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Ini Utharam

2026-05-06T12:56:18Z

IODChanel59686: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Ini-Utharam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = First Look Poster
| director = Sudheesh Ramachandran
| writer = Ranjith Unni
| producer = Arun Raj Varun Raj
| starring = [[Aparna Balamurali]] [[Harish Uthaman]] [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ravi Chandran
| editing = Jithin D<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna Balamurali's Ini Utharam trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/12/aparna-balamuralis-ini-utharam-trailer-out-34609.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = A & V Entertainments
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|7}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ini Utharam''''' ({{translation|Now answer}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller]] film directed by [[Sudheesh Ramachandran]] and written by Ranjith Unni. The film stars [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]].

"Ini Utharam" was released in theaters on October 7, 2022 and received a mixed response from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ini-utharam/movie-review/94722300.cms|title=Ini Utharam Movie Review : A woman-driven thriller|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/10/07/aparna-balamurali-harsh-uthaman-ini-utharam-review.html|title=Aparna Balamurali's Ini Utharam review: Exploring many sides of vengeance|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/11/harish-uthaman-stands-out-in-a-passable-thriller-ini-utharam-2506745.html|title=Harish Uthaman stands out in a passable thriller 'Ini Utharam'|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Home Minister Varkala Dinesan is about to go on a foreign tour. Then he sees in the news that in the [[Santhanpara]] crayon factory strike, the police led by CI Karunan attacked a peaceful protesting mob. At that time, SP [[Ilavarasan]] comes there and the minister inquires about the Santhanpara issue, but he says that it is not a big problem, the police attacked only for self-defense and it is all people's misunderstandings. SP is very loyal to the minister; he sees the minister getting irritated by mosquito bites, so the SP calls the pest controller, slaps the pest controller guy, and warns him not to repeat it again. Then he happily sends the minister on his way.

While traveling on a bus, Janaki rewinds the past. Janaki is a [[Doctor Who|doctor who]] is in love with Ashwin, a wildlife photographer. Meanwhile, she gives him a smartphone as a gift because he lives in the wild and doesn't know the ways of urban humans. Both their families are against this affair. Then, someone steals Ashwin's bike. But the police find the bike, and Ashwin's friend Vivek asks him on the phone why he didn't even thank the CI. He tells Janaki that there is nothing to thank; it is his duty and for the bribe. Suddenly, she gets shocked and wakes up from her old memory. Then she gets off the bus and reaches the nearest police station. Janaki tells them that she wants to meet the CI and doesn't tell them why. When they urge her further, she tells them that she killed and buried her friend, Vivek.

First the police did not believe her. But later the news spread to media. When the media came to police station, she revealed before the media about the murder. Parallelly, Vivek's missing was confirmed. So the police take Janaki to the scene of the murder. After reaching there, Janaki twists her words, revealing that the CI is also involved in the murder. This angers the CI and he slaps Janaki, which further escalates the situation. The entire crowd turns against the police at the murder spot. One of the officers calls the SP to come to the scene to help calm the situation.

After the SP reached the spot, they started digging. There, they found a body, but it was not Vivek's—it was someone else's. Then, they discovered a second body, which was Ashwin, Janaki's lover. In addition, CI Karunan's smartwatch was found in the hole, which further pointed all leads to CI Karunan.

The SP began interrogating Janaki and CI Karunan. Janaki refused to reveal anything and told him to ask the CI. Then, CI Karunan started to explain what had actually happened and who the dead men were. Fifteen years ago, when Dineshan, a party candidate, feared losing the election, he falsely accused Ganeshan of sexual harassment. Still, the party ticket was given to Ganeshan. So, Dineshan planned his murder with Karunan. They took a driver, Prakashan's, help. During the accident that led to Ganeshan's death, another truck driver witnessed it. The truck owner went to CI Karunan to report the accident, but Karunan falsely accused the truck driver and put him behind bars.

A few days later, driver Prakashan felt guilty and turned to God for repentance. A few years later, a guilt-ridden Prakashan went to CI Karunan and said he would confess about the accident. Karunan then lured Prakashan to the forest and killed him. Aswin, who was nearby, saw everything, so Karunan killed him too.

After CI Karunan confessed his crimes, he was put on remand. That night, Karunan tried to reach the minister, but no one helped. He then committed suicide. Janaki was set free based on Karunan's confession. Janaki then explained how she found Aswin's body and how she reached the station.

In the film credits, the SI asks how Aswin left his glasses and begins to suspect Janaki. It is revealed that while interrogating Janaki, the SP appreciated her bravery, so he decided to support her. He talked to the minister to "close the Karunan chapter." That night, three people entered the police station and killed Karunan in the presence of the SP and Janaki. At the end, Janaki is seen sitting with the minister, watching the recorded murder video.

== Cast ==
* [[Aparna Balamurali]] as Dr. Janaki Ganesh
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as SP Ilavarasan
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as CI Karunan a.k.a. Kakka Karunan
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Home Minister Varkala Dineshan
* [[Chandunath G Nair]] as SI [[Prashanth]] Varma
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Pastor Prakashan
* [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]] as Ashwin

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] with lyrics written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref name="single">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/melleyenne-song-from-aparna-balamuralis-ini-utharam-goes-viral/articleshow/94021597.cms|title='Melleyenne' song from Aparna Balamurali's 'Ini Utharam' goes viral!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Singer !! Lyricist !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| ''Melleyenne''|| KS Harishankar||[[Vinayak Sasikumar]]|| <ref name="single"/>
|}

== Controversies ==
The movie was criticized for featuring a dialogue "Nobody will wish to commit a mistake. But after committing a mistake, they'll surely wish to be rescued." and claimed that it is stated in [[Thirukkural]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Ini Utharam a Malayalam movie defaming Thirukkural |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=queLYfcXU1c |access-date=2024-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810043205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=queLYfcXU1c |archive-date=10 August 2024 }}</ref> This dialogue faced many criticisms from Tamil YouTubers since there is no such [[Kural]] stating the same and that it was purposefully added to the script to defame the classic work by Tamils.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt21440238}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]

Sissiborgaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T10:19:42Z

IODChanel59686: started new details.

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sissiborgaon
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 79
| map_image = Sissiborgaon Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Sissiborgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sissiborgaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Jiban Gogoi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=75,758|percentage= 52.07 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dulal Chandra Barua|party=Raijor Dal|votes=35,165 |percentage= 24.17 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nandigiri Bhuyan|party=Independent |votes=26,890|percentage= 18.48 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India)|votes= 1,038 |percentage=0.71|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,593 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes= 145,491 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhemaji district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Naga conflict

2026-05-03T05:11:50Z

IODChanel59686: Made A Entry

{{Short description|Ongoing conflict in northeast India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Naga conflict|timestamp=20260503051150|year=2026|month=May|day=3|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}

{{Unbalanced|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Naga Insurgency
| partof = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| image = IN-NL.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = State of Nagaland
| date = 11 September 1958 – present ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1958|month1=9||day1=11}})
| place = [[Northeast India]] 
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Myanmar]]
* [[Sagaing Region]]
| status = {{ubl|[[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing]] (low-level insurgency)}}
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]] signed a peace accord with the [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-signs-landmark-nagaland-peace-treaty-with-nscni-m-in-presence-of-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/48332059.cms | location=India | work=The Economic Times | title=Government signs landmark Nagaland peace treaty with NSCN(I-M) in presence of PM Narendra Modi | date=3 August 2015 | access-date=18 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822042254/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-signs-landmark-nagaland-peace-treaty-with-nscni-m-in-presence-of-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/48332059.cms | archive-date=22 August 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| result =
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}
* '''{{flag|India}}'''
** {{flagicon image|Indian_Armed_Forces.svg}} [[Indian Armed Forces]]
** [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]
** {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]]
** '''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]'''
*** [[Arunachal Pradesh Police|Police]]
** '''[[Assam]]'''
*** [[Assam Police|Police]]
** '''[[Nagaland]]'''
*** [[Nagaland Police|Police]]
** '''[[Manipur]]'''
*** {{Flagicon image|Manipur Police Logo (India).svg|border=}} [[Manipur Police|Police]]
*** [[Manipur Rifles]]
<hr>
* '''{{flag|Myanmar}}'''
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of Sagaing Division.svg}} [[Sagaing Region]]
** {{nowrap|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar.svg}} [[Tatmadaw]]}}
** {{Flagicon image|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the Myanmar Border Guard Forces.svg|border=}} [[Border Guard Forces|BGF]]
----
* {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah)|NSCN-IM]]
** [[Rengma Naga Hills Protection Force|RNHPF]] (2013-17)
* {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) (Yung Aung)|NSCN-K (YA)]] (since 2017)
<hr/>
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Reformation) (Akato Chophy)|NSCN-R (AC)]]
* [[Arunachal Naga Liberation Force|ANLF]]
<hr/>
* [[Revolutionary Government of Nagaland|RGN]] (1968-73)
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}
* {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} [[Naga Federal Army|NFA]] (until 1980)
<hr/>
* {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[NSCN]] ([[Overthrow of the NNC|1980]]–[[1988 NSCN Split|88]])
<hr/>
* {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} NSCN dissidents (since 1988)
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) (Niki Sumi)|NSCN-K (NS)]] (since 2020)
<hr/>
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) (Ang Mai)|NSCN-K (AM)]] (since 2023)
<hr/>
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) (Isak Sumi)|NSCN-K (IS)]] (since 2023)
<hr/>
* Local [[Sumi Naga|Sumi]] militias
<hr/>
* [[Zeliangrong United Front|ZUF]]
* [[Manipur Naga People’s Front|MNPF]]
** [[Manipur Naga Revolutionary Front|MNRF]] (until 2013)
** [[United Naga People’s Council|UNPC]] (until 2013)
{{tree list end}}
| combatant3 = {{tree list}}
* {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} '''[[Naga National Political Groups|NNPGs]]: '''
** [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Reformation)|NSCN-R]] (since 2015)
** [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Kitovi-Neopak)|NSCN-NK]] (since 2011)
** [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) (Khango Konyak)|NSCN-K2]] (since 2017)
** [[Naga National Council]]
*** [[Federal Government of Nagaland|FGN]]
*** [[Naga National Council (Adino)|NNC (A)]]
*** [[National People's Government of Nagaland|NPGN]]
*** [[Governmentof the Democratic Republic of Nagaland|GDRN]]
----
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)|NSCN-K]] (1988–2017)
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Unification)|NSCN-U]] (since 2007)
<hr />
* [[NNC (S)]]
<hr/>
* [[NNC (P)]]
{{tree list end}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Droupadi Murmu]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Narendra Modi]]
* {{flagicon|India|22px}} [[Amit Shah]]
* {{flagicon|India|22px}} [[S. Jaishankar]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg}} [[Anil Chauhan]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Manoj Pande]]
* {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign_of India.svg}} [[R. Hari Kumar]]
* {{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India (1950–2023).svg}} [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari|V. R. Chaudhari]]
* {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Nitin Agarwal]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Rajnath Singh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Giridhar Aramane]]
----
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Myint Swe]]
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sagaing Division.svg}} [[Myat Kyaw]]
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Former:
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Zakir Husain]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Varahagiri Venkata Giri]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[B. D. Jatti]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Zail Singh]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[R. Venkataraman]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pratibha Patil]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Morarji Desai]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Charan Singh]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Indira Gandhi]]{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon|India}} [[V. P. Singh]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Manmohan Singh]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Hirubhai M. Patel]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Buta Singh]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Indrajit Gupta]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[L. K. Advani]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Shivraj Patil]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[P. Chidambaram]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[M. C. Chagla]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Swaran Singh]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[N. D. Tiwari]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Sikander Bakht]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Jaswant Singh]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Yashwant Sinha]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Natwar Singh]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[S. M. Krishna]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Salman Khurshid]]
|{{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Sushma Swaraj]]
----
| V G Kanetkar
| Imdad Ali
| B B Mishra
| N S Saxena
| S M Ghosh
| R C Gopal
| P R Rajgopal
| Birbal Nath
| R N Sheopory
| S D Chowdhury
| Shival Swarup
| J F Ribeiro
| T G L Iyer
| S D Pandey
| P G Harlarnkar
| [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]]
| S Subramanian
| D P N Singh
| S V M Tripathi
| M B Kaushal
| M N Sabharwal
| Trinath Mishra
| S C Chaube
| [[Jyoti Kumar Sinha]]
| S I S Ahmed
| V K Joshi
| A S Gill
| Vikram Srivastava
| [[K. Vijay Kumar]]
| Pranay Sahay
| Dilip Trivedi
| Prakash Mishra
| K. Durga Prasad
| [[R. R. Bhatnagar]]
| [[Anand Prakash Maheshwari]]
| Kuldiep Singh
----
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg}} [[Bipin Rawat]]
----
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Pran Nath Thapar]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Sam Manekshaw]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Om Prakash Malhotra]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Shankar Roychowdhury]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Ved Prakash Malik]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Nirmal Chander Vij]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Joginder Jaswant Singh|J. J. Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Deepak Kapoor]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[V. K. Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Bipin Rawat]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]
----
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Mark Pizey]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Stephen Hope Carlill]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Ram Dass Katari]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Jal Cursetji]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Oscar Stanley Dawson]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Vijai Singh Shekhawat]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Vishnu Bhagwat]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Madhvendra Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Arun Prakash]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sureesh Mehta]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Robin K. Dhowan]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sunil Lanba]]
|{{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Karambir Singh]]
----
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Subroto Mukerjee]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Aspy Engineer]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Arjan Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Pratap Chandra Lal]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Om Prakash Mehra]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Idris Hasan Latif]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Dilbagh Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Lakshman Madhav Katre]] †
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Denis La Fontaine]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Surinder Mehra]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[S. K. Kaul]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Satish Sareen]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Anil Yashwant Tipnis]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Fali Homi Major]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Arup Raha]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
|{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]]
----
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Ashwini Kumar (sports administrator)|Ashwini Kumar]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Sharawan Tandon
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} K. Rama Murti
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Birbal Nath
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} M.C. Misra
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} H.P. Bhatnagar
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} T. Ananthachary
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Prakash Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} D.K. Arya
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Arun Bhagat
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} A.K. Tandon
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[E. N. Rammohan]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Gurbachan Singh Jagat
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Ajay Raj Sharma
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} A.K. Mitra
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} M.L. Kumawat
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Raman Srivastava
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} U.K. Bansal
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Subhash Joshi
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} D.K. Pathak
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} K.K. Sharma
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Rajni Kant Mishra
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} V.K. Johri
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Surjeet Singh Deswal]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Rakesh Asthana]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Sujoy Lal Thaosen
----
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Swaran Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Jagjivan Ram]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Bansi Lal]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[K. C. Pant]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Sharad Pawar]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Pramod Mahajan]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[George Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Jaswant Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[A. K. Antony]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Arun Jaitley]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Manohar Parrikar]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[M. K. Vellodi]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} O. Pulla Reddy
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[P. V. R. Rao]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} A. D. Pandit
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} V. Shankar
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Harish Chandra Sarin]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[K. B. Lall]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Govind Narain]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} D. R. Kohli
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Gian Prakash
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} S. Banerjee
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} J. A. Dave
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} K. P. A. Menon
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[P. K. Kaul]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} S. M. Ghosh
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[S. K. Bhatnagar]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[T. N. Seshan]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Naresh Chandra]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} K. A. Nambiar
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} T. K. Banerjee
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Ajit Kumar
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[T. R. Prasad]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Yogendra Narain]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Subir Dutta
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Ajay Prasad
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Ajai Vikram Singh
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Shekhar Dutt]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Vijay Singh (civil servant)|Vijay Singh]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Pradeep Kumar (civil servant)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[R. K. Mathur]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[G. Mohan Kumar]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]
----
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Ne Win]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[San Yu]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Sein Lwin]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Maung Maung]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Saw Maung]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Than Shwe]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Sein Win (general, born 1919)|Sein Win]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Maung Maung Kha]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Tun Tin]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Saw Maung]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Than Shwe]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Khin Nyunt]]
|{{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Soe Win (prime minister)|Soe Win]]
|{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Thein Sein]]
|{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Htin Kyaw]]
|{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Win Myint (politician, born 1951)|Win Myint]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Sagaing Division.svg}} [[Tha Aye]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Sagaing Division.svg}} [[Myint Naing]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} [[Thuingaleng Muivah]]
| strength1 = {{Flagicon|India}} 200,000 (1995)<ref name= Code >[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] pp. 81–82</ref>
| strength2 = {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} 15,000+ NSCN-IM (2017)<ref name="MorungExpress">{{cite web |title=April 26th, 2017 |publisher=Morung Express |date=26 April 2017 |url=https://issuu.com/morung_express/docs/april_26th__2017/10}}</ref> {{Flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|22px|border}} 2,000 NSCN-K (2007)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_k.htm |title=National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Khaplang |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052936/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_k.htm |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| casualties1 = '''2000-2024:''' 191 killed<ref name="Yearly Fatalities">{{Cite news |title=Yearly Fatalities |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast-arunachalpradesh |website=SATP |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>
| casualties2 = '''2000–2024:''' 605 killed 241 surrendered 2350 arrested<ref name="Yearly Fatalities"/>
| casualties6 = 100,000 - 300,000 total killed<ref>''[http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/nl/articles/india/summer2004.pdf The India-Naga Conflict: A Long-Standing War with Few Prospects of Imminent Solution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140810/http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/nl/articles/india/summer2004.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}''. Katherine Phillips. Intern, ''Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit'', London. CHRI News, verano de 2004.</ref><ref name="Congress1995">{{Cite web |title=CREC - 1995-12-08 - PT1-PgE2319-3 |url=https://www.congress.gov/crec/1995/12/08/modified/CREC-1995-12-08-pt1-PgE2319-3.htm |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Congress2001">{{Cite web |title=CRECB - 2001-pt8 - Pg10496-2 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2001-pt8/html/CRECB-2001-pt8-Pg10496-2.htm |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{Cite news |title=Separate Zone for Kukis Shouldn't Touch an Inch of Naga Land |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230823/separate-zone-for-kukis-shouldnt-touch-an-inch-of-naga-land.html |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 August 2023 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="TelegraphIndia">{{Cite web |title=Terrorist Tag Angers NSCN |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/terrorist-tag-angers-nscn-outfit-asks-nia-not-to-disrupt-peace-process-with-centre/cid/453110 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="IWGIA">{{Cite web |title=The Naga Nation and Its Struggle Against Genocide |url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0166_56_The_Naga_nation_and_its_struggle_against_genocide.pdf |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="GovInfo1998">{{Cite web |title=CREC - 1998-09-23 - PT1-PgE1782 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1998-09-23/html/CREC-1998-09-23-pt1-PgE1782.htm |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="NSCNLiveJournal">{{Cite web |title=NSCN Live Journal |url=https://nscn.livejournal.com/265560.html |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="RongmeiEncyclopedia">{{Cite web |title=The Myth of Zalengam Kukiland in Naga Ancestral Land |date=23 August 2023 |url=https://rongmeiencyclopedia.wordpress.com/2023/08/23/the-myth-of-zalengam-kukiland-in-naga-ancestral-land/ |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>
}}

The '''Naga conflict''', also known as the '''Naga Insurgency''', is an ongoing conflict fought between insurgent groups composed of ethnic [[Naga people|Nagas]], and the [[government]]s of [[India]] in [[North-East India|northeastern]] [[India]]. Nagaland, inhabited by the Nagas, is located at the tri-junction border of India on the West and South, north and [[Myanmar]] on the East.

"National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)", which wants an independent "greater Nagaland" to also include territory now in Myanmar, based on ethnicity; and the "Naga National Council (Adino)".<ref>"Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume", p. 253, by P. K. Mohanty.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The question of "Naga Sovereignty" was put to a plebiscite on 16 May 1951. To defend themselves, the Naga, after much deliberation, formed the armed wing of the NNC and came to be known as the NSG (Naga Safe Guards) under Kaito Sukhai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Comdt Jassal (Retd)|date=31 October 2002|title=The Truth And Naga Issue|url=http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2002/nagaissue31_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215190948/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/October2002/nagaissue31_1.htm|archive-date=15 December 2004}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==History==
{{Main|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
1946 saw the creation of the Naga National Council (NNC) under Phizo's leadership. The NNC leaders and the [[Governor of Assam]], Sir [[Akbar Hydari]], signed a nine-point agreement which granted Nagas rights over their lands and legislative and executive powers. The judicial capacity of Naga courts was empowered, and no law from the provincial or central legislatures could affect this agreement. Very significantly, the agreement included a clause demanding that the Nagas be brought into the same administrative unit at the earliest. However, one clause stipulates:<ref>{{cite book |author=Goswami |first=Namrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response |date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51431-1 |page=47}}</ref>

<blockquote>The Governor of Assam as the agent of the Government of India will have a special responsibility for a period of ten years to ensure that due observance of this agreement to be extended for a further period, or a new agreement regarding the future of the Naga people to be arrived at.</blockquote>

The interpretation of this clause has been contested between the Nagas and the Indian Government. To Nagas, this clause meant independence from India at the end of the ten years. To the Indian Government, this clause meant making a new agreement after ten years if the present agreement did not address Naga issues sufficiently. Phizo rejected the nine-point agreement because the agreement fell short of dealing with the issue of Naga sovereignty.<ref name="Namrata Goswami 48">{{cite book |author=Goswami |first=Namrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response |date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51431-1 |page=48}}</ref> Under Phizo's leadership, the NNC declared Naga independence on 14 August 1947, and, with success, propagated the idea of Naga sovereignty throughout the Naga tribes. A Naga plebiscite was organised on 16 May 1951.<ref>{{cite book |author=Goswami |first=Namrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response |date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51431-1 |page=45}}</ref> The Naga struggle remained peaceful in the 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name="Namrata Goswami 48"/>

The Naga insurgency, climaxing in 1956, was an armed ethnic conflict led by the Naga National Council (NNC), which aimed for the secession of Naga territories from India. The more radical sectors of the NNC created the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN), which also included an underground Naga Army.<ref>{{cite book |author=Goswami |first=Namrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiecBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title=Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response |date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51431-1 |pages=43–}}</ref>

The insurgency witnessed a new spark in 2021 when fourteen citizens of Nagaland were ambushed and killed by the Indian Army soldiers of the 21 Para Special Forces army unit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=India: Army Kills 14 Civilians in Nagaland|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/12/08/india-army-kills-14-civilians-nagaland|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> The killings led to wide-ranging protests to hold the soldiers accountable and to ask for the repeal of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, commonly known as [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|AFSPA]].

== Insurgent groups ==
Several rebel groups have operated in Nagaland since the mid-twentieth century, including the following:
# [[Naga National Council]]: a political organisation active in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which became separatist under [[Angami Zapu Phizo]]
# [[Naga National Council (Adino)]] – NNC (Adino): the oldest political Naga organisation, now led by the daughter of Naga separatist [[A.Z. Phizo]].
# [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah)]]: formed on 31 January 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and [[S. S. Khaplang]] [http://adamant.typepad.com/seitz/madrassic_park/index.html ADAMANT]. They want to establish a ‘Greater Nagaland’ (‘Nagalim’ or the People’s Republic of Nagaland) based on [[Mao Zedong|Mao Tse Tung]]’s model.
# [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)]]: formed on 30 April 1988, its goal is to establish a ‘greater Nagaland’ based on ethnicity, comprising the Naga-dominated areas within India, and contiguous areas in Myanmar.
# [[Naga Federal Government]]: separatist movement active in Nagaland during the 1970s. After its leader was captured and the headquarters destroyed, NFG's activities decreased.<ref name="book">{{cite book|title=Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature|author1=Schmid, A.P.|author2=Jongman, A.J.|date=2005|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412804691|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNd_PsqIZzkC|page=572|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
# [[Naga Federal Army]]: separatist guerrilla organisation active in the 1970s. Several hundred members of NFA reportedly have received training in China.<ref name="book"/>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of the Naga conflict]]
* [[Nagaland Peace Accord]]
* [[List of massacres in Nagaland]]
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]
* [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]]
* [[People's war]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html Baptist Agenda for Peace in Nagalim, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312094654/http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html |date=12 March 2010 }}
*[http://www.dailyherald.com/special/passagefromindia/nagaland.asp "A remote land of jungle, Jesus – and religious war"], ''Daily Herald,'' 5 May 2003
* [http://www.the-week.com/23feb09/events2.htm "Peace talks an insult to Nagas"], ''The Week,'' 9 February 2003.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021114407/http://www.washdiplomat.com/03-10/a4_03_10.html "Religious Fervor May Dominate Emerging Indian State of Nagalim"], ''The Washington Diplomat,'' October 2003
* [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/002/38.51.html "The most Baptist state in the world—Nagaland—is vying to become a powerhouse for cross-cultural missions"], ''Christianity Today,'' 20 February.
*[http://www.christiantoday.com/news/nat_422.htm "We want t penetrate China, Cambodia, Burma, Vietnam and Laos and Nepal with the Gospel"]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Christian Today (India),'' 29 August 2003.
* [http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html "Nagas want solution, not election"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312094654/http://www.wfn.org/1998/02/msg00057.html |date=12 March 2010 }}, Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America, February 1998
* [http://www.indpride.com/churchbacksterrorism.html "Church Backs Terrorism in the North-East"], Ind Pride
* [http://www.vanvasikalyanparishad.org/q4.htm "Role of the Church – Charity or...?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201020833/http://www.vanvasikalyanparishad.org/q4.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}, Vanvasi Kalyan Parishad
*[http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/nagaland1954.htm "Nagaland 1954"], On War

{{Ongoing military conflicts}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India|*]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:History of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflicts|Nagaland]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]

Aditi Bhatia

2026-05-01T07:31:27Z

IODChanel59686: starting details

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{infobox person
| name = Aditi Bhatia
| image = Aditi Bhatia snapped at The Phantom of the Opera event (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhatia in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|10|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2004–present
| known_for = {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]}}
| mother =
}}

'''Aditi Bhatia''' (born 29 October 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=In Graphics: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein: Ruhi aka Aditi Bhatia celebrates 18th Birthday in Budapest with YHM co-stars! |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/in-graphics-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-ruhi-aka-aditi-bhatia-celebrates-18th-birthday-in-budapest-with-yhm-co-stars-849530 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722001008/https://news.abplive.com/videos/in-graphics-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-ruhi-aka-aditi-bhatia-celebrates-18th-birthday-in-budapest-with-yhm-co-stars-849530 |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian actress, well known for playing Ruhi Bhalla in [[Star Plus]]'s {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-father-daughter-duo-karan-patel-and-aditi-bhatia-to-be-seen-in-khatra-khatra-khatra/articleshow/68910604.cms |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's father-daughter duo Karan Patel and Aditi Bhatia to be seen in Khatra Khatra Khatra – Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102044002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-father-daughter-duo-karan-patel-and-aditi-bhatia-to-be-seen-in-khatra-khatra-khatra/articleshow/68910604.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bhatia completed her intermediate studies from the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] in 2018.<ref name="timesindia">{{cite web |title=Ye Hai Mohabbatein actress Aditi Bhatia passes her 12th class exams, posts the results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ye-hai-mohabbatein-actress-aditi-bhatia-passes-her-12th-class-exams-posts-the-results/articleshow/64386472.cms?from=mdr |website=Times of India |access-date=9 March 2020 |date=30 May 2018 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024062241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ye-hai-mohabbatein-actress-aditi-bhatia-passes-her-12th-class-exams-posts-the-results/articleshow/64386472.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Bhatia started off her career as a child actor, having featured in the advertisements followed by various films like ''[[Vivah]]'', ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'', ''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]'', ''[[Chance Pe Dance]]'', and ''[[Sargoshiyan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-ruhi-aka-aditi-bhatia-of-ye-hai-mohabbatein-featured-in-this-movie/articleshow/57667783.cms |title=Did you know Aditi Bhatia featured in this movie as a kid? |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-ruhi-aka-aditi-bhatia-of-ye-hai-mohabbatein-featured-in-this-movie/articleshow/57667783.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Bhatia portrayed Bubbly Taneja in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''. From 2016 to 2019, she portrayed Ruhi Bhalla in ''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]'' on [[StarPlus]].

She has also participated in ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao|Comedy Nights Bachao Taaza]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabatteins-aditi-bhatia-excited-to-show-her-comic-skills/articleshow/64748769.cms |title=Aditi Bhatia excited to show her comic skills in Comedy Circus |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719193234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabatteins-aditi-bhatia-excited-to-show-her-comic-skills/articleshow/64748769.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actress-aditi-bhatia-aka-ruhi-to-join-comedy-nights-bachao-season-2-1456889/ |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein actress Aditi Bhatia to join Comedy Nights Bachao Taaza |work=India.com |access-date=29 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175338/http://www.india.com/showbiz/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actress-aditi-bhatia-aka-ruhi-to-join-comedy-nights-bachao-season-2-1456889/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2006
|''[[Vivah]]''
|Young Rajni "Chhoti"
| rowspan="5" |Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=What! Aditi Bhatia aka Ruhaan of Ye Hai Mohabbatein has done films with Shahid Kapoor and Sanjay Dutt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/what-aditi-bhatia-aka-ruhaan-of-ye-hai-mohabbatein-has-done-films-with-shahid-kapoor-and-sanjay-dutt/liveblog/52511600.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2007
|''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
|A.A. Khan's daughter
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous television child actors, who have all grown-up! {{!}} ETimes |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/famous-television-child-actors-who-have-all-grown-up/articleshow/85036150.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001145537/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/famous-television-child-actors-who-have-all-grown-up/articleshow/85036150.cms }}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]''
|Nikki
|-
|2010
|''[[Chance Pe Dance]]''
|Shanaya
|-
|2017
|''[[Sargoshiyan]]''
|Payal
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Sargoshiyan Movie Review {2.5/5}: The saving grace in Sargoshiyan is its intent to explain Kashmiriyat; a term most people are unfamiliar with, given the cacophony around the region|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sargoshiyan/movie-review/58843066.cms|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The Kerala Story 2]]''
|Divya Paliwal
|Lead
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2004
| ''Home Sweet Home''
| Karishma
|
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2006
|''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
|Unnamed
|Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=जिस उम्र में बच्‍चे सेरेलक खाते हैं, अदित‍ि भाटिया ने ऐक्‍ट‍िंंग शुरू कर दी थी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-masala/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-fame-aditi-bhatia-worked-with-shahid-kapoor-to-sanjay-dutt-watch-her-latest-hot-photos-and-read-interesting-trivia/articleshow/77871700.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002170510/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-masala/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-fame-aditi-bhatia-worked-with-shahid-kapoor-to-sanjay-dutt-watch-her-latest-hot-photos-and-read-interesting-trivia/articleshow/77871700.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2008
|[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series)|''Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna'']]
|Tulsi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2017 |title=Aditi Bhatia's throwback with Puja Banerjee from 8 yrs ago whe she played her onscreen daughter! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatias-throwback-with-puja-banerjee-from-8-yrs-ago-whe-she-played-her-onscreen-daughter-823328 |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002170510/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatias-throwback-with-puja-banerjee-from-8-yrs-ago-whe-she-played-her-onscreen-daughter-823328 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
| Bubbly Taneja
|
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 2016–2019
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]}}
|Ruhi Bhalla
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein fame Aditi Bhatia back in India after months of being stuck in the US due to lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-fame-aditi-bhatia-back-in-india-after-months-of-being-stuck-in-the-us-due-to-lockdown/articleshow/79041072.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206221431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-fame-aditi-bhatia-back-in-india-after-months-of-being-stuck-in-the-us-due-to-lockdown/articleshow/79041072.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Comedy Nights Bachao|Comedy Nights Bachao Taaza]]''
|Child comedian
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 September 2016 |title=Actress Aditi Bhatia aka Ruhi to join Comedy Nights Bachao Season 2! |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actress-aditi-bhatia-aka-ruhi-to-join-comedy-nights-bachao-season-2-1456889/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002164040/https://www.india.com/entertainment/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actress-aditi-bhatia-aka-ruhi-to-join-comedy-nights-bachao-season-2-1456889/ }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|Child comedian
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=Anita Hassanandani, Aditi Bhatia and Paritosh Tripathi in Comedy Circus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/comedy-circus-anita-hassanandani-aditi-bhatia-archana-puran-singh-sohail-khan-judges-5264548/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002164040/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/comedy-circus-anita-hassanandani-aditi-bhatia-archana-puran-singh-sohail-khan-judges-5264548/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|Herself
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's father-daughter duo Karan Patel and Aditi Bhatia to be seen in Khatra Khatra Khatra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-father-daughter-duo-karan-patel-and-aditi-bhatia-to-be-seen-in-khatra-khatra-khatra/articleshow/68910604.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102044002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-father-daughter-duo-karan-patel-and-aditi-bhatia-to-be-seen-in-khatra-khatra-khatra/articleshow/68910604.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Apna News Aayega''
|Herself
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |title=Aditi Bhatia: Apna News Aayega is very different from other comedy shows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816135648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''Neendon Se Breakup''
|[[Nikhil D'Souza]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title=India is listening to Nikhil D’ Souza and Meet Bros’ “Neendo Se Breakup” |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-nikhil-d-souza-and-meet-bros-neendo-se-breakup-5985986/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002165121/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-nikhil-d-souza-and-meet-bros-neendo-se-breakup-5985986/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons Category}}
* {{IMDb name|2101330}}
* {{Instagram|aditi_bhatia4}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Aditi}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Vidarbha kingdom

2026-04-28T21:56:32Z

IODChanel59686: started a pg.

