ref name="Kirabati">{{cite web |date=5 June 2016 |title=Grammy Awardee Ricky Kej Visits Kiribati Archipelago |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Grammy-Awardee-Ricky-Kej-Visits-Kiribati-Archipelago/articleshow/52605413.cmss |accessdate=12 June 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A video featuring music from the album was also played for UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the gathering of world leaders.<ref name="KollyStar_Launch">{{cite web|title=Ricky Kej's New Music Album "Shanti Samsara – World Music for Environmental Consciousness" Launched at United Nations COP21|date=11 December 2015|url=https://kollystar.com/bollywood/bollywood-cinema-news/ricky-kejs-new-music-album-shanti-samsara-world-music-for-environmental-consciousness-launched-at-united-nations-cop21-8789|work=Kolly Star|accessdate=3 March 2016}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The album was one of several projects discussed during a meeting Prime Minister Modi had with Kej following his Grammy win.<ref name="IndianExpress_Inspiration">{{cite web|title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej meets PM Narendra Modi|last=PTI|date=7 September 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-meets-pm-narendra-modi/l|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=3 March 2016|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207045725/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/l-18-owner-suspended-for-irregularities/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kej found inspiration in Modi's concern for the environment and set out to specifically develop a project to express a message of environmental consciousness.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
When completed, more than 300 actors, artists and musicians from around the world had contributed to the making of the album's 24 tracks and four music videos. These include:

* Indian musicians [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] and famed Bollywood actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<ref name="Bachchan">{{cite web|title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej teams up with Amitabh Bachchan for 'epic' project/|last=PTI|date=19 November 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-teams-up-with-amitabh-bachchan-for-epic-project|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=3 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304020442/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-teams-up-with-amitabh-bachchan-for-epic-project/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* American singer-songwriter [[Gary Nicholson (singer)|Gary Nicholson]]
* [[Stewart Copeland]]
* [[Patti Austin]][[File:Ricky Kej with Indian Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|397x397px|Ricky Kej with Indian Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi after his Grammy Award win]]
* [[Philip Lawrence (songwriter)|Philip Lawrence]] from Bruno Mars
* Regular collaborator [[Wouter Kellerman]]
* [[The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[Christopher Tin]]
* [[Darlene Koldenhoven]]
* [[Peter Yarrow]]
* [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]]
* the [[Soweto Gospel Choir]]
* the Monks of Sherab Ling
* Canadian vocalist [[Jennifer Gasoi]]
* the "Singing Nun of Nepal" [[Ani Choying Drolma]]
* Chinese zither virtuoso [[Han Mei (musician)|Mei Han]]
* Taiwanese erhu player [[Lan Tung]]
* Azeri singer Ilhama Gasimova
* artists and soloists from Vietnam, Korea and Senegal
* the voice talents of Frances Fisher, Rosanna Arquette, Lindsay Wagner and a special message spoken by Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]]<ref name="KollyStar_Launch" />

On 23 December 2015, Kej was invited to perform a song from ''Shanti Samsara'' in a special arrangement featuring over a hundred students from the Bishop Cotton Boys' School in a special performance for India's President [[Pranab Mukherjee]].
Also in attendance were many state and national officials and an audience of nearly 13,000 people.<ref name="BishopCotton">{{cite web |title=President's Visit – 2015 |date=23 December 2015 |url=http://www.cottonboys.com/presidents-visit-2015/ |publisher=Bishop Cotton Boys' School |accessdate=3 March 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908130521/http://www.cottonboys.com/presidents-visit-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2016 "Samsara" from ''Shanti Samsara'' received the December 2015 Global Music Awards Gold Medal for World Music – India,<ref name="Global_Music_Awards_January_2016">{{cite web |title=Global Music Awards January_2016 Gold Medal Winner: World Music – India |url=http://www.globalmusicawards.com/ |accessdate=28 February 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206115501/http://www.globalmusicawards.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the International Acoustic Music Awards for Best Open/Acoustic Open Genre<ref name="International_Acoustic_Music_Awards">{{cite web |title=International Acoustic Music Awards Best Open/Acoustic Open Genre |url=http://www.inacoustic.com/winners.html |accessdate=28 February 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128182839/http://www.inacoustic.com/winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on 1 March 2016, he was named as a finalist in the 2015 in the World Music category of the John Lennon Songwriting Contest.

=== ''My Earth Songs'' ===
In 2018, Kej released ''My Earth Songs'', music for children on the environment and sustainability. Each of the 27 songs is based on a United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goals|Sustainable Development Goal]] aimed to create awareness and inspire the younger generation to make a tangible positive impact in their lives and lives of people around them. Notably, Kej has released these songs in the public domain for completely [[non-commercial]] purposes.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.edexlive.com/people/2018/aug/19/why-rickynbspkej39s-earth-songs-are-going-to-be-in-1-million-textbooks-in-2019-3694.html|title=Why Ricky Kej's Earth Songs are going to be in 1 million textbooks in 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160543/http://www.edexlive.com/people/2018/aug/19/why-rickynbspkej39s-earth-songs-are-going-to-be-in-1-million-textbooks-in-2019-3694.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kej has teamed up with [[Macmillan Publishers]] to feature these songs in English language school textbooks from 2019. He has also partnered with UNICEF to spread these songs to children across the world and is working on translating them to several different Indian and global languages.''<ref name="auto" /> My Earth Songs'' was honoured at the UN SDG Action Awards in Bonn, Germany on 2 May 2019 for its outreach and impact.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sdgactionawards.org/|title=Home – UN SDG Action Awards|website=SDG Action Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-16|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416121716/https://sdgactionawards.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The UN SDG Action Awards recognize outstanding achievements and innovative efforts to promote action on the Sustainable Development Goals. ''My Earth Songs'' has been featured in over seven million school textbooks across India as part of educational material promoting environmental awareness and sustainability among students.<ref name="Ricky Kej: The Green Musician">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Ricky Kej: The Green Musician |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/the-big-story/lead-story/ricky-kej-the-green-musician-6692 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Divine Tides'' ===
In June 2021, Kej released ''Divine Tides'' in collaboration with [[Stewart Copeland]] who is the founder of [[The Police]]. Kej and Stewart Copeland recorded this album in its entirety virtually over the course of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and only met in person later on. Featuring artists from around the world, Divine Tides garnered rave reviews and eventually won Kej his second [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for the Best New Age Album category at the [[64th Annual Grammy Awards]] held in [[Las Vegas]] in April 2022. This album was critically acclaimed by numerous news agencies such as [[Rolling Stone]], [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]], [[The Sunday Guardian]], [[India Today]] among others.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In 2023, Ricky Kej won his third Grammy for his album ''"Divine Tides"'' at the [[65th Annual Grammy Awards]] in the [[Grammy Award for Best Immersive Audio Album|Best Immersive Audio Album]] category, which took place in [[Los Angeles]] in February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-02-06 |title=Ricky Kej, Indian Music composer based out of Bengaluru, has won his third Grammy Award for the album 'Divine Tides' |url=https://mamaraazzi.com/2023/02/06/ricky-kej-indian-music-composer-based-out-of-bengaluru-has-won-his-third-grammy-award-for-the-album-divine-tides/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Mamaraazzi |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== ''Police - Beyond Borders'' ===
After winning two [[Grammy Awards]] together, Kej and [[Stewart Copeland]] teamed up again to launch their album Police - Beyond Borders in August 2023. Featuring a reimagination of some of the most iconic songs of [[The Police]] with symphony orchestra in diverse global languages and traditional musical styles, this album featured global artists such as the frontman of [[System of a Down]] - [[Serj Tankian]], Chinese superstar [[Cui Jian]], [[Soweto Gospel Choir]] and Mzansi Youth Choir from South Africa, Indian singers and composers [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]], Berklee Indian Ensemble and many more.
[[File:Ricky Kej Conducting the Royal Philharmonic at Abbey Road Studios.jpg|thumb|Ricky Kej Conducting the 100-piece Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London]]

=== ''Rendition of the Indian National Anthem'' ===
In August 2023, Kej released his rendition of the Indian National Anthem featuring over 100 musicians of the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] in [[London]] to commemorate [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]]. It was recorded at [[Abbey Road Studios]]. This rendition was praised by several leaders of the Indian Government including [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] sharing it on their social media pages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=PM Modi reacts to Grammy-winner Ricky Kej's rendition of Indian National Anthem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-reacts-to-grammy-winner-ricky-kej-s-rendition-of-indian-national-anthem-101692061679773.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Break of Dawn'' ===
In August 2024, Kej released his new album ''Break of Dawn''. The album received a nomination at the [[Grammy Awards|67th Grammy Awards]] for "[[Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album|Best New Age, Ambient, or Chant Album]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 GRAMMYs: See The Full Winners & Nominees List {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=grammy.com |archive-date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241030224040/https://www.grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-nominations-full-winners-nominees-list |url-status=live }}</ref>''Break of Dawn'' is inspired by ancient Indian classical raags and created with a focus on mental health and wellness. The album has been cited by academic institutions including Stanford Global Health and the Stanford School of BioDesign for its potential contribution to addressing the global burden of mental health conditions through music-based interventions. Its therapeutic applications are also being explored through clinical research collaborations in India, positioning the album at the intersection of traditional music, contemporary composition, and health-focused innovation.<ref name="Ricky Kej: The Green Musician"/> The album was released under Vedam Records, a wellness music label launched by [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Group India]] in partnership with Kej.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Universal Music India launches Vedam Records, with the release of 'Break Of Dawn' by Ricky Kej – MusiCulture |url=https://www.musiculture.in/universal-music-india-launches-vedam-records-with-the-release-of-break-of-dawn-by-ricky-kej/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== ''Gandhi - Mantras of Compassion'' ===
In July 2025'','' Kej released ''Gandhi - Mantras of Compassion'' , created in collaboration with [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Kailash Satyarthi]], [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning Japanese composer [[Masa Takumi]] and internationally acclaimed cellist [[Tina Guo]] as a musical tribute to the life and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Conceived as a global collaboration, the album features contributions from over 200 musicians across more than 40 countries, and blends ancient Indian mantras, global musical traditions, and contemporary orchestration to reflect Gandhian ideals of nonviolence, peace, tolerance, environmental consciousness, and compassion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=2025-08-06 |title=Ricky Kej's new album, Gandhi – Mantras of Compassion, carries the Mahatma's message of 'being the change' to the world stage |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/ricky-kejs-new-album-gandhi-mantras-of-compassion-carries-the-mahatmas-message-of-being-the-change-to-the-world-stage |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Musical style ==
Though Kej's work is an amalgamation of multiple genres, he has maintained that the essence of his work retains the aesthetic of his Indian roots, largely based on [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] music and a bit of [[Karnataka]]([[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]) music. He has cited Pakistani [[Qawwali|qawwal]] [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] and British vocalist [[Peter Gabriel]] as inspirations to constantly challenge and push his own musical boundaries. Kej is a self-taught musician but studied classical music at around the age of 24 to overcome what he observed as a handicap at the time.<ref name="BusinessStandard_Feb2015" />

==Notable live performances==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2026}}
* In June 2015, Kej was a featured artist and performer at the 11th ZMR Annual Music Awards and Gala Celebration in New Orleans, LA
* In December 2015, Kej gave an exclusive performance for the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee|Dr. Pranab Mukherjee]] at the Bishop Cotton Boys' School, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
* In July 2016, on the occasion of [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi's]] state visit to [[South Africa]], Kej performed for Indian Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] and other South African state leaders
* In July 2016, Kej performed at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]] in [[New York City|New York]]
* In May 2017, Kej performed at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] for a second time on invitation by [[Peter Thomson (diplomat)|Peter Thomson]], the then-President of the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].
* Kej performed in Langley, Canada, in aid of [[UN Women|United Nations Women]], to raise awareness on the plight of [[Child marriage|child brides]]
* In October 2017, Kej performed at the historic [[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] with his ensemble of over 200 musicians from eight countries. In attendance were legislators, ministers, bureaucrats, and the president of the island nation of [[Kiribati]], [[Anote Tong]].
* In January 2018, Kej delivered the finale performance at the RoundGlass Music Awards 2018 at [[Times Square]], [[New York City|New York]]. The event saw [[Ringo Starr]], [[BT (musician)|BT]], and [[Ronny Cox]] being honoured.
* In June 2018, Kej performed to thousands of people in front of the historic [[India Gate]] as a part of the [[World Environment Day|Global Environment Day]] celebrations
* In May 2018, Kej performed 2 concerts at the [[Simon Fraser University]], [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], and at the Surrey Fusion Festival.
* In October 2018, Kej performed for the President of India, the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Minister of Science & Technology for the Indian International Science Festival.
* In October 2018, Kej performed a large-scale concert for the [[Chinmaya Mission]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]] to over 6000 people
* In October 2018, Kej performed for the Queen of Mysore and over 20,000 people at the historic [[Mysore Palace]] as a part of their annual Dussehra celebrations.
* In October 2018, Kej was invited by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] to perform at the historic [[Palace of Nations|Palais Des Nations]] headquarters of the [[United Nations]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] for the first Global Air Pollution Conference.
* In December 2018, Kej performed at the annual Visakha Utsav in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 28 December to over 88,000 people.
* In February 2019, Kej was invited to perform at the Headquarters of the [[World Health Organization]] on 14 February in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] as a part of the launch of their "Make Listening Safe" initiative.
* In July 2019, on the occasion of [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]] celebrating 20 years of India's victory over [[Pakistan]] in the [[Kargil War]], Kej performed a concert in [[Leh]] to over 10,000 soldiers of the [[Indian Army]].
* In September 2019, Kej performed at the high-level [[COP14|COP14 summit]] in [[New Delhi]] to an audience of world leaders, high-level dignitaries. He was honored with the title of [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|UNCCD]] Land Ambassador by [[Ibrahim Thiaw]], the Executive Secretary of the [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|UNCCD]].
* In September 2019, Kej performed multiple concerts in New York, notably at [[Central Park]] for the [[World Health Organization]]'s Walk the Talk: The Health for All Challenge Campaign.
* In October 2019, Kej performed at the launch of the United Nations Global Campaign on Sustainable Nitrogen Management in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]].
* In December 2019, Kej was the headlining act in [[Vietnam]] for the Hozo Festival.
* In January 2020, Kej headlined the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] and he followed this with a live performance to over 20,000 people at [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] for Kadambotsava 2020.
* In May 2022, Kej was invited to open the [[Cannes Film Festival]] with a concert. This was the first time that the Cannes Film Festival opened with a music performance.
* In October 2022, Kej was invited to perform at [[Food and Agriculture Organization|The Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]] in [[Rome]] to celebrate [[World Food Day]].
* In November 2022, Kej performed for [[UNICEF|UNICEF's]] celebration of "[[Children's Day|World Children's Day]]" which was also attended by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] as the regional ambassadors in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].
* In December 2022, Kej headlined concerts at the "HOZO Festival" in [[Vietnam]] as well as the annual Serendipity Arts Festival in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]].
* In February 2023, Kej performed at the [[List of G20 summits|G20 Summit]] in Bengaluru. In attendance were the Finance Ministers of all participating nations and several High-level delegates. In April 2023, Kej performed in Bhubaneshwar, India to over 6000 people for the Y20 Summit. In attendance were the Members of Parliament from all [[G20|G20 Nations]]. In April 2023, Kej performed in Leh, India for the [[G20 summit|G20 Summit]] to celebrate India's G20 Presidency. Ministers from all G20 Nations and several high-level delegates were present
* In March 2023, Kej performed at the Historic [[Gateway of India]] in [[Mumbai]] to over 5000 people for "Mumbai Kaustubh"
* In April 2023, Kej headlined the "Namaste France" festival in [[Paris]] at the [[La Seine Musicale]] to perform for an exclusive audience. This event celebrated 25 years of strategic partnership between India and France
* In June 2023, Kej performed at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]] in [[New York City|New York]] for the [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|UNCCD]] along with Senegalese singer [[Baaba Maal]] and Malian singer [[Inna Modja]] to launch their Her Land, Her Rights Campaign. Modja is also a [[Goodwill ambassador|Goodwill Amabassador]]. The performance was to raise the profile of the UNCCD's campaign to increase the ownership of land by women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Her Land Anthem released by Goodwill Ambassadors Inna Modja and Ricky Kej |url=https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/stories/her-land-anthem-released-goodwill-ambassadors-inna-modja-and-ricky-kej |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=UNCCD |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008184125/https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/stories/her-land-anthem-released-goodwill-ambassadors-inna-modja-and-ricky-kej |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In July 2023, Kej joined hands with the [[American India Foundation]] to perform a [[benefit concert]] at the historic Gotham Hall in New York. A record-breaking 3.1 million dollars was raised to support Skilling, Nutrition, Education, and Health to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in Education, Livelihoods, and Public Health
* In July 2023, Kej performed at the launch of the World Rehabilitation Alliance in [[Geneva]], at the WHO Headquarters.
* In August 2023, Kej performed a sold-out concert at the [[Siri Fort Auditorium]] in [[New Delhi]]. This was a concert for Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's 'Mission LiFe' to inspire change and celebrate Mother Nature
* In August 2023, Kej headlined the '[[Festival of Nations]]' in [[St. Louis|St.Louis]], [[Missouri]]. Over 20,000 people were in attendance.
* In August 2023, Kej performed with [[Stewart Copeland]] at an exclusive concert in [[New Delhi]]
* In September 2023, Kej headlined the 'Ganesh Utsav' in [[Bangalore]] and performed for over 5000 people
* In September 2023, Kej performed in [[Central Park]], [[New York City|New York]] for the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation's]] "Walk the Talk" event to promote Health for All.
* In November 2023, Kej headlined the Virasat Festival in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], and performed for over 7000 people
* In December 2023, Kej performed at the [[Dubai Opera|Dubai Opera House]] with [[Stewart Copeland]] for the [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP28 Summit.]] Leaders from several participating nations were in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Grammy winners to come together for climate concert in Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/grammy-winners-to-come-together-for-climate-concert-in-dubai-1.99252201 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102052907/https://gulfnews.com/uae/grammy-winners-to-come-together-for-climate-concert-in-dubai-1.99252201 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In December 2023, Kej performed in [[Geneva]] at the prestigious [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] [[List of Nansen Refugee Award recipients|Nansen Refugee Award Ceremony]]. Established in 1954, the [[List of Nansen Refugee Award recipients|UNCHR Nansen Refugee Award]] honors individuals, groups, and organizations who go above and beyond the call of duty to protect refugees, as well as internally displaced and stateless people<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Nansen Award |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2023-nansen-award-honours-champion-refugee-education}}</ref>
* In December 2023, Kej performed to the backdrop of the historic [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in Kolkata to celebrate the [[Indian Army|Indian Army's]] "[[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Vijay Diwas]]"
* In September 2024, Kej performed in pre antaragani, one of the biggest cultural fests in India, at [[IIT Kanpur|IIT kanpur.]]
* In October 2024, Kej took the stage at Falak, the cultural fest of [[Manipal Institute of Technology]], Bengaluru.
* In December 2024, Kej performed at [[Hornbill Festival]] in [[Nagaland]] for several thousand people
* In January 2025, Kej performed in [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]] as a headliner for CHAOS IIMA 2025
* In January 2025, Kej headlined Alpen Capital's 21st Global Fusion Festival in [[Dubai]]
* In March 2025, Kej performed in [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartegena]], [[Colombia]] for the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] 2nd Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health
* In June 2025, Kej performed at the Asia Society and Museum in [[New York City|New York]]

== Other work ==
In 2008 Kej received an advertising award at the One Show Awards, followed by a second advertising award at the Adfest Asia Awards in 2009.<ref name="TOI2_Feb2015">{{cite web |title=Bengaluru at the Grammys |date=February 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Bengaluru-at-the-Grammys/articleshow/46186099.cms |work=The Times of India |accessdate=20 February 2015 |archive-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302211010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Bengaluru-at-the-Grammys/articleshow/46186099.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, he was nominated for an award at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for his jingle for [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]].<ref name="Kej_AMG">{{cite web|title=Ricky Kej – Artist Profile|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ricky-kej-mn0002091558/biography|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=16 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916195330/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ricky-kej-mn0002091558/biography|url-status=live}}</ref> He was dubbed an "India Rules Artist" by TV channel VH1 in 2013.<ref name="NewIndianExpress_Feb2015">{{cite web |title=City Boy Ricky Kej Says Grammy Win is a Dream Come True |date=February 2015 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/City-Boy-Ricky-Kej-Says-Grammy-Win-is-a-Dream-Come-True/2015/02/10/article2661507.ece |work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=20 February 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220122738/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/City-Boy-Ricky-Kej-Says-Grammy-Win-is-a-Dream-Come-True/2015/02/10/article2661507.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kej has appeared as a guest judge on many singing reality shows in India. Kej is a trustee and founding member of the Majolly Music Trust. Their main objectives are to raise the standards of music education in India and to set up a pension fund for old and infirm musicians who are no longer able to make a livelihood from musical performances and recordings.<ref name="MajollyMusicTrust">{{cite web|title=Majolly Music Trust – Board of Trustees|url=http://www.majollymusictrust.org/Board_of_Trustees|publisher=Majolly Music Trust|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112144627/http://www.majollymusictrust.org/Board_of_Trustees|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, Kej was shortlisted as a finalist in two categories at the India Australia Business & Community Awards (IABCA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=IABCA 2020-2021 Finalists|url=https://www.iabca.com.au/2020-2021finalists|access-date=2020-11-16|website=iabca|language=en|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118231610/https://www.iabca.com.au/2020-2021finalists|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, Kej was named in the "Real Leaders 100 List".<ref>{{Cite web |last=gomes |first=suruchi kapur |date=2018-02-25 |title=Samsara's real leader {{!}} Samsara's real leader |url=https://www.asianage.com/age-on-sunday/250218/samsaras-real-leader.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> Real Leaders (a signatory to the United Nations) curates this list of leaders who 'Inspire the Future'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gomes |first=suruchi kapur |date=2018-02-25 |title=Samsara's real leader |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/250218/samsaras-real-leader.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407061546/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/250218/samsaras-real-leader.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> He was the only representative from India. In May 2018, Kej was honoured by the [[House of Commons of Canada]] for "Outstanding Musical and Humanitarian Achievement".<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2018-05-01 |title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej honoured in Canada |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-honoured-in-canada-118050100667_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160515/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-honoured-in-canada-118050100667_1.html |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-05 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref>

In 2020, Ricky collaborated with [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development|UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP)]] to release the song "Shine Your Light". The song was a collaboration between Indian artists and refugee artists who were persecuted for their love of music. The song was performed in four different languages (English, Dari, Farsi, and Pashto) by 24 young refugee musicians living in India, inviting listeners to celebrate humanity, togetherness, and solidarity.
[[File:Ricky_Kej_with_President_of_France,_Emmanuel_Macron_and_Minister_of_Culture_of_Saudi_Arabi,_Prince_Badr_bin_Farhan_Al_Saud.jpg|thumb|292x292px|Ricky Kej with President of France, Emmanuel Macron and Minister of Culture of Saudi Arabi, Prince Badr bin Farhan Al Saud]]
In 2022, on India's 75th Independence Day, Ricky brought together 12 refugees from 4 nationalities to record a rendition of India's national anthem as a tribute to India. In December, he was announced as a [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] "Goodwill Ambassador".

At the Asia Initiatives Gala in September 2022, Kej was also awarded with the prestigious "Ban Ki-Moon Award" by former Secretary General of [[United Nations]], [[Ban Ki-moon|Ban Ki-Moon]] for this advocacy work.

Kej works closely with several wings of the [[United Nations]]. As a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador ([[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|UNCCD]]), Kej uses his massive celebrity status to raise awareness on issues such [[land degradation]], [[desertification]] and [[drought]]. Notably, he has composed the official "Land Anthem" for the UNCCD and is a passionate advocate for their "Her Land, Her Rights" campaign to champion Gender Equality and Women's Land Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three-time Grammy Award Winner Ricky Kej appointed UNCCD Goodwill Ambassador |url=https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/press-releases/three-time-grammy-award-winner-ricky-kej-appointed-unccd-goodwill |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Kej is a "High Profile Supporter of the two-time Nobel Peace-Prize Winning organization [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] ([[United Nations Commission on Human Rights|UNCHR]]) and is involved in several of their campaign to protect [[refugee]]s and other displaced peoples. Kej works closely with the [[World Health Organization]]s" "Make Listening Safe" initiative that aims to realize a world where people of all ages can enjoy recreational listening without risk to their hearing. Kej also works with [[UNICEF]] as a "Celebrity Supporter" to help protect children's rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2018-12-21 |title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej appointed UNICEF supporter for Telugu states |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-appointed-unicef-supporter-telugu-states-93756 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

=== Grammy Awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%"
|-
! align="left" |Year
! style="text-align:center;" |Recipient
! style="text-align:center;" |Nominated work
! style="text-align:center;" |Award
! style="text-align:center;" |Result
! style="text-align:center;" width:"5%" |Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 2025
| Ricky Kej
| Break of Dawn
| Grammy Nominee at the [[67th Annual Grammy Awards]]
| Nominee
|<ref name="grammy.com">{{Cite web |title=Ricky Kej {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/artists/ricky-kej/18527 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=grammy.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 2023
| Ricky Kej / [[Stewart Copeland]]
| Divine Tides
| [[Grammy]] Award for [[Grammy Award for Best Immersive Audio Album|Best Immersive Audio Album]] at the [[65th Annual Grammy Awards]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="grammy.com"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 2022
| Ricky Kej / [[Stewart Copeland]]
| Divine Tides
| [[Grammy]] Award for [[Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album|Best New Age]] Album at the [[64th Annual Grammy Awards]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="grammy.com"/>
|-
|2016
|Wouter Kellerman / Featured Artist Ricky Kej (Composer, Arranger, Mixer)
|Love Language
|[[Grammy]] Award for Contemporary Instrumental Album at the [[58th Annual Grammy Awards]]
| Nominee (Featured Artist)
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 2015
| Ricky Kej / [[Wouter Kellerman]]
| Winds of Samsara
| [[Grammy]] Award for [[Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album|Best New Age]] Album at the [[57th Annual Grammy Awards]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="grammy.com"/>
|-
|2015
|Paul Avgerinos /Featured Artist Ricky Kej (Keyboardist & Instrumentalist)
| Grace
| [[Grammy]] Award for [[Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album|Best New Age]] Album at the [[58th Annual Grammy Awards]]
|Won(Featured Artist)
|
|-
|2015
|Ciro Hurtado / Featured Artist Ricky Kej (Arranger & Keyboardist)
|Ayahuasca Dreams
|Nominee at the [[16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards]]
|Nominee (Featured Artist)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Annual Latin GRAMMY Awards {{!}} LatinGRAMMY.com |url=https://www.latingrammy.com/awards/16th-annual-latin-grammy-awards-2015 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.latingrammy.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Lifetime Achievement Awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%"
|-
! align="left" |Year
! style="text-align:center;" |Recipient
! style="text-align:center;" |Awarded For
! style="text-align:center;" |Award
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | 2025
|Ricky Kej
|Contribution to the Arts
| Padma Shri Award
|-
|2025
|Ricky Kej
|Fellowship, Service & Global understanding
|Rotary international Sadbhavana Award|Rotary international Sadbhavana Award
|-
|2025
|Ricky Kej
|International Goodwill & Understanding
|International Goodwill & Understanding Award|IGUA Award
|-
|2025
|Ricky Kej
|Lifetime Achievement
|Future of India Award 2025|Future of India Award 2025
|-
|2025
| style="text-align: left;" |Ricky Kej
|Lokmat Sur Jyotsna National Music Award
|Icon Award|ICON Award
|-
|2024
|Ricky Kej
|International Advertising Association
|Olive Crown Awards
|-
|2024
|Ricky Kej
|Outstanding Contribution and Impact in Art
|GQ Man of the Year|GQ Man of the Year
|-
|2022
|Ricky Kej
|Awarded at United Nations General Assembly, New York
|Excellence and Leadership Award|Excellence and Leadership Award
|-
|2022
|Ricky Kej
|Awarded by former Secretary General of the United Nations, Ban-Ki-Moon
|Ban-Ki-Moon Award|Ban-Ki-Moon Award
|-
|2022
|Ricky Kej
|Rotary Club of Bombay
|Shyam Munshi Lifetime Achievement Award|Shyam Munshi Lifetime Achievement Award
|-
|2020
|Ricky Kej
|GQ Mazagine
|GQ Hero
|-
|2019
|Ricky Kej
|Rotary Club
|Citizen Extraordinaire Award|Citizen Extraordinaire Award
|-
|2019
|Ricky Kej
|House of Commons, Canada
|Outstanding Musical and Humanitarian Achievement|Outstanding Musical and Humanitarian Achievement
|-
|2017
|Ricky Kej
|RNRI
|Professional Achievement Award
|}

=== Other Notable Awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%"
|-
! align="left" |Year
! style="text-align:center;" |Recipient
! style="text-align:center;" |Nominated work
! style="text-align:center;" |Award
! style="text-align:center;" |Result
! width:"5%" style="text-align:center;"|Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2008
| Ricky Kej
| Jingle - TreesforFree.org
| One Show – Advertising
| {{won}}
|<ref name=TOI2_Feb2015/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2009
| Ricky Kej
| Jingle – Seventy mm Movie Rentals
| Adfest Asia Award – Advertising
| {{won}}
|<ref name=TOI2_Feb2015/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
| Ricky Kej
| Jingle – [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
| Cannes Award – Advertising
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=Kej_AMG/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2013
| rowspan="2" | Ricky Kej
| ''Shanti Orchestra''
| ZMR Music Award
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=Telegraph_Feb2015/>
|-
| "Forever" from ''Shanti Orchestra''
| Hollywood Music in Media (HMMA) Award for Best New Age/ Ambient Song
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=HMMA_2013/>
|-
| rowspan="10" |2015
| rowspan="6" |Ricky Kej / [[Wouter Kellerman]]
| rowspan="4" |''Winds of Samsara''
| ZMR Award for Album of the Year
| {{won}}
|<ref name="ZMR_2014">{{cite web|title=2014 ZMR Music Award Nominees|url=http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/admin/nominees.asp|accessdate=20 February 2015|publisher=ZoneMusicReporter|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227055437/http://www.zonemusicreporter.com/admin/nominees.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ZMR Award for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=ZMR_2014/>
|-
| ZMR Award for Best World Album
| {{won}}
|<ref name=ZMR_2014/>
|-
| South African Music Award for Best Producer of the Year
| {{won}}
|<ref name=2015_SAMA_Winners>{{cite web |title=These are all the 2015 Sama winners |date=19 April 2015 |url=http://www.channel24.co.za/Music/News/These-are-all-the-2015-Sama-winners-so-far-20150419 |publisher=Channel 24 |accessdate=4 March 2016 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731221649/https://www.channel24.co.za/Music/News/These-are-all-the-2015-Sama-winners-so-far-20150419 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Mahatma" from ''Winds of Samsara''
| Hollywood Music in Media (HMMA) Award for Best World Song
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="HMMA_2014_Music">{{cite web|title=2014 Music Genre Nominees|url=http://www.hmmawards.com/hmma-2014-music-genre-nominees|accessdate=20 February 2015|publisher=HMMA|archive-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529174026/http://www.hmmawards.com/hmma-2014-music-genre-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| "New Earth Calling" from ''Winds of Samsara''
| Hollywood Music in Media (HMMA) Award for Best New Age/ Ambient Song
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=HMMA_2014_Music/>
|-
| rowspan="4" | Ricky Kej
| "Panasonic P81" (Panasonic P81)
| Hollywood Music in Media (HMMA) Award for Song/ Score – Commercial Advertisement
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="HMMA_2014_Visual">{{cite web|title=2014 Music in Visual Media Nominees|url=http://www.hmmawards.com/2014-music-in-visual-media-nominees/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118124622/http://www.hmmawards.com/2014-music-in-visual-media-nominees/|archivedate=18 January 2015|accessdate=20 February 2015|publisher=HMMA}}</ref>
|-
|Global Indian Music Award
|Special Recognition for Global Achievement
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Mirchi Music Award
|Best International Musician
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Zee TV Kannada Award
|Global Musician Award
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | 2016
| rowspan="5" | Ricky Kej
| rowspan="2" | "Samsara" from ''Shanti Samsara''
| Global Music Awards World Music – India
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Global_Music_Awards_January_2016"/>
|-
| International Acoustic Music Awards for Best Open/Acoustic Open Genre
| {{won}}
|<ref name="International_Acoustic_Music_Awards"/>
|-
|"One Song" from ''Shanti Samsara''
|Los Angeles CineFest
|{{maybe|Semi-Finalist}}
|<ref name="Welcome to">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacinefest.org/|title=Welcome to....|website=Welcome to....|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151447/https://www.lacinefest.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Ganga" from ''Shanti Samsara''
|Los Angeles CineFest
|{{maybe|Semi-Finalist}}
|<ref name="Welcome to"/>
|-
|Radio One Award
|Youth Star Award
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |Ricky Kej
|"Ganga" from ''Shanti Samsara''
| Barcelona International Environmental Film Festival (FICMA) |Barcelona International Environmental Film Festival (FICMA)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2018-05-01|title=Grammy winner Ricky Kej honoured in Canada|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-honoured-in-canada|access-date=2020-11-17|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513235931/https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/grammy-winner-ricky-kej-honoured-in-canada|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Ganga" from ''Shanti Samsara''
|SUNCINE
|Finalist
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
| rowspan="7" |Ricky Kej
|"One With Earth Song"
|17th Independent Music Awards
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independentmusicawards.com/17th-independent-music-awards-nominees/|title=The 17th Independent Music Awards Nominees & Winners|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020143933/https://independentmusicawards.com/17th-independent-music-awards-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|My Earth Songs
|UN SDG Action Awards
|Finalist
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 April 2019|title=Ricky Kej nominated for UN SDG Action Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/ricky-kej-nominated-for-un-sdg-action-awards/articleshow/69087128.cms|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329013341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/ricky-kej-nominated-for-un-sdg-action-awards/articleshow/69087128.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"One With Earth Song"
|Indie Short Fest
|Finalist
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fest|first=Indie Short|date=2019-01-02|title=One With Earth Song|url=https://indieshortfest.com/2019/01/01/one-with-earth-song/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Indie Short Fest|language=en-US|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923193744/https://indieshortfest.com/2019/01/01/one-with-earth-song/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"One With Earth Song"
|Cult Critic Movie Awards| CineMagic Film Festival
| {{won}}
|
|-
|"One With Earth Song"
|Shahu International Film Festival (SIFF)| Shahu International Film Festival (SIFF)
| {{won}}
|
|-
|"One With Earth Song"
|CineMagic Film Fest| Cult Critic Movie Awards
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards-2019|url=http://cinemagicfilmfestawards.homestead.com/awards-2019c.html|access-date=2020-11-17|website=cinemagicfilmfestawards.homestead.com|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126163109/http://cinemagicfilmfestawards.homestead.com/awards-2019c.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Breathe Life
|Shahu International Film Festival (SIFF)| Shahu International Film Festival (SIFF)
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Ricky Kej
|Community Services Art and Culture Award
|India Australia Business and Community Awards (IABCA)
|Finalist
|
|-
|Ricky Kej
|India Australia Impact Award
|India Australia Business and Community Awards (IABCA)
|Finalist
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Ricky Kej
|Honorary PhD
|Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences.
|
|
|-
|Ricky Kej
|"Green Influencer of the Year"
|Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Ricky Kej
|United Nations Refugee "Goodwill Ambassador"
|UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Ricky Kej
|3-Star Civilian Honor
|Awarded by Air Marshal Manavendra Singh
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|Ricky Kej
|United Nations "Goodwill Ambassador"
|UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification)
| {{won}}
|-
|Ricky Kej
|Most Stylish Music Personality
|Hindustan Times Most Stylish 2023
| {{won}}
|-
|2025
|Ricky Kej / Abby V
|Aarambh
|Global Music Album of the Year at [[Juno Awards|JUNO]]
|Nominee
|
|}

==Discography==

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
! Record label
|-
|2025
|GANDHI - Mantras of Compassion
|Downtown Records
|-
|2024
|Break of Dawn
|Vedam, Universal Music, Verve Records
|-
|2023
|Aarambh (Abby V with Ricky Kej)
|Sufiscore
|-
|2023
|Police Beyond Borders (with Stewart Copeland)
|Kinetic Kollection Overseas Inc.
|-
|2021
|Divine Tides (with Stewart Copeland)
|Kinetic Kollection Overseas Inc.
|-|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Wild Karnataka
|Ricky Kej Records
|-
|Mann Mein Aman
|Merchant Records
|-
|My Earth Songs
|Universal Music
|-
|Ek
|BToS Productions
|-
|2018
|Shiva (Ricky Kej LIVE in India)
|Strumm Entertainment
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Earth Love: Music for Relaxation
|Raveolution Studios
|-
|Epic Trailer Music
|Raveolution Studios
|-
|2015
|Shanti Samsara – World Music for Environmental Consciousness
|Zee Music
|-
|2014
|Winds of Samsara
|Listen 2 Africa
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|Ballad of Maya
|Ricky Kej Records
|-
|Fiery Drums Volume 2
|EMI - Virgin
|-
|Shanti Orchestra
|Ricky Kej Records
|-
|Kamasutra Lounge – The Deluxe Edition
|Varèse Sarabande
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|Bollywood in the club
|EMI - Virgin
|-
|Punjabi in the club
|EMI - Virgin
|-
|Mesmerizing Santoor
|EMI - Virgin
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|Fiery Drums Volume 1
|EMI - Virgin
|-
|Urban Grooves South India
|EMI - Virgin
|-
|Mesmerizing Flute
|EMI - Virgin
|-
|2008
|Kamasutra Lounge 2
|Universal Music
|-
|2007
|Kamasutra Lounge
|Free Spirit Records
|-
|2004
|Communicative Art
|Free Spirit Records
|}

===Film soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Note
|-
|2008
|''[[Accident (2008 film)|Accident]]''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada ||
|-
|2009
|''[[Venkata in Sankata]]'' ||
|-
|2010
|''[[Crazy Kutumba]]''||
|-
|2019
|''[[Wild Karnataka]]'' ||English ||
|-
|2022
|''Who Is Baul'' ||Bengali ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Adrishya Jalakangal]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
|2023
|''[[MR-9]]''
|Bengali ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Papa Buka]]''
| [[Tok Pisin]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/papua-new-guinea-first-ever-oscar-submission-papa-buka-1236498808/ |title=Papua New Guinea Makes First-Ever Oscar Submission With 'Papa Buka' (Exclusive) |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=26 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Wild Tamil Nadu]]
|English/Tamil
|}

===Featured compilations===
* Asha Waali Dhoop (2006)
* Mumbai Spirit (2007)
* Cafe Goa (2007)
* Relaxation DAilleurs (2007)
* Doosha Project (2008)
* Hangzhou Lake (2008)
* Indian Zen (2008)
* Vox Del Taire (2009)
* Chillout Bombay II (2010)
* Chillout Lounge Classics (2010)
* Dance the Golden Years (2010)
* Bollywood Remixed (2010)
* Masters of Fusion (2011)
* Best of 2011–12 Fusion (2012)
* Chillout Flute (2012)
* Best of Fusion- Indian Spirit (2012)
* Party Drums (2013)
*Grace - Paul Avgerinos (2015)
*Ayahuasca Dreams - Ciro Hurtado (2015)
*Love Language - Wouter Kellerman (2015)
*Symphonic Soweto - Wouter Kellerman, Soweto Gospel Choir (2017)
*Ila - The Earth Symphony (2020)

==See also==
* [[Jingle]]
* [[Music award]]
* [[New-age music|New age music]]
* [[Film score]]
* [[Safe listening]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Immersive Audio Album}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kej, Ricky}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Carolina]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Jingle composers]]
[[Category:New-age composers]]
[[Category:New-age musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Marudhu

2026-03-23T15:14:52Z

IQOCharli56: started basic details first draft - done

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by M. Muthaiah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Marudhu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Muthaiah]]
| producer = [[G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan]]
| writer = M. Muthaiah
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] [[Sri Divya]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]] Srinivas Devamsam
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = Gopuram Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|5|20}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Marudhu''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[M. Muthaiya|M. Muthaiah]]. It stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] in the lead role. The film was released worldwide on 20 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2016 |title=Marudhu to hit screens on May 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/marudhu-to-hit-screens-on-may-20/articleshow/52175770.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304035349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/marudhu-to-hit-screens-on-may-20/articleshow/52175770.cms |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=March 2026}}
Maruthu is a labourer from [[Thalaivankottai]], working in the [[Rajapalayam]] vegetable market, who does not tolerate injustice and leads a happy life with his grandmother, Appathaa, and his close friend, Kokkarako. While working at the market, Maruthu sees some goons chasing his girlfriend Bhagyam and her father, where he beats up the goons and learns from Bhagyam's father that Bhagyam's mother Mariyamma was a brave woman who stood up to the atrocities committed by the municipal chairman Rolex Pandiyan on the local people. When Mariyamma decided to run against Pandiyan in the upcoming [[Elections in India|municipal election]], Pandiyan and his men brutally hacked her to death. Bhagyam and her father are unable to prove in court that Pandiyan committed the murder. Appathaa, who witnessed Mariyamma's brutal murder gets upset that she did not stop it and has Maruthu married to Bhagyam to repent her earlier actions. Maruthu also promises to avenge Mariyamma's death, where a cat-and-mouse game ensues with Pandiyan using all means to stop Bhagyam and Appathaa from testifying against him, but to no avail. At the court, Appathaa testifies against Pandiyan, who is issued an arrest warrant against him. In retribution, Pandiyan kidnaps Appathaa and brutally tortures her to death. Enraged, Maruthu single-handedly fights Pandiyan and his gang, kills them all and performs Appathaa's funeral rites.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Maruthu
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Kokkarako
*[[Sri Divya]] as Bhagyam
*[[Kulappulli Leela]] as Maariamma (Appatha)
*[[R. K. Suresh]] as Rolex Pandi
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Bailwan
*Aadhira Pandilakshmi as Silambakallu Mariyamma
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Bhagyam's father
*[[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Tahsildar
*[[Namo Narayana]] as Pambarathaan
*[[Aruldoss]] as Rolex Pandiyan's henchmen
*[[Bharathi Kannan]]
*[[Saravana Sakthi]]
}}

==Production==
[[Radharavi]] was added to the cast of the film, causing widespread surprise, after losing to Vishal in a much-publicized poll during the 2015 [[Nadigar Sangam]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=4 November 2015 |title=After the nadigar sangam clash, Vishal-Radha Ravi team up for Marudhu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-the-nadigar-sangam-clash-Vishal-Radha-Ravi-team-up-for-Marudhu/articleshow/49644014.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106234122/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-the-nadigar-sangam-clash-Vishal-Radha-Ravi-team-up-for-Marudhu/articleshow/49644014.cms |archive-date=6 November 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title=Producer R.K. Suresh plays baddie in Vishal's 'Marudhu' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/producer-r-k-suresh-plays-baddie-in-vishals-marudhu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013012432/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/producer-r-k-suresh-plays-baddie-in-vishals-marudhu/ |archive-date=13 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> The film began shooting in [[Rajapalayam]] in late November 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2015 |title=Vishal begins shoot for Marudhu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishal-begins-shoot-for-Marudhu/articleshow/49879454.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125132921/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishal-begins-shoot-for-Marudhu/articleshow/49879454.cms |archive-date=25 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and was mostly complete by February 2016.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=699464556553195520 |user=VishalKOfficial |title=climax shoot of #marudhu wrapped up.Kickass.Happy.Injured. Movie almost dne.AnlArasuMuthiah@studio9_suresh👍👍@Muthiah |author=Vishal |author-link=Vishal (actor) |access-date=4 March 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/I5HAc |archive-date=4 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Marudhu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 April 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:01
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Vetrivel]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kotigobba 2]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARUDHU – D.Imman Tamil Audio CD (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/marudhu-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114132206/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/marudhu-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-3/ |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=30 April 2016 |title=Maruthu (Music review), Tamil – D.Imman |url=https://milliblog.com/2016/04/30/maruthu-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115060513/https://milliblog.com/2016/04/30/maruthu-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:01
| title1 = Sooravalida
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = Jinesh Prabhu
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Othasada Rosa
| lyrics2 = Yugabharathi
| extra2 = [[Saisharan]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]]
| length2 = 4:40
| title3 = Karuvakaatu Karuvaaya
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra3 = [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]], Jayamoorthy
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Akka Petha Jakkavandi
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Niranjana Ramanan]]
| length4 = 4:03
| title5 = Marudhu Marudhu
| lyrics5 =  –
| extra5 =  –
| length5 = 3:23
}}

==Reception==
M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "In ''Maruthu'', Muthaiah combines a couple of angles from his previous films and presents them as a whole, new film [...] What keeps us engaged is the way in which the director withholds information in the first half and reveals them gradually in the second".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=21 May 2016 |title=Maruthu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Maruthu/movie-review/52371859.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524213013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Maruthu/movie-review/52371859.cms |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> S Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "With a rather ordinary script and unremarkable execution, coupled with the endless chasing scenes, the excessive violence and melodrama, director Muthaiya's ''Marudhu'' only gives you a headache".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=20 May 2016 |title=Review: Marudhu is excessively violent |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-marudhu-is-excessively-violent/20160520.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811232042/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-marudhu-is-excessively-violent/20160520.htm |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "''Marudhu'' is technically slick with excellent cinematography by Velraj with a brown tone (climax fight reminds you of ''[[Sandakozhi]]''). Imman pulsating background score and Praveen KL's razor sharp editing too elevate the film to a different level".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marudhu review: Tailor-made for Vishal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/marudhu-review-rural-actioner-review-tamil-qfuo6Lbeijfje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727040745/http://www.sify.com/movies/marudhu-review-rural-actioner-review-tamil-qfuo6Lbeijfje.html |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Muthaiah}}

[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Muthaiya]]
[[Category:Films produced by G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Terrorism in India