{{Short description|Ancient Indian kingdom}}
{{distinguish|text = the modern day region of [[Vidarbha]] in central India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Vidarbha
| common_name = Kingdom of Vidarbha
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = unknown (?~1100 BCE)
| year_end = unknown (?~500 BCE)
| s1 = Vajjika League
| s2 =
| image_map = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| image_map_alt = Vidarbha
| image_map_caption = Vidarbha and other kingdoms of the late [[Vedic period]]
| capital = [[Kaundinyapur]] [[Bhojakata]]
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]
| currency =
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]] (Great King)
| leader1 = [[Janaka]]
| today =
}}

The '''Vidarbha kingdom''' in the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]] is among the many kingdoms ruled by [[Yadu]] kings (Bhoja Yadavas).
It was situated in the region still known as [[Vidarbha]] in what is now [[Maharashtra]] in central India.

[[Damayanti]], the wife of [[Nala]] was the princess of Vidarbha. Similarly [[Rukmini]], the eldest wife of [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] was from Vidarbha. Sage [[Agastya]]'s wife [[Lopamudra]], also was a princess from the country of Vidarbha as mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03097.htm Lopamudra] [[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]], translated by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (1883–1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section XCVII.</ref> Indumati, the Grandmother of [[Lord Rama]] and mother of King [[Dasharatha]] was also a princess of Vidarbha kingdom. [[Kundinapuri]] was its capital, which is identified as [[Kaundinyapur]] in the eastern [[Maharashtra]]. Rukmini's brother [[Rukmi]] founded another kingdom with capital [[Bhojakata]], close to Vidarbha proper. During the [[Kurukshetra War]], when all other kingdoms participated in the battle, Vidarbha under Rukmi stayed neutral, because his army was rejected by both [[Pandavas]] and [[Kauravas]] who were the two parties engaged in the war. It is not clear if any other king from Vidarbha participated in the war. There is a mention at MBh 6:51, that a Vidarbha army sided with Kauravas under the generalissimo [[Bhishma]].

== King Bhima of Vidarbha ==

King Bhima is mentioned as the ancient ruler of Vidarbha at many places in Mahabharata. (MBh 3:53 to 77).

== Southern route connecting Vidarbha and Ayodhya ==

The Mahabharata gives clues on a route that existed in ancient times connecting Vidarbha to the northern kingdoms like [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala]].

''The following conversation between Nala and Damayanti describes many ancient roads or pathways connecting kingdoms of north, south and central India of ancient times. (MBh 3:61)''

These many roads lead to the southern country, passing by (the city of) Avanti and the Rikshavat mountains. This is that mighty mountain called Vindhya; yon, the river Payasvini running seawards, and yonder are the asylums of the ascetics, furnished with various fruit and roots. This road leadeth to the country of the Vidarbhas—and that, to the country of the [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosalas]]. Beyond these roads to the south is the southern country.

''Rituparna, the king (of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala]]), arrived at the city of the Vidarbhas. The people brought unto king Bhima (of Vidarbha) the tidings (of his arrival). And at the invitation of Bhima, the king entered the city of Kundina''

The king of Kosala reflected a while and at length said, ‘I have come here to pay my respects to thee.’ And the king Bhima was struck with astonishment, and reflected upon the (probable) cause of Rituparna's coming, having passed over a hundred yojanas. And he reflected, ‘That passing by other sovereigns, and leaving behind him innumerable countries, he should come simply to pay his respect to me is scarcely the reason of his arrival.

==Bhojas of Goa==
Bhojas of Goa who ruled [[Goa]] and parts of [[Konkan]] and some part of [[Karnataka]] from at least 3rd century AD to the 6th century AD are believed to have descended from the Bhojas of Vidarbha who migrated southwards and founded a kingdom in South Konkan(Goa).<ref name=goa>{{cite book|last1=Kapoor|first1=Subodh|title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 1 Volume 1 of A-Kashmir,|date=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788177552980|page=148}}</ref> Goa came under the political sway of the Bhojas who ruled this territory in feudal allegiance to the emperor of [[Pataliputra]] or perhaps under [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]]. The Bhoja seat of power was located at ''Chandrapura'' or ''Chandraura'' (Modern [[Chandor]]) in Goa.<ref name=bhoja>{{cite book|last=Shyam Singh|first=Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Ancient Goa|year=2000|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=8170418593  |page=657}}</ref>

== Literary references ==
*A Vidarbha princess Susrava is mentioned at MBh 1:95. She was wedded to a prince named Jayatsena, of the [[Lunar Dynasty]]. Avachina was her son.
*[[Ikshwaku]] King Sagara is mentioned to have a Vidarbha princess
*Sage [[Agastya]] is mentioned to have a Vidrabha princess as his wife.
*A river named [[Payoshni]] is mentioned to be flowing through this kingdom. Its fine landing place was constructed by the king of Vidarbha. (MBh 3:120).

==See also==
*[[Bhojas of Goa]]
*[[History of Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883–1896.
*Rukhmini Udana: The Flight to sri Krishna Reunion by Dr Hemant Bonde Patil Atlantic publishers & Distributors, India, {{ISBN|978-8126926886}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:History of Vidarbha]]
[[Category:History of Nagpur]]

Sukri Bommagowda

2026-04-27T17:33:12Z

IODChanel59686: started new data.

{{Short description|Indian folk singer (1937–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukri Bommagowda
| image = Sukri Bommagowda (3x4 cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1937}}
| birth_place = Badigeri, [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2025|2|13|88|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Singer
| known_for = Halakki Vokkaliga
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| honours =
| children = 3
}}

'''Sukri Bommagowda''' (1937 – 13 February 2025) was an Indian folk singer belonging to the [[Halakki Vokkaliga]] tribe in [[Ankola]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2022 |title=Sukri Bommagowda continues to be stable |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/sukri-bommagowda-continues-to-be-stable/article65394539.ece |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She received several awards, including the [[Padma Shri]], one of India's highest civilian honours, for her contributions to the arts, and her work in preserving traditional tribal music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=PM Modi meets inspiring Padma recipients Tulsi Gowda, Sukri Bommagowda from Karnataka - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/pm-modi-meets-inspiring-padma-recipients-tulsi-gowda-sukri-bommagowda-from-karnataka-16561391.htm |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Bommagowda was born into the [[Halakki Vokkaliga]] tribe, in Badigeri, in [[Uttara Kannada]], and was married at the age of 16. She and her husband had two children, and adopted another child.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 January 2017|title=Unsung hero of Karnataka, Sukri Bommagowda wins Padma Shri award|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unsung-hero-karnataka-sukri-bommagowda-wins-padma-shri-award-56288|access-date=6 October 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

Bommagowda died on 13 February 2025 at a hospital in [[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]], where she had been undergoing treatment. She was 88.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Feb/13/padma-awardee-sukri-bommagowda-passes-away-at-88 Padma awardee Sukri Bommagowda Passes away at 88]</ref>

== Career ==
Bommagowda was taught to sing as a child by her mother and worked to preserve the traditional music and songs of the Halakki Vokkaliga tribe.<ref name=":0" /> Following the death of her husband, she began performing traditional music of the [[Halakki Vokkaliga]] tribe in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=25 January 2017|title=Padma award winners from Karnataka are an eclectic mix|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Padma-award-winners-from-Karnataka-are-an-eclectic-mix/article17094103.ece|access-date=6 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She taught traditional music and songs to members of her tribe.<ref name=":0" /> She has been described as the "nightingale of Halakki".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hebbar|first1=Nistula|last2=Singh|first2=Vijaita|date=25 January 2017|title=Padma Vibhushan for Pawar, M.M. Joshi, Yesudas; Kohli to get Padma Shri|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Padma-Vibhushan-for-Pawar-M.M.-Joshi-Yesudas-Kohli-to-get-Padma-Shri/article17092173.ece|access-date=6 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2017|title=PV Sindhu, Sakshi Malik to be in Padma Bhushan list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pv-sindhu-sakshi-malik-to-be-in-padma-list-4488524/|access-date=6 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Bommagowda was publicly recognised for her work in preserving a large corpus of tribal songs as part of an oral tradition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=TNN|date=26 January 2017|title=Padma: Padma for these pearls of Karnataka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/padma-for-these-pearls-of-karnataka/articleshow/56789575.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Sunitha R.|date=31 October 2014|title=Live singing is the secret of Sukri's success|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Live-singing-is-the-secret-of-Sukris-success/articleshow/44987680.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[All India Radio]], India's national broadcast radio, and the Karnataka Janapada Academy worked with Bommagowda to record, translate, and preserve these songs.<ref name=":2" />

In 1988 her work was recognised by the Karnataka State government, and she was later the recipient of multiple state awards and honours for her contributions to arts and music, including the Nadoja Award, and the Janapada Shri Award. In 2017, her work gained national recognition when she was awarded the Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian honours, for her contributions to music.<ref name=":0" />

In addition to her work in music, Bommagowda became a member of the [[gram panchayat]], a [[local government]] body, in Badigeri, Karnataka. Although illiterate herself, she campaigned for literacy, especially among girls, and also campaigned for a ban against alcohol in her area, following the death of her adopted son from [[Alcohol intoxication|alcohol poisoning]].<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Reference
|-
|1988
|Award from the Karnataka government (for "preserving the culture of indigenous tribes")
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1999
|Janapada Shri Award (for contributions to the field of arts, granted by the Karnataka Government)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Profile of recipients of 'Janapada Shri Awards'|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Janapada+Shri+Awards/en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6 October 2020|website=Government of Karnataka}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|[[Nadoja Award]] (granted by the Kannada University)
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2009
|[[Sandesha Arts Award,The Alva Nudisiri Award]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/unsung-hero-karnataka-sukri-bommagowda-wins-padma-shri-award-56288?utm_source=perplexity | title=Unsung hero of Karnataka, Sukri Bommagowda wins Padma Shri award | date=25 January 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]]
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|}

== In popular culture ==
Bommagowda is featured in a Karnataka middle school textbook, in relation to her contributions to music.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bommagowda, Sukri}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Literacy advocates]]

Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express

2026-04-26T22:13:33Z

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{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express
| image = Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Expres.jpg
| caption = Ernakulam–Patna SF Exp Train Board
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1989|05|01}}
| status = Active
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Ernakulam}} (ERS)
| stops = 43
| end = {{rws|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)
| distance = {{cvt|2788|km}}
| journeytime = 50 hours 40 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22643 / 22644
| speed = {{cvt|55|km/h}} average including halts.
| map = {{Ernakulam-Patna SF Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The 22643 / 22644 '''Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Southern Railway zone|southern zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-18 |title=23 Trains Cancelled Due to Heavy Rain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/Nov/18/23-trains-cancelled-due-to-heavy-rain-844430.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503044223/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/Nov/18/23-trains-cancelled-due-to-heavy-rain-844430.html |archive-date=2017-05-03 |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Varanasi-Tirupati Express was extended (on one day) to/from Cochin with effect from 1-11-1989 <ref>https://164.100.77.150/bitstream/123456789/261303/1/PQ_152_22121989_U41_p85_p85.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=September 2025}}</ref>

It operates as train number 22643 from Ernakulam Junction to Patna Junction and as train number 22644 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]].

== Rake sharing ==
It has rake sharing with 12683/4 Ernakulam–Sir M Visvesvaraya Terminal Superfast Express and 16337/8 [[Ernakulam–Okha Express]]. It is maintained at Ernakulam (ERMCD) and uses 4 rakes alongside its RSA.

== Coach composition ==
The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches. It was hauled by [[WAP-7]] or [[WDP-4B]]
* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Pantry Car
* 1 Generator Car

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ernakulam-patna-sf-express-22643/1239/52/332 22643 Ernakulam Patna Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/patna-ernakulam-sf-express-22644/444/332/52 22644 Patna Ernakulam Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernakulam-Patna Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1989]]

Nikhil Umesh Katti

2026-04-24T13:24:49Z

IODChanel59686: Adding new page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nikhil Umesh Katti
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| constituency = [[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]]
| predecessor = [[Umesh Katti]]
| parents = [[Umesh Katti]] (father)
}}

'''Nikhil Umesh Katti''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is a Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Hukkeri Assembly constituency]] since 13 May 2023. He represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-05-13 |title=Hukkeri Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Katti Nikhil Umesh Wins From Hukkeri |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/hukkeri-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601726 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-05-13 |title=Hukkeri Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp के Katti Nikhil Umesh की हुई जीत, Bsp के Kamble Basavaraj Kadappa रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/hukkeri-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-results-news-2406497 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katti Nikhil Umesh Profile, News, Photos & Political Career - Karnataka Assembly Election |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/belgaum/key-candidates-katti-nikhil-umesh |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Hukkeri Election Result 2023: Can BJP Garner Sympathy Votes By Fielding Umesh Katti's Son Nikhil? Results On May 13 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/hukkeri-assembly-election-2023-karnataka-mla-results-bjp-congress-jds-aap-candidates-nikhil-katti-ab-patil-basavaraj-patil-latest-update-10075783 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|accessdate=19 November 2024|date=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524144310/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|archivedate=24 May 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Katti's late father [[Umesh Katti]], was a former eight time MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Karnataka Elections: Nikhil Katti, Son Of Late Umesh Katti, Gets BJP Ticket From Hukkeri |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/karnataka-elections-nikhil-katti-son-of-late-umesh-katti-gets-bjp-ticket-from-hukkeri-7525351.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=I hereby declare: BJP's Nikhil Katti, BY Vijayendra declare assets worth over Rs 100 crore each |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/i-hereby-declare-bjp-nikhil-katti-by-vijayendra-declare-assets-8573455/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He completed his MBA in 2009 at University of Wales Institute, Cardiff United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katti Nikhil Umesh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HUKKERI(BELGAUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7656 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Katti won from Hukkeri Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 103,574 votes and defeated his nearest rival, A. B. Patil of Indian National Congress, by a huge margin of 61,023 votes.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katti, Nikhil Umesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1983 births]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhor taluka

2026-04-21T04:25:31Z

IODChanel59686: starting a pg

{{Coord|18.145362|N|73.843060|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhor taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| native_name =
| image_map = Bhor tehsil in Pune district.png
| map_caption = Location of Bhor in [[Pune district]] in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 =
| population_total = 186,116
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 860.09
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhor taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in Haveli subdivision of [[Pune district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref>[http://pune.gov.in/maps/tahsilmaps.html Talukas in Pune district] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310230609/http://pune.gov.in/maps/tahsilmaps.html |date=March 10, 2010 }}</ref> There are 195 villages and 1 town in Bhor Taluka.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bhor taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|3.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|1.78}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.42}}
}}

Bhor taluka has a population of 186,116 according to the 2011 census. Bhor had a literacy rate of 81.42% and a sex ratio of 977 females per 1000 males. 20,599 (11.07%) are under 7 years of age. 18,453 (9.91%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.96% and 2.91% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Pune |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/820/download/2927/DH_2011_2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Bhor taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 96.63 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.88 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.49 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 96.63% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 1.88% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Talukas in Pune district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Talukas in Pune district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Chandrashekarapura Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:12Z

IODChanel59686: Put up new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandrasekharapura
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Mysore state]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 1967
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| electors =
}}
'''Chandrasekharapura Assembly constituency''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies in [[Mysore state assembly]] in India until 1967 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | N. Huchamasthy Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrashekarapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Huchamasthy Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,012 |percentage = 37.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Thammanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,138 |percentage = 34.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Bhagavan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,440 |percentage = 27.77% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 874 |percentage = 2.33% |change = {{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,946 |percentage = 71.80% |change = {{increase}}18.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,590}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,633 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrashekarapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Huchamasthy Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,478 |percentage = 37.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Thammanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,940 |percentage = 23.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Bhagavan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,474 |percentage = 21.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Karigowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,056 |percentage = 16.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,538 |percentage = 14.18% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,948 |percentage = 53.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,948}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,943 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|13.150157|76.883505|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

2008 Kings XI Punjab season

2026-04-12T09:34:03Z

IODChanel59686: starting info

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| season =2008
| coach = [[Tom Moody]]
| captain = [[Yuvraj Singh]]
| ground = [[PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2008 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 3rd
| most runs = [[Shaun Marsh]] (616)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[S Sreesanth]] (19)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2009|2009]]
}}

[[Kings XI Punjab]] (KXIP) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Mohali]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2008 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Yuvraj Singh]]. Kings XI Punjab finished third in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

==Squad==
On 18 February 2008, [[Yuvraj Singh]], the team's [[icon player]], was appointed as captain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moody to coach Mohali franchise |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/moody-to-coach-mohali-franchise-337682 |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kings XI Indian Premier League 2007/08 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/kings-xi-punjab-squad-338083/series-squads |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%"
|-
! width=5%|No.
! width=15%|Name
! width=5%|Age
! width=15%|Nationality
! width=15%|Batting style
! width=20%|Bowling style
! width=15%|Signing price
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Batsman|Batsmen]]
|-
||5 || [[Karan Goel]]|| 21 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed ||[[Off spin|Right-arm off-break]] ||
|-
||14 || [[Shaun Marsh]]<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/345650.html Cricinfo - Shaun Marsh joins Mohali]</ref> || 24 || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Left-handed ||[[Left-arm orthodox spin]] ||
|-
||27 || [[Mahela Jayawardene]]|| 30 || {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] || Right-handed ||[[Fast bowling|Right-arm medium]] ||[[US$]] 475,000
|-
||37 || [[Simon Katich]]|| 32 || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Left-handed ||[[Left-arm unorthodox spin]] ||[[US$]] 200,000
|-
||38|| [[Luke Pomersbach]]|| 23 || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Left-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||[[US$]] 50,000
|-
|| || [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]|| 27 || {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyana]] || Right-handed ||[[Leg spin|Right-arm leg-break]] ||[[US$]] 225,000
|-
|| || [[Tanmay Srivastava]]|| 18 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed ||Right-arm medium ||
|-
|| || [[Sunny Sohal]]|| 20 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm leg-break
|-
|| || [[Sahil Kukreja]]|| 22 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[All-rounder]]s
|-
||12 || [[Yuvraj Singh]] ||26 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin|| [[US$]] 1,063,750
|-
|21 || [[Wilkin Mota]]|| 26 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium ||
|-
|39 || [[James Hopes]]|| 29 || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||[[US$]] 300,000
|-
||63 || [[Irfan Pathan]]|| 23 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed ||Left-arm fast-medium ||[[US$]] 925,000
|-
|| || [[Rishi Dhawan]]|| 18 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Wicket-keeper]]s
|-
|11 || [[Kumar Sangakkara]]|| 30 || {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] || Left-handed || ||[[US$]] 700,000
|-
| || [[Uday Kaul]]|| 20 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed || ||
|-
| || [[Nitin Saini]]|| 19 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed || ||
|-
| || [[Pankaj Dharmani]]|| 33 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowlers]]
|-
||36 || [[S. Sreesanth]]|| 25 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||[[US$]] 625,000
|-
||44 || [[Piyush Chawla]]||19 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed ||Right-arm leg-break ||[[US$]] 400,000
|-
||58 || [[Brett Lee]]|| 31 || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm fast ||[[US$]] 900,000
|-
| || [[Ramesh Powar]]||29 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || [[US$]] 170,000
|-
|| || [[Kyle Mills]]<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/story/342020.html Cricinfo - Hopes the biggest draw in low-profile auction]</ref> || 29 || {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||[[US$]] 150,000
|-
|| || [[VRV Singh]]|| 23 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm fast-medium ||
|-
|| || [[Ajitesh Argal]]|| 19 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
|| || [[Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)|Gagandeep Singh]]|| 26 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
|}

==Season standings==
Kings XI Punjab finished second in the league stage of IPL 2008.
{{:2008 Indian Premier League|team=KXIP}}

==Match log==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1 || 19 April|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 33 runs
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || 21 April|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 6 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || 25 April|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 66 runs, [[Man of the Match#Cricket|MoM]] – [[Kumar Sangakkara]] – 94 (56)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || 27 April|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 4 wickets, MoM – [[Simon Katich]] – 75 (52)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || 1 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM – [[Shaun Marsh]] – 84[[Not out|*]] (62)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || 3 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 9 runs, MoM – [[Irfan Pathan]] – 24* (26) and 2/18 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || 5 May|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – [[S. Sreesanth]] – 2/16 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || 10 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 18 runs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || 12 May|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM – Shaun Marsh – 74* (51)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || 17 May|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 6 runs (decided by [[D/L method]]), MoM – [[Mahela Jayawardene]] – 36* (17)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || 21 May|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 1 run, MoM – Shaun Marsh – 81 (56)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || 23 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – Shaun Marsh – 60 (46)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 || 25 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 3 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || 28 May|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 41 runs, MoM – Shaun Marsh – 115 (69)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 15 || 31 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] (Semi Final #2) || [[Mumbai]] || Lost by 9 wickets
|-
| colspan="6"|Overall record: 10–5. Advanced to the playoffs.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]
[[Category:2008 Indian Premier League]]

Roji M. John

2026-04-11T23:00:08Z

IODChanel59686: Adding biography

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1984)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Roji|Mullanmadakkal John}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Roji M. John
| image = File:Roji M John at Kodussery IMG 20260326 160534972 (cropped).jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2016|06|02|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jose Thettayil]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Angamaly Assembly constituency|Angamaly]]
| office2 = Secretary, [[All India Congress Committee]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2022|07||df=yes}}
| term_end2 =
| office3 = Secretary, [[National Students' Union of India]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2014||}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|2019||}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|05|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thirumeni]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[University of Hyderabad]]|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]]}}
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Master of Arts]]|[[Master of Philosophy#India|Master of Philosophy]]}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Roji Mullanmadakkal John''' (born 20 May 1984) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing, [[Angamaly Assembly constituency|Angamaly constituency]] since 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/roji-m-john-and-mohammed-mohsins-journey-from-jnu-to-kerala-assembly_1887337.html|title = Roji M John and Mohammed Mohsin's journey from JNU to Kerala Assembly|date = 20 May 2016}}</ref> and again re-elected in 2021. Roji has also served as the president of the [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]], the national students' wing of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/roji-m-john-elected-new-president-of-nsui/|title = Roji M John 'elected' new president of NSUI|date = 7 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Roji M}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Angamaly]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:National Students' Union of India]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Navasana

2026-04-11T08:26:46Z

IODChanel59686: Added initial post v1

{{Short description|Sitting balancing yoga asana}}
[[File:Paripurna-Navasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg|thumb|right|Paripurna Navasana]]
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
'''Navasana''' ({{langx|sa|नावासन}}; {{IAST-hi1|nāvāsana}}), '''Naukasana''', '''Boat Pose''', or '''Paripurna Navasana''' ({{langx|sa|परिपूर्णनावासन}}; {{IAST-hi1|paripūrṇanāvāsana}} "Full Boat Pose") is a seated [[asana]] in modern [[yoga as exercise]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/489 | title = Yoga Journal - Full Boat Pose | access-date = 2011-04-09 | archive-date = 28 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728045258/http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/489 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Etymology and origins ==

The name comes from the Sanskrit words {{lang|sa|परिपूर्ण}} {{lang|sa-Latn|paripurna}} meaning "full", {{lang|sa|नाव}} {{lang|sa-Latn|nava}} meaning "boat" and {{lang|sa|आसन}} {{lang|sa-Latn|asana}} meaning "posture" or "seat".<ref name="Inc.1996">{{cite book |author=Active Interest Media |title=Yoga Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA51 |year=1996 |publisher=Active Interest Media |page=51 }}</ref><ref name="Sinha1996">{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=S. C. |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zzRvh1fRzEC&pg=PA18 |year=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-293-9 |page=18}}</ref>

The pose was illustrated in the 19th century ''[[Sritattvanidhi]]'' under the name ''Naukāsana'', also meaning boat pose.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=Norman E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |title-link=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1999 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=81-7017-389-2 |page=69}}</ref>

== Description ==

To enter the pose from sitting, the knees are bent, and the body's weight is shifted back until the soles of the feet lift off the ground. In the pose, the body is balanced on the sitting bones, not leaning right back on to the tailbone. The spine is lengthened to broaden and lift the chest.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pizer |first=Ann |url=https://www.verywell.com/boat-pose-navasana-3567061 |title=How to Do Boat Pose (Navasana) in Yoga |website=Very Well Fit |date=19 July 2019 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055821/https://www.verywell.com/boat-pose-navasana-3567061 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Preparatory poses for Navasana include the standing poses [[Utkatasana]] and [[Uttanasana]], and the seated pose [[Dandasana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2021 |title=Boat Pose |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/full-boat-pose-2/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=[[Yoga Journal]] }}</ref>

== Variations ==

Variations include the easier Ardha Navasana ({{langx|sa|अर्धनावासन}} "Half Boat Pose") with feet and body only half-raised.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yogaartandscience.com/poses/corep/ardhanav/ardhanav.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924075906/http://www.yogaartandscience.com/poses/corep/ardhanav/ardhanav.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=24 September 2008 | title=Ardha Navasana (Half Boat Pose) | access-date = 2011-04-09}}</ref> The more difficult Ubhaya Padangusthasana has both hands grasping the toes or feet.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Halweil |first1=Erika |title=Challenge Pose: Ubhaya Padangusthasana |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/strengthen-your-abdominals-as-you-move-step-by-step-into-ubhaya-padangusthasana |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=26 February 2018}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="250px" heights="175px" class="center">
File:Ardha-Navāsana.JPG|Ardha Navasana
File:Project Yoga Richmond 1 Ubhaya Padangusthasana.jpg|Ubhaya Padangusthasana, holding toes or ankles
</gallery>

== Claimed benefits ==
It's said that, when practicing this asana upon [[Waking up|waking]], it immediately restores freshness.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=B. K. S.|author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar |title=Illustrated Light On Yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbx5AAAACAAJ |date=2005 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-81-7223-606-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Swami Satyananda |author-link=Swami Satyananda Saraswati |title=Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpR1QgAACAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Nesma Books India |isbn=978-81-86336-14-4}}

{{Asana}}
{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Hatha yoga}}

[[Category:Sitting asanas]]
[[Category:Forward bend asanas]]
[[Category:Core strength asanas]]

1990 Madras riots

2026-04-01T16:10:17Z

IODChanel59686: starting pg

{{Short description|Riots and civil disorder in Madras}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
During the '''1990 Madras riots''', violence broke out between [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] during a Hindu religious procession near a Mosque in September 1997 in Triplicane, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=News9 Staff|date=2021-09-09|title=DMK vs Bhakts on Ganesha: How a private Hindu festival turned into a streetfest and slugfest|url=https://www.news9live.com/india/dmk-vs-bhakts-on-ganesha-how-a-private-festival-turned-into-a-streetfest-and-slugfest-100231|access-date=2022-03-03|website=NEWS9LIVE|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMrhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177|title=The Algebra of Warfare-Welfare: A Long View of India's 2014 Election|last1=Ahmad|first1=Irfan|last2=Kanungo|first2=Pralay|date=2018-12-24|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909753-1|language=en}}</ref> Three Muslims were reported to be killed in the violence. Unofficial reports place the death toll to five to six. Muslim owned stores were burned down and looted.

== Background ==
[[Triplicane]] is a neighbourhood in [[Madras]](present day [[Chennai]]) where temples and mosques coexisted amicably and Hindu and Muslim residents have coexisted for many years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Viswanathan|first=Anand|date=30 September 1990|title=Communal tension mounts during Ganesh Chaturthi procession in Madras|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19900930-communal-tension-mounts-during-ganesh-chaturthi-procession-in-madras-813094-1990-09-30|access-date=2022-03-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Triplicane has a sizable Muslim population.<ref name=":2" /> Tamil Nadu witnessed large-scale communal violence in [[Nagore]], [[Dindigul|Dindugul]], [[Ambur]] in the months preceding the violence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Communal Violence in Madras A Portent|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1990/38/roots-specials/communal-violence-madras-portent.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=25|issue=38|pages=7–8}}</ref>

=== Religious procession ===
On 2 September, a week before [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], the Vinayaka Chathurthi Festival Committee organised a ritual parade of the [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] idols through the streets of Triplicane before being immersed in the sea. The parade had been heavily publicized with posters placed conspicuously in and around Triplicane and around the city. The most prominent person in the posters was the leader of [[Hindu Munnani]], Rama Gopalan. Rama Gopalan was the lead speaker at the rally.<ref name=":0" />

A week before the parade, an organisation named Hindu Sangam pasted posters calling for the prime minister's declaration of a national holiday on the birthday of [[Muhammad]] to be repealed.<ref name=":0" /> The Hindu Munnani also resented this move by the government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|date=1990|title=Communal Riots in Recent Months|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4396833|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=40|pages=2234–2236|jstor=4396833|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== Riots ==
{{Rquote|right|four and four eight,
chop the Muslim on sight|Slogan from the procession|<ref name=":1" />}}
On 2 September, the parade arrived at a busy intersection and came to a standstill in front of the [[Ice house mosque]]. Marwari youth were present in large numbers and reportedly funded the parade.<ref name=":1" /> Fire-crackers were exploded, Nadaswaram and drums were played with some playing the nadaswaram at high pitch.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The processionists shouted [[anti-Muslim]] slogans.<ref name=":1" /> The Hindu Sangham distributed leaflets that denounced Muhammad during the parade. The Muslims protested the disruption of their prayers at prayer time in the mosque and gathered outside their mosque. Fire crackers were reportedly thrown into the mosque by the processionists. Newspapers reported that a slipper was thrown from inside the mosque at the procession. The Muslims and the processionists attacked each other. The police intervened and allowed the parade to the sea, and the situation was soon resolved.<ref name=":0" />

A section of the processionists returned to the same area and the clashes between both the communities continued. The police opened fire without ample warning which killed a Muslim youngster. Violence against Muslim properties and houses were continued by youth who were specifically recruited for the violence from the slums close by. The next day, hired criminals entered inside a mosque and stabbed a Muslim. Most shops were shut and people rarely came out of their homes.<ref name=":0" />

== Casualties and damages ==
Three Muslims were reported to the killed in the riots.<ref name=":0" /> Unofficial reports placed the number to five or six. Many large Muslim-owned stores were robbed and torched.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
In 2000, Rama Gopalan, the state president of the Hindu Munnani, again attempted to conduct the parade through the Ice House mosque rather than following the police-ordered diversion. He and his supporters were detained.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuller|first=C. J.|date=2001|title=The 'Vinayaka Chaturthi' Festival and Hindutva in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410605|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=19|pages=1607–1616|jstor=4410605|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madras riots, 1990}}
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:1990 crimes in India]]
[[Category:1990 riots]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:September 1990 in India]]
[[Category:September 1990 crimes]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1990]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Mosque arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Fireworks accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:1990 in Islam]]
[[Category:1990s in Chennai]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Parades in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Commercial building fires in India]]

Monisha Singha

2026-03-31T19:48:18Z

IODChanel59686:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Monisha Singha
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|1|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| height = 1.57 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| clubnumber = 13
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2022–
| clubs1 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 1
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 2 January 2025
}}
'''Monisha Singha''' (born 13 January 2007) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Assam]], who plays as a forward for the club [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] in the [[Indian Women's League 2]] and the [[India women's national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=AIFF - IWL 2 2023-24 Garhwal United Football Club lost to Nita Football Academy 1-3 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32447 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/Khelo%20India%20Athletes.pdf Serial Number 1561</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Singha is from Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/indian_football_foundation/reel/DHDS5nuzr9Z/|title=𝙋𝙪𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝘼 𝙂𝙖𝙢𝙚! 🌟 Shruti, Monisha and Achala have been long-standing members of Garhwal United FC, a BBFS partner club. Their journey is filled with grit, determination and resilience. With the help of @indian_football_foundation & GUFC, the girls had the opportunity to learn from reputed coaches, improve their performance on-field and gain valuable exposure at national-level Football , BBFS , motivation , women , girls , women empowerment |website=www.instagram.com|publisher=[[Instagram]] (Indian Football Foundation)|date=11 March 2025|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> She did her schooling from KVS Bairagarh in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monisha Singha |url=https://bairagarh.kvs.ac.in/en/testimonial/monisha-singha/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=bairagarh.kvs.ac.in }}</ref> She is a product of [[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|Baichung Bhutia Football Schools]] programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barretto |first=Gretchen D. |date=2023-11-21 |title=Of Triumph and Light: Garhwal Teams Illuminate the Field |url=https://www.enjogo.com/newsletter/of-triumph-and-light-garhwal-teams-illuminate-the-field/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Enjogo Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singha has represented Madhya Pradesh and Delhi in the junior and senior nationals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KIYG: Arunachal reach semis of girls’ football |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/02/04/kiyg-arunachal-reach-semis-of-girls-football/ |date=4 February 2023 |website=The Arunachal Times }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sr women's football nationals: Tamil Nadu remain on top of Group A as Bengal storm back |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/sr-womens-football-nationals-tamil-nadu-remain-on-top-of-group-a-as-bengal-storm-back-783751 |date=8 May 2024 |website=DT Next }}</ref> In May 2024, she was also part of the Delhi team that played in Group A of the 28th Senior Women's National Football Championship for [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] 2023–24 at the AIFF National Centre for Excellence ground, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=Sr women's football nationals: Tamil Nadu remain on top of Group A as Bengal storm back |url=https://ianslive.in/sr-womens-football-nationals-tamil-nadu-remain-on-top-of-group-a-as-bengal-storm-back--20240508204256 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=ianslive.in}}</ref>

Singha was selected in the 23-player Indian squad by Indian coach [[Joakim Alexandersson]] and she played the second of the two FIFA international friendlies against [[Maldives women's national football team|Maldives]] on 2 January at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=9 from NE in 23-member Women's India Football Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/9-from-ne-in-23-member-womens-india-football-squad-to-play-friendlies-against-maldives/#google_vignette |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> She made her senior India debut as a substitute in the second match on 2 January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=International Friendly: Indian Women's NT demolish Malidves 14-0 |url=https://theawayend.co/2024/12/30/international-friendly-indian-womens-nt-demolish-malidves-14-0/ |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=India vs Maldives, women's international friendly: All you need to know; Live streaming info; Preview |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-vs-maldives-womens-football-international-friendly-live-streaming-info-where-to-watch-preview-blue-tigresses-news/article69050423.ece |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=International Friendly: Indian women's team takes a commanding 11-1 victory against Maldives- Highlights |url=https://thebridge.in/football/international-friendly-india-vs-maldives-live-score-updates-51357 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> She represented India in the Pink Ladies Under 20 Youth Cup 2025 at Emirhan Sport Center in Manavgat, Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Pink Ladies U-20 Youth Cup 2025: India come from behind to defeat Jordan 2-1 |url=https://theawayend.co/2025/02/19/pink-ladies-u-20-youth-cup-2025-india-defeat-jordan-2-1/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=Nivetha Ramadoss Archives |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/tag/nivetha-ramadoss/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=East Bengal Club {{!}} Official Website of EAST BENGAL the REAL POWER Fans {{!}} EBRP |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!1
!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singha, Monisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:Garhwal United FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Madan Bauri (Paschim Bardhaman politician)

2026-03-30T02:07:00Z

IODChanel59686: Made New Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the MLA from Malatipur|the MLA from Indpur|Madan Bauri (minister)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madan Bauri
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Ukhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Ukhra]]
| constituency1 =
| salary1 =
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = Lakhan Bagdi
| successor1 = ''Constituency Dissolved''
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Madan Bauri''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ukhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malatipur]] in 2001 and 2006.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 9 July 2015}}</ref> He joined [[All India Trinamool Congress]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] on 4 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=লাল দূর্গে ঘাসফুল, দুর্দিনে আরও দুমড়ে গেল কাস্তে-হাতুড়ি
|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/bangla/mahanagar+bengali-epaper-benmaha/lal+durge+ghasaphul+durdine+aarao+dumade+gel+kaste+hatudi-newsid-85079039|date=5 April 2018
|accessdate=8 October 2019|website=Dailyhunt|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=সিপিআইএম বিধায়ক এবার দল ছেড়ে তৃণমূলে|url=http://bengali.priyobandhu.com/cpim-mla-join-tmc/|accessdate=8 September 2019|date=5 April 2018|website=Priyo Bandhu Bangla|language=bn|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008140501/http://bengali.priyobandhu.com/cpim-mla-join-tmc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauri, Madan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Salanpur

2026-03-29T17:20:24Z

IODChanel59686: started a entry.

{{About|the village in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Salanpur (community development block) |2 its namesake operational area of ECL|Salanpur Area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =Salanpur village, near Asansol, West Bengal 04.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Salanpur village
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|46|36.1|N|86|52|35.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,739
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713357 (Salanpur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Salanpur''' is a village, in the [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Asansol Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=380| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|54|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the western portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: municipal corporation, P: rural administrative unit, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, OG: out growth, T: temple Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|51|10|N|86|54|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Chittaranjan | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chittaranjan]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|50|1|N|86|54|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hindustan Cables Township| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Rupnarayanpur|Hindustan Cables Township]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|5|N|86|57|12|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Pangachhiya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Pangachhiya]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|45|25|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Domohani| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Domohani]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|43|54|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bhanowara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bhanowara]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|43|7|N|87|1|3|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Majiara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Majiara]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|22|N|86|59|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Panuria| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Panuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|44|19|N|87|2|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Charanpur| numbered8=OG| mark-title8=[[Charanpur]] (OG)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|46|36|N|86|52|35|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Salanpur| numbered9=P| mark-title9=Salanpur (P) |shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|45|3|N|87|0|37|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Barabani| numbered10=P| mark-title10=[[Barabani]] (P) |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|18|N|86|49|42|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Kalyaneshwari|labela11= Temple| numbered11=T| mark-title11=[[Kalyaneshwari Temple]] (T) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|40|N|86|56|53|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=ECL Salanpur|labela12= Area Office | numbered12=0| mark-title12=[[Salanpur Area|ECL Salanpur Area Office]] |shape-color12=#AA6666| label-size12=11
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|41|48|N|86|51|49|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=ECL Sodepur|labela13= Area Office | numbered13=0| mark-title13=[[Sodepur Area|ECL Sodepur Area Office]]|shape-color13=#AA6666| label-size13=11
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos14=right|label-color14=#800000| label14=Asansol | numbered14=MC| mark-title14=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|39|44|N|86|56|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Burnpur | numbered15=N| mark-title15= [[Burnpur]] (N)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|43|5|N|86|52|46|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Neamatpur | numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Neamatpur]] (N)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|44|21|N|86|50|13|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Kulti | numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Kulti]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|41|29|N|86|49|45|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Dishergarh | numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Dishergarh]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|6|N|86|59|47|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19= Kalla | numbered19=N| mark-title19= [[Kalla, Asansol]] (N)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|47|46|N|86|52|50|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Rupnarayanpur| numbered20=P| mark-title20=[[Rupnarayanpur]] (P) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|44|15|N|86|48|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Barakar | numbered21=N| mark-title21= [[Barakar]] (N)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|43|28|N|86|53|39|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Sitarampur | numbered22=N| mark-title22= [[Sitarampur]] (N)|shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.6652|86.9162}}| label23= IISCO|labela23= Steel Plant| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.85591|86.9011}}| label24= Chittaranjan |labela24= Locomotive|labelb24= Works| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|23.6774|86.8366}}| label25=Damodar| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.6684|86.8508}}| label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=60| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.7076|86.7952}}| label27=Barakar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=110| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.6956|86.7952}}| label28=River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=58| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|48|12|N|86|48|25|E}} |label29=Maithon Dam|labela29= Reservoir| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|51|0|N|87|0|11|E}} |label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=20| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Urbanisation===
As per the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population of Asansol Sadar subdivision was urban and 16.67% was rural.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 4 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2015, the municipal areas of [[Kulti]], [[Raniganj]] and [[Jamuria]] were included within the jurisdiction of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=2015notification>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | title = The Kolkata Gazette | work = Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 September 2018 | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Asansol Sadar subdivision has 26 (+1 partly) [[Census Town]]s.(partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Salanpur police station has jurisdiction over a part of [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] CD block. The area covered is 52.09 km2 and the population covered is 119,142.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/# |title = Asansol Durgapur Police Commissionerate |work = Find your police station | publisher= Asansol Durgapur Police | access-date = 18 February 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] Salanpur had a total population of 4,739 of which 2,454 (52%) were males and 2,285 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 658. The total number of literate persons in Salanpur was 2,909 (71.28% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Salanpur (community development block)#Language and religion]]

==Economy==
===Coal mining===
As per ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the [[Salanpur Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] in 2018 are: Bonjemehari Colliery, Barmondia Colliery, Dabor Colliery, Gourandi Colliery, Gourandi Begunia Colliery and Mohonpur OCP.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/salanpur.pdf | title = Area-wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Salanpurr Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

===Industry===
[[Bhushan Steel]] signed an agreement with the West Bengal government to set up a 2 million tonne steel plant, with auxiliary facilities, at Salanpur, in 2007. The company expected to get around 2,500 acres of land acquired in the subsequent one year and start production in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.livemint.com/Companies/ETuuTvoWQ6rOHcg2yXH9MP/Bhushan-Steel-to-invest-Rs8800-cr-in-West-Bengal.html |title = Bhusan Steel to invest Rs. 8,800 crore in West Bengal | publisher= Rebuilding Bharat | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref> With growing resistance to land acquisition the state government was not able to make much headway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/salanpur-land-hearing-put-off-110112900068_1.html |title = Salanpur land hearing put off | publisher= Business Standard, 29 November 2010 | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref> In 2012, Bhusan Steel put the project on hold.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETD%2F2012%2F01%2F03&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=8&EntityId=Ar00800&AppName=1 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081453/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETD%2F2012%2F01%2F03&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=8&EntityId=Ar00800&AppName=1 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 February 2017 |title = Bhusan Steel’s Bengal Plant Land in Acquisition Trouble | publisher= The Economic Times, 3 January 2012 | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station at Salanpur on the [[Asansol-Patna section]] of the [[Howrah-Delhi main line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/andal-jasidih-demu-73539/15359/585/326 |title = 73539 Andal-Jasidih DEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 18 February 2017}}</ref>

[[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] running from Rupnarayanpur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Junput (in Purba Medinipur district) passes through Salanpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 18 February 2017}}</ref> It links to the Kolkata-Delhi [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], passing nearby.

==Education==
Gyan Bikash Vidyapith is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1994. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class VIII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19093100603/gyan-bikash-vidyapith.html| title = Gyan Bikash Vidyapith| publisher = Schools.org.in |access-date = 27 May 2020}}</ref>

Kalyanesari High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1968. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19093100602/kalyanesari-high-school.html | title = Kalyanesari High School| publisher = Schools.org.in |access-date = 27 May 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The 50-bed Salanpur Hospital of [[Eastern Coalfields]] is located at Dendua.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | title = Eastern Coalfields Limited’s Hospitals | publisher = ECL | access-date = 23 April 2017 | archive-date = 26 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153142/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Medical facilities (dispensaries) in the Salanpur Area of ECL are available at Salanpur Area (PO Lalganj), Mohanpur Colliery (PO Lalganj), Burmundia Colliery (PO Kanyapur), Gourandi Colliery (PO Panuria), Dabar Colliery (PO Samdi), Banjamehari Colliery (PO Salanpur), RH Dendua (PO Salanpur). <ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work= ECL| publisher = CIL|access-date = 15 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence

2026-03-24T20:30:17Z

IODChanel59686: Article

{{Short description|Violence against Hindus in Bangladesh}}
{{multiple issues|
{{POV|talk=Whitewashing|date=April 2025}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence
| date =
| partof = the [[Bangladesh post-resignation violence (2024–2026)|post-resignation violence]] and the [[Aftermath of the July uprising]]
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size = 250px
| map_alt = Map of [[Bangladesh]]
| map_caption = Attack locations spread across various districts of Bangladesh
| location = Bangladesh
| target = [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus of Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=Hindu houses, businesses attacked in 27 districts |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hindu-houses-businesses-attacked-27-districts-3670226 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927211015/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hindu-houses-businesses-attacked-27-districts-3670226 |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":PA30Ja">{{cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=174 communal violences, 23 deaths in four months: BHBCUC |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/oczqb7au8a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202114741/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/oczqb7au8a |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref>
| type = Attacks on homes, [[looting]], arson, temple vandalism, [[Murder|killings]], [[Violence against women|abuse of women]]
| fatalities = 3 Hindus (August to December, according to [[Ain o Salish Kendra]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Violence Against Religious Minorities Jan–Jul 2024 |url=https://www.askbd.org/ask/violence-against-religious-minorities-jan-jul-2024/ |website=[[Ain o Salish Kendra]] |date=10 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Violence Against Religious Minorities Jan–Dec 2024 |url=https://www.askbd.org/ask/violence-against-religious-minorities-jan-dec-2024/ |website=[[Ain o Salish Kendra]] |date=31 December 2024 }}</ref> 
5 Hindus (according to [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]])<ref name="BBC fact check">{{Cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title=Far-right spreads false claims about Muslim attacks in Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n8pzk7gzo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818115031/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n8pzk7gzo |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council, a non-profit established to protect minority human rights, reported five Hindu people killed. Two have been confirmed as Awami League members.}}</ref>
| injuries =
| victims =
| perpetrators = {{Bulleted list|Outlawed [[Islamist]] parties and organizations<ref name=":NYT1AP" />|Local criminal gangs|[[Awami League]] (in some cases)|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) (in some cases)|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]] (in some cases)}}
| assailants =
| weapons = Cleavers, sticks, sharp weapons, petrol/octane
| numparts =
| dfens = {{Bulleted list|Local Hindu community|Hindu rights activists (e.g., Bangladesh Sanatani Jagarana Mancha)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanatan Jagaran Mancha: Participants complain of obstruction in reaching venue in Chittagong |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/363873/sanatan-jagaran-mancha-participants-complain-of |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>|Students and Muslim community members<ref>{{cite news |last=A |first=Fayisa C |title=Muslims stand guard at temples, leaders urge for communal harmony amid reports of 'minority attacks' in Bangladesh |work=The New Indian Express |date=2024-08-07 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Aug/07/muslims-stand-guard-at-temples-leaders-urge-for-communal-harmony-amid-reports-of-minority-attacks-in-bangladesh |access-date=2025-04-10}}</ref>|[[Students Against Discrimination]]|[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) activists|[[Bangladesh Army]]|[[Bangladesh Police]]}}
| motive = {{Bulleted list|[[Islamic extremism]]<ref name=":NYT1AP"/>|[[Anti-Hindu sentiment]]|[[Criticism of Awami League|Anti-Awami League sentiment]]|[[Communalism (South Asia)|Communalism]]<ref name=":NYT1AP"/>|[[Politicide]]|[[Mobocracy|Deterioration]] of [[Rule of Law|law and order]]<ref name=":NYT1AP">{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Hasnat |first2=Saif |date=2025-04-01 |title=As Bangladesh Reinvents Itself, Islamist Hard-Liners See an Opening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/01/world/asia/bangladesh-islam.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401145051/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/01/world/asia/bangladesh-islam.html |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>}}
| inquiries =
| website =
| notes = {{Bulleted list|2,010 incidents of violence reported (as of 20 August 2024)<ref name=":qwertyuiopd">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=2,010 communal attacks in Bangladesh since August 4 to 20: Oikyo Parishad |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/news/2010-communal-attacks-bangladesh-august-4-20-oikyo-parishad-3706731 |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref>|152 temples damaged (as of 20 August 2024)|157 families' homes and businesses damaged}}
}}
Following the [[resignation of Sheikh Hasina|resignation]] of [[Sheikh Hasina]] on 5 August 2024, attacks began on [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus in Bangladesh]], with [[Hindu]] homes, businesses and [[Hindu temples|places of worship]] being targeted en masse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |date=10 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh Hindus targeted in attacks after fall of PM |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/08/10/bangladesh-hindus-face-attacks-after-fall-of-prime-minister/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810201254/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/08/10/bangladesh-hindus-face-attacks-after-fall-of-prime-minister/ |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]] reported that from 4 to 20 August, a total of 2,010 incidents (including 69 temples) of attacks on minorities took place across the country within this 16-day period.<ref name=":0" />

Among the incidents, the homes of 157 families were attacked, looted, vandalised and set on fire while some of their businesses were also attacked, looted and vandalised.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=2,010 communal attacks in Bangladesh since August 4 to 20: Oikyo Parishad |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/news/2010-communal-attacks-bangladesh-august-4-20-oikyo-parishad-3706731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919163650/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/news/2010-communal-attacks-bangladesh-august-4-20-oikyo-parishad-3706731 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Five Hindus were killed in these attacks, of which at least two were confirmed as [[Awami League]] members.<ref name="BBC fact check">{{Cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title=Far-right spreads false claims about Muslim attacks in Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n8pzk7gzo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818115031/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n8pzk7gzo |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council, a non-profit established to protect minority human rights, reported five Hindu people killed. Two have been confirmed as Awami League members.}}</ref> According to a [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|UN Human Rights Office]] report, these abuses also affected Ahmadiyya Muslims, Hindus, and indigenous people from the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: UN report finds brutal, systematic repression of protests, calls for justice for serious rights violations |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/bangladesh-un-report-finds-brutal-systematic-repression-protests-calls |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=OHCHR |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213052559/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/bangladesh-un-report-finds-brutal-systematic-repression-protests-calls |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|July Uprising}}
In July 2024, the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|quota reform movement]] morphed into a fierce anti-government [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|non-cooperation movement]], known as the [[July Uprising]], ultimately removed the Awami League government from state power with the [[resignation of Sheikh Hasina]] who was accused of fostering authoritarianism, corruption and democratic backsliding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Sudipto |date=7 August 2024 |title=Why did Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina resign and where is she now? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/why-did-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-resign-where-is-she-now-2024-08-06/ |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Why did Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina resign and where is she now? |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/b8bb91ae723c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008083808/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/b8bb91ae723c |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=[[bdnews24.com]]}}</ref> Various violence took place against the Hindu minority of Bangladesh after the political unrest.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marof |first=Mehedi Hasan |title='Our lives don't matter': Bangladeshi Hindus under attack after Hasina exit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/12/12/our-lives-dont-matter-in-post-hasina-bangladesh-hindus-fear-future |access-date=2025-01-22 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Various people from the Hindu background were affected by the mob violence.

==Attacks==
Following Hasina's departure, a series of communal attacks were reported, particularly targeting Hindus in Bangladesh. These incidents included alleged attacks on temples, houses, and shops belonging to minority communities, as well as reports of looting and murder across several districts in the country.<ref name="nyt7Aug2024">{{Cite news |last1=Hasnat |first1=Saif |last2=Nauman |first2=Qasim |date=2024-08-07 |title=Hindus in Bangladesh Face Attacks After Prime Minister's Exit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/07/world/asia/bangladesh-politics-unrest.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808024134/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/07/world/asia/bangladesh-politics-unrest.html |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

According to the Investigation conducted by ''[[Prothom Alo]]'' correspondents across 64 districts and 67 upazilas between 5–20 August 2024, 1,068 attacks on the minority community occurred in 49 districts. The majority of the attacks occurred in the southwestern division of Khulna, where at least 295 homes and businesses belonging to minority communities were destroyed. In addition, 219 structures were damaged in [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]], 183 in [[Mymensingh]], 155 in [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], 79 in [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], 68 in [[Barisal Division|Barishal]], 45 in [[Chittagong Division|Chattogram]], and 25 in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]. The extent of the damage varied, with some areas experiencing severe destruction, while others sustained less significant harm. Two members of the Hindu community were killed in the violence, and a total of 912 attacks were documented. Of these, in at least 506 cases, the victims were affiliated with Awami League. Correspondents from Prothom Alo personally observed 546 damaged houses and businesses, accounting for 51 percent of the total damaged structures.<ref name="pa11Sep2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Communal violence: 1068 houses and business establishments attacked |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/97chuvmupe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913200343/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/97chuvmupe |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref>

Minority groups in Bangladesh reported 2,010 incidents of communal violence across the country between 4–20 August 2024. 1,705 families were directly affected in the violence. Among them, 157 families had their homes and businesses were attacked, looted, vandalized, and set on fire. Lands of some of the families were forcibly occupied.<ref name=":0" /> 9 people died in the violence. An investigation published on 30 October by [[Netra News]] found that none of the murders bore clear signs of religious or communal motives. Instead, a mix of political retribution, mob violence, and criminal homicides was behind the incidents involving the seven deaths. Additionally, some cases, the Unity Council's assertions were undercut by the very news reports they cited and by their own grassroots officials.<ref name="netra1">{{cite web |title=Claims of communal atrocities in 9 Hindu deaths falter under scrutiny |url=https://netra.news/2024/little-evidence-of-communal-motives-in-9-hindu-mens-deaths/ |date=2024-10-31 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241031194008/https://netra.news/2024/little-evidence-of-communal-motives-in-9-hindu-mens-deaths/ |archivedate=2024-10-31}}</ref>

According to sources from the police headquarters, following the fall of the Awami League government, between 5 and 9 August, there have been 47 incidents surrounding puja mandaps ([[pandal]]s), including the vandalism of 30 idols and temples, 4 thefts or robberies, 3 arson attacks, and 10 other incidents.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Mahmudul |script-title=bn:দুর্গাপূজা: প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর, চুরি, ঢিল নিক্ষেপ ও মারামারির ঘটনায় গ্রেপ্তার ৮ |trans-title=Durga Puja: 8 arrested for idol vandalism, theft, stone-throwing, and altercations |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/m2y58yfohj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009204938/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/m2y58yfohj |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref> According to [[Bangladesh Police]], 35 untoward incidents related to Durga Puja in Bangladesh since 1 October. 17 persons have been arrested and about a dozen cases registered.<ref>{{Cite news |title=35 untoward incidents related to Durga Puja in Bangladesh since October 1; 17 arrested: police |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/35-untoward-incidents-related-to-durga-puja-in-bangladesh-since-october-1-17-arrested-police-3229694 |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Press Trust of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2024 |title=35 incidents related to Durga Puja in Bangladesh since Oct 1, 17 arrested |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/35-incidents-related-to-durga-puja-in-bangladesh-since-oct-1-17-arrested-124101200030_1.html}}</ref>

''[[Samakal]]'' analyzed 296 incidents of communal violence against Hindu communities and found 135 to be true.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সাম্প্রদায়িক সহিংসতার সত্যতা ১৩৫টিতে |trans-title=296 in attack analysis The fact of communal violence in 135 |url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/269971/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87 |access-date=2024-12-12 |newspaper=[[Samakal]] |language=bn |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212015309/https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/269971/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At a press conference organized by the Bangladesh Chhatra Oikya Parishad, an organization representing the minority community, it was claimed that 49 teachers from the minority community have been forced to resign between 5 and 31 August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=At least 49 minority teachers forced to resign since Aug 5 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/least-49-minority-teachers-forced-resign-aug-5-3691011 |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901104540/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/least-49-minority-teachers-forced-resign-aug-5-3691011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

An [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] report described the violence against Hindus to be motivated by "religious & ethnic discrimination, revenge against Awami League supporters, local communal disputes over land & interpersonal issues."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-13 |title=UN report exposes Yunus on attacks on Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/un-human-rights-report-exposes-muhammad-yunus-attacks-on-hindu-minority-bangladesh-2679359-2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

After the visit of [[Foreign Secretary (India)|India's foreign secretary]] on 9 December 2024, the interim Bangladeshi government stated that it had arrested 77 people in connection to 88 cases registered for violence against Hindus. [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] (MoS), [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]] stated in the Lok Sabha that between 26 November 2024 and 25 January 2025, 76 incidents of anti-Hindu violence took place. Since Hasina's resignation, 23 Hindus were killed<ref name="tbsnews.net">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-03 |title=Not related to communal violence: Govt on Hindu Buddhist council's claim about killing of 23 minorities |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/not-related-communal-violence-govt-hindu-buddhist-councils-claim-about-killing-23 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> and 152 Hindu temples were desecrated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=76 cases of attack on Hindus in Bangladesh in 2 months, Parliament informed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-frowns-as-76-cases-of-attacks-on-hindus-reported-in-bangladesh-in-2-months-2676894-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318123926/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-frowns-as-76-cases-of-attacks-on-hindus-reported-in-bangladesh-in-2-months-2676894-2025-02-08 |url-status=live}}</ref> The claim of 23 Hindus killed was later refuted by the police.<ref name="tbsnews.net"/>

In January 2026, the acting general secretary of the [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]] stated that between August and November 2024, 82 Hindus were killed and the total number of reported "atrocities" during the same period amounted to 2,673.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=Hindus 'living in fear' after man's public lynching for alleged blasphemy |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-04/bangladeshi-hindu-minority-fearful-after-lynching-of-worker/106192790 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Khulna Division ===
The highest number of attacks occurred in the Khulna Division, with 74 homes and businesses destroyed in the Khulna district between 5–20 August, followed by [[Jessore|Jashore]], [[Satkhira]], and [[Magura, Bangladesh|Magura]].<ref name="pa11Sep2024" /> On the night of 5 August, an attack was launched on Bejpara, a neighborhood in Jashore town where at least 200 Hindu families reside.<ref name="pa11Sep2024" />

On 6 August, a retired schoolteacher, Mrinal Kanti Chatterjee, was killed in [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]].<ref name="pa7Aug2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Minorities' houses, worship places under attack at various places |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/xdl6ej9e50 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809051145/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/xdl6ej9e50 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nyt7Aug2024" /> In [[Jessore|Jashore]], 50 Hindu houses were attacked, torched, looted, and robbed at various locations.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" />

In [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], nine Hindu houses were attacked, including one belonging to an Awami League leader.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> Several thousand people vandalized at least 25 shops and looted goods in [[Narikelbaria Union|Narkelbaria]] Bazar of [[Bagherpara Upazila|Bagharpara]] Upazila.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> Twenty to twenty-five Hindu houses were vandalized and looted in five villages of [[Dhalgram Union|Dhalgram]] Union Parishad in Bagharpara Upazila in four times.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> Minority-owned homes and businesses in [[Koyra Upazila]] of [[Khulna District]] were looted.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সাতক্ষীরায় গৃহবধূকে ধর্ষণের অভিযোগ | কালবেলা |trans-title=Allegation of housewife's rape in Satkhira |url=https://www.kalbela.com/country-news/111820 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831144341/https://www.kalbela.com/country-news/111820 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=Kaalbela |language=bn}}</ref>

On 21 September, multiple temples in [[Dacope Upazila]] of [[Khulna]] have repeatedly received anonymous letters via mail addressed to the temple's Puja celebration committees. The letters state, "To celebrate Durga Puja, each temple must pay a donation of five lakh taka." Along with this, the letters issue a chilling threat: anyone who informs the authorities or the press will be killed. The committee decided to cancel the [[Durga Puja]]. The content of the letters sent to the three temples is almost identical.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=Pay Tk 5 lakh or there'll be no Durga Puja |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pay-tk-5-lakh-or-therell-be-no-durga-puja-3708896 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922003046/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pay-tk-5-lakh-or-therell-be-no-durga-puja-3708896 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Temples get letters demanding Tk 500,000 in Durga Puja extortion |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/86b3129399b1 |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207005254/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/86b3129399b1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rangpur Division ===
The second largest number of attacks occurred in Rangpur Division. The minority communities in the districts of [[Lalmonirhat District|Lalmohirhat]], particularly [[Kaliganj Upazila, Lalmonirhat|Kaliganj Upazilla]], [[Hatibandha Upazila]], [[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]], [[Dinajpur]], [[Lakshmipur District|Laxmipur]] within this division were particularly targeted.<ref name="pa11Sep2024" /><ref name=":TDS27">{{cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=Hindu houses, businesses attacked in 27 districts |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/hindu-houses-businesses-attacked-27-districts-3670226 |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

In [[Phulbari Upazila, Kurigram|Phulbari]], [[Kurigram]], a 16-years-old schoolgirl was abducted. Locals report that at the beginning of September, a letter was posted on a tree in the Hindu neighborhood, stating, "This house's girl will be taken away and converted to Islam." Later, on 4 September, Ranjit Chandra Sen filed a [[Fact sheet|general diary]] in the Phulbari Police Station. Locals also report that on Wednesday, around 5 p.m., while she was returning home from a coaching center, Alinur Rahman and his accomplices abducted her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=Schoolgirl abducted after threats in Kurigram |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/schoolgirl-abducted-after-threats-kurigram-3706771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923114348/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/schoolgirl-abducted-after-threats-kurigram-3706771 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ফারুক |first=আব্দুল খালেক |date=19 September 2024 |script-title=bn:ঘোষণা দিয়ে স্কুলছাত্রীকে অপহরণের অভিযোগ |trans-title=Allegation of abduction of a schoolgirl after public announcement |url=https://www.itvbd.com/country/rangpur/171244/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=25 October 2024 |publisher=Independent Television |language=bn}}</ref>

It was alleged that on 22 November, a chartered bus, en route from Rajarhat in [[Kurigram District]] to a rally in [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] organized by the Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Jote to raise the demands of the Hindu community, was attacked in Kaunia. Thirty people were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুড়িগ্রামে হিন্দুদের সমাবেশগামী বাসে 'হামলা', গাড়ি আটকে দেওয়া অভিযোগ |trans-title=Attack on a bus carrying Hindus to a rally in Kurigram; allegations of blocking vehicles |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/dd572ca14184 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=bn |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122134359/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/dd572ca14184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:রংপুরে ৮ দফার দাবিতে মহাসমাবেশ, যেতে বাধা দেওয়ার অভিযোগ |trans-title=Grand rally in Rangpur with an 8-point demand; allegations of obstruction in attending |url=https://www.bbarta24.net/whole-country/288908 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=B Barta 24 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Mymensingh Division ===
Attacks against homes, business and places of worship occurred in [[Netrokona District|Netrakona]] and [[Mymensingh]]'s [[Dhobaura Upazila]], with fewer incidents being reported in [[Sherpur District|Sherpur]] and [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-13 |title=Hindu's cowshed torched in Netrokona, 15 cows burnt |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/z9svj4ywdo |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814065646/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/z9svj4ywdo |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pa11Sep2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:নেত্রকোণায় মধ্যরাতে হিন্দুর বাড়িতে অগ্নিসংযোগ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/cdf4d2701993 |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=bn |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901051846/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/cdf4d2701993 |url-status=live}}</ref> While multiple Hindu owned shops were looted and vandalized in Netrakona town.<ref name="pa11Sep2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh: 'There is no law and order. And Hindus are being targeted again' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy77vgmjlzo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806225106/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy77vgmjlzo |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=2024-09-13 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |script-title=bn:ময়মনসিংহে যুবদল নেতার বিরুদ্ধে হিন্দুদের ৫টি দোকানে তালা দিয়ে দখলে নেওয়ার অভিযোগ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/mbqvic0in9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923114248/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/mbqvic0in9 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