2026-03-23T11:44:08Z

IQOCharli56: reworked page based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}} 
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
[[File:20 year data on Terrorism in India Terror deaths per year 1994 to 2013.png|thumb|360px|Terrorism trend in India – Terror attack caused civilian and security personnel deaths per year from 1994 to 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607031214/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm Terrorism Fatalities in India], SATP & Institute for Conflict Management (2014)</ref>]]
{{Terrorism}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed floatright" style="text-align:right"
|- style="background:#ececec; vertical-align:top;"
|+Terrorist incidents in India<ref name=globalterrorismdb_0718dist>[[National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]]. (2018). [[Global Terrorism Database]] ([https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/contact/ globalterrorismdb_0718dist.xlsx]). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland</ref><ref name=gtd1993_0718dist>[[National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]]. (2018). [[Global Terrorism Database]] ([https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/contact/ gtd1993_0718dist.xlsx]). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland</ref>
! Year !! Number of incidents !! Deaths !! Injuries
|-
| align=center|2017||966||465||702
|-
| align=center|2016||1,025||467||788
|-
| align=center|2015||884||387||649
|-
| align=center|2014||860||490||776
|-
| align=center|2013||694||467||771
|-
| align=center|2012||611||264||651
|-
| align=center|2011||645||499||730
|-
| align=center|2010||663||812||660
|-
| align=center|2009||672||774||854
|-
| align=center|2008||534||824||1,759
|-
| align=center|2007||149||626||1,187
|-
| align=center|2006||167||722||2,138
|-
| align=center|2005||146||466||1,216
|-
| align=center|2004||108||334||949
|-
| align=center|2003||196||472||1,183
|-
| align=center|2002||184||599||1,186
|-
| align=center|2001||234||660||1,144
|-
| align=center|2000||180||671||761
|-
| align=center|1999||112||469||591
|-
| align=center|1998||61||398||411
|-
| align=center|1997||193||853||1,416
|-
| align=center|1996||213||569||952
|-
| align=center|1995||179||361||616
|-
| align=center|1994||107||389||405
|-
| align=center|1993||42||525||1,564
|-
| align=center|1992||237||1,152||917
|-
| align=center|1991||339||1,113||1,326
|-
| align=center|1990||349||907||1,042
|-
| align=center|1989||324||874||769
|-
| align=center|1988||358||966||1,033
|-
| align=center|1987||166||506||429
|-
| align=center|1986||96||340||163
|-
| align=center|1985||39||51||79
|-
| align=center|1984||159||195||364
|-
| align=center|1983||47||59||217
|-
| align=center|1982||13||64||102
|-
| align=center|1981||16||24||12
|-
| align=center|1980||10||17||13
|-
| align=center|1979||20||31||19
|-
| align=center|1978||0||0||0
|-
| align=center|1977||1||0||0
|-
| align=center|1976||1||0||0
|-
| align=center|1975||1||4||0
|-
| align=center|1974||0||0||0
|-
| align=center|1973||0||0||0
|-
| align=center|1972||1||0||0
|-
| align=center|1971||0||0||0
|-
| align=center|1970||0||0||0
|-
| align=center| Total ||12,002||19,866||30,544
|}{{Campaignbox India terrorism}}
[[File:Terrorist incidents map of India1970-2016.svg|370px|thumb|right|Terrorist incidents in South Asia (1970–2016).<ref name=globalterrorismdb_0718dist/>]]
[[File:Total terror attack caused deaths in select nations in 2012 per State Department of United States.png|thumb|260px|2012 [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] figures on the total civilian deaths by terror attacks in India and other countries.<ref name=sdousa>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/210288.pdf Country Reports on Terrorism 2012], Department of State, United States (May 2013).</ref>]]
'''Terrorism in India''', according to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], poses a significant threat to the people of India. Compared to other countries, India faces a wide range of terror groups. Terrorism found in India includes [[Islamic terrorism|Islamist terrorism]], [[Nationalist terrorism|ultranationalist terrorism]], and [[left-wing terrorism]].<ref name=":0">{{cite report|url=http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/11/GTI-2019web.pdf|title=Global Terrorism Index 2019: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism|date=November 2019|publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace|location=Sydney|page=25|archive-date=4 September 2020|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904122139/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/11/GTI-2019web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bh /><ref name=satp11lw /> India is one of the countries most impacted by terrorism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2019/11/20/ten-countries-terrorism/|title=Terrorist Targets: The Ten Countries Which Suffer Most From Terrorism|last=Dudley|first=Dominic|website=Forbes|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref>

A common [[definition of terrorism]] is the systematic use or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government for political, religious, or [[Ideology|ideological]] goals.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=John Philip Jenkins |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071797 |title=Terrorism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=11 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217170455/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071797 |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/26/T0122600.html |title=Terrorism |year=2000 |encyclopedia=[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]] |edition=4th |publisher=Bartleby.com |access-date=11 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620095915/http://www.bartleby.com/61/26/T0122600.html |archive-date=20 June 2006}}</ref>

In 2022, India ranked 13th on the [[Global Terrorism Index]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan most impacted by terrorism for fourth straight year, India ranks 13th: Global Terrorism Index |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/global-terrorism-index-afghanistan-indian-8500823/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 March 2023}}</ref> India continues to face a number of terror attacks from Islamist separatist groups in [[Kashmir]], [[Khalistan movement|Sikh separatists]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and secessionist groups in [[Assam]].<ref name=":0" /> The regions with long term [[:terrorist]] activities have been [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], east-central and south-central India ([[Naxalite|Naxalism]]) and the [[Seven Sister States]]. In August 2008, National Security Advisor M K Narayanan said that as many as 800 [[terrorist cell]]s are operating in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/800-terror-cells-active-in-country/articleshow/3356589.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025030436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-12/india/27921564_1_external-group-or-module-terror-modules-copycat-systems |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=800 Terror Cells Active in Country |date=12 August 2008}}</ref> As of 2013, 205 of the country's 608 districts were affected by terrorist activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/index.html |title=India Assessment 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> Terror attacks caused 231 civilian deaths in 2012 in India, compared to 11,098 terror-caused deaths worldwide, according to the State Department of the United States; or about 2% of global terror fatalities while it accounts for 17.5% of the global population.<ref name=sdousa />

Reports have alleged and implicated terrorism in India to be sponsored by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Pakistan|author=Nitin Prasad|date=20 February 2016|page=112|publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=9789385505270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLufCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112}}</ref><ref name=Speigel>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html |title=SPIEGEL Interview with Pervez Musharraf: 'Pakistan is Always Seen as the Rogue' – SPIEGEL ONLINE |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=4 October 2010 |publisher=Spiegel.de |access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nawaz-sharif-admits-pak-terrorists-carried-out-26-11-mumbai-attacks-1851224 |work=NDTV |title=Nawaz Sharif Admits Pak Terrorists Carried Out 26/11 Mumbai Attacks |date=12 May 2018}}</ref> In July 2016, the [[Government of India]] released data on a string of terror strikes in India since 2005 that claimed 707 lives and left over 3,200 injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Since-2005-terror-has-claimed-lives-of-707-Indians/articleshow/53234226.cms |title=Since 2005, terror has claimed lives of 707 Indians|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 July 2016 }}</ref>

== Definition ==
The 8th report on [[terrorism]] in India published in 2008 defined terrorism as the peacetime equivalent of war crime.<ref name=arc08 /> An act of terror in India includes any intentional act of violence that causes death, injury or property damage, induces fear, and is targeted against any group of people identified by their political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature. This description is similar to one provided by the [[United Nations]]' in 2000.<ref>[https://www.un.org/law/cod/sixth/55/current.htm General Assembly 55th Session] United Nations (2001)</ref>

The [[Indian government]] uses the following working definition of terrorism, same as one widely used by Western nations as well as the United Nations, proposed by Schmid and Jongman in 1988.<ref name=arc08>[http://arc.gov.in/8threport.pdf COMBATTING TERRORISM PROTECTING BY RIGHTEOUSNESS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209121437/http://arc.gov.in/8threport.pdf |date=9 December 2012 }} Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India (June 2008)</ref>

{{blockquote|Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human '''victims of violence are generally chosen randomly''' (targets of opportunity) '''or selectively''' (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat and violence-based communication processes between terrorist organisation, victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.|Alex Schmid and Albert Jongman<ref>Schmid & Jongman (1988), ''Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and, literature''; {{ISBN|0-444-85659-5}}</ref>}}

India subdivides terrorism into four major groups:<ref name=arc08 /><ref name=satpaao>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/index.html Acts and Ordinances] South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) (2013)</ref>
# Ethno-[[nationalist terrorism]] – This form of terror focuses either (a) on creating a separate State within India or independent of India or in a neighboring country, or (b) on emphasising the views/response of one ethnic group against another. Violent Tamil Nationalist groups from India to address the condition of Tamils in Sri Lanka, as well as insurgent tribal groups in North East India are examples of ethno-nationalist terrorist activities.<ref name=bh>Hoffman B. (2006), Inside terrorism, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231126984}}</ref>
# [[Religious terrorism]] – This form of terror focuses on religious imperatives, a presumed duty or in solidarity for a specific religious group, against one or more religious groups. The Mumbai 26/11 terror attack in 2008 from an Islamist group in Pakistan is an example of religious terrorism in India. The examples are [[Hindu terrorism]], [[Islamic terrorism]], [[Right-wing terrorism]], etc.<ref>[http://mea.gov.in/articles-in-foreign-media.htm?dtl/20137/Helping+India+fight+terrorism Helping India fight terrorism] Ministry of External Affairs, Govt of India (2012)</ref>
# [[Left-wing terrorism]] – This form of terror focuses on economic ideology, where all the existing socio-political structures are seen to be economically exploitative in character and a revolutionary change through violent means is essential.<ref name=bh /><ref>Enders & Sandler (2011), The political economy of terrorism, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|9781107004566}}</ref> The ideology of Marx, Engel, Mao, Lenin and others is considered as the only valid economic path. Maoist violence in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are examples of left wing terrorism in India.<ref name=satp11lw>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/papers/2011/Left_Wing_Extremist_Data.htm Left Wing Extremist (LWE) Data] SATP (2010)</ref>
# [[Narcoterrorism]] – This form of terror focuses on creating illegal narcotics traffic zones.<ref>Mishra, R. (2014), Understanding Terrorism in Relation to People’s Demand, ASIAN JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES, 2(3)</ref> Drug violence in northwest India is an example of narco-terrorism in India.<ref name=sh13>Sharma (2013), Growing overlap between terrorism and organized crime in India: A case study, Security Journal, 26(1), 60-79</ref>

== Terror groups operating in India ==
{{See also|List of organisations banned by the Government of India}}
SATP (South Asia Terrorism Portal) has listed 180 terrorist groups that have operated within India over the last 20 years, many of them co-listed as transnational terror networks operating in or from neighboring South Asian countries such as [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/index.html India – Terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups] South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) (2014)</ref> Of these, 38 are on the current list of terrorist organisations banned by India under its First Schedule of the UA(P) Act, 1967.<ref>[http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx National Investigation Agency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110115355/http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx |date=10 January 2016 }} Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India (2013)</ref> As of 2012, many of these were also listed and banned by the United States and European Union.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations] US Department of State (2012)</ref>

== Chronology of major incidents ==
{{Main|List of terrorist incidents in India}}

== List of attacks ==

=== Andhra Pradesh ===

==== 2000 Church bombings of South India ====
{{Main|2000 Church bombings of South India}}
The 2000 Church bombings refers to the serial bombings of churches in the southern [[India]]n states of [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] by the [[Islamic extremism|Islamist extremist]] group [[Deendar Anjuman]] in the year 2000. On 21 May 2000, a Christian congregation at [[Machilipatnam]], Andhra Pradesh was bombed. On 8 July 2000, two churches were bombed in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Gewett Memorial Baptist Church in [[Ongole]] and the Mother Vannini Catholic Church in [[Tadepalligudem]] town. The blast in the Ongole church injured three persons.

==== Kurnool train crash ====
{{Main|Kurnool train crash}}
A passenger train derailed in [[Kurnool]] district in [[Andhra Pradesh]], on 21 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-21 |title=Bangalore Exp derails in Kurnool; 30 dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bangalore-Exp-derails-in-Kurnool-30-dead/articleshow/31957240.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the repair, it was discovered that one of the railway tracks had been deliberately severed, which caused the derailment. Later reports agreed that the crash was caused by sabotage. Thirteen months after the attack, police in Hyderabad arrested a man named Syed Abdul Nayeem, a [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] activist, who failed a 'brainwave fingerprinting test' after being questioned by Indian police. He was charged both in this case and a bombing which killed two people in the Sai Baba Temple.

=== Assam ===
After [[Nagaland]], Assam is the most volatile state in the region. Beginning in 1979, the indigenous people of Assam demanded that the illegal immigrants who had emigrated from [[Bangladesh]] to [[Assam]] be detected and deported. The movement led by the [[All Assam Students Union]] began non-violently with [[satyagraha]], boycotts, picketing, and courting arrests.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

Those protesting frequently came under police action. In 1983 an election was conducted, which was opposed by the movement leaders. The election led to widespread violence. The movement finally ended after the movement leaders signed an agreement (called the [[Assam Accord]]) with the central government on 15 August 1985.

Under the provisions of this accord, anyone who entered the state illegally between January 1966 and March 1971 was allowed to remain but was disenfranchised for ten years, while those who entered after 1971 faced expulsion. A November 1985 amendment to the Indian citizenship law allows non-citizens who entered Assam between 1961 and 1971 to have all the rights of citizenship except the [[right to vote]] for ten years.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

New Delhi also gave special administration autonomy to the [[Bodo people|Bodos]] in the state. However, the Bodos demanded a separate Bodoland, which led to a clash between the Bengalis, the Bodos, and the [[Military of India|Indian military]] resulting in hundreds of deaths.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

Several organisations advocate the independence of [[Assam]]. The most prominent of these is the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA). Formed in 1979, the ULFA has two main goals: the independence of [[Assam]] and the establishment of a socialist government.

The ULFA has carried out several terrorist attacks in the region targeting the Indian Military and non-combatants. The group assassinates political opponents, attacks police and other security forces, blasts railroad tracks, and attacks other infrastructure facilities. The ULFA is believed to have strong links with the ''Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN)'', [[Maoists]], and the [[Naxalites]].

It is also believed that they carry out most of their operations from the Kingdom of [[Bhutan]]. Because of ULFA's increased visibility, the Indian government outlawed the group in 1986 and declared [[Assam]] a troubled area. Under pressure from New Delhi, Bhutan carried out a massive operation to drive out the ULFA militants from its territory.

Backed by the [[Indian Army]], [[Thimphu]] was successful in killing more than a thousand terrorists and [[extradition|extraditing]] many more to India while sustaining only 120 casualties. The Indian military undertook several successful operations aimed at countering future ULFA terrorist attacks, but the ULFA continues to be active in the region. In 2004, the ULFA targeted a public school in [[Assam]], killing 19 children and 5 adults.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

[[Assam]] remains the only state in the northeast where terrorism is still a major issue. On 18 September 2005, a soldier was killed in Jiribam, Manipur, near the Manipur-Assam border, by members of the ULFA. On 14 March 2011, Bodo militants of the Ranjan Daimary-led faction ambushed patrolling troops of [[Border Security Force|BSF]] when on their way from Bangladoba in the Chirang district of Assam to Ultapani in Kokrajhar killing 8 jawans.<ref>{{cite web|title=8 BSF jawans killed by Bodo militants in Assam|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/8-bsf-jawans-killed-by-bodo-militants-in-assam/145952-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316051154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/8-bsf-jawans-killed-by-bodo-militants-in-assam/145952-3.html|archive-date=16 March 2011|access-date=15 March 2011|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

On 5 August 2016, a terrorist attack was reported in the market area of Balajan Tinali of the city of [[Kokrajhar]] that resulted in the death of 14 civilians and injuries to 15 others. Three terrorists, suspected to be Bodo militants, were reported to have attacked using [[AK-47]] and a grenade.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Prabin Kalita|author2=Neeraj Chauhan|date=5 August 2016|title=14 killed, 15 injured in Assam's Kokrajhar after terrorists open fire in market|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/14-killed-15-injured-in-Assams-Kokrajhar-after-terrorists-open-fire-in-market/articleshow/53556034.cms|access-date=5 August 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> OP Singh. Director General of Police said in a press conference the terrorist from the Hizbul Mujahideen group arrested in the city of Kanpur was Qamar-uz-Zama. He is 37 years old and is a resident of Assam.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|title=UP Anti-Terrorism Squad arrests Hizbul terrorist in Kanpur for planning attack on Ganesh Chaturthi|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/up-anti-terrorism-squad-arrests-hizbul-terrorist-in-kanpur-for-planning-attack-on-ganesh-chaturthi-5178971.html|website=Firstpost|date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

==== Brahmaputra Express Train bombing ====
{{Main|Brahmaputra Mail train bombing}}
The Brahmaputra Express Train bombing was a terrorist attack on a train travelling in [[Western Assam]] in Eastern [[India]] on 30 December 1996. Most of the passengers were believed to be vacationers heading for Delhi to celebrate the New Year.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title= At least 26 dead in India train bombing – Dec. 30, 1996|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/30/india.bomb/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230171321/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9612/30/india.bomb/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2020|access-date=2021-10-05|publisher=CNN}}</ref> The train was carrying an estimated 1,200 passengers.<ref name=":2" /> Police in Kokrajhar said a bomb planted on the rails went off shortly after the New Delhi-bound Brahmaputra Express left Kokrajhar in the jungle terrain of Assam state.<ref name=":2" /> "The blast took place at 7:15 p.m., a few minutes after the train left the Kokrajhar station for New Delhi." police said.<ref name=":2" /> The train's engine and its first coach car were derailed by the blast, and the next three rail cars were severely damaged, an official said.<ref name=":2" /> The bomb totally wrecked three carriages of the train and derailed six more, killing at least 33 people.<ref name=":2" /> No one has claimed responsibility, though the separatist Bodo rebel faction was believed to be involved.<ref name=":2" />

==== 2004 Dhemaji school bombing ====
{{Main|2004 Dhemaji school bombing}}
On the occasion of Independence Day, 15 August 2004, people, mostly were school children and their mothers, gathered at [[Dhemaji College]] ground for an Independence Day parade. At around 09:30 am, a bomb went off killing 18 schoolchildren and injuring 40. According to police, the bomb was planted near the college gate and triggered by a remote-controlled device. It exploded when the students and teachers of various schools were passing through the gate. Police blamed [[ULFA]], a banned Assamese militant group, which had initially called for a boycott of the event. But on 13 December 2009, [[Paresh Barua]], the C-in-C of the group, sought public apology and forgiveness for the blast. He stated in an e-mail that the ULFA leadership was misled by some of their cadres and junior leaders about the blast, which is why the leadership had to deny its involvement.

==== 2008 Assam bombings ====
{{Main|2008 Assam bombings}}

==== 2009 Assam bombings ====
{{Main|2009 Assam bombings}}

==== 2009 Guwahati bombings ====
{{Main|2009 Guwahati bombings}}

==== May 2014 Assam violence ====
{{Main|May 2014 Assam violence}}

==== December 2014 Assam violence ====
{{Main|December 2014 Assam violence}}

=== Bihar ===

==== 2002 Rafiganj train wreck ====
{{Main|Rafiganj train wreck}}

==== 2013 Bodh Gaya bombings ====
{{Main|Bodh Gaya bombings}}

==== 2013 Patna bombings ====
{{Main|2013 Patna bombings}}

=== Chhattisgarh ===

==== April 2010 Dantewada attack ====
{{Main|2010 Dantewada attack}}

==== May 2010 Dantewada bombing ====
{{Main|2010 Dantewada bombing}}

==== 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley ====
{{Main|2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley}}

==== July 2013 Maoist attack in Dumka ====
{{Main|July 2013 Maoist attack in Dumka}}

==== 2014 Chhattisgarh attack ====
{{Main|2014 Chhattisgarh attack}}

==== 2018 Sukma attack ====
{{Main|2018 Sukma attack}}

==== 2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack ====
{{Main|2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack}}

=== Delhi ===

==== 1996 Lajpat Nagar Blast ====
{{Main|1996 Lajpat Nagar blast}}

A bomb blast occurred in [[Lajpat Nagar|Lajpat Nagar market]] in Delhi on 21 May 1996, killing 13 civilians and injuring 38 others.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-06 |title=1996 Lajpat Nagar blasts: Supreme Court sentences four men for life without remission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1996-lajpat-nagar-blasts-supreme-court/article67050067.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The blast was followed a day later by the [[1996 Dausa blast]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2019 |title=SC stays execution of blast convict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sc-stays-execution-of-blast-convict/article30142311.ece |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Six members of the militant organisation [[Jammu Kashmir Islamic Front]] were convicted for the blasts. A police investigation discovered that the bombers were in close contact with the Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]. In April 2012, the court awarded a death sentence to Mohammed Naushad, Mohammed Ali Bhatt and Mirza Nissar Hussain. Javed Ahmed Khan was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Farooq Ahmed Khan and Farida Dar were released by the court, adding that their imprisonment served during the trial was their punishment. In November 2012, the Delhi High Court acquitted Mohammed Ali Bhatt and Mirza Nissar Hussain and commuted the death penalty of Mirza Nissar Hussain to life imprisonment.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==== 2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort ====
{{Main|2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort}}

==== 2001 Attack on Indian parliament ====
{{Main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}

Terrorists on 13 December 2001 attacked the [[Parliament of India]], resulting in a 45-minute gun battle in which 9 policemen and parliament staff were killed. All five terrorists were also killed by the security forces and were identified as Pakistani nationals. The attack occurred around 11:40 am (IST), minutes after both Houses of Parliament had adjourned for the day. The suspected terrorists dressed in commando fatigues entered Parliament in a car through the VIP gate of the building. Displaying Parliament and Home Ministry security stickers, the vehicle entered the Parliament premises. The terrorists set off massive blasts and used AK-47 rifles, explosives, and grenades for the attack. Senior Ministers and over 200 members of parliament were inside the Central Hall of Parliament when the attack took place. Security personnel sealed the entire premises, which saved many lives.

==== 2005 Delhi bombings ====
{{Main|29 October 2005 Delhi bombings}}

Three explosions went off in the [[India]]n capital of New Delhi on 29 October 2005, which killed more than 67 people and injured at least 200.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-16 |title=2005 Delhi serial blasts: One convicted, two let off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2005-delhi-serial-blasts-one-convicted-two-let-off/articleshow/57186861.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was followed by four bomb blasts on 13 September 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Chronology of 2008 Delhi serial blasts |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/chronology-of-2008-delhi-serial-blasts-23308716 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Mid-Day |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2008 Delhi bombings ====
{{Main|2008 Delhi bombings}}

==== 2008 Delhi bombing ====
{{Main|2008 Delhi bombing}}

==== 2011 High court bombing ====
{{Main|2011 Delhi bombing}}

The 2011 Delhi bombing took place in the [[India]]n capital [[Delhi]] on Wednesday, 7 September 2011 at 10:14 local time outside Gate No. 5 of the [[Delhi High Court]], where a suspected briefcase bomb was planted.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2011|title=Terror strikes Delhi again, 11 dead in HC blast|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/terror-strikes-delhi-again-11-dead-in-hc-blast/182165-3.html|url-status=dead|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164828/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/terror-strikes-delhi-again-11-dead-in-hc-blast/182165-3.html|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> The blast killed 12 people and injured 76.

==== 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats ====
{{Main|2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats}}

==== [[2025 Delhi car explosion]] ====
On 10 November 2025, a car exploded near the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]], killing at least 13 people and injuring more than twenty others. According to early police assessments, [[ANFO|ammonium nitrate fuel oil]] and other explosives were used in the vehicle, which triggered the blast that damaged multiple nearby vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=Delhi Red Fort car blast: When, How & Who? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-red-fort-car-blast-when-how-who/photostory/125267471.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is alleged that it is a terrorist attack.

=== Gujarat ===

==== 2002 Akshardham Temple attack ====
{{Main|Akshardham Temple attack}}

==== 2008 Ahmedabad bombings ====
{{Main|2008 Ahmedabad bombings}}

=== Haryana ===

==== 1987 Lalru Bus Massacre ====
{{Main|1987 Lalru bus massacre}}

1987 Lalru bus massacre was a massacre of 38 [[Hindus]] by [[Khalistan]]i [[Sikh]] [[terrorist]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|first1=Tavleen|last1=Singh |first2=Sreekant|last2=Khandekar|date=31 July 1987|title=Terrorists kill bus passengers in Punjab and Haryana mercilessly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870731-terrorists-kill-bus-passengers-in-punjab-and-haryana-mercilessly-799092-1987-07-31|access-date=2021-10-05|website=India Today}}</ref> It occurred on 6 July 1987 at [[Lalru]], presently in [[Mohali District]], when a bus going from [[Dhilwan]] in [[Kapurthala district]] to [[Jalandhar]] was attacked by [[Punjab insurgency|Sikh militants]] in which thirty eight [[Hindu]] passengers were dragged out of the bus by the militants and then shot dead in Lalru in the northern state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":1" /> The goal of the terrorists behind the massacre was to drive out the 7 million Hindus living in Punjab and force the Sikhs living outside of the Punjab state to move in. This would have enabled the Sikh separatists to claim the Punjab state as a sovereign country of Khalistan.

==== 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings ====
{{Main|2007 Samjhauta Express bombings}}

=== Himachal Pradesh ===

==== Chamba massacre of 1998 ====
The [[1998 Chamba massacre]] was the killing of thirty-five Hindus by [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], in the [[Chamba district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in India on 3 August 1998.

=== Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh ===

==== 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre ====
August 2000, Kashmir massacre on 1 and 2 August was the [[massacre]] of at least 89 Hindu pilgrims (official count) to 105 (as reported by [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]) and injury to at least 62 people, in at least five different coordinated attacks by Kashmiri separatist militants in [[Anantnag district]] and [[Doda district]] of [[Kashmir Valley]] in India.

==== 2025 RSC battle ====
On 28 March 2025, a gun battle in the [[Kathua]] district of [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir|India-administered Kashmir]], resulted in the deaths of four police officers and two suspected terrorists. The clash occurred in a forested area near [[India–Pakistan border|India's border with Pakistan]], following an ambush of a police patrol. The [[Indian Army|Indian army's Rising Star Corps]] reported the elimination of the two rebels, with recovered arms, ammunition, and military equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four policemen, two suspected rebels killed in India-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/29/four-policemen-two-suspected-rebels-killed-in-india-administered-kashmir |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2025 Pahalgam attack ====
{{Main|2025 Pahalgam attack}}

The 2025 Pahalgam attack was an attack on non-Muslim tourists by five armed militants near [[Pahalgam]] in the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in which 26 civilians were killed on 22 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam and Pakistan's two-nation delusion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/pahalgam-and-pakistan-s-two-nation-delusion-3513370 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Director |first1=Danish Manzoor Bhat Editorial |last2=Member |first2=Asia Newsweek Is A. Trust Project |date=2025-04-22 |title=Kashmir massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel condemn Hindu tourist attack |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> The militants mainly targeted Hindu tourists, which were singled out by checking their names, checking whether they were circumcised and by recitation of the Islamic ''[[Six Kalimas|kalima]]'' .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=2025-04-23 |title=India Takes Aim at Pakistan After Slaughter of Civilians in Kashmir |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/asia/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> It was initially discovered that one of the terrorists, Hashim Musa, was a former regular of Pakistan Army's Para Forces who was dismissed from the forces for his links to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-04-29 |title=Hashim Musa, ex-Pakistan Army Special Forces soldier, prime suspect in Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/29/hashim-musa-ex-pakistan-army-special-forces-soldier-prime-suspect-in-pahalgam-terror-attack |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, Indian investigators said all three militants involved in the attack were Pakistani nationals from the UN-proscribed terrorist group LeT.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Kashmir: Indian investigators claim all Pahalgam attackers were Pakistani nationals |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36xe95g06zo |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Karnataka ===

==== 2008 Bangalore Serial Blasts ====
The [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts]] occurred on 25 July 2008 in Bangalore, India. A series of nine bombs exploded in which two people were killed and 20 injured. According to the Bangalore City Police, the blasts were caused by low-intensity crude bombs triggered by timers.

==== 2010 Bangalore Stadium Bombing ====
The [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing]] occurred on 17 April 2010 in M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India. Two bombs exploded in a heavily packed Cricket stadium in which fifteen people were injured. A third bomb was found and defused outside the stadium.

=== Kerala ===

==== 1993 Chekannur Maulavi Murder ====
{{Main|Chekannur Maulavi}}

==== 1994 Formation of National Development Front ====
{{Main|National Development Front}}

==== 2005 Kalamassery bus burning case ====

The NIA court sentences two people to 7 years in jail. The people had assembled on 8 September 2005 at Aluva Masjid and chalked out their plan, at the instance and instigation of accused Majid Parambai and Sufia, to set fire to a Tamil Nadu government owned bus.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/kalamassery-bus-burning-case-nia-court-sentences-two-persons-to-7-years-of-jail | title=Kalamassery bus burning case: NIA court sentences two persons to 7 years of jail }}</ref>

==== 2006 Kozhikode twin blast case ====

The explosions occurred at the two bus stations on Mavoor Road within a gap of 10 minutes in the afternoon of 3 March. Explosions were triggered by timer devices. Two persons, including a police officer, were injured in the blasts. Initially, it was investigated by a special police team and the Crime Branch. NIA took over the case in 2009. Nazeer was arrested in 2009 from the India-Bangladesh border in Meghalaya.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-acquits-self-styled-lashkar-e-taiba-leader-in-the-kozhikode-blast-case/article38333230.ece | title=HC acquits self-styled Lashkar-e-Taiba leader in the Kozhikode blast case | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 January 2022 | last1=Gopakumar | first1=K. c. }}</ref>

==== 2010 [[Assault on T. J. Joseph]] ====
{{Main|Assault on T. J. Joseph}}

The ''' assault of T. J. Joseph''' occurred on 4 July 2010 at [[Muvattupuzha]] near [[Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha|Nirmala College]] in the [[Ernakulam]] district of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Express1">{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article164133.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084316/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article164133.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2013 |title=Controversial lecturer's palm chopped off |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 July 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2011}}</ref> T. J. Joseph, a professor of [[Malayalam]] at [[Newman College, Thodupuzha]], a Christian minority institution affiliated with [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/06/stories/2010070657111100.htm |title=Two held for chopping off Ernakulam professor's palm |date=6 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |accessdate=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708171158/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/06/stories/2010070657111100.htm |archive-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> had his hand cut off at the wrist on allegation of [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]] according to Quran verses, by members of [[Popular Front of India]], an Islamist organisation in India.<ref>*{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2010/aug/02kerala-one-more-arrested-in-lecturer-attack-case.htm |title=Kerala: One more arrested in lecturer attack case |work=Rediff.com |date=2 August 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2011}}
*{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Explosives-weapons-seized-near-Kerala-mosque/articleshow/6160395.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811094756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-13/india/28296095_1_pfi-anti-terror-explosives | url-status=live | archive-date=11 August 2011 | title=Explosives, weapons seized near Kerala mosque | date=13 July 2010| work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date= 7 September 2010 }}
*{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome-Muslim-men-accused-of-waging-love-jihad-in-India.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016080948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6316966/Handsome-Muslim-men-accused-of-waging-love-jihad-in-India.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2009 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Dean | last=Nelson | title=Handsome Muslim men accused of waging 'love jihad' in India | date=13 October 2009| accessdate= 7 September 2010 }}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Probe source of extremist funding: CPI |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=7 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725165611/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/22/stories/2010072253230700.htm |archive-date=25 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|author=M.G. Radhakrishnan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104821/hatreds-new-haven.html?complete=1 |title=Hatred's New Haven: STATES: India Today |work=India Today |date=10 July 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2011}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Defending-the-front/652613 |title=Defending the front |work=The Indian Express |date=28 July 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2011}}
*{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/07/islamic-court-ordered-chopping-of-profs-palm.htm |title=Islamic court ordered chopping of prof's palm – Rediff.com India News |work=Rediff.com |date=7 July 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2011}}
*{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Taliban-style-courts-in-Gods-Own-Country/articleshow/6182633.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103115849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-18/special-report/28320578_1_pfi-taliban-style-thrissur | url-status=live | archive-date=3 November 2012 | title=Taliban-style courts in God's Own Country | date=18 July 2010| work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date= 3 August 2010 }}</ref>
The then [[Minister of Home Affairs]] of Kerala, [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]], made a statement that while government is aware that there is a local ''[[Dar-ul Khada]]'' set up by the Popular Front of India under the supervision of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], functioning to resolve civil disputes, there were no complaints received that it was passing "Taliban-model" orders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F07%2F28&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01302&AppName=1|title=TALIBAN IN KERALA? Kangaroo courts under lens|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2013-04-20|location=Trivandrum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312225127/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F07%2F28&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01302&AppName=1|archive-date=12 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article536784.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=No report yet on 'Taliban-model' courts: Kodiyeri |date=28 July 2010 |accessdate=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729160924/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article536784.ece |archive-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article187796.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131111740/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article187796.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2016 |title=Religious courts exist in Kerala: Kodiyeri |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 July 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaumudi.com/news/072810/kerala.stm#5 |title=Kaumudi Online – English Edition |publisher=Kaumudi.com |accessdate=12 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140842/http://www.kaumudi.com/news/072810/kerala.stm#5 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== ISIS recruitment incidents in Kerala ====

'''2015:''' In 2015, Nimisha alias Fathima, a resident of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], along with her husband Isa Bexin Vincent, left India from Kerala with a group of 21 from Kerala and joined ISIS. Nimisha, a Hindu converted to Islam with her husband. They both worked for ISIS in Afghanistan and in Syria, and her husband died while working with the Islamist terrorist organization ISIS in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police-vetting-video-of-keralite-is-woman-who-wants-to-return-home/article31081398.ece | title=Police vetting video of Keralite IS woman who wants to return home | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-woman-asks-court-allow-her-daughter-who-had-joined-isis-return-india-152960 | title=Kerala woman asks court to allow her daughter who had joined ISIS to return to India | date=26 July 2021 }}</ref>

'''2021:''' NIA filed chargesheet against 8 alleged ISIS terrorists for radicalizing, recruiting, organizing funds and grooming gullible Muslim youths from Kerala through different secured social media platforms to join global Islamist terrorist organizations. Deepthi Marla, Muhammad Waqar Lone, Mizha Sidheeque, Shifa Haris, Obaid Hamid Matta, Madesh Shankar, Ammar Abdul Rahiman and Muzamil Hassan Bhat were named in the charge sheet.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia-files-chargesheet-against-8-terrorists-in-isis-kerala-module-case/articleshow/89185620.cms | title=NIA files chargesheet against 8 terrorists in ISIS-Kerala module case | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

'''2021:''' Chief Minister of Kerala [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] revealed that around 100 people from Kerala had joined ISIS till 2019. 94 out of 100 are Muslims and the rest 6 are converted to Islam from Hindu and Christian religions in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=646343&u=100-malayalis-joined-isis-all-except-six-born-into-muslim-community-says-cm-vijayan-646343 | title=100 Malayalis joined ISIS, all except six born into Muslim community, says CM Vijayan }}</ref>

'''2022:''' Najeeb Ali, a 23 year old engineering student who came from Kerala was killed in a suicide attack in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala-isis-terrorist-killed-in-afghanistan-why-india-s-no-return-policy-is-a-good-idea-3381891.html | title=Kerala ISIS terrorist killed in Afghanistan: Why India's no-return policy is a good idea | date=11 March 2022 }}</ref>

'''2022:''' ''[[Voice of Khorasan]]'', the Mouthpiece of IS in Afghanistan and the surrounding area, earlier introduced a story about Abu Bakr Al Hindi, "who was born in Kerala in a Christian family, converted to Islam by his Kerala Muslim friends when he was working at Middle east". He was killed while fighting for the Islamic State (IS) in [[Libya]]. He was an engineer by profession and joined IS when working at Gulf.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/islamic-state-s-mouthpiece-voice-of-khorasan-glorifies-operative-from-kerala-who-died-fighting-in-libya-snt-rgyr9m | title=Islamic State's mouthpiece 'Voice of Khorasan' glorifies operative from Kerala who died fighting in Libya }}</ref>

==== 2022 Ban on Popular Front of India ====

On 28 September 2022, with the inputs from intelligence agencies and evidence collected from [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]], central government banned [[Kerala]] based terror organization [[Popular Front of India]]. [[Bombay High Court]] ruled that popular front of India aims to transform 'India into an Islamic country by 2047'.<ref>{{Cite web | title=India bans Islamic organisation PFI for five years {{!}} Reuters | work=Reuters | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-bans-islamic-organisation-pfi-five-years-2022-09-28/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928024041/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-bans-islamic-organisation-pfi-five-years-2022-09-28/ | access-date=2025-05-22 | archive-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>

==== 2023 Kalamassery Blast Case ====
{{Main|2023 Kerala bombing}}

On 29 October 2023, a series of [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) blasts took place during a convention of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in [[Kalamassery]], a suburb of [[Kochi]], India. Five women, two men, and a child were killed and more than fifty other people were injured when the group was holding a Sunday morning session of their annual regional convention. Dominic Martin, a 57-year-old shortly surrendered at the [[Kodakara]] police station, claiming to be responsible for the blast. The motive of the blast is still under investigation.

=== Maharashtra ===

==== Mumbai ====
[[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Nariman House street.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Nariman House]], a Jewish center in Mumbai, after 26/11 terror attack in 2008. Six Jews were killed there, along with 158 people of other faiths elsewhere in Mumbai by terrorists.<ref name="wsj">Warren Kozak, [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204630904577055863900368528 Remembering the Terror in Mumbai] The Wall Street Journal (26 November 2011)</ref>]]
Mumbai has been a common target for [[List of terrorist organisations|terrorist organisations]], many operating with a base from Pakistan.<ref name="satpmaha">[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/maharashtra_Incidents.htm Terrorism-related Incidents in Maharashtra since 2006] South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) (2014)</ref> Over the past few years there have been a series of attacks, including explosions in [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban trains]] in July 2006, and the attacks of 26 November 2008, when two of the prime hotels, a landmark train station, and a Jewish [[Chabad]] house, in [[South Mumbai]], were attacked and sieged.<ref name="wsj" /><ref name="AP">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html?_r=0 Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die] The New York Times (28 November 2008)</ref>

[[List of terrorist incidents|Terrorist attacks]] in Mumbai include:<ref name="satpmaha" />
* 12 March 1993 – [[1993 Bombay bombings|13 bombs killed 257]]
* 6 December 2002 – [[6 December 2002 Mumbai bus bombing|A Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 2]]
* 27 January 2003 – [[27 January 2003 Mumbai bombing|Bicycle bomb in Vile Parle, killed 1]]
* 13 March 2003 – [[13 March 2003 Mumbai train bombing|A train bomb in Mulund killed 10]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijay |date=14 March 2003 |title=Blast in Mumbai train, 10 killed |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/13mum.htm |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=Rediff}}</ref>
* 28 July 2003 – [[28 July 2003 Mumbai bus bombing|A Bus bomb in Ghatkopar, killed 4]]
* 25 August 2003 – [[25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings|Two Bombs near the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar, killed 50]]
* 11 July 2006 – [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|Seven train bombs killed 209]]
* 26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 – [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Coordinated series of attacks, killed 172]].
* 13 July 2011 – [[2011 Mumbai bombings|Bomb explosions at three locations, killed 26]]

==== Pune ====

* 13 February 2010 – a [[2010 Pune bombing|bomb explosion]] at the German Bakery killed 17 people, and injured 64 others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Atikh |date=2013-04-15 |title=2010 Pune bombing: German Bakery blast case verdict in Pune court today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/2010-pune-bombing-german-bakery-blast-case-verdict-in-pune-court-today/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1 August 2012 – four [[2012 Pune bombings|bomb explosion]] at various locations on JM Road injured 1 person.<ref name="satpmaha" />

==== 1991 Kalyan Train Bomb Blast ====
{{Main|Kalyan Junction railway station}}

On 8 November 1991, a bomb exploded on a train when it reached [[Kalyan Junction railway station]]. Twelve people were killed and 65 injured in the explosion. Ravinder Singh alias Bittu who was linked to the [[Babbar Khalsa]], a Sikh militant organization was convicted in the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agnihotri Chaba |first=Anju |date=2016-08-17 |title=1991 Kalyan Station Blast: Convict who jumped parole held in Punjab |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/1991-kalyan-station-blast-convict-who-jumped-parole-held-in-punjab-2979615/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== 1993 Bombay bombings ====
{{Main|1993 Bombay bombings}}

A series of 12 terrorist bombings took place in [[Mumbai]], then known as Bombay, on 12 March 1993. The attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-30 |title=How the 1993 blasts changed Mumbai forever |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33713846 |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

At 13:30 hours on 12 March 1993, a powerful [[car bomb]] exploded in the basement of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] building. The 28-story office building was severely damaged and many nearby office buildings also suffered damage. Reports indicate that 50 were killed by this explosion. About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded in front of the Mandvi branch of Corporation Bank near Masjid. From 13:30 hours to 15:40 hours a total of 12 bombs exploded throughout Mumbai. Most of the bombs were car bombs but some were in scooters. Three hotels – the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur – were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators. Banks, the regional passport office, the [[Air India Building]], and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazaar and opposite it a jeep-bomb exploded at the Century Bazaar. [[Grenade]]s were thrown at [[Sahar International Airport]] and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting certain citizens at the latter. A double-decker bus was very badly damaged in the deadliest explosion, with as many as 90 people killed.

On 10 July 2006, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Sharad Pawar]], admitted that he had "deliberately misled" people following the 1993 Mumbai bombings by saying there were "13 and not 12" explosions and had added the name of a Muslim-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected. He attempted to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admitted to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that it pointed to the [[Tamil Tigers]] as possible suspects.

=== Manipur ===
Like its sister states in Northeast, Manipur has experienced years of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence while it was part of Assam and sought more rights.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/asia/2007/03/01/the-mayhem-in-manipur The mayhem in Manipur] The Economist (1 March 2007)</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/2007/03/09/a-safe-house-for-dangerous-men Manipur, India – A safe house for dangerous men] The Economist (9 March 2007)</ref> The state joined India on 21 September 1949, when [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India; this merger was disputed by various groups in Manipur as having been completed without consensus and under duress. Manipur was part of Assam after 1949, became a Union Territory in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Amendment)|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm|archive-date=1 May 2017|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref> The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964, which declared that it wanted to gain more rights or outright independence from India. After several rounds of negotiations, Manipur became a full state in 1972 along with several other sister states of the Northeast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2012 |title=The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Amendment Act, 2012 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630033602/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2017 |website=India Code}}</ref> Post statehood, more groups continued to form in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. For example, in 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed, the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) was formed in 1978. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence.<ref name="hrwm">[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm Background: Conflict in Manipur] Human Rights Watch (2008)</ref> In 1980, the central government brought the entire state of Manipur under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) because its state government claimed that the use of the Armed Forces in aid of the state and local police is necessary to prevent violent deaths and to maintain law and order.

The violence in Manipur includes significant inter-ethnic tribal rivalry. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis and other tribal groups.<ref name="hrwm" /> They have formed splinter groups who disagree with each other. Other than UNLF, PLA and PREPAK mentioned above, other Manipuri insurgent groups include Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Khnna Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref name="hrwm" />

According to SATP (the South Asia Terrorism Portal),<ref>{{cite web|author=South Asia Terrorism Portal – Terrorism Analysis in South Asia|title=Terrorism – South Asia Terrorism Portal|url=http://www.satp.org/|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> there has been a large decline in fatalities in Manipur in recent decades.<ref name="satp9413">[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm State wise Indian fatalities, 1994–2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000520/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm |date=15 July 2014 }} Militancy and Terrorism Database, SATP, New Delhi</ref> Since 2010, about 25 civilians have died in militant-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0.8 per 100,000 people).<ref name="satp9413" /> Most of these deaths have been from inter-factional violence. Elections have been held regularly over recent decades. The last state assembly elections were held in 2012, with 79.2% voter turnout and the incumbent re-elected to power.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_report_2012_MR.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANIPUR] Election Commission of India (2012)</ref>

=== Meghalaya ===

=== Mizoram ===
In 1947, Mizoram was part of Assam, and its districts were controlled by hereditary tribal chiefs. The educated elites among the Mizos campaigned against the tribal [[chiefdom]] under the banner of [[Mizo Union]]. As a result of their campaign, the hereditary rights of the 259 chiefs were abolished under the Assam-Lushai District (Acquisition of Chief's Rights) Act, 1954.<ref name="Suhas1994">{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Suhas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1|title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga|publisher=M.D. Publications|year=1994|isbn=978-81-85880-38-9|page=1|access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="misai">Michael Sailo (2006), Administration of Justice in Mizoram, {{ISBN|978-8183240598}}, Chapter 2</ref> Village courts, which were disbanded by the colonial authorities during their re-structuring of Assam, were re-implemented in Mizo region. All of these regions were frustrated by these arrangements and centralized Assam governance. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government's inadequate response to the 1959–60 [[mautam]] famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) in 1961.<ref name="Braja1998">{{cite book|last=Kumāra|first=Braja Bihārī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75|title=Small States Syndrome in India|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-81-7022-691-8|page=75|access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> A period of protests and armed insurgency followed in the 1960s, with MNF seeking independence from India.<ref name="dommen">Dommen, A. J. (1967), Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India, Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 10 (Oct. 1967), 726-739</ref>

In 1971, the government agreed to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union Territory, which came into being as Mizoram in 1972. Following the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] (1986) between the Government and the MNF, Mizoram was declared a full-fledged state of India in 1987.<ref name="AlfredJuan2011">{{cite book|last1=Stepan|first1=Alfred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105|title=Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies|last2=Linz|first2=Juan J|last3=Yadav|first3=Yogendra|date=20 January 2011|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9723-8|pages=105–|access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> Mizoram got two seats in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], one each in the [[Lok Sabha]] and in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|title=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007}}</ref> Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987.<ref name="misai" /> Elections have been held at 5 year intervals since then. The most recent [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram elections]] were held for 40 seats of the legislative assembly on 25 November 2013. The voter turnout was 81%. The Indian National Congress led by [[Lal Thanhawla]] was re-elected to power.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/|archive-date=15 December 2013|work=ECI|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> The region has been peaceful in recent decades. Between 2006 and 2013, between 0 and 2 civilians died each year from any protest-related violence (or less than 0.2 people per 100,000).<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html Mizoram Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994–2014] SATP (2014)</ref>

=== Nagaland ===
After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose amongst a section of the Nagas. [[Angami Zapu Phizo|Phizo]]-led [[Naga National Council]] and demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to a series of violent incidents, that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The Union government sent the [[Indian Army]] in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills. The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">{{cite news|title=Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act, 1957|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/727141/}}</ref> and it became a [[Union territory]] directly administered by the Central government with a large degree of autonomy. This was not satisfactory to the tribes, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, and banks, as well as non-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following a discussion between the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full-fledged state within the Union of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 16-point Agreement between the GOI & Naga People's Convention|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_16point.htm|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>

Nagaland became the 16th state of the Indian Union on 1 December 1963.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suresh K. Sharma|title=Documents on North-East India: Nagaland|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2006|isbn=9788183240956|pages=225–228}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The State Of Nagaland Act, 1962|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1490539/|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] was constituted on 11 February 1964.<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Ovung|first=Albert|title=The Birth of Ceasefire in Nagaland|url=http://nagaland.net/spotlight_detail.php?id=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150315/http://nagaland.net/spotlight_detail.php?id=1|archive-date=28 July 2013|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> The rebel activity continued, in the form of banditry and attacks, motivated more by inter-factional tribal rivalry and personal vendetta than by political aspiration. In November 1975, the leaders of largest rebellion groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the Indian constitution, a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity.<ref>Nagaland, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2011)</ref><ref>[http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state_human_develop_report_nagaland_full_report_2008.pdf Nagaland – State Human Development Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073819/http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state_human_develop_report_nagaland_full_report_2008.pdf|date=21 August 2014}} United Nations Development Programme (2005)</ref>

==== 1996 Dimapur car bombing ====
{{main|1996 Dimapur car bombing}}

On Christmas Day, 25 December 1996, the [[Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-IM]] detonated a powerful [[car bomb]] triggered by remote control in the Ara Mile neighbourhood of [[Dimapur]], Nagaland in an attempted assassination on [[Kihoto Hollohon]], the then Minister of Industries & Commerce of Nagaland. Hollohon escaped as he was not in the vehicle. The blast killed his wife, daughter, granddaughter, grandson and one other on the spot.