On the night of 1 September, a community temple in Vayadanga Bazaar, Ranisimul Union, [[Sreebardi Upazila]], [[Sherpur District]], was vandalized, with idols being damaged. Although petrol was sprayed after the vandalism, the intervention of police and army personnel prevented the fire from being ignited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2024 |script-title=bn:শেরপুরে মন্দিরের তালা ভেঙে প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর |trans-title=Idols were vandalized after breaking the lock of a temple in Sherpur |url=https://ekattor.tv/country/mymensingh/68975/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=2 September 2024 |publisher=[[Ekattor TV]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2024 |script-title=bn:মন্দিরের তালা ভেঙে প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর ও আগুন ধরানোর চেষ্টা |trans-title=The idol was vandalized by breaking the lock of the temple, and later an attempt was made to set it on fire |url=https://www.dailykaratoa.com/deshjure/article/100000/6073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902125608/https://www.dailykaratoa.com/deshjure/article/100000/6073 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=The Daily Karatoa |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Chittagong Division ===
Mobs in [[Hatiya Upazila]] of [[Noakhali District]] attacked three houses and four businesses belonging to Hindus.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> In [[Chandpur District]], the homes of school principals Ratan Kumar Mazumder in [[Chandpur, Bangladesh|Chandpur]] town and Haripad Das in [[Faridganj Upazila]] were attacked.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> In the [[Comilla District]], the Durga idol was damaged and the donation box at the temple was looted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-03 |title=Why is there fear of unrest in Bangladesh ahead of Durga Puja festivities? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/bangladesh-durga-puja-festivities-hindus-safety-muhammad-yunus-government-13821783.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212047/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/bangladesh-durga-puja-festivities-hindus-safety-muhammad-yunus-government-13821783.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 21 September, idols were vandalized at a Durga Puja Mandap in [[Ramganj Upazila|Ramganj]], Lakshmipur. The president of the Bangladesh Youth Unity Council, Shimul Saha, said, "In Ramganj, children were incited and used to carry out the attack and vandalism of idols."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-21 |script-title=bn:লক্ষ্মীপুরে প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর চার শিশুকে জিজ্ঞাসাবাদ |trans-title=Idol vandalism in Lakshmipur: Four children questioned |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2024/09/21/1427412 |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202225135/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2024/09/21/1427412 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, there were reports{{Which|date=September 2025}} of attacks on Hindu homes in a village near [[Chittagong|Chattogram]], according to witnesses and the relatives of those affected.<ref name="nyt7Aug2024" />

On 1 November, Sanatan Jagaran Manch proclaimed a protest rally against attacks on Hindus, vandalism and arson of temples, and looting of property in [[Chittagong|Chattogram]]. The police barred the Hindus from joining the rally. Liakat Ali Khan, Deputy Commissioner, Chattogram Metropolitan Police (South), said, "As per administrative orders, we hindered them from holding the rally.". On 31 August, a sedition case was filed at Kotwali Police Station against 19 persons, including Sanatan Jagaran Manch spokesperson [[Chinmoy Krishna Das]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-01 |script-title=bn:চট্টগ্রামে সনাতন জাগরণ মঞ্চের সমাবেশে আসার পথে বাধার অভিযোগ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/y8fadshau9 |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Dhaka Division ===
A group of 100–150 people, led by [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] leader Azizul Haque, attacked a Hindu household in [[Dhamrai Upazila]]. Two private cars were vandalized along with furniture from the house and the temple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Dhamrai hindu home vandalized, temple targeted |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/353879/dhamrai-hindu-home-vandalized-temple-targeted |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> Two Hindu-owned shops were looted in [[Sadarpur Upazila]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Attacks, vandalism on minority communities in Faridpur |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/354074/attacks-vandalism-on-minority-communities-in |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> In [[Shariatpur District|Shariatpur]], miscreants destroyed the Dhakua Manasa Bari temple and attempted to attack Hindu homes, but the assault was thwarted by the arrival of the Army.<ref name="ds7Aug2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Attacks on Hindu houses, temples, businesses go on |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/attacks-hindu-houses-temples-businesses-go-3671121 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806200833/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/attacks-hindu-houses-temples-businesses-go-3671121 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 August, in [[Kaliakair Upazila]] of Gazipur, there was an attempt to seize a temple and Hindu land. [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] leader Lebu Mia, accompanied by 50–60 hired thugs, attacked and vandalized the 'Radhagobind Loknath Natmandir'. When the Hindu community attempted to resist, they were also assaulted, resulting in 10–12 injuries. Additionally, there was an attack on a house within the temple complex. Regarding this incident, Kaliakair Upazila Executive Officer (UNO) Kawsar Ahmed stated that the army and police were promptly notified of the attack on the temple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2024 |script-title=bn:কালিয়াকৈরে জমি দখল করতে গিয়ে হামলা-ভাঙচুর, প্রতিবাদে বিক্ষোভ |trans-title=Attack and vandalism during land grabbing in Kaliakoir, protests in response |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/dzzg4jh4p4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902180103/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/dzzg4jh4p4 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Clashes erupt in Gazipur after Hindu temple is vandalised over land disputes |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/0c4a8670fcc9 |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

On the night of 11 October, an object resembling a [[Molotov cocktail]] was thrown at the [[Durga Puja]] [[pandal]] in Dhaka's Tantibazar. People chased the perpetrators, who injured four by stabbing in an effort to escape.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2024 |script-title=bn:তাঁতিবাজারে পূজামণ্ডপে ককটেল সদৃশ বস্তু নিক্ষেপ, ছুরিকাঘাতে আহত ৪ |url=https://www.itvbd.com/country/dhaka/176010/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA |access-date=11 October 2024 |publisher=Independent Television |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2024 |script-title=bn:পূজামণ্ডপে কক/টেল সদৃশ বস্তু নিক্ষেপ, ছু/রিকাঘা/তে আ/হত ৪ |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/703211/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87 |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn}}</ref> On 14 October, During the visarjan (immersion) of the Hindu idols, some extremists started throwing bricks at the Hindus from the roof of a building in [[old Dhaka]]. When some Hindus tried to go up to the building to stop them from throwing the bricks, the police prevented the Hindus from going up. In this incident, two Hindus were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=Late-night clash between police, people of Hindu community in Old Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/late-night-clash-between-police-people-hindu-community-old-dhaka-3727096 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>

On 17 November, accusing a Hindu youth of having a romantic relationship with a Muslim teenage girl in [[Karimganj Upazila|Karimganj]], he was severely beaten in the presence of the army. When taken to 'PAH Medical College Hospital,' the on-duty doctor declared him dead.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কিশোরীর সঙ্গে প্রেমের অভিযোগ, পিটিয়ে যুবককে হত্যা |trans-title=Youth beaten to death over allegations of a romantic relationship with a teenage girl |url=https://samakal.com/whole-country/article/265729/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=[[Samakal]] |language=bn |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201132302/https://samakal.com/whole-country/article/265729/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 December, the Shri Shri Mahabhagya Lakshmi Narayan Temple in the [[Turag Thana|Turag]] area was set on fire by pouring [[Gasoline|petrol]] or [[octane]]. The fire burned the idols inside the temple and goods worth approximately 1 lakh taka.<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-12-08 |title=ISKCON follower's temple set on fire in Dhaka |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/252228/iskcon-followers-temple-set-on-fire-in-dhaka |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208134231/https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/252228/iskcon-followers-temple-set-on-fire-in-dhaka |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-08 |title=Arson attack on family Temple in Turag |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/hate-crime/news/arson-attack-family-temple-turag-3770586 |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207234325/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/hate-crime/news/arson-attack-family-temple-turag-3770586 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Barisal Division ===

The residence of Kalapara mayor Bipul Chandra was attacked around 5:00 pm.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" /> In [[Gournadi Upazila]] of [[Barisal District]], miscreants looted a Hindu-owned clothing store and assaulted a Hindu school teacher in her home. Additionally, arsonists attempted to set fire to the home of a prominent Hindu businessman in [[Barisal|Barisal city]], but the attempt was thwarted by local residents.<ref name="ds7Aug2024" />

On 8 August, an attack and looting took place at Hindu household in [[Patuakhali Sadar Upazila]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2024 |script-title=bn:পটুয়াখালীতে সন্ধ্যারাতে এক হিন্দু বাড়িতে হামলা, লুটপাট |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/hgv5cvqbe2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808203854/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/hgv5cvqbe2 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> In [[Madhukhali Upazila]] of Faridpur District, miscreants targeted several homes and businesses, damaged a [[Kali]] temple, and assaulted a Hindu homeopathy doctor.<ref name=":2" />

On 21 October, a group of people attempted to seize the land of 21 Hindu families in [[Patuakhali|Patuakhali town]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |script-title=bn:পটুয়াখালীতে ২১টি হিন্দু পরিবারের জমি দখলের চেষ্টা, থানায় অভিযোগ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/0ljnralpkx |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |script-title=bn:২১টি হিন্দু পরিবারের জমি দখলের চেষ্টা ভূমিদস্যুদের |url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/tp-country/746172 |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=Bhorer Kagoj |language=bn}}</ref> A Hindu family in [[Kalapara Upazila]] of Patuakhali was threatened with eviction from the country after confiscating their land. One of the victim alleged Kalapara Upazila BNP Secretary Hafizur Rahman Chunnu for land grabbing.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:'দেশ ছাড়া করার হুমকির' অভিযোগ, নিরাপত্তা চায় হিন্দু পরিবার |trans-title=Allegation of 'threats of eviction from the country'; Hindu family seeks protection |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/03ef5bacf882 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Rajshahi Division ===
On 4 August, the house of Suranjit Sarkar, the General Secretary of the Puja Celebration Committee of [[Mohanpur Upazila]] in Rajshahi, was vandalized, looted, and set on fire.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |script-title=bn:পূজা উদ্‌যাপন পরিষদের নেতা সুরঞ্জিতের ভাঙচুর হওয়া বাড়ি পরিদর্শনে ইউএনও-ওসি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/3yyb933c30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819174745/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/3yyb933c30 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> The residence of a Hindu shopkeeper was also attacked.<ref name=":5" />

On 5 and 6 August, incidents of vandalism, arson, and looting took place in at least 24 homes and businesses of the minority community in various areas of [[Naogaon Sadar Upazila|Naogaon town]] and district. Among the victims, 10 people are involved in Awami League politics, while 14 incidents occurred involving individuals who are not affiliated with Awami League politics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2024 |script-title=bn:'সংখ্যালঘু মানুষ, সব সময় আতঙ্কে থাকি, মামলা করে শত্রু হতে চাই না' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/htoemqnjht |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902235148/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/htoemqnjht |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> On 5 August, in the Vidyadharpur village of [[Mohanpur Upazila]], 25 houses and the central temple of Mohanpur upazila were attacked.<ref name=":8" /> Members of the Hindu community reported that the attackers broke everything during their procession. Since the incidence, the residents of Vidyadharpur say they have been living in fear.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Azad |first=Abul Kalam Mohammad |date=2024-08-24 |title=Locals guard temples, houses after attack on Bidyadharpur Hindu community |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/xhmmtgbg5r |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref> an attack occurred in Pyarpur village, [[Mohanpur Upazila]], within the district.<ref name="pa11Sep2024" />{{better source needed|date=December 2024}}

In [[Natore District]], miscreants vandalized and looted six houses as well as the Jotdaiboki Shib and Kali Temple, which belong to the Hindu community.<ref name="pa7Aug2024" />{{better source needed|date=December 2024}} The attackers struck Ronendranath with a sharp weapon, leaving him severely injured and bleeding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |script-title=bn:লালপুরে মন্দির ও ছয় বাড়িতে হামলা, ভাঙচুর–লুটপাট |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/ywrtgfj50x |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807035451/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/ywrtgfj50x |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

On 24 August, three temples in [[Bagha Upazila|Bagha, Rajshahi]], were attacked. Items and idols in the temples located in Pakuria Palpara, Ghoshpara of Pakuria Union, and Kaligram of [[Bagha Municipality]] were vandalized. During the vandalism, a madrasa student named Bappi Hossain was caught red-handed.<ref name="prothom alo">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:'আবেগ নিয়ন্ত্রণ না করতে পেরে' মন্দিরে হামলা, মাদ্রাসাছাত্র গ্রেপ্তার |trans-title=Madrasa student arrested for attacking temple due to inability to control emotions |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/0bsijrruvi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826094606/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/0bsijrruvi |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=Bn |publication-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> On 5 October, idols at the Durga Mandir in Jayanagar, Bottola Haat, within the [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapainawabganj]] municipal area, were vandalized.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2024 |script-title=bn:রাতের আঁধারে চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জে দুর্গা প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/832d7c71267b |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008083809/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/832d7c71267b |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2024 |script-title=bn:চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জে দুর্গামন্দিরের প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/69wfutx5v3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010547/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/69wfutx5v3 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

In [[Sujanagar Upazila|Sujanagar]], Pabna, idols were desecrated at two of the 51 temples where Durga Puja celebrations were planned in the upazila. On the night of 28 September, four idols were damaged at the Rishipara Barowari Puja Mandap in Sujanagar Municipality. On the following Tuesday night, five idols were vandalized at the Manikdi Palpara Barowari Puja Mandap.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |title=2 Durga idols vandalized in Pabna, OC transferred |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/360715/2-durga-idols-vandalized-in-pabna-oc-transferred |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2024 |script-title=bn:পাবনার সুজানগরে দুটি মন্দিরে প্রতিমা ভাঙচুর, ওসি প্রত্যাহার |trans-title=In Pabna's Sujanagar idols vandalized in two temples, OC withdrawn |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/c7t0775ofy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008083808/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/c7t0775ofy |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> On 8 November, at 10 PM, a group of people armed with local weapons attacked the Charjot Protap Durga Mata Thakurani temple in Shibtala Karmakarpara area of [[Chapai Nawabganj Sadar Upazila|Chapainawabganj town]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-09 |script-title=bn:চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জে মন্দিরে ইটপাটকেল নিক্ষেপের ঘটনায় চারজন আটক |trans-title=Four arrested in Chapainawabganj for pelting bricks at a temple |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/94qlktflux |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=[[Prothom alo]] |language=bn |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126204519/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/94qlktflux |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-09 |script-title=bn:চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জে মন্দিরে হামলার ঘটনায় মামলা, আটক ৪ |trans-title=Case filed in Chapainawabganj over temple attack; four arrested |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/country-news/2024/11/09/1444624 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129075740/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/country-news/2024/11/09/1444624 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Misinformation ==
{{See also|Bangladesh post-resignation violence (2024–present)#Misinformation}}
[[BBC News]], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[France 24]] and some [[List of fact-checking websites|fact-checking websites]] highlighted several rumors circulated on X and other social media platforms.<ref name="BBC fact check" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghaedi |first=Monir |date=7 August 2024 |title=Fact check: False claims fuel ethnic tensions in Bangladesh |url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-false-claims-fuel-ethnic-tensions-in-bangladesh/a-69870923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808230641/https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-false-claims-fuel-ethnic-tensions-in-bangladesh/a-69870923 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=Attacks and online misinformation frighten Bangladeshi Hindus |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240811-attacks-and-online-misinformation-frighten-bangladeshi-hindus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811150354/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240811-attacks-and-online-misinformation-frighten-bangladeshi-hindus |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024 |publisher=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/fact-check-video-of-attack-on-sufi-shrine-shared-as-temple-vandalised-in-bangladesh-7176582 |title=Fact Check: Video Of Attack On Sufi Shrine Shared As Temple Vandalised In Bangladesh |publisher=NDTV |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207064403/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/fact-check-video-of-attack-on-sufi-shrine-shared-as-temple-vandalised-in-bangladesh-7176582 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bangladesh reels from ripple effects of misinformation out of India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1076961/bangladesh-reels-from-ripple-effects-of-misinformation-out-of-india |magazine=Scroll |author=Kaniz Famita |date=2024-12-20 |access-date=2024-12-20}}</ref>

In December 2024, a [[Dargah|Sufi shrine]] was destroyed by locals of [[Sirajganj]]. The incident went viral on social media, falsely labeled as the destruction of a [[Hindu temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-03 |title=Fact Check: Muslim shrine demolished in Bangladesh now viral as Hindu temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-muslim-shrine-demolished-in-bangladesh-now-viral-as-hindu-temple-2644253-2024-12-03 |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, misinformation was spread online claiming Hindus were banned from having any government jobs. The Interim government press wing refuted the claim, saying "The Bangladesh government does not discriminate against any citizen based on religion."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=CA press wing debunks post on Hindus' job banning |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ca-press-wing-debunks-post-hindus-job-banning-1033016 |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2025, the video of a man beaten by a crowd was circulated on social media as a communal attack on a Hindu businessman. Fact checkers confirmed the video was from April and that the man was a Muslim, who was a robber caught by locals and beaten.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ফ্যাক্ট চেক: চাঁদা না দেওয়ার কারণে বাংলাদেশে হিন্দু ব্যবসায়ীকে মারধর? না, নিগৃহীত ব্যক্তি মুসলিম |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/fact-check/story/india-today-fact-check-was-a-hindu-businessman-beaten-up-in-bangladesh-for-refusing-to-pay-an-extortion-fee-no-the-person-in-the-video-is-muslim-1216894-2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=Aaj Tak |language=bn}}</ref>

In September 2024, the [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]] said that the deaths of 9 Hindu men were motivated by [[anti-Hindu sentiment]]. An investigation carried out by ''[[Netra News]]'' claimed that the killings were not motivated by religious reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Claims of communal atrocities in 9 Hindu deaths falter under scrutiny |url=https://netra.news/2024/little-evidence-of-communal-motives-in-9-hindu-mens-deaths/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ |language=en}}</ref> According to police investigations, 98.4% of the reported cases of attacks on minorities between 5 and 20 August were due to political reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2025 |script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘুদের ওপর হামলা-ভাঙচুরের ৯৮% ঘটনা রাজনৈতিক কারণে: পুলিশের অনুসন্ধান |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/mkuwd4zi30 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

In February 2025, the Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council also appealed to the Bangladesh government to investigate the deaths of 23 individuals, labelling these as minority persecution. [[Chief Adviser's Press Secretary|Chief adviser's deputy press secretary]], Abul Kalam Azad Majumder refuted this. He claimed that out of 22 deaths seven were robbery and theft, four related to personal affairs, three were general crimes like rape, death due to heavy drinking, one from fights between two parties over sarcastic remarks, two due to [[accident]]s, two due to business rivalry, one due to clashes with locals, one due to a land dispute, and one suicide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BSS |date=2025-02-03 |title=Killings of 23 minorities found to have no link with communal violence: CA press wing |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/r3jimrs91p |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> In March 2025, Independent fact checker BanglaFact said that the Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council claim of 11 minority killings (among 92 incidents of violence against minorities) in January and February 2025 was incorrect .<ref>{{Cite news |title=BanglaFact debunks Oikya Parishad's claim of 11 minorities killing |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/376704/banglafact-debunks-oikya-parishad-s-claim-of-11 |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BanglaFact debunks Oikya Parishad's claim of 11 minorities killing {{!}} Fact Check |url=https://www.bssnews.net/fact-check/256344 |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=BSS}}</ref>
<section begin=misinfo_in_IN />
Numerous India-based social media accounts circulated several misleading videos and images about attacks on Bangladeshi Hindus, which were subsequently debunked by several fact-checking organizations.<ref name="prothomalodisinfo">{{cite news |date=11 August 2024 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশে হিন্দুদের ওপর হামলা নিয়ে ভারতে অপতথ্যের প্রচার |trans-title=Misinformation spread in India about attacks on Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/n583q95nsq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811194004/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/n583q95nsq |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref> A false report also claimed that the house of Bangladeshi Hindu cricketer [[Liton Das]] had been set on fire, which was later debunked.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/did-protesters-set-hindu-bangladesh-player-liton-das-house-on-fire-1814783 |title=Did protesters set Hindu Bangladesh cricketer Liton Das' house on fire? |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=7 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2024 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809235821/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/did-protesters-set-hindu-bangladesh-player-liton-das-house-on-fire-1814783 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/148542-fact-check-false-claims-fuel-ethnic-tensions-in-bangladesh |title=Fact check: False claims fuel ethnic tensions in Bangladesh |work=[[Times of Oman]] |date=8 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901105225/https://timesofoman.com/article/148542-fact-check-false-claims-fuel-ethnic-tensions-in-bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref> Das himself refuted the claim in a Facebook post.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/354213/litton-denies-rumors-of-attack-on-his-home |title=Litton denies rumors of attack on his home |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

Quoting [[BJP]] leader [[Suvendu Adhikari]], several Indian media channels claimed that more than 10 million Bangladeshi Hindus were heading towards India to seek refuge, adding that Bangladesh is becoming an "[[Islamic State]]". In an interview given to [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]], Bangladeshi political analyst Zahed Ur Rahman stated that that Indian media viewed the situation in Bangladesh through "their [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] eye", despite the view in Bangladesh that it was a popular movement.<ref name="Islamophobic">{{cite news |last1=Mahmud |first1=Faisal |last2=Sarker |first2=Saqib |date=8 August 2024 |title='Islamophobic, alarmist': How some India outlets covered Bangladesh crisis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/islamophobic-alarmist-how-some-india-outlets-covered-bangladesh-crisis |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812172212/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/islamophobic-alarmist-how-some-india-outlets-covered-bangladesh-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] leader [[Gayeshwar Chandra Roy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-27 |title=Minority community leaders slam Gayeshwar's recent claim on Hindus |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/minority-community-leaders-slam-gayeshwars-recent-claim-hindus-3357006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724221206/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/minority-community-leaders-slam-gayeshwars-recent-claim-hindus-3357006 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |agency=UNB}}</ref> also refuted claims made by Indian media that his party is anti-Hindu, asserting that the BNP has been inclusive of all communities in Bangladesh and has consistently supported all religious groups.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |script-title=bn:শেখ হাসিনা ইস্যুতে ভারতকে কঠোর বার্তা দিল বিএনপি |trans-title=BNP sends strong message to India over Sheikh Hasina issue |url=https://www.jugantor.com/politics/bnp/835876/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF?utm_source=izooto&utm_medium=news_hub&utm_campaign=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%20%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%20%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF&utm_content=article_click |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008215058/https://www.jugantor.com/ajax/load/detail/835876/29/1 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

Gobinda Pramanik, former president of the [[Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance]], criticized the Indian media, suggesting that they inaccurately portrayed the situation. Pramanik, who was expelled from the organization, become the president of the same organization again after the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government.<ref name="bp9Aug2024">{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |script-title=bn:গোবিন্দ চন্দ্র প্রামাণিকের বক্তব্যের প্রতিবাদ হিন্দু মহাজোটের |trans-title=National Hindu Grand Alliance protests Gobinda Chandra Pramanik's remarks |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/city/2024/08/09/1016597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817201731/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/city/2024/08/09/1016597 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2021 |script-title=bn:গোবিন্দ প্রামাণিকের বক্তব্য 'রহস্যজনক' |trans-title=Govinda Pramanik's statement is 'mysterious' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419224549/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2020 |script-title=bn:হিন্দু মহাজোটের মহাসচিব গোবিন্দ চন্দ্রের বিরুদ্ধে জামায়াত সংশ্লিষ্টতার অভিযোগ |trans-title=The president of the National Hindu Grand Alliance, Govinda Chandra, has been accused of having connections with Jamaat. |url=https://www.jugantor.com/index.php/national/276081/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[Jugantor]] |language=bn}}</ref> Later on 7 August, the general secretary of the same organisation, Dr. Mrityunjoy Kumar Roy, stated that Pramanik's statement to the media was false and "extremely insulting and shameful" for the Hindu community of the country and urged him to publicly apologize.<ref name="bp9Aug2024" />
<section end=misinfo_in_IN />
== Reactions ==
{{Over-quotation|date=November 2024|section=section}}

=== Domestic ===
[[File:Rangpur 12 Aug 2024 Hindu Protest VID 01.webm|thumb| Hindu community demonstrating in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]]]
[[File:Minority rights movement, 10 Aug 2024, Shahbagh.webm|thumb|Hindu community demonstrating at [[Shahbag]]h, Dhaka]]

The looting and fear of looting of Hindu houses has caused Hindus to attempt to flee. On 7 August, around 700–800 Hindus in [[Thakurgaon District]] attempted to leave Bangladesh for India but returned home after promises of safety from Bangladeshi authorities. On 8 August, 300 Hindus congregated at a border post across from West Bengal's [[Jalpaiguri district]] before dispersing.<ref name="reuters8Aug2024">{{Cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Ruma |last2=Das |first2=Krishna N. |date=2024-08-08 |title=Hindus in Bangladesh try to flee to India amid violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hindus-bangladesh-try-flee-india-amid-violence-2024-08-08/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 10 August, another 500–600 Hindus gathered at the border in [[Hatibandha Upazila]] of Lalmonirhat district attempting to flee into India but were stopped by India's [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) and the [[Border Guard Bangladesh]] (BGB).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |script-title=bn:হাতীবান্ধায় হিন্দুদের জড়ো হওয়ার ঘটনায় বিজিবির সংবাদ সম্মেলন |trans-title=BGB holds press conference over Hindus gathering in Hatibandha |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/hxttukupcd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814055350/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/hxttukupcd |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |script-title=bn:দেশত্যাগ করতে ভারত সীমান্তে জড়ো হয়েছেন সনাতন ধর্মালম্বীরা |trans-title=Hindu devotees gather at the India border to leave the country |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/695961/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9C%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8 |work=[[The Daily Ittefaq]] |language=bn}}</ref> An Awami League leader was said by locals to have spread rumors, urging local Hindus to gather at the border with India and engage with Indian leaders who were expected to arrive there. Several thousand Hindus assembled at the border before they were dispersed by the BGB and local police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu community members gather at Hatibandha border following "rumour of Indian leaders' arrival" |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/4fxlo92tob |work=Prothom Alo |date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115163335/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/4fxlo92tob |url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting on 9 August Hindu organisations-led protests across Bangladesh against the violence. Large protests took place in [[Shahbag]] in Dhaka for two consecutive days.<ref name="dt10Aug2024">{{Cite news |last=Mohammad |first=Mahathir |date=2024-08-10 |title=Hindu community protests in Shahbagh for second day |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/354287/dhaka%E2%80%99s-shahbagh-sees-second-day-of-protests-as |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> On 10 August a large rally took place in Chittagong to call for an end to the violence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |script-title=bn:হিন্দুদের ওপর হামলা: এবার চট্টগ্রামে বড় বিক্ষোভ |trans-title=Attack on Hindus: Large Protest in Chittagong This Time |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/9932f20e366a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815032514/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/9932f20e366a |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=bn}}</ref> On 11 August further protests were reported from [[Tangail]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=Protest in Tangail demands action over attacks on Hindu community |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/354403/protest-in-tangail-demands-action-over-attacks-on |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> [[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-08 |script-title=bn:জামালপুরে সনাতন ধর্মের শিক্ষার্থীদের বিক্ষোভ সমাবেশ |trans-title=Protest rally by Sanatan (Hindu) students in Jamalpur |url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/836681/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6 |work=[[Jugantor]] |language=bn}}</ref> [[Moulvibazar]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-08 |title=Moulvibazar minority community protest attacks on Hindu properties |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=484670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814030541/https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=484670 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]}}</ref> and [[Bogra]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nasim |first=Nazmul Huda |date=2024-08-11 |title=Demonstration held over attacks on Hindu communities in Bogra |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/354398/protests-against-attacks-on-hindu-communities-in |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> The demonstrators demanded action against the attackers of Hindu temples and properties as well as a 10% for minority communities in seats of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]], formating of foundations for minority religions, return of property seized under the [[Vested Property Act (Bangladesh)|Vested Property Act]] and a five-day holiday for [[Durga Puja]].<ref name="dt10Aug2024" />

There were also some instances reported of students and members of the Muslim community, including BNP activists and madrasa students standing guard at temples and churches.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh: Muslims Stand Guard at Temples, Call to Protect Minorities |url=https://clarionindia.net/bangladesh-muslims-stand-guard-at-temples-call-to-protect-minorities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808064439/https://clarionindia.net/bangladesh-muslims-stand-guard-at-temples-call-to-protect-minorities/ |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=Clarion India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Students, other Muslims protect temples, churches amid Bangladesh unrest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/7/students-other-muslims-protect-temples-churches-amid-bangladesh-unrest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807190930/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/7/students-other-muslims-protect-temples-churches-amid-bangladesh-unrest |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-08 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The coordinators of the [[Students Against Discrimination]] distanced themselves from the attacks and pleaded with the people not to carry out such attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Ruma |last2=Das |first2=Krishna M. |date=2024-08-06 |title=Hindu homes, temples targeted in Bangladesh after Hasina ouster, minority group says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hindu-homes-temples-targeted-bangladesh-after-hasina-ouster-minority-group-says-2024-08-06/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 13 August, [[Chief Adviser (Bangladesh)|Chief Adviser]] [[Muhammad Yunus]], visited the [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] to reassure Hindus that they are equal citizens in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-13 |title=Instead of being divided, everyone must unite: Dr Yunus at Dhakeshwari Temple |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/instead-being-divided-everyone-must-unite-dr-yunus-dhakeshwari-temple-915641 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813125730/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/instead-being-divided-everyone-must-unite-dr-yunus-dhakeshwari-temple-915641 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> Yunus said that attacks on minority Hindus were "exaggerated", and also claimed that the attacks on minorities were more political than communal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-05 |title=Attacks on Hindus in Bangladesh not communal, issue 'exaggerated': Muhammad Yunus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/attacks-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-not-communal-issue-exaggerated-muhammad-yunus/article68608994.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914045717/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/attacks-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-not-communal-issue-exaggerated-muhammad-yunus/article68608994.ece |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] condemned the attack against Hindus, saying there is nothing called majority or minority and that every citizen has equal rights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Bangladesh's Jamaat-e-Islami condemns attacks on Hindu minorities amid rising violence |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/world/story/bangladeshs-jamaat-e-islami-condemns-attacks-on-hindu-minorities-amid-rising-violence-440546-2024-08-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829020307/https://www.businesstoday.in/world/story/bangladeshs-jamaat-e-islami-condemns-attacks-on-hindu-minorities-amid-rising-violence-440546-2024-08-07 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 September, mass protest for safety of Hindus held in [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-05 |title=Thousands protest in Dhaka for safety of Hindus amid anti-minority violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/bangladesh-hindu-community-protest-safety-attack-durga-puja-dhaka-2611641-2024-10-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007093424/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/bangladesh-hindu-community-protest-safety-attack-durga-puja-dhaka-2611641-2024-10-05 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 October, the Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Manch, an organization of the Hindu community, held a mass rally at Laldighi Maidan in [[Chattogram City Corporation|Chattogram city]] with an eight-point demand. With slogans like "Āmār māṭi āmār mā, ē dēś chēṛē kōthāō jābô nā (My land, my mother, I will not leave this country)," Hindu men and women joined the rally in groups and processions. The main speaker, [[Chinmoy Krishna Das]], further stated,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=Over thousand Hindus hold rally in Ctg with 8-point demand, announce long march to Dhaka |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/over-thousand-hindus-hold-rally-ctg-8-point-demand-announce-long-march-dhaka-976056 |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |script-title=bn:চট্টগ্রামে ৮ দফা দাবিতে হিন্দু সম্প্রদায়ের গণসমাবেশ, ঢাকা অভিমুখে লংমার্চের ঘোষণা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/jp9q1zmewi |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>{{long quote|date=November 2024}}

{{Blockquote|text=No democratic power in Bangladesh will have the opportunity to do politics by practicing communal behavior. Power is shifting repeatedly, and stability is not coming to this country. This is because tolerance is vanishing. Respect is being lost; teachers are being forced to resign. Only for being a minority, 93 people have been dismissed from police jobs. Hindus are being identified at the Veterinary and Chattogram University. For a while, such wrongful acts had subsided, but now they are resurfacing. We will remain silent no longer.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />}}

On 1 November, when the Sanatan Jagaran Manch announced a protest rally in Chattogram, police prevented Hindus from joining the gathering. The Deputy Commissioner (South) of the city police, Liakat Ali Khan, stated that, in line with administrative directives, they were barred from holding the rally today. On 31 August, a sedition case was filed at Kotwali Police Station against 19 people, including the spokesperson of Sanatan Jagaran Manch, Chinmoy Krishna Das.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":CtgSGDB">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:তারা চায় ঔপনিবেশিক শক্তি আসুক: সনাতন মঞ্চ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/ctg/adf9eaa52093 |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

Recalling the events of 25 October, Gauranga Das Brahmachari, a key organizer of the Sanatan Jagaran Manch, said,{{long quote|date=November 2024}}
{{Blockquote|text=We concluded the largest peaceful rally in recent memory with full discipline. However, a certain group does not appreciate this peace and the country's progress. They want communal violence in this country; they want colonial superpowers to interfere in Bangladesh and turn it into a militant state. They have tried to unjustly blame our movement.<ref name=":CtgSGDB" />}}In December 2024, Hindu Buddhist Christian Welfare Front rallied against Indian aggression for its Anti-Bangladesh propaganda. Bijan Kanti Sarker stated that Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians in Bangladesh have been subjected to various forms of oppression and humiliation during the rule of the Awami League. He further said that attacks on Hindu household were propagated against Jamaat-BNP activists. He further called for an end to such "propaganda and terrorist activities" while urging the Indian government to foster mutual understanding and respect based on humanity than religions.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nuruzzaman |last2=Television |first2=Jamuna |date=2024-12-05 |script-title=bn:দেশে সংখ্যালঘুরা ভালো আছে, ভারত মিথ্যাচার করছে: হিন্দু বৌদ্ধ খ্রিস্টান কল্যাণ ফ্রন্ট |url=https://jamuna.tv/news/580521 |access-date=2025-05-14 |publisher=Jamuna Television |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hindu-Buddhist-Christian Welfare Front condemns anti-Bangladesh campaigns |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/78864 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206014323/https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/78864 |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=jagonews24.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hindu Buddhist Christian Welfare Front demands India stop anti-Bangladesh propaganda |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/367246/hindu-buddhist-christian-welfare-front-demands |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==== Expatriates ====
On 11 August, in [[Birmingham]], expatriates from Bangladesh's minority communities held a protest rally in front of the Assistant High Commission of Bangladesh, protesting against "attacks on temples and churches" and the "persecution" of minorities in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বার্মিংহামে সমাবেশ: বাংলাদেশে 'হিন্দু নিপীড়ন' বন্ধের দাবি |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/tube/1d98f93a69b8 |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balloo |first=Stephanie |date=2024-08-09 |title='Mass' protest planned in Birmingham city centre after Bangladesh deaths |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/mass-protest-planned-birmingham-city-29711575 |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=Birmingham Live |language=en}}</ref>

In front of the [[Houses of Parliament]] and the [[BBC]]'s headquarters, expatriates held placards and banners with writings such as "Protect Hindus," "Hindu Lives Matter," and "Justice for Hindus" while chanting slogans.<ref name="bdn11Aug2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Protest outside UK Parliament condemns violence against Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/protest-outside-uk-parliament-condemns-violence-against-hindus-in-bangladesh20240811061647/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=Asian News International |date=2024-08-11 |language=en}}</ref> Expatriate Ajit K. Saha alleged, "The BBC has published biased news on the recent incidents in Bangladesh. They have never highlighted the incidents of oppression against Hindus." Protesters submitted a letter of protest to the BBC newsroom, drawing attention to the lack of coverage on the recent suffering of Hindus in Bangladesh.<ref name="bdn11Aug2024">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:হিন্দুদের রক্ষায় ব্রিটিশ পার্লামেন্ট ও বিবিসির সামনে বিক্ষোভ |trans-title=Protests in front of British Parliament and BBC in defense of Hindus |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/probash/9042b053c79f |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=2024-08-11 |language=bn |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922004321/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/probash/9042b053c79f |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 August, expatriate Bangladeshis held a rally in downtown [[Toronto]]. Foreigners also participated alongside Bangladeshis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Protests erupt in Downtown Toronto over violence against Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/protests-erupt-in-downtown-toronto-over-violence-against-hindus-in-bangladesh20240811145137/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=Asian News International |date=2024-08-11 |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815074019/https://aninews.in/news/world/others/protests-erupt-in-downtown-toronto-over-violence-against-hindus-in-bangladesh20240811145137/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Canadian Member of Parliament [[Kevin Vuong]], representative of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|World Hindu Council]] Abhishek Choubey, and former president of the Canadian Hindu Chamber of Commerce Naresh Chawda attended the rally to show solidarity. Many also called for using "Canada's influence" to support international measures for the protection of Hindus in Bangladesh. They suggested that "a process could be implemented to grant express visas to Bangladeshi Hindus seeking asylum in Canada."<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:হিন্দুদের ওপর সহিংসতা রুখতে টরন্টোতে প্রবাসীদের বিক্ষোভ |trans-title=Expats protest in Toronto to halt violence against Hindus |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/probash/62ec11853c2e |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=2024-08-11 |language=bn |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914235642/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/probash/62ec11853c2e |url-status=live}}</ref>

On Sunday morning, more than 300 [[Indian Americans]] and [[Bangladeshi Americans|Bangladeshi-origin]] Hindus gathered at Sugar Land City Hall in [[Houston]]. They called on the Biden administration to take immediate action to prevent atrocities and ensure the protection of minority communities in Bangladesh. Dipti Mahajan, co-coordinator of the organization HinduPACT, stated in her speech that "10 million Hindus are sitting on a ticking time bomb of genocide."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hundreds Gather In US To Protest Violence Against Hindus In Bangladesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/hundreds-gather-in-us-to-protest-violence-against-hindus-in-bangladesh-6317502 |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823085428/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/hundreds-gather-in-us-to-protest-violence-against-hindus-in-bangladesh-6317502 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=Indian Americans' 'Save Hindus In Bangladesh' Vigil Draws Hundreds In US's Houston |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/save-hindus-in-bangladesh-hundreds-join-indian-americans-vigil-in-houston-call-on-biden-administration-to-take-immediate-action-article-112454159 |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> From [[Michigan]] to [[Houston]] and from California to Washington, D.C., [[Indian Americans|Indian]] and [[Bangladeshi Americans]] gathered with placards like "Protect Hindu Rights," "Religion is not a crime," "Live and Let Live," etc., in solidarity with their "Hindu brothers and sisters."<ref>{{Cite news |title=US advocacy groups raise awareness for plight of Bangladeshi Hindus |url=https://religionnews.com/2024/08/12/across-the-u-s-advocacy-groups-raise-awareness-for-plight-of-bangladeshi-hindus/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |agency=Religion News Service |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916081045/https://religionnews.com/2024/08/12/across-the-u-s-advocacy-groups-raise-awareness-for-plight-of-bangladeshi-hindus/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=Hundreds Join Indian Americans Vigil, 'Save Hindus in Bangladesh' in Houston |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hundreds-join-indian-americans-vigil-save-hindus-in-bangladesh-in-houston/article68514968.ece |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== International ===
==== Governments ====
* {{flagicon|India}} India condemned what it described as a "systematic pattern of desecration" after attacks on minorities and temples in Bangladesh.<ref name="d837">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2024 |title=Systematic pattern of desecration: India condemns theft at Bangladesh temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/systematic-pattern-of-desecration-india-condemns-theft-goddess-kali-crown-bangladesh-temple-durga-puja-attack-2615826-2024-10-12 |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="x258">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2024 |title=India slams Bangladesh for 'systematic desecration' after firebomb thrown at temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-slams-systematic-pattern-of-desecration-after-firebomb-thrown-at-bangladesh-temple-101728726203330.html |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Indian Foreign Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] told parliament:{{blockquote|What was particularly worrying was that minorities, their businesses and temples also came under attack at multiple locations. The full extent of this is still not clear.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Minorities, temples attacked in Bangladesh, closely monitoring situation: Jaishankar to Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/minorities-temples-attacked-in-bangladesh-closely-monitoring-situation-jaishankar-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/112314543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908131641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/minorities-temples-attacked-in-bangladesh-closely-monitoring-situation-jaishankar-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/112314543.cms |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
* {{flagicon|Australia}} Australian Minister of Climate Change and Energy [[Chris Bowen]] also expressed concern for the situation in Bangladesh, pointing out the violence and challenges ethnic and religious minorities go through. Bowen cited reports of widespread damage, looting and attacks, including 725 homes and business houses damaged, 724 looted, 58 set on fire and damage to 17 places of worship, with 21 looted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Australian Minister raises concern over situation of minorities in Bangladesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/australian-minister-raises-concern-over-situation-of-minorities-in-bangladesh-2598849-2024-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913200309/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/australian-minister-raises-concern-over-situation-of-minorities-in-bangladesh-2598849-2024-09-12 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Bowen said in a session at the [[Australian Parliament]]:{{blockquote|As I said at the outset, all violence to all Bangladeshis is to be deplored.}}
* {{flagicon|United States}} Two US lawmakers [[Congressmen]] [[Shri Thanedar]] and [[Raja Krishnamoorthi]], have urged the U.S. government to intervene in response to the violence against minority Hindus in Bangladesh following the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. They highlighted that the instability in the region, exacerbated by religious intolerance and violence, threatens US interests. Both lawmakers called for direct engagement with the interim government led by Muhammad Yunus to end the violence against minority communities. Thanedar also urged the Biden administration to grant refugee status to persecuted Bangladeshi Hindus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |title=Bangladesh unrest: Indian-American lawmakers call for US intervention to end anti-Hindu violence |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/bangladesh-unrest-indian-american-lawmakers-call-for-us-intervention-to-end-surge-in-violence-against-hindu-13803186.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914084317/https://www.firstpost.com/world/bangladesh-unrest-indian-american-lawmakers-call-for-us-intervention-to-end-surge-in-violence-against-hindu-13803186.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |title=2 Indian-American lawmakers seek US intervention to stop 'coordinated' anti-Hindu attacks in Bangladesh {{!}} World News |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indian-american-lawmakers-us-intervention-stop-anti-hindu-attacks-bangladesh-9506584/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817135308/https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indian-american-lawmakers-us-intervention-stop-anti-hindu-attacks-bangladesh-9506584/ |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Congressmen]] [[Rich McCormick]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Georgia's 6th congressional district|GA 6th District]]) said in a statement on X that he is deeply disturbed by the sectarian violence targeting Hindu minority and that he will work with the [[House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] to promote a peaceful democratic transition in Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rich McCormick |title=I'm praying that the people of Bangladesh will know peace and stability again soon |url=https://x.com/RepMcCormick/status/1821301875297448092 |website=X |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808214941/https://x.com/RepMcCormick/status/1821301875297448092 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}} while [[Congressmen]] [[Brad Sherman]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[California's 32nd congressional district|CA 32nd District]]) in a statement in November, said that the interim government has a responsibility to protect the minority Hindu community urged the government to take serious action.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Congressman Sherman Statement on Bangladesh's Obligation to Protect its Hindu Community {{!}} Congressman Brad Sherman |url=https://sherman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/congressman-sherman-statement-bangladeshs-obligation-protect-its-hindu |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=sherman.house.gov |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204184605/https://sherman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/congressman-sherman-statement-bangladeshs-obligation-protect-its-hindu |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[U.S. Embassy, Dhaka|US embassy in Dhaka]] said in a statement:
{{Blockquote|text=U.S. Embassy Dhaka reiterates calls for calm and peace. We are concerned about reports of attacks on religious minorities and religious sites in Bangladesh. As a friend and partner to the Bangladeshi people, the United States will continue to support Bangladesh's democratic aspirations and respect for human rights.<ref>{{Cite news |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/usembassydhaka/status/1820795349432434910 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909120159/https://x.com/usembassydhaka/status/1820795349432434910 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}}}
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} The [[UK Parliament]] had a discussion and raised concerns over the violence against the Hindu minority in Bangladesh and the arrest of Hindu leader Chinmoy Krishna Das. [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP [[Priti Patel]] and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Barry Gardiner]] highlighted attacks on Hindu temples and called for action to address the escalating tensions. [[Catherine West]], [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Indo-Pacific|Minister for the Indo-Pacific]], assured Parliament of the UK government's commitment to religious freedom and continued diplomatic efforts, including discussions with Bangladesh's interim government. West also confirmed the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|Foreign Office]] is monitoring developments closely, including the [[sedition]] charges against Das.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-03 |title=U.K. Parliament raises concerns over attacks on Hindu minority in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uk-parliament-raises-concerns-over-attacks-on-hindu-minority-in-bangladesh/article68944307.ece |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-03 |title=UK Parliament raises concerns over attacks on Hindu minority in Bangladesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/uk-parliament-attack-hindu-minority-bangladesh-9704725/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] also issued a [[travel advisory]] for Bangladesh, advising against "all but essential travel" to the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] of the country, noting that "there is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals".<ref>{{cite news |title=UK updates travel advisory for Bangladesh |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/international/europe/ox054a5jcp |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=Prothomalo |date=4 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Canada}} Canadian MP [[Chandra Arya]] has expressed deep concern for the violence against religious minorities, including Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians, in Bangladesh and mentioned that the number of religious minorities has significantly decreased. He also told that the Hindu community in Canada, whose families are in Bangladesh, are worried because of the safety of the people, their temples, and properties there, and they will rally at Parliament Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Chandra Arya, "Bangladesh" on Sept. 16th, 2024 |url=https://openparliament.ca/debates/2024/9/16/chandra-arya-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918084537/https://openparliament.ca/debates/2024/9/16/chandra-arya-1/ |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=openparliament.ca/}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|European Union}} Delegation of the European Commission said in a statement:<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=EU ambassadors 'very concerned' over attacks on minority communities |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/rc8gnxnrj1 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=Prothom Alo}}</ref>{{long quote|date=November 2024}}
{{Blockquote|text=EU Heads of Mission in Dhaka are very concerned about incoming reports of multiple attacks against places of worship and members of religious, ethnic and other minorities in Bangladesh.

We welcome the endeavours by the student movement and others to protect minorities.

We urgently appeal to all parties to exercise restraint, reject communal violence and uphold the fundamental human rights of all Bangladeshis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=European Union in Bangladesh on X |url=https://x.com/EUinBangladesh/status/1820768987598278684 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909120157/https://x.com/EUinBangladesh/status/1820768987598278684 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}|author=European Union in Bangladesh}}
* {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Geert Wilders]], Leader of [[Party for Freedom|Party for Freedom (PVV)]], the largest party in the [[Netherlands Parliament|Netherlands' parliament]] wrote:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geert Wilders |title=The violence against Hindus in Bangladesh is horrific |url=https://x.com/geertwilderspvv/status/1820698367766179900 |website=X |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807201629/https://x.com/geertwilderspvv/status/1820698367766179900 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}
{{Blockquote|text=The violence against Hindus in Bangladesh is horrific. They are being killed and their houses and temples burnt by barbaric Islamic mobs. This must be stopped immediately!}}
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} Israeli ambassador to India [[Naor Gilon]] has expressed concern over reports of atrocities against minorities in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=Concerned about atrocities against Hindus in B'desh: Israeli envoy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/concerned-about-atrocities-against-hindus-in-b-desh-israeli-envoy-124080601797_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=ANI |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821213510/https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/concerned-about-atrocities-against-hindus-in-b-desh-israeli-envoy-124080601797_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Israeli ambassador raises alarm over attacks on Hindus in Bangladesh amid political unrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/israeli-ambassador-raises-alarm-over-attacks-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-amid-political-unrest/articleshow/112333263.cms |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808020502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/israeli-ambassador-raises-alarm-over-attacks-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-amid-political-unrest/articleshow/112333263.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Organisations ====
* {{flagicon|United Nations}} UN Deputy spokesperson Farhan Haq said condemned the attacks on minorities in Bangladesh, saying:{{blockquote|What we've made clear is we want to make sure that the violence that has been occurring in Bangladesh in recent weeks is tamped down. Certainly, we stand against any racially based attacks or racially based incitement to violence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nurul Islam Hasib |date=9 Aug 2024 |title=UN stands against racially based attacks on minorities in Bangladesh |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/354221/un-stands-against-racially-based-attacks-on |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>}}
* [[Association of British Muslims]] issued a [[fatwa]] condemning the attacks on Hindus and urged [[Bengali Muslims]] to stand in solidarity with Hindus and other minority communities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Pradeep |date=24 August 2024 |title=Fatwa For Peace: British Muslims Association Condemns Violence Against Bangladeshi Hindus |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/uk/fatwa-for-peace-british-muslims-association-condemns-violence-against-bangladeshi-hindus-article-112768834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825020038/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/uk/fatwa-for-peace-british-muslims-association-condemns-violence-against-bangladeshi-hindus-article-112768834 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India's Modi voices concern over unrest in neighboring Bangladesh and attacks on Hindus there |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indias-modi-voices-concern-unrest-neighboring-bangladesh-attacks-112852381 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825020038/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indias-modi-voices-concern-unrest-neighboring-bangladesh-attacks-112852381 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)]]}}</ref>
* Deputy Regional Director for South Asia at [[Amnesty International]], Babu Ram Pant, said:
{{Blockquote|text=Amnesty International urges the Bangladeshi authorities to conduct a swift, thorough, impartial and independent investigation into the crimes against Hindu, Ahmadi and other minority communities and associated incidents of mob violence and ensure that those responsible are prosecuted in fair and transparent trials, without resorting to the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Bangladesh: Interim government must take immediate actions to protect Hindu and other minority communities |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/bangladesh-interim-government-must-take-immediate-actions-to-protect-hindu-and-other-minority-communities/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>}}

=== Individuals ===

==== Donald Trump ====
Condemning the violence against religious minorities in Bangladesh, former US President [[Donald Trump]] wrote,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Donald Trump condemns violence against minorities in Bangladesh |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/363793/donald-trump-condemns-violence-against-minorities |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="Kamala Ignored Hindus": In Diwali Message, Donald Trump Condemns Bangladesh Unrest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/in-diwali-message-donald-trump-condemns-violence-against-hindus-in-bangladesh-6918589 |access-date=2024-11-01 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-01 |title=Trump condemns "attacks on minorities" in Bangladesh |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/6o2cvb1kwb |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en |agency=UNB}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=I strongly condemn the barbaric violence against Hindus, Christians, and other minorities who are getting attacked and looted by mobs in Bangladesh, which remains in a total state of chaos.<ref>{{Cite news |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1852033622494105832 |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}}}

==== Baroness Sandip Verma ====
In a letter sent to UK Prime Minister [[Keir Starmer]], [[Sandip Verma, Baroness Verma|Baroness Sandip Verma]] of [[Leicester]], a member of the [[House of Lords]], wrote:{{long quote|date=November 2024}}

{{Blockquote|text=I am writing to you about serious concerns that have been raised with me from family and friends and community organisations, of the vicious attacks by gangs on the Hindu community and other minority communities in Bangladesh, religious places of worship, businesses and homes have been burnt down, with untold violence on innocent people taking place with little police intervention. There needs to be immediate public condemnation of these crimes, the Chief Adviser to the Interim Government of Bangladesh, Mr Muhammad Yunus, must order the full force of the law and the courts in bringing the perpetrators of these heinous crimes to book.
Whilst UK is a strong ally of Bangladesh, the persecution and attacks on the Hindu and other minority communities cannot be allowed to continue and ask that this matter is raised immediately at the highest levels.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A letter sent to the PM Starmer UK by baroness on violence against Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://cdn.bdnews24.com/bdnews24/media/bangla/imgAll/2024August/baroness-verma-letter-150824-01-1723699733.jpg |access-date=29 October 2024 |format=JPG |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815090703/https://cdn.bdnews24.com/bdnews24/media/bangla/imgAll/2024August/baroness-verma-letter-150824-01-1723699733.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2024 |title=UK baroness urges action by PM Starmer on violence against Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/da23cde2b32e |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en}}</ref>}}

====Pierre Poilievre====

In a statement Canadian [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] Leader [[Pierre Poilievre]] said On The Situation In Bangladesh:{{long quote|date=November 2024}}
{{Blockquote|text="Conservatives stand with the people of Bangladesh during this difficult time. We are very concerned about the hundreds killed and thousands injured during student-led protests and horrified by the subsequent violence against religious minorities, including Hindus and Christians, who are being senselessly targeted by violent mobs.

"We condemn the violations of human rights by the authorities in Bangladesh and condemn all instances of violence against innocent and peaceful people.

"We call for the restoration of democracy and the rule of law, ensuring all Bengalis are protected and enjoy equal citizenship. We call for justice for the murdered and the persecuted, and an end to the violence against Bangladesh's religious minorities.

"During this time of transition in government, we call for calm and stability and stand with all Canadian Bengalis whose families and loved ones face danger and uncertainty. "Conservatives will continue to advocate for democracy, freedom, human rights and the rule of law."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Statement from Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre on the Situation in Bangladesh |url=https://www.conservative.ca/statement-from-conservative-leader-pierre-poilievre-on-the-situation-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814162529/https://www.conservative.ca/statement-from-conservative-leader-pierre-poilievre-on-the-situation-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

====Vivek Ramaswamy====

[[Vivek Ramaswamy]] said in an X (formerly Twitter) post:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivek Ramaswamy |title=The targeted violence against Hindus in Bangladesh is wrong |url=https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy/status/1823533267984749035 |website=X |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814063045/https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy/status/1823533267984749035 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}
{{Blockquote|text=The targeted violence against Hindus in Bangladesh is wrong, it's concerning.}}

====Pawan Kalyan====

[[Pawan Kalyan]]'s Appeal To UN To Protect Minorities In Bangladesh. He said:<ref>{{Cite news |title="Take Necessary Action": Pawan Kalyan's Appeal To UN To Protect Minorities In Bangladesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/take-necessary-action-pawan-kalyans-appeal-to-un-to-protect-minorities-in-bangladesh-6322051 |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=NDTV.com |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820012010/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/take-necessary-action-pawan-kalyans-appeal-to-un-to-protect-minorities-in-bangladesh-6322051 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-12 |title=Pawan Kalyan appeals to UNHRC for minority protection in Bangladesh amid rising unrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pawan-kalyan-appeals-to-unhrc-for-minority-protection-in-bangladesh-amid-rising-unrest/articleshow/112472935.cms |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815004729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pawan-kalyan-appeals-to-unhrc-for-minority-protection-in-bangladesh-amid-rising-unrest/articleshow/112472935.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The recent visuals & pictures from Bangladesh are heart wrenching and concerning. I call upon the @UNHumanRights @UN_HRC and Bangladesh High Commission in India to take immediate necessary action and restore peace and order in Bangladesh. I pray for the safety, security and stability to all minorities and Hindus in Bangladesh.}}

====Bob Blackman====

British MP [[Bob Blackman]], while addressing the Parliament, mentioned the incidents of arson attacks on the homes and temples of Hindus, stating:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thapa |first=Vaidika |title=UK MP Bob Blackman Condemns Attack On Hindus In Bangladesh, Raises Concern Over Attempts To Ban ISKCON |url=https://news24online.com/world/uk-mp-bob-blackman-condemns-attack-on-hindus-in-bangladesh-raises-concern-over-attempts-to-ban-iskcon/393870/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=News 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="Hindus are being subject to death," British MP condemns attack on Hindus in Bangladesh |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/152543-hindus-are-being-subject-to-death-british-mp-condemns-attack-on-hindus-in-bangladesh |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=Times of Oman |language=en}}</ref>{{long quote|date=November 2024}}

{{Blockquote|text=Now, right now, Mr Speaker, the International Society of Krishna Consciousness, who run Bhaktaventa Manor in Elstree, the largest Hindu temple in this country, in Bangladesh, their spiritual leader is under arrest. Hindus across Bangladesh are being subject literally to death by their houses being burnt, their temples are being burnt. And there was an attempt today in the Bangladesh High Court to rule that ISKCON should be banned from the country. This is a direct attack on Hindus. Now this is a threat from India now to take action. We have a responsibility because we enabled Bangladesh to be free and independent.}}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence]]
* [[Persecution of Hindus#Bangladesh|Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh]]
* [[Bangladesh post-resignation violence (2024–2026)]]
* [[Hazari Lane violence]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Bangladesh]]
* [[Human rights in Bangladesh]]
* [[Towhidi Janata]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[Sahar Zand|Sahar Zanad]], Heart and Soul – The Plight of Hindus in Bangladesh ([https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0kg7w8r part 1] and [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct5tg9 part 2]), BBC News (podcasts), 3–10 January 2025.
* {{Cite report |url=https://www.hrcbm.org/wp-new/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/BHBCUC-Report-2024.pdf |title=Report on communal atrocities committed upon the religious – ethnic minorities in Bangladesh (4 August to 20 August, 2024) |author-link=Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council |date=20 September 2024 |language=en }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence, 2024}}
[[Category:Aftermath of the July Uprising]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:August 2024 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:August 2024 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Looting in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Religious riots in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2024 riots]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2024]]
[[Category:Attacks on Hindu temples in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Arson in 2024]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Protests in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu riots]]

Chittor Fort

2026-03-22T19:52:54Z

IODChanel59686:

{{short description|Historic fort in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
| image = Chittorgarh fort.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| partof = [[Chittorgarh]]
| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| caption = A view of Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan, India
| map_type = India#Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8863|74.647|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| map_size =
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption =
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants = [[Mori Rajputs|Mauryans of Chittorgarh]], [[Guhilas of Medapata]], [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodias of Mewar]]
| site_other = Floor area: 280 ha (691.9 acres)
| height = 180 m (590.6 ft)
| controlledby =
| battles = [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]] Battle of Chittor (1321) [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1535)]] [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)]]
| events =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_partof = [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]]
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2014 (36th session)|2014]] (36th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = ii, iii
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247 247]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|South Asia]]
}}
}}
'''Chittorgarh''' (literally '''Chittor Fort'''), also known as '''Chittod Fort''', is one of the largest [[fort]]s in [[India]]. It is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The fort was the capital of [[Mewar]] and is located in the present-day city of [[Chittorgarh]]. It sprawls over a hill {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} in height spread over an area of {{convert|280|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}} above the plains of the valley drained by the [[Berach River]]. The fort covers 65 historic structures, which include four palaces, 19 large temples, 20 large water bodies, 4 memorials and a few [[victory column|victory towers]].

In 2013, at the 37th session of the [[World Heritage Committee]] held in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]], a group of six [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]], including Chittor Fort, was declared a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|A painting of the fort by [[Marianne North]], 1878]]
[[Chittorgarh]], located in the southern part of the state of [[Rajasthan]], {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Ajmer]], midway between [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] on [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] in the road network of [[Golden Quadrilateral]]. Chittorgarh is situated where National Highways No. 76 and 79 intersect.

The fort stands on a hill {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} high. The hill rises abruptly above the surrounding plains, and the fort is spread over an area of {{convert|2.8|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=DNA>{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News & Analysis}}</ref> It is situated on the left bank of the Berach River (a tributary of the [[Banas River]]) and is linked to the new town of Chittorgarh (known as the 'Lower Town') developed in the plains after 1568 AD when the fort was deserted in light of introduction of artillery in the 16th century, and therefore the capital was shifted to the more secure [[Udaipur]], located on the eastern flank of the [[Aravalli hill]] range. Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] attacked and sacked this fort which was but one of the 84 forts of Mewar, but the capital was shifted to Aravalli hills where heavy artillery and cavalry were not effective. A winding hill road of more than {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} length from the new town leads to the west end main gate, called Ram Pol, of the fort. Within the fort, a circular road provides access to all the gates and monuments located within the fort walls.<ref name="joe">{{Cite book |author=Joe Bindloss |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&q=Chittorgarh+Fort&pg=PA214 |title=India |author2=James Bainbridge |author3=Lindsay Brown |author4=Mark Elliott |author5=Stuart Butler |work= |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-308-2 |pages=124–126 |access-date=2009-06-24}}</ref><ref name="saigan">{{cite web|title=Indian States and Union Territories|url=http://www.saigan.com/heritage/states/rajasthan/chittor.html|access-date=2009-06-24|work=Places of Interest in Rajasthan: Chtiiorgarh}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismtravelindia.com/rajasthanportal/touristattractions/CHITTORGARH.html|title=Chittorgarh Fort of Rajasthan in India|access-date=2009-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604013619/http://www.tourismtravelindia.com/rajasthanportal/touristattractions/CHITTORGARH.html|archive-date=4 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=places>{{cite web |url=https://www.culturopedia.com/Places/places.html |title=Places and Monuments |access-date=2009-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717093945/http://www.culturopedia.com/Places/places.html |archive-date=2009-07-17 }}</ref>

The fort that once boasted 84 water bodies has only 22 of them now. These water bodies are fed by natural catchment and rainfall, and have a combined storage of 4 billion litres that could meet the water needs of an army of 50,000. The supply could last for four years. These water bodies are in the form of ponds, wells and [[stepwell]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Solution/History_tour3.htm|title=Rajasthan's Water fort|access-date= 2009-06-24|publisher=Rainwaterharvesting.Org}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Chittorgarh fragmentary inscriptions of the Naigamas, first half of the 6th century CE.jpg|thumb|Chittorgarh fragmentary inscriptions of the Naigamas, first half of the 6th century CE<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Chittorgarh fragmentary inscriptions of the Naigamas, inked rubbing |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2105017 |date=9 December 2018|doi=10.5281/zenodo.2105017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 34 |pages=53–58 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindicavol34_388_M/page/n93/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
Chittorgarh (''garh'' means fort) was originally called Chitrakut.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} It was constructed by the [[Mori Kingdom|Mori]]{{efn|Sometimes referred to as the Later Mauryas, to distinguish them from the unrelated earlier [[Maurya Empire]].}} ruler [[Chitrangada Mori]].{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}} According to one legend, the name of the fort is derived from its builder.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} Several small Buddhist stupas dated to 9th century based on the script were found at the edge of Jaimal Patta lake.<ref>Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}</ref>

[[File:Government ASI board installed at Chittorgarh fort.jpg|thumb]]

The [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] ruler [[Bappa Rawal]] is said to have captured the fort in either 728 CE or 734 CE. One account states that he received the fort in [[dowry]].{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} According to other versions of the legend, Bappa Rawal captured the fort either from the [[Mori]]s.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that the Moris were ruling at Chittor when the Arabs invaded north-western India around 725 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} The Arabs defeated the Moris, and in turn, were defeated by a confederacy that included Bappa Rawal. R. V. Somani theorized that Bappa Rawal was a part of the army of [[Nagabhata I]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=45}} Some historians doubt the historicity of this legend, arguing that the Guhilas did not control Chittor before the reign of the later ruler Allata.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=44}} The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from the reign of [[Tejasimha]] (mid-13th century); it mentions "Chitrakuta-''maha-durga''" (the great fort of Chittor).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}}

Under the orders of [[Alauddin Khilji]], between 1251 and 1258, [[Balban]] repeatedly led armies to attack and lay siege to Chittor fort, as well as [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] and [[Bundi]] forts.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&dq=chitror&pg=PA230 Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, p. 230]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&dq=chitror&pg=PA230 Al-Hind The Making of the Indo-Islamic World · Volume 1, p. 230]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=icgNAAAAQAAJ&dq=chitror&pg=PA370 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, p. 370]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J7vXAAAAMAAJ Tabakat-i-Nasiri, p. 124]</ref>

=== Siege of 1303 ===
{{main|Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 400
| header = Padmini's Palace
| image1 = Oil painting of Padmini's palace in the fort in the midst of the tank.jpg
| caption1 = An 1878 painting by [[Marianne North]]
| image2 = ChittorgarhFortWaterReflection.JPG
| caption2 = A 2010 photograph
}}

In 1303, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] or Delhi Sultans ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] led an army to conquer Chittorgarh, which was ruled by the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila]] king [[Ratnasimha]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}} Alauddin captured Chittor after an eight-month-long siege.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=367}} According to his courtier [[Amir Khusrow]], he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=119-120}} Some later legends state that Alauddin invaded Chittor to capture Ratnasimha's beautiful queen [[Rani Padmini|Padmini]], but most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of these legends.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=89}} The legends also state that Padmini and other women committed suicide by ''[[jauhar]]'' (mass self-immolation). Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] believes that a ''jauhar'' did happen at Chittorgarh following Alauddin's conquest, although he dismisses the legend of Padmini as unhistorical.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=130}} On the other hand, historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] considers this ''jauhar'' narrative as a fabrication by the later writers, because Khusrow does not mention any ''jauhar'' at Chittorgarh, although he has referred to the ''jauhar'' during the [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)|earlier conquest of Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=368}}

Alauddin assigned Chittorgarh to his young son Khizr Khan (or Khidr Khan), and the Chittor fort was renamed "Khizrabad" after the prince. As Khizr Khan was only a child, the actual administration was handed over to a slave named Malik Shahin.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=368}}

=== Rana Hammir and successors ===
Khizr Khan's rule at the fort lasted till 1311 AD and due to the pressure of [[Rajputs]] he was forced to entrust power to the Sonigra chief Maldeva who held the fort for 7 years. [[Maharana Hammir|Hammir Singh]], usurped control of the fort from Maldeva and Chittor once again regained its past glory. Hammir, before his death in 1378 AD, had converted [[Mewar]] into a fairly large and prosperous kingdom. The dynasty (and clan) fathered by him came to be known by the name [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] after the village where he was born. His son [[Rana Kshetra Singh]] or Rana Kheta succeeded him and ruled with honour and power. Rana Kheta's son [[Rana Lakha]] (Lakshya), who ascended the throne in 1382 AD, also won several wars. His famous grandson [[Rana Kumbha]] came to the throne in 1433 AD and by that time the [[Muslim]] rulers of Malwa and Gujarat had acquired considerable clout and were keen to usurp the powerful Mewar state.<ref name=muslims>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp_djvu.txt|title=A Short History of Muslim Rule in India|access-date=2009-06-22|author= Ishwari Prasad|work=India in the sixteenth century|pages =paras 281 to 287|publisher= The Indian Press, Ltd}}</ref>

=== Rana Kumbha and clan ===
[[File:Ganesh staue at Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ganesh]] statue at Chittorgarh Fort]]
There was resurgence during the reign of Rana Kumbha in the 15th century. Rana Kumbha, also known as Maharana Kumbhakarna, son of [[Rana Mokal]], ruled Mewar between 1433 AD and 1468 AD. He is credited with building up the Mewar kingdom assiduously as a force to reckon with. He built 32 forts (84 fortresses formed the defense of Mewar) including one in his own name, called [[Kumbalgarh]]. His younger son, [[Rana Raimal]], assumed the [[rein]]s of power in 1473.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} After Raimal's death in May 1509, Sangram Singh (also known as Rana Sanga), his younger son, became the ruler of Mewar, which brought in a new phase in the history of Mewar.