==== 2004 Dimapur bombings ====
{{main|2004 Dimapur bombings}}

On 2 October 2004, two powerful bombs were set off—one at the [[Dimapur railway station|Dimapur Railway Station]] and the other at the Hong Kong Market killing 30 and injuring over 100 others.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vinayak|first=G|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/02naga.htm|title=At least 30 killed in Nagaland blast|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=2 October 2004|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/10/3/india-reels-after-deadly-blasts|title=India reels after deadly blasts|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=3 October 2004|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>

Over the 5 year of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per year per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militant deaths per year in inter-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people).<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html Nagaland Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994–2014] SATP (2014)</ref> The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 23 February 2013 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from each of the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. The voter turnout was 83% and Nagaland People's Front was elected to power with 37 seats.<ref>[http://ceonagaland.nic.in/ae2013/StatisticalReport_2013.pdf Nagaland elections 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808181708/http://ceonagaland.nic.in/ae2013/StatisticalReport_2013.pdf|date=8 August 2013}} Elections Commission of India, Government of India</ref>

=== Odisha ===

=== Punjab ===
In the 1980s, an insurgent movement turned to violence, seeking a separate state called [[Khalistan]], independent of India. They were led by Jarnail Singh [[Bhindranwale]] who was neutral on the establishment of a new state.<ref>Oberoi, H. S. (1987), From Punjab to" Khalistan": Territoriality and Metacommentary, Pacific Affairs, 26-41</ref>

In 1984, [[Operation Blue Star]] was conducted by the Indian government to confront the movement. It involved an assault on the Golden Temple complex, which Sant Bhindranwale had fortified in preparation of an army assault. [[Indira Gandhi]], [[India]]'s then prime minister, ordered the military to storm the temple, who eventually had to use tanks. After a 74-hour firefight, the army successfully took control of the temple. In doing so, it damaged some portions of the [[Akal Takht]], the [[Sikh Reference Library]], and the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] itself. According to Indian government sources, 83 army personnel were killed and 249 were injured. Militant casualties were 493 killed and 86 injured.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

During the same year, the assassination of [[Indira Gandhi]] by two Sikh [[bodyguard]]s, believed to be driven by the Golden Temple affair, resulted in widespread anti-Sikh riots, especially in New Delhi. Following [[Operation Black Thunder]] in 1988, [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], first under Julio Ribeiro and then under [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|KPS Gill]], together with the [[Indian Army]], eventually succeeded in pushing the movement underground.

In 1985, Sikh terrorists bombed an [[Air India]] flight from Canada to India, killing all 329 people on board [[Air India Flight 182]]. It was the worst [[mass murder]] in Canadian history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hrishikesh |first=Sharanya |date=2023-09-27 |title=Air India flight 182: 1985 bombing back in news after Canada row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66909820 |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2022 |title=A timeline of the Air India case, from the bombings to the death of an old suspect |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/air-india-bombing-timeline-1.6520841 |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=CBC News}}</ref>

The ending of Sikh militancy and the desire for a Khalistan catalysed when the then-Prime Minister of [[Pakistan]], [[Benazir Bhutto]], handed all intelligence material concerning Punjab militancy to the Indian government, as a goodwill gesture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aziz |first=Shaikh |date=2015-07-12 |title=A leaf from history: The rise and fall of the Khalistan movement |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1193181 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> The Indian government used that intelligence to arrest those who were behind attacks in India and militancy.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

The ending of overt Sikh militancy in 1993 led to a period of relative calm, punctuated by militant acts (for example, the assassination of Punjab CM, Beant Singh, in 1995) attributed to half a dozen or so operating Sikh militant organisations. These organisations include [[Babbar Khalsa International]], [[Khalistan Commando Force]], [[Khalistan Liberation Force]], and [[Khalistan Zindabad Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/khalistan-zindabad-force-klf|title = Khalistan Zindabad Force (KLF)}}</ref>

==== 1991 Punjab killings ====
{{Main|1991 Punjab killings}}

The '''1991 Punjab killings''' was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June 1991 in the [[Ludhiana district]] of the Indian State of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], where [[Sikh]] Khalistani militants killed at least 80 to 126 passengers travelling in two trains. The militants stopped the two trains about a kilometre from Ludhiana station by pulling their [[Emergency brake (train)#India|emergency cords, triggering emergency brakes]]. They proceeded to open fire inside the trains at around 9:35 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), killing at least 80 passengers. On the second train, the Dhuri-Hisar passenger train, the militants fired indiscriminately. After the attackers fled, the train moved back to Badduwal station, where the rescue team arrived with doctors. Local villagers helped the survivors with food, water, medicine, and mental support. The attacks came less than five hours after polling closed in a national election already marred by violence and interrupted by the assassination of ex-Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] around a month prior.

=== Rajasthan ===

==== 1996 Dausa blast ====
{{Main|1996 Dausa blast}}

A bomb blast occurred on a bus near Samleti village in [[Dausa]] on 22 May 1996. The blast, which took place a day after the [[1996 Lajpat Nagar blast]], killed 14 people and injured 37 others. The chargesheet filed about the incident stated that the individuals responsible were associated with the [[Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front]], and that some of the accused had been involved in the Sawai Man Singh Stadium blast. The district and sessions court in [[Bandikui]] sentenced Abdul Hamid, one of the accused, to death, and sentenced six others to life imprisonment, while acquitting the remaining individual charged with the incident for lack of evidence against him.

==== 2008 Jaipur Bombings ====
{{Main|Jaipur bombings}}

A series of nine bomb exploded in a synchronized manner within a span of 25 minutes on the eve of 13 May 2008 in [[Jaipur]], killing 71 people. The [[Indian Mujahideen]] claimed responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Jaykishan |date=2019-12-18 |title=4 convicted for Jaipur's night of horror when 9 bombs went off in 20 mins |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/four-convicted-one-acquitted-for-2008-jaipur-blasts-that-claimed-71-lives/story-9HoeKWrcSWVQOskLTriflI.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sikkim ===

=== Tamil Nadu ===
Militants belonging to the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) were operating in the Tamil Nadu state up until the assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The LTTE had given many speeches in Tamil Nadu led by [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], [[S. P. Thamilselvan]], and other Eelam members. The LTTE, now a banned organisation, had been receiving many donations and support from India in the past. The [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]] is a militant Tamil movement in India that has ties to LTTE.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==== Meenambakkam bomb blast ====
{{Main|Meenambakkam bomb blast}}

The [[Meenambakkam bomb blast]] occurred on 2 August 1984 at [[Meenambakkam]] International Airport in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu. 33 persons were killed and 27 others were injured. The [[Tamil Eelam Army]] was suspected. Several members were convicted in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Express Article|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19980208/03950624.html}}</ref>

==== Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi ====
{{Main|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}

The [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], former [[Prime Minister of India]], occurred as a result of a [[suicide bombing]] in [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Chennai]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] on 21 May 1991.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1991-05-22|title=Assassination in INdia; Rajiv Gandhi Is Assassinated in Bombing at Campaign Stop; India Pus Off Rest of Voting|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/22/world/assassination-india-rajiv-gandhi-assassinated-bombing-campaign-stop-india-puts.html|access-date=2021-10-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At least 14 others, in addition to [[Rajiv Gandhi]], were killed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1991-05-21|title=1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> It was carried out by Thenmozhi Rajaratnam (also known as Kalaivani Rajaratnam or Dhanu),<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2005|title=Lady with the Poison Flowers|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/lady-with-the-poison-flowers/228400|access-date=2021-10-05|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> a member of the [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] separatist organization [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).

==== 1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai ====
{{Main|1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai}}

'''1993 bombing of the RSS office in Chennai''' refers to the bombing of the head office of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] on 8 August 1993 by [[terrorists]]. The bombings left eleven people dead and seven others injured.

The special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] court tried eighteen of the accused under the now-defunct [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]]. They had been earlier given life imprisonment by a TADA court in Chennai for their involvement in the blast on 8 August 1993 at the RSS office in Chennai. The CBI has announced a reward of Rs. 10 lakh for providing credible information about Mushtaq Ahmed, one of the main accused in the blast.

==== 1998 Coimbatore bombings ====
{{Main|1998 Coimbatore bombings}}

Tamil Nadu also faced terrorist attacks orchestrated by Muslim fundamentalists.

=== Telangana ===

==== Hyderabad ====
{{Main|August 2007 Hyderabad bombings}}

The [[August 2007 Hyderabad bombings|25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]] consisted of two synchronised blasts. The first bomb exploded in an [[amphitheatre]] at Lumbini Amusement Park during a [[laser show]], killing 10 people. The second bomb exploded in Gokul Chat Bhandar, a popular restaurant, killing 32.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verdict In 2007 Hyderabad Twin Bomb Blasts Today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/gokul-chat-lumbini-park-hyderabad-blasts-judgement-in-2007-hyderabad-twin-bomb-blasts-case-today-1906567 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=NDTV |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=After 11-year, court delivers verdict in Hyderabad twin blasts case; 2 convicted |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2018/9/4/Hyderabad-twin-blasts-case-verdict.amp.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=News Bharati |language=en}}</ref> The bombings were orchestrated by members of the [[Indian Mujahideen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=2 Sentenced To Death For 2007 Hyderabad Blasts, Another Gets Life Term |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-sentenced-to-death-for-2007-twin-blasts-in-hyderabad-another-gets-life-term-1914365 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> A third unexploded bomb was later found by police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muller |first=Natalie |date=4 September 2018 |title=India convicts two over 2007 Hyderabad blasts |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-convicts-two-men-over-2007-hyderabad-bombings/a-45344693 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Mecca Masjid bombing]] occurred on 18 May 2007 inside the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]], (or "Makkah Masjid") a mosque the old city area in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], capital of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Telangana]] (then undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]])<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6668695.stm Article on BBC website]</ref> located very close to [[Charminar]]. The blast was caused by a [[cellphone]]-triggered [[pipe bomb]].<ref name="deccan">{{cite web|title=Homepage|url=http://deccan.com/home/homedetails.asp#Killer|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221023023/http://www.deccan.com/home/homedetails.asp#Killer|archive-date=21 February 2004|access-date=28 December 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Fourteen people were reported dead in the immediate aftermath, of whom five (official record:disputed) were killed by the police firing after the incident while trying to quell the mob.<ref name="deccan" />

The [[2013 Hyderabad blasts]] occurred around 19:00 IST. The two blasts occurred in the Indian city of Hyderabad's Dilsukhnagar. The simultaneous blasts occurred near a bus stop and a cinema.

=== Tripura ===

==== Mandai massacre ====
[[Mandai massacre]] refers to the general massacre of the [[Bengalis]] of Mandai village near [[Agartala]] in the Indian state of Tripura on 8 June 1980, by tribal insurgents. According to official figures 255 Bengalis were massacred in Mandwi, while foreign presses, independent sources and eyewitnesses put the figure anywhere between 350 and 400. Many of the victims had their heads crushed and their limbs severed. The children were spiked through.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642|access-date=2021-10-05|website=news.google.com}}</ref> Pregnant women had their stomachs slit open. ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' described the Mandwi massacre as [[My Lai Massacre|My Lai massacre]] put into shade.{{Clarify|reason=What does "put into shade" mean?|date=July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Kamalini|title=Tribal Insurrection in Tripura: A Study in Relative Deprivation|year=1984|location=Hyderabad|pages=98}}</ref> According to Major R. Rajamani, the commander of the [[Indian Army]] contingent that arrived on 9 June, the My Lai massacre was not even half as gruesome as in Mandai.

=== Uttar Pradesh ===

==== 2010 Varanasi blasts ====
{{Main|2010 Varanasi bombing}}

On 7 December 2010, another blast occurred in Varanasi, that killed immediately a [[toddler]], and set off a [[stampede]] in which 20 people, including four foreigners, were injured.<ref name="Joyson">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/varanasi-bomb-blast-kills-toddler-1.934743 Varanasi bomb blast kills toddler] – CBC News, 7 December 2010</ref> The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the [[Islamist]] militant group [[Indian Mujahideen]].<ref name="Prabhu">[http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=53415 Child killed, 20 injured in Varanasi blast: IM claims responsibility]{{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>

==== 2006 Varanasi blasts ====
{{Main|2006 Varanasi bombings}}

A series of blasts occurred across the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] holy city of [[Varanasi]] on 7 March 2006. Fifteen people are reported to have been killed and as many as 101 others were injured. On 5 April 2006 the Indian police arrested six Islamic militants, including a cleric who helped plan bomb blasts. The cleric is believed to be a commander of a banned [[Bangladesh]]i Islamic militant group, Harkatul Jihad-al Islami, and is linked to the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], the [[Pakistan]]i spy agency.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 April 2006|title=Indian Police Arrest Islamic Cleric for Blasts|agency=Reuters|url=http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=4412|access-date=5 October 2009}}</ref>

==== 2005 Ayodhya attacks ====
{{Main|2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya}}

The long simmering Ayodhya crisis finally culminated in a terrorist attack on the site of the 16th century [[Babri Mosque|Babri Masjid]]. The ancient Masjid in [[Ayodhya]] was demolished on 5 July 2005. Following the two-hour gunfight between [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] terrorists based in Pakistan and Indian police, in which six terrorists were killed, opposition parties called for a nationwide strike with the country's leaders condemning the attack, believed to have been masterminded by [[Dawood Ibrahim]].

==== 2022 Gorakhpur attack ====
In April 2022, a man armed with a dagger forcibly tried to enter the temple premises. Chanting religious slogans, the man identified as Ahmad Murtaza Abbasi approached the constables at the gate and attacked them as a result of which two constables were injured. As the police attempted to arrest him he evaded them for a while before being captured. Abbasi is an engineering graduate from [[IIT Bombay|IIT Mumbai]]. The temple had a sizeable crowd of devotees as it was a Sunday afternoon. However no civilians were harmed in the attack. The case is being investigated by the Uttar Pradesh Anti Terrorist Squad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Abhinav |date=2022-04-04 |title=Gorakhnath temple attack: Yogi govt hands over probe to UP Anti-Terrorism Squad |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gorakhnath-temple-attack-yogi-adityanath-government-hands-over-probe-to-uttar-pradesh-ats-anti-terrorism-squad-2022-04-04-767582 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT graduate attacks constables at Gorakhnath temple; ATS to probe |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/iit-graduate-attacks-constables-at-gorakhnath-temple-ats-to-probe-383647 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

=== Uttarakhand ===

==== 1991 Rudrapur bombings ====
{{Main|1991 Rudrapur bombings}}

Two bombs were exploded on 17 October 1991. The first bomb exploded when people were watching [[Ramlila]] on the public ground. After 15 minutes the second bomb went off near the hospital where injured were being taken. The bombings killed more than 40 people and injured 140 people. Later BSTK and the [[Khalistan]] National Army claimed the responsibility for the bombings.

=== West Bengal ===

==== 1993 Bowbazar bombing ====
{{Main|1993 Bowbazar bombing}}

The '''Bowbazaar bomb blast''' was an explosion which occurred in the central business district of [[Bowbazar]], Calcutta, on the night of 16 March 1993. In total, it claimed the lives of 69 people.

In 1993, Mohammed Rashid Khan ran gambling establishments in the Bowbazaar area and had a workshop above his office where he made small bombs. After the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] and the riots which followed, Khan and his accomplices made plans to bomb parts of the city in order to kill Hindu residents. He began stockpiling explosives. Preparations were made secretly until, on the night of 16 March, the entire stockpile blew up accidentally. If the blast had occurred in the daytime, the death toll would have been much higher. According to some witnesses, the sound of the blast could be heard 3 miles away.

Khan and five others were sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 by the [[Calcutta High Court]] under the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|Terrorist And Disruptive (Prevention) Act (TADA)]].

== In popular culture ==
Terrorism has also been depicted in various [[Indian film]]s, prominent among them being [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992) and ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998), [[Govind Nihlani]]'s ''[[Drohkaal]]'' (1994), [[Santosh Sivan]]'s ''[[The Terrorist (1997 film)|The Terrorist]]'' (1999), [[Anurag Kashyap (director)|Anurag Kashyap]]'s ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004) on the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006), and ''[[Sikandar (2009 film)|Sikandar]]'' (2009) on [[Terrorism in Kashmir]]. [[Raj Kumar Gupta]]'s ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'' (2008) and [[Amal Neerad]]'s ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' (2010), ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'' (2018) and ''[[Blank (2019 film)|Blank]]'' (2019) are other examples.

== See also ==
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
* [[Islamic terrorism]]
* [[Saffron terror]]
* [[India and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
* [[List of terrorism films#Terrorism in India|List of films about terrorism in India]]
* [[List of organisations banned by the Government of India]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Operation Blue Star]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Khalistan movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
* {{note|NIC}} "Sleeping over security". (26 August – 8 Sep) ''Business and Economy'', p 38

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* Vandana Asthana, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100704154956/http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-cross-border-terrorism-in-india-counterterrorism-strategies-and-challenges.html Cross-Border Terrorism in India: Counterterrorism Strategies and Challenges]," ''ACDIS Occasional Paper'' (June 2010), Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois
* [http://www.confluence.org.uk/2009/01/10/islam-women-and-the-violence-in-kashmir-between-india-and-pakistan/ Islam, Women, and the Violence in Kashmir between India and Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303130215/http://www.confluence.org.uk/2009/01/10/islam-women-and-the-violence-in-kashmir-between-india-and-pakistan/ |date=3 March 2009 }}
* [http://www.ssrc.org/blogs/immanent_frame/category/mumbai-1126/ Scholars respond to the attacks in Mumbai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503151529/http://www.ssrc.org/blogs/immanent_frame/category/mumbai-1126/ |date=3 May 2009 }}
* [http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/101/article_325.asp Inside a jihadi training camp in Azad Kashmir, Radio France Internatioinale in English]
* [http://ntsw3siisprod:6128/actuen/pages/001/page_42.asp Dossier on the Mumbai attacks by Radio France Internationale's English-language service]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
* [http://www.satp.org/ South Asia Terrorism Portal]
* [https://blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/isis-far-failed-india/ Why has “ISIS” so far Failed in India?], OxPol – The Oxford University Politics Blog, [[University of Oxford]]

{{Fugitives wanted by India}}
{{terror outfits}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Asia topic|Terrorism in|IL=Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

[[Category:Terrorism in India| ]]
[[Category:Terrorism by country|India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]

Lok Bhavan, Jammu

2026-03-22T02:24:53Z

IQOCharli56: started a pg nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Short description|Residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Raj Bhavan (Jammu)
|image =
|caption =
|building_type = winter residence
|coordinates = {{coord|32.743900|74.870654|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|current_tenants =
|owner = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|operator =
|references =
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence|official winter residence]] of the [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir | Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] Manoj Sinha. It is located in the winter capital city [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

Raj Bhavan of Jammu was one of the Maharaja's palace buildings, Ranbir Mahal, which is under the tenancy of the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Raj Bhavan overlooks the river Tawi. It is spread over an area of 6.17 hectares (126 kanals) and 7 marlas and has a spacious and beautiful lawn in front where all the ceremonial functions are held.

The [[President of India]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] and other dignitaries stay in the Raj Bhavan when on visit to Jammu.

==See also==
* [[List of official residences of India]]
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jkrajbhawan.nic.in The official website of Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu (city)]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Mukkuvar (India)

2026-03-19T08:07:00Z

IQOCharli56:

{{Short description|Indian caste mainly on the Malabar coast of India}}
{{Infobox caste|caste_name=Mukkuvar|languages=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
,[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] |religions=[[Hinduism]],
[[Christianity]], [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samiuddin |first=Abida |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Global_Encyclopaedic_Ethnography_of_Indi/qEXFxCK-ulUC?hl=en |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=544-548 |language=en}}</ref>|related=[[Sri Lankan Mukkuvar]], [[Mogaveera]]|subdivisions=<ref name="Singh 1992 33">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Virendra Prakash|title=Community and Caste in Tradition|date=1992|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=978-81-7169-242-2|pages=33|language=en}}</ref>
{{unbulleted list
| Northern division: Nalillakkar – Ponillam, Chembillam, Karillam, Kachillam
| Southern division: Munillakkar – Chembillam, Karillam, Kachillam
}}}}
'''Mukkuvar''' is a maritime [[ethnic]] group found in the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and the Eastern and North Western coastal regions of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFIOEAAAQBAJ&dq=mukkuvar+ethnic+group&pg=PA88|title = Demographic change in Asian fishing communities – Drivers, outcomes and potential impacts|date = 3 November 2020|isbn = 9789251335291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ram|first=Kalpana|title=Mukkuvar Women: Gender, Hegemony, and Capitalist Transformation in a South Indian Fishing Community|date=1992|publisher=Kali for Women|isbn=978-81-85107-46-2|pages=2|language=en}}</ref> They are mostly found on the Malabar Coast, and Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, who have traditionally been involved in [[fishing]] and other maritime activities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The state and society in medieval India |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=J. S. Grewal, Philosophy, and Culture Project of History of Indian Science |isbn=0-19-566720-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=60597476}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhIAAAAIAAJ |title=The History of the Pearl Fishery of the Tamil Coast |date=1952 |publisher=Ananamalai University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudarsen |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiyBAAAAMAAJ |title=Knowledge of the Sea: Some Maritime Communities in India |date=1995 |publisher=PPST Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PANDYA -CHOLA CONQUEST ON VIZHINJAM PORT {{!}} EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) |url=https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/6150/abstract |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=eprajournals.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The caste name proposes several etymology theories. The Peoples in the coastal region of Malabar in Chera dynasty is used to sunk the enemy ships and pirate ships of those days. Hence they got the name Mukkuvar. Mukku or mukkuka in Tamil and Malayalam means dip. ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu|Patitrupattu]]'' describes the attack on the enemy ship by Cheran Chenkuttuvan, which refers the skills used by mukkuvars to sunk and attack the enemy ships.<ref>https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html</ref> Other titles used by the community are ''Kukankulam, Murkukan'' and ''Mukkiyar''.<ref name="dbm1982p64">{{Cite book|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|title=Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0822389187|pages=60, 61, 64, 77|author-link=Dennis B. McGilvray}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Walter Robert|title=Jaffna, Sri Lanka 1980|date=1980|publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society of Jaffna College|pages=219}}</ref>

The Mukkuvars are divided into [[Exogamy|exogamous]] clans known as ''llam'' meaning "house". The Mukkuvars of Northern Malabar are known as ''Nalillakkar'' (meaning "of the four illams") consisted of the clans known as ''Ponillam'' (from ''pon'' meaning "gold"), ''Chembillam'' (from ''chembu'' meaning "copper"), ''Karillam'' and ''Kachillam''. The Mukkuvars of Southern Malabar have only three clans, with the absence of Ponillam, and are therefore known as ''Munillakar'' (meaning "of the three illams").<ref name="Singh 1992 33">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Virendra Prakash|title=Community and Caste in Tradition|date=1992|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=978-81-7169-242-2|pages=33|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Saraswati|first=Baidyanath|title=Life-style and Ecology|date=1998|publisher=Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0103-7|pages=178|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early history ===
The Mukkuvars historically were inhabitants of the ''Neithal'' (coastal) lands of Malabar coast in Chera kingdom. As suggested by their name they were involved in diving to sunk the enemy ships during the Chera dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McGilvray |first=Dennis B. |title=Tamils and Moors: caste and matriclan structure in eastern Sri Lanka |date=1974 |publisher=University of Chicago |pages=23–25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="dbm1982p59">{{Cite book |last=McGilvray |first=Dennis B. |title=Caste Ideology and Interaction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=9780521241458 |pages=59, 60, 68}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Shaji |first=Lija |date=2021-11-03 |title=PANDYA -CHOLA CONQUEST ON VIZHINJAM PORT |url=https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/6150 |journal=EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research |language=en |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1 |issn=2455-3662}}</ref> They were maritime inhabitants of the Present day [[Malabar Coast]],'' who were involved in naval activities, boatbuilding, fishing, among other maritime activities.<ref name="Sri Lankan Mukkuvar">{{Citation |title=Sri Lankan Mukkuvar |date=2022-05-10 |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_Mukkuvar&oldid=1087106365 |work=Bharatpedia |language=en |access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref>''

Mukkuvars were brought into Vizhinjam region by the Chera and Venad Kings to attack Raja Raja Cholan's navy ships during the 10th century when the Cholas conquered Vizhinjam and Kollam. Thus the Mukkuvars from present day Malappuram, Kozhikode and Kannur migrated to Venad region of present-day Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and Kanyakumari districts and few settled over there.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=John |date=2022-06-30 |title=RITUAL MARGINALISATION?: THROUGH A VARIED TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE MUKKUVA COMMUNITY IN KERALA - Best journals in India - John Foundation % |url=https://www.johnfoundation.com/journals/eduspark/eijmrsv4i2/a-ritual-marginalisation-through-a-varied-traditional-perspective-of-the-mukkuva-community-in-kerala/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Best journals in India - John Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Mukkuvars were hired as mercenaries in Sri Lanka from 12th century and few settled there from then.<ref>https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/6150</ref> According to the legend of the Mukkuvar from Kerala, they emigrated to and from Sri Lanka. The ''[[Mattakallappu Manmiyam]]'' text and other local [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s in Sri Lanka attribute the emigration of the Sri Lankan Mukkuvar from [[South India]] under the rule of [[Kalinga Magha]] in 12th century AD, who delegates the power to local petty kings whose successors are identified as belonging to ''Kukankulam''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Caste ideology and interaction |date=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Dennis B. McGilvray |isbn=0-521-24145-6 |location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] |oclc=7997986}}</ref>

=== Medieval history ===
In the 8th century made mercantile [[Arabs]] appearances in Kerala, where they among other married natives such as those from the Mukkuvar community, and formed social groups such as the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=David Murray|title=Matrilineal Kinship|last2=Gough|first2=Kathleen|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5|pages=415|language=en}}</ref> The Mukkuvars were in addition to fishing and seafaring, involved in [[warfare]]. Later rulers such as the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] promoted Mukkuvars in conversion to [[Islam]] in order to man their [[Navy|navies]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prange|first=Sebastian R.|date=2011-12-01|title=A Trade of No Dishonor: Piracy, Commerce, and Community in the Western Indian Ocean, Twelfth to Sixteenth CenturySebastian R. PrangeA Trade of No Dishonor|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=116|issue=5|pages=1269–1293|doi=10.1086/ahr.116.5.1269|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> Up to 1000 AD were the Mukkuvars recruited to the naval fleets of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sankaranarayanan|first1=K. C.|title=The Keralites and the Sinhalese|last2=Studies|first2=University of Madras Centre for South and South-East Asian|date=1994|publisher=Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies|pages=39|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=R. Leela|title=History of Kerala|date=1986|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> South Indian communities were often invited to [[Sri Lanka]] as mercenaries. The [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] text known as ''Dambadeni Asna'' refers to Mukkuvar warriors serving in the army of [[Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya]]. As mentioned in [[Mattakallappu Manmiyam]], they also served in the 13th century in the army of the invader [[Kalinga Magha]], who seized control of northern and eastern parts of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitaker|first=Mark P.|title=Amiable Incoherence: Manipulating Histories and Modernities in a Batticaloa Tamil Hindu Temple|date=1999-01-01|publisher=V.U. University Press|isbn=978-90-5383-644-6|pages=61|language=en}}</ref> The Kerala-derived Mukkuvars, whose descendants are the [[Sri Lankan Mukkuvar]]s, under [[Kalinga Magha]] were made chieftains known as [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|''Vanniar'']] in the [[Batticaloa]] region, where they also formed [[Matrilineality|matrilinear]] landlords known as ''Podiyar'' and exhibited significant political domination. Mukkuvars in alliance with Arabs encamped at the [[Puttalam District|Puttalam region]] where in a campaign initiated by [[Parakramabahu VI of Kotte]], battled and chased away by [[Karaiyar]] mercenaries, mentioned in [[Mukkara Hatana]] (meaning Mukkuvar war).<ref>{{Cite book|last=[[S. Pathmanathan]]|title=The Kingdom of Jaffna|date=1978|publisher=Arul M. Rajendran|language=en}}</ref> Mukkuvar women intermarried with their allied Arabs, whose descendants reside in the [[Sri Lankan Moors|Sri Lankan Moor]] ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mayer|first1=Markus|title=Building Local Capacities for Peace: Rethinking Conflict and Development in Sri Lanka|last2=Rajasingham-Senanayake|first2=Darini|last3=Thangarajah|first3=Yuvi|date=2003|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-333-93921-5|pages=69|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]

Battle of Kandahar (1834)

2026-03-17T17:14:35Z

IQOCharli56: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kandahar Expedition (1833–1834)]]

Behera

2026-03-15T09:52:25Z

IQOCharli56:

{{About|the town in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Behera
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|44|57|N|82|59|7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kalahandi
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Self Government.
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5800
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 766103
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06672
| registration_plate = OD 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 49:51 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes = Land of Goddess Maa Danteswari
}}

'''Behera''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|audio=Pronunciation_of_the_Odia_language_word_Behera.ogg|b|ɛ|'|h|ɛ|'|r|ɑː}}); is a hill town and Gram Panchayat of Dharamgarh Tehsil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Kalahandi/Dharamagarh/Behera|title=Behera Details|accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> It is 20 km from Dharamgarh and 14 km from Athara-Nala forest. Behera Dam is situated nearby which is 18 km from the village. This small hill town is surrounded by forests and is situated nearly to a very well known tourist place Dokrichanchra of [[Kalahandi]]. Behera is 65 km distance from its District Main City [[Bhawanipatna]], and 560 km distance from its State Capital [[Bhubaneswar]].

== Demographics ==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odishasampad.in/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-06-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608003817/http://www.odishasampad.in/ |archivedate=2014-06-08 }}</ref> Total Population of Behera was 6,948, where it constitutes 52% of male and 48% female.
Behera had a total literacy population of 5,947, from which male literacy 90% and female literacy 60%. Total SC population of this town was 1526 and Total ST population was 2246. As per census 2011 it is estimated that the population of Behera is near about 6948.{{fact|date=December 2018}}

== Written and spoken languages ==
The chief communicative language of the village is [[Kosli language|Sambalpuri]] Odia. [[English language|English]] and [[Oriya language|Odia]] are used for official purpose.{{fact|date=December 2018}}

== Education ==
=== Schools ===
* Govt.Danteswari High School, Behera
* Govt.U.P and M.E Nodal School
* Tandapara U.P School
* Saraswati Sishu Vidya Mandir
* Kasturaba Gandhi Abasika Balika Vidyalaya
* G.M Public School
* Govt Primary School Bankimunda, Behera
* Bharuamunda Primary School, Behera
* Primary School Gaintapada, Behera
* Centre Primary School, Nunpani, Behera
* Primary School (New) Pipalpada Behera

=== Colleges ===
* Lakhiram Agrawal College

== Hospitals nearby ==
*Primary Health Centre, Behera
* Office Of The Assistant Veterinary surgeon, Behera
* Homeopathy Hospital Behera
* Sub health centre Behera

== Temples ==
*Goddess Danteswari Temple
*Lord Shiva Temple
*Lord Jagannath Temple
*Sri Budharaja Temple
*Hanuman Temple
* Manpuriani Temple Behera
* Sarbajanina Durga Mandap.
<gallery>
File:Jai Maa Danteswari.Jpg|Maa Danteswari in middle
File:Dnteswari ghant.jpg|Maa Danteswari Ghant
File:Maa Danteswari Mandir Front.JPG|Inside The Temple
File:Danteswari Temple Entry.JPG|Temple Front
File:Danteswari Temple Right Corner.JPG|Inside The Temple
</gallery>

== Arts ==

*[[Ghumura Dance|Ghumura]]
*Rahas
*[[Madal]]
*[[Kirtan|Sankirtan]]
*Banabadi

== Views ==
<gallery>
File:Sunset Vilgeview.JPG
File:Sunset Mounview.JPG
File:Sun Amztree.JPG
File:Sunset Trview.JPG
File:Kalahandi Cows.jpg
</gallery>

== Cultivation ==
Generally in Behera, many kinds of cereal and pulses are cultivated, mainly paddy and maize. It is a market place for surrounding small villages, and is also one of the main grain collection centers in Kalahandi District. Most people are dependent on agriculture as their source of income. Two rice mills are situated here to process the paddy. Rice is the main grain which is cultivated in this area. Nearly 2 lakh quintals of paddy and one lakh quintals of maize are collected and produced here. Chidanand Rice Mill is located in Behera. It has 3 sortex rice mills and 2 Plane rice mills. Panigrahi Farm House is located nearby Behera.{{fact|date=December 2018}}

<gallery>
File:Ishwar flower.JPG|
File:NATURE OF BEHERA.JPG|
File:ISHWAR COLLECTION.JPG|
File:Doli beheli.JPG
File:Sarso tel.JPG
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kalahandi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kalahandi district]]

Ministry of Urban Development (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T10:42:07Z

IQOCharli56:

{{Short description|Government department of Maharashtra, India}}{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Urban Development
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय नगर विकास विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of Urban Development
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
| minister1_pfo = Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Urban Development
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Madhuri Misal]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] 
| chief1_name = '''AsheemKumar S K Gupta'''
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = -
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name = -
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}
{{Renewable energy}}
The '''Ministry of Urban Development Department Maharashtra''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra government announces relief measures under Navi Mumbai Housing Revival Program |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/maharashtra-government-announces-relief-measures-under-navi-mumbai-housing-revival-program-8526591.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220521020115/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/maharashtra-government-announces-relief-measures-under-navi-mumbai-housing-revival-program-8526591.html |archive-date=2022-05-21 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Ministry is currently headed by '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' he is Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra and [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister]] of Urban Development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-26 |title=Maharashtra government owes Mumbai civic body Rs 10,931 crore, says deputy chief minister Eknath Shinde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-government-owes-mumbai-civic-body-rs-10931-crore-says-deputy-chief-minister-eknath-shinde/articleshow/128818284.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rapid urban growth, infra projects drive up Mumbai's water needs: Eknath Shinde |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/rapid-urban-growth-infra-projects-drive-up-mumbais-water-needs-eknath-shinde/article70379363.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114184922/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/rapid-urban-growth-infra-projects-drive-up-mumbais-water-needs-eknath-shinde/article70379363.ece |archive-date=2026-01-14 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Urban Development
|-
|01
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="5" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Rafique Zakaria]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Rafique Zakaria]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|11
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Dr Ratnappa kumbhar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol Constituency No. 280]]- [[Kolhapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|12
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282 ]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
 (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|13
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Hashu Advani]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur Constituency No. 173]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|14
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|15
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|11 October}} 1982
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1982|10|11}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|16
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 October}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|10|11|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|17
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282 ]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
 (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Dr._Jamkhanawala_conference.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ishaq Jamkhanawala]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Nagpada Constituency No. 188]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Arun Gujarathi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda Constituency No. 10]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Rane|Dattatraya Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi Constituency No. 183]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Rane|Dattatraya Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi Constituency No. 183]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May }} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|28
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|15}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|30
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|32
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|33
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|34
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|35
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|36
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|37
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|38
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]] 
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|39
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|40
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Urban Development
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Prajakt Tanpure]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Madhuri Misal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati Constituency No. 212]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:1960 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Subnational urban development ministries|Maharashtra]]

Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-04T13:26:00Z

IQOCharli56: creating a details - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Mizoram#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt = Location of Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary in Mizoram
| map_caption = Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary (in Mizoram)
| label = Pualreng WS
| mark = Green pog.svg
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Kolasib district]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Aizawl]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.136|92.838|region:IN-MZ|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = {{cn|date=March 2026}}
| area = {{convert|50|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/pualreng-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Environment, Forests & Climate Change Department, Government of Mizoram |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
| established = 29 July 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/mizoram |title=Mizoram Protected Areas Database |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
| governing_body = Environment, Forests & Climate Change Department, Government of Mizoram
}}

'''Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in the [[Kolasib district]] in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. It was notified on 29 July 2004 and it covers approximately 50 km² of tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forest in the northeastern hill ranges.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/pualreng-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Environment, Forests & Climate Change Department, Government of Mizoram |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/mizoram |title=Mizoram Protected Areas Database |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
The sanctuary ranges up to 750 m above sea level and receives 2,000–3,900 mm of annual rainfall. Summer temperatures reach 20–30 °C, while winters drop to 10–20 °C.<ref name=":0" />

==Biodiversity==
Pualreng’s forests support a rich assemblage of mammals including [[hoolock gibbon]] (Hoolock hoolock), [[slow loris]] (Nycticebus sp.), [[Semnopithecus|common langur]] (Semnopithecus sp.), [[Himalayan black bear]] (Ursus thibetanus), [[leopard]] (Panthera pardus), [[Sambar deer|sambar]] (Rusa unicolor), [[barking deer]] (Muntiacus muntjak), [[binturong]] (Arctictis binturong) and [[Chinese pangolin]] (Manis pentadactyla).<ref name=":0" />

Over 100 bird species have been recorded, notably [[Great hornbill|Great Hornbill]] (Buceros bicornis), [[Wreathed hornbill|Wreathed Hornbill]] (Rhyticeros undulatus), [[Pied hornbill (disambiguation)|Pied Hornbill]] (Anthracoceros albirostris), [[kalij pheasant]] (Lophura leucomelanos), [[Peacock-pheasant|Bhutan peacock-pheasant]] (Polyplectron bicalcaratum) and [[red junglefowl]] (Gallus gallus).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Tourism |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418041537/https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/128 |archive-date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=mizoramtourism.com |language=en}}</ref>

A 2021 study on Reptiles & Amphibians documented interspecific amplexus between two frog species (''Polypedates teraiensis'' and ''Hydrophylax leptoglossa''), underscoring the sanctuary’s amphibian diversity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journals.ku.edu/reptilesandamphibians/article/view/15325 |title=Interspecific amplexus of frogs at Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Reptiles & Amphibians |date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

==Conservation and threats==
A 2022 remote-sensing assessment revealed a >10% decline in forest cover (≈5.2 km²) from 2006–2018 due to illegal clearing, grazing, and reservoir submergence.{{Cn|date=March 2026}} In November 2024, a joint operation seized smoked wild-animal meat in the sanctuary, leading to convictions under the Wildlife Protection Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lamtluangnews.blogspot.com/2024/11/ |title=Operation seizes smoked wild meat in Pualreng Sanctuary |publisher=Lamtluang News |date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Kolasib district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Mizoram]]

Edhir Neechal (1968 film)

2026-03-04T05:10:25Z

IQOCharli56: Started first info from scratch

{{short description|1968 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Edhir Neechal
| image = Edhir Neechal 1968 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| based_on = {{Based on|''Edhir Neechal''|K. Balachander}}
| producer = N. Selvaraj B. Duraisamy N. Krishnan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nagesh]]|[[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]]|[[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]]|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]|[[M. R. R. Vasu]]|[[Sowcar Janaki]]|[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]}}
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| released = {{film date|1968|12|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Edhir Neechal''''' ({{translation|Swimming against the [[Current (hydrology)|current]]}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films |publisher=Flicks Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-948911-40-8 |pages=24 |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar}}</ref> is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film has an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Nagesh]], [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]], [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]. It is based on Balachander's play of the same name, itself inspired by [[Sombhu Mitra]]'s play ''Kanchanranga''. The film was released on 12 December 1968, and became a commercial success, with Balachander winning the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Sambarala Rambabu]]'' (1970) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Lakhon Me Ek]]'' (1971).

== Plot ==
Maadhu is a destitute orphan who performs odd jobs in a multi-family tenancy for his living and education. For the services he renders, he's allowed to sleep under the stairs of the tenancy without any rent and is given leftovers. He attends college with the help from one of his college professor while working the nights for supplementary income for books along with certain kind people that share roof in that tenancy he lives. Among few people who understand his situation, and are ready to help are Sabapathy and Nair.

Paaru is a daughter to one of the tenants who returns from Bangalore and whose marriage has been fixed to Kumaresan, one of the tenants living in the house. When, in the marriage hall, one of them recognises Paaru as a person in a mental asylum and when he heard this, Kumerasan says that if Paaru's father pays 15,000 the marriage will happen but Paaru and her family had only 5000. For this reason, Kumerasan rejects her. Maadhu overhears one of the tenants speaking to her husband of getting him married to their daughter Paaru who is said to be psychologically challenged. He forcefully makes his mind to love their daughter even before they propose a marriage, so as to calm himself that the girl is none other than the girl he loved and not some unknown psychologically challenged girl. Then they fall in love and then Maadhu finishes his college studies with lot of obstacles with Nair and Sabapathy helping him inside.

Then one day a rich businessman claims that Maadhu is his long lost son. Hearing this, all the tenants give their gifts but which Nair later reveals that that is a rumor and everyone later takes back the gifts. Paaru reveals that she is the person behind all this and she said that Maadhu has been serving the tenants from the very start if his life and she wanted Maadhu to be served by the tenants. Listening this Kumaresen, who now realizes how intelligent Paaru is, says that he will marry her to which Paaru agrees forcefully and is forced to break her love with Maadhu. She however extracts a promise that he should not marry anyone. In the marriage, Paaru creates a ruckus, and thus stopping the marriage. Maadhu now returns as a rich man and Sabapathy says that he should marry her to which Maadhu replies that he has already married a Punjabi girl. Shocking everyone, he reveals that the girl is none other than his friend Vadivelu and then Paaru and Maadhu marries and thus ending the movie.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Nagesh]] as Maadhu<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |author-link= |date=19 December 2015 |title=Uncrowned monarch of humorous actors in Tamil movies |work=[[Daily FT]] |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/510529/Uncrowned-monarch-of-humorous-actors-in-Tamil-movies |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523141109/http://www.ft.lk/article/510529/Uncrowned-monarch-of-humorous-actors-in-Tamil-movies |archive-date=23 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] as Nair<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2016 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: எதிர்நீச்சல் எந்த கதையின் தழுவல்? |language=ta |trans-title=Flashback: Which story is ''Edhir Neechal'' based on? |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/53102/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Ethirneechal-which-movie-is-based.?.htm |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403072425/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/53102/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Ethirneechal-which-movie-is-based.?.htm |archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]] as Sabapathy<ref name="VikatanReview" />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Kittu<ref name="VikatanReview" />
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Kumaresan<ref name="51 years">{{Cite news |date=12 December 2019 |title=மாடிப்படி மாது, பட்டு மாமி, கிட்டு மாமா, படவா ராஸ்கல்... என்றும் நினைவில் நிற்கும் 'எதிர்நீச்சல்' - 51 வயது |language=ta |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/530012-ethirneechal-51-years.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220091920/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/530012-ethirneechal-51-years.html |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Pattu Mami<ref name="VikatanReview" />
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Paaru<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavitha |date=26 July 2021 |title=Jayanthi, the 'bold & beautiful' yesteryear actress, passes away |url=https://thefederal.com/obituary/jayanthi-the-bold-beautiful-yesteryear-actress-passes-away/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727082808/https://thefederal.com/obituary/jayanthi-the-bold-beautiful-yesteryear-actress-passes-away/ |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=The Federal}}</ref>
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Renu<ref name="51 years" />
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]<ref name="51 years" />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] (guest appearance)<ref name="51 years" />}}

== Production ==
''Edhir Neechal'' was a play written by [[K. Balachander]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 March 2003 |title=Dialogue delivery set him apart |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701070300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428080512/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701070300.htm |archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=30 April 1966 |title=K. Balachander does it again! |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n947/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230324061534/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20950/page/n947/mode/2up |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |pages=50–51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=20}}</ref> inspired by [[Sombhu Mitra]]'s play ''Kanchanranga''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gopalie |first=S. |year=1969 |title=Tamil {{!}} (In)significant |url=http://theatreforum.in/static/upload/docs/Enact_69.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=Enact |issue=25 |pages=13–15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043807/http://theatreforum.in/static/upload/docs/Enact_69.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> [[Nagesh]], who acted in Balachander's play,<ref name="SambaralaRambabu" /> returned to the film adaptation,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayar |first=Aashmita |date=24 December 2014 |title=7 Must-Watch K Balachander Movies On Youtube |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2014/12/24/k-balachander-movies-yout_n_6377478.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071937/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2014/12/24/k-balachander-movies-yout_n_6377478.html |archive-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> which was written and directed by Balachander, and produced by Kalakendra Movies.<ref name="IndianExpress" /> [[R. Muthuraman]] played the [[Malayalis|Malayali]] cook Nair, reprising the role originally played by Raman.<ref name="SambaralaRambabu" /> Balachander considered [[Sowcar Janaki]]'s role to be "a total contrast" to the melancholic roles she was then known for.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 September 2006 |title=Interview: K Balachander |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/interview-k-balachander/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014071040/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/interview-k-balachander/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=3 April 2018 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by N. Balakrishnan, editing by N. R. Kittu and art direction by Ramaswamy.<ref name="IndianExpress" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Kumar]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethir Neechal (1968) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001588.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428085442/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001588.html |archive-date=28 April 2013 |access-date=19 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethir Neechal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ethir-neechal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1331412157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220092235/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ethir-neechal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1331412157 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Ennamma Ponnamma" was composed by [[M.S. Viswanathan]]. The song "Aduthathu Ambujatha Parthela" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Mohanam]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=122}} and attained popularity.<ref name="Comediennes" /> Although [[P. B. Sreenivas]]' cinematic career was declining in the late 1960s, B. Kolappan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described "Thamarai Kannangal" as "one of his finer numbers during this period."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=15 April 2013 |title=A singer who evoked pathos, a nonpareil |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-singer-who-evoked-pathos-a-nonpareil/article4617627.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013153828/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-singer-who-evoked-pathos-a-nonpareil/article4617627.ece |archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aduthathu Ambujatha Parthela" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 03:30
|-
| "Ennamma Ponnamma" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]|| 04:05
|-
| "Sethi Ketto Sethi" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], S. C. Krishnan, Y. Swarna, [[P. Susheela]] || 04:02
|-
| "Thamarai Kannangal" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela || 04:11
|-
| "Vetri Vendumaa" ||[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]|| 02:41
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Edhir Neechal'' was released on 12 December 1968.<ref name="IndianExpress" /> The following week, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The film, which has a few touching scenes and some interesting twists, is on the whole satisfying", though they criticised the music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 1968 |title=Social drama |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19681221&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 29 December 1968, praised the performances of the cast, particularly Nagesh, Sreekanth and Janaki.<ref name="VikatanReview" /> [[C. N. Annadurai]], then the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, called the film better than the source play.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=15 September 2009 |title=Significant contribution to Tamil theatre, cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Significant-contribution-to-Tamil-theatre-cinema/article16881444.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306115217/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Significant-contribution-to-Tamil-theatre-cinema/article16881444.ece |archive-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The film was commercially successful,<ref name="Comediennes" /> and Balachander won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 1970 |title=State film awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700301&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=25 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Film historian [[Mohan Raman]] considered ''Edhir Neechal'' to be one of several films where Balachander established Nagesh, a comedian, as a "serious actor".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=3 January 2015 |title=KB: Kollywood's Discovery Channel |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501063135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Sambarala Rambabu]]'' (1970),<ref name="SambaralaRambabu" /> and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Lakhon Me Ek]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=5 November 2015 |title=Lakhon Mein Ek (1971) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lakhon-mein-ek-1971/article7847097.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123075855/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lakhon-mein-ek-1971/article7847097.ece |archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> The characters Pattu Mami and Maadhu became iconic in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rajasekaran |first=Ilangovan |date=18 October 2013 |title=The KB school |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/the-kb-school/article5184972.ece |url-status=live |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226033645/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/the-kb-school/article5184972.ece |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> Stage actor [[Maadhu Balaji]] adopted the prefix "Maadhu" after the character of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=22 February 2017 |title=When quirk and mirth come to party |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/%E2%80%98Maadhu%E2%80%99-Balaji-brother-of-%E2%80%98Crazy%E2%80%99-Mohan-talks-about-his-sustained-interest-in-theatre-and-how-he-continues-to-enthral-the-audience/article17346584.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034426/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/%E2%80%98Maadhu%E2%80%99-Balaji-brother-of-%E2%80%98Crazy%E2%80%99-Mohan-talks-about-his-sustained-interest-in-theatre-and-how-he-continues-to-enthral-the-audience/article17346584.ece |archive-date=4 July 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |date=12 December 1968 |title=Edhir Neechal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19681212&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Comediennes">{{Cite news |last=Kesavan |first=N. |date=26 June 2016 |title=Comediennes who made Tamil cinema bright |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Comediennes-who-made-Tamil-cinema-bright/article14404869.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227092659/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Comediennes-who-made-Tamil-cinema-bright/article14404869.ece |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="VikatanReview">{{Cite web |date=29 December 1968 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: எதிர் நீச்சல் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39543--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201023150057/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39543--2 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="SambaralaRambabu">{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=19 May 2016 |title=Spotlight on 'Edirneechal' Raman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/spotlight-on-edirneechal-raman/article8620687.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519113345/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/spotlight-on-edirneechal-raman/article8620687.ece |archive-date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0154462}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1968 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Parijatha

2026-03-03T21:31:20Z

IQOCharli56: improved intro and corrected details to improve readability

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parijatha
| image = Parijatha poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Prabhu Srinivas
| based_on = ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (Tamil)
| producer = Prem Kumar, Paramesh
| screenplay = Prabhu Srinivas
| story = M. Rajesh
| starring = [[Diganth]] [[Aindrita Ray]]
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cinematography = Srinivas Devasam
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| studio = P2 Productions
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|2|10|}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Parijatha''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Prabhu Srinivas starring [[Diganth]], [[Aindrita Ray]] and [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]].<ref name="Deccan Herald – 17Jan2012 – Aindrita: Diganth and I share a good chemistry">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/219962/diganth-share-good-chemistry.html|title=Aindrita: "Diganth and I share a good chemistry"|last=Shenoy|first=Megha|date=17 January 2012|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Aindrita-and-Diganth-hot-up-the-big-screen/articleshow/11129546.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103164745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/news-interviews/30524417_1_diganth-aindrita-ray-big-screen|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Aindrita and Diganth hot up the big screen|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

The film is a remake of the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' starring [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Nayantara]]. The film was a musical hit with the soundtrack and score composed by [[Mano Murthy]]. The film also received appreciation for its neat screenplay.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Diganth]] as Boss alias Bhaskar
*[[Aindrita Ray]] as Chandrika<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/Feb/21/aindrita-gets-it-right-again-342024.html|title=Aindrita gets it right again|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 February 2012}}</ref>
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Sundar
*[[Ram G|Ramji]] as Ramkrishna
*[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] as Nandhini
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Chandan Achar]]
*[[Padmaja Rao]]
*Tanisha Kupanda as Nithya
*[[Shakeela]]
*Shashikala
* [[Kadhal Dandapani]]
*[[Raghu Mukherjee]]
*Shivaji Rao Jadhav
}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs for the film were composed by [[Mano Murthy]]. The song "Oh Parijatha" ranked fourth among the South India's top 20 songs list in [[Nokia OVI|Nokia Ovi Store]] and also another song "Nee Mohisu" has occupied the 12th position in South Top 20 songs list in [[Nokia OVI|Nokia Ovi Store]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/2011/12/05/parijatha-two-songs-in-south-indias-top-20-lists/|title=Parijatha Two Songs in South India's Top 20 lists|accessdate=25 January 2012|archive-date=10 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110142605/http://www.chitraloka.com/2011/12/05/parijatha-two-songs-in-south-indias-top-20-lists/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Parijatha
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 November 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parijatha-audio-released-news-kannada-lmbmzvgdidi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204001545/http://www.sify.com/movies/parijatha-audio-released-news-kannada-lmbmzvgdidi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2011 |title=Parijatha audio released |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Ananda Audio Video
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = A Chandrika
| lyrics1 = Kaviraj
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Hudugee
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Nee Mohisu
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Oh Parijatha
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| length4 =
| title5 = Ogoolo Nodtheeni
| extra5 = Shashikala
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
| title6 = Nee Mohisu (Unplugged)
| extra6 = Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| length6 =
}}

==Release==
''Parijatha'' was released in only eighteen movie theaters in Bangalore.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Srikanth Srinivasa from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "Srinivas's cinematography is pleasing; a major portion of the film was shot in Mysore. Director Prabhu Srinivas has remained faithful to the Tamil original. This is a film for those who are in love. Go for it and enjoy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/parijatha-is-perfect-valentines-day-outing/20120210.htm|title=Review: Parijatha is perfect Valentine's Day outing!|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 February 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Sharan is the star performer in this film. Mukhyamantri Chandru has made one of his rare appearances in films of late. Parijata, billed as Valentine’s Day special, does not live up to its expectations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/parijata-akshay-kumars-mein-khiladi/articleshow/21427153.cms|title=Parijata : Akshay Kumar's Mein Khiladi|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=11 February 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Sreenivas' camera work makes a very good impact. 'Parijatha' is an enjoyable comedy film, thanks to chemistry of the lead pair Diggy and Andy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-parijatha-is-a-must-watch-446021.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Parijatha' is a must watch|work=[[News18 India]]|date=12 February 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[NDTV]] wrote "Mano Murthy's music and background score gel with the mood of the film. The title song and "Nee Mohisu" are good compositions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/diganth-aindrita-starrer-parijatha-must-v-day-watch-623455/amp/1|title='Diganth – Aindrita starrer Parijatha must V-Day watch|work=[[NDTV]]|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|5332146}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mano Murthy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Srinivas]]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme

2026-02-22T09:35:08Z

IQOCharli56: adjusted layout also and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian military defence system, established 2000}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
| image = Bharat BMD Phase-II (cropped).jpg
| caption = Second phase of anti-ballistic missile defense test with AD-1 missile
| image_size = 215px
| type = [[Missile defense]]
| service = 2017–present
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| production_date = *Phase 1, focusing on [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], was declared ready for limited deployment and production in 2017-2018. Phase 2, targeting [[ICBMs]], is under development.
| is_missile = yes
| launch_platform = ground-based
| origin = [[India]]
| used_by = [[Indian Armed Forces]]
| vehicle_range = 2,000–5,000 kilometres
}}
The '''Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme''' is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered [[ballistic missile defence]] system to protect India from [[ballistic missile]] attacks. It was launched in 1999 after the [[Kargil War]] by the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] government.<ref>{{cite news | last=Sagar | first=Pradip R | title=Explained: India's Ballistic Missile Defence programme, developed by DRDO | website=The Week | date=11 September 2021 | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/11/explained-indias-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-developed-by-drdo.html | access-date=18 October 2022 | archive-date=18 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018044226/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/11/explained-indias-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-developed-by-drdo.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Testing was carried out and continuing {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, and the system was expected to be operational within four years according to the head of the country's missiles development programme, [[Vijay Kumar Saraswat]].<ref name="IHT">{{cite news|last=Ratliff |first=Ben |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |title=India expects to use missile interception system as a weapon, top scientist says |date=4 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209163603/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/04/asia/AS_GEN_India_Missile_System.php |archive-date=9 December 2006|newspaper=International Herald Tribune - Asia-Pacific|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |title=India developing new missiles Towards destroying hostile missiles |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629092610/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/03/stories/2006120312940100.htm |archive-date=29 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan and China, it is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based [[Anti-ballistic missile|interceptor missiles]], namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for High Altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |title=India tests interceptor missile |date=6 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310155431/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |archive-date=10 March 2009 |publisher=AFP|url-status=dead}}</ref> The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=India's Ballistic Missile Defence system: All you need to know|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ballistic-missile-defence-system-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/57105516.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212223318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-ballistic-missile-defence-system-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/57105516.cms|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by the AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after the [[United States]], [[Russia]], and [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ratliff |first=Ben |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |title=India successfully tests missile interceptor |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310002406/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php |archive-date=10 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The system has undergone several tests but system is yet to be officially commissioned.

As per reports emerged in January 2020, the first phase of BMD program is now complete. The [[Indian Air Force]] and the Defence Research and Development Organisation are awaiting for [[Government of India]] approval to install the missile shield around the [[New Delhi|national capital]], which will take three to four years for installation post approval.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-ballistic-missile-shield-ready-iaf-drdo-to-seek-govt-nod-to-protect-delhi/345853/|title=India's ballistic missile shield ready, IAF & DRDO to seek govt nod to protect Delhi|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=8 January 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108063150/https://theprint.in/defence/indias-ballistic-missile-shield-ready-iaf-drdo-to-seek-govt-nod-to-protect-delhi/345853/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the component of [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-08-27 |title=India to begin testing new long-range interceptor missiles for defence shield next year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-begin-testing-new-long-range-interceptor-missiles-for-defence-shield-next-year/articleshow/123536547.cms |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:AAD Integration 2.JPG|thumb|Advanced Air Defence (AAD) endo-atmospheric interceptor missile, being integrated at the Programme Air Defence ABM development facility at [[Research Centre Imarat]]. Note the Missile Jet Vanes at the end of the rocket motor. The system provides for very quick pitch over and roll control during launch.]]
Since the early 90s, India has faced the threat of ballistic missile attacks from Pakistan against which it has fought multiple [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|wars in the past]] and also from China. With the heightening of tensions in the region, and in response to Pakistan's deployment of [[Dongfeng missile#Dongfeng 11 (CSS-7)|M-11]] missiles bought from China, the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] in August 1995 procured six batteries of [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] [[Surface-to-air missiles]] to protect New Delhi and other cities.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Viewpoint: theater missile defense and South Asia: a volatile mix | url=https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/koblen43.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624022725/http://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/koblen43.pdf | archive-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> In May 1998, India for the second time (since its [[Smiling Buddha|first test in 1974]]) tested nuclear weapons (''see [[Pokhran-II]]''), followed by Pakistan (''see [[Chagai-I]]'') with its first-ever nuclear test. With Pakistan's [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|testing]] of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, this threat intensified. India has also developed and tested missile delivery systems during [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

In 1999, the [[Kargil War]] between India and Pakistan became the first direct conflict between two declared nuclear powers. As the war progressed, the first hint of the possible use of a nuclear weapon was on 31 May, when Pakistani [[Foreign Secretary of Pakistan|foreign secretary]] [[Shamshad Ahmad]] made a statement warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its [[arsenal]].<ref>Quoted in News Desk, "Pakistan May Use Any Weapon," The News, 31 May 1999.</ref> This was immediately interpreted as an obvious threat of a nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war. The leader of [[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistan's senate]] noted that "''the purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed''."<ref>[http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_18_2.pdf Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112015736/http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/ocpapers/op_18_2.pdf |date=12 November 2008 }}</ref> Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent cover to markedly increase coercion against India.<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17967 Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran By George Perkovich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112075840/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17967 |date=12 January 2008 }} – Testimony by George Perkovich before the House Armed Services Committee, 1 February 2006</ref>

Development of an [[anti-ballistic missile]] system began in late 1999,<ref name="vk">[http://www.defensenews.com/aero/story.php?id=2524130 Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> suggesting that India initiated the programme in light of Pakistan's eschewing of a nuclear [[No first use]] policy and heightened tensions during the [[Kargil War]] including a possibility of full-scale nuclear war. Development accelerated after Washington vetoed a bid by India to acquire the Israeli [[Arrow-2]] interceptor in 2002.<ref name="nationalinterest.org">{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/americas-killer-m1-abrams-tank-now-has-its-own-shields-22719|title=Get Ready, Pakistan: India Is Developing Its Own Missile-Defense Shield|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=15 October 2017|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125908/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/americas-killer-m1-abrams-tank-now-has-its-own-shields-22719|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Phase-I of the system will enable interception of missiles up to a 2,000-km range, which will be extended to 5,000-km+ range in Phase-II.<ref name="TOI1" />

== Development ==
===Phase 1===
Development of the anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include [[Ordnance Factory Board]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Bharat Dynamics]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1614356.ece?ref=archive|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918091519/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1614356.ece?ref=archive|url-status=dead|title=Business Line : Today's Paper / ECONOMY : 40 cos involved in making o...|date=18 September 2012|archive-date=18 September 2012|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ft" />

[[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. [[Research Centre Imarat]] developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the [[active radar seeker]]. [[Advanced Systems Laboratory]] provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] supplied the propellants for the missile.<ref name="ft">{{Cite news|first=T.S.|last=Subramanian|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/20080104242512300.htm|title=Smashing hit|date=22 December 2007|work=Frontline|access-date=6 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817221339/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2425/stories/20080104242512300.htm|archive-date=17 August 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Research Centre Imarat and Programme Air Defence (PGAD) at [[Hyderabad]] are spearheading the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Programme (PGAD) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/ballistic-missile-defence-bmd-programme-pgad |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227122441/https://www.drdo.gov.in/ballistic-missile-defence-bmd-programme-pgad |url-status=live }}</ref>

By April 2019, the Phase-1 of the program was completed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-completes-phase-one-of-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-nod-for-missiles-awaited/224959/|title=India completes phase one of ballistic missile defence programme, nod for missiles awaited|date=23 April 2019|work=The Print|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807170949/https://theprint.in/defence/india-completes-phase-one-of-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-nod-for-missiles-awaited/224959/|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Phase 2===
Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBMs and ICBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around {{convert|5000|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200801071858.htm |title=India to develop high speed interceptors |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2008 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191155/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200801071858.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new missile will be similar to the missile deployed by [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]]. These missiles will travel at [[hypersonic speed]]s and will require radars with scan capability of over {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} to successfully intercept the target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31874&sectionid=4&issueid=96&Itemid=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711020055/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31874&sectionid=4&issueid=96&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs |work=India Today |date=9 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref>
On 6 May 2012, [[V. K. Saraswat|Dr. V. K. Saraswat]] confirmed the completion of Phase-I and added that Phase-II was planned to be completed by 2016 to protect against missiles having range up to 5,000 km, and intercept missiles which are capable of hypersonic speeds above Mach 5.<ref name="thehindu.com" />

India is also planning to develop a laser-based weapon system as part of its defence to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards the country. [[DRDO]]'s Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its [[boost phase]]. Saraswat further added that it will take another 10–15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200901181531.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=India plans to use laser weapons in Ballistic Missile Defence |date=18 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201062233/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/008200901181531.htm |archive-date=1 February 2011 }}</ref>

As per reports in February 2026, reports indicated that India will enhance technical cooperation with Israel on [[ballistic missile defence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2026-02-21 |title=India to explore anti-ballistic missile defence with Israel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pm-modi-s-israel-visit-to-boost-strategic-defence-and-technology-cooperation-101771627265811.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Missiles==
The two-tiered BMD System consists of the PAD, which will intercept missiles at [[exoatmospheric|exo-atmospheric]] altitudes of {{convert|50|-|80|km|abbr=on}} and the AAD missile for interception at endo-atmospheric altitudes of up to {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}}. The deployed system would consist of many launch vehicles, [[radar]]s, Launch Control Centres (LCC) and the Mission Control Centre (MCC). All these are geographically distributed and connected by a secure communication network.<ref name="vk" />

The MCC is the software intensive component of the ballistic missile defence system. It receives information from various sources such as radars and [[satellite]]s which is then processed by ten computers which run simultaneously. The MCC is connected to all other elements of the defence through a [[Wide area network|WAN]]. The MCC performs target classifications and assignment as well as kill assessments. It also acts as a decision support system for the commander. It can also decide the number of interceptors required for the target for an assured kill probability.<ref name="vk" /> After performing all these functions, the MCC assigns the target to the LCC of a launch battery. The LCC starts computing the time to launch the interceptor based upon information received from a radar based on the speed, altitude and flight path of the target. The LCC prepares the missile for launch in real time and carries out ground guidance computation.<ref name="vk" />

After the interceptor is launched, it is provided target information from the radar through a datalink. When the interceptors close onto the target missile, it activates the radar seeker to search for the target missile and guides itself to intercept the target. Multiple PAD and AAD interceptors can be launched against a target for high kill probability.<ref name="vk" />

=== Phase 1 ===

==== Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) ====
[[File:A modified Prithvi missile as the enemy target lifting off from the integrated test range at Chandipur-on-sea for the advanced air defence missile test on December 06, 2007.jpg|thumb|Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile test on 6 December 2007.|249x249px|alt=]]

The '''Prithvi Air Defence (PAD),''' also known as '''Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor''' is an anti-ballistic missile developed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere (exo-atmospheric). Based on the [[Prithvi missile]], PAD is a two-stage missile with a maximum interception altitude of {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}. The first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled.<ref name="vk" /><ref>[http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive07/indbmd_0129.html India Plans Second Anti-Ballistic-Missile Test in June] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711191002/http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive07/indbmd_0129.html |date=11 July 2009 }}''The interceptor rocket has a liquid-fuelled first stage that uses two propellants and oxidisers, and a solid-fuel second stage with a gas thruster that can turn the rocket at more than five Gs. The missile carries sensors to guide it to its target.''</ref> It has manoeuvre thrusters which can generate a lateral acceleration of more than 5 ''g''s at {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} altitude. Guidance is provided by an internal navigation system with mid-course updates from LRTR and active radar homing in the terminal phase.<ref name="vk" /> PAD has capability to engage the {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}} class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5.<ref name="vk" /> PAD is fast enough to hit [[medium-range ballistic missile]]s and [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]]s.

LRTR is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the PAD missile. It is an active phased array radar having the capability to track 200 targets at a range of {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="vk" /> The PAD missile has also been called ''[[Pradyumna]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=July2008&file=World_News2008072515025.xml|title=The Peninsula On-line: Qatar's leading English Daily|date=27 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727164534/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=July2008&file=World_News2008072515025.xml|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-date=27 July 2008}}</ref>

Further development led to the improvement of the interception range from {{convert|50|to|80|km|abbr=on}}. The improved missile will utilise a gimbaled directional warhead, a technology also used by Israel, the US and Russia. This technology allows for a smaller warhead to destroy the target missile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030460291100.htm |title=Crucial interceptor missile test this week |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108160551/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030460291100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The second stage of the PAD uses [[liquid rocket propellant]], which corrodes fuel tanks when stored for long, the PAD could not be on standby 24×7. Instead, it would need to be filled up during a period of crisis in anticipation of trouble. This is less than optimal for a weapon intended to defend against an attack at any moment.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

'''Prithvi Air Defence Exercise'''

The PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) was conducted in November 2006 in which a PAD missile successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an altitude of {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}. The Prithvi-II [[ballistic missile]] was modified successfully to mimic the trajectory of [[Dongfeng (missile)#Dongfeng 11 (CSS-7)|M-11 missiles]].

The [[DRDO]] plans to test the anti-ballistic shield against missiles with a range of {{convert|3000|km|abbr=on}}. The test will be conducted with a modified Prithvi missile launched from a naval ship and the anti-ballistic missile launched from [[Wheeler Island (India)|Abdul Kalam Island]]. The interception of the target missile will take place at approximately {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} altitude.<ref>[http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20090213260309700.htm Missile shield] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131052422/http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20090213260309700.htm |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref>

On 6 March 2009 the DRDO carried out a second successful test of the PAD interceptor missile. The target used was a ship launched [[Prithvi (missile)|Dhanush missile]] which followed the trajectory of a missile with range of a {{convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}. The target was tracked by Swordfish (LRTR) radar and destroyed by the PAD at {{convert|75|km|abbr=on}} altitude.

On 6 March 2011 DRDO successfully test-fired an interceptor missile from the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) system which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Abdul Kalam Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of Mach 4.5 to destroy it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715?pfrom=home-India |title=Interceptor missile test fired successfully |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152328/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715?pfrom=home-India |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Advanced Air Defence (AAD) ====
The '''Advanced Air Defence''' (AAD) also known as '''Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor''' is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the endo-atmosphere at an altitude of {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: India's Homemade Anti-Ballistic Missile Shield Ready|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/report-indias-homemade-anti-ballistic-missile-shield-ready/|access-date=29 October 2021|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029150734/https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/report-indias-homemade-anti-ballistic-missile-shield-ready/|url-status=live}}</ref> The AAD is a single-stage, solid-fuelled missile with siliconised carbon jet vanes. Guidance is similar to that of PAD with indigenous radio frequency seeker. It supports [[inertial navigation system]] (INS), mid-course updates from ground-based radar and [[active radar homing]] in the terminal phase. It is {{convert|7.5|m|abbr=on}} tall, weighs around {{convert|1.2|t|abbr=on}} and a diameter of less than {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm |title=Interceptor missile scores 'direct hit' |date=7 December 2007 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026072530/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120761241800.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The land-based launcher of the missile system is manufactured by [[Tata Advanced Systems]] and was jointly developed by [[TASL]] and DRDO. The launcher is based on a 12×12 truck chassis. Each launcher carries 6 missiles in canisterised form and can launch them in Single or Salvo Mode as per situation. The launcher also includes Launch Control System and power generation system. The launcher, termed as Advanced Air Defence Mobile Launcher System (AAD MLS) is equipped with a dual redundant communication link to the Launch Control Complex (LCC) and has an RF Wireless Link and a Physical Link.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Mobile Launcher System (MLS) |url=https://www.tataadvancedsystems.com/aad-mls |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Tata Advanced Systems |language=en}}</ref>

===== Trials =====
[[File:Advance Air Defence (AAD-02) interceptor missile in flying mode, launched from wheeler island of Dhamra coast in Orissa.jpg|thumb|Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile test on 6 December 2007 intercepted incoming missile at an altitude of 15 km.|290x290px|alt=]]

* On 6 December 2007, AAD successfully intercepted a modified [[Prithvi II missile|Prithvi-II]] missile acting as an incoming ballistic missile enemy target. The endo-atmospheric interception was carried out at an altitude of {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}. The interceptor and all the elements performed in a copy book fashion validating the endo-atmospheric layer of the defence system. The launch was also shown through a video link at a control room of DRDO Bhawan, in Delhi. The sequence of events of the test was as follows. At 11 am the [[Prithvi (missile)]] lifted off from Launch Complex III of [[Integrated Test Range]] at [[Chandipur, Odisha]]. Radars at [[Konark]], [[Paradeep|Paradip]] detected the missile and were continuously tracking it. The target information was sent to MCC for further processing. MCC classified the target, calculated the trajectory of the missile and assigned the target to an AAD battery located on Abdul Kalam Island (Abdul Kalam Island), {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} across the sea from Chandipur. The AAD was launched when the Prithvi reached an apogee of {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}}. The AAD, with the help of midcourse updates and its terminal seeker, manoeuvred itself towards the target. The AAD made a direct hit at an altitude of {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} and at a speed of Mach 4. Radars detected formation of a large number of tracks, signifying that the target had broken into multiple pieces. The thermal cameras located on Abdul Kalam Island also picked up the direct hit through thermal images.<ref name="ft" />
* On 26 July 2010, AAD was successfully test-fired from the [[Integrated Test Range|ITR]] at Abdul Kalam Island off the Odisha's east coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/advanced-air-defence-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired-39780 |title=Advanced Air Defence interceptor missile successfully test-fired |publisher=NDTV.com |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002233407/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/advanced-air-defence-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired-39780 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 6 March 2011, India launched its indigenously-developed interceptor missile from the Odisha coast. India successfully test-fired its interceptor missile which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal. The interceptor, Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Abdul Kalam Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of Mach 5 to destroy it. As the trial was aimed at achieving the desired result with precision, the interceptor missile had its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars. "''It was a fantastic launch. The trial, conducted from two launch sites of ITR off Orissa coast for developing a full fledged multi-layer Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system, was fully successful''", he said.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715 |title=Interceptor missile test fired successfully |publisher=NDTV.com |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004152345/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/interceptor-missile-test-fired-successfully-89715 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 10 February 2012, the AAD was again successfully test-fired from Abdul Kalam Island off the state coast near [[Dhamra]] in [[Bhadrak district]], about 170 km from [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-test-fires-missile-interceptor/articleshow/11833769.cms | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=India successfully test-fires missile interceptor | date=10 February 2012 | access-date=10 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210104831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-successfully-test-fires-missile-interceptor/articleshow/11833769.cms | archive-date=10 February 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:The Ballistic Missile Interceptor Advanced Area Defence (AAD) flight tested from Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha on August 02, 2018.JPG|thumb|Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile test on 28 December 2017.|211x211px|alt=]]
* On 23 November 2012, India again successfully testfired its home-made supersonic Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile from a defence base off the coast of the eastern state of Odisha. "''The test-firing was part of India's efforts to create a missile defence shield against incoming enemy missiles. The AAD interceptor missile, which was fired from the Abdul Kalam Island off the Odishan coast, successfully destroyed, in mid-air, an incoming ballistic missile launched from the [[Integrated Test Range|ITR]] in Chandipur, about 70 km from the Abdul Kalam Island.''"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1465 | title=India successfully test-fires AAD missile interceptor | date=23 November 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311002913/http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1465 | archive-date=11 March 2013 }}</ref>
* On 6 April 2015 an improved AAD was tested. The missile was launched from a canister for the first time and the composite rocket motor fired successfully. The missile had improvements over the previous version in terms of bigger warhead, improved maneuverability and reduced miss-distance. As the missile was in the air one of the sub systems malfunctioned, making it veer away from the flight path resulting in the failure of the mission. Another test was planned to take place within 30–45 days after detecting and resolving the problem.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/star-wars-setback-as-drdo-interceptor-missile-malfunctions-115040601007_1.html|title=Star Wars setback as DRDO interceptor missile malfunctions|first=Ajai|last=Shukla|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 April 2015|access-date=3 November 2018|via=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050220/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/star-wars-setback-as-drdo-interceptor-missile-malfunctions-115040601007_1.html|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/intercepter-missile-test-odisha-coast-wheeler-island-drdo/article7073662.ece|title=Interceptor missile test off Odisha coast fails|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 April 2015|access-date=3 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217121026/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/intercepter-missile-test-odisha-coast-wheeler-island-drdo/article7073662.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 22 November 2015, an upgraded version of AAD (Advanced Air Defence) was successfully tested. The anti-ballistic missile took off at 9.40 a.m. from the A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Wheeler) Island as soon after it received the command to waylay and destroy an incoming electronically simulated target missile. Conditions similar to the launch of a target missile from [[Balasore]] were simulated electronically and upon receiving its coordinates, the interceptor missile, travelling at supersonic speed, engaged and destroyed the "virtual target" in mid-flight.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/upgraded-interceptor-missile-successfully-engages-electronically-simulated-target-missile/article7905298.ece| title=Upgraded interceptor missile successfully hits virtual target| date=22 November 2015| access-date=26 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123001117/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/upgraded-interceptor-missile-successfully-engages-electronically-simulated-target-missile/article7905298.ece| archive-date=23 January 2016| url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 15 May 2016, [[DRDO]] officially reported that AAD intercepted and destroyed a Prithvi ballistic missile fired from a ship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-successfully-test-fires-supersonic-interceptor-missile/237107.html |title=India successfully test-fires supersonic interceptor missile |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518060300/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-successfully-test-fires-supersonic-interceptor-missile/237107.html |archive-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-16 |title=India successfully tests interceptor missile |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1258638 |access-date=2022-07-03 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703094708/https://www.dawn.com/news/1258638 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 28 December 2017, DRDO successfully carried out an AAD missile test in which an incoming modified Prithvi ballistic missile was intercepted and destroyed with a direct hit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kalingatv.com/latestnews/supersonic-interceptor-missile-test-fired-kalam-island/|title=Supersonic interceptor missile test-fired from Kalam Island • KalingaTV|date=28 December 2017|work=KalingaTV|access-date=28 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172101/https://kalingatv.com/latestnews/supersonic-interceptor-missile-test-fired-kalam-island/|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 3 August 2018, a successful test was carried out from [[Abdul Kalam Island]] where one of multiple incoming targets simulating 1,500 km class ballistic missiles was destroyed.<ref>{{cite news |title=India successfully test-fires supersonic interceptor missile off Odisha's coast |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/supersonic-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired/20180802.htm |work=Rediff.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223544/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/supersonic-interceptor-missile-successfully-test-fired/20180802.htm |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Sea-based interception =====
The [[DRDO Floating Test Range]] is expected to assist in the development of the Phase 2.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2019 |title=India's 1st floating test range ready, ballistic missile defence trials on cards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-age-weapons-set-to-add-to-india-s-arsenal/story-SUcRAjtwyZRej8Fq0SHSJJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027151316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-age-weapons-set-to-add-to-india-s-arsenal/story-SUcRAjtwyZRej8Fq0SHSJJ.html |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> This vessel [[INS Anvesh (A41)|INS ''Anvesh'' (A41)]] was set to undergo sea trials in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2021 |title=Sea trials for floating missile test range INS Anvesh begin this month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102144054/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> On 21 April 2023, DRDO and the Indian Navy conducted the maiden flight trial of the sea-based interceptor missile for naval ballistic missile defence capability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-23 |title=India successfully carries out maiden flight-test of sea-based ballistic missile defence interceptor |url=https://theigmp.org/sea-based-ballistic-missile-defence-interceptor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509063432/https://theigmp.org/sea-based-ballistic-missile-defence-interceptor/ |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=IgMp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title=India showcases naval ballistic missile defence capability in maiden test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-and-indian-navy-successfully-test-sea-based-endo-atmospheric-interceptor-missile-showcasing-india-s-naval-bmd-capabilities-missiledefence-drdo-indiannavy-bmd-ballisticmissiles-101682176497606.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183108/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-and-indian-navy-successfully-test-sea-based-endo-atmospheric-interceptor-missile-showcasing-india-s-naval-bmd-capabilities-missiledefence-drdo-indiannavy-bmd-ballisticmissiles-101682176497606.html |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The Newer versions of the Ashwin system, namly the AD-1 and AD-2 interceptors are planned to be deployed on Indian Naval vessels by 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/india-builds-deadly-sea-based-missile-shield-to-turn-ocean-into-graveyard-for-pak-china-missiles/ar-AA1RXCuK?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=1ef1c7dbd2be440ed2480cdb7ec7d787&ei=118 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==== Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) ====
'''Prithvi Defence Vehicle''' (PDV) is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the exo-atmosphere at an altitude from {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} to {{convert|180|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2" /> The PDV is a two-stage missile and both the stages are powered by solid propellants. It has an innovative system for controlling the vehicle at an altitude of more than 180 km.<ref name=":2" /> The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in the PAD/AAD combination. It has a [[Infinite impulse response|IIR]] seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Whereupon Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the {{convert|5000|km|abbr=on}} range class.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/drdo-readies-shield-against-chinese-icbms-41421-2009-03-08 |title=DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs |work=India Today |date=9 March 2009 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316075551/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/31874/LATEST%20HEADLINES/DRDO+readies+shield+against+Chinese+ICBMs.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first test flight of the missile was expected in 2010.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130411201634/http://www.drdo.org/pub/nl/2010/jan10.pdf DRDO publication Jan 2010.]}}</ref> The PDV is designed to take out target missiles at altitudes above {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100.htm |title=DRDO to launch series of missiles |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108160559/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 27 April 2014 first PDV was successfully test- conducted by [[DRDO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=838755 |title=India Successfully Test-Fires New Interceptor Missile |publisher=News.outlookindia.com |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428163936/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=838755 |archive-date=28 April 2014 }}</ref> On 11 February 2017, DRDO successfully conducted a second test for PDV missile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-interceptor-missile/articleshow/57093816.cms|title=India successfully test-fires interceptor missile - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502202042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-interceptor-missile/articleshow/57093816.cms|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The third test was conducted on 12 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|title=India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast |website=odishasuntimes.com |access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190430/https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==== Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2 ====
{{See also|Mission Shakti}}
[[File:DRDO's Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor being launched for an ASAT test on 27 March 2019.jpg|thumb|PDV Mk-2/XSV-1 interceptor launched to target [[Microsat-R]]|246x246px]]
In March 2019, India conducted an [[Mission Shakti|ASAT test]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/|title=Why India's ASAT Test Was Reckless|first=Marco|last=Langbroek|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506215045/https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> India officially confirmed that this missile was a Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31179/Frequently_Asked_Questions_on_Mission_Shakti_Indias_AntiSatellite_Missile_test_conducted_on_27_March_2019|title=Frequently Asked Questions on Mission Shakti, India's Anti-Satellite Missile test conducted on 27 March, 2019|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410104320/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F31179%2FFrequently_Asked_Questions_on_Mission_Shakti_Indias_AntiSatellite_Missile_test_conducted_on_27_March_2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> PDV Mk-2 is a 13 m tall, 18.87 tons, three stage missile. [[Solid rocket motor]]s with flexible nozzles constituted the first two stages, with the Kill Vehicle being the third stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/April/din-10april2019.pdf|title=DRDO in News|date=10 April 2019|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424072021/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/April/din-10april2019.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/87788/india-s-drdo-reveals-additional-details-of-recent-asat-missile-test|title=India's DRDO reveals additional details of recent ASAT missile test {{!}} Jane's 360|website=Jane's 360|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807054435/https://www.janes.com/article/87788/india-s-drdo-reveals-additional-details-of-recent-asat-missile-test|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a report published on the official [[DRDO]] website, the missile has the capability to shoot down targets moving at 10 km per second in orbits as high as 1,200 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms|title=ASAT missile: Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=7 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602123612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms|archive-date=2 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The accuracy of the missile is less than 10 cm<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=7 April 2019 |title=ASAT missile: Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602123612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms |archive-date=2 June 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

It has been suggested that this missile may have the capability of [[Exosphere|exo-atmospheric]] [[Ballistic missile defence|interception]] of [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/asat-test-shows-india-has-means-to-destroy-icbms-in-outer-space-experts-119042200713_1.html|title=ASAT test shows India has means to destroy ICBMs in outer space: Experts|last=Kumar|first=Bhaswar|date=22 April 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807064526/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/asat-test-shows-india-has-means-to-destroy-icbms-in-outer-space-experts-119042200713_1.html|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A report published on the official DRDO website suggested the same.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/May/din-03may2019.pdf|title=DRDO ASAT test|date=3 May 2019|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810061625/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/May/din-03may2019.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> At DefExpo 2020, DRDO confirmed that the PDV Mk-2 was ready for limited series production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/94168/defexpo-2020-drdo-says-asat-weapon-system-is-ready-for-further-limited-production|title=Defexpo 2020: DRDO says ASAT weapon system is 'ready for further limited production' {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215075938/https://www.janes.com/article/94168/defexpo-2020-drdo-says-asat-weapon-system-is-ready-for-further-limited-production|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[solid rocket booster]] used is a derivative of the technology first developed for the [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika missile]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=31 December 2021|title=The 'K' factor in the recent missile tests|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-k-factor-in-the-recent-missile-tests-1894315-2021-12-30|access-date=2022-01-01|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231100529/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-k-factor-in-the-recent-missile-tests-1894315-2021-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref> This missile was not derived from the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi ballistic missile]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=SAT not a derivative of Prithvi missile, has a range of upto 1000 km-plus, says DRDO Chairman |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/a-sat-not-a-derivative-of-prithvi-missile-has-a-range-of-upto-1000-km-plus-says-drdo-chairman20190328092125/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>

=== Phase 2 ===
Initially under Phase 2 program, AD-1 was designed to neutralize a [[medium-range ballistic missile]] at 1,000-3,000 km range, whereas AD-2 was for intercepting an [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]] at 3,000-5,500 km range.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Maiden flight-test of Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor successful |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/maiden-flight-test-of-phase-ii-ballistic-missile-defence-interceptor-successful/2771489/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102193902/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/maiden-flight-test-of-phase-ii-ballistic-missile-defence-interceptor-successful/2771489/ |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> According to Samir V. Kamat, AD-1 can intercept an incoming missile with a range of 5,000 km.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=Watch: India Tests AD-1 Missile. Can Intercept Target From 5,000 Km Away |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-india-tests-ad-1-missile-can-intercept-target-from-5-000-km-away-3487092 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103132511/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-india-tests-ad-1-missile-can-intercept-target-from-5-000-km-away-3487092 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==== AD-1 missile ====
[[File:AD-1 long-range interceptor missile - 1.jpg|thumb|AD-1 missile test on 2 November 2022.|264x264px]]
The AD-1 interceptor missile is developed for both low exo-atmospheric and endo-atmospheric interception roles and can be used against long range ballistic missiles. It is a two-stage missile and powered by solid propellants. The missile boasts an advanced but indigenous missile control system.<ref name=":3" /> It has a range of 1,500 km to 3,000 km along with a large kill altitude bracket.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL New Delhi |date=2022-11-02 |title=DRDO conducts successful maiden flight-test of BMD interceptor AD-1 missile |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-conducts-successful-maiden-flight-test-of-bmd-interceptor-ad-1-missile/article66087123.ece |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India test-flies indigenous AD-1 missile |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-flies-indigenous-ad-1-missile |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> It has the capability to neutralise any nuclear-capable ballistic missile with a range of about 5,000 km.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-24 |title=India tests ballistic missile defence system to intercept 5,000-km class enemy missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-ballistic-missile-defence-system-to-intercept-5000-km-class-enemy-missiles/articleshow/111996217.cms |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite news |date=24 July 2024 |title=India successfully flight-tests Phase-II ballistic missile defence system |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-tests-ballistic-missile-defence-system/articleshow/111994511.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=PTI}}</ref>

On 2 November 2022, the maiden successful test of the missile was conducted by [[DRDO]]. The test witnessed the participation of all BMD weapon system elements placed in different locations. The test was successful and all sub systems performed satisfactorily.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=DRDO conducts successful maiden flight-test of Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor off Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1873179 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 24 July 2024, DRDO conducted another successful flight test of the Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence System.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=India advances Phase II BMD interceptor |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/security/india-advances-phase-ii-bmd-interceptor |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Vijainder K. |date=2024-07-26 |title=THAAD's Analog, S-400's Partner, DRDO's AD-1 Missile Interceptor Puts India In The Elite League |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/thaads-analog-s-400s-partner-drdos/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=eurasiantimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> At 1620 hours, the target missile was fired from Launch Complex-IV [[Dhamra]] in an attempt to simulate an adversary missile. Weapon system radars stationed on land and at sea spotted the target missile, activating the AD-1 Interceptor system. At 1624 hours, the AD-1 endo-atmospheric missile was fired from the ITR Launch Complex-III [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]]. The entire network-centric weapon system, which includes interceptor missile, mission control center (MCC), low latency communication system, and long range sensors, were validated during the test.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":53">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=DRDO successfully flight-tests Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence System |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2036561 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lele |first=Ajey |date=2024-07-27 |title=How DRDO's successful Ballistic Missile Defence test is critical to India's security |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-drdos-successful-ballistic-missile-defence-test-is-critical-to-indias-security-13797658.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2024 |title=Video: India Successfully Tests Phase 2 Ballistic Missile Defence System |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-india-successfully-tests-phase-2-ballistic-missile-defence-system-6180352 |access-date=25 July 2024 |publisher=NDTV |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2024-07-24 |title=India successfully tests BMD system as interceptor destroys incoming missile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jul/24/india-successfully-tests-bmd-system-as-interceptor-destroys-incoming-missile |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== AD-2 missile ====
The AD-2 missile is in the development phase with a maximum range of more than 5,000 km capable of intercepting [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]] and [[intercontinental ballistic missile]].<ref name=":4" /> The missile was scheduled to be tested between 2024 and 2025.

=== Phase 3 ===
Reports in January 2026, suggested that India has begun the development of two additional [[Missile defence|missile interceptors]] under the third phase of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. The missiles will be deployed to intercept [[hypersonic weapons]], [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|multiple independently re-entry vehicles]] (MIRV) and [[non-ballistic atmospheric entry]] vehicles. The phase 3 missiles include Advanced Defence — Anti-Missile (AD-AM) and Advanced Defence — Anti-Hypersonic (AD-AH). While the former is meant to target [[Hypersonic cruise missile|hypersonic cruise missiles]], the latter will be designed to engage [[hypersonic glide vehicles]]. The missiles will be equipped with [[kinetic warhead]]. The missiles are currently in advanced stages of development with maiden flight trials expected in early 2030s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Militar |first=Redaccion Zona |date=2026-01-23 |title=India takes the first steps to develop hypersonic missile interception capabilities |url=https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2026/01/23/india-takes-the-first-steps-to-develop-hypersonic-missile-interception-capabilities/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Zona Militar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Encarnacion |first=Ethan M. |date=2026-01-23 |title=India Builds Next-Gen ‘Shield’ to Knock Down Hypersonic Threats |url=https://nextgendefense.com/india-hypersonic-threats-shield/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[wind tunnel]] models of the kinetic warheads were showcased in 2024-end at DRDO's Hyderabad facility.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Modi |first=Diksha |date=2026-01-22 |title=DRDO Builds Next-Gen Shield To Destroy Hypersonic Missiles Flying At 10,000 Kmph |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2026/01/23/india-hypersonic-weapons-interceptors/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=News18}}</ref>

== Specifications ==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Prithvi Air Defence (or ''Pradyumna'')
!Advanced Air Defence (or ''Ashwin'')
!Prithvi Defence Vehicle
!Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mk2
!AD-1
!AD-2
|-
|'''Image'''
|[[File:PAD integration.JPG|center|frameless|203x203px]]
|[[File:AAD Launch Crop.jpg|center|frameless|162x162px]]
|[[File:Prithvi Defence Vehicle.jpg|250x250px|center]]
|[[File:Launch of DRDO's Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor missile for an ASAT test on 27 March 2019.jpg|center|frameless|170x170px]]
|[[File:AD-1 long-range interceptor missile - 1.jpg|center|frameless|172x172px]]
|
|-
|'''Altitude Type'''
|[[Exoatmospheric|Exo-atmospheric]]
|[[Missile defence#Intercept location relative to the atmosphere|Endo-atmospheric]]
|Exo-atmospheric
|Exo-atmospheric
|Low exo-atmospheric and endo-atmospheric
|Exo-atmospheric
|-
|'''Target'''
|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] and [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|IRBM]]
|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]
|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] and [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|IRBM]]
|[[Anti-satellite weapon|Satellite]]
|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] and [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|IRBM]]
|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|IRBM]] and [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|ICBM]]
|-
|'''Designer'''
| colspan="6" |{{Center|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]}}
|-
|'''Manufacturer'''
| colspan="6" |{{Center|[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]}}
|-
|'''Warhead'''
|Pre-[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] warhead
|Pre-fragmented warhead
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Warhead weight'''
|{{convert|40|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141530/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>
|{{convert|80|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141530/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Detonation mechanism'''
|[[Proximity fuze]]
|[[Hit-to-kill]]
|Hit-to-kill
|Hit-to-kill
|
|
|-
|'''Engine'''
|Two Stage with gas thruster
|Single stage<ref name="Aroor AAD">{{Cite news |last=Aroor |first=Shiv |date=1 February 2007 |title=Another anti-missile test planned for June |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/22250.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202082941/http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/22250.html |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=27 January 2008 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|Two stage [[rocket motor]]
|Two stage [[rocket motor]] with third stage [[kinetic kill vehicle]]
|Two stage
|
|-
|'''Propellant'''
|'''First stage:''' [[Liquid fuel]] + [[oxidiser]]
'''Second stage:''' [[Solid fuel]]
|[[Solid fuel]]
|Solid fuel
|Solid fuel
|Solid fuel
|
|-
|'''Range'''
|{{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} - {{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO Ballistic Missile Defence System |url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/drdo-bmd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108091909/https://www.army-technology.com/projects/drdo-bmd/ |archive-date=8 November 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |website=Army Technology |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|{{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=What makes Prithvi missile interceptor one of the best in the world: Here are 10 reasons |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/11/what-makes-prithvi-missile-interceptor-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-here-are-10-reasons-1569593.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108082229/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/feb/11/what-makes-prithvi-missile-interceptor-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-here-are-10-reasons-1569593.html |archive-date=8 November 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|{{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} - {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} - {{convert|5500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''Interception Altitude'''
|{{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India to test Layered Missile Defence – Frontier India – News, Analysis, Opinion – Frontier India – News, Analysis, Opinion |url=http://frontierindia.net/india-to-test-layered-missile-defence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827032330/http://frontierindia.net/india-to-test-layered-missile-defence |archive-date=27 August 2012 |access-date=2 August 2012 |publisher=Frontier India}}</ref>
|{{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":2" />
|{{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":2" />
|>{{convert|1200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|
|-
|'''Mid-course Guidance'''
|[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + ground-based [[mid-course correction]]
|[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + [[mid-course update]]
| colspan="2" |[[Ring laser gyroscope|RLG]]-[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + redundant micro-INS
|
|
|-
|'''Terminal Guidance'''
|[[Active radar homing|ARH]]
|ARH
| colspan="2" |[[Imaging infrared|IIR]] homing
|
|
|-
|'''Maximum speed'''
|[[Mach number|Mach]] 5
|[[Mach number|Mach]] 4.5<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=28 December 2017 |title=India's Advanced Air Defense Interceptor Destroys Incoming Ballistic Missile in Test |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-advanced-air-defense-interceptor-destroys-incoming-ballistic-missile-in-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031111638/https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-advanced-air-defense-interceptor-destroys-incoming-ballistic-missile-in-test/ |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref>
|
|[[Mach number|Mach]] 8-10<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Satellite Missile |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/publcations-document/ASAT_book_English.pdf |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Langbroek |first=Marco |date=30 April 2019 |title=Why India's ASAT Test Was Reckless |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Mach number|Mach]] 6.5<ref name=":7" />
|
|-
|'''Launcher'''
|[[BEML Limited|BEML]]-[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]] 8×8
|BEML-Tatra TEL 8×8, [[INS Anvesh (A41)]]
|[[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]]
|TEL
|TEL (6 missiles); planned<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=India Tests New Interceptor For 2-Tier Ballistic Missile Defence Shield |url=https://imrmedia.in/india-tests-new-interceptor-for-2-tier-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=imrmedia.in}}</ref>
|TEL (2 missiles); planned<ref name=":6" />
|-
|'''First test date'''
|November 2006
|December 2007
|April 2014
| rowspan="2" |[[Mission Shakti|March 2019]]
|November 2022
|
|-
|'''Most recent test'''
|March 2011
|April 2023
|February 2019
|July 2024
|
|-
|'''Number of tests'''
|3
|11
|3
|1
|2
|
|-
|'''Status'''
|Being deployed
|Being deployed
|In production
|Flight trials
|Flight trials
|Under development
|}
</div>

== Swordfish LRTR ==
{{Main|Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar}}

[[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar|Swordfish]] is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) currently has a range of {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} and can spot objects as small as a [[cricket ball]]. The [[DRDO]] plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2017.<ref name="et">{{cite news |author=Peerzada Abrar |date=3 December 2009 |title=Major defence deals up for grabs |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Major-defence-deals-up-for-grabs/articleshow/5294065.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102233616/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Major-defence-deals-up-for-grabs/articleshow/5294065.cms |archive-date=2 January 2017 |access-date=6 December 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Super Swordfish ===
As per the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], two units of VLRTR systems were accorded by the [[Union government]] under a [[memorandum of understanding]] between the [[National Technical Research Organisation]] and the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] for the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. First unit was raised in 2017 and the system is operational.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Major Achievements from 2014 to 2018 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/4YearsOfNDA/Comprehensive-Materials/defence.pdf |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

==Deployment==
According to scientist V K Saraswat of the [[DRDO]], the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent. On 6 May 2012, Dr V K Saraswat confirmed that Phase-I was complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice. He also added that Phase-I was comparable with the [[MIM-104 Patriot|PAC-3 system]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |title=Missile defence shield ready: DRDO chief |work=The Hindu |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114022736/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3390404.ece |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rajat Pandit|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |title=India on way to joining exclusive BMD club |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 November 2007 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513163850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[New Delhi]], the national capital, and [[Mumbai]] were selected for the ballistic missile defence shield.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| title= Delhi, Mumbai selected for ballistic missile defence shield |work=[[The Times of India]] | date= 24 June 2012| access-date= 24 June 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120624214841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Mumbai-selected-for-ballistic-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370157.cms| archive-date= 24 June 2012| url-status= live}}</ref> After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |title=Delhi, Mumbai to get missile defence shield – NDTV News |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412170400/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-mumbai-to-get-missile-defence-shield-235328 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets from up to {{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions.<ref name=IBNLive>{{cite news|title=More Teeth to Defence System|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/more-teeth-to-defence-system/230239-60-117.html|access-date=27 July 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |title=Delhi, Mumbai to be first provided with missile defence shield |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519045307/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/delhi-mumbai-to-be-first-provided-with-missile-defence-shield/articleshow/14370434.cms |archive-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2017, the government cleared the allocation of 850 hectares of land in [[Alwar district]] and 350 hectares in [[Pali district]] of [[Rajasthan]] for setting up radars to track missiles to the DRDO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-2-state-villages-chosen-by-drdo-for-setting-up-radar-to-track-enemy-2520834|title=2 state villages chosen by DRDO for setting up radar to track enemy {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=4 August 2017|work=dna|access-date=11 August 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062621/http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-2-state-villages-chosen-by-drdo-for-setting-up-radar-to-track-enemy-2520834|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cruise missile defence==
Defending against an attack by a cruise missile, on the other hand, is similar to tackling a low-flying crewed aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system.