=== Chittorgarh Under Rana Sanga ===
[[Rana Sanga]] ascended the throne in 1509 after a long struggle with his brothers Prithviraj and Jaimal. He was an ambitious king under whom Mewar reached its zenith in power and prosperity. [[Rajput]] strength under Rana Sanga reached its zenith and threatens to revive their powers again in [[Northern India]].<ref name=HR>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan/History History of Rajasthan by Deryck O.Lodrick]</ref> He established a strong kingdom from [[Satluj]] in [[Punjab]] in North till [[Narmada River]] in South in [[Malwa]]. After conquering [[Malwa]] and the [[Thar desert]] to the west and until [[Bayana]] in the east. In his military career he defeated [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] at the Battle of Khatoli and manage to free most of [[Rajasthan]] along with that he mark his control over parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] including Chandwar, he gave the part of U.P to his allies Rao Manik Chand Chauhan who later supported him in [[Battle of khanwa]].{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=17}} After that Rana Sanga fought another battle with Ibrahim Lodhi known as [[Battle of Dholpur]] where again Rajput confederacy were victorious. This time following his victory Sanga conquered much of the [[Malwa]] along with [[Chanderi]] and bestowed it to one of his vassal [[Medini Rai]]. Rai ruled over [[Malwa]] with [[Chanderi]] as his capital.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=156-157}} Sanga also invaded [[Gujarat]] with 50,000 [[Rajput|Rajput confederacy]] joined by his three allies. He plundered [[Gujarat]] sultanate and chased the Muslim Army as far as capital [[Ahmedabad]]. He successfully annexed Northern Gujarat and appoint one of his vassals to rule there. Following the series of victories over Sultans he successfully establish his sovereignty over [[Rajasthan]], [[Malwa]] and large parts of [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=18}} After these victories he united several [[Rajput]] states from [[Northern India]] to expel [[Babur]] from [[India]] and re-establish [[Hindu]] power in Delhi.
{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=19}} He advanced with a grand army of 100,000 [[Rajputs]] supported by a few Afghans to expel [[Babur]] and to expand his territory by annexing [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]].{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=34}}{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=452}} The battle was fought for supremacy of [[Northern India]] between [[Rajputs]] and [[Mughals]].{{sfn|Sharma|1954|p=8}}
However [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]] suffered a disastrous defeat at [[Khanwa]] due to Babur's superior generalship and modern tactics. The battle was more historic than [[First Battle of Panipat]] as it firmly establish [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in India while crushing re-emerging [[Rajput]] powers. The battle was also earliest to use [[cannons]], [[matchlocks]], swivel guns and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] to great use.{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=453-454}}

Rana Sanga was taken away from the battlefield in an unconscious state by his vassals [[Prithviraj Singh I]] of [[Jaipur]] and [[Maldeo Rathore]] of [[Marwar]]. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to never return to Chittorgarh until he defeated Babur and conquer Delhi. He also stop wearing turban and used to wrap a cloth over his head.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=43}} While he was preparing to wage another war against [[Babur]] he was poisoned by his own nobles who did not want another battle with [[Babur]]. He died in [[Kalpi]] in January 1528.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=44}}

After his defeat his vassal [[Medini Rai]] was defeated by Babur at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and Babur captured the capital of Rai kingdom [[Chanderi]]. Medini was offered Shamsabad instead of Chanderi as it was historically important in conquering Malwa but Rai refused the offer and chose to die fighting. The [[Rajput]] women and children committed [[self-immolation]] to save their honour from Muslim army. After the victory, Babur captured Chanderi along with Malwa which was ruled by Rai.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=157}}

=== Post Rana Sanga ===
=== Siege of 1535 ===
[[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] who came to the throne in 1526 AD as the Sultan of Gujarat besieged the Chittorgarh fort in 1535. The fort was sacked and, once again the medieval dictates of chivalry determined the outcome. Following the escape of the Rana Vikramaditya, his brother [[Udai Singh II]] and the faithful maid [[Panna Dai]] to their maternal relatives land of [[Bundi]], it is said that their mother [[Rani Karnavati]] led 13,000 Rajput women in committing ''jauhar'' (self-immolation on the funeral pyre) as 3,200 Rajput warriors rushed out of the fort to fight till death (Saka) and died in the ensuing battle.<ref name=joe/><ref name=muslims/>

=== Siege of 1567 ===
{{Main|Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)}}
[[File:Jaimal phatta delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Rao Jaimal]] and Patta (Rajasthan), mounted on a pair of black marble elephants which stood outside the Delhi Gate at the [[Red Fort]]. Originally stood outside the fort at [[Agra]]]]
The final [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]] came 33 years later, in 1567, when the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] attacked the fort. Akbar wanted to conquer Mewar, which was being ruled by [[Udai Singh II|Rana Uday Singh II]] to gain easy access to the Gujarati ports and establish a trade route.

Shakti Singh, son of the Rana who had quarreled with his father, had run away and approached Akbar when the later had camped at [[Dholpur]] preparing to attack Malwa. During one of these meetings, in August 1567, Shakti Singh deduced from a remark made in jest by emperor Akbar that he intended to wage war against Chittorgarh. Akbar had told Shakti Singh in jest that since his father had not submitted himself before him like other princes and chieftains of the region he would attack him. Startled by this revelation, Shakti Singh quietly rushed back to Chittorgarh and informed his father of the impending invasion by Akbar. Akbar was furious with the departure of Shakti Singh and decided to attack Mewar to humble the arrogance of the Ranas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D118 |title=Akbarnama by Abu'l Fazl: H.M.'s Siege of the Fortress of Citur |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814022907/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D118 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 1567, the emperor left for Chittorgarh, and on 20 October 1567, camped in the vast plains outside the fort. In the meantime, Rana Udai Singh, on the advice of his council of advisors, decided to go away from Chittor to the hills of [[Gogunda]] with his family. [[Jaimal]] and [[Patta Sisodia|Patta]] were left behind to defend the fort along with 8,000 Rajput soldiers under their command. Akbar laid siege to the fortress, which lasted for 4 months.

On 22 February 1568, Jaimal was killed by a musket shot fired by Akbar himself.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Jauhar was committed in the houses of Patta, Aissar Das, and Sahib Khan. The next day the gates of the fort were opened and Rajput soldiers rushed out to fight the enemies. In the ensuing battle, the army of Chittorgarh were killed alongside 20,000–25,000 civilians and Chittorgarh was conquered.

=== Mughal–Rajput peace treaty of 1615 ===
In 1615, after a treaty between [[Jahangir]] and [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]], Chittorgarh was given back to Amar Singh by Jahangir.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=}}{{Page needed|date=December 2017}}

The fort was refurbished in 1905 during [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-18|title=Chittorgarh – The Largest Fort In India|url=https://www.themysteriousindia.net/chittorgarh-largest-fort-india/|work=The Mysterious India|access-date=2021-11-18}}</ref>

== Precincts ==
[[File:Chittorgarh_Fort_Map.jpg|thumb|Map of Chittorgarh Fort]]
The fort, which is roughly in the shape of a fish, has a circumference of {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} with a maximum length of {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} and it covers an area of 700 acres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chittorgharh Tourism: Places to Visit, Tourist Places & Chittor Fort - Rajasthan Tourism|url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/chittorgarh.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN}}</ref> The fort is approached through a difficult zig-zag ascent of more than {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from the plains, after crossing over a [[limestone]] bridge. The bridge spans the Gambhiri River and is supported by ten arches (one has a curved shape while the balance have pointed arches). Apart from the two tall towers, which dominate the majestic fortifications, the sprawling fort has a plethora of palaces and temples (many of them in ruins) within its precincts.<ref name="udai">{{cite web|title=Chittorgarh Fort|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/excursions/chittorgarh-fort.html|access-date=2009-06-24}}</ref><ref name=tour/>

The 305 hectare component site, with a buffer zone of 427 hectares, encompasses the fortified stronghold of Chittorgarh, a spacious fort located on an isolated rocky plateau of approximately 2 km length and 155 m width.

It is surrounded by a perimeter wall {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} long, beyond which a 45° hill slope makes it almost inaccessible to enemies. The ascent to the fort passes through seven gateways built by the Mewar ruler Rana Kumbha (1433–1468) of the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] clan. These gates are called, from the base to the hilltop, the Paidal Pol, Bhairon Pol, Hanuman Pol, Ganesh Pol, Jorla Pol, Laxman Pol, and Ram Pol, the final and main gate.

The fort complex comprises 65 historic built structures, among them 4 palace complexes, 19 main temples, 4 memorials, and 20 functional water bodies. These can be divided into two major construction phases. The first hill fort with one main entrance was established in the 5th century and successively fortified until the 12th century. Its remains are mostly visible on the western edges of the plateau. The second, more significant defence structure was constructed in the 15th century during the reign of the Sisodia Rajputs, when the royal entrance was relocated and fortified with seven gates, and the medieval fortification wall was built on an earlier wall construction from the 13th century.

[[File:Jain mandir , Chittorgarh.JPG|thumb|Satbees Deori Jain temple]]
Besides the palace complex, located on the highest and most secure terrain in the west of the fort, many of the other significant structures, such as the [[Kumbha Shyam Temple, Chittorgarh|Kumbha Shyam Temple]], the [[Mirabai|Mira Bai]] Temple, the Adi Varah Temple, the Shringar Chauri Temple, [[Ravidas]] [[chhatri]] (pavilion) in front of Meera's temple which bears Guru Ravidas' engraved foot print and the Vijay Stambh memorial were constructed in this second phase. Compared to the later additions of Sisodian rulers during the 19th and 20th centuries, the predominant construction phase illustrates a comparatively pure [[Rajput]] style combined with minimal eclecticism, such as the vaulted substructures which were borrowed from Sultanate architecture. The 4.5 km walls with integrated circular enforcements are constructed from dressed stone masonry in lime mortar and rise 500 m above the plain. With the help of the seven massive stone gates, partly flanked by hexagonal or octagonal towers, the access to the fort is restricted to a narrow pathway which climbs up the steep hill through successive, ever narrower defence passages. The seventh and final gate leads directly into the palace area, which integrates a variety of residential and official structures. Rana Kumbha Mahal, the palace of Rana Kumbha, is a large Rajput domestic structure and now incorporates the Kanwar Pade Ka Mahal (the palace of the heir) and the later palace of the poet [[Mira Bai]] (1498–1546). The palace area was further expanded in later centuries, when additional structures, such as the Ratan Singh Palace (1528–1531) or the Fateh Prakash, also named Badal Mahal (1885–1930), were added.

[[File:Jain temple inside Chittorgarh Fort.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Jain temple near Kirti stambha]]
Although the majority of temple structures represent the Hindu faith, most prominently the Kalikamata Temple (8th century), the Kshemankari Temple (825–850) the Kumbha Shyam Temple (1448) or the Adbuthnath Temple (15th–16th century), the hill fort also contains [[Jain]] temples, such as Sattaees Devari, Shringar Chauri (1448) and Sat Bis Devri (mid-15th century).Finally, the fort compound is home to a contemporary municipal ward of approximately 3,000 inhabitants, which is located near Ratan Singh Tank at the northern end of the property.

=== Gates ===
[[File:Vijay Stamb View from Chittor.jpg|thumb|800px|center|A view of the fort from Chittorgarh town]]
The fort has total seven gates made by Maharana KUMBHA. (in local language, gate is called ''Pol'') in the west, namely the Padan Pol, Bhairon Pol, Hanuman Pol, Ganesh Pol, Jodla Pol, Laxman Pol, and the main gate named the Ram Pol (Lord Rama's Gate). All the gateways to the fort have been built as massive stone structures with secure fortifications for military defense. The doors of the gates with pointed arches are reinforced to fend off elephants and cannon shots. The top of the gates has notched parapets for archers to shoot at the enemy army. A circular road within the fort links all the gates and provides access to the numerous monuments (ruined palaces and 130 temples) in the fort.

On the right of Suraj Pol is the Darikhana or Sabha (council chamber) behind which lie a [[Ganesha]] temple and the [[zenana]] (living quarters for women). A massive water reservoir is located towards the left of Suraj Pol. There is also a peculiar gate, called the Jorla Pol (Joined Gate), which consists of two gates joined. The upper arch of Jorla Pol is connected to the base of Lakshman Pol, a feature has not been noticed anywhere else in India.<ref name =saigan/> The Lokota Bari is the gate at the fort's northern tip, while a small opening that was used to hurl criminals into the abyss is seen at the southern end.<ref name=joe/><ref name =saigan/><ref name=tour/><ref name=frommer>{{Cite book|author=Pippa De Bruyn |author2=Keith Bain |author3=Niloufer Venkatraman |author4=Shonar Joshi|title= Frommer's India|access-date=2009-06-26|pages=454=455|work=Chittauragarh (Chittor)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&q=Padmini%E2%80%99s+Palace&pg=PA455|publisher= Wiley Publishing, Inc |year=2006|isbn=0-7645-6777-2}}</ref>

=== Vijaya Stambha ===
{{Main|Vijaya Stambha}}
[[File:Stamaba views with other relics steroscopic view.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Vijaya Stambha with other relics stereoscopic view]]
The Vijaya Stambha (Tower of Victory) or Jaya Stambha, called the symbol of Chittorgarh and a particularly bold expression of triumph, was erected by Rana Kumbha between 1458 and 1468 to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Shah I Khalji, the Sultan of Malwa, in 1440 AD.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Built over a period of ten years, it rises {{convert|37.2|m|ft}} over a {{convert|47|ft2|m2}} base in nine stories accessed through a narrow circular staircase of 157 steps (the interior is also carved) up to the 8th floor, from where there is good view of the plains and the new town of Chittorgarh.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The dome, which was a later addition, was damaged by lightning and repaired during the 19th century. The Stambha is now illuminated during the evenings and gives a beautiful view of Chittorgarh from the top.<ref name=joe/><ref name =udai/><ref name=tour/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho000430s21u00029000.html|title=Tower of Victory, Chittore Fort|access-date=2009-06-21|archive-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016192723/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho000430s21u00029000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Victory+Tower+Chittorgarh.jpg|thumb|Vijaya Stambha|alt=]]

=== Kirti Stambha ===
{{Main|Kirti Stambh}}
[[File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|thumb|right|Architectural details from the ''[[Kirti Stambh]]'']]
Kirti Stambha (Tower of Fame) is a {{convert|22|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} tower built on a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} base with {{convert|15|ft|m}} at the top; it is adorned with [[Jain]] sculptures on the outside and is older (probably 12th century) and smaller than the Victory Tower.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Built by the [[Bagherwal]] Jain merchant Jijaji Rathod, it is dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha|Adinath]], the first Jain [[tirthankar]] (revered Jain teacher). In the lowest floor of the tower, figures of the various tirthankars of the [[Jain]] pantheon are seen in special niches formed to house them. These are digambara monuments. A narrow stairway with 54 steps leads through the six storeys to the top. The top pavilion that was added in the 15th century has 12 columns.<ref name=joe/><ref name =saigan/><ref name =udai/><ref name=tour/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000472u00009000.html|title=The Khowasin Stambha, a Jaina tower at Cheetore|access-date=2009-06-23|archive-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016192732/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000472u00009000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthantours.co.in/rajasthan-forts-palaces/chittaurgarh-fort-chittaurgarh.html|title=Chittaurgarh Fort, Chittaurgarh|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207161735/http://www.rajasthantours.co.in/rajasthan-forts-palaces/chittaurgarh-fort-chittaurgarh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Rana Kumbha Palace ===
Rana Kumbha's palace (in ruins) is at the entrance gate near the Vijaya Stamba. The palace included elephant and horse stables and a temple to Lord [[Shiva]]. [[Maharana Udai Singh]], the founder of Udaipur, was born here; the popular folk lore linked to his birth is that his maid [[Panna Dai]] saved him by substituting her son in his place as a decoy, which resulted in her son getting killed by Banbir. {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The prince was spirited away in a fruit basket. The palace is built with plastered stone. The remarkable feature of the palace is its splendid series of canopied balconies. Entry to the palace is through Suraj Pol which leads into a courtyard. The famous poet-saint, Rani [[Mirabai|Meera]], also lived in this palace. This is also the palace where Rani Padmini is said to have consigned herself to the funeral pyre in one of the underground cellars, as an act of ''Jauhar'' along with many other women. The Nau Lakha Bandar (literal meaning: nine lakh treasury) building, the royal treasury of Chittorgarh was also located close by. Now, across from the palace is a museum and archaeological office. The Singa Chowri temple is also nearby.<ref name=joe/><ref name =saigan/><ref name=tour/>

=== Fateh Prakash Palace ===
Located near Rana Khumba palace, built by [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Rana Fateh Singh]], the precincts have modern houses and a small museum. A school for local children (about 5,000 villagers live within the fort) is also nearby.<ref name=joe/><ref name=tour/>

=== Gaumukh Reservoir ===
[[File:India 04 0019 chittorgarh.jpg|right|thumb|The Gaumukh Reservoir]]
A spring feeds the tank from a carved cow's mouth in the cliff. This pool was the main source of water at the fort during the numerous sieges.<ref name=tour/>

=== Padmini's Palace ===
Padmini's Palace or Rani Padmini's Palace is a white building and a three storied structure (a 19th-century reconstruction of the original). It is located in the southern part of the fort. [[Chhatris]] (pavilions) crown the palace roofs and a water moat surround the palace. This style of the palace became the forerunner of other palaces built in the state with the concept of Jal Mahal (palace surrounded by water). Maharana Ratan Singh was killed and Rani Padmini committed Jauhar. Rani Padmini's beauty has been compared to that of [[Cleopatra]] and her life story is an eternal legend in the history of Chittorgarh. This Palace find its reference in some of the historical texts of Mewar. Amar Kavyam mentions the confinement of Mahmud Khilji- II, Sultan of Malwa here by [[Rana Sanga]].{{sfn|Ranchor Bhatt|1985|p=186}} Maharana [[Udai Singh II|Udai Singh]] married his daughter JasmaDe to Rai Singh of Bikaner. A song was composed about the charity done by Rai Singh, in which it is mentioned that he donated an elephant for each step of the stairs of Padmini's Palace. It was repaired by Maharana [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]].

=== Other sights ===
[[File:Rajasthan-Chittore Garh 09.jpg|upright|thumb|Meera Temple, where saint [[Mirabai]] prayed to [[Krishna]], starting her [[Bhakti]] movement. Chittorgarh Fort, [[Rajasthan]]]]
Close to Vijay Sthamba is the Meera Temple, or the Meerabai Temple. Rana Khumba built it in an ornate Indo-Aryan architectural style. It is associated with the mystic saint-poet [[Mirabai]] who was an ardent devotee of [[Krishna]] and dedicated her entire life to His worship. She composed and sang lyrical ''[[bhajan]]s'' called Meera Bhajans. The popular legend associated with her is that with blessings of Krishna, she survived after consuming poison sent to her by her evil brother-in-law. The larger temple in the same compound is the Kumbha Shyam Temple (Varaha Temple).<ref name=joe/><ref name =saigan/><ref name=tour/> The pinnacle of the temple is in pyramid shape. A picture of Meerabai praying before Krishna has now been installed in the temple.<ref>{{Cite book|author= Laxman Prasad Mathur|title=Forts and strongholds of Rajasthan|access-date=2009-06-26|work=Mira Bai temple|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iduAAAAMAAJ&q=Chittorgarh+Fort|year=1990|isbn=81-210-0229-X|publisher= Inter-India Publications|location= New Delhi, India}}</ref>

Across from Padmini's Palace is the [[Kalika Mata Temple, Chittorgarh Fort|Kalika Mata Temple]]. Originally, a Sun Temple dated to the 8th century dedicated to [[Surya]] (the Sun God) was destroyed in the 14th century. It was rebuilt as a [[Kali]] temple.<ref name=joe/><ref name =saigan/><ref name=tour/>

{{anchor|Tulja}}
Another temple on the west side of the fort is an old temple dedicated to the goddess [[Bhavani|Tulja Bhavani]] built by [[Vanvir Singh]]. The ''Tope Khana'' (cannon foundry) is located next to this temple in a courtyard, where a few old cannons are still seen.<ref name=tour/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chittorgharh Tourism: Places to Visit, Tourist Places & Chittor Fort - Rajasthan Tourism|url=http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/chittorgarh.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The fort and the city of [[Chittorgarh]] host the biggest Rajput festival called the "''Jauhar Mela''".<ref name=DNA/> It takes place annually on the anniversary of one of the ''[[jauhar]]s'', but no specific name has been given to it. It is generally believed that it commemorates Padmavati's ''jauhar'', which is most famous. This festival is held primarily to commemorate the bravery of Rajput ancestors and all three ''jauhars'' which happened at Chittorgarh Fort. A huge number of Rajputs, which include the descendants of most of the princely families, hold a procession to celebrate the Jauhar. It has also become a forum to air one's views on the current political situation in the country.<ref>{{Cite book|author= B.S. Nijjar|title= Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India|access-date=2009-06-26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&q=Jauhar+mela&pg=PA306|work=Jauhar Mela at Chittor|page =306|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd.|year=2007|isbn =978-81-269-0908-7}}</ref>

Six forts of Rajasthan, namely, [[Amber Fort]], Chittorgarh Fort, [[Gagron Fort]], [[Jaisalmer Fort]], [[Kumbhalgarh]] and [[Ranthambore Fort]] were included in the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] list during the 37th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Phnom Penh in June 2013. They were recognized as a serial cultural property and examples of Rajput military hill architecture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heritage Status for Forts|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204129/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3028072831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Eastern Eye }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

The ruined city of the Cold Lairs from ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' by [[Rudyard Kipling]], where the protagonist [[Mowgli]] is taken to after being kidnapped by the [[Bandar-log]], is noted by the Kipling Society to have possibly been based on Chittorgarh Fort, which Kipling personally visited in 1887, and would have been relatively close to the [[Aravalli Range]] also located in [[Rajasthan]], the original setting of the Jungle Books before Kipling changed it to the hills of [[Seoni]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaa's Hunting – Notes on the text |url=https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/readers-guide/rg_kaahunting_notes.htm |website=The Kipling Society |date=4 May 2021 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seeonee: The Site of Mowgli's Jungle? |url=https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/readers-guide/rg_junglebook_location.htm |website=The Kipling Society |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Columns in the fortress of the fort.jpg| Columns in the fortress.
File:A part of fortress of Chittoor.jpg| A part of the fortress.
File:Rana Kumbha Palace, Chittorgarh 37.jpg|Fort remains 1
File:Rajasthan Monument 30.JPG|Fort remains 2
File:PadminiPalace.png | Padmini Palace

File:Interiors of Padmini Palace.jpg|Interiors of the Padmini Palace.
File:Rajasthan Monument 31.JPG|Structures in the fort 1
File:Rajasthan Monument 28.JPG| Structures in the fort 2
File:Rajasthan-Chittore_Garh_09.jpg| [[Meera]] Temple
File:Jain_Kirti_Stambha.jpg| [[Kirti Stambha]]
Chittorgarh_fort_37.JPG|[[Jain temple]] at Kirtistambha
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Kumbha Shyam Temple, Chittorgarh]]
* [[Ravidas]]
* [[Mirabai]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rao|first=K. V. Krishna|author-link=KV Krishna Rao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC|title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security|date=1991|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7212-001-6|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gopi Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor-first1=Mohammad | editor-last1=Habib | editor-first2= Khaliq Ahmad | editor-last2=Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147431/ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Struggle for Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=26241249 }}
* {{cite book |author = G.H.R Tillotson | title = The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style| type = Hardback| edition = First| publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven and London| isbn = 0-300-03738-4| page = 224 pages| year = 1987| orig-year = 1987}}
* {{cite book |author1=George Michell |author2=Antonio Martinelli | title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| page = 271 pages|year=2005| orig-year = 2005}}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Paul E. Schellinger |editor2=Robert M. Salkin |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |volume=5 |publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis |year=1994 |isbn=9781884964046 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC&pg=PA191 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |volume=1 |year=2004|publisher= Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110645|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC }}
* {{cite book |first=Satish |last=Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526) |volume=2 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |date=2006}}
* {{cite book |author=Shiv Kumar Tiwari |title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2002 |isbn=9788176252997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0gwfmPFTLgC }}
* {{cite book |author1=Viven Crump |author2=Irene Toh |title= Rajasthan|location=New York|publisher=Everyman Guides|type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| page = 400 |year=1996}}
* {{cite book |author=Ranchor Bhatt|title= Amar Kavyam|location=Udaipur|publisher=Sahitya Sansthan, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth|type = hardback|year=1985}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Chittor Fort}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Chittorgarh}}

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[Category:Forts in India]]
[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Chittorgarh Fort| ]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:1567 in India]]
[[Category:1535 in India]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]

Rengma Naga

2026-03-17T23:16:31Z

IODChanel59686: refined lead also and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rengma
| population = {{sigfig|85,000|2}} (2011 census)
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| languages = [[Northern Rengma language|Northern Rengma]], [[Western Rengma language|Western Rengma]] and [[Southern Rengma language|Southern Rengma]]
| religions = [[Christianity]], [[Animism]]
| related = Other [[Naga people]]
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Rengma Naga''' are a [[Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic group]] inhabiting the [[Northeast India]]n states of [[Nagaland]] and [[Assam]]. According to the 2011 Census of India, the population of Rengmas in [[Nagaland]] stands at 62,951 and the population of Rengmas in [[Assam]] is around 22,000.<ref>{{e18|nnl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.generalknowledgebook.com/2019/04/tribes-of-nagaland.html|title=16 Major Tribes of Nagaland |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405221127/https://www.generalknowledgebook.com/2019/04/tribes-of-nagaland.html}}</ref> [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü District]] is the headquarters of the Rengmas in Nagaland and the headquarters of the Rengmas in Assam is located at Phentsero/Karenga Village.<ref>{{cite web |title=About District |url=https://tseminyu.nic.in/about-district/ |website=tseminyu.nic.in |access-date=17 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612092010/https://tseminyu.nic.in/about-district/ |archive-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:A Rengma man from the Naga hill tribes in Assam.jpg|thumb|left|A Rengma Naga man, c. 1868]]

According to the local traditions, the Rengmas and the [[Lothas]] (or Lhotas) were once part of a single [[ethnic group]].<ref>{{cite book
| title = Journal of Anthropological Research
| publisher = University of New Mexico
| year = 1973
| oclc = 60616192
| pages = 168
}}</ref> There are also oral records of a mighty struggle between the combined Rengma villages, and the Lotha village of Phiro.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Hutton
| first = J. H.
| title = The Angami Nagas with Some Notes on Neighbouring Tribes
| url = https://archive.org/details/angaminagaswith00hutt
| publisher = Macmillan and co.
| location = London
| year = 1921
| oclc = 44920051
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/angaminagaswith00hutt/page/7 7]
}}</ref> There are records of the Rengmas' conflict with the [[Angami Naga]]s.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Singh
| first = Kumar Suresh
| title = Economies of the Tribes and Their Transformation
| publisher = Concept
| year = 1982
| oclc = 9592718
| pages = 55
}}</ref>

[[Slavery]] used to be a practice among the Rengmas, and the slaves were known by the names ''menugetenyu'' and ''itsakesa''. By the time the British arrived in the Naga region, the slavery was a declining practice, and no Rengma appears to have been a slave during this time.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Raghavaiah
| first = V.
| title = Tribal Revolts
| publisher = Andhra Rashtra Adimajati Sevak Sangh
| location = [[Nellore]]
| year = 1971
| oclc = 588863
| pages = 77
}}</ref>

In Assam, the Rengma people are found in the [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi-Anglong]], the then Mikir Hills. The Rengmas migrated to the then Mikir Hills in the early part of 1800. The migration of the Rengmas can be traced in the books written by JP Mills, ICS on the following:

In the book 'Travels in Assam' written by John Butler specifically mentioned on page number 126 that beyond the Kuleanee river the Rengmah (sic) boundary commences, and terminates with the Dhunseeree (sic) river, separating Now-Gong from the Seebsaghur (sic) district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528916/page/n147/mode/2up|title = Travels and Adventures in the Province of Assam|year = 1855}}</ref>

John Butler writes in 'Traves in Assam' on page number 121 that in 1839 Mr. Grange, Sub-Assistant Commissioner seems to have been the first European officer, who met the Rengma Naga in the vicinity of Mohung Dehooa, on his way to the Angami Hills. Butler opines that no revenue settlement was ever made or written agreement taken from them to pay the revenue, till February 1847. Mr. Sub-Assistant was deputed in December 1847, to enter the '''Rengma hills''' from Golaghat; but after visiting many villages, he found the country so heavy and impassable from the dense wet jungles and was forced to return to the plains at Kageerunga (sic). He again met the Rengma Naga and the first revenue settlement with the Rengma Naga villages discovered thirty-two in number and was successfully paid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528916/page/n147/mode/2up|title = Travels and Adventures in the Province of Assam|year = 1855}}</ref>

"The Rengma Nagas" written by JP Mills, MA, Indian Civil Service, Honorary Director of Ethnography Assam in 1936 in Introductory part in page 2 states, "About a hundred years ago or more a body of the western Rengmas migrated north-west to the Mikir Hills, where they are still living." ({{ISBN|978-0404158705}})

The book "The Lhota Nagas" written by JP Mills, ICS in 1922 in page xiv of the Introduction states, "Indeed it is now no longer quite clear whether this chief was a Lhota our a Rengma, and whether he protected against the pursuing Angamis the rearguard of the Lhotas crossing the Dayang northwards, or that of the Rengmas migrating westwards to the Mikir Hills....."

In page xix of the same book states, "The Rengmas thus migrated from the Kezami-Angami country, throwing out the Naked Rengmas eastwards to Melomi, and ultimately sending the bigger portion of the tribe westwards to the Mikir Hills." ({{ISBN|978-8120617308}})

The Rengmas claim that they are native or aborigines of Karbi-Anglong. Karbi oral history claim that they immigrated from the [[Yunnan]] region of China in ancient times.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Bordoloi
| first = B N
| title = District Handbook: United Mikir and North Cachar Hills
| publisher = Tribal Research Institute
| location = [[Shillong]]
| year = 1972
| oclc = 814921
| pages = 19–20
}}</ref> The Rengmas have come under pressure from militant factions, a hidden policy adopted by people between various [[ethnic group]]s interest and unity, and have retaliated by forming their own counter-militancy groupings, leading to ethnic killings and polarization in Karbi-Anglong, and the plight of both Karbis and Rengmas to relief camps. Parallel to the Rengmas, the Kukis, who have an anti-Naga tendency in the last few decades, also have militant groups active in Karbi-Anglong fighting for the rights of their [[ethnic group]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Stack
| first = Edward
|author2=Charles James Lyall
|author2-link=Charles James Lyall
| title = The Mikirs: From the Papers of the Late Edward Stack
| url = https://archive.org/details/mikirsfrompapers00staciala
| publisher = D. Nutt
| location = [[London]]
| year = 1908
| oclc = 4124475
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/mikirsfrompapers00staciala/page/3 3]
}}</ref>

==Subgroups==
The Rengma Nagas are divided into two groups: the Eastern Rengmas and the Western Rengmas.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Subba
| first = Tanka Bahadur
|author2=G C Ghosh
| title = The Anthropology of North-East India: A Textbook
| publisher = Orient Longman
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| year = 2003
| oclc = 76822515
| isbn = 978-81-250-2335-7
| pages = 237
}}</ref>

==Economy==
The Rengmas are experts in [[Terrace (agriculture)|terrace cultivation]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Mohammad Abbas
| first = Khan
| title = Social Change in 21st Century
| date = January 2005
| publisher = Anmol Publications
| isbn = 81-261-2103-3
| pages = 7
}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Traditional clothing===
[[File:Capt. Butler and assembled Nagas.jpg|thumb|Captain Butler and assembled Nagas; seated left to right: Lt. Ridgeway, Capt. Butler, Angami Naga interpreter Sezele of Chephama, Mikir coolie. Standing left to right: Angami Naga, Inspector of Police, Angami Naga Dotsole of Chedema, Angami Naga, Rengma Naga, Commander in Chief Manipur Army, (sacred tree with skulls), ?, 2 Rengma Nagas, Dr Brown - Political Agent, Manipur]]
The traditional Rengma clothing consists of various types of clothes, which are indicative of the status and position of the weavers. A man who has not been able to offer a great feast, or has never killed an enemy may wear an ordinary type of cloth called ''Rhikho''. ''Rhikho'' is a white cloth with four narrow black bands. The number of black bands varies with the age of the wearer. ''Moyet tsu'' is another ordinary type of cloth, worn by the young men. It is a dark blue cloth with a very broad median band, and embroidered with a thin zigzag pattern in red at the edges. ''Alungtsu'' is a cloth for well-to-do men, who have not yet offered a great feast. ''Teri Phiketsu'' is a [[shawl]], which requires the wearer to perform the [[head hunting]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://ignca.nic.in/craft256.htm
| title = Textiles of Nagaland
| publisher = Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
| access-date = 2007-10-25
}}</ref>

Rengmas make yellow dye from the flowers of a tree, and also practice painting on clothes.

===Ngada festival===

The [[harvest festival]] of the Rengmas is called Ngada. It is an eight-day Ngada festival that marks the end of the agricultural season.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/festivals/rengma.htm
|title = "Ngadah" (The Festival of Rengma Tribe)
|publisher = Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Nagaland State Centre
|access-date = 2007-10-25
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071021062321/http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/festivals/rengma.htm
|archive-date = 2007-10-21
}}</ref> Ngadah is celebrated just after the harvest, towards the end of November. The village high priest (''Phesengu'') announces the date of commencement of the festival.

The schedule of the festival is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Day
! Event
|-
| 1
| Preparation of rice-beer
|-
| 2
| Collection of banana leaves from the forest.
|-
| 3
| Women visit the graves of their deceased relatives, and place rice-beer wrapped in banana leaves on the graves. The Nagas believe that the souls of the deceased visit their relatives during Ngadah, and rice beer is a symbolic offering to the souls. The rice-beer is then tasted by the eldest member of the household, followed by others.
|-
| 4
| Early in the morning, the male members gather at their respective morungs or [[tribal youth dormitory|dormitories]] (known as ''Rensi''), early in the morning. They come with their own rice beer and meat, and have a meal. The women do not take part in the morung feast. In the noon, all the male members go around the village with their ceremonial and warrior fineries. They are followed by women, who carry rice-beer in mugs and bitter gourd containers, to offer them drinks.
|-
| 5
| The male members visit all the houses in a procession, singing songs related to Ngadah. Each visited house offers something as a token of their appreciation.
|-
| 6
| People visit houses of other villagers, and eat and drink.
|-
| 7
| People collect firewood, banana leaves and vegetables for the feast, from the forest.
|-
| 8
| A grand feast is arranged, and whole village feasts on the collection from the fifth day. According to the traditional Rengma belief, the souls of those who died in the previous year leave the village after the grand feast, and go to the land of the dead. The end of the festival is marked with three rites: an agreement with the [[fire]] in order to avoid fire accidents, an agreement with [[rat]]s to avoid destruction of crops or household goods, and a rite to expel the [[evil spirits]].
|}

During Ngadah, the Rengmas also perform a folk dance, with traditional warrior attire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/nenl0204.htm |title=Republic Day Folk Dance Festival – 2004 |work=N E Newsletter Vol. 6 No. 2 |date=February 2004 |publisher=Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Nagaland State Centre |access-date=2007-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205144449/http://mha.nic.in/nenl0204.htm |archive-date=5 December 2004 }}</ref>

===Other ethnic customs===
The Rengma people bury their dead, and place the spear and the shield of the deceased in the grave.<ref>{{cite book
| editor = Edward Balfour
| title = Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia
| url = https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaindiaa00balfgoog
| publisher = Scottish and Adelphi Pr
| location = Madras
| year = 1873
| oclc = 162602290
}}</ref> The funeral ceremonies end with [[lamentation]]s and feasting.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Mills
| first = A. J. Moffatt
| title = Report on Assam
| publisher = Gian Publications
| orig-year = 1854
| year = 1980
| oclc = 8346539
| pages = cxxix
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Mills
| first = James Philip
| title = The Rengma Nagas
| publisher = Macmillan and Co./United Publishers
| orig-year = 1937
| year = 1980
| oclc = 826343
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Kath
| first = Kenilo
| title = Traditional religious systems of the Rengma Nagas
| publisher = Anshah Publishing House
| location = [[Delhi]]
| year = 2005
| isbn = 978-81-8364-003-9
| oclc = 62534151
}}

*Stirn, Aglaja & Peter van Ham. ''The Hidden world of the Naga: Living Traditions in Northeast India''. London: Prestel.
*Oppitz, Michael, Thomas Kaiser, Alban von Stockhausen & Marion Wettstein. 2008. ''Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India''. Gent: Snoeck Publishers.
*Kunz, Richard & Vibha Joshi. 2008. ''Naga – A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered''. Basel: Merian.

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naga people]]

Climate of India

2026-03-17T02:52:06Z

IODChanel59686:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}[[File:India-view of shilla.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Daytime view of a chain of snow-capped mountains. They advance diagonally thumb from the far-middle distance at left to the nudge distance at right. In the foreground are high montaine meadows and brushband.|The formation of the Himalayas (pictured) during the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India's modern-day climate; global climate and [[ocean chemistry]] may have been affected.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Rowley DB |year=1996 |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf |title=Age of initiaotion of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |access-date=2007-03-31 |doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4 |bibcode=1996E&PSL.145....1R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228205836/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2006}}</ref>]][[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|thumb|right|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayas]].]]

The '''climate of India''' includes a wide range of weather conditions, influenced by its vast geographic scale and varied topography. Based on the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]], '''[[India]]''' encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] regions, varying with elevation.

The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|'''Indo-Gangetic Plains''']] in the [[North India|north]] experience a [[humid subtropical climate]] which become more [[Temperate climate|temperate]] at higher altitudes, like the [[Sivalik Hills]], or [[continental climates|continental]] in some areas like [[Gulmarg]]. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit [[tropical climate]] conditions, which support lush rainforests in parts of these territories. Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate|microclimates]], making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (December to February), summer (March to May), monsoon or south-west monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon or north-east monsoon (October to November). Some parts of the country with subtropical, temperate or continental climates also experience spring and autumn.

'''India's''' [[geography of India|geography]] and [[geology of India|geology]] are climatically pivotal: the '''[[Thar Desert]]''' in the northwest and the [[Himalayas]] in the north work in tandem to create a [[culture of India|culturally]] and [[economy of India|economically]] important monsoonal regime. As Earth's highest and most massive mountain range, the Himalayas bar the influx of frigid [[katabatic wind]]s from the icy '''[[Tibetan Plateau]]''' and northerly Central Asia. Most of '''[[North India]]''' is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter; the same thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer. The climate in [[South India]] is generally warmer, and more humid due to its coastlines. However some hill stations in South India such as [[Ooty]] are well known for their cold climate.

Though the '''[[Tropic of Cancer]]'''—the boundary that is between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical. As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be strongly variable: epochal droughts, heat waves, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. Such climatic events are likely to [[climate change in South Asia|change in frequency and severity]] as a consequence of human-induced [[climate change]]. Ongoing and future vegetative changes, [[sea level rise]] and inundation of India's low-lying coastal areas are also attributed to global warming.{{Sfn|Ravindranath|Bala|Sharma|2011}}

==Paleoclimate==
[[File:Kalinagar Floods B.JPG|thumb|Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by [[monsoon]] in [[West Bengal]]]]







===History===
During the [[Triassic]] period of 251–199.6 [[year|Ma]], the Indian subcontinent was the part of a vast [[supercontinent]] known as [[Pangaea]]. Despite its position within a high-latitude belt at 55–75° S—latitudes now occupied by parts of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], as opposed to India's current position between 8 and 37° N—India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost-free weather, though with well-defined seasons.{{Sfn|Chumakov|Zharkov|2003}} India later merged into the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], a process beginning some 550–500 Ma. During the Late [[Paleozoic]], Gondwana extended from a point at or near the [[South Pole]] to near the equator, where the [[Indian craton]] (stable [[continental crust]]) was positioned, resulting in a mild climate favorable to hosting high-[[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] [[ecosystems]]. This is underscored by India's vast coal reserves—much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence—the fourth-largest reserves in the world.{{Sfn|CIA World Factbook}} During the [[Mesozoic]], the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. With the coming of the [[Carboniferous]], [[global cooling]] stoked extensive [[glaciation]], which spread northwards from South Africa towards India; this cool period lasted well into the [[Permian]].{{Sfn|Grossman et al.|2002}}

[[Plate tectonics|'''Tectonic movement''']] by the [[Indian Plate]] caused it to pass over a geologic [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]]—the [[Réunion hotspot]]—now occupied by the volcanic island of [[Réunion]]. This resulted in a massive [[flood basalt]] event that laid down the [[Deccan Traps]] some 60–68 Ma,{{Sfn|Sheth|2006}}{{Sfn|Iwata|Takahashi|Arai|1997}} at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period. This may have contributed to the global [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], which caused India to experience significantly reduced [[insolation]]. Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed [[aerosol]]s such as [[sulphur dioxide]] and [[sulphuric acid]], similar to those found in the [[atmosphere of Venus]]; these precipitated as [[acid rain]]. Elevated [[carbon dioxide]] emissions also contributed to the [[greenhouse effect]], causing [[climate change|warmer weather]] that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India had crashed into the [[Laurasia]]n landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.{{Sfn|Karanth|2006}} The formation of the [[Himalayas]] resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been.{{Sfn|Wolpert|1999|p=4}}

More recently, in the [[Holocene]] epoch (4,800–6,300 years ago), parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation, which coincided with stronger monsoons.{{Sfn|Enzel et al.|1999}} Kashmir's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2.6–3.7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600,000 years ago.{{Sfn|Pant|2003}}

==Regions==
{| align="right"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top;"| [[File:India average annual temperature map en.svg|thumb|upright|alt="India Average Temperature Map": A map of India overlaid with five zones. A violet zone, with ambient temperatures averaging less than 20.0 degrees Celsius, envelops Himalayan and trans-Himalayan India, as well as the Khasi Hills on the Meghalaya Plateau. A transitionary blue zone of between 20.0 and 22.5 degrees, lies just south of the violet areas; another blue area lies in the extreme southwest of the country, focused on the high Western Ghats. Two contiguous green areas (averaging 22.5 to 25.0 degrees) envelop the blue regions, with the northern one snaking into the Vindhya Range of central India. The remaining yellow and red areas, designating average temperatures above 25.0 degrees Celsius, constitute by far the greater part of the country.|Average annual temperatures across India:
{| cellspacing="0" align="center" style="background:#F9F9F9; font-size:100%; width:100%; %border:1pxblack;"
|-
| {{legend|#C6A0F3|< 20.0 °C}}|| (< 68.0 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#80B3F3|20.0–22.5 °C}}|| (68.0–72.5 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#CDDE7B|22.5–25.0 °C}}|| (72.5–77.0 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#FFF2B3|25.0–27.5 °C}}|| (77.0–81.5 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#DE877B|> 27.5 °C}}|| (> 81.5 °F)
|}]]
| style="vertical-align:top;"|
|}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IND present.svg|thumb|370px|right|India's [[Köppen climate classification]] map<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal | author1=Peel, M. C. | author2=Finlayson B. L. | author3=McMahon, T. A. | name-list-style=amp | year=2007 | title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 | doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html | issn=1027-5606 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P | access-date=2 October 2015 | archive-date=10 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html | url-status=live }} ''(direct: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf Final Revised Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |date=3 February 2012 }})''</ref> is based on temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.]]

India has many different climates, from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where higher areas get snowfall in winter. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.{{Sfn|Chang|1967}} The Himalayas, along with the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar [[latitude]]s.{{Sfn|Posey|1994|p=118}} Simultaneously, the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture-laden south-west monsoon winds between June and October, which provide the majority of India's rainfall.{{Sfn|Chang|1967}}{{Sfn|NCERT|p=28}} Four major climatic groupings predominate, into which fall the seven climatic zones, that as designated by experts, are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation.{{Sfn|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97}} Groupings are assigned codes (see chart) according to the Köppen climate classification system.

===Tropical===
{{climate chart
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|12.9|25.3|15.8
|16.9|29.2|22.9
|21.9|33.6|31.9
|25.2|35.9|53.4
|26.4|36.1|140.5
|26.8|34.8|247.5
|26.6|33.2|366.5
|26.5|33.0|355.4
|26.2|33.3|282.8
|24.1|32.5|170.2
|19.3|30.1|21.3
|14.3|26.6|6.8
|source=[https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf IMD]
|float=left
|clear=none
}}
A tropical rainy climate governs regions experiencing persistent warm or high temperatures, which normally do not fall below {{Convert|18|°C|°F|0|abbr=out}}. India predominantly hosts two climatic subtypes that fall into this group: [[tropical monsoon climate]] and [[tropical savanna climate]].

The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as the [[tropical monsoon climate]]—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the [[Malabar Coast]], the [[Western Ghats]], and southern [[Assam]]. India's two island territories, [[Lakshadweep]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above {{Convert|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=off}} per year.{{Sfn|Chouhan|1992|p=7}} Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests, swampy areas and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions.

In India a [[tropical savanna climate]] is more common. Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon type of climate, it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid [[rain shadow]] east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above {{Convert|18|°C|°F|0}}. Summer is exceedingly hot; temperatures in low-lying areas may exceed {{Convert|50|°C|°F|0}} during May, leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.{{Sfn|Farooq|2002}} The rainy season lasts from June to September; annual rainfall averages between {{Convert|750|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most significant precipitation in India falls on [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] leaving other states comparatively dry.

The [[Ganges Delta]] lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone: it receives between {{Convert|1500|and|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rainfall each year in the western part, and {{Convert|2000|and|3000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in the eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January; April and May are the warmest months. Average temperatures in January range from {{Convert|14|to|25|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}, and average temperatures in April range from {{Convert|25|to|35|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}. July is on average the coldest and wettest month: over {{Convert|330|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rain falls on the delta.{{Sfn|Healy}}

Additionally, [[Nicobar Islands rain forests]] experience a [[Tropical rainforest climate]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests|id=im0133}}</ref>

===Arid and Semi-Arid Regions===
{{climate chart
|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|8.4|22.5|5.8
|12.0|26.1|8.4
|17.4|32|1.9
|22.8|37.6|4.8
|27.1|41.1|8.5
|27.9|39.7|47.7
|26.2|34.8|162.0
|24.9|32.7|190.5
|24|34.2|73.6
|20.1|34.1|33.1
|14.4|29.6|3.6
|9.9|25.1|2.4
|source= [https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42348 WMO]
|float=right
|clear=none
}}
[[arid climate|Arid]] and [[semi-arid]] climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through [[evapotranspiration]] exceeds that from precipitation;

A semi-arid steppe climate ([[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]]) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Cardamom Hills]]. The region, which includes [[Karnataka]], inland [[Tamil Nadu]], western [[Andhra Pradesh]], and central [[Maharashtra]], gets between {{Convert|400|and|750|mm|1}} annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=124}} Karnataka is divided into three zones—coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the most precipitation, averaging {{convert|3,638.5|mm|in|1|adj=ri0|abbr=on}} per annum, far in excess of the state average of {{convert|1139|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. In contrast to norm, [[Agumbe]] in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. North of the [[Krishna River]], the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall; to the south, significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November. In December, the coldest month, temperatures still average around {{Convert|20|–|24|C|F}}. The months between March and May are hot and dry; mean monthly temperatures hover around {{convert|32|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, with {{Convert|320|mm|in|1}} precipitation. Hence, without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

[[File:Thar Desert Sunset Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|left|alt=View of dunes at sunset. The setting sun hangs low and dim in a sky graded from fiery orange at top to maroon near the horizon. Terrestrial features are difficult to discern in the crepuscular illumination.|The [[Thar Desert]]]]

Most of western [[Rajasthan]] experiences an arid climatic regime ([[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]]). [[Cloudburst]]s are responsible for virtually all of the region's annual precipitation, which totals less than {{Convert|300|mm|in|1}}. Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July, August, and September. Such rainfall is highly erratic; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so. Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous [[vertical draft|downdrafts]] and other factors.{{Sfn|Singhvi|Kar|2004}} The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around {{Convert|35|°C|°F|0}}, with daily maxima occasionally topping {{Convert|50|°C|°F|0}}. During winters, temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia. There is a large diurnal range of about {{Convert|14|C-change|F-change|0}} during summer; this widens by several degrees during winter. There is a small desert area in the south near [[Adoni]] in Andhra Pradesh, the only desert in '''[[South India]]''', experiencing maximum [[Temperature|temperatures]] of {{convert|47|C|F|0}} in summers and {{convert|18|C|F|0}} in winters.{{fact|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Dust Strom in India.jpg|thumb|left|Dust storm in the [[Thar Desert]]]]

To the west, in '''[[Gujarat]]''', diverse climate conditions prevail. The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around {{convert|29|C|F|0|abbr=on}} and nights around {{convert|12|C|F|0|abbr=on}} with virtually full sun and clear nights. Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around {{convert|41|C|F|0|abbr=on}} and nights no lower than {{convert|29|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above, but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable. Relief comes with the monsoon. Temperatures are around {{convert|35|C|F|0|abbr=on}} but humidity is very high; nights are around {{convert|27|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

East of the '''[[Thar Desert]]''', the Southwest '''[[Punjab]]'''–West [[Haryana]]–[[Kathiawar]] region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to {{convert|45|C|F|0|abbr=on}} and winter cold as low as {{convert|0|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the [[Sivalik Hills|'''Shivalik Hills''']] region being the wettest and the [[Bagar (region)|Bagar]] region being the driest. About 80 percent of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures in Punjab typically range from {{convert|-2|to(-)|40|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, but can reach {{convert|47|C|F|0|abbr=on}} in summer and fall to {{convert|-4|C|F|0|abbr=on}} in winter (while most of the nation does not experience temperatures below {{convert|10|C|F|0|abbr=on}} even in winter). The zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid subtropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Although the average annual rainfall is {{Convert|300|–|650|mm|in|1}}, it is very unreliable; like in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Summer daily maxima are around {{Convert|40|°C|°F|0}}. All t his results in a natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

===Humid Subtropical===
{{Climate chart|[[Chandigarh]]
|6.2|18.93|63.44
|8.81|22.12|52.71
|13.57|27.61|39.17
|19.15|34.08|21.87
|23.38|37.78|28.24
|25.83|37.4|121.8
|25.5|33.52|308.32
|24.9|32.44|262.61
|23.07|32.23|177.0
|17.97|31.14|24.0
|11.52|26.26|14.52
|7.56|21.23|16.65
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/india/climate-data-historical CRU]
}}
{{Climate chart|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]|10.8|23.9|11.5|13.0|27.0|18.0|16.5|30.5|52.5|20.3|31.2|182.1|22.9|31.8|253|25.2|32.6|314|25.9|32.8|283.4|25.8|33.2|264.3|24.9|32.5|184.5|22.3|31.3|117.9|17.2|28.5|9.6|12.6|25.4|4.6|float=left|clear=none||source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/CSV/GUWAHATI_42410.csv NOAA]}}
Most of [[Northeast India]] and much of North India are subject to a [[humid subtropical climate]] and a [[oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]]. Though they experience warm to hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months generally fall as low as {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}. Due to ample monsoon rains, India has two subtropical climate subtypes under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system: ''Cwa'' and ''Cwb''.]]{{Sfn|Kimmel|2000}} In most of this region, there is very little precipitation during the winter, owing to powerful anticyclonic and [[Katabatic wind|katabatic]] (downward-flowing) winds from Central Asia.

Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters. Spring rainfall is associated with large [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical storms]] known as "[[Western disturbances]]", which are steered by [[westerlies]] towards the Himalayas and the [[Punjab|Punjab-Haryana Plains]] of northwestern India.{{Sfn|Das et al.|2002}} These storms are often accompanied by hail, and can cause crop damage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hailstorm, heavy rain lash Jind, farmers apprehend crop loss|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hailstorm-heavy-rain-lash-jind-farmers-apprehend-crop-loss/|website=The Tribune|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref> Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful [[Monsoon|monsoonal]] [[Thunderstorm|thunderstorms]] brought by the [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian monsoon]] (July-September), caused by the annual oscillation of the [[tropical rain belt]]; occasional [[tropical cyclones]] also contribute. Annual rainfall ranges from less than {{Convert|1000|mm|in|0}} in the west to over {{Convert|2500|mm|in|0}} in parts of the northeast. As most of this region is far from the ocean, the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a [[continental climate]] predominate; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions, ranging from 24 °C (43 °F) in the north to 27 °C (49 °F) in the east.{{fact|date=November 2024}} The primary [[biome]] of this climatic region is [[Subtropics|subtropical broadleaf forest]], which is [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|evergreen]] in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Lower Gangetic Plains]] which receive more rainfall, or [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|deciduous]] in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Upper Gangetic Plains]] and [[Punjab|Punjab-Haryana Plains]] which receive comparatively less rainfall. This climate zone is home to many major cities of [[North India|North]] and [[Northeast India|Northeast]] India such as [[New Delhi]] (bordering on semi-arid), [[Lucknow]], [[Ambala]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Patiala]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Guwahati]] (bordering on tropical savanna).

===Montane===
{{climate chart|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|−1.9|7.1|60.9|−0.7|10.5|82.3|4.3|15.5|104.6|7.9|20.6|89.7|11.2|24.7|62|15.0|28.5|46.3|18.4|30.0|58.5|17.8|29.7|68.1|13.1|27.6|37.8|6.2|23.0|23.3|1.2|15.9|28.3|−1.6|9.9|54|float=right|source=[https://www.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42027 WMO]}}[[File:Pangong Tso lake.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime view of a large body of water standing before a prominent peak, which communicates with several others partly out of view and behind. A gravel beach at the far end of the lake gives way to steep slopes leading up to the peaks; The mountains lack trees. Patchy snowcover defines their recesses, and whitish vein-like streaks extend up from the base of the largest.|[[Pangong Tso|Pangong Lake]] in [[Ladakh]], an [[arid]] montane region lying deep within the Himalayas.]]

India's northernmost areas are subject to a montane, or alpine, climate. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the [[lapse rate|dry adiabatic lapse rate]]) is 9.8 °C/km.{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005}} In terms of [[environmental lapse rate]], ambient temperatures fall by {{Convert|6.5|C-change|1}} for every {{Convert|1000|m|ft|0}} rise in altitude. Thus, climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the [[snow line]] can coexist within several hundred metres of each other. Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variability, temperature inversions, and altitude-dependent variability in rainfall are also common.

The northern side of the western Himalayas, also known as the trans-Himalayan belt, has a [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|cold desert climate]]. It is a region of barren, arid, frigid and wind-blown wastelands. Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior. The leeward side (northern face) of the mountains receives less rain.

The southern slopes of the western Himalayas, well-exposed to the monsoon, get heavy rainfall. Areas situated at elevations of 1,070–2,290 metres (3,510–7,510 ft) receive the heaviest rainfall, which decreases rapidly at elevations above {{Convert|2290|m|ft|0}}. Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months. The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above {{Convert|1500|m|ft|0}}. Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre (~2 in; 330 ft) increase. Elevations above {{Convert|6000|m|ft|0}} never experience rain; all precipitation falls as snow.{{Sfn|Singh|Kumar|1997}}

[[File:Fort Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime view of a small marshy lake surrounded by dry brush in winter. Behind the lake in the far-middle distance, a large stand of trees interposes itself in front of a lone massif in the far distance. The sun is out of view to the left.|A winter scene in [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], Madhya Pradesh.]]

==Seasons==
The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) |url=http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=2023-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219114557/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Winter''', occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around {{Convert|10|–|15|C|F}} in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around {{Convert|20|–|25|C|F}} in mainland India's southeast.
* '''Summer''' or '''Pre-monsoon''' season, lasting from March to June. In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April and the beginning of May and for northern regions of India, May is the hottest Month. In May, Temperatures average around {{Convert|32|–|40|C|F}} in most of the interior.
* '''Monsoon''' or '''South-west monsoon''' season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.
* '''Post-monsoon''' or '''North-east monsoon''' season, lasting from October to November. In the north of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.

The Himalayan and [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|Upper Gangetic Plains]], being more temperate, experience an additional season, ''spring'', which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Just Like That: A personal Shalimar Bagh in Delhi’s spring |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-personal-shalimar-bagh-in-delhi-s-spring-101742638916258.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or ''Ritu'', each about two months long. These are the spring season (''{{Langx|sa|vasanta}}''), summer (''grīṣma''), monsoon season (''varṣā''), autumn (''śarada''), winter (''hemanta''), and prevernal season<ref>{{cite web | author = Michael Allaby | title = A Dictionary of Zoology | year = 1999 | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | access-date = 2012-05-30 | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602225322/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | url-status = live }}</ref> (''śiśira''). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient [[Hindu calendar]] also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.
=== Winter ===
[[File:Gulmarg.JPG|thumb|alt=Daytime view looking down from a snowy ridge onto a mountain valley far below, lost in mist. Continuing into the far distance at right, a series of high snow-covered mountains continue the ridge. The mountains are mostly covered in evergreen forest; dappled sunlight strikes the snow cover.|Inclement conditions in the Indian Himalayas: a view of [[Gulmarg]], a popular tourist destination in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in winter.]]

Once the monsoons subside, average temperatures gradually fall across India. As the Sun's vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences moderately cool weather. December and January are the coldest months, with the lowest temperatures occurring in the Indian Himalayas. Temperatures are higher in the east and south.

In northwestern India region, virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November, resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings; as in much of the Deccan Plateau, they register at {{Convert|16-20|C|F}}. However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. These extra-tropical [[low pressure area|low-pressure systems]] originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.{{Sfn|Hatwar|Yadav|Rama Rao|2005}} They are carried towards India by the subtropical [[westerlies]], which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India's range of latitude.{{Sfn|Das et al.|2002}} Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further, and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas.

There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). The climate varies from hot and subtropical humid (450–900 metres) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900–1800 metres), cool and temperate (1900–2400 metres) and cold glacial and alpine (2400–4800 metres) in the northern and eastern elevated mountain ranges. By October, nights and mornings are very cold. Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end. Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow. The spring season starts from mid February to mid April. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the season streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion, floods and landslides. Out of all the state districts, Dharamshala receives the highest rainfall, nearly about {{Convert|3400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Spiti is the driest area of the state, where annual rainfall is below 50 mm.{{Sfn|Hara|Kimura|Yasunari}} The five Himalayan states (Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in far east) and Northern West Bengal experience heavy snowfall, Nagaland is not located in the Himalayas but experience occasional snowfall on higher peaks; in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, [[blizzard]]s occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities.

The rest of North India, including the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] almost never receives snow. Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing, though never for more than one or two days. Winter highs in Delhi range from {{Convert|16|to|21|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. Nighttime temperatures average {{Convert|2|–|8|C|F}}. In the plains of Punjab, lows can fall below freezing, dropping to around {{Convert|-3|°C|°F|0}} in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Amritsar Climate Normals 1971–1990| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42071.TXT| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721090351/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42071.TXT| archive-date = 2020-07-21| url-status = dead| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> Frost sometimes occurs, but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog, which frequently disrupts daily life; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15–20 days annually. In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain, hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June. The highest temperature is often registered in late May or early June which is the hottest time. Like the rest of the north, Bihar also experiences dust-storms, thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season. Dust storms having a velocity of {{Convert|48|–|64|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June. The hot winds (loo) of [[Bihar]] plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of {{Convert|8|–|16|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. These hot winds greatly affect human comfort during this season. Rain follows.{{Sfn|Government of Bihar}} The rainy season begins in June. The rainiest months are July and August. The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon. There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds {{Convert|1800|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state; the third lies in the area around [[Netarhat]]. The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October.{{Sfn|Air India|2003}} Eastern India's climate is milder but gets colder as one moves north west, experiencing moderately warm days to cool days and cool nights to cold nights. Highs ranges from 18 °C to 23 °C (64 °F to 73 °F) in [[Patna]]; to 22 °C to 27 °C (72 °F to 80 °F) in [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta); lows averages from 7 °C to 10 °C (45 °F to 50 °F) in Patna; to 12 °C to 15 °C (54 °F to 59 °F) in Kolkata. In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south-western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels. Capital [[Bhopal]] averages low of {{Convert|9|°C|°F|0}} and high of {{Convert|24|°C|°F|0}}.

[[File:Monsoon season beach Tamil Nadu India.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Late daytime view looking far out over an ocean from a beach, which is out of view off the bottom margin. Three-fourths of the shot features a sky marked by heavy cloud cover, which is parting near the middle, revealing a dazzlingly bright cerulean blue sky that darkens near the margins. The ocean is striated with waves coming in parallel to the horizon.|Late-season monsoonal sunset, [[Coromandel Coast]].]]

Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the [[Brahmaputra River]].{{Sfn|Singh|Ojha|Sharma|2004|p=168}} The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon]] winds, keeping them from travelling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the [[Terai]] region instead. The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the [[Taklamakan]] and [[Gobi]]. The mountain ranges prevent western winter disturbances in Iran from travelling further east, resulting in much snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and northern India. Despite the Himalayas being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh. The Himalayas contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles, and account for the origin of ten of Asia's largest rivers. The two Himalayan states in the east, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, receive substantial snowfall. The extreme north of [[West Bengal]] centred on [[Darjeeling]] experiences snowfall, but only rarely.

In '''[[South India]],''' particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. Minimum temperatures in eastern Maharashtra and [[Chhattisgarh]] hover around {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}}; in the southern Deccan Plateau, they reach {{Convert|16|°C|°F|0}}. Coastal areas—especially those near the [[Coromandel Coast]] and adjacent low-elevation interior tracts—are warm, with daily high temperatures of {{Convert|30|°C|°F|0}} and lows of around {{Convert|21|°C|°F|0}}. The Western Ghats, including the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri Range]], are exceptional; lows there can fall below freezing.{{Sfn|Blasco|Bellan|Aizpuru|1996}} This compares with a range of {{Convert|12|–|14|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} on the Malabar Coast; there, as is the case for other coastal areas, the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather.{{Sfn|Posey|1994|p=118}} The region averages {{Convert|800|mm|in}}

===Summer===
[[File:Khajjiar.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime sunlit view of a verdant bowl-shaped meadow with a small pond in a valley rimmed by several prominent hills covered in evergreen forest. At centre-left and looking out on the meadow, a small cluster of tourist lodges with pitched roofs, one a bright red. Around them and the pond are small, gaily coloured gazebos and shade-giving umbrellas. Several dozen tourists and sheep mill about the pond and in the meadow.|A summer view of [[Khajjiar]], a hill station in Himachal Pradesh.]]

Summer in northwestern India starts from mid-April and ends in late-June, and in the rest of the country from March to May but sometimes lasts to mid June. The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May and June. Temperatures of {{Convert|50|°C|°F|0}} and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season. Another striking feature of summer is the [[Loo (wind)|Loo]]. These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds that blow during the day in India. Direct exposure to the heat that comes with these winds may be fatal.{{Sfn|Farooq|2002}} In many regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon [[squall]]-line thunderstorms, known locally as "[[Kalbaisakhi|Nor'westers]]", commonly drop large hailstones. In Himachal Pradesh, Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in [[Alpine climate|alpine]] zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from {{Convert|28|°C|°F|0}} to {{Convert|32|°C|°F|0}}.{{Sfn|Changnon|1971}} Near the coast, the temperature hovers around {{Convert|36|°C|°F|0}}, and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity. In southern India, the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast.