In order to ward off the threats of nuke-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an Advanced Air Defence missile (AAD).<ref name=IBNLIVE>{{cite news|title=India discovers methods to face missile wars|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/missile-wars-india-prepares-itself-after-cruise-missile-tests-by-pak/54298-3.html|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=IBNLive|date=16 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/nation/story_13768094.jsp|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[DRDO]] Chief, Dr [[V K Saraswat]] stated in an Interview "''Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept''".<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like [[EL/W-2090]] [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.<ref name=IBNLIVE/>

[[Barak-8]] is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system developed jointly by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] and the [[DRDO]]. The [[Indian Army]] inducted a variant of Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range [[surface-to-air]] air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea.<ref name=IANS>{{cite news|title=February trial for naval air defence missile|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Indo-Asian News service|date=16 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614193055/https://in.news.yahoo.com/february-trial-naval-air-defence-missile-103543198.html|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It would also be inducted into the [[Indian Air Force]], followed by the Army.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lrsam-flighttested-successfully-in-israel/article6591545.ece|title=LRSAM flight tested successfully in Israel|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2014|access-date=3 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818222400/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lrsam-flighttested-successfully-in-israel/article6591545.ece|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> India has a joint venture for this missile with [[Israel]].<ref name=NT>{{cite news|title=Naval Barak-8 Missiles, Israel, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles/|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Naval Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808005150/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/naval-barak-8-surface-air-missiles|archive-date=8 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently developed, India's [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile defence system also has the capability to "''neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles''".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ |title=Akash missile successfully test fired for second day, ''Dated:November 18, 2014'' |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133433/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|title=India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812154859/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Project Kusha]] is an Indian long-range mobile surface-to- air missile defence system under development by the DRDO. The missile system will have a range of 250 km against fighter jets, 350 km against cruise missiles, sea skimming anti-ship missiles, AWACS and mid air refuelers and will be capable of bringing down ballistic missiles and stealth fighters in the terminal stage. The naval version of the missile might be also developed to supplement the LR-SAM missile in the Indian Navy.

On 17 November 2010, an interview with Rafael's Vice President Lova Drori confirmed that the [[David's Sling]] system has been offered to the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=IDefence>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |title=Rafael Confirms Offer of Iron Dome, David's Sling to Indian Armed Forces |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514002646/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4813 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920920,00.html|title=India in talks to buy Iron Dome, David's Sling|newspaper=Ynetnews |date=18 July 2010|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104131411/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920920,00.html|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live |last1=Arbib |first1=Stephen }}</ref>

== Reactions to testing ==

=== International ===
*{{flagu|Pakistan}} – Following the successful test on 15 May 2016, Pakistan on 20 May 2016 voiced concerns over India's test-fire of supersonic interceptor missile and said it would "''take all necessary measures to augment the country's defense capabilities''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wary-pakistan-pushes-un-to-declare-indian-ocean-nuclear-free-zone-2214563|title=Wary Pakistan pushes UN to declare Indian Ocean nuclear-free zone|date=20 May 2016|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104132943/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wary-pakistan-pushes-un-to-declare-indian-ocean-nuclear-free-zone-2214563|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
**In 2017, Pakistan claimed that it tested the MIRV, nuclear-capable ballistic missile, [[Ababeel (missile)|Ababeel]], in response to the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence system.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Ababeel |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ababeel/ |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |date=24 January 2017 |title=Pakistan conducts first flight test of Ababeel surface-to-surface missile |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310452/pakistan-conducts-first-flight-test-of-ababeel-surface-to-surface-missile |access-date=24 January 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
*{{flagu|United States}} – According to US Deputy Defence Secretary [[Ashton Carter]], there is a potential for co-operation with India to develop a Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) shield.
"''That is an important potential area for our future cooperation''", Carter said while on his visit to India in July 2012.<ref name=BS>{{cite news|title=Potential for cooperation with India to develop BMD: US|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/potential-for-cooperationindia-to-develop-bmd-us/35778/|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=23 July 2012}}</ref>

== Export ==
On 18 December 2023, [[Zee Business]] revealed that, as part of a government-to-government agreement, [[Armenia]] purchased 15 AAD systems and [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile systems from [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]. The transaction was valued at about [[₹]]5,000 [[crore]] to ₹6,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rath |first=Anuvesh |date=2023-12-18 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Indian defence triumph: Bharat Dynamics secures major deal from Armenia amidst global achievements, say sources |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-indian-defence-triumph-bharat-dynamics-secures-major-deal-from-armenia-amidst-global-achievements-say-sources-269201 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]]
* [[List of Indian military missiles]]
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] - the agency involved in the development of the ABM systems.
* [[Defence Space Agency]]
* [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra]] - proposed multi-layer defense architecture.

; Other nations
* [[United States national missile defense]]
* [[Golden Dome (missile defense system)|Golden Dome]] - proposed multi-layer defense system for the United States
* [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] - U.S. military defense program (1984–1993)

; General concepts
* [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
* [[Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems]]
* [[Anti-satellite weapon]]
* [[Militarisation of space]]
* [[Outer Space Treaty]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/launch_veh/20080108_defence.html India to have Ballistic Missile Defence system in place by 2010]
* [http://www.deagel.com/news/Pradyumna-Ballistic-Missile-Interceptor-Scores-Third-Successful-Test-at-80km-of-Altitude_n000005789.aspx Pradyumna-Ballistic-Missile-Interceptor]
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

===Videos===
* {{Cite video
|date=September 2007
|title = Brahmos Missile and Interceptor Missile Development
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVmsdJHPU5o
|medium = Television production
|publisher = S1 TV
|time = 1:36
}} – News Report in Hindi.

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}
{{Politics of outer space}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles of India]]

INS Garuda

2026-02-15T09:32:06Z

IQOCharli56: improve citations per standard format per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Short description|Indian Naval Air station}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = INS Garuda
| nativename =
| image =
| image-width = 150
| IATA =
| ICAO = VOCC
| type = [[Naval Air Station]]
| owner =
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Willingdon Island]], [[Kochi]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 8
| elevation-m = 2
| metric-elev = y
| coordinates = {{coord|9.941|N|76.275|E|region:IN_type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = http://indiannavy.nic.in/INS_Garuda.html
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label ='''VOCC'''
| r1-number = 13/31
| r1-length-f = 4,680
| r1-length-m = 1414
| r1-surface = Asphalt
| metric-rwy = y
| footnotes = Source: [[DAFIF]]<ref name="WAD">{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130217023439/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN98799&sch=INS+Garuda=VOCC Airport information for VOCC]}} from [[DAFIF]] (effective October 2006)</ref><ref name="GCM">{{GCM|TJV|source=DAFIF}}</ref>
| r2-number = 17/35
| r2-length-m = 1817
| r2-length-f = 5960
| r2-surface = Asphalt
}}
{{OSM Location map
|lat = 9.941
|lon = 76.275
|zoom = 13
|width = 250
|height = 300

|minimap = yes
|mini-width=
|mini-height=
|minipog-x=
|minipog-y=
|scalemark =180

|mark-lat = 9.941
|mark-lon = 76.275
|mark-title = INS Garuda
|label = INS Garuda
|label-pos = top

|mark-lat1 =
|mark-lon1 =
|mark-title1 =
|label1 =
|label-pos1 =

|mark-lat2 =
|mark-lon2 =
|mark-title2 =
|label2 =
|label-pos2 =

}}
'''INS Garuda''' {{Airport codes||VOCC}}, is an Indian [[naval air station]] located in [[Kochi]], in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/INS_Garuda.html |title=Indian Navy |access-date=2010-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123104741/http://indiannavy.nic.in/INS_Garuda.html |archive-date=23 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Commissioned on 11 May 1953, it is the oldest operating air station of the [[Indian Navy]].

The air station is adjacent to [[INS Venduruthy]], the headquarters of [[Southern Naval Command]]. INS Garuda is a major naval air training centre as well as an operational base.

== History ==
The original airstrip near Kochi was built by the [[Cochin Port Trust]] to transport senior officials of the British Harbour Corps from the Madras Presidency to supervise the development of modern Kochi port in 1936. During [[World War II]], the rudimentary airstrip was taken over by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) in 1941 and expanded to establish a RAF experimental station. The Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve (IAFVR) No. 5 Coastal Defence Flight, flying [[Westland Wapiti]] II aircraft was based at the station in May 1941. In December 1942, IAFVR No. 5 was disbanded, and resources transferred to ''HMS Garuda'' in Peelamedu (present day Coimbatore International Airport), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In 1943, the Kochi facilities were transferred to the Royal Navy (RN) which established an aircraft repair yard at the location to assemble aircraft shipped to India for the war effort. ''HMS Garuda'' was decommissioned in September 1946 at the end of the war, and the Kochi infrastructure was transferred to the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]].

===Post-independence===
The Indian Navy acquired the first [[Short Sealand]] aircraft on 13 January 1953. The aviation facilities at Kochi were transferred to the Indian Navy and temporarily placed under the command of naval base, ''INS Venduruthy'', on 1 January 1953 to prepare for operating the aircraft. The first Sealand aircraft arrived in Kochi from the UK on 4 February 1953.The facilities were commissioned as a fully operational naval air station under the command of the Indian Naval Air Arm on 11 May 1953 and renamed ''INS Garuda''.<ref name="samachar-garuda">{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/dec1-01/html/ch8.htm|title=INS Garuda: A Cradle of Naval Aviation|publisher=Sainik Samachar, Ministry of Defence|date=2001-12-01|access-date=2011-08-15}}</ref> Commodore G Douglas, was its first Commanding Officer. Since then, ''INS Garuda'' has remained a strategic operating station for the navy, with several training schools, intelligence centres, maintenance and repair facilities and experimental stations based here. A separate [[civil enclave]] for domestic travellers was allowed to operate at ''INS Garuda'', which remained operational until July 1999, when the [[Cochin International Airport]] was commissioned. The 747 Squadron of the Indian Coast Guard was activated on 22 Apr 2002 within the premises of Naval Base Kochi. The Squadron operates two [[Dornier 228]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiancoastguard.nic.in/indiancoastguard/aviation/aviation.html |title=INDIAN COAST GUARD - Aviation |access-date=2011-11-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031163445/http://indiancoastguard.nic.in/indiancoastguard/aviation/aviation.html |archive-date=31 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

'''Commanding Officer's List of INS Garuda:-''' 1. Commander Douglas George DFC (11 May 53 to 01 Oct 55) 2. Commander Singh Y N (01 OCT 55 to 20 Dec 57) 3. Commander Tyabji N S (20 Dec 57 to 04 Apr 60) 4. Commander Sanjana K K (04 APR 60 TO 07 OCT 61) 5. Commander Kuruvila E C (07 Oct 61 to 28 Feb 63) 6. Commander Mathur P N (19 Mar 63 to 10 Sep 64) 7. Commander Telles P I (10 Sep 64 to 15 Jun 66) 8. Commander Roy M K (08 Aug 66 to 07 Jan 69) 9. Captain Gopinath K (04 Feb 69 to 11 jul 71) 10. Commodore Gopinath K ( 12 Jul 71 to 31 May 72) 11. Captain C L Sachdeva (31 May 72 to 25 Nov 72) 12. Captain B R Acharya ( 08 Jan 73 to 30 Jun 76) 13. Commodore B R Acharya ( 01 76 to 23 Apr 77)14. Captain U C Tripathi ( 24 May 77 to 09 Mar 79) 15. Captain V R Ravindranath NM,VSM (30 Apr 79 to 30 Jun 81) 16. Commodore V R Ravindranath NM,VSM (01 Jul 81 to 28 Feb 82) 17. commodore H Johnson vsm (20 Mar 82 to 21 Dec 82) 18. Commodore M P Wadhawan NM,VSM (22 Dec 82 to 10 Aug 84) 19. Captain M Bhada (10 Aug 84 to 31 Jul 85) 20. Captain A S Rawat NM (31 Jul 85 to 31 Dec 85) 21. Commodore A S Rawat NM (01 Jan 86 to 08 Jun 87) 22. Commodore S Ramsagar VRC NM (08 Jun 87 to 11 Jan 88) 23. Captain S Mehta (27 Apr 88 to 14 Nov 89) 24. Captain V K Soni NM (15 Nov 89 to 31 Dec 90) 25. Commodore V K Soni NM (01 Jan 91 to 19 Jul 91) 26. CS C Dewan YSM (20 Jul 91 to 17 Jan 93) 27. Captain K M Thomas NM ( 18 Jan 93 to 30 Dec 93) 28. Commodore K M Thomas NM (01 Jan 94 to 27 May 96 ) 29. Commodore R S Vasan (27 May 96 to 30 Jul 98) 30. Commodore P Sengupta (30 Jul 98 to 30 May 2001) 31. Commander Sudhir pillai NM (17 Sep 01 to 17 Oct 02) 32. Captain [[Naresh Mohan]] Kalia (18 Oct 02 to 27 Oct 04) 33. Captain Balvinder Singh Parhar (28 Oct 04 to 20 Apr 06) 34. Captain Amit Bhandari (21 Apr 06 to 06 May 08) 35. Captain Vijesh Kumar Garg (06 May 08 to 09 Mar 10) 36. Commodore Vijesh Kumar Garg ( 10 Apr 10 to 18 Apr 11) 37. Captain Himanshu S Sapre (19 Apr 11 to 12 Sep 13) 38. Captain M M S Shergill (01 Aug 15 to 18 May 16) 39. Commodore R R Ayyar ( 19 May 16 to 22 Jan 19) 40. Commodore V B Bellary ( 23 Jan 19 to 14 Dec 22) 41. Captain K Sri Vasta ( 15 Dec 22 to 31 Dec 22) 42. Commodore K Sri Vasta (01 Jan 23 to 14 May 24) 43. Captain Rajan Kapoor (15 May 24 to 30 Jun 24) 44. Commodore Rajan Kapoor (01 Jul 24 to till date)

==Units==
''INS Garuda'' has 2 intersecting runways, allowing almost all operational aircraft to land and take off.<ref name=wad-vocc>{{cite web|url-status=usurped|url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=VOCC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143444/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=VOCC|archive-date=2019-03-05|title=Airport information for VOCC|website=World Aero Data}} Data current as of October 2006.</ref>

Indian Naval Air Squadrons based at ''INS Garuda'' as of 2011 include:
* [[INAS 550]], a [[reconnaissance]] and [[Training aircraft|training]] squadron operating [[Dornier 228]] aircraft
* [[INAS 336]], an [[anti-submarine warfare]] and advanced training squadron, operating [[Westland Sea King]] Mk 42B helicopters
* [[INAS 321]], a [[search and rescue]] and logistics squadron, operating [[HAL Chetak]] helicopters
* [[INAS 322]], a [[search and rescue]] and logistics squadron, operating [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopters
* [[INAS 334]], an [[anti-submarine warfare]] squadron operating [[MH-60R Seahawk|Sikorsky MH-60R SeaHawk]] helicopters
* [[INAS 342]], operating [[IAI Heron]] and [[IAI Searcher]] Mk. II UAVs

''INS Garuda'' also has a number of naval aviation training schools:

* ''Observer School'' trains pilots and technical personnel in maritime reconnaissance, patrol, evacuation and search and rescue (SAR) missions
* ''School for Naval Airmen'' (SFNA) and the ''Naval Institute of Aviation Technology (NIAT)'' impart theoretical training to naval aviation personnel and those associated with flying operations
* ''Aeronautical Training Institute'' (ATI) conducts training for officers and sailors in aircraft maintenance
* ''School for Naval Oceanography and Meteorology'' (SNOM)

''INS Garuda'' also has facilities for imparting training in airborne anti-submarine operations affiliated with the ''Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) School'' on INS Venduruthy. The school's facilities include a Thales Underwater Systems LOFAR ([[Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder (LOFAR)|Low Frequency Analysis & Recording]]) training simulator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aviation/Stations/69-INS-Garuda.html|title=INS Garuda - Bharat Rakshak :: Indian Navy|access-date=14 September 2010|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718032328/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Aviation/Stations/69-INS-Garuda.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
; Indian Navy
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

; Integrated commands and units
* [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]]
* [[Defence Cyber Agency]]
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Special Forces of India]]

; Other lists
* [[Strategic Forces Command]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|INS Garuda}}

{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garuda}}
[[Category:Airports in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian naval air stations|Garuda]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1953]]

Chirag Shetty

2026-02-11T07:04:16Z

IQOCharli56:

{{short description|Indian badminton player (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Chirag Shetty
| image = Chirag_Shetty_at_the_felicitation_event_after_the_Commonwealth_Games_in_August_2022.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shetty in 2022
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|4}}
| birth_place = [[Malad|Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| residence =
| height = 1.87 m
| weight = 75 kg
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| coach = [[Tan Kim Her]]
| event = Men's doubles
| highest_ranking = 1
| date_of_highest_ranking = with [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]], 10 October 2023
| current_ranking = 4
| date_of_current_ranking = with Satwiksairaj Rankireddy, 10 February 2026
| honours = {{ubl|[[Khel Ratna Award]]|[[Arjuna Award]]}}
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] }}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2022 BWF World Championships|2022 Tokyo]]|[[2022 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2025 BWF World Championships|2025 Paris]]|[[2025 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Thomas Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]]|[[2022 Thomas Cup knockout stage|Men's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|2018 Gold Coast|[[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|2022 Birmingham|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Hangzhou|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Badminton Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Badminton Asia Championships|2023 Dubai]]|[[2023 Badminton Asia Championships#Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]]|Mixed team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2016 Hyderabad]]|Men's team}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020 Manila]]|Men's team}}
| bwfbadminton_id = 70500/chirag-shetty
}}

'''Chirag Shetty''' (born 4 July 1997) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Players: Chirag Shetty |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/70500/chirag-shetty |publisher=Badminton World Federation |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606033805/https://bwfbadminton.com/player/70500/chirag-shetty |url-status=live }}</ref> With his doubles partner [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]], he has won double bronze medals at the [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] as well as gold medals at the [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's doubles|Asian Games]], [[2023 Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] and [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|Commonwealth Games]]. Shetty and Rankireddy are the only Indian doubles pair to reach number 1 in the [[BWF World Ranking#Men's doubles|world ranking]] and win the World Tour Super 1000. They are also the first Indians to win a gold at the [[Asian Games]] in [[Badminton at the Asian Games|badminton]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=World badminton rankings: Chirag Shetty-Satwiksairaj Rankireddy reach world No. 1 after Asian Games gold medal |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/chirag-shetty-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-badminton-rankings-october-2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shetty was born on 4 July 1997 in [[Malad]], Mumbai to a [[Tulu people|Tulu]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janardhan |first=Arun |date=2024-07-18 |title=Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty are heading into the 2024 Olympics with the enthusiasm, energy, and experience it takes to bring home the gold |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/satwiksairaj-rankireddy-and-chirag-shetty-are-heading-into-the-2024-olympics-with-the-enthusiasm-energy-and-experience-it-takes-to-bring-home-the-gold |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> His parents are Sujata and Chandrashekhar Shetty and his father is a [[hotelier]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In it together: The Shetty family |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/chirag-shetty-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-thailand-open-mens-doubles-title-family-feature/article28856044.ece |website=Sportstar |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101124809/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/chirag-shetty-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-thailand-open-mens-doubles-title-family-feature/article28856044.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/badminton/satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-profile-know-all-about-indias-reigning-world-number-1-badminton-doubles-pair-that-won-khel-ratna-award |title=Satwiksairaj Rankireddy-Chirag Shetty Profile: Know All About India's Reigning World Number 1 Badminton Doubles Pair That Won Khel Ratna Award |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513231757/https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/sports/badminton/satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-profile-know-all-about-indias-reigning-world-number-1-badminton-doubles-pair-that-won-khel-ratna-award |url-status=live }}</ref> He started training at the [[Uday Pawar]] Badminton Academy at the Goregaon Sports Club, but shifted to the [[Gopichand Badminton Academy]], [[Hyderabad]].

Shetty initially partnered with [[Arjun M. R.]], but was later paired with [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] by coach [[Tan Kim Her]] who felt that two tall, strong guys with skills could combine to become a formidable pair.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Chirag Shetty & Satwiksairaj Rankireddy became world No. 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/how-chirag-shetty-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-became-world-no-1-with-the-help-of-un-pushy-parents-and-clever-coaches-8974948/ |website=Sportstar |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
===2018===
In 2018, Shetty and Rankireddy played a crucial role in earning India a historic gold medal in the mixed team event at the [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2018 Commonwealth Games]], where they also won the [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|men's doubles]] silver.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAI recommends Satwiksairaj Rankireddy, Chirag Shetty and Sameer Verma for Arjuna Awards|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/bai-recommends-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-and-sameer-verma-for-arjuna-awards-1684777-2020-06-02|access-date=3 August 2021|website=India Today|date=2 June 2020 }}</ref> They won their first BWF World Tour title in [[2018 Hyderabad Open (badminton)|Hyderabad Open]] after beating the Indonesian pair of [[Akbar Bintang Cahyono]] and [[Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani]] in the final.<ref name="hyd18">{{cite web|title=Sameer, Satwik-Chirag crowned Hyderabad Open Champions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sameer-satwik-chirag-crowned-hyderabad-open-champions/articleshow/65744646.cms|access-date=9 September 2018|website=India Times|date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311002259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sameer-satwik-chirag-crowned-hyderabad-open-champions/articleshow/65744646.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2019===
In 2019, Shetty and Rankireddy became the first Indian doubles pair to win a [[BWF Superseries]] or [[BWF World Tour]] (Super 500+) title, when they won the [[2019 Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]] title, beating the Chinese pair of [[Li Junhui]] and [[Liu Yuchen]] in the final.<ref name="thao19">{{cite web|title=Thailand Open: Satwiksairaj Rankireddy, Chirag Shetty 1st Indian doubles pair to win Super 500 title|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/thailand-open-2019-badminton-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-winners-men-s-doubles-1st-indian-pair-defeats-world-champions-li-jun-hui-liu-yu-chen-1577076-2019-08-04|access-date=12 February 2022|website=India Today|date=4 August 2019 }}</ref> They followed it up with a runner-up finish at the [[2019 French Open (badminton)|French Open]], where they lost in the final to the world number 1 pairing of [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] and [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]].<ref name="fra19">{{cite web|title=French Open: Satwik and Chirag finish men's doubles runners-up after losing final to Sukamuljo-Fernaldi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/french-open-2019-final-satwiksairaj-chirag-shetty-lose-final-marcus-fernaldi-kevin-sukamuljo-1613289-2019-10-28|access-date=12 February 2022|website=India Today|date=28 October 2019 }}</ref>

===2021===
In 2021, Shetty and Rankireddy lost to the Indonesian duo of [[Mohammad Ahsan]] and [[Hendra Setiawan]] in the second round to crash out of the [[2020 Yonex Thailand Open]].<ref name="ythao20">{{Cite web|date=14 January 2021|title=Thailand Open: Satwiksairaj Rankireddy, Chirag Shetty crash out in 2nd round|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/thailand-open-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-crash-out-in-2nd-round-1758872-2021-01-14|access-date=29 July 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729085322/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/thailand-open-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-crash-out-in-2nd-round-1758872-2021-01-14|url-status=live}}</ref> In July, he and Rankireddy competed at the [[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2020 Summer Olympics]], but were eliminated in the group stage, following a loss to [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] and [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]]. However, they were the only pair in the entire tournament who defeated eventual gold medalists [[Lee Yang]] and [[Wang Chi-Lin]], whom they had narrowly beat in their first group stage encounter.<ref name="og20">{{cite web |title=Badminton - Shetty Chirag |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/badminton/athlete-profile-n1340146-shetty-chirag.htm |work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=26 March 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720121715/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/badminton/athlete-profile-n1340146-shetty-chirag.htm |archive-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> In December, Shetty and Rankireddy qualified for the [[2021 BWF World Tour Finals|BWF World Tour Finals]] for the first time in their career, but withdrew from the tournament after a loss in their first group stage match to the Danish pair of [[Kim Astrup]] and [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]].

===2022===
In 2022, Shetty and Rankireddy started the year by winning [[2022 India Open (badminton)|India Open]].<ref name="ind22">{{cite web|title=India Open: Lakshya, Satwik-Chirag duo lift titles|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/satwiksairaj-chirag-mens-doubles-title-lakshya-sen-india-open-2022/article38278105.ece|access-date=16 January 2022|work=The Hindu|date=16 January 2022 }}</ref> They were also part of India's [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|Thomas Cup]] winning team. In the final, having lost the first game to the Indonesian duo of Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo and Mohammad Ahsan, they displayed immense perseverance and tenacity to win the second game and close out the third game at 21–19, giving India a 2–0 lead over Indonesia. This was pivotal in helping India bag its maiden Thomas Cup trophy.<ref name="tc22">{{Cite web |author=Manne Ratnakar |date=15 May 2022 |title=India trounce Indonesia to clinch Thomas Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-trounce-indonesia-to-clinch-thomas-cup/articleshow/91579906.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517094432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-trounce-indonesia-to-clinch-thomas-cup/articleshow/91579906.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty and Rankireddy then won the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|men's doubles]] gold at the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]], beating the home pair of [[Ben Lane]] and [[Sean Vendy]] in the final.<ref name="cwg22">{{Cite web |author=Utathya Nag|date=8 August 2022 |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 badminton: Chirag Shetty-Satwiksairaj Rankireddy exorcise English demons to win gold medal at Birmingham |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2022-india-badminton-men-doubles-gold-medal-match-resultss |access-date=27 September 2022 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> At the [[2022 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles|BWF World Championships]], Shetty and Rankireddy won a bronze medal, India's first-ever men's doubles medal at the tournament. They beat defending champions [[Takuro Hoki]] and [[Yugo Kobayashi]] in the quarterfinals, but lost in the semi-finals to eventual champions [[Aaron Chia]] and [[Soh Wooi Yik]].<ref name="wc22">{{Cite web |author=Manne Ratnakar|date=28 August 2022 |title=BWF World Championships: Satwik-Chirag claim bronze |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/bwf-world-championships-satwik-chirag-claim-bronze/articleshow/93832278.cms |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Shetty and Rankireddy won the [[2022 French Open (badminton)|French Open]] making it their first Super 750 title in their career by beating [[Lu Ching-yao]] and [[Yang Po-han]] in the finals.<ref name="fra22">{{cite web |title=Satwiksairaj Rankireddy-Chirag Shetty win men's doubles title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/french-open-super-750-badminton-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-win-mens-doubles-title/article66075128.ece |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030191118/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/french-open-super-750-badminton-satwiksairaj-rankireddy-chirag-shetty-win-mens-doubles-title/article66075128.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2023===
In February, Shetty was a member of the Indian team which clinched the bronze medal at [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]. Shetty and Rankireddy won their first title as a pair in the [[2023 Swiss Open (badminton)]], beating [[Ren Xiangyu]] and [[Tan Qiang]] in the final. The duo also crowned as Asian Champion after winning the [[2023 Badminton Asia Championships]] held in Dubai. They won their first BWF World Tour Super 1000 title by defeating [[Aaron Chia]] and [[Soh Wooi Yik]] in the final of [[2023 Indonesia Open|Indonesia Open]], thus becoming the first men's doubles pair from India to win the event. The duo went on to win [[2023 Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]] defeating Indonesian Pair [[Fajar Alfian]] and [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]].

===2024===
Partnered with Rankireddy, he reached the final of Super 1000 event of [[2024 Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]] and lost to the Chinese pair of [[Liang Weikeng]] and [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]. Then they reached another final this year at [[2024 India Open (badminton)|India Open]] and again reached finals but lost to the Korean pair of [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang Min-hyuk]] and [[Seo Seung-jae]] in a tough game. Then they finally achieved success by winning their first tour of this year in Super 750 event of [[2024 French Open (badminton)|French Open]] defeating [[Lee Jhe-huei]] and [[Yang Po-hsuan]] in straight games easily.<ref name="fra24">{{cite web |title=French Open 2024 badminton: Chirag Shetty-Satwiksairaj Rankireddy win first title of the year |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/french-open-2024-badminton-india-men-doubles-final-results |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

At the [[2024 Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]], Shetty and Rankireddy suffered a first round exit to a Danish pair in straight games.

===2025===
Malaysian coach Tan Kim Her who identified and paired Shetty with Rankireddy returned as their coach again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Sabi |title=Exclusive: Coach Kim Her back in Indian badminton |work=The Times of India |date=14 November 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/exclusive-coach-kim-her-back-in-indian-badminton/articleshow/115280652.cms |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> In the [[2025 Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia]] and [[2025 India Open|India Open]], they reached the semi-finals.<ref name="ind25">{{cite news |last1=Pitts |first1=Andre |title=India Open 2025 badminton: Chirag Shetty-Satwiksairaj Rankireddy bow out in semi-finals |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-open-2025-badminton-men-doubles-semi-final-satwik-chirag-report |access-date=21 January 2025 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref><ref name="maso25">{{cite web |title=Malaysia Open 2025 badminton: India's campaign ends after Chirag Shetty-Satwiksairaj Rankireddy lose semi-finals |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/malaysia-open-2025-badminton-india-men-doubles-semi-finals-report |access-date=21 January 2025 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Award
! scope="col"|Category
! scope="col"|Result
! scope="col"|Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|rowspan=2|[[BWF Awards]]
|rowspan=2|Most Improved Players
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2019
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2020
|[[Arjuna Award]]
|Good Performance in the Field of Sports
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Satwiksairaj-Chirag motivated for Tokyo 2021 post Arjuna recognition|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/satwiksairaj-chirag-shetty-badminton-arjuna-awards-pullela-gopichand-academy/article32387173.ece|access-date=18 August 2020|website=Sportstar The Hindu|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819001132/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/satwiksairaj-chirag-shetty-badminton-arjuna-awards-pullela-gopichand-academy/article32387173.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Khel Ratna Award]]
|Spectacular Performance in the Field of Sports
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2023|title=Satwik-Chirag selected for Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award |language=en-IN |work=The Bridge |url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/satwik-chirag-selected-major-dhyan-chand-khel-ratna-award-45173 |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[BWF Awards]]
|Men's Doubles Pair of the Year
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2025
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Badminton Player of the Year Male
|{{tba}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title= TOISA 2024: Badminton Aces Among the Nominees|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/toisa-2024-badminton-aces-among-the-nominees/articleshow/118272687.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Achievements==
===World Championships===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 18–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2025 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Adidas Arena]], [[Paris]], France
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Boyang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yi (badminton)|Liu Yi]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 21–18, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

===Commonwealth Games===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Marcus Ellis]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Langridge]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles|2022]]
| align="left" | [[National Exhibition Centre]], [[Birmingham]], England
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

===Asian Games===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's doubles|2022]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, [[Hangzhou]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Sol-gyu]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

===Asian Championships===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#ECF2FF"
| align="center" | [[2023 Badminton Asia Championships#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | Sheikh Rashid Bin Hamdan Indoor Hall, [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 21–17, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

===World Tour (9 titles, 7 runners-up)===
The BWF World Tour was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> It is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]]. The tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 Hyderabad Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Hyderabad Open (badminton)|Hyderabad Open]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Akbar Bintang Cahyono]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Moh Reza Pahlevi Isfahani]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 Syed Modi International#Finals 3|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2019 Thailand Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2019]]
| align="left" | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Junhui]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuchen]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 18–21, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2019 French Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2019]]
| align="left" | [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]
| align="left" | Super 750
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 India Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2022]]
| align="left" | [[India Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 26–24
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 French Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2022]]
| align="left" | French Open
| align="left" | Super 750
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Swiss Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ren Xiangyu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 24–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Indonesia Open#Finals 3|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]
| align="left" | Super 1000
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]
| algin="left" | 21–17, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Korea Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} Fajar Alfian {{flagicon|INA}} Muhammad Rian Ardianto
| algin="left" | 17–21, 21–13, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 China Masters#Finals 3|2023]]
| align="left" | [[China Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 750
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]
| algin="left" | 19–21, 21–18, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Malaysia Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]]
| align="left" | Super 1000
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} Liang Weikeng {{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Chang
| align="left" | 21–9, 18–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 India Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2024]]
| align="left" | India Open
| align="left" | Super 750
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang Min-hyuk]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 11–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 French Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2024]]
| align="left" | French Open
| align="left" | Super 750
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Jhe-huei]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Thailand Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2024]]
| align="left" | Thailand Open
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Boyang]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yi (badminton)|Liu Yi]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" |[[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)#Finals 3|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} Liang Weikeng {{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Chang
| align="left" | 21–19, 14–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 China Masters#Finals 3|2025]]
| align="left" | China Masters
| align="left" | Super 750
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Won-ho]] {{flagicon|KOR}} Seo Seung-jae
| align="left" | 19–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

===International Challenge / Series (6 titles)===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | [[Mauritius International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Sharma]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | India International Series
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Izzuddin]]
| align="left" | 8–11, 11–5, 7–11, 11–8, 11–5
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | [[Tata Open India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramchandran Shlok]]
| align="left" | 10–12, 11–9, 11–7, 11–5
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | [[Bangladesh International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} M. Anilkumar Raju {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–7, 21–8
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Vietnam International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Trawut Potieng]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nanthakarn Yordphaisong]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–9, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Brazil International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jelle Maas]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Tabeling]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

===Junior International (3 titles, 3 runners-up)===
''Boys' doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2013
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Joshi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun George]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 12-21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun M. R.
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]]
| align="left" | 11–7, 11–10, 11-6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Belgian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun M. R.
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|Alexander Dunn]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Adam Hall (badminton)|Adam Hall]]
| align="left" | 9–11, 11–2, 11-7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Swiss Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun M. R.
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy]]
| align="left" | 11–7, 11–8, 11-7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruthi K. P.]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg]]
| align="left" | 8–11, 7–11, 11–5, 8-11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2015
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjana Santosh]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Andika Ramadiansyah]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Mychelle Crhystine Bandaso]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 19-21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

==Record against opponents==
Men's doubles results with [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semifinalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists. Accurate as of 21 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chirag Shetty's Profile – Head To Head |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&T1P2MemberID=70500 |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Players
! rowspan="2" | Matches
! colspan="2" | Results
! rowspan="2" | Difference
|-
! Won
! Lost
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Fu Haifeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liang Weikeng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Chang (badminton)|Wang Chang]]
| 11 || 3 || 8 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –5
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Junhui]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yuchen]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Cheng (badminton)|Liu Cheng]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang]]
| 2 || 1 || 1 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chen Hung-ling]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Chi-lin]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Yang]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Chi-lin]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Carsten Mogensen]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]]
| 10 || 4 || 6 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Marcus Ellis]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Langridge]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan]]
| 8 || 4 || 4 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Players
! rowspan="2" | Matches
! colspan="2" | Results
! rowspan="2" | Difference
|-
! Won
! Lost
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fajar Alfian]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Rian Ardianto]]
| 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]]
| 11 || 0 || 11 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –11
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuro Hoki]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yugo Kobayashi]]
| 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc"| +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroyuki Endo]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Watanabe (badminton)|Yuta Watanabe]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takeshi Kamura]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Keigo Sonoda]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –5
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ko Sung-hyun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Baek-cheol]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seo Seung-jae]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Min-hyuk (badminton)|Kang Min-hyuk]]
| 8 || 5 || 3 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Chia]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Soh Wooi Yik]]
| 16 || 5 || 11 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh V Shem]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Wee Kiong]]
| 2 || 0 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Ee Yi]]
| 10 || 7 || 3 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +4
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{BWFB|70500}}
* {{BWFT|987D11ED-7C07-49EF-88CA-A700436759B7}}
* {{Olympics.com}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{InterSportStats}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Badminton Doubles Men}}
{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Doubles Men}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{Badminton in India}}
{{Top ten badminton players|MD}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Chirag}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:World No. 1 badminton players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]

Bazooka

2026-02-06T14:26:46Z

IQOCharli56: expand references to improve readability

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Unguided man-portable recoilless antitank rocket}}
{{About|the weapon|the namesake musical instrument|bazooka (instrument)|other uses|bazooka (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
|name = Bazooka
|image = Soldier with Bazooka M1.jpg
|image_size = 300
|caption = M1 Bazooka
|origin = United States
|type = Recoilless rocket anti-tank weapon

|is_ranged = yes
|is_explosive =yes
|is_artillery =yes

|service = 1942–present{{fact|date=September 2024}}
|used_by = See {{section link||Users}}
|wars =
*[[World War II]]
*[[Chinese Civil War]]
*[[First Indochina War]]
*[[Korean War]]
*[[Algerian War]]
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Operation Vantage]]{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
*[[The Troubles]]
*[[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]
*[[Portuguese Colonial War]]
*[[Rhodesian Bush War]]
*[[Yom Kippur War]]<ref name ="israel"/>
*[[Lebanese Civil War]]
*[[Iran–Iraq War]]
*[[Falklands War]]
*[[South African Border War]]

|designer = [[Edward Uhl]]<ref name=UHL/>
|design_date = 1942
|manufacturer =
|production_date= June 1942 – May 1945 (2.36 inch Bazookas)
|number = {{ubl|112,790 (M1){{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=17}} |59,932 (M1A1){{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=19}} |6,087 (M9){{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=20}} |277,819 (M9A1){{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=20}} |Unknown (M20) |1,500 (M25){{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=29}}}}
|variants =

|weight =
|length =
|part_length =
|crew =

|cartridge =
|caliber =
|action =
|rate =
|velocity =
|range =
|max_range =
|feed =
|sights =

|breech =
|recoil =
|carriage =
|elevation =
|traverse =

|diameter =
|filling =
|filling_weight =
|detonation =
|yield =
}}

The '''bazooka''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|z|uː|k|ə}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/bazooka|title=bazooka noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes|website=Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary}}</ref> is a [[Man-portable anti-tank systems|man-portable]] recoilless [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank]] [[rocket launcher]] weapon, widely deployed by the [[United States Army]], especially during [[World War II]]. Also referred to as the "stovepipe", the innovative bazooka was among the first generation of [[rocket-propelled grenade|rocket-propelled]] anti-tank weapons used in [[infantry]] combat. Featuring a [[solid-propellant rocket]] for propulsion, it allowed for [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) [[shaped charge]] warheads to be delivered against [[Vehicle armour|armored vehicles]], [[machine gun]] nests, and fortified [[bunker]]s at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown [[grenade]] or [[land mine|mine]]. The universally applied nickname arose from the weapon's '''M1''' variant's vague resemblance to the musical instrument called a ''[[Bazooka (instrument)|bazooka]]'' invented and popularized by 1930s American comedian [[Bob Burns (humorist)|Bob Burns]].

During [[World War II]], the [[Nazi Germany|German]] armed forces captured several bazookas in early North African<ref name="MC 2008"/> and Eastern Front encounters and soon [[Reverse engineering|reverse engineered]] their own version,<ref name="MC 2008"/> increasing the warhead diameter to 8.8 cm (among other minor changes) and widely issuing it as the ''Raketenpanzerbüchse'' "[[Panzerschreck]]" ("rocket anti-armor rifle 'tank terror{{'"}}).<ref name="MC 2008"/> Near the end of the war, the Japanese developed a similar weapon, the [[Type 4 70 mm AT rocket launcher]], which featured a rocket-propelled grenade of a different design.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon L. |year=2014 |title=''Panzerfaust'' and ''Panzerschreck'' |isbn=978-1782007883 |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}</ref> During the [[Korean War]], the M1 and '''M9''' Bazooka series was replaced by the larger caliber '''M20 Super Bazooka'''.

The term "bazooka" still sees informal use as a [[generic trademark|generic term]]<ref name="gen">{{cite web |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/bazooka |title=Has bazooka become a generic trademark? |access-date=January 28, 2021 |website=genericides.org |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126121426/https://www.genericides.org/trademark/bazooka |url-status=live }}</ref> referring to any [[shoulder-fired missile|shoulder fired]] ground-to-ground/[[Man-portable air-defense system|ground-to-air]] missile weapon (mainly rocket-propelled grenade launchers or [[recoilless rifle]]s), and as an expression that ''heavy measures'' are being taken.<ref name="gen"/>

==Name==
The name "bazooka" comes from an extension of the word ''[[:wiktionary:bazoo|bazoo]]'', which is slang for "mouth" or "boastful talk", and which probably stems from the Dutch ''bazuin'' ([[buisine]], a medieval trumpet).<ref name="etymonline/bazooka">{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |title=bazooka : Etymology, origin and meaning |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bazooka |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=11 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=November 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122190337/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bazooka |url-status=live }}</ref> The word ''bazooka'' appears in the 1909 novel ''The Swoop, or how Clarence Saved England'' by [[P. G. Wodehouse]], describing the character Grand Duke Vodkakoff and a musical instrument used in music halls:{{citation needed|date=December 2020|reason=The word appears once, and the context makes it sound much more like a body part than a music hall instrument: ''the 'aughty kind of a feller who'd cleave you to the bazooka for tuppence with his bloomin' falchion'' https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7050/7050-h/7050-h.htm}} "I shouldn't 'arf wonder, from the look of him, if he wasn't the 'aughty kind of a feller who'd cleave you to the bazooka for [[Twopence (British pre-decimal coin)|tuppence]] with his bloomin' [[falchion]]."<ref name="gutenberg/7050">{{cite book |last1=Wodehouse |first1=P. G. (Pelham Grenville) |author1-link=P. G. Wodehouse |title=The Swoop! or, How Clarence Saved England: A Tale of the Great Invasion |date=1909 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7050 |access-date=11 February 2023 |language=English |quote=1 December 2004}}</ref>

During World War II, "bazooka" became the universally applied nickname of the new American [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-tank weapon]], due to its vague resemblance to the [[bazooka (instrument)|musical instrument]] invented and popularized by 1930s American comedian [[Bob Burns (humorist)|Bob Burns]].<ref>{{cite book|last=van der Sijs|first=Nicoline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIsDdUSYJMIC&pg=PA271|title=Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages|page=271|year=2009|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|via=[[Google Books]]|isbn=978-9-0896-4124-3|access-date=December 14, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=16}}

Shortly after the first prototype launcher and rockets had been tested by firing into the [[Potomac River]], U.S. Army colonel [[Leslie Skinner]], and Lieutenant Colonel [[Edward Uhl]] took the new system to a competitive trial of various types of [[Mortar (weapon)#Spigot mortar|spigot mortar]], at that time seen as the most promising way to deliver a shaped charge, which was held at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in May 1942. The new rocket launcher scored several hits on a moving tank while the five different mortars achieved none; this was a considerable achievement since the launcher's sights had been fabricated that morning from a wire [[clothes hanger]] bent with a broken nail.{{Sfn|Rottman|2012|p=27}} The trial was watched by various senior officers, among them the chief of research and engineering in the [[United States Army Ordnance Corps|Ordnance Department]], Major General [[Gladeon M. Barnes]]. Barnes was delighted by the performance of the system and fired it as well, but commented, "It sure looks like Bob Burns' bazooka."{{sfn|Hoffman|2011| pp= 77–78}}{{sfn|Rottman|2012|pp=14–15}}

==History==

===Design and development===
The development of the bazooka involved the development of two specific lines of technology: the rocket-powered weapon and the [[shaped charge]] warhead. It was also designed for easy maneuverability and access.

====World War I====
This rocket-powered weapon was the brainchild of [[Robert H. Goddard]] as a side project (under U.S. Army contract during World War I) of his work on rocket propulsion. Goddard, during his tenure at [[Clark University]], and while working at [[Worcester Polytechnic Institute]]'s magnetic lab and [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] (for security reasons), designed a tube-fired rocket for military use. He and his co-worker [[Clarence N. Hickman]] successfully demonstrated his rocket to the [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Signal Corps]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], Maryland, on November 6, 1918, but as the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Compiègne Armistice]] was signed only five days later, development was discontinued. The project was also interrupted by Goddard's serious bout with [[tuberculosis]]. He continued to be a part-time consultant to the U.S. government at [[Indian Head, Maryland]], until 1923, but turned his focus to other projects involving rocket propulsion. Hickman completed the development of the bazooka after becoming head of the [[National Defense Research Committee]] in the 1940s, where he guided rocket development for the war effort.<ref name="gruntman">{{cite book |title=Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry |author=Mike Gruntman |author-link=Mike Gruntman |date=July 30, 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XY9KXxF8OEC&pg=PA178|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics & Ast |page=178 |isbn=978-1563477058}}</ref>

====Shaped charge development====
[[Shaped charge]] technology was developed in the U.S. into a shaped charge [[anti-tank grenade]] for use by infantry, effective at defeating up to 60 mm (2.4 in) of [[vehicle armor]]. The grenade was standardized as the M10. However, the M10 grenade weighed 3.5 lb (1.6 kg), proving difficult to throw by hand and too heavy to be launched as a [[rifle grenade]]. The only practical way to use the weapon was for an infantryman to place it directly on the tank, a dangerous and unlikely means of delivery in most combat situations. A smaller, less powerful, version of the M10, the [[M9 rifle grenade|M9]], was then developed, which could be fired from a rifle. This resulted in the creation of a series of rifle grenade launchers, the M1 ([[M1903 Springfield|Springfield M1903]]), the M2 ([[M1917 Enfield|Enfield M1917]]), the [[M7 grenade launcher|M7]] ([[M1 Garand]]), and the M8 ([[M1 carbine]]). However, a truly capable anti-tank weapon had yet to be found, and following the lead of other countries at the time, the U.S. Army prepared to evaluate competing designs for a more effective man-portable anti-tank weapon.<ref name="Bayonet Strength">{{cite web |website=Bayonet Strength |title=Infantry Anti-Tank Weapons |url-status= dead |url=http://www.bayonetstrength.150m.com/Weapons/infantryantitank/infantry_anti_tank_weapons.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731165237/http://www.bayonetstrength.150m.com/Weapons/infantryantitank/infantry_anti_tank_weapons.htm |archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref>{{Sfn|Green|Green|2000|pp=36–37}} The combination of rocket motor and shaped charge warhead led to the Army's development of light antitank weapons.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |title=US Anti-tank Artillery 1941–45 |place=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=2005 |page=8 |series=New vanguard |volume=107 |isbn=9781841766904}}</ref>

====Rocket-borne shaped charge weapons development====
[[File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14569350208).jpg|thumb|A prototype of the world's first "tube-type rocket-propelled grenade launcher", the grip part of the "Original Bazooka" is marked "May 1942" and is signed by the development team including Hickman, Skinner, and Uhl]]

In 1942, U.S. Army Colonel [[Leslie Skinner]] received the M10 shaped-charge grenade which was capable of stopping German tanks. He gave Lieutenant [[Edward Uhl]] the task of creating a delivery system for the grenade. Uhl created a small rocket, but needed to protect the operator from the rocket motor's exhaust. According to Uhl:

{{blockquote|I was walking by this scrap pile, and there was a tube that... happened to be the same size as the grenade that we were turning into a rocket. I said, That's the answer! Put the tube on a soldier's shoulder with the rocket inside, and away it goes.<ref name=UHL>{{Cite magazine |last=Scales |first=Robert |date=May 31, 2010 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1990849,00.html |title=Edward Uhl |magazine=Time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523162739/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1990849,00.html |archive-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref>}}

[[File:Bazookasmithsonian.jpg|thumb|An M1 Bazooka with M6A1 and M6A3 rockets]]

At the launcher's first firing test, Uhl wore a [[welding helmet]], but discovered that there was not enough exhaust from the rocket to require protective equipment. The prototype launcher was demonstrated in May 1942 at a competitive trial of various types of [[spigot mortar]]s at Aberdeen Proving Ground. On the morning of the trial Skinner and Uhl realised that the launcher had no sights, so they improvised some from a wire coathanger; despite this, it was the only weapon in the trial to be able to hit a moving tank. This led to the launcher being demonstrated to General [[George C. Marshall]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], who ordered 5,000 units on the spot.{{sfn|Hoffman|2011|pp=76-78}} By late 1942, the improved ''Rocket launcher, M1A1'' was introduced. The forward hand grip was deleted, and the design simplified. The production M1A1 was 55 inches (1.37 m) long and weighed 12.75 pounds (5.8 kg).

The ammunition for the original M1 launcher was the M6 ("trials" code: T1), which was notoriously unreliable. The M6 was improved and designated ''M6A1'', and the new ammunition was issued with the improved M1A1 launcher. After the M6, several alternative warheads were introduced. Many older M1 launchers were modified to M1A1 standards in July and August 1943. Batches of M6 rockets designated ''M6A2'' were overhauled with the latest ignition systems and had been modified to be able to be fired from the upgraded M1 launchers.{{sfn|Zaloga|2016|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} The M6A3 rocket featured a blunt, rounded nose to lessen the chances of it ricocheting off angled armor. The M6A3 was meant to be fired from the M9, and later M9A1, launchers. Late in World War II, the M6A4 and M6A5 rockets with improved fuses were developed. These rockets arrived too late to see service during the war, but were used post-war.

The 2.36 inch (60 mm) smoke rocket M10 and its improved subvariants (M10A1, M10A2, M10A4) used the rocket motor and fin assembly of the M6A1, but replaced the anti-tank warhead with a [[white phosphorus munitions|white phosphorus]] (WP) smoke head. WP smoke not only acts as a visibility screen, but its burning particles can cause severe injuries to skin. The M10 was therefore used to mark targets, to blind enemy gunners or vehicle drivers, or to drive troops out of bunkers and dugouts.<ref>{{Citation |last=Smith |first=Carl |title=US Paratrooper, 1941–45 |publisher=Osprey |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85532-842-6 |page=63}}.</ref> The 2.36-inch incendiary rocket T31 was an M10 variant with an incendiary warhead designed to ignite fires in enemy-held structures and unarmored vehicles, or to destroy combustible supplies, ammunition, and [[materiel]]; it was not often utilized.

The original M1 and M1A1 rocket launchers were equipped with simple fixed sights and used launch tubes without reinforcements. During the war, the M1A1 received a number of running modifications. The battery specification was changed to a larger, standard battery cell size, resulting in complaints of batteries getting stuck in the wood shoulder rest (the compartment was later reamed out to accommodate the larger cells).{{Sfn|Dunlap|1948|pp=304–305}} The M1 and M1A1 used rear iron sights and front rectangular "ladder" sights positioned at the muzzles. The vertical sides of the ladder sight were inscribed with graduations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 yards, with the user elevating the bazooka so the rear sight lined up with the selected "rung" on the front sight. On the M9, the ladder sight was replaced by the General Electric T43 aperture sight. Ranging was accomplished by looking through the rear sight's peep hole while rotating the assembly (which had graduations of 100, 200, and 300 yards) so it lined up with the blade positioned at the muzzle. In September 1944, during the production of the M9A1, the T43 sight was replaced by the Polaroid T90 optical reflector sight, which used an etched [[reticle]] for aiming. The T43 and T90 sights were interchangeable.{{sfn|Zaloga|2016|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} Various types of blast deflectors were tried, and an additional strap iron shoulder brace was fitted to the M9 launcher.

The bazooka required special care when used in tropical or arctic climates or in severe dust or sand conditions. Rockets were not to be fired at temperatures below 0 °F or above 120 °F (−18 °C to +49 °C).<ref name="tm9294">{{Citation |publisher=US War Department |url=http://www.lonesentry.com/manuals/bazooka/ |title=TM 9-294: 2.36-inch A.T. Rocket Launcher M1A1 |date=September 1943 |access-date=April 5, 2010 |archive-date=April 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405213412/http://www.lonesentry.com/manuals/bazooka/ |url-status=live }}.</ref>

====Field experience-induced changes====
In 1943, field reports of rockets sticking and prematurely detonating in M1A1 launch tubes were received by Army Ordnance at Ogden Arsenal and other production facilities. At the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Grounds, various metal collars and wire wrapping were used on the sheet metal launch tube in an effort to reinforce it. However, reports of premature detonation continued until the development of bore slug [[Go/no go gauge|test gauges]] to ensure that the rocket did not catch inside the launch tube.<ref>{{Citation |last=Keith |first=Elmer |title=Hell, I Was There |publisher=Petersen Publishing |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8227-3014-9 |pages=184–91}}.</ref>

The original M6 and M6A1 rockets used in the M1 and M1A1 launchers had pointed noses, which were found to cause [[Deflection (ballistics)|deflection]] from the target at low impact angles. In late 1943, another 2.36-in rocket type was adopted, the M6A3, for use with the newly standardized M9 rocket launcher.<ref name="Bayonet Strength"/> The M6A3 was 19.4 inches (493 mm) long, and weighed 3.38 lb (1.53 kg). It had a blunted, more round nose to improve target effect at low angles, and a new circular fin assembly to improve flight stability. The M6A3 was capable of penetrating {{convert|3.5|-|4|in}} of armor plate.

Battery problems in the early bazookas eventually resulted in replacement of the battery-powered ignition system with a [[ignition magneto|magneto sparker system]] operated through the trigger. A trigger safety was incorporated into the design that isolated the magneto, preventing misfires that could occur when the trigger was released and the stored charge prematurely fired the rocket. The final major change was the division of the launch tube into two discrete sections, with bayonet-joint attachments. This was done to make the weapon more convenient to carry, particularly for use by airborne forces. The final two-piece launcher was standardized as the M9A1. In September 1944, the fragile folding aperture sight was replaced by a Polaroid optical reflector sight.{{sfn|Zaloga|2016|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} However, the long list of incorporated modifications increased the launcher's tube length to 61 inches (1.55 m), with an overall empty weight of 14.3 lb (6.5 kg). From its original conception as a relatively light, handy, and disposable weapon, the final M9A1 launcher had become a heavy, clumsy, and relatively complex piece of equipment.{{Sfn |Dunlap |1948 |pp=304}}{{dubious|date=March 2017}}

In October 1944, after receiving reports of inadequate combat effect of the M1A1 and M9 launchers and their M6A1 rockets, and after examining captured examples of the German 8.8 cm RPzB 43 and RPzB 54 [[Panzerschreck]], the U.S. Ordnance Corps began development on a new, more powerful anti-tank rocket launcher, the 3.5-inch (90 mm) M20. However, the weapon's design was not completed until after the war and saw no action against an enemy until the Korean War.{{Sfn |Green |Green |2000 |pp=38–39}}

In 1945, the U.S. Army's [[Chemical Corps (United States Army)|Chemical Warfare Service]] standardized improved chemical warfare rockets intended for the new M9 and M9A1 launchers, the Army adopted the M26 gas rocket, a [[cyanogen chloride]] (CK)-filled warhead for the 2.36-in rocket launcher.<ref name="Smart, Jeffrey 1997 p. 40">{{Citation |last=Smart |first=Jeffrey |title=History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective |chapter=2 |place=Aberdeen, MD, United States |publisher=Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command |year=1997 |page=40}}.</ref> CK, a deadly blood agent, was capable of penetrating the protective filter barriers in some gas masks,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750039.html|title=CDC – The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Systemic Agent: CYANOGEN CHLORIDE (CK) – NIOSH|date=September 27, 2018|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=March 13, 2020|archive-date=December 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216102845/https://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750039.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was seen as an effective agent against Japanese forces (particularly those hiding in caves or bunkers), whose gas masks lacked the impregnants that would provide protection against the chemical reaction of CK.<ref name="Smart, Jeffrey 1997 p. 40"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Field Manual 3–5 |contribution=Characteristics and Employment of Ground Chemical Munitions |place=Washington, DC |publisher=War Department |year=1946 |pages=108–19}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Skates |first=John R |title=The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57003-354-4 |pages=93–96}}</ref> While stockpiled in US inventory, the CK rocket was never deployed or issued to combat personnel.<ref name="Smart, Jeffrey 1997 p. 40"/>

====Aviation use====
During [[Operation Overlord]], the [[Piper J-3 Cub#Operational history|L-4 Grasshopper]], a slow monoplane, began to be used in a light anti-armor role by a few U.S. Army artillery spotter units over France; these aircraft were field-outfitted with either two or four bazookas attached to the [[lift strut]]s.<ref name="Francis, Devon E. 1973 p. 117"/> Upon arriving [[Operation Overlord|in France in 1944]], Major [[Charles Carpenter (pilot)|Charles Carpenter]], an Army aviator flying liaison and spotter light planes, was issued a new L-4H version during the concluding stages of Overlord, taking this "light attack" role against German armor by himself. With a 150-pound pilot and no radio aboard, the L-4H had a combined cargo and passenger weight capacity of approximately 232 pounds.<ref>''[http://www.pipercubforum.com/balance.htm Piper Cub Weight & Balance Calculation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001903/http://www.pipercubforum.com/balance.htm |date=May 21, 2017 }}'', retrieved October 24, 2011</ref><ref name="MtgBf">Fountain, Paul, ''The Maytag Messerschmitts'', Flying Magazine, March 1945, p. 90.</ref> This margin allowed him to eventually mount a total of six Bazookas, three per side on the lift struts as other L-4s had done.<ref name="Francis, Devon E. 1973 p. 117">{{cite book|last=Francis|first= Devon E.|title=Mr. Piper and His Cubs|publisher= Iowa State University Press|isbn= 9780813812502 |year=1973|page= 117}}.</ref><ref name="PM_PCtankbuster">{{cite magazine |title=Piper Cub Tank Buster |date=February 1945 |journal=[[Popular Science]] |location=New York |publisher=Popular Science Publishing Company |volume=146 |number=2 |page=84 |issn=0161-7370}}</ref>

Within a few weeks, Carpenter was credited with knocking out a German armored car and four tanks. Carpenter's plane was known as "Rosie the Rocketer," and his exploits were soon featured in press accounts. During the critical late-September [[Battle of Arracourt]], Carpenter managed to disable several German armored cars and two [[Panther tank]]s, along with killing or wounding a dozen or more enemy soldiers.<ref name="MtgBf"/><ref>''Puddle-Jumped Panzers'', Newsweek, Newsweek Inc., Vol. 24, Part 2 (October 2, 1944), p. 31.</ref> {{dubious|date=March 2017}}

In the opening months of the [[Korean War]], in August 1950, a joint U.S. Navy and Marine Corps test used a newly acquired [[Bell H-13 Sioux|Bell HTL-4]] helicopter to test if a bazooka could be fired from a helicopter in flight. One of the larger, 3.5 inch, models of the bazooka was chosen, and was mounted ahead and to the right of the helicopter to allow the door to remain clear. The bazooka was successfully tested, although it was discovered that it would require shielding for the engine compartment, which was exposed in the model 47 and other early helicopters. The helicopter itself belonged to HMX-1, a marine experimental helicopter squadron.<ref>''Helicopter Gunships: Deadly Combat Weapon Systems'', Wayne Mutza, pp. 13–14.</ref>

===Operational use===

====World War II====
[[File:American soldier with M1A1 Bazooka on 23 August 1944 near Fontainebleau, France, from- American Troops near Fontainebleau NARA 111-SC-193562cropped (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|American soldier with an M1A1 Bazooka on August 23, 1944, near Fontainebleau, France]]

In September 1942, a consignment of 600 M1 Bazookas was shipped to Egypt for use by the British Army in the [[Western Desert campaign]]. In a demonstration to British commanders, a bazooka penetrated the frontal armor of a captured [[Panzer III]]; however it was decided that the desert terrain lacked the concealment required for such a short range weapon and it was not deployed in that theater.{{Sfn|Mayo|1968|p=31}} In November 1942 during [[Operation Torch]], early production versions of the M1 launcher and M6 rocket were hastily supplied to some of the U.S. invasion forces during the landings in [[North Africa]]. On the night before the landings, General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was shocked to learn from a subordinate that none of his troops had received any instruction in the use of the bazooka.{{Sfn|Green|Green|2000|p=38}}

Initially supplied with the highly unreliable M6 rocket and without training for its operators, the M1 did not play a significant armed role in combat in the North African fighting,{{Sfn|Green|Green|2000 |pp=38–39}} but did provide a German intelligence coup<ref name="MC 2008"/> when some were captured by the Germans in early encounters with inexperienced U.S. troops. An American general visiting the Tunisian front in 1943 after the close of combat operations could not find any soldiers who could report that the weapon had actually stopped an enemy tank.{{Sfn|Green |Green|2000|pp=38–39}} Further issue of the Bazooka was suspended in May 1943.

[[File:Luccaitaly1944.png|thumb|left|A U.S. soldier fires an M9 Bazooka at a German machine gun nest, [[Lucca]] 1944]]

During the Allied invasion of Sicily, small numbers of the M1A1 Bazooka (using an improved rocket, the M6A1) were used in combat by U.S. forces. The M1A1 accounted for four medium German tanks and a heavy [[Tiger I]], with the latter being knocked out by an improbable hit through the driver's vision slot.{{Sfn |Green |Green |2000 |pp=38–39}}

When the existence of the bazooka was revealed to the American public, official press releases for the first two years stated that it "packed the wallop of a 155 mm cannon"—a great exaggeration.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Popular Mechanics |date=January 1944|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=64}}</ref>

In late 1942, numbers of early-production American M1 Bazookas were captured by German troops from Red Army forces who had been given quantities under [[Lend-Lease]]. There were also examples captured during the Operation Torch invasions in the North African Campaign.<ref name="MC 2008"/> The Germans promptly developed their own version of the weapon called the ''Panzerschreck'', increasing the diameter of the warhead from 60 mm to 88 mm (2.4 to 3.5 in), which as a result, gave it significantly greater armor penetration. During U.S. trials of the M1, calls for a larger-diameter warhead had also been raised by some ordnance officers but were rejected. Later in the war, after participating in an armor penetration test involving a German Panther tank using both the ''Raketenpanzerbüchse'', or RPzB 54 ''Panzerschreck'' and the U.S. M9 Bazooka, Corporal Donald E. Lewis of the U.S. Army informed his superiors that the ''Panzerschreck'' was "far superior to the American Bazooka": 'I was so favorably impressed [by the ''Panzerschreck''] I was ready to take after the Krauts with their own weapon.'{{Sfn |Green |Green |2000 |p=39}}


The M1 Bazooka fared much better on the rare occasions when it could be used against the much thinner armor typically fitted to the lower sides, undersides, and tops of enemy tanks. To hit the bottom of an enemy tank, the bazooka operator had to wait until the tank was surmounting a steep hill or other obstruction, while hitting the top armor usually necessitated firing the rocket from the upper story of a building or a similar, elevated, position. Even the heavy [[Tiger II|King Tiger]] tank only possessed hull and turret top armor of [[Tiger II#Specifications|44 mm]] ({{fraction|1|3|4}} in) thickness at best, which the bazooka's shaped-charge rocket could pierce. During the 1944 Allied offensive in France, when some liaison aircraft with the U.S. Army began to be experimentally field-armed, and were already flying with pairs or quartets of the American ordnance<ref name="Francis, Devon E. 1973 p. 117"/>—and most notably used during the [[Battle of Arracourt#Battle|Battle of Arracourt]]—Major Charles "Bazooka Charlie" Carpenter mounted a battery of three M9 Bazookas on the [[Lift strut|wing-to-fuselage struts]] on each side of his [[L-4 Grasshopper]] aircraft to [[Plunging fire|attack top enemy armor]], and was credited with destroying six enemy tanks, including two Tiger I heavy tanks.<ref name="PM_PCtankbuster"/><ref>{{Citation |last=Carpenter |first=Leland F |url=http://www.aero-web.org/specs/piper/l-4j.htm |contribution=Piper L-4J Grasshopper |title=Aviation Enthusiast Corner |access-date=October 21, 2011 |publisher=Aero Web |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904052344/http://www.aero-web.org/specs/piper/l-4j.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011}}.</ref> In the hands of American infantry the bazooka still enjoyed rare successes against heavy Nazi armored fighting vehicles. In 1945, during the failed German [[Operation Nordwind]] offensive, a bazooka team managed the unlikely achievement of destroying a [[Jagdtiger]] heavy tank destroyer, the most heavily armored fighting vehicle of World War II. The team managed to do this by positioning themselves to get a shot at the massive vehicle's thinner side armor, scoring a direct hit on the ammunition bustle and causing a [[catastrophic kill]]. This incident shows that when correctly aimed at vulnerable points on vehicles the bazooka could still be effective against even the best-protected of armored vehicles, though it required significant skill to accomplish.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiley |first1=David |title=Tank Chats: Jagdtiger |date=June 14, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv9QAXPJVSc&t=905s |via=YouTube |publisher=The Tank Museum |access-date=August 10, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/xv9QAXPJVSc}}{{cbignore}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624012323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv9QAXPJVSc&gl=US&hl=en |date=2019-06-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-708-0299-06, Russland-Süd, Soldaten, Sturmgeschütz III.jpg|thumb|right|A German [[StuG III]] with ''Schürzen'' armor skirts]]

In a letter dated May 20, 1944, General [[George S. Patton]] stated to a colleague that "the purpose of the Bazooka is not to hunt tanks offensively, but to be used as a last resort in keeping tanks from overrunning infantry. To insure this, the range should be held to around 30 yards."{{Sfn|Green|Green|2000|pp=38–39}}

In the Pacific campaign, as in North Africa, the original bazookas sent to combat often had reliability issues. The battery-operated firing circuit was easily damaged during rough handling, and the rocket motors often failed because of high temperatures and exposure to moisture, salt air, or humidity. With the introduction of the M1A1 and its more reliable rocket ammunition, the bazooka was effective against some fixed Japanese infantry emplacements such as small concrete bunkers and [[Pillbox (military)|pillboxes]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Rottman |first=Gordon L |title=US Airborne Units in the Pacific Theater 1942–45 |publisher=Osprey |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84603-128-1 |page=43}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Harclerode |first=Peter |title=Wings of War–Airborne Warfare 1918–1945 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2005 |isbn=0-304-36730-3 |pages=332–33}}.</ref> Against coconut and sand emplacements, the weapon was not always effective, as these softer structures often reduced the force of the warhead's impact enough to prevent detonation of the explosive charge.{{Sfn |Kleber |Birdsell |2001 |pp=549–54}} Later in the Pacific war, Army and Marine units often used the [[M2 flamethrower]] to attack such emplacements.{{Sfn |Kleber |Birdsell |2001 |pp=549–54}} In the few instances in the Pacific where the bazooka was used against tanks and armored vehicles, the rocket's warhead easily penetrated the thin armor used by the Japanese and destroyed the vehicle.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Green |first1=Michael |last2=Stewart |first2=Greg |title=Weapons of the Modern Marines |publisher=Zenith Imprint Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7603-1697-9 |page=45}}.</ref> Overall, the M1A1, M9, and M9A1 rocket launchers were viewed as useful and effective weapons during World War II, though they had been primarily employed against enemy emplacements and fixed fortifications, not as anti-tank weapons.{{Sfn|Green|Green|2000|p=39}} General Dwight Eisenhower later described it as one of the four "tools of victory" which won World War II for the Allies (together with the [[atom bomb]], [[Willys MB|Jeep]] and the [[C-47 Skytrain]] transport aircraft).<ref>{{cite web |title=The US Forces included Navy, Army, Army Air Force and Marine Corps |publisher=Digger history |url=http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-uniforms/usa.htm |access-date=November 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014023/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-uniforms/usa.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Douglas VC-47A Skytrain DC-3 |work=Aircraft |publisher=March field |url-status=dead |url=http://www.marchfield.org/vc47a.htm |access-date=November 19, 2008 |archive-date=December 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203114143/http://www.marchfield.org/vc47a.htm}}</ref>

During the war, bazookas were provided by Lend-Lease to the United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada, China, and [[Free French]] forces as well as the [[Soviet Union]]. Some were supplied to French ''[[Maquis (World War II)|maquis]]'' and [[Yugoslav partisans]].{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=38}}

====Korean War====
[[File:Bazooka rocket.jpg|thumbnail|A 3.5 inch Bazooka rocket—loader training projectile|right]]
The success of the more powerful German ''Panzerschreck'' caused the bazooka to be completely redesigned at the close of World War II. A larger, 3.5 in (89 mm) model was adopted, the M20 "Super Bazooka". Though bearing a superficial resemblance to the ''Panzerschreck'', the M20 had greater effective range and penetrating capability and was nearly 20% lighter than its German counterpart. The M20 weighed 14.3 pounds (6.5 kg) and fired a hollow shaped-charge 9 lb (4 kg) M28A2 HEAT rocket when used in an anti-tank role. It was also operated by a two-man team and had a rate of fire of six shots per minute. As with its predecessor, the M20 could also fire rockets with either practice (M29A2) or WP smoke (T127E3/M30) warheads. Having learned from experience of the sensitivity of the bazooka and its ammunition to moisture and harsh environments, the ammunition for the new weapon was packaged in moisture-resistant packaging, and the M20's field manual contained extensive instructions on launcher lubrication and maintenance, as well as storage of rocket ammunition.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Department of the Army |type=technical manual |title=TM 9-297, 3.5-inch Rocket Launchers M20 and M20B1 |date=August 10, 1950 |pages=31–35, 86–88}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |publisher=Department of the Army |type=technical manual |title=TM 9-1055-201-12, Launcher, Rocket, 3.5-in M20A1 and M20A1 B1 |place=Washington, DC |date=August 1968 |page=39}}.</ref> When prepared for shipment from the arsenal, the weapon was protected by antifungal coatings over all electrical contacts, in addition to a [[cosmoline]] coating in the hand-operated magneto that ignited the rocket. Upon issue, these coatings were removed with solvent to ready the M20 for actual firing. However, budget cutbacks initiated by Secretary of Defense [[Louis A. Johnson]] in the years following World War II effectively canceled the intended widespread issue of the M20, and initial U.S. forces deploying to Korea were armed solely with the M9/M9A1 2.36-in. launcher and old stockpiled World War II inventories of M6A3 rocket ammunition.

At the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], the South Korean military had 1,958 M9A1 rocket launchers that were given by the U.S. Forces Korea during the withdrawal in 1948 to 1949, the only anti-tank firearms that the South Koreans had secured in sufficient quantities. However, the 2.36-inch rocket launcher could not penetrate the front armor of [[T-34-85]]s, which were the biggest threat. The South Koreans responded by firing rockets into the side, rear, or tracks through ambushes, but they did not have much effect.<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations">{{Cite book |last=Bak |first=Dongchan |url=http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |title=Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History |date=March 2021 |isbn=979-11-5598-079-8 |location=Republic of Korea |pages=66–70 |language=Korean |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170621/http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the same time, the U.S. military dispatched its first troops to the Korean Peninsula without trusting reports that a 2.36-inch rocket could not destroy North Korean tanks. On July 5, 1950, during the [[Battle of Osan]], [[Battle of Osan#Task Force Smith|Task Force Smith]] tried to stop North Korean tanks with 2.36-inch rocket launchers and 75 mm recoilless rifles but was overrun by 33 T-34-85s. One of the North Korean T-34s received a total of 22 shots on the side and rear at about 10 meters in distance, but survived.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fukumitsu |first=Keith K |title=No More Task Force Smiths |journal=Professional Bulletin |publisher=Army |place=US |url=http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/oqmg/professional_bulletin/1996/Spring/tfsmith.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011100243/http://www.quartermaster.army.mil/oqmg/professional_bulletin/1996/Spring/tfsmith.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=[[Talk:Battle of Osan#Task Force Smiths letter to President Reagan|To President Reagan on failure of 2.36 inch Bazooka]] |author=former members of Task Force Smith |year=1985 |type=letter}}.</ref><ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/>

On July 8, Colonel [[Robert R. Martin]], commander of the [[34th Infantry Regiment (United States)|34th Regiment]] of the [[24th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 24th Infantry Division]], was killed while operating a 2.36-inch rocket launcher to prevent North Korean tanks from advancing.<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/> Additionally, ordnance authorities received numerous combat reports regarding the failure of the M6A3 warhead to properly detonate upon impact, eventually traced to inventories of rocket ammunition that had deteriorated from numerous years of storage in humid or salt air environments. Therefore, the U.S. Army immediately airlifted a small number of available M20 Super Bazookas from the U.S. mainland. The rockets were deployed during the [[Battle of Taejon]] on July 18, and proved their power by destroying a number of North Korean tanks that entered the city on July 20. As a result, the U.S. Army rushed to secure more M20 rockets and was able to hold more than 900 Super Bazookas during the [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter]]. The South Korean military also began receiving the M20 in early August, and successfully destroyed four tanks with M20s during their first usage on August 9.<ref>{{Citation |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953 |place=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2003 |isbn=1-59114-075-7}}.</ref><ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/>

Large numbers of 2.36-inch bazookas that were captured during the [[Chinese Civil War]] were employed by the Chinese forces against the American Sherman and Patton tanks,<ref name=appleman17_18>{{cite book |last=Appleman |first=Roy |year=1989 |title=Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur |publisher=Texas A and M University |series=Military History |volume=11 |location=College Station, Texas |isbn=978-1-60344-128-5 |pages=17–18, 118, 188, 120, 190}}</ref> and the Chinese later reverse engineered and produced a copy of the M20 designated the ''Type 51''.<ref>{{Citation |first=Denis HR |last=Archer |publisher=Jane |title=Infantry Weapons |year=1976 |page=572 |isbn=0-531-03255-8}}.</ref> It is considered that the Communist-used bazookas destroyed more tanks than the UN bazookas did.<ref name="Korea">{{cite book|last=Rottman|first=Gordon L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpOp2OO1-DAC&pg=PA199|title=Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950–1953|date=December 2002|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-97835-8|page=199}}</ref>

====Vietnam War====
The M20 was used in the early stages of the war in Vietnam by the U.S. Marines before gradually being phased out by the mid-1960s in favor of the [[M67 recoilless rifle]] and later, the [[M72 LAW]] rocket. The U.S. Army also used it in lesser quantity. While occasions to destroy enemy armored vehicles proved exceedingly rare, it was employed against enemy fortifications and emplacements with success.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=69}} The M20 remained in service with South Vietnamese and indigenous forces until the late 1960s.<ref name="Vietnam">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Rockets and Rocket Launchers|first=David T. |last=Zabecki|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |edition=2nd|editor-first= Spencer C.|editor-last= Tucker|isbn=978-1-85109-960-3|date=May 2011|page=987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC}}</ref>

The Vietnam People's Army also developed their own bazooka under the management of [[Tran Dai Nghia]]. It was successfully test-fired in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kỷ niệm 100 năm ngày sinh của cố GS. VS Trần Đại Nghĩa (100th birth anniversary of the late Professor. VS Tran Dai Nghia)|date=September 13, 2013|language=vi|publisher=Báo điện tử Quân đội nhân dân (People's Army Newspaper Online) |url=http://www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/vi-vn/75/72/10/52/52/262192/Default.aspx |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925204601/http://www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/vi-vn/75/72/10/52/52/262192/Default.aspx |archive-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Phunutoday">{{Cite news |title=Chuyện chưa kể về Giáo sư Viện sĩ Trần Đại Nghĩa (The Untold Story of Academician Prof. Tran Dai Nghia) |date=January 24, 2012 |language=vi |work=Phunutoday |url=http://phunutoday.vn/blog-nguoi-noi-tieng/chuyen-chua-ke-ve-giao-su-vien-si-tran-dai-nghia-10708.html |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928201048/http://phunutoday.vn//blog-nguoi-noi-tieng/chuyen-chua-ke-ve-giao-su-vien-si-tran-dai-nghia-10708.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The anti-French [[Viet Minh]] received Chinese Type 51 bazookas. They were used by the [[Viet Cong]] as late as 1964.<ref name="Vietnam"/>

====Other conflicts====
The [[Portuguese Armed Forces]] used quantities of M9A1 and M20 rocket launchers in their overseas provinces in Africa against Marxist guerrilla forces during the [[Portuguese Overseas War]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The French Army also used the M9A1 and M20A1 launchers in various campaigns in [[Indochina]],{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=70}} [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Le bataillon de Corée (1950/1953)|url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-227-novembre-1992/page-14-15-texte-integral|first=Michel|last=Rossi|issue=227|date=November 1992|pages=10–15|magazine=La Gazette des Armes|language=fr|access-date=December 11, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521133504/http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-227-novembre-1992/page-14-15-texte-integral|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Algeria]]. The M20A1 was replaced in the 1970s by the [[LRAC F1]].{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=70}} [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] armies also used the M20 and M20A1 under the name '''M20 Mk I''' and '''M20 Mk II'''. They were used until their replacement by the [[Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle|Carl Gustav L14A1]]. For instance, British Army used Super Bazookas during the [[Operation Vantage]].{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}} The [[Argentine Army]] fielded M20s during the [[Falklands War]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Argentine Forces in the Falklands|series=Men-at-Arms 250|author=Nick van der Bijl |date=July 30, 1992|isbn=9781855322271 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=14}}</ref>

==Variants==
=== Rocket launcher, M1 "Bazooka" ===
* First issued June 14, 1942; designed by Capt. L.A. Skinner
* Used the M6 HEAT and M7 training practice rockets (60 mm warhead)
* Can penetrate up to 3 inches (76 mm) of armor{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
* Velocity of {{convert|265|ft/s|m/s mph|abbr=on}}
* Overall length: {{convert|54 |in|m|abbr=on}}.
* Weight (unloaded): {{convert|18|lb|abbr=on}}.

===Rocket launcher, M1A1 "Bazooka"===

* Improved electrical system
* Simplified design
* Used the M6A1 HEAT and M7A1 practice rockets. Could use the improved M6A3 HEAT, M7A3 practice, and M10 bursting smoke (white phosphorus) rockets.
* Forward hand grip removed
* Contact box removed
* Supplanted the M1 in production beginning in July 1943
* Overall length: {{convert|54.5|in}}
* Weight (unloaded): {{convert|13.26|lb}}

=== Rocket launcher, M9 "Bazooka" ===
* Battery ignition replaced by trigger [[magneto (electrical)|magneto]]
* Could be disassembled into two halves for easier carrying<ref>{{Citation |first=Julio S |last=Guzmán |title=Armas Modernas de Infantería |date=April 1953 |language=es}}</ref>
* Metal instead of wooden furniture
* Uses the improved M6A3 HEAT, M7A3 practice, and M10 bursting smoke (white phosphorus) rockets (weight: 3.4 lbs., velocity: 265 feet per second)
* M6A3 rocket had a blunt, rounded nose rather than the pointed nose of earlier rockets, which had been found to deflect off sloped tank armor, and also had a short cylindrical fixed tailfin which was less prone to bending during transport or rough handling. Could penetrate up to 4 inches (102 mm) of armor
* Supplanted the M1A1 in production beginning in October 1943
* Overall length: {{convert|61|in}} fixed / {{convert|31.5|in}} disassembled
* Weight (unloaded): {{convert|15.14|lb}}

=== Rocket launcher, M9A1 "Bazooka" ===
An optical reflector sight replaced the iron sights beginning in September 1944.{{sfn|Zaloga|2016|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} The M9A1 supplanted the M9 in production beginning in June 1944. It has an improved coupling mechanism for the launch tube; the overall length is {{convert|61.1|in|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|31.5|in|abbr=on}} when folded. Unloaded weight is {{convert|15.87|lb|abbr=on}}.

===Rocket launcher, M18 "Bazooka"===
* Experimental version of the M9A1 made from aluminum alloy
* Ordered in late summer 1945, canceled at war's end
* Weight (unloaded): {{convert|10.5|lb}}

=== Rocket launcher, M20 "Super Bazooka" ===
[[File:M20-bazooka-batey-haosef-1.jpg|right|thumb|Super Bazooka (mislabeled "SAM-7 shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missile, Russian made") in [[Batey ha-Osef Museum]], Tel-Aviv, Israel]]
* Larger, 3.5 in (88.9 mm) caliber, and larger warhead
* Could penetrate up to 11 inches (280 mm) of armor
* Extended range by about 150 m
* Originally a larger version of the M9A1, designated M20 in late 1944
* Entered active service just before the start of the Korean War

=== Rocket launcher, M20A1 "Super Bazooka" ===
* Product improved variant with improved connector latch assembly, entering production in 1952<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.billricca.com/pubs/contactor_latch_assembly_standardized.jpg |format=[[JPEG]] |journal=Preventative Maintenance Monthly |date=November 1952 |publisher=William "Bill" Ricca |title=Contactor latch assembly standardized |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926093931/http://www.billricca.com/pubs/contactor_latch_assembly_standardized.jpg |archive-date=September 26, 2007}}.</ref>
* Improved version of the M20

===Rocket launcher, M20B1 "Super Bazooka"===
* Lightweight version with barrels made of cast aluminum, other components simplified
* Used as a supplement to the M20

===Rocket launcher, M20A1B1 "Super Bazooka"===
* M20B1 upgraded with M20A1 improvements

===Rocket launcher, M25 "Three-shot Bazooka"===
* Experimental tripod mounted rocket launcher with overhead magazine circa 1955<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Jane |title=Military Review |volume=4 |page=81 |isbn=0-7106-0334-7 |date=April 1, 1985}}.</ref>

===RL-83 Blindicide===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
* [[RL-83 Blindicide]]: An improved "bazooka" design of Belgian origin. Used by Belgian forces during the [[Congo Crisis]] and by the Swiss, Mexican and Israeli armies and various other armed forces.
* The Blindicide is not a direct derivative of the M20 design, being smaller caliber (83 mm not 88.9 mm). The aluminum launch tube is externally reinforced with glass reinforced plastic.
* The launch tube can be folded to just over half the opened length which makes it far easier to carry into combat
* The Blindicide rocket has another major difference from the "super bazooka" in that it is mechanically fired with a percussion cap system, the launcher having a simple mechanical hammer with a firing pin, that is cocked by the loader. There are two safety levers, one on the aimer's pistol grip, and another at the rear of the launch tube for the protection of the loader.
* Because no electrical connection had to be made between rocket and launcher, reload time is faster than for the "super bazooka" and a good team can fire off six rockets per minute.
* Blindicide rockets were designed to spin in flight, with six of the rocket's exhaust ports being angled to impart spin. While spinning the rocket has improved accuracy, centrifugal forces acting on the explosive jet tend to spread the jet, reducing the thickness of armor that it can penetrate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Энциклопедия стрелкового оружия |url=https://shooting-iron.ru/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=shooting-iron.ru |language=ru |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601125208/https://shooting-iron.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===3.5 in Hydroar M20A1B1 rocket launcher===
* Brazil, manufactured by Hydroar SA—improved 3.5 M20A1B1. A hand grip with solid state firing circuit powered by two AA cells replaced the U.S.-designed hand grip with magneto trigger.{{Sfn|Jane |1996|p=300}}

===88.9 mm Instalaza M65===
* Developed by [[Instalaza]] for use by the [[Spanish Army]], the M65 is an improved version of the M20 "super bazooka". It uses an improved ignition method and new ammunition types.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spain – M65 Anti-Tank Rocket Launcher |url=http://www.tanks.net/anti-tank-weapons/spain-m65-anti-tank-rocket-launcher.html |publisher=Tanks.Net |access-date=June 23, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140302160520/http://www.tanks.net/anti-tank-weapons/spain-m65-anti-tank-rocket-launcher.html |archive-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> The available ammunitions used were the CHM65 (HEAT), MB66 (dual-purpose), and FIM66 (smoke) shells.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} Older versions were designated M53 and M58.{{sfn|Wiener |1987|p=480}}

==Specifications==
===M1===
* Length: 54 in (137 cm)
* Caliber: 2.36 in (60 mm)
* Weight: 13 lb (5.9 kg)
* Warhead: M6 or M6A2 shaped charge (3.5 lb, 1.59 kg)
* Range
** Maximum: 400 yards (370 m)
** Effective: (claimed) 150 yards (140 m)
* Crew: 2, operator and loader

===M1A1===
* Length: 54 in (137 cm)
* Caliber: 2.36 in (60 mm)
* Weight: 12.75 lb (5.8 kg)
* Warhead: M6A1 or M6A3 shaped charge (3.5 lb, 1.59 kg)
* Range
** Maximum: 400 yards (370 m)
** Effective: (claimed) 150 yards (140 m)
* Crew: 2, operator and loader

===M9/M9A1===
* Length: 61 in (155 cm)
* Caliber: 2.36 in (60 mm)
* Weight: 14.3 lb (6.5 kg)
* Warhead: M6A3 shaped charge (3.5 lb, 1.59 kg)
* Range
** Maximum: 400–500 yards (370–460 m)
** Effective: (claimed) 120 yards (110 m)
* Crew: 2, operator and loader (M9 and M9A1)

===M20A1/A1B1===
* Length (when assembled for firing): 60 in (1,524 mm)
* Caliber: 3.5 in (90 mm)
* Weight (unloaded): M20A1: 14.3 lb (6.5 kg); M20A1B1: 13 lb (5.9 kg)
* Warhead: M28A2 HEAT (9 lb) or T127E3/M30 WP (8.96 lb)
* Range
** Maximum: 1000 yd (913 m)
** Effective (stationary target/moving target): 300 yd (270 m) / 200 yd (180 m)<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1965 |title=Antimechanized Operations FMFM 9-3 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA310342.pdf |website=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] (DTIC) |publisher=Department of the Navy |page=338}}</ref>
* Crew: 2, operator and loader

==Users==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}} Used until at least the [[Falklands War]],<ref>{{cite web |title=3.5 inch Rocket Launcher [Argentinian] |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30036046 |publisher=[[Imperial War Museum]] |access-date=5 June 2023 |quote=Captured from the Argentine forces during the Falklands Conflict, 1982.}}</ref> replaced by [[AT4]].
* {{flag|Australia}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Out in the Cold: Australia's involvement in the Korean War - 3.5-inch M20 rocket launcher (bazooka) |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/korea/weapons/m20 |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |access-date=5 June 2023 |date=21 July 2022}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austria}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Belgium}}: RL-83.{{sfn|Wiener|1987|p=478}}
* {{flag|Bolivia}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Brazil}}: Bazooka<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maximiano|first1= Cesar|last2=Bonalume|first2= Ricardo N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q6HCwAAQBAJ |title=Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |year= 2011 |isbn=978-1-8490-8483-3 |series=Men at Arms |volume=465 |page=45}}</ref> and Super Bazooka.{{Sfn|Jane |1996|p=300}}
* {{flag|Canada|1921}}: Bazooka{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=38}} and Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Canadian Army Manual of Training (CAMT) 7-12, Infantry Platoon Weapons, 3.5-Inch Rocket Launcher (All Arms) |year=1955 |publisher=[[Canadian Army]]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Chile}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002">{{cite book |editor1-first=Terry J.|editor1-last=Gander|editor2-first=Charles Q. |editor2-last=Cutshaw|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001/2002 |date=2001 |edition=27th |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon |isbn=9780710623171}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cuba}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}} During the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]], the anti-Castrist [[Brigade 2506]] used 2.36 in bazookas against [[Fidel Castro|Castro]]'s [[T-34]]s.<ref name="Cuba">{{cite book |last=de Quesada |first=Alejandro |date=January 10, 2009 |title=The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961 |series=Elite 166 |isbn=9781846033230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE-1CwAAQBAJ |pages=41, 60}}</ref>
* {{flag|El Salvador}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|France}}: Bazooka{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=38}} and Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=70}}
* {{flag|Greece}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Wiener|1987|p=308}}
* {{flag|Guatemala}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|India}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1924–1959).svg}} [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]]: Super Bazooka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/26/iraq-revolution-ousts-monarchy-1958|title=Military coup in Iraq ousts monarchy – archive, 1958|work=The Guardian|date=July 26, 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Israel}}: M20A1.<ref name="israel">{{cite book|author= David Campbell|others=illustrated by Johnny Shumate|title= Israeli Soldier vs Syrian Soldier : Golan Heights 1967–73|series=Combat 18|year= 2016|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7MODAAAQBAJ|isbn=9781472813305}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Ireland.svg|23px}} [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]: M20 Super Bazooka, first used in 1971.<ref>Oppenheimer, A. R. (2009). ''IRA: The Bombs and The Bullets. A History of Deadly Ingenuity''. Irish Academic Press, chapter 4. {{ISBN|978-0-7165-2895-1}}</ref><ref>"Second IRA rocket fails to explode", ''Belfast Telegraph'', 29 September 1971.</ref><ref>"New menace in the IRA armoury", ''Daily Mirror'', 15 July 1972.</ref>
* {{flag|Italy}}: M20A1 and RL-83 variants.{{sfn|Wiener|1987|p=300}}
* {{flag|Japan}}: [[Japan Ground Self Defence Force|JGSDF]] used Super Bazookas,{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}} replaced by the [[Carl gustav recoilless rifle|Carl Gustav recoilless rifle]]s.
* {{flag|Liberia}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}: Super Bazooka.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Defence Capabilities of Small States: Singapore and Taiwan's Responses to Strategic Desperation|first=Shang-su |last=Wu|series=Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific |year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-49716-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|page=90}}</ref>
* {{flag|Malawi}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|Mexico}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Malkin|first=Elisabeth|date=October 1, 2018|title=50 Years After a Student Massacre, Mexico Reflects on Democracy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/world/americas/mexico-tlatelolco-massacre.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=January 26, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126164527/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/world/americas/mexico-tlatelolco-massacre.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Morocco}}: M20 Super Bazooka.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Cordesman|year=2016|title=After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-9257-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3fqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112|page=112}}</ref>
* {{flag|Myanmar}}: M9A1 and M20 Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Used captured M1s as ''6 cm Raketenpanzerbüchse 788 (a)''{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=4}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: The M9A1 was used for a short period of time by the Dutch Army as the ''Raketwerper 2.36 inch''. It served from the beginning of the 1950s to the end of the 1960s with the ''Landmacht'' as an instructional weapon, with the ''Troepenmacht in Suriname'' (TRIS, troop force in Surinam, part of the ''Landmacht''), and the ''Nederlands Detachement Verenigde Naties'' (N.D.V.N.), Dutch Detachment United Nations in 1950–1951 during the Korean War.{{sfn|Talens|1994|page=392}} During the Korean War, the 2.36-inch bazooka was replaced by the 3.5-inch M20. Although it replaced the M9A1 in 1951 with the N.D.V.N., the weapon was not introduced into the ''Landmacht'' until 1954. The M20 and M20B1 were later replaced by the 66 mm LAW in 1968, but the bazooka remained in inventory for reservists, mobilisation, and other non-priority uses until 1989.{{sfn|Talens|1994|page=394}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}: M20 Super Bazooka.<ref name="Jowett-2016">{{cite book|last=Jowett|first=Philip|title=Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70|year=2016|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1472816092|page=20}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Wiener|1987|p=269}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Paraguay}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}
* {{flag|People's Republic of China}}: Large numbers of 2.36-inch and 3.5-inch Bazookas were captured by the Chinese communists during the Chinese Civil War<ref name="appleman17_18"/> and Korean War.<ref name="Korea"/> China also copied the 3.5-inch as the Type 51<ref name="SAS 2002">{{cite book|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|title=Small Arms Survey 2002: Counting the Human Cost |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2002.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303125311/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2002.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2015|page=71|chapter=Red Flags and Buicks: Global Firearms Stockpiles|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2002/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2002-Chapter-02-EN.pdf}}</ref>—with a projectile 90 mm in diameter. The Type 51 can fire captured 3.5-inch projectiles (i.e. 90 mm), but 3.5-inch Super Bazookas cannot load projectiles made for the Type 51.
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Republic of China}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=70}}
* {{flag|Rhodesia}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}<ref>{{cite book|page=22|title=Rhodesian Light Infantryman: 1961–1980|author=Neil Grant|year=2015|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1472809629}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}: Super Bazooka.<ref name="gander2002"/>
* {{flag|South Africa|1928}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Republic of Korea}}: The [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|armed forces]] received 1,958 M9A1s before the [[Korean War]], and 609 M9A1s and 4,907 M20s were in service by the end of the war.<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/>
* {{flag|South Vietnam}}: M9A1 and M20A1 variants.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gordon L. Rottman|title=Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75|date=2010|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=9781849081818|volume=Men-at-Arms 458|page=7}}</ref>
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}: Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=38}}
* {{flag|Spain}}: M20 Bazooka and improved designs (M53, M58 and M65).{{sfn|Wiener|1987|p=337}}
* {{flag|Sweden}}: Super bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Thailand}}: Super Bazooka{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}} as ''คจตถ. 3.5 นิ้ว'' in the Royal Thai Army, replaced by the [[Type 69 RPG]].
* {{flag|Tunisia}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: Bazooka{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=38}} and Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Central Office of Information]] |title=3.5-inch Rocket launcher 'Bazooka' and crew, Devon and Dorset Regiment, 1960 (c) |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=searchType%3Dsimple%26simpleText%3Damerican%26themeID%3D%26resultsDisplay%3Dgrid%26page%3D9&pos=16&total=525&page=9&acc=1992-10-144-350 |website=[[National Army Museum]] |access-date=5 June 2023 |date=c. 1960 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605215221/https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=searchType%3Dsimple%26simpleText%3Damerican%26themeID%3D%26resultsDisplay%3Dgrid%26page%3D9&pos=16&total=525&page=9&acc=1992-10-144-350 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[War Office]] |title = WO Code No. 8774, Infantry Training Volume I, Pamphlet No. 9, Part II 3.5-Inch Rocket Launcher|date=18 April 1953}}</ref> Used with both domestically manufactured ammunition and U.S. ammunition.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[War Office]] |title = WO Code No. 8774, Infantry Training Volume I, Pamphlet No. 9, Part II 3.5-Inch Rocket Launcher|page=14|date=18 April 1953}}</ref> Replaced by the [[Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle|Carl Gustav M2]] (L14A1) during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROYAL MARINES DEMONSTRATE ARMY'S NEW ANTI-TANK GUN. AUGUST 1963, LITTLE ADEN, ROYAL MARINES OF 45 COMMANDO WERE DEMONSTRATING (ON BEHALF OF THE WAR OFFICE) TO SENIOR OFFICERS OF MIDDLE EAST COMMAND, ONE OF THE BRITISH ARMY'S NEW ANTI-TANK WEAPONS, THE 84MM PLATOON ANTI-TANK GUN (CARL GUSTAV). SWEDISH DESIGNED, THE CARL GUSTAV HAS GREATER ACCURACY, FASTER RATE OF FIRE AND MORE RELIABLE DISCHARGE THAN THE 3.5 INCH ROCKET LAUNCHER. |date=August 1963 |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205164730 |website=[[Imperial War Museum]] |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605204151/https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205164730 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|United States|1912}}: Bazooka{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=38}} replaced by the [[M72 LAW]].
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: Type 51 Bazooka, used by Viet Minh and Viet Cong.<ref name="Vietnam"/>
* {{flag|West Germany}}: Super Bazooka.{{sfn|Rottman|2012|p=71}}
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}: M20 and M20A1B1<ref>{{cite web |title=Yugoslav military equipment and its sources |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00429A001100010022-0.pdf |publisher=[[CIA]] |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation]] (Group B)
* [[PIAT]] (Contemporary British anti-tank weapon)