By May, most of the Indian interior experiences mean temperatures over {{Convert|32|°C|°F|0}}, while maximum temperatures often exceed {{Convert|40|°C|°F|0}}. In the hot months of April and May, western disturbances, with their cooling influence, may still arrive, but rapidly diminish in frequency as summer progresses.{{Sfn|Pisharoty|Desai|1956}} Notably, a higher frequency of such disturbances in April correlates with a delayed monsoon onset (thus extending summer) in northwest India. In eastern India, monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades, resulting in shorter summers there.{{Sfn|Das et al.|2002}}

Altitude affects the temperature to a large extent, with higher parts of the '''[[Deccan Plateau]]''' and other areas being relatively cooler. [[Hill station]]s, such as [[Ootacamund]] ("Ooty") in the Western Ghats and [[Kalimpong]] in the eastern Himalayas, with average maximum temperatures of around {{Convert|25|°C|°F|0}}, offer some respite from the heat. At lower elevations, in parts of northern and western India, a strong, hot, and dry wind known as the loo blows in from the west during the daytime; with very high temperatures, in some cases up to around {{Convert|45|°C|°F|0}}; it can cause fatal cases of [[Hyperthermia|sunstroke]]. [[Tornado]]es may also occur, concentrated in a corridor stretching from northeastern India towards Pakistan. They are rare, however; only [[List of Indian tornadoes|several dozen]] have been reported since 1835.

===Monsoon===
{{Main|Monsoon in India}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = India southwest summer monsoon onset map en.svg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = India monsoon onset map.
| caption1 = Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer and northeast winter monsoons.
| image2 = India annual rainfall map en.svg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = India average annual rainfall map. A map of India overlaid with various zones of differing shades of blue. Each shade represents a region receiving a similar annual precipitation total. The wettest region comprises the northeastern "Seven Sisters" states centred on Assam; the southwestern littoral in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra is another wet region of over 250 centimetres per annum, depicted in a dark shade of navy blue. The rest of the country in between them is shown in lighter shades; the driest region is seen in the northwest near the borders with Pakistan and China, parts of which, according to the legend, are seen to obtain less than 20 centimetres per annum.
| caption2 = Regional variation in rainfall across India. The monsoon season delivers four-fifths of the country's precipitation.
| footer =
}}
[[File:Parked boats at Anjarle Creek.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats parked in the [[Anjarle]] creek for the monsoon season. Fishing in the coastal areas is not possible now due to the harsh weather conditions.]]
The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season.{{Sfn|Collier|Webb|2002|p=91}} A product of southeast [[trade wind]]s originating from a high-pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the monsoonal torrents supply over 80% of India's annual rainfall.{{Sfn|Bagla|2006}} Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=118}} These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream, which itself results from rising summer temperatures over [[Tibet]] and the Indian subcontinent. The void left by the jet stream, which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet, then attracts warm, humid air.{{Sfn|Burroughs|1999|pp=138–139}}

The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.{{Sfn|Burns et al.|2003}} This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial [[Intertropical Convergence Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India.{{Sfn|Burroughs|1999|pp=138–139}} This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]'s [[orogeny|uplift]], which accompanied the [[Eocene]]–[[Oligocene]] transition event, a major episode of global cooling and [[aridification]] which occurred 34–49 Ma.{{Sfn|Dupont-Nivet et al.|2007}}

The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches: the '''[[Bay of Bengal]]''' branch and the [[Arabian Sea]] branch. The latter extends towards a low-pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch. The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May, when it lashes the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the Bay of Bengal. It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the [[Malabar Coast]] of Kerala.{{Sfn|India Meteorological Department|A}} By 9 June, it reaches Mumbai; it appears over Delhi by 29 June. The Bay of Bengal branch, which initially tracks the Coromandel Coast northeast from [[Cape Comorin]] to Orissa, swerves to the northwest towards the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain; on average, South India receives more rainfall than North India. However, [[North-East India|Northeast India]] receives the most precipitation. Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October. As India further cools during September, the southwest monsoon weakens. By the end of November, it has left the country.{{Sfn|Burroughs|1999|pp=138–139}}

[[File:Mumbai india monsoon clouds.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime view over a city: de-laminating concrete housing blocks surrounded by rough slum tenements. In the middle distance, an expanse of trees: perhaps a park. Near the horizon, the largely concrete structures that compose the city continue. The whole is enveloped by an ominous sky filled with storm clouds promising imminent heavy rain.|Pre-monsoon clouds, as they appear in [[Mumbai]], western Maharashtra.]]

Monsoon rains affect the health of the [[economy of India|Indian economy]]; as [[agriculture in India|Indian agriculture]] employs 600 million people and constitutes 20% of the national GDP,{{Sfn|CIA World Factbook}} good monsoons correlate with a booming economy. Weak or failed monsoons (droughts) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth.{{Sfn|Vaswani|2006b}}{{Sfn|BBC|2004}}{{Sfn|BBC Weather|A}} Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables and rivers.

===Post-monsoon===
During the post-monsoon or autumn months of October to December, a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or "retreating") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=119}} Though the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ("post-monsoon") season,{{Sfn|Parthasarathy|Munot|Kothawale|1994}}{{Sfn|India Meteorological Department|B}}{{Sfn|Library of Congress}} other sources designate only three seasons.{{Sfn|O'Hare|1997}} Depending on location, this period lasts from October to November, after the southwest monsoon has peaked. Less and less precipitation falls, and vegetation begins to dry out. In most parts of India, this period marks the transition from wet to dry seasonal conditions. Average daily maximum temperatures range between {{Convert|25|and|34|C|F}} in the Southern parts.

The northeast monsoon, which begins between September and October, lasts through the post-monsoon seasons, and only ends between December and January. It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean (opposite from the summer monsoon). They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest. However, the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching [[Cape Comorin]] and rest of Tamil Nadu, meaning that the state, and also some parts of Kerala, experience significant precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods.{{Sfn|Healy}} However, parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, [[Rainfall in Karnataka|Karnataka]] and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north-east monsoon.

==Statistics==
Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types. Figures have been grouped by the four-season classification scheme used by the Indian Meteorological Department;{{refn|IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India.|group=N}} year-round averages and totals are also displayed.

===Temperature===
{{see also|List of cities by average temperature}}
{|style="clear:all; width:100%;"
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
{|class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=500px style="float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
|+{{big|'''Average temperatures in various Indian cities (°C)'''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdkolkata.gov.in/|title=Regional Meteorological Department, Kolkata|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205120655/http://www.imdkolkata.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|BBC Weather|B}}{{Sfn|Weatherbase}}{{Sfn|Weather Channel}}{{Sfn|Weather Underground}}
|-align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
| colspan=1 abbr="" | '''—'''
! colspan=3 abbr="Cold Weather Season" | Winter (Dec – Feb)
! colspan=3 abbr="Hot Weather Season" | Summer (Mar – May)
! colspan=3 abbr="Advancing Monsoon Season" | Monsoon (Jun – Sep)
! colspan=3 abbr="Retreating Monsoon Season"| Post-monsoon (Oct – Nov)
! colspan=0 abbr="year-round" | Year-round
|-align=center
!City
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Average"| Avg
|-
![[New Delhi]]
!7
!14
!20
!16
!28
!36
!28
!30
!35
!13
!19
!26
!25
|-align="center"
![[Port Blair]]
|23||'''26'''||28||25||'''27'''||29||25||27||27||25||26||28||27
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|23||'''26'''||29||24||'''27'''||30||24||26||28||23||29||23||26
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bangalore]]
|15||'''22'''||28||21||'''27'''||34||20||'''24'''||28||19||'''23'''||28||24
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Nagpur]]
|14||'''21'''||28||24||'''32'''||40||24||27||30||16||22||28||26
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bhopal]]
|11||'''17'''||24||23||'''30'''||36||23||26||28||16||22||26||25
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Guwahati]]
|11||'''17'''||24||19||25||31||25||'''28'''||32||17||22||27||24
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Kolkata]]
|16||'''22'''||27||24||'''30'''||35||26||'''30'''||33||22||'''26'''||31||27
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Lucknow]]
|8||'''14'''||21||23||'''30'''||35||24||29||33||15||20||25||25
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Siliguri]]
|11||'''17'''||24||19||'''25'''||31||24||27||31||18||24||29||24
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Jaisalmer]]
|7||'''14'''||23||24||'''33'''||40||23||29||35||12||19||27||22
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Dehradun]]
|4||'''12'''||20||14||23||32||22||'''26'''||30||7||15||23||18
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Amritsar]]
|4||'''10'''||18||13||25||34||25||'''28'''||32||10||16||24||21
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Shimla]]
|1||'''5'''||9||10||14||18||15||'''18'''||20||7||10||13||13
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Srinagar]]
|−2||'''4'''||6||7||14||19||16||'''22'''||30||1||8||16||13
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Leh]]
|−13||'''−6'''||0||−1||6||12||10||'''16'''||24||−7||0||7||6
|}
|style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"|
{{Climate chart
|[[Leh]]
|−13|-1|11.8
|−12|0|8.6
|−6|6|11.9
|−1|12|6.9
|2|17|6.5
|6|21|4.3
|10|24|15.1
|10|24|19.5
|5|21|12.2
|0|14|0
|−6|8|2.9
|−10|1|8.0
|source=[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=44534&refer=&units=metric Weatherbase], [http://www.planholidays.com/ladakh/climate.php Plan Holidays]
|float=right
|clear=none
}}
|}

===Precipitation===
{|style="clear:all; width:100%;"
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"|
{| class="wikitable toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:500px; float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
|+{{big|'''Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm)'''}}{{Sfn|BBC Weather|B}}{{Sfn|Weatherbase}}{{Sfn|Weather Channel}}{{Sfn|Weather Underground}}
|-align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
| colspan=1 abbr="" | '''—'''
! colspan=3 abbr="winter" | Winter (Jan – Feb)
! colspan=3 abbr="summer" | Summer (Mar – May)
! colspan=3 abbr="monsoon" | Monsoon (Jun – Sep)
! colspan=3 abbr="post-monsoon"| Post-monsoon (Oct – Dec)
! colspan=1 abbr="year-round" | Year-round
|- style="text-align:center;"
!City
! abbr="January" | Jan
! abbr="February" | Feb
! abbr="March" | Mar
! abbr="April" | Apr
! abbr="May" | May
! abbr="June" | Jun
! abbr="July" | Jul
! abbr="August" | Aug
! abbr="September"| Sep
! abbr="October" | Oct
! abbr="November" | Nov
! abbr="December" | Dec
! Total
|-
![[Delhi]]
!19
!21
!17
!16
!31
!74
!210
!233
!124
!15
!6
!8
!774
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Mumbai]]
|1||–||1||–||16||506||'''769'''||472||356||82||9||3||2,213
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Port Blair]]
|40||20||10||60||360||'''480'''||400||400||460||290||220||150||2,890
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|26||21||33||125||202||'''306'''||175||152||179||223||206||65||1,713
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bangalore]]
|31||20
|61||110||150||212||249||279||'''315'''||291||210||140||1,962
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Nagpur]]
||16||22||15||8||18||168||290||'''291'''||157||73||17||19||1,094
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bhopal]]
||4||3||1||3||11||136||279||'''360'''||185||52||21||7||1,043
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Guwahati]]
|8||21||47||181||226||309||'''377'''||227||199||92||25||10||1,722
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Lucknow]]
|20||18||8||8||20||114||'''305'''||292||188||33||5||8||1,019
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Jaisalmer]]
|–||–||3||–||7||10||'''90'''||88||15||–||6||–||219
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Dehradun]]
|47||55||52||21||54||230||'''631'''||627||261||32||11||3||2,024
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Amritsar]]
|27||40||33||22||21||81||'''182'''||169||91||12||6||7||689
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Shimla]]
|60||60||60||50||60||170||420||'''430'''||160||30||10||20||1,530
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Srinagar]]
|74||71||91||'''94'''||61||36||58||61||38||31||10||33||658
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Leh]]
|12||9||12||6||7||4||16||'''20'''||12||7||3||8||116
|-
!All India
!17
!23
!30
!39
!61
!165
!280
!255
!167
!75
!30
!16
!1160
|}
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
{{Climate chart
|Bangalore
|16.1|27.9|1.9
|17.5|30.7|5.4
|20.0|33.1|18.5
|22.0|34.0|41.5
|21.7|33.3|107.4|20.4|29.6|106.5
|19.9|28.3|112.9|19.8|27.7|147.0
|19.8|28.6|212.8|19.6|28.2|168.3
|18.0|27.2|48.9|16.2|26.5|15.7
|12|22|1,683
|source=
|float=right
|clear=right
}}
|}

==Disasters==
{{Main|Natural disasters in India}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = India climatic disaster risk map en.svg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = India climatic disasters risk map.
| caption1 = Disaster-prone regions in India, shaded by type.
| image2 = India wind zone map en.svg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = India wind zone map. A map of India overlaid with zones of various shades of blue, each representing a region that experiences a similar level of windiness. The entire eastern littoral and the northern half of the country are shaded in relatively dark blues, signifying relatively windy prevailing conditions of between 30 and 50 metres per second. The darkest blue region is in the extreme north, beyond the Himalayas in Ladakh, on the Tibetan Plateau; there, sustained winds average over 50 metres per second. The inland central, south, and especially the southwestern portions are shaded in light blues: they are relatively windless, averaging less than 30 metres per second.
| caption2 = Map showing winds zones, shaded by distribution of average speeds of prevailing winds.
| footer =
}}

Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India{{Sfn|Balfour|2003|p=995}} and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat.

===Floods and landslides===
{{See also|Floods in India|2007 South Asian floods|2008 Indian floods|2013 North India floods|2015 South Indian floods|Brahmaputra floods}}
[[File:Indian Navy relief efforts during the 2015 floods in Chennai (04).jpg|thumb|right|Relief efforts by the Indian Navy in Chennai]]

In the Lower Himalayas, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in [[lability|labile]] rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Short duration high intensity rainfall events typically trigger small scale landslides while long duration low intensity rainfall periods tend to trigger large scale catastrophic landslides.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dahal|first1=Ranjan Kumar|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Shuichi|date=2008-08-15|title=Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya|journal=Geomorphology|volume=100|issue=3–4|pages=429–443|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.014|bibcode=2008Geomo.100..429D}}</ref> Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result, denuded hillsides, exacerbates the severity of landslides, since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water.{{Sfn|Allaby|2001|p=26}} Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occur in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops.{{Sfn|Allaby|1997|pp=15, 42}} Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain.{{Sfn|Goswami et al.|2006}}

===Tropical cyclones===
{{main|Tropical cyclones in India}}

[[File:Vardah 2016-12-12 Animation.gif|thumb|Vardah making landfall at the coast of Chennai, India.]][[File:Cyclone 05B 1999 India Bay of Bengal satellite image NOAA cropped.jpg|thumb|alt=Satellite view looking over the Bay of Bengal, deliminated by India to its west, Bangladesh to its north, and Indochina to its west. Various patches of substantial storm tracts define the southern margins of the shot, but a larger buzzsaw-shaped whorl of clouds sits above the northern Bay, just beginning to impact parts of Orissa, West Bengal and Bangladesh.|Satellite imagery of Cyclone 05B in the [[Bay of Bengal]].]]

[[Tropical cyclone]]s, which are severe storms spun off from the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. [[Tropical cyclogenesis]] is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, [[storm surge]]s, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November.{{Sfn|AOML FAQ G1}} Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than {{Convert|63|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which sustain gusts greater than {{Convert|117|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. On average, a major ([[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] or higher) cyclone develops every other year.{{Sfn|AOML FAQ G1}}{{Sfn|AOML FAQ E10}}

During summer, the [[Bay of Bengal]] is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones. The [[1737 Calcutta Cyclone|1737 Calcutta cyclone]], the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]], and the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] rank among the [[list of wettest tropical cyclones by country#India|most powerful cyclones to strike India]], devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and Maharashtra, less frequently in Kerala.

The [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] was the most intense tropical cyclone in this basin and also the most powerful tropical cyclone to make landfall in India. With peak winds of {{Convert|260|km/h|0}}, it was the equivalent of a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 5 hurricane]].{{Sfn|Typhoon Warning Centre}} Almost two million people were left homeless;{{Sfn|BAPS|2005}}another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone.{{Sfn|BAPS|2005}} Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm;{{Sfn|Typhoon Warning Centre}} unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,000.{{Sfn|BAPS|2005}}

===Droughts===
{{Main|Drought in India}}

[[File:Niranjana dry river bed bihar india.jpg|thumb|alt=A daytime view of a desiccated, scappled expanse that wholly fills the fore- and middle ground and arcs away to the horizon at left. Of clouds in the sky there are none whatever. At extreme right in the middle distance, a thin bank of trees sits on a slightly higher level, reaching to the middle and rightward horizon; people and livestock mill about before them. Several pink buildings, perhaps a village, sit similarly elevated in front of the trees at middle-right, beyond the dominating dusty expanse.|The dry bed of the Niranjana River, Bihar.]]

Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to [[famine in India|major Indian famines]]. These include the [[Bengal famine of 1770]], in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], in which over five million died from starvation and famine-related illnesses.{{Sfn|Nash|2002|pp=22–23}}{{Sfn|Collier|Webb|2002|p=67}}

All such episodes of severe drought correlate with [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO) events.{{Sfn|Kumar et al.|2006}}{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=121}} El Niño-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=259}} Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to {{Convert|3|°C-change|°F-change|0}}—have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s.{{Sfn|Nash|2002|pp=258–259}} A contrasting phenomenon is that, instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence centre forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed air flow causes India's droughts.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=117}} The extent that an ENSO event raises [[sea surface temperature]]s in the central Pacific Ocean influences the extent of drought.{{Sfn|Kumar et al.|2006}}

===Heat waves===
A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency, persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991–2000, when compared to the period between 1971–80 and 1981–90. A severe heat wave in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] in 1998 resulted in nearly 1300 deaths. Based on observations, heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf|title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years|journal=Ind. Geophys. Union|author=R.K.Dube and G.S.Prakasa Rao|year=2005|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529054649/http://igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2015 Indian heat wave]] killed more than 2,500 people. In April 2024, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted a heat wave spell lasting approximately ten to twenty days longer than normal length of four to eight days during the three-month period between April and June.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Rajendra |title=India braces for heat waves in Q2, impact seen on inflation, election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-weather-office-forecasts-more-heat-wave-days-during-april-june-2024-04-01/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |date=1 April 2024}}</ref> In [[2024 Indian heat wave|June 2024]], day temperatures reached {{Convert|44.9|C|F}} in [[New Delhi]], which were at their highest in six years. Five people have been reported as dead due to this heatwave.<ref>{{cite news|title=India reports over 40,000 suspected heatstroke cases over summer|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/unrelenting-heatwave-kills-five-indian-capital-2024-06-19/|website=Reuters|first1=Shivam|last1=Patel|first2=Tora|last2=Agarwala|date=19 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2024-06-17 |title=Heatwave: Red alert in Delhi, Check IMD's predictions for upcoming days |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/severe-heatwave-alert-in-delhi-imd-advises-not-to-venture-out-unless-necessary-weather-news-latest-updates-2024-06-17-937290 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

==Extremes==

===Extreme temperatures: low===
India's lowest recorded temperature was {{Convert|-45.0|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} in [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]]. However, temperatures on [[Siachen Glacier]] near [[Bilafond La]] ({{Convert|5450|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) and [[Sia La]] ({{Convert|5589|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) have fallen below {{Convert|-55|°C|°F|0}},{{Sfn|McGirk|Adiga|2005}} while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of {{Convert|250|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}},{{Sfn|Ali|2002}} or [[hurricane]]-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the [[Beaufort scale]]. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the [[Siachen conflict]].{{Sfn|McGirk|Adiga|2005}}{{Sfn|Ali|2002}}{{Sfn|Desmond|1989}}

===Extreme temperatures: high===
The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 16 May 2016 in [[Phalodi]], Rajasthan at {{Convert|51.0|°C|°F|0}}. A temperature of up to {{Convert|52.4|°C|°F|0}} has been recorded in Jaisalmer District on 2 May 2016 near the border of Pakistan but the standard conditions are yet to be verified.

===Rain===
[[File:Jogmonsoon.jpg|thumb|The highest plunge waterfall/ heavy rainfall in Karnataka a state of India]]

The average annual precipitation of {{Convert|11861|mm|in|0}} in the village of [[Mawsynram]], in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya, is the highest recorded in Asia, and possibly on Earth.{{Sfn|NCDC|2004}} The village, which sits at an elevation of {{Convert|1401|m|ft|0}}, benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. However, since the town of [[Cherrapunji]], {{Convert|5|km|mi|1}} to the east, is the nearest town to host a meteorological office—none has ever existed in Mawsynram—it is officially credited as being the world's wettest place.{{Sfn|BBC|Giles}} In recent years the Cherrapunji-Mawsynram region has averaged between {{Convert|9296|and|10820|mm|in|0}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|1999|p=4}} of rain annually, though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years.{{Sfn|Kushner|2006}} India's highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005, when Mumbai received {{Convert|944|mm|in|0|abbr=on}};{{Sfn|BBC|2005}} [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|the massive flooding]] that resulted killed over 900 people.{{Sfn|The Hindu|2006}}{{Sfn|Vaswani|2006a}}

===Snow===
Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir, such as the [[Pir Panjal Range]], experience exceptionally heavy snowfall. Kashmir's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967, when {{Convert|8.4|m|ft|1}} fell in [[Gulmarg]], though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to {{Convert|12|m|ft|1}} in several Kashmiri districts. In February 2005, more than 200 people died when, in four days, a western disturbance brought up to {{Convert|2|m|ft|1}} of snowfall to parts of the state.{{Sfn|GOI Ministry of Home Affairs|2005}}

==Climate change==

{{excerpt|Climate change in India|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}

== Atmospheric pollution ==
{{main|Air pollution in India}}

[[File:Hazesmoke Gangeticbasin.jpg|thumb|alt=Satellite view of the northern portion of South Asia. The arc of a substantial range of mountains, the Himalayas, dips into the shot, then back up out of view. Immediately beneath, a large region of plains is hidden by a continuous cloud-like opaque mass that has collected along the southern margins of the mountains. It proceeds eastward, staying just south of the Himalayas, then bends due south to reach the Bay of Bengal. Two parts of the mass appear particularly dense, showing up as bright white blobs in the shot.|Clouds of thick haze and smoke may form over the Ganges river basin. This image was captured at 10:50 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 17 December 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haze and smog across Northern India |url=https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/gallery/?2004352-1217/India.A2004352.0520 |website=NASA |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124001846/https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/gallery/?2004352-1217/India.A2004352.0520 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India{{Sfn|Badarinath et al.|2006}} and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India{{Sfn|Lau|2005}} often concentrate over the [[Ganges Basin]]. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Dust and [[black carbon]], which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and [[convection|convect]] upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-[[troposphere]] and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.{{Sfn|Lau|2005}}

==See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Environment|India}}}}
* [[Climatological normals of india]]
* [[Geography of India]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[Extreme points of India]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[Outline of India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=N}}
{{Clear}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|colwidth=22em}}

==References==
'''Articles'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Badarinath|first1=K. V. S.|last2=Chand|first2=T. R. K.|last3=Prasad|first3=V. K.|publication-date=2006|year=2006|title=Agriculture Crop Residue Burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains—A Study Using IRS-P6 AWiFS Satellite Data|periodical=Current Science|volume=91|issue=8|pages=1085–1089|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252006/1085.pdf|access-date=1 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Badarinath et al.|2006}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227092834/https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252006/1085.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008}}
* {{Citation|last=Bagla |first=P.|publication-date=August 2006|year=2006|title=Controversial Rivers Project Aims to Turn India's Fierce Monsoon into a Friend|periodical=Science|volume=313|issue=5790|pages=1036–1037|issn=0036-8075|pmid=16931734|doi=10.1126/science.313.5790.1036
|s2cid=41809883}}
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* {{Citation |author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division |title=Frequently Asked Questions: When Is Hurricane Season? |publisher=[[NOAA]] |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html |access-date=25 July 2006 |ref={{Sfnref|AOML FAQ G1}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416133407/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html |archive-date=16 April 2008}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=2005 |year=2005 |title=1999 Supercyclone of Orissa |work=BAPS Care International |ref={{Sfnref|BAPS|2005}}}}
* {{Citation |date=1 August 2005 |title=Millions Suffer in Indian Monsoon |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4733897.stm |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|BBC|2005}} |archive-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811151307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4733897.stm |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=31 March 2004 |year=2004 |title=India Records Double-Digit Growth |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3585225.stm |access-date=23 April 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|BBC|2004}} |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3585225.stm |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |date=20 March 2007 |title=Rivers Run Towards "Crisis Point" |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6468451.stm |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|BBC|2007}} |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403012233/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6468451.stm |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/monsoon_impacts.shtml |title=The Impacts of the Asian Monsoon |work=BBC Weather |access-date=23 April 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|BBC Weather|A}} |archive-date=29 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329020143/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/monsoon_impacts.shtml |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |title=Country Guide: India |work=[[BBC Weather]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |access-date=23 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|BBC Weather|B}} |archive-date=25 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525125046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |title=Soil and Climate of Bihar |publisher=Government of Bihar |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |access-date=13 September 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|Government of Bihar}} |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224117/http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |date=28 February 2005 |title=Snow Fall and Avalanches in Jammu and Kashmir |work=National Disaster Management Division |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]] |url=http://mha.nic.in/press-release/pr240205.pdf |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042024/http://mha.nic.in/press-release/pr240205.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|GOI Ministry of Home Affairs|2005}}}}
* {{Citation |date=5 July 2006 |title=Rain Brings Mumbai to a Halt, Rescue Teams Deployed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/05/stories/2006070505741300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707000545/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/05/stories/2006070505741300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2006 |access-date=1 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref={{Sfnref|The Hindu|2006}}}}
* {{Citation |title=Southwest Monsoon: Normal Dates of Onset |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/monsoon-onset.htm |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|India Meteorological Department|A}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927001346/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/monsoon-onset.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011}}
* {{Citation |title=Rainfall during pre-monsoon season |work=India Meteorological Department |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/TABLE-1.htm |access-date=26 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|India Meteorological Department|B}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219082845/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/TABLE-1.htm |archive-date=19 December 2006}}
* {{Citation |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |title=A Country Study: India |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] ([[Federal Research Division]]) |access-date=26 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|Library of Congress}} |archive-date=14 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714040603/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=9 August 2004 |year=2004 |title=Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=National Climatic Data Centre |url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|NCDC|2004}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002074300/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |archive-date=2 October 2011}}
* {{Citation |title=Climate |work=National Council of Educational Research and Training |page=28 |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/book_publishing/Class%209/Geography/Chapter%204.pdf |access-date=31 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|NCERT|p=28}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722001208/http://www.ncert.nic.in/book_publishing/Class%209/Geography/Chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2006}}
* {{Citation |date=3 April 2007 |title=Himalayan Meltdown Catastrophic for India |publisher=[[Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Himalayan_meltdown_catastrophic_for_India/articleshow/1848002.cms |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|Times of India|2007}} |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Himalayan_meltdown_catastrophic_for_India/articleshow/1848002.cms |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=Tropical Cyclone 05B |work=Naval Maritime Forecast Centre (Joint Typhoon Warning Centre) |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |ref={{Sfnref|Typhoon Warning Centre}}}}
* {{Citation |year=2005 |title=Early Warning Signs: Coral Reef Bleaching |work=Union of Concerned Scientists |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/early-warning-signs-of-global-warming-coral-reef-bleaching.html |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|Union of Concerned Scientists}} |archive-date=18 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718163624/http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/early-warning-signs-of-global-warming-coral-reef-bleaching.html |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/ |access-date=24 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|Weatherbase}} |archive-date=22 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212850/http://www.weatherbase.com/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=Wunderground |work=Weather Underground |url=http://www.wunderground.com/ |access-date=24 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|Weather Underground}} |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122739/http://www.wunderground.com/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |url=http://www.weather.com/ |title=Weather.com |work=[[The Weather Channel (United States)|The Weather Channel]] |access-date=23 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|Weather Channel}} |archive-date=23 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323015551/http://www.weather.com/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=India |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|CIA World Factbook}} |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=dead}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last1=Toman |first1=M. A. |last2=Chakravorty |first2=U. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |publication-date=1 June 2003 |year=2003 |title=India and Global Climate Change: Perspectives on Economics and Policy from a Developing Country |publisher=Resources for the Future Press |isbn=978-1-891853-61-6}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Refbegin}}
'''General overview'''
* {{Citation |title=Country Guide: India |work=[[BBC Weather]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-date=25 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525125046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |url-status=dead}}
'''Maps, imagery, and statistics'''
* {{Citation |title=India Meteorological Department |work=[[Government of India]] |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/ |access-date=2 September 2006 |archive-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104130804/http://www.imd.gov.in/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=Weather Resource System for India |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |url=http://www.weather.nic.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429135833/http://www.weather.nic.in/ |archive-date=29 April 2007}}
* {{Citation |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |work=[[Indian Geophysical Union]] |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}
'''Forecasts'''
* {{Citation |title=India: Current Weather Conditions |work=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/IN_cc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425135805/http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/IN_cc.html |archive-date=25 April 2007}}
{{Refend}}

----
{{Climate of India by state or territory}}
{{Navboxes|title=Articles related to Climate of India
|list=
{{Asia topic|Climate of}}
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{{Subject bar|b=y|commons=y|n=y|q=y|s=y|v=y}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Climate of India}}
[[Category:Climate of India| ]]
[[Category:Climate by country|India]]

Vivaan Arora

2026-03-15T08:52:29Z

IODChanel59686: started data.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biographies|date=January 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivaan Arora
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = present
| height =
}}

'''Vivaan Arora''' is a [[Punjab]]i actor who has appeared in Punjabi films such as Aish Kar Lai, Ek Wari Haan Karde and Dramebaaz kalakar (2017).He has also appeared in some Indian television series, like Khushiyon Kii Gullak Aashi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/punjabi-film-actor-vivaan-arora-enter-khushiyon-ki-gullakh-aashi-140922|title=Punjabi film actor Vivaan Arora to enter Khushiyon Ki Gullakh – Aashi|work=Tellychakkar|date=22 September 2014|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref> [[SuperCops vs Supervillains]], [[Savdhaan India]] and [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat (season 6)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-prefer-play-the-bad-man-daily-soap-vivaan-arora-150528|title=I prefer to play the 'bad man' in a daily soap – Vivaan Arora|work=Tellychakkar|date=28 May 2015|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
*Aish Kar Lai
*Ek Wari Haan Karde

===Television===
*[[Sony Pal]]'s Khushiyon Kii Gullak Aashi
*[[Life OK]]'s [[SuperCops vs Supervillains]], [[Savdhaan India]]
*[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]'s [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat (season 6)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Vivaan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Elsevier

2026-03-12T17:26:42Z

IODChanel59686: slightly enhance references for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Dutch publishing and analytics company}}
{{Redirect|Elzevier|the Dutch actress|Ingeborg Elzevier}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Elsevier
| logo = Elsevier logo 2019.svg
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
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| native_name = 
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| industry = Publishing
| genre = 
| fate =
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| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1880}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Amsterdam, Netherlands]]
| location_country =
| locations = 
| area_served =
| key_people = Kumsal Bayazit, Chief Executive Officer
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| services =
| revenue = £2.909 billion (2022)<ref name=RELX>{{cite web |title=RELX Annual Report |url=https://www.relx.com/investors/annual-reports/2022 |website=RELX |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720111741/https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/relx-2022-annual-report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| operating_income = £1.078 billion (2022)<ref name=RELX />
| net_income = £2.021 billion (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/RELX/relx/net-income |title=RELX Net Income 2006-2020 |website=Macrotrends |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720112214/http://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/RELX/relx/net-income }}</ref>
| aum =
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| num_employees = 9500<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/this-is-elsevier |website=Elsevier |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002184918/https://www.elsevier.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parent = [[RELX]]
| divisions =
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| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Elsevier''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|s|ə|v|ɪər}} {{respell|EL-sə-veer}}) is