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="MC 2008">{{Citation |publisher=Military Channel |title=[[Weaponology]] |type=programme |contribution=[[Grenade]]s through [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPGs]] |date=November 18, 2008}}</ref>
}}

== Sources ==
* {{Citation |last=Dunlap |first=Roy F. |title=Ordnance Went Up Front |publisher=Samworth Press |year=1948}}.
* {{Citation |last1=Green |first1=Michael |last2=Green |first2=Gladys |title=Weapons of Patton's Armies |publisher=Zenith Imprint Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7603-0821-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Hoffman |editor-first=Jon T. |date=2011 |title=A History of Innovation: U.S. Army Adaptation in War and Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42Mh23JI8dQC&pg=PA73|publisher= Military Bookshop |isbn= 978-1-7803-9289-9}}
* {{Citation |publisher=Jane's |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995–1996 |ref={{SfnRef |Jane |1996}}}}
* {{Citation |first1=Brooks E |last1=Kleber |first2=Dale |last2=Birdsell |title=The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat |chapter=XIV. The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Guadalcanal to the Marshall Islands |publisher=Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army |place=Washington, D.C. |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/chemsincmbt/ch14.htm |date=December 12, 2001 |orig-year=1966 |edition=online |access-date=August 3, 2012 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524090756/https://www.webcitation.org/5gP5cFYhK?url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/chemsincmbt/ch14.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Mayo |first=Lida |date=1968 |title=The Ordnance Department: on Beachhead and Battlefront |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI5AAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army}}
* {{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon L. |date=2012 |title=The Bazooka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dae6CwAAQBAJ |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-8490-8801-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Talens |first=Martien |date=1994 |title=De ransel op de rug, deel 2 |language=nl |location=Breda |publisher=Brabantia Nostra |isbn=978-9-0694-9032-8}}
* {{cite book|title=The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment |series=Truppendienst Handbooks|volume=3|year=1987|first=Friedrich|last=Wiener|publisher=Herold Publishers |location=Vienna}}
* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |year=2016 |title=Bazooka Vs Panzer: Battle of the Bulge 1944 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-1250-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JswhDQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68 |title=How the Bazooka Team Stops Them |date=December 1943 |magazine=[[Popular Science]]}} Article on early M1 Bazooka with rare photos.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/m6rocket.html |title=Anti-Tank Rocket M6 Bazooka}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.90thidpg.us/Equipment/Weapons/ |title=90th Infantry Division Preservation Group}} Page on Bazookas and equipment.
* {{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=New GI Weapons |magazine=Popular Science |date=October 1950 |pages=98–99}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://smallarmsreview.com/bazooka-part-i-captain-skinners-tube-launched-tank-error/ BAZOOKA! Part I: Captain Skinner’s Tube-launched Tank Error] Small Arms Review

{{U.S. WW2 rockets}}
{{US Army missiles}}
{{WWIIUSInfWeaponsNav}}
{{WWIIChineseInfantryWeapons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Anti-tank rockets of the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-tank weapons]]
[[Category:Brands that became generic]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1942]]
[[Category:Weapons of the Philippine Army]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Brazil]]

Kaunhara Ghat

2026-02-05T04:30:26Z

IQOCharli56: Starting - done

{{Short description|Riverbank in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Konhara Ghat
| coordinates = {{coord|25|22|58.796|N|86|27|34.859|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
}}

{{Infobox river
| name = kaunhara ghat
| native_name = {{native name|mai|kaun hara}}
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_upright =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_type =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Hajipur]]

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Kaunhara ghat''' is a [[river]] bank in [[Hajipur]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It<ref name="bihar envice center">{{cite web |url=http://bhenvis.nic.in/water_resources.html |title=STATUS OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER IN BIHAR |publisher=bihar envis center |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217000647/http://bhenvis.nic.in/water_resources.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is one of the main [[Ghat|ghats]] of the [[Gandaki River|Ganga-Gandak]] rivers. where worship and cremation have been performed side by side for centuries. Its name stems from a legend, according to which, the fight of Gaja (elephant)–Graah (crocodile), is the reason behind people asking - ''kaun'' ''haara''. [[Lord Vishnu]] had to interfere to save his devotee Gajaraj from drowning. Both Gaja and Grah were [[Gandharva|''gandharavas'']]. Due to a curse they became Gaja and Graah. Lord Visnu killed Graah to give him instant salvation, and saved Gajaraj. The fight is an emblem for the city, and is prominently depicted on the Hajipur railway station's dome, entry point of Sonepur fair and other notable places.

Since Ganga flows from the west and Gandak from the north, they meet at a [[right angle]] (Hindi: ''konhara''). This name was given in the fifth century. Spoken Hindi later evolved and the word changed from Kon to Kaun and Dhara to Hara.<ref name="dainik jagran">{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/search/hajipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425014713/http://post.jagran.com/search/hajipur|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2011|title=kaunhara ghar,hajipur|publisher=[[jagran]]}}</ref>

== Legend ==

Kaunhara ghat is related to the story of two brothers. The elder was humble and a worshiper of Lord Vishnu, while the younger was greedy and bad-natured. They fought over their land. The younger wanted more land than his brother and succeeded, as the elder was more gracious.

In their next reincarnation, elder returned as an elephant while younger became a crocodile. The elephant remained a worshiper of Lord Vishnu and used to bathe early and then pray to Lord VIshnu there.<ref>kaunhara ghat{{cite video |title=Konhara Ghat of Gandaki River : Bihar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LK3PEOX1cA |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=26 Nov 2014}}</ref> One morning, when he entered the river for bath, the crocodile grabbed his leg, beginning a long fight. When the elephant was about to lose, he prayed to Lord Vishnu to save him. Lord Vishnu responded by cutting the crocodile into pieces with his [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan chakra]]. This became known as “Kaun Hara” – “who lost”.

== Culture ==

People of [[Hajipur]] on every ''[[Full moon|pornima]]'' and especially during [[Kartik Purnima|Karthik Purnima]]. The [[ghat]] is decorated for every [[Chhath|Chaat puja]].<ref>KAUNHARA ghat {{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/24454452/KONHARA-GHAT|title=Konhara Ghat|publisher=wikimepia}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Rivers in Bihar}}

[[Category:Hajipur]]
[[Category:Ganges]]
[[Category:Ganges basin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ghats of India]]

Getalsud Dam

2026-02-05T02:40:00Z

IQOCharli56: Improved wording and formatting

{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}}

{{Infobox dam
| name = Getalsud Dam (Rukka Dam)
| image = Getalsud Dam, Jharkhand.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Getalsud Dam, Jharkhand
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jharkhand
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23|27|24|N|85|33|19|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Ormanjhi]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| status = Functional
| construction_began =
| opening = 1971
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[JSEB]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity dam
| dam_height = {{convert|116|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Subarnarekha River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment = {{convert|717|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface =
| res_elevation = {{convert|1954|ft|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[JSEB]]
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 2 x 65 MW [[Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 130 MW<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jseb.in/info/hydel |title=Hydel: Jharkhand State Electricity Board {{!}} SUBERNREKHA HYDEL POWER PROJECT |access-date=July 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630071426/http://www.jseb.in/info/hydel |archive-date=June 30, 2013 }}</ref>
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
}}

'''Getalsud Dam''' is an artificial [[reservoir]] situated in Ormanjhi, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]. It was constructed across the [[Subarnarekha River]] and was opened in 1971. It is a popular picnic spot for the residents of Ranchi and [[Ramgarh District]]. The dam provides a small-scale fishing opportunity to the local people of Rukka. The main purpose of the dam is to fulfill the drinking water requirements of the residents of Ranchi. Apart from that, it is used for industrial purposes and generating electricity.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|26|25|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 = Getalsud Dam |shape-color38=black| label-size38=13|label-color38=black 
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
[[File:On the way to Getalsud Dam.jpg|thumb|Way to Getalsud Dam]]
The dam is located on the north-eastern edge of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. It is situated in Rukka Block, because of which it is locally known as Rukka Dam. The Getalsud Dam is around 35 km from Ranchi and around 30 km from Ramgarh.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Overview==
[[File:Getalsud Dam.jpg|thumb|Sunset across Getalsud Dam]]
The Getalsud Dam is located on the [[Subarnarekha River]]. The reservoir, with a catchment area of 717 km2, has a full reservoir level of 1,954 ft. It has gross storage capacity of 288.76 million cubic meters (MCM)<ref>National Register of Large dams, Govt.of India, Central Water commission,2019 Ed, Project Information code: JH05MH0010</ref> It was envisaged to meet the drinking water demands of Ranchi city as well as industrial requirements of Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd at Hatia and other factories. The power generation from the Getalsud Dam is stopped once the level reaches to 1917 ft to ensure that sufficient water is available for drinking purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120430/jsp/jharkhand/story_15433240.jsp#.Ueptb9KBlH8|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720115916/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120430/jsp/jharkhand/story_15433240.jsp%23.Ueptb9KBlH8|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2013|title=JSEB set to dredge Getalsud reservoir|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> The nearby areas to dam are also user for picnic spot by the people of Ranchi and Ramghar. Also you can find a huge rush during the time of New Year and [[Chhath]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Power Plants of Jharkhand}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

List of awards and nominations received by Akshay Kumar

2026-02-04T21:08:54Z

IQOCharli56: rework lead to improve readability for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{update|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox musician awards
|name = Akshay Kumar
|image = Akshay Kumar at Launch of his wife Twinkle Khanna's book 'Mrs Funnybones',in 2015.jpg
|caption = Kumar in 2015
|wins = 53
|nominations = 48
|customs =
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[National Film Award]]s|2|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[The Asian Awards]]|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Asian Film Award]]s|0|1}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Filmfare Award]]s|2|11}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Screen Award]]s|1|2}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[IIFA Award]]s|3|5}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Stardust Award]]s|10|3}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]|4|4}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Producers Guild Awards]]|2|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|[[Zee Cine Award]]s|2|8}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Star Box Office Awards|1|2}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Indian Television Awards|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|'Hello! Hall of Fame' Awards|1|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Star's Sabse Favourite Awards|2|0}}
{{Infobox musician awards/customs|Other awards|17|0}}
}}

'''[[Akshay Kumar]]''' (born 9 September 1967) is an Indian actor, film producer and television personality who works in [[Hindi]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2019/08/21/the-highest-paid-actors-2019-dwayne-johnson-bradley-cooper-and-chris-hemsworth/|title=The Highest-Paid Actors 2019: Dwayne Johnson, Bradley Cooper And Chris Hemsworth|first=Madeline|last=Berg|website=Forbes}}</ref> He won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2016 for his performance in ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' (2016). He has been nominated for the [[Filmfare Awards]] several times, winning it two times. In 2008, he won the [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)]] for his performance in ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' and in 2009, he was nominated for [[Asian Film Award for Best Actor]]. In 2008, 2011, and 2013, he won the [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male]].

In 2008, the [[University of Windsor]] conferred an [[Honorary Doctorate]] of Law on Kumar in recognition of his contribution to the [[cinema of India]]. The following year he was awarded the ''[[Padma Shri]]'' by the [[Government of India]]. In 2011, [[The Asian Awards]] honoured Kumar for his achievement in Indian cinema.<ref name="Padmashri">{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Akshay_dedicates_Padmashri_to_fans/articleshow/4032826.cms |title= Overwhelmed Akshay Kumar dedicates Padmashri to fans |accessdate=26 January 2009|date= 26 January 2009 |work=Economic Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130230845/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Akshay_dedicates_Padmashri_to_fans/articleshow/4032826.cms | archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Superstars who have never won awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Superstars-who-have-never-won-awards/photostory/30284558.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417023500/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Superstars-who-have-never-won-awards/photostory/30284558.cms|archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>

In 2025, Kumar received the ''Most Stylish Mega Performer of the Year'' award at the Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Awards,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Awards 2025: Winners List|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474774/awards/|website=IMDb|access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref> and was honoured as the ''Timeless Style Icon'' at the Hindustan Times India's Most Stylish Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=HT India's Most Stylish Awards 2025: From timeless Akshay Kumar to OG tastemaker Sonam Kapoor, meet the winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-showstoppers/ht-india-s-most-stylish-awards-2025-from-timeless-akshay-kumar-to-og-tastemaker-sonam-kapoor-meet-the-winners-101741008457910.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=7 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Civilian award==

* 2009 – [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padmashri" />

==Honorary Doctorate==

* 2008 – [[Honorary Doctorate]] of Law by the [[University of Windsor]] in [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] for his outstanding work in the film industry and contribution to social work.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=6c57a4c5-b6b2-4292-9ba3-98b24b3ae199&&Headline=Canada+varsity+honours+Akshay+Kumar |archive-url= https://archive.today/20110606043942/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=6c57a4c5-b6b2-4292-9ba3-98b24b3ae199&&Headline=Canada+varsity+honours+Akshay+Kumar |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 June 2011 |title= Canada varsity honours Akshay Kumar |accessdate=26 January 2009 |date= 14 May 2008 |work= Hindustan Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Akshay-Kumar-gets-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/3038978.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-14/india/27768262_1_doctorate-akshay-kumar-azmi-and-shilpa-shetty |url-status= live |archive-date= 23 October 2012 |title= Akshay Kumar gets honorary doctorate |access-date=26 January 2009 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 14 May 2008 }}</ref>

== The Asian Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2011|| Outstanding Achievement in Cinema||{{Won}}

| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar honoured at Annual Asian awards |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-honoured-at-annual-asian-awards/194882-8-66.html
| publisher=IBNlive|accessdate=20 October 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228113223/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-honoured-at-annual-asian-awards/194882-8-66.html|archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar honoured at Annual Asian awards |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-honoured-at-annual-asian-awards/194882-8-66.html
| publisher=IBNlive|accessdate=20 October 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228113223/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-honoured-at-annual-asian-awards/194882-8-66.html|archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Asian Film Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009 ||[[Asian Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]|| ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''||{{Nominated}}

| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar and Deepika Padukone for Asian Film Awards|url=http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?articleid=21682&zoneid=4|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904032817/http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?articleid=21682&zoneid=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2012|publisher=IBOSNetwork|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref>
|}

==National Film Awards==

The [[National Film Awards]] is the most prominent film award ceremony in India. Established in 1954, it is administered by the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the [[Indian government]]'s [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]. The awards are presented by the [[President of India]].
{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col"| Result
|-
|2017||[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]||''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''||{{won}}
|-
|2019||[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]||''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]''||{{won}}
|}
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to the Actor, Shri Akshay Kumar for Best Actor Rustom, at the 64th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Akshay receiving National Film Awards for Best Actor (2017) from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in May 2017]]
[[File:Akshay Kumar National Award for Padman.jpg|thumb|Receiving National Film Award for Best Film on Social issues from Vice President [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] on 2019]]

==Filmfare Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" width=2%|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1995 || [[Filmfare Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] || ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Best Supporting nomination 1994">{{cite web|publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |title=The Nominations – 1994 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094834/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |accessdate=14 April 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] || ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Best Supporting nomination 1997">{{cite web|publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |title=The Nominations – 1997 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709173248/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |accessdate=14 April 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] || ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' || {{won}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="DNA" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || rowspan="2" | Best Supporting Actor || ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' || {{Nominated}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Best Supporting nomination 2005">{{cite web|publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-3.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720125013/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-3.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |accessdate=14 April 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''|| {{Nominated}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Best Comedian nomination 2004">{{cite web|publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-4.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714184733/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-4.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |accessdate=14 April 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award|Best Comedian]]|| {{Nominated}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Best Supporting nomination 2005" />
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' || {{won}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="DNA">{{cite news|title=I don't deserve it that's why don't get it: Akshay on awards |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-don-t-deserve-it-that-s-why-don-t-get-it-akshay-on-awards-2317317|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|date=9 February 2017|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref>

|-
| 2008 || rowspan="2"|Best Actor || ''[[Namastey London]]'' || {{Nominated}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees – 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/06/3548/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075708/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/06/3548/index.html |archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' || {{Nominated}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 54th Filmfare Awards 2008|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/15/4851/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903055931/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/15/4851/index.html |archive-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || Best Supporting Actor || ''[[OMG: Oh My God!]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2012 - Nominations List|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2012-nominations-list-55204.html|publisher=[[Indiatimes]]|accessdate=9 August 2014|date=15 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || rowspan="4"|Best Actor || ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty|Holiday]]'' || {{Nominated}}

|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards: Best Actor (Male) nominations|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-best-actor-male-nominations/photostory/45952994.cms|accessdate=16 April 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' || {{Nom}} ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]'' || {{nom}} ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' || {{nom}} ||
|}

== Filmfare Awards South ==
{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]|| [[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']] ||{{Nominated}}

| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2019/tamil/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards South 2019 Tamil Nominations | Filmfare|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|}

== Screen Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2005 ||[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] || ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' || {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite episode|title=11th Star Screen Awards|series=Screen Awards|network=Star Plus|date=30 January 2005}}</ref>
|-
|2005||[[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] (along with [[Priyanka Chopra]])||''[[Aitraaz]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Star Jodi No.1 Nominees|url=http://www.indya.com/specials/screenawards05/jodi.html|date=6 July 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070716134809/http://www.indya.com/specials/screenawards05/jodi.html|publisher=Indya.com| archive-date= 16 July 2007|accessdate=15 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]] || ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' || {{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 15th Star Screen Awards 2008|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-70583.html|publisher=NewKerala.com|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref>
|}

==IIFA Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" width=2%|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2000 || [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] || ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernandes|first1=Vivek|title=Hrithik to perform at Sun City|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/15award.htm|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 June 2001|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] || ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2002 : Malaysia|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2002/|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]|accessdate=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703120347/http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2002/|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || rowspan="2" | [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] || ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2005 : Amsterdam, Netherlands|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2005/|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]|accessdate=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703124936/http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2005/|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title='Black' bags major IIFA awards|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060618/world.htm#3|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=18 June 2006}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || IIFA Special Award from the host country, [[Thailand]] || || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2008 : Bangkok, Thailand|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2008/|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] | accessdate=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703140639/http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2008/|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor|| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA Awards 2008 nominations are out|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2008/iifa-awards-nomination-170408.html|work=OneIndia|date=17 April 2008|access-date=26 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303075627/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2008/iifa-awards-nomination-170408.html|archive-date=3 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || IIFA Star of the Decade – Male
| || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Decade Honours to be given at IIFA 2009|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/golden-decade-honours-to-be-given-at-iifa-2009_100196278.html|publisher=ThaIndian News|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130346/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/golden-decade-honours-to-be-given-at-iifa-2009_100196278.html|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] || ''[[OMG: Oh My God!]]'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=IIFA 2013: The complete list of nominations|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iifa-2013-the-complete-list-of-nominations/404579-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708073848/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iifa-2013-the-complete-list-of-nominations/404579-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2013|accessdate=16 February 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=6 July 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Best Actor|| ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernandes|first1=Vivek|title=Hrithik to perform at Sun City|url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/WwPg0iAAAMonl15I/here-are-the-nominations-for-the-19th-edition-of-nexa-iifa-awards-2018}}</ref>
|}

== Stardust Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Category
!scope=col|For
!scope=col|Result
!scope=col class="unsortable" width=2%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2005 || Best Actor in a Comic Role || ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[India FM]]|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2008|date=January 26, 2008|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|accessdate=26 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233452/http://indiafm.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html |archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]|| ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' & ''[[Namastey London]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2008|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129133208/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|archive-date=29 January 2008|date=26 January 2008}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''|| {{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Pan Bahar Max Stardust Awards 2009|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/10/4832/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921004531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/10/4832/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Awards|Best Film (Popular)]]|| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2009|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/16/4855/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128192917/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/02/16/4855/index.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || Best Actor – Popular (Male) || ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Stardust2010">{{cite web|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2010|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/18/5856/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307033420/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/18/5856/index.html |archive-date=7 March 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor (Critics) || ''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Stardust2010" />
|-
| Best Actor in a Comic Role || ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/16/5853/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920215937/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/16/5853/index.html |archive-date=20 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || Star of the Year – Male|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' and ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="magnamags1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Award for Best Actor in a Comedy or Romance|Best Actor in a Comedy or Romance]] || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="magnamags1">{{cite web|url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/ |title=Stardust.co.in – StardustAwardWinner2011 |publisher=Magnamags.com |date=2011-02-09 |accessdate=2011-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817004518/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang%2Cenglish/ |archive-date=17 August 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Stardust2012">{{cite web|title=(Winners List) Stardust Awards 2012|url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/11628555-winners-list-stardust-awards-2012|publisher=Allvoices.com|accessdate=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302085002/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/11628555-winners-list-stardust-awards-2012|archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || Best Actor – Action/Thriller || ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' and ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="entertainment.oneindia.in">{{cite web|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2013/pictures-bollywood-stars-at-stardust-awards-102996.html |title= Pictures: Bollywood stars at Stardust Awards |publisher= Oneindia |date=2013-01-28 |access-date=2013-01-28|url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303081047/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2013/pictures-bollywood-stars-at-stardust-awards-102996.html|archive-date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
|}

==BIG Star Entertainment Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || Most Entertaining Social Film || ''[[OMG – Oh My God!|OMG: Oh My God!]]'' || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=IGBIG>{{cite news|title=Akshay rules at Big Star Entertainment Awards|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/akshay-rules-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-hindi-news-89283|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=[[IndiaGlitz]]|date=18 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Complete Entertainer of the Year – Male || — || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=IGBIG />
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Role – Male
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''|| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=DSBIG />
|-
| rowspan="2" | Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Role – Male || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=DSBIG>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Steven|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif win at Big Star Entertainment Awards|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a445515/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-win-at-big-star-entertainment-awards.html|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]'' || {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="2013BIG">{{cite news|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2013|accessdate=1 February 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Role – Male
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Special 26]]'' || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="2013BIG" />
|-
| BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Male || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="2013BIG" />
|-
| 2020 || Most Challenging Actor ||''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/12/16/6934/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814214959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/12/16/6934/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref>
|}

==Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" width=2%|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2008 || Best Entertainer of the Year 2007 || ''[[Namastey London]]'', ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'', ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' & [[Welcome (2007 film)|''Welcome'']]|| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405111204/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html|archive-date=5 April 2008|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra, SRK, Kareena win 'Apsara' trophies|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=433713&sid=ENT&ssid=1|publisher=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Special Award || Completing 25 years in the industry || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bajirao Mastani wins nine awards at Guild Awards 2015: Ranveer Singh wins Best Actor, Deepika Padukone is Best Actress|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-wins-big-at-the-guild-awards-2016-ranveer-singh-best-actor-deepika-best-actress/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=24 December 2015|date=24 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Zee Cine Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
!scope="col"|Year
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Film
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" width=2%|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2006
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
|''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''|| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Namastey London]]'' || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=ZEE Cine Awards nominations list announced|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/03/zee_cine_awards_7.php|publisher=Biz Asia|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716140322/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2008/03/zee_cine_awards_7.php|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html|accessdate=16 February 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=1 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105041016/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html|archive-date=5 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| International Male Icon || {{N/a}}|| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2998/2998|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2012|accessdate=2012-01-19|work=Bollywoodhungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122074100/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2998/2998|archive-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Zee Cine Award For Best Actor in a Negative Role – Male|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Male]] || ''[[Once Upon A Time In Mumbai Dobaara]]'' || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mudi|first1=Aparna|author2=Zee Media Bureau|title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html|accessdate=1 February 2015|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=6 February 2014|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|2016
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor – Male
|''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''|| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''|| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male (Viewers Choice)]]
|''[[Jolly LLB 2|The State vs Jolly LL.B 2]]''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2018-check-out-the-nominations-list/1184074|title=Zee Cine Awards 2018: Check out the nominations list {{!}} Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==Star Box Office Awards==

The Star Box Office Awards are a collaboration between [[Star Plus]] and Box Office India. The Star Box Office Awards ceremony recognizes the achievements of Hindi films objectively, based on its performance at the box office.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=75%
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" width=2%|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 ||Box Office 1000 Crore Club Hero||Achievement in Bollywood||{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="And The Award Goes To…">{{cite web|title=And The Award Goes To…|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/and-the-award-goes-to%e2%80%a6-2/|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=16 April 2017|date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021064548/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/and-the-award-goes-to%E2%80%A6-2/|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Mr. Box Office || rowspan="2" |''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]''||{{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="And The Award Goes To…"/>
|-
| Mr. Money Bags ||{{Nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="And The Award Goes To…"/>
|}

==Indian Television Awards==

{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009 ||Radio Mirchi Presents Best Television Personality|| ||{{Won}}

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ninth Indian Telly Awards 2009 Winners List|url=http://www.zorsebol.com/television/ninth-indian-telly-awards-2009-winners-list/|publisher=Zorsebol|accessdate=26 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130211030435/http://www.zorsebol.com/television/ninth-indian-telly-awards-2009-winners-list/|archive-date=11 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

== 'Hello! Hall Of Fame' Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2010 ||Stylish Couple Of The Year Award (along with [[Twinkle Khanna]]) || || {{Won}}

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Big B, Ash, Akki, Twinkle and others make it to the Hello! Hall of Fame|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/12/07/6901/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210113952/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/12/07/6901/index.html|archive-date=10 December 2010 }}</ref>
|}

== Star's Sabsey Favourite Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortableplainrowheaders" style="width:75%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009 || rowspan="2" | Actor of the Year || ||{{Won}}

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/priyanka-chopra/sabsey-favorite-kaun-winners-2009|title=Sabsey Favorite Kaun Winners 2009 | PINKVILLA|website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=18 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
|2010 || ||{{Won}}

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabse Favorite Kaun 2010 – Winners|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/sabse-favorite-kaun-2010-winners/|access-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227054439/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/sabse-favorite-kaun-2010-winners/|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== South Indian International Movie Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019 ||Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil|| ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' || {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

== Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|For
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2024 ||Entertainer Of The Decade|| {{N/A}} || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners ft. Rani Mukerji, Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517%3famp |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025 ||Best Actor – Jury's Choice|| ''[[Sarfira]]'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2025: Complete list of winners ft. Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar, Kajol, Shahid Kapoor and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2025-complete-list-of-winners-ft-ananya-panday-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-kajol-shahid-kapoor-and-more-1379543?amp |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Other awards ==
* 2002 – Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards: Best Actor in a Villainous role for ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''<ref>{{cite web|title='Dil Chahta Hai' bags 7 awards|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/25/stories/2002022500300800.htm|work=The Hindu|accessdate=26 January 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728040814/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/25/stories/2002022500300800.htm |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref>
* 2003 – Bollywood Fashion Awards: Celebrity Style (Male)<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Bollywood Fashion Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winbfa.php|publisher=Bollywoodawards.com|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226161007/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winbfa.php|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2006 – Best Action Actor at [[AXN Action Awards]]<ref name="Indiantelevison.com">{{cite web|title='Dus' wins award for action film at AXN Action Awards|date=13 July 2006|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/july/july145.htm|publisher=Indiantelevison.com|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309131637/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/july/july145.htm|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>
* 2010 – Best Action Actor in a Negative Role at [[AXN Action Awards]] for ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''<ref name="Indiantelevison.com"/>
* 2008 – Asia's Sexiest Man Alive<ref>{{cite web|title='People' declares Akshay Kumar as the 'Sexiest Man Alive'|date=16 December 2008|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/people-declares-akshay-kumar-as-the-sexiest-man-alive_18479.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226184349/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/people-declares-akshay-kumar-as-the-sexiest-man-alive_18479.htm|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2015 – Filmfare Glamour & Style Awards: Most Glamorous Star (Male).<ref name="pinkvilla">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/karan-johar/filmfare-glamour-style-awards-winners-2015|title=Filmfare Glamour & Style Awards Winners 2015 | PINKVILLA|website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=27 February 2015}}</ref>
* 2015 – GQ Awards: Ultimate Man Of The Year award.<ref name="pinkvilla2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/gq-awards-2015-complete-winners-list-deepika-padukone-shahid-kapoor-akshay-kumar-take-home-trophies/|title=GQ Awards 2015 complete winners list: Deepika Padukone, Shahid Kapoor, Akshay Kumar take home trophies}}</ref>
* 2018 – GQ India Style Awards: GQ Legend award.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gq-india-style-awards-2018-winners-akshay-kumar-shahid-kapoor-alia-bhatt-see-photos-5119265/|title=GQ India Style Awards 2018: Akshay Kumar is GQ Legend; Shahid Kapoor and Alia Bhatt win Most Stylish Man, Woman|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
* 2018 – Lions Gold Award Best Actor – Popular (For selfless contribution towards the nation through social message in films){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* 2018 – Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Best Actor Award for ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2018 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018: Padmaavat and Sanju top nominations list |website=India TV |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-padmaavat-and-sanju-top-nominations-list-452351 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701112423/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-padmaavat-and-sanju-top-nominations-list-452351 |archive-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
* 2019 – HT India's Most Stylish – Hottest Trendsetter (Male).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/|title=Latest News, India News, Coronavirus News, Live Breaking News, Today Headlines Online|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* 2004 – [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Award for his Outstanding achievements in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajiv Gandhi Awards – Categories and Awardees |url=http://www.rajivgandhiawards.com/categories.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811120846/http://www.rajivgandhiawards.com/categories.html |archive-date=11 August 2013 |accessdate=26 January 2011 |publisher=Rajivgandhiawards.com}}</ref>
* 2009 – [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]-[[FICCI|FICCI Frames]], "Most Powerful Entertainer of the Decade Award" for his contribution to Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=FICCI FRAMES and IIFA honour ten Bollywood stars |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=12071 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214185911/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=12071 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |accessdate=20 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2009-02-18 |title=FICCI-USIBC Award to Bollywood Actors – Picture 1 – Bollywood Parties and Event Pictures |url=http://www.smashits.com/events/4721/1/FICCI-USIBC-Award-to-Bollywood-Actors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822055348/http://www.smashits.com/events/4721/1/FICCI-USIBC-Award-to-Bollywood-Actors.html |archive-date=22 August 2014 |accessdate=2011-08-04 |publisher=smashits |df=dmy}}</ref>
* 2025 – [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons|Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Award for Most Stylish All-rounder MEGA Star OF THE YEAR]] for his performance in ''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]'' and ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Summit and Awards 2025: From Akshay Kumar to Varun Dhawan to Shahid Kapoor to Vidya Balan, celebrities win big |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2025-akshay-kumar-varun-dhawan-shahid-kapoor-vidya-balan-celebrities-win-big/|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
* 2025 – HT India's Most Stylish - Timeless Style Icon Award<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=HT India's Most Stylish Awards 2025: From timeless Akshay Kumar to OG tastemaker Sonam Kapoor, meet the winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-showstoppers/ht-india-s-most-stylish-awards-2025-from-timeless-akshay-kumar-to-og-tastemaker-sonam-kapoor-meet-the-winners-101741008457910.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours and recognitions ==
* 2008 – Named "Sexiest Man Alive" by ''People'' (India) magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1762998 |title= Akshay Kumar: The sexiest man alive opens up |accessdate=2009-01-26 |date= 2008-12-17 |publisher= MSN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212104039/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/fashion/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1762998 |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}</ref>
* 2009 – He was awarded the highest Japanese honour of "Katana" and a sixth degree Black Belt in [[Goju-Ryu Karate|Kuyukai Gojuryu Karate]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay thrilled to be honoured with Katana|work=Thaindian News |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/akshay-thrilled-to-be-honoured-with-katana_100260574.html|accessdate=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016212719/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/akshay-thrilled-to-be-honoured-with-katana_100260574.html|archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>
* 2009 – He was one of the 15 international celebrities invited for the Olympics torch-bearer rally to [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar will be torch bearer from India for 2010 Olympics|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=26 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927094801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2009/11/12/13463/index.html|archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref>
* 2012 – He inaugurated the 43rd International Film festival of India in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-to-inaugurate-iffi-this-year/1015893/ | title= Akshay Kumar to inaugurate IFFI this year | date=12 October 2012 | work=The Times Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015124810/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-to-inaugurate-iffi-this-year/1015893|archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>
* 2013 – Named "Reader's Choice Style Icon".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Amitabh-Bachchan-named-Timeless-Style-Icon/Article1-1008666.aspx |title= Amitabh Bachchan named Timeless Style Icon |publisher= hindustantimes.com |date=2013-02-08 |accessdate=2013-02-08|url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031182413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Amitabh-Bachchan-named-Timeless-Style-Icon/Article1-1008666.aspx|archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-wins-timeless-style-icon-title/1071457/ |title= Amitabh Bachchan wins 'Timeless Style Icon' title |publisher= indianexpress.com |date=2013-02-08 |accessdate=2013-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315062305/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/amitabh-bachchan-wins-timeless-style-icon-title/1071457|archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0474774/awards List of awards and nominations received by Akshay Kumar] at the [[IMDb|Internet Movie Database]]

{{Akshay Kumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Akshay}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]
[[Category:Akshay Kumar|Awards]]

Bengal Warriorz

2026-01-31T08:15:47Z

IQOCharli56: Put up new stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Pro kabaddi team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox sports team
| name = Bengal Warriorz
| image = Bengal_Warriors_Logo.png
| logo_size =
| full_name = Bengal Warriorz
| nickname = The Den Of Warriorz
| short_name = BW
| captain = Devank Dalal and Nitesh Kumar (Defence captain)
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| founded = 2014
| folded =
| first_season = [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|2014]]
| last_season = [[- Pro Kabaddi League|-]]
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]]
| ballpark =
| stadium = [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]] (15,000)
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| colours = {{color box|#87CEEB}} {{color box|#000080}}
| owner = Capri Global
| coach = Naveen Kumar Bazzad & Praveen Malik
| playoff_berths = 4
| championships = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|16px]] ([[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]])
| website = Bengalwarriorz.com
| league_titles = 1
}}

'''Bengal Warriorz''' is a professional [[kabaddi]] team based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] that plays in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thebridge.in/a-beacon-of-consistency-bengal-warriors-eye-pro-kabaddi-crown/|title = Bengal Warriorz eyes Pro Kabaddi crown|date = 19 October 2019}}</ref> In [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]], they won the trophy for the first time by defeating [[Dabang Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/clinical-bengal-warriors-clinch-vivo-pro-kabaddi-league-season-7-title-for-the-first-time|title= clinical Bengal Warriorz clinch Vivo Pro Kabaddi League Season Season 7 title for-the first time}}</ref> The team is currently led by Devank Dalal and coached by Naveen Kumar Bazzad & Praveen Malik.

== Franchise history ==
Bengal Warriorz are owned by [[Future Group]], promoted by [[Kishore Biyani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prokabaddi.com/venues/bengaluru |title=Official Website for the Pro Kabaddi League |publisher=ProKabaddi.com |date=2014-03-09 |accessdate=2014-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523072711/http://prokabaddi.com/venues/bengaluru |archive-date=2014-05-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The team had poor campaign in the first two seasons. The team's performance, however improved from the third season as they qualified for the playoffs in [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season|2016]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/bengal-warriors-team-players-pro-kabbadi-league-2016-season-4-squad-players-bought-by-bengal-warriors-for-pkl-2016|title=Bengal Warriors team & players: Pro Kabbadi League 2016, Season 4 squad & players bought by Bengal Warriors for PKL 2016}}</ref> But again after a disappointing season in the [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)]], they totally revamped their squad. After that, the team has consistently qualified for the playoffs in [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|2017]], [[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|2018]] and in [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/pkl-bengal-warriors-stun-patna-pirates-to-seal-playoff-berth/articleshow/67213876.cms|title = PKL: Bengal Warriors stun Patna Pirates to seal playoff berth | Pro-Kabaddi-League News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/pro-kabaddi-bengal-warriors-eye-maiden-title-with-stable-core-and-well-rounded-squad-1900713.html|title = Pro Kabaddi: Bengal Warriors Eye Maiden Title with Stable Core and Well-Rounded Squad|date = 6 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/maninder-stars-as-bengal-warriors-beat-jaipur-pink-panthers-to-qualify-for-the-playoffs|title = Maninder stars as Bengal Warriors beat Jaipur Pink Panthers to qualify for the playoffs|date = 22 September 2019}}</ref> In [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]], they qualified to the [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]] final for the first time in their history by beating [[U Mumba]] in [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/pkl-2019-semi-finals-live-score-bengaluru-bulls-vs-dabang-delhi-bengal-warriors-vs-u-mumba-6071964/lite/|title = Pro Kabaddi 2019 Semi-Finals Highlights: Bengal win thriller to face Delhi in final|date = 17 October 2019}}</ref> In the final, against [[Dabang Delhi]], they were trailing on 3–11 at one stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-2019-bengal-warriors-derail-naveen-express-to-win-maiden-title-beat-dabang-delhi-39-34-7524051.html|title=Pro Kabaddi 2019: Bengal Warriors derail 'Naveen Express' to win maiden title; beat Dabang Delhi 39-34|date=19 October 2019}}</ref> However they made a strong comeback and won the final by a 39–34 margin without their captain [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] who sustained a shoulder injury in the penultimate league stage. Thus they clinched their first ever [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]] title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/bengal-warriors-vs-dabang-delhi-match-report-6077913/lite/|title = Bengal Warriors lift maiden Pro Kabaddi title beating Dabang Delhi in final|date = 19 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/941089/pro-kabaddi-all-round-bengal-warriors-defeat-dabang-delhi-to-be-crowned-champions-for-first-time|title = Pro Kabaddi: All-round Bengal Warriors defeat Dabang Delhi to be crowned champions for first time}}</ref>

==Current squad==
Full Squad of Bengal Warriorz for [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi League Season 12,2025]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| {{Abbr|No|Jersey No}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Name
! style="text-align:center;"| {{Abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Position
|-
| 3|| Devank Dalal (C)
|{{flagicon|IND}}||Right Raider
|-
| 2|| [[Nitesh Kumar]] (Defence Captain) || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Corner
|-
| || Rachit Kumar || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider
|-
| 8|| Manprit|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider
|-
| 9|| Vishwas S || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider
|-
| 77|| Sushil Kambarekar || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider
|-
| 78|| Himanshu Narwal|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Raider
|-
| || Punit Kumar || {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Raider
|-
| 4|| Jang Kun Lee || {{flagicon|South Korea}} || Left Raider
|-
| ||Omid Mohammadshah|| {{flagicon|Iran}} || Left Raider
|-
| || Moolchandra Singh || {{flagicon|IND}} || All Rounder
|-
| || Shivansh Thakur|| {{flagicon|IND}} || All-Rounder
|-
| 33|| Deep Kumar || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Cover
|-
| 17|| Mayur Kadam || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Right Cover
|-
| || Parteek Gulia|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Cover
|-
| || Manjeet || {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Cover
|-
| 10|| Ashish mallik|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Corner
|-
| || Amandeep Singh || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Corner
|-
| || Harander || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Corner
|-
| || Sandeep Saini ||{{flagicon|IND}} || Right Corner
|-
| 55|| Ankit || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Corner
|-
| || Yash Malik || {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Corner
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source: Pro Kabaddi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Warriorz {{!}} Season 12 players list, stats, records {{!}} Pro Kabaddi 2025 |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/bengal-warriorz-profile-4/players |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Pro Kabaddi League |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Squad |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/bengal-warriors-profile-4 |publisher=Pro Kabaddi |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030002022/https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/bengal-warriors-profile-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Seasons==
===Season I===
{{main|2014 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
Bengal Warriors finished seventh in the first season.<ref name="Results1">{{cite web|title=Season 1, results|url=http://www.prokabaddi.com/season1-results|accessdate=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721172008/http://www.prokabaddi.com/season1-results|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season1-jaipur-pink-panthers-deserving-champions|title=Jaipur Pink panthers, champions|publisher=sportskeeda.com|date=22 June 2015}}</ref>
{{2014 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season II===
{{main|2015 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
Bengal Warriors finished 6th in the second season.
{{2015 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season III===
Bengal Warriors finished 4th in the third season.
{{main|2016 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2016 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season IV===
{{main|2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)}}
{{2016_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season(June)_points_table}}

===Season V===
{{main|2017_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season}}
Bengal Warriors finished 8th in the Fourth season.
{{2017_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VI===
{{main|2018_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season}}
{{2018_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VII===
{{main|2019 Pro Kabaddi League }}
Bengal Warriors became the Champions.
{{2019_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VIII===
{{main|2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2021-22_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season IX===
{{main|2022 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2022 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season X===
{{main|2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

== Records ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|-
! Seasons
! Total
! Wins
! Losses
! Tied
! % Win
! Position
|-
|| [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 1]]|| 14 || 4 || 9 || 1 || 32.14% || Group stage
|-
|| [[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 2]] || 14 || 4 || 9 || 1 || 32.14% || Group stage
|-
|| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)|Season 3]] || 16 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 56.25% || style="background: #cc9966" | '''4th'''
|-
|| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)|Season 4]]|| 14 || 3 || 9 || 2 || 28.57% || Group stage
|-
|| [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 5]] || 24 || 11 || 7 || 6 || 58.33% || style="background: #cc9966" | '''Qualifier-2'''
|-
|| [[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 6]]|| 23 || 12 || 9 || 2 || 56.52% || style="background: #cfc" |'''Eliminator'''
|-
! [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 7]] || 24 || 16 || 5 || 3 || 72.92% ||style="background: gold;" | Champions
|-
|| [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 8]]|| 22 || 9 || 10 || 3 || 47.73% || Group stage
|-
| [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 9]] || 22 || 8 || 11 || 3 || 36.36% || Group stage
|-
| [[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|Season 10]] ||22|| 9 || 11 || 2 || 40.9% || Group stage
|-
| [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|Season 11]] || 22 || 5 || 14 || 3 || 35.7% || Group stage
|}

===By opposition===
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|-
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Opposition
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Played
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Won
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Lost
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Drawn
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|% Win
|-

| [[Bengaluru Bulls]] || 24 || 15 || 9 || 0 || 62.5%
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]] || 23 || 9 || 10 || 4 || 39.1%
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] || 13 || 4 || 7 || 2 || 30.7%
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]] || 12 || 3 || 9 || 0 || 25.0%
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 20 || 10 || 9 || 1 || 50.0%
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]] || 25 || 6 || 16 || 3 || 24.0%
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]] || 22 || 8 || 12 || 2 || 36.3%
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]] || 16 || 10 || 5 || 1 || 62.5%
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]] || 24 || 14 || 5 || 5 || 58.3%
|-
| [[U Mumba]] || 22 || 5 || 15 || 2 || 22.7%
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]] || 16 || 6 || 4 || 6 || 37.5%
|-
! Total || 217 || 90 || 101 || 26 || 41.4%
|}

== Sponsors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|+
!Year
!Season
!Kit manufacturer
!Main sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|2014
|[[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|I]]
|rowspan="5"|[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]
|[[Ching's Secret]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Future Generali India Insurance|Future Generali]]
|[[Big Bazaar|Tasty Treat]]
|-
|2015
|[[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season|II]]
|[[Big Bazaar|Tasty Treat]]
|[[Future Group|T24 Mobile]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
|[[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)|III]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Big Bazaar]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Big Bazaar|Tasty Treat]]
|-
|[[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)|IV]]
|-
|2017
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|V]]
|[[Big Bazaar|fbb]]
|[[Big Bazaar|Golden Harvest]]
|-
|2018
|[[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|VI]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Brand Factory|Spunk]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Future Group|Future Pay]]
|[[Big Bazaar|fbb]]
|-
|2019
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|VII]]
|[[Big Bazaar|Voom]]
|-
|2021
|[[2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season|VIII]]
|WinZO
|[[Big Bazaar]]
|-
|2022
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|IX]]
|Omtex
| rowspan="3" |[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|Capri Loans
|Bikaji
|-
|2023
|[[2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League|X]]
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"|Kajaria
|Royal Green
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|XI]]
|League11
|-
|2025
|[[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|XII]]
|SIX5SIX
|KEI
|[[Sennheiser]]
|Phab
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-bengal-warriors/ Bengal Warriors Team]
{{Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League teams]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Kabaddi clubs and teams established in 2014]]
[[Category:Future Group]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]

Chibhal

2026-01-25T12:06:42Z

IQOCharli56: Started basic info w/ infobox

{{short description|Former Kingdom in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

'''Chibhal''' or '''Bhimber state''' was a region in modern day [[Azad Kashmir]].

==History==
The inhabitants of the state were known as Chibhalis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drew |first=Frederic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNw8BAFeEHcC&q=jibhal+timur |title=The Northern Barrier of India: A Popular Account of the Jummoo and Kashmir Territories |date=1877 |publisher=E. Stanford |pages=30–31 |language=en}}</ref>

Meanwhile, conspiracies were reaching new heights in the Punjab plains following the conquest of all other [[Misl|Sikh Misls]] by the chief who went by the name [[Ranjit Singh]] was consolidating his rule over the various Sikh misls and absorbing them into his [[Sikh Empire]]. This Sikh chief was able to conquer a large part of Bhimber but was ultimately unable to defeat Raja Sultan Khan, the ruler of [[Bhimber]]. These conquered areas were given to a distant relative of Raja Sultan Khan.
Raja Sultan was able to retake most of the lost territories after defeating and executing the treacherous relative. This angered the [[Sikhs]]. The resulting Sikh invasion was led by [[Kharak Singh]], son of Ranjit Singh. Kharak Singh was militarily humiliated by Raja Sultan Khan and was forced to retreat. Sultan Khan devised an ingenious strategy to lead his forces to the hilltop, an area where the opposing armies were unaccustomed to fighting in mountainous terrain. This led to a fierce battle which resulted in a great Muslim victory against the Sikhs in which Greater [[Bhimber]] defeated the armies of famous Sikh Maharaja of [[Punjab]]. Later on the state's territories were reduced to no more than twenty five kilometres due to constant invasions from the [[Sikh Empire]]. The state was then referred to as the state of Bhimber. At that time it included the towns of Bhimber, Samhani and Mangal Devi. The Chibhalis were known to fiercely resist the Sikhs. They were seen as a threat by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]. The son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh i.e. Prince Kharak Singh, had called Raja Sultan Khan of [[Bhimber]] to [[Jammu]] to sign a peace treaty but there Raja Sultan Khan was treacherously put in jail, his kingdom was invaded and annexed into the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name="ReferenceB">History of the Punjab Hill States by Hutchison and Vogel, reprint edition, 2 volumes in 1 CHAPTER XX IV.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[Category:History of Azad Kashmir]]

Nadanahalli

2026-01-23T19:12:56Z

IQOCharli56: started initial pg needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandanahalli, Mysore
| native_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.29472|76.70843|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:25
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''570028'''
}}

[[File:Yandhahalli, Nadanahali.jpg|thumb|upright|Yandhahalli hamlet in Nadanahali]]
[[File:Alanahalli.a.jpg|thumb|upright|School in Alanahalli hamlet near Nandanahalli]]

'''Nadanahalli''' is a small village near [[Mysore]] city in Karnataka province of India.

==Location==
Nadanahalli is located on the eastern side of Mysore city on the T.Narasipura road. It is at a distance of ten kilometers from Mysore city center.

==Demographics==
Nandanhalli had 652 families and a total population of 2,808 according to the census of 2011. The literacy rate was 72%. The village is headed by a ''[[sarpanch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/618731-nadanahalli-karnataka.html|title=Nadanahalli Village Population - Mysore - Mysore, Karnataka|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chikkahalli Choranahalli]]
* [[Sutturu]]
* [[Varuna village]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Alanahalli.c.jpg|Tree worship
File:Alanahalli.b.jpg|Temple in Alanahalli
File:Alanahalli Rajasekara Hospital.jpg|Dr.Rajasekhara Hospital
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Siege of Jinji

2026-01-23T09:44:40Z

IQOCharli56: new

{{Short description|1690–1698 siege}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Jinji
| partof = [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]
| image = Maharani Tarabai of Karvir.jpg
| caption = [[Tarabai]] in battle.
| date = September 1690{{Spaced ndash}}8 January 1698
| place = [[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]] in modern day [[Tamil Nadu]].
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] victory [[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]] captured by [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
| territory = The [[Mughal Empire]] gained control of much of modern day [[Tamil Nadu]].
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]] [[Madurai Nayaks]]
| combatant2 = [[Maratha kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Zulfikar Khan]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]] [[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Swarup Singh]] Mehboob Khan [[Fath Muhammad|Fateh Muhammad]] [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Mir Shahab ud-Din]] [[Ali Raja|Ali Raja Ali II]] [[Mangammal]]
| commander2 = [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] [[Tarabai]] [[Santaji Ghorpade]] [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
| strength1 = 20,000 [[Sepoy]]s 5,000 [[Sowar]] and [[Zamburak]] 60 [[Cannon]]s 2,000 [[Matchlock]]s 150 [[War elephant]]s
| strength2 = 7,000–8,000 infantry<ref>Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700 By J.J.L. Gommans, p.192 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kNiAAgAAQBAJ&dq=shahaji+zulfiqar+khan&pg=PA192]</ref>
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

The '''siege of Jinji''', (September 1690–8 January 1698) began when the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] appointed [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Ali Khan]] as the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] and dispatched him to besiege and capture [[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]], which had been sacked and captured by [[Maratha Empire]] troops led by [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], they had also ambushed and killed about 300 [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Sowar]]s in the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]. The [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] then ordered [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] to protect the supply routes leading to Jinji Fort and to support and provide reinforcements to Zulfiqar Ali Khan when needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html |title=Mughal Empire 1526-1707 by Sanderson Beck |publisher=San.beck.org |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Tony |date=2015-06-26 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website= |page=395 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Mangammal|Rani Mangammal]] of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] played a key role in assisting [[Zulfikhar Ali Khan|Zulfiqar Ali Khan]].

The siege of Jinji was also the longest siege by any single Mughal Army in [[recorded history]] – it lasted for a lingering 8 years.

==Background==
[[Gingee Fort|Jinji Fort]] had been under the control of the [[Adil Shahi]]s of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] since the year 1649. In the year 1677, the Maratha king [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]], routed the Bijapur forces and captured Jinji Fort and renovated it to European standards. He constructed new ramparts around the fort, dug ditches, erected towers, created basins, and executed all these works with perfection.<ref>Maratha Rule in the Carnatic by C. K. Srinivasan p. 149-157 [https://books.google.com/books?id=sezdpA_4h7wC&q=gingee+shivaji+european]</ref> The fort was then placed under the command of the Mahadik clan. The fort was later chosen as the second capital for the Maratha Chhatrapati Rajaram to relieve Mughal pressure from [[Raigad fort]] and divert their manpower.

Outraged by the slaughter of the Mughal Sowars in the region, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb dispatched Zulfiqar Ali Khan to besiege and capture the massive Jinji Fort. But besieging the fort was no easy task. It enclosed an area of 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi), and its walls were 30 ft high and 66 ft thick. It is elevated 800 ft (240 m) high, and protected by an 80 feet (24 m) wide moat. There were three very important hills within the fort and a large pond containing fresh water.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927145501/http://www.airavat.com/guerrila_warfare2.htm Gingee in the Mughal-Maratha wars]</ref>

==Encirclement of Jinji Fort==
Immediately after encircling the fort in the year 1690, with his Mughal Sowars and [[Zamburak]], Zulfiqar Ali Khan placed [[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Swarup Singh]] and young Mehboob Khan (a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Muslim]] nicknamed ''Maavuthukaran'') in command of the [[Sepoy]]s. [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]] was appointed ''Mir Atish'' or lead gunner of 60 [[cannon]]s placed at various locations. [[Fatah Muhammad]] was the lead commander of the [[Rocket artillery]] consisting of 50 men. [[Muslim]] [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] and [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s were recruited and good relations were established with [[Ali Raja|Ali Raja Ali II]].

Zulfiqar Ali Khan then ordered the [[Maratha]] to surrender but Rajaram refused and the bombardments began but with little success. Desperately searching for a quick victory Zulfiqar Ali Khan made all efforts to gather men, ammunition and money for a successful war with them. He even allied himself with [[Fort St. George]]'s English Governor [[Elihu Yale]].

In the coming years Zulfiqar Ali Khan would attempt to breach the walls with limited resources. He managed to protect the trade routes and make contact with Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I on many occasions. He defended nearby land owners, and led four massive assaults upon the Marathas inside the fort. However, most of his focus was towards the vicinity of the fort and he continuously expected and correctly predicted Maratha ambushes instead of besieging the fort itself.

Zulfikhar Ali Khan was briefly joined by Aurangzeb's son Prince [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]]. On one occasion when the Mughal encampments around Jinji fort were surrounded by the Maratha rebels, he actually decided to defect. His plans were foiled; he was put to chains and imprisoned in a ditch which was covered by a tent by Zulfikhar Ali Khan, who managed to expel the roving Marathas with [[Matchlock]]s. Zulfikhar Ali Khan then wrote a letter informing the Mughal Emperor of his son's betrayal, Aurangzeb then sent his trusted [[vizier]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] to retrieve Prince Muhammad Kam Bakhsh. Asad Khan arrived with the finest weapons, carriages and thousands of reinforcements.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Jinji |title=Aurangzeb - Muni Lal - Google Boeken |isbn=9780706940176 |access-date=2012-08-01|last1=Lal |first1=Muni |year=1988 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House }}</ref> When Prince Muhammad Kam Baksh, was brought in chains before Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor almost had him beheaded, but Aurangzeb was deterred by the pleas of his own daughter [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum|Zinat-un-nissa]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=mughal+empire |title=The Mughal Empire |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521566032 |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref>

Queen Mangammal had realized the renegade Rajaram had entrenched himself within Jinji and had been bent upon attacking [[Thanjavur]] and [[Madurai]] if the Mughal Army was to withdraw. Mangammal soon recognized Aurangzeb as her suzerain and began to assist Zulfikhar Ali Khan in attacking the fort.

Zulfikhar Ali Khan then set up a base in [[Wandiwash]]. In 1697 Zulfikhar Ali Khan led 18,000 men from his camp (8000 Sowars and 10,000 [[Sepoy]]s) in order to fight an assembling Maratha force in Thanjavur sent by [[Shivaji II]] and [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] and possibly aided by the Madurai Nayaks, numbering over 40,000 men, with the objective to relieve the siege of Jinji Fort and continue their hostilities against the Mughal Empire. Zulfikhar Ali Khan and his considerably smaller battalion then defeated the ill-equipped Maratha force and routed them from Thanjavur.

Because Zulfikhar Ali Khan did not often receive assistance and supplies from the Mughals he began to forage the countryside in order to recover his losses. In 1697 Rajaram offered to negotiate, but Aurangzeb ordered Zulfikhar Ali Khan to initiate an all-out assault. Zulfikhar Ali Khan returned he made efforts to hire European gunners and then led his final fourth assault into Jinji Fort in the year 1698. Forced into action, the Mughal Army battered the walls with cannon fire, which eventually allowed them to scale the walls and capture the lower citadels, which were armed with cannons that bombarded the higher citadel. After heavy bombardments the Mughals captured the higher citadel. Zulfikhar Ali Khan captured four of Rajaram's wives, three sons and two daughters, while Rajaram himself fled. Rajaram's family was later sent back by Zulfikar Khan to [[Vellore]] where Rajaram was.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रणरागिणी ताराराणी - Ranragini Tararani by Dr. Sadashiv Shivade - Snehal Prakashan - BookGanga.com |url=https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/Details/5524590464076248173 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.bookganga.com}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
According to Mughal accounts Zulfikhar Ali Khan named Jinji Fort, "Nusratgarh" after its capture, but the condemned Maratha leader Rajaram had somehow escaped earlier on during the siege, causing much dismay for Zulfikhar Ali Khan. However, the Mughal rule at Jinji eventually paved the way to the establishment of the Nawab of the Carnatic and the [[Sultanate of Mysore]].

But according to [[Hindu]] accounts, it was due to the efforts of Swarup Singh of [[Bundela]], that the Mughals were successful. The Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb, himself granted Swarup Singh a position of [[Mansabdar]] of 2,500 and gave him total command and administration of Jinji Fort in 1700 AD. But after Swarup Singh died of old age in 1714, his newly arriving son De Singh was given command according to an official [[Firman]] by the Mughal Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]]. This action was considered outrageous to [[Muhammed Saadatullah Khan I]] who personally marched to Jinji Fort with 18,000 men and killed De Singh and declared himself the administrator of Jinji Fort.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=expanded}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire|Jinji]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Jinji]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1690s in India]]
[[Category:1690 in India]]
[[Category:1698 in India]]
[[Category:1690s conflicts|Jinji]]
[[Category:Battles involving Madurai Nayakas]]

Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant

2026-01-22T16:26:22Z

IQOCharli56: added references

{{Short description|Dam in Indian-administered Ladakh, Kashmir region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Alchi Dam
| name_official =
| image = Alchi Project.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Alchi Dam
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Ladakh#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|12|55|N|77|11|06|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country =
| location =
| status = C
| construction_began = September 2006
| opening =
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[NHPC Limited]]
| dam_type = [[Concrete-face rock-fill]]
| dam_height = {{convert|57|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Indus River]]
| spillway_count = 5
| spillway_type = Blocks
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|13|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{convert|372|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_name = Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant
| plant_operator = [[NHPC Limited]]
| plant_commission = Unit#3: Dec 2012, Unit#2: Jan 2013, Unit#1: June 2013
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 3 x 15 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 45 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
[[File:Alchi Project2.jpg|thumb|left|Alchi Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
The '''Nimoo Bazgo Power Project''' is a [[run-of-the-river]] power project on the [[Indus River]] situated at Alchi village, {{convert|75|km}} from [[Leh]] in the [[India]]n Union Territory of [[Ladakh]].<ref name="y902">{{cite web | title=Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Project, Leh – emPowering Ladakh | website=Smart City | date=2014-04-26 | url=https://smartcity.eletsonline.com/nimoo-bazgo-hydroelectric-project-leh-empowering-ladakh/ | access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref> The project was conceived on 1 July 2001 and approved on 8 June 2005, and construction began on 23rd Sept, 2006. The project involved construction of a {{convert|57|m||adj=pre|-high|abbr=on}} concrete dam with five spillway blocks of {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} each having ogee profile. The dam is 247.9m in length.<ref name="y902"/> It was officially completed and open in August 2014.<ref name="HydroReview">{{cite web | title=India prime minister dedicates 44-MW Chutak, 45-MW Nimoo Bazgo hydro projects | website=Hydro Review | date=2014-08-14 | url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/asiaoceania/india-prime-minister-dedicates-44-mw-chutak-45-mw-nimoo-bazgo-hydro-projects/#gref | access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>

The Nimoo Bazgo power plant was stated to utilise a rated net head of {{convert|34|m|abbr=on}} to generate {{convert|239.30|GWh|abbr=off}}{{clarify|date=August 2014}} in a 90% dependable year. The project has three surface power units of {{convert|15|MW|abbr=on}} each with a total installed capacity of {{convert|45|MW||abbr=}}.<ref name="HydroReview"/> Every unit has a {{convert|3.3|m|abbr=on}} diameter, each {{convert|63|m|ft|abbr=on|adj=mid|-long}} penstocks. Each operating unit is stated to have been designed for a discharge of {{convert|48.7|m3/s|abbr=on}} and also have transformer yard and switch yard. The project was connected to the northern grid through a 220 kV transmission line from Leh to [[Srinagar]]. The dam diverts water from the Indus river by a {{convert|372|m|abbr=on}} long diversion channel and involves a flooding of only {{convert|3.42|km2|abbr=on}}. Thus the power density is {{convert|{{#expr:45/3.42 round 2}}|MW/km2|W/m2 MW/sqmi}}. The project was developed by National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd.<ref name="HydroReview"/> Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) has executed the Electro-Mechanical works.

==History==
The project was conceived on 1 July 2001 and approved on 8 June 2005, and construction began on 23rd Sept, 2006.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The project required the removal and cutting of tens of thousands of tonnes of rock, diversion of the river flow, construction of the dam, powerhouse and reservoir.<ref name="y902"/> The project required development of the mountain road network, as well as delivery of construction vehicles by aircraft to Leh.<ref name="y902"/> The project was complicated by the difficult terrain and sub-zero mountain temperatures at some 3,500m above sea level.<ref name="y902"/>

All the three units of the project have been successfully commissioned. The project was inaugurated on 12 August 2014 by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]], in a ceremony attended by senior officials including Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir [[Omar Abdullah]], National Security Adviser [[Ajit Kumar Doval]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aninews.in/videogallery2/26687-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-45-mw-nimoo-bazgo-hydroelectric-power-project-in-leh.html|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates 45 MW Nimoo-Bazgo hydroelectric power project in Leh|publisher=aninews|accessdate=2015-02-27|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172856/http://www.aninews.in/videogallery2/26687-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-45-mw-nimoo-bazgo-hydroelectric-power-project-in-leh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="HydroReview"/>

The project, along with the [[Chutak Hydroelectric Plant]], was certified as compliant with the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] by the Indian Central Water Commission, with the project information passed over to Pakistan.<ref name="ET">{{cite web | title=Government clears 8 hydropower projects on Indus in Ladakh | website=The Economic Times | date=2021-01-07 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-clears-8-hydropower-projects-on-indus-in-ladakh/articleshow/80154524.cms | access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{externalimage|topic=Nimoo Bazgo power project|float=right|width=200px
|image1=[http://www.nhpcindia.com/WriteReadData/Projects/English/Images/55_1.gif Nimoo Bazgo Excavation]
|image2=[http://www.nhpcindia.com/WriteReadData/Projects/English/Images/55_3.jpg Nimoo Bazgo Layout Plan]
|}}
{{reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Power Plants of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Indus River dams}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2012]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012]]
[[Category:Dams in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Run-of-the-river power stations]]
[[Category:Dams on the Indus River]]
[[Category:Power stations in Ladakh]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{India-dam-stub}}
{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Namakkal Fort

2025-12-27T23:18:34Z

IQOCharli56: General improvements to article content

{{short description|Historical fort in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Other places|Namakkal (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Namakkal Fort
|partof = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|location = [[Namakkal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|image = [[File:Namakkal Fort (2).jpg|250px]]
|caption = Namakkal Fort
|map_type = India Tamil Nadu
|map_size = 200
|map_caption =
|type = [[Fort]]s
|coordinates = {{coord|11.22210151545568|78.1652995017064|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition =
|open_to_public =
|controlledby = Department of Archaeology
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

'''Namakkal Fort''' is a historic fort present in [[Namakkal]] in [[Namakkal district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The fort was built during the reign of [[Thirumalai Nayak]] of [[Madurai Nayak|Madurai]] in 17th century.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Government Portal">{{cite web|title= Tamil Nadu Government Portal
|url= http://www.tn.gov.in/district_details/584|publisher=Namakkal District Administration|date=2016-05-09}}</ref> It was under the dominion of [[Tipu Sultan]] and then switched hands to the British East India Company as a part of Srirangapattinam treaty. The fort was used as a watch tower and garrison by the ruling empire.

The fort is located on the top of a hillock made of a single rock, {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. There is a temple and a mosque that are located within the fort, both of which are popular tourist attractions of the town. In modern times, the fort is under the control of the Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Namakkal Fort (11).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the fort structure]]
According to Hindu legend, the hillock on which the fort is located was carried by [[Hanuman]], a disciple of Sri Ram from the epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The hillock is known as Namagiri and also as Saligramam, the image of [[Vishnu]] in a divine stone. Hanuman was flying with the [[Sanjeevi|Sanjeevi Paravatha]], the sacred mountain from Himalayan mountain to [[Sri Lanka]]. On his way, he saw the Kamalalayam tank and descended there to perform his morning worship. He placed the saligramam he brought from Himalayas and when he opened his eyes after the worship, he saw the stone grown to its current size. A divine voice asked him to leave the stone in the place itself. As per another legend, [[Narasimha]], an [[avatar]] of Vishnu, after destroying Asura Hiranyakasipu, was still in ferocious mood. Hanuman, brought him to the place where [[Mahalakshmi]], the wife of Vishnu was doing penance.<ref name="nic">{{cite web|title=Namakkal Fort|url=http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/import.html|publisher=Namakkal District Administration|date=2013-09-09|access-date=9 October 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304004029/http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/import.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Namakkal-fort-old.jpg|thumb|Old Photograph of Namakkal fort ]]

The fort was built by the [[Madurai Nayaks]] during the 17th century.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Government Portal"/>
It is reported to have been built by Ramachandra Nayakar, the [[Poligar]] of Sendamangalam, during the reign of [[Thirumalai Nayak]]. The fort was captured by the [[British Raj|British]] in 1768, to be lost to [[Hyder Ali]]. His son [[Tipu Sultan]] went on utilize the fort as a arms depot and watch tower. It switched hands to the British East India Company who got five forts including this one as a part of the Treaty of Srirangapatnam. The British used the fort for storing food grains and arms in the hillock. The British used this as a watch tower. Lieutenant Fehrszen used this as a garrison for during the Peninsular war. In modern times, the fort was declared as a monument of national importance. It is maintained and administered by the Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=Hindu>{{cite web|title=Slice of history in shambles|last=S.P.|first=Saravanan|publisher=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/slice-of-history-in-shambles/article6813693.ece|date=23 January 2015|accessdate=4 November 2021}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The fort is located in the centre of Namakkal town over a hillock made of single rock named Namagiri.<ref name="nic"/> The fort is located on the top of the rock, {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. There is a Narasimha Murthy temple and a mosque that are located within the fort, both of which are popular tourist attractions of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places of Interest|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/namakkal/abcity_place.htm|publisher=Namakkal Municipality|year=2011|accessdate=2013-09-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121104956/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/namakkal/abcity_place.htm|archivedate=2012-01-21|df=}}</ref> Kamalalayam tank, located at foothills, is commonly associated with the fort.<ref>{{cite news|title=Neglected tank gets polluted in Namakkal|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/25/stories/2009112552100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414174025/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/25/stories/2009112552100300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 November 2009|location=Tamil Nadu|accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref> The fort is made up with well-cut blocks of the same stone as the hill and cemented to the rock by mortar. The higher portions of the fort are held by their own weight and accurate fitting. The area of the fort is around {{convert|1.5|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} on the top. In modern times, an 8 ft image of Hanuman is reinstalled on the fort, facing the Narasimha image on the top of the fort. The fort is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of - Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=2013-09-09|year=2011}}</ref>

[[File:Namakkal view from hillock fort .jpg|1000px|center|thumb|Panoramic View of Namakkal from Hillock]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Namakkal Fort}}

[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Namakkal]]

Pathiyoor

2025-12-11T08:34:52Z

IQOCharli56:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pathiyoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|12|0|N|76|30|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23460
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL 29
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pathiyoor''' is a village in [[Kayamkulam|Kayamkulam city]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].The village will be northern part of this city.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India:Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Thachadi Prabhakaran]], Indian politician പത്തിയൂർ കമലം :- തകിൽ

==Demographics==
At the 2011 India [[census]], Pathiyoor (Village) had a population of 23,460 with 10,939 males and 12,521 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathiyoor Census Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628261-pathiyoor-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

== See also ==
* [[Kareelakulangara]], a neighbourhood south west of Pathiyoor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alappuzha district}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

{{Alappuzha-geo-stub}}

Suresh Singh Wangjam

2025-12-09T07:37:08Z

IQOCharli56: fixed content for consistency

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Western name order|Wangjam Suresh Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Wangjam|Suresh|Singh}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Suresh Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Suresh Singh Wangjam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.66}}
| currentclub = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| clubnumber = 8
| position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2016–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[AIFF Elite Academy]]
| youthyears2 = 2019
| youthclubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| years1 = 2017–2019
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 30
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2019–
| clubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps2 = 100
| goals2 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2015–2017
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 30
| nationalgoals1 = 6
| nationalyears2 = 2017
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| nationalyears3 = 2021–
| nationalteam3 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps3 = 3
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| nationalyears4 = 2021–
| nationalteam4 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps4 = 40
| nationalgoals4 = 1
| club-update = 20:53, 18 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 22:00, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021 Maldives]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Suresh Singh Wangjam''' (born 7 August 2000) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] and [[India national football team|India national team]]. He won the [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Emerging Player of the Year|2020–21 AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]] award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandesh named AIFF Men's Footballer of the Year, Suresh wins Emerging Player award|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|website=the-aiff.com|date=21 June 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310151646/http://the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|url-status=live}}</ref> He also represented India in the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]] in 2017.

==Club career==
Born in [[Manipur]], and nicknamed as both ''El Torito'' and ''Gooli Suresha'', Wangjam was part of the [[AIFF Elite Academy]] batch that was preparing for the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] to be hosted in India.<ref name="U17">{{cite news|last1=Selvaraj|first1=Jonathan|title=How 14,000 became 21: The story of India's history boys|url=http://www.espn.in/football/u-17-world-cup/story/3218395/how-14,000-became-21-the-story-of-indias-history-boys|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=ESPN.in|date=3 October 2017|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110234754/https://www.espn.in/football/u-17-world-cup/story/3218395/how-14,000-became-21-the-story-of-indias-history-boys|url-status=live}}</ref> After the tournament, Wangjam was selected to play for the [[Indian Arrows]], an [[All India Football Federation]]-owned team that would consist of [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20]] players to give them playing time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Matos Names 25-member Indian Arrows Squad for Hero I-league 2017-18|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|accessdate=29 November 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=29 November 2017|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617024057/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the side in the Arrow's first match of the season against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]. He started and played the whole match as Indian Arrows won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 3–0 Chennai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/?ICID=PL_MS_04|website=Soccerway|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617044323/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/?ICID=PL_MS_04|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==
Wangjam represented the [[India national under-17 football team|India under-17]] side which participated in the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] which was hosted in India.<ref name="U17"/>

He made his senior team debut on 25 March 2021 in an 1–1 draw match against [[Oman national football team|Oman]].

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|18 March 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|suresh-singh-wangjam/513908}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
! colspan="2" |Other
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
!Apps
!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Arrows]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|15||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—||15||0
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|15||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—||17||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!30!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!32!!0
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2019–20 Bengaluru FC season|2019–20]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]
|11||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0
|3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||3||17||3
|-
|[[2020–21 Bengaluru FC season|2020–21]]
|19||1||0||0||5{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0||0||0||24||1
|-
|[[2021–22 Bengaluru FC season|2021–22]]
|16||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0||16||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]]
|22||0||5{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||30||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]]
|19||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0||19||1
|-
|[[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25]]
|13||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0||16||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!100!!3!!5!!0!!8!!0!!9!!3!!122!!6
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!130!!3!!7!!0!!8!!0!!9!!3!!154!!6
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|18 November 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player|id=82017 |name= Suresh Singh Wangjam|accessdate=23 June 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2021||11||1
|-
|2022||4||0
|-
|2023||7||0
|-
|2024||9||0
|-
|2025||9||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!40!!1
|}

====International goals====
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Cap !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| align=center | 1. || 16 October 2021 || [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]], [[Malé]], [[Maldives]] || align=center | 11 || {{fb|NEP}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center | 3–0 || [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021 SAFF Championship Final]]
|}

== Honours ==
'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Outlook Web |date=2022-01-01 |title=India Vs Nepal, SAFF Championship Final: Sunil Chhetri Equals Lionel Messi Feat As Blue Tigers Win 8th Title |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-nepal-saff-football-championship-final-sunil-chhetri-equals-lionel-messi-feat-as-blue-tigers-win-8th-title/397855 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Outlook |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321132007/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-nepal-saff-football-championship-final-sunil-chhetri-equals-lionel-messi-feat-as-blue-tigers-win-8th-title/397855 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023]]

'''Individual'''
* [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]]: [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Emerging Player of the Year|2020–21]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sandesh named AIFF Men's Footballer of the Year, Suresh wins Emerging Player award|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|access-date=2021-07-21|website=the-aiff.com|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310151646/http://the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Bengaluru FC'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]
*[[Indian Super League|ISL Cup]] runner-up: [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]], [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Mohun Bagan win their first ISL league-cup double with extra time win over Bengaluru FC |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/44630832/mohun-bagan-vs-bengaluru-fc-live-score-updates-commentary-2024-25-isl-final |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>
*[[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] runner-up: [[2023 AIFF Super Cup|2023]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengaluru FC squad}}
{{India squad 2023 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Wangjam, Suresh}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:AIFF Academy players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:2023 AFC Asian Cup players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Generali Central Insurance

2025-11-06T19:41:04Z

IQOCharli56: Started basic biography and citations

{{Short description|Indian insurance company founded 2006}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Generali Central Insurance Company Limited (GCICL)
| logo = Future Generali India Insurance logo.svg
| former_name = Future Generali India Insurance
| type = Private
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2006}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| key_people = Anup Rau (MD & CEO)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panda |first1=Subrata |title=Regulatory changes may bring new dawn for insurers: BFSI Summit panelists |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/regulatory-changes-may-bring-new-dawn-for-insurers-bfsi-summit-panelists-122122200942_1.html |work=business-standard.com |date=22 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| products = [[Health insurance]] [[Motor insurance]] [[Travel insurance]] [[Home insurance]] [[Life insurance|Lifestyle Insurance]] [[Commercial general liability insurance|Commercial insurance]] [[Social insurance|Social/Rural Insurance]]
| assets = {{INR}} 5726.28 (2022)<ref name=AnnualReport/>
| owner = {{ubl|[[Generali Group]]|[[Central Bank of India]]}}
| num_employees =
| parent = {{ubl|[[Generali Group]]|[[Central Bank of India]]}}
| homepage = {{Official website|https://www.generalicentralinsurance.com/}}
| slogan =
}}
'''Generali Central Insurance Company Limited''' (GCICL) (formally known as '''Future Generali India Insurance Company Limited''' (FGII)) is a private general insurance company based in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 Apr 2017 |title=FGII CEO speaks about the future of wellness based health insurance |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/future-generali-india-chief-sees-next-phase-of-growth-from-wellness-based-health-insurance-2266861.html |access-date=4 Nov 2017 |publisher=Money Control}}</ref> It is a joint venture between [[Assicurazioni Generali|Generali Group]] and [[Central Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Generali Group, CBI announce new brand identity for life, general insurance JV |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articles/generali-group-and-central-bank-of-india-unveil-new-brand-identity-for-insurance-joint-venture/123090230 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, the Generali Group was reported to be the largest insurance company in Italy and one of the largest globally by net premiums and assets. GCICL offers products in personal, commercial, and rural insurance categories. As of 2022, the company has over 3000 active corporate clients and more than 21,500 agents.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Here's why non-motor, non-health insurance space is emerging as the next growth drivers |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/insurance/story/heres-why-non-motor-non-health-insurance-space-is-emerging-as-the-next-growth-drivers-348438-2022-09-28 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, the [[Central Bank of India]] acquired a 24.91% stake in Future Generali India Insurance Company Limited for ₹451 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Central Bank of India acquires nearly 25% stake in Future Generali India Insurance for ₹451 crore {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/central-bank-of-india-acquires-nearly-25-stake-in-future-generali-india-insurance-11749103528532.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Originally established in 2006, the company received [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001:2008]] certification in 2013 and [[ISO/IEC 27001|ISO 27001:2013]] certification in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 Feb 2013 |title=FGII receives ISO certification |url=http://www.bimabazaar.com/insurance-news/1996-future-generali-insurance-receives-iso-certification |access-date=31 Oct 2017 |publisher=Bima Bazar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 Feb 2013 |title=FGII receives ISO |url=http://www.apnnews.com/future-generali-insurance-receives-iso-certification |access-date=31 Oct 2017 |publisher=APN News}}</ref> It has partenered with India banks like [[Bank of Maharashtra]], [[UCO Bank]], and [[Bank of India]] to provide insurance products such as motor, home, health, and rural insurance.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 Mar 2017 |title=Future Generali India Insurance ties up with UCO Bank |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/future-generali-india-insurance-ties-up-with-uco-bank-2151059.html |access-date=4 Nov 2017 |publisher=Money Control}}</ref><ref name="FGII tieup with Bank of Maharashtra2">{{cite news |date=30 Jan 2017 |title=Future Generali India Insurance ties up with Bank of Maharashtra |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/future-generali-india-insurance-ties-up-with-bank-of-maharashtra-117013000781_1.html |access-date=1 Nov 2017 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

In May 2022, Generali acquired an additional 25 percent stake in Generali Central Insurance from Future Enterprises, increasing its overall shareholding to 74 percent.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 7, 2022 |title=Generali completes acquisition of 25% stake in Future Generali India Insurance from Future Group |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/generali-completes-acquisition-of-25-stake-in-future-generali-india-insurance-from-future-group/articleshow/91401274.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

The company provides a mobile application, FG Insure, which includes functions such as policy management, insurance renewal, and claim reporting.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 7, 2018 |title=Future Generali India Insurance launches end-to-end consumer app: FG Insure |url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/future-generali-india-insurance-launches-end-to-end-consumer-app-fg-insure/27513/ |publisher=[[Express Computer]]}}</ref> In 2016, the company launched i-MoSS, a digital tool used by motor claim surveyors.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 1, 2016 |title=Future Generali India Insurance launches i-MoSS app for motor claim surveys |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Future-Generali-India-Insurance-launches-i-MoSS-app-for-motor-claim-surveys/articleshow/51639674.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] has approved [[Central Bank of India]]'s insurance sector entry via a joint venture with Future Generali India Insurance and Future Generali India Life. With a Rs 508 crore investment, the bank acquired a 24.91% stake in FGIICL and 25.18% in FILICL, The bank also got IRDAI approvals to get into joint venture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-05 |title=Central Bank of India acquires Future's stake in life, general insurance JVs with Generali for ₹508 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/central-bank-of-india-acquires-futures-stake-in-life-general-insurance-jvs-with-generali-for-508-crore/article69660712.ece |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Key people ==
* Anup Rau, Managing Director & CEO<ref>{{cite news |title=Future Generali India Insurance appoints Anup Rau as CEO and MD |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/future-generali-india-insurance-appoints-anup-rau-as-ceo-and-md/71024696 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=September 7, 2019}}</ref>
* Devi Dayal Garg, Chief Financial Officer
* Deepak Prasad, Chief Operating Officer<ref>{{cite news |title=People want wellness benefits, mental health support in health insurance policy: Future Generali COO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/people-want-wellness-benefits-mental-health-support-in-health-insurance-policy-future-generali-coo/articleshow/90456291.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=March 28, 2022}}</ref>
* Ruchika Varma, Chief Marketing Officer<ref>{{cite news |title=Future Generali India Insurance gets Ruchika Varma as CMO |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/future-generali-india-insurance-gets-ruchika-varma-as-cmo/457592 |publisher=Campaign India |date=January 14, 2020}}</ref>
* Abhishek Singh, Chief Bancassurance Officer
* Ashish Lakhtakia, Chief Legal & Compliance Officer and Company Secretary
* M. Ramit Goyal, Chief Distribution Officer
* Jatin Arora, Appointed Actuary
* Ajay Panchal, Chief Risk Officer
* Milan P. Shirodkar, Chief of Investments
* Ritu Sethi, Chief Internal Audit Officer
* Sunil Wariar, Chief People Officer

== Products ==
In March 2022, the company introduced FG Dog Health Cover, a health insurance policy for pet dogs.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Future Generali launches health insurance plan for pet dogs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/future-generali-launches-health-insurance-plan-for-pet-dogs-11646296936832.html |publisher=[[Livemint]]}}</ref> In September 2022, it launched FG Health Absolute, a health insurance plan that includes services such as tele-counseling, health-related webinars, and access to wellness and diagnostic facilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 7, 2022 |title=FG Health Absolute Policy: Rs 3 lakh to Rs 1 crore health cover for up to 15 family members; check details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance/fg-health-absolute-policy-rs-3-lakh-to-rs-1-crore-health-cover-for-up-to-15-family-members-check-details/2656228/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>

==Financials==
The company reported its [[Gross premiums written|Gross Written Premium]] of ₹4,210.35 crore in the financial year 2021–22, while in FY 2020–21, it was ₹3,898.91 crore, a growth of 8%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-01 |title=Future Generali India aims for 20pc growth in FY23 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/future-generali-india-aims-for-20pc-growth-in-fy23/articleshow/93933425.cms |access-date=2023-02-10 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The company reported a solvency ratio of 166% in FY 2021–22. The Net Promoter Score (NPS), of the company stood at 59.4 in FY 2021–2022.<ref name=":02"/>

== Shareholding ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+The shareholding pattern of the Company in FY 2025-26 is as below:<ref name="AnnualReport">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://general.futuregenerali.in/pdf/investorInformation/annualReport/2021-22/Annual%20Report%202021-22.pdf}}</ref>
!Promoters/Shareholders
!Percentage of Shareholding
!No.of shares
|-
|Generali Participations Netherlands NV
|73.86%
|68,31,82,724
|-
|Central Bank of India
|26.14%
|221,620,981
|-
|TOTAL
|100%
|904,803,705
|}

== CSR initiatives ==
In 2018, GCICL adopted The Human Safety Net (THSN), a CSR initiative focused on community-based support programs.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=September 6, 2018 |title=CSR : Future Generali adopts The Human Safety Net for Families programme |url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-future-generali-adopts-human-safety-net-families-programme/ |publisher=IndiaCSR}}</ref> The company has collaborated with [[United Way Mumbai]] to support children from disadvantaged communities.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 15, 2022 |title=FGII partners with United Way Mumbai to support children from disadvantaged communities |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/fgii-partners-with-united-way-mumbai-to-support-children-from-disadvantaged-communities/ |publisher=CSR Journal}}</ref> It also donated 8,500 masks to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]], as part of a campaign promoting mental health awareness.<ref name=":22">{{cite news |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Future Generali India Insurance Donates 8500 Masks to the BMC with Messages on Mental Health |url=https://www.csrmandate.org/future-generali-india-insurance-donates-8500-masks-to-the-bmc-with-messages-on-mental-health/ |publisher=CSR Mandate}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
The company has received several awards in recognition of its efforts in various fields. In 2022, the company received the Golden Peacock Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022 |title=Golden Peacock Awards |url=https://goldenpeacockaward.com/images/previous-Result-sheets/2022/GPA%20Result%20Sheet%20-%20Corporate%20Governance%20&%20Sustainability%20(both%20Global%20&%20National)%20and%20Risk%20Management%20-%202022.pdf}}</ref> In 2021, it was awarded the BFSI Silver Medal at the ET Brand Disruption Awards by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021 |title=Winners list |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/disruption-awards2021/winners-list |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The company was also named the Brand of the Year, receiving 3 Gold, 2 Silver, and 2 Bronze awards at the e4m Health Marcom Awards 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021 |title=Winners |url=https://e4mevents.com/healthcare-marcom-awards-2021/winner |agency=Exchange4media}}</ref> It also won a silver award at the ETBrandEquity Shark Awards 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022 |title=Winners list |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/shark-awards2022/winners-list |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> For its 2022 annual report, the company received platinum award at Marcom Awards 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=MarCom Awards |url=http://enter.marcomawards.com/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=enter.marcomawards.com}}</ref> and gold award at the 2022 Spotlight Awards Global Communications Competition by LACP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LACP 2022 Spotlight Awards Global Communications Competition |url=https://www.lacp.com/2022spotlight/awards-global-communications-competition-1126.htm |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.lacp.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]

9 Hours

2025-10-31T04:31:36Z

IQOCharli56: Put up a details - done

{{short description|2022 web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = 9 Hours poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Crime drama]]
| creator = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| based_on = ''Tommidi Gantalu'' by [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]
| writer = Krish Jagarlamudi
| director = {{ubl|[[Niranjan Kaushik]]|Jacob Verghese}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Taraka Ratna]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
* [[Madhu Shalini]]
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
* [[Ravi Prakash]]
*[[Sritej]]
}}
| voices =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Shakthi Kanth Karthick
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rohith Pisapati
| producer = {{ubl|Y. Rajeev Reddy|Saibabu Jagarlamudi}}
| location = India
| cinematography = Manojh Reddy Katasani
| editor = Dharmendra Kakarala
| runtime =
| company = [[First Frame Entertainments]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Start date|2022|06|02|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''9 Hours''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime drama|survival crime thriller]] television series created by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]], directed by [[Niranjan Kaushik]] with an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Taraka Ratna]], [[Madhu Shalini]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] and [[Ravi Prakash]]. The series' basic plot line was adapted from the famous Telugu crime novel "Thommidi Ghantalu," authored by [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]].<ref>{{Citation |title=9 Hours Web Series: Review, Trailer, Star Cast, Songs, Actress Name, Actor Name, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/9-hours/seriesreview/91936346.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2022-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Parvati Nirban talks about her latest web show 9 hours |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/parvati-nirban-talks-about-her-latest-web-show-9-hours-403239 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> ''9 Hours'' premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 2 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='9 Hours' trailer shows up the violent side of robberies - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/9-hours-trailer-shows-up-the-violent-side-of-robberies/articleshow/91746269.cms |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Taraka Ratna]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Prathap
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Dasarath Ramayya
* [[Madhu Shalini]] as Chitralekha; wife of Prathap
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Nagendra
* Pandu as Young Nagendra
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Shivaji
* [[Ankith Koyya]] as Nandakumar "Nandu"
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as [[Prison officer|Jailor]] Viswanath
* [[Sritej]] as Poorna
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Chandrasekhar
* [[Preethi Asrani]] as Sravani
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as ACP Krishnamachari
* Parvathi Nirban as Girija
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as Koti
* Gemini Suresh as Chidambaram
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as prisoner
* Suresh Kumar as P. Indrasena Rao; manager of Deccan Imperial Bank
* [[Jwala Koti]] as Ambaji Rao
* Naga Mahesh as Munuswamy Naidu
* [[Siddharth Gollapudi]] as Dr. Paul
* Venkata Giridhar as Purushottam
* Monika Reddy as Suguna
* Roopa Hegde as Meherunnisa
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|background=#B30514|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Hour 01
|DirectedBy = [[Niranjan Kaushik]] Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Hour 02
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Hour 03
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Hour 04
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Hour 05
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Hour 06
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Hour 07
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Hour 08
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Hour 09
|DirectedBy = Niranjan Kaushik Jacob Verghese
|WrittenBy = Krish Jagarlamudi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|02}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}}}

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in her review stated that "The payoffs in the form of twists and turns happen rather late and are not enough. Perhaps it was alluring to have nine episodes to befit the title, but the series could have done with liberal trimming".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-06-04 |title='9 Hours' web series review: This overdrawn Telugu crime drama intrigues partly |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/9-hours-web-series-review-an-overdrawn-crime-drama-that-intrigues-partly/article65493814.ece |access-date=2022-06-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Echoing the same, ''[[Pinkvilla]]''<nowiki/>'s Arvind V opined that "The survival drama trappings deserved a better canvas, and a profound script. Torture and beatings are no substitute for thrills and drama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=9 Hours Review: This bank robbery series has both hits and misses |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/9-hours-review-bank-robbery-series-has-both-hits-and-misses-1135859 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

Comparing it with ''[[Money Heist]]'', Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' praised the performances of the ensemble cast while criticizing the screenplay and writing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=9 Hours review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/9-hours-review-krish-jagarlamudis-crime-thriller-is-killed-by-cliche-dialogues-and-overdramatic-scenes-10750421.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> Giving a mixed review, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "You don't always buy what ''9 Hours'' is selling you, there are moments you will pause and wonder how plausible whatever is playing out on screen is. But the series does manage to do its job by keeping you engaged".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshitha |date=2022-06-02 |title=9 HOURS SEASON 1 REVIEW : GOOD STORY AIDED BY A STELLAR CAST |work=[[The Times of India]] |publication-date=2022-06-02 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/9-hours/season-1/seasonreview/91936388.cms |access-date=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/9-hours/1260103179/hour-1/1260103390 9 Hours] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Crime web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:Web series based on novels]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1985]]

Kurnad

2025-10-13T02:43:31Z

IQOCharli56: Done

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{onesource|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Kurnad''' is a village in [[Bantwal]] taluk, [[Dakshina Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]], India. {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 2,718 across 571 households.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|702919|Kurnad}}</ref> It is located approximately {{Convert|30|km|mi}} north from the district headquarters of [[Mangalore]], on [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]].{{cn|date=December 2021}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}
{{Settlements in Dakshina Kannada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]
{{DakshinaKannada-geo-stub}}

R. B. S. Varma

2025-09-25T11:30:28Z

IQOCharli56: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian politician and academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{BLP one source|date=September 2025}}
'''R. B. S. Varma''' is a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1994 to 2006. He also served as a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1977 to 1980 and 1990 to 1992. He completed MSC in chemistry and Ph.D. and served as professor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003.asp|title=Brief Biodata}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, R. B. S.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Varma R B S]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1989

2025-09-15T05:47:30Z

IQOCharli56: started new pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1989:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1989 in film|1989]]'''
|-
|''[[Akashra Aakhi]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Akashara Aakhi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407133/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| [[Pankaj Pani]] || Sriram Panda, Mihir Das, Ajaya Das,Jayee, || ||
|-
|''[[Asuchi Mo Kalia Suna]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Asuchi Mo Kalia Suna|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407144/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Raju Misra]] ||[[Shriram Panda]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhukha]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Bhookha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0308032/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Sabyasachi Mahapatra]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Swati Roy]], [[Sadhu Meher]]||Drama based on ''Sambalpuri'', a novel by Manglu Charan Biswal ||First [[Sambalpuri language]] movie, Special Jury Award Best Feature Film at 28th Gijjon International Film Festival, Spain
|-
|''[[Bidhira Bidhan]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Bidhira Bidhan|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427192/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Mahamad Mohsin]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, Bijay Mohanty|| ||
|-
|''[[Jaa Devi Sarbabhuteshu]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Jaa Devi Sarva Bhuteshu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246708/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Srikant]], Charanraj || ||
|-
|''[[Loot Taraj]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Loot Taraj|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407242/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mamata Ra Dori]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mamata Ra Dori|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1404051/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Mahamad Mahsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Naya Chakra]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.induna.com/1000005793-productdetails/|title=Nyay Chakra VCD (1989)|website=www.induna.com|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], || ||
|-
|''[[Panchu Pandav]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Panchu Pandav|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1402543/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Sisir Mohan Pati]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Shriram Panda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Shrikant (actor)|Shrikant]] ||Story of five friends from different places, who kidnap a girl for ransom, only to find that they are part of a conspiracy
|
|-
|''[[Pratisodha Aparadh Nuhen]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Pratisodha Aparadh Nuhen|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427277/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Binoda Nanda]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Raja Rani (1989 film)|Raja Rani]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Raja Rani|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431304/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Rajanigandha (1989 film)|Rajanigandha]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Rajanigandha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427285/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Bijay Misra]] ||Uttam Mohanty || ||
|-
|''Sagar'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Sagar|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431311/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Raju Misra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Sasti (film)|Sasti]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasti|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427288/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Brundaban Jena]] ||[[Bijaya Jena]] || ||
|-
|''[[Tathapi]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tathapi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235809/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Topaye sindura Dipata Shankha]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Topaye Sindura Dipata Shankha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427302/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[J.H. Sattar]] ||[[Tapas Paul|Tapas Paul, Debashree Roy]], Uttam Mohanty, Aparajita || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1989 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1989]]
[[Category:Lists of 1989 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1989 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1980s in Orissa]]

Khet Singh Khangar

2025-09-10T04:28:34Z

IQOCharli56: further updated page per sources also and corrected details

#Redirect[[Khangar (community)]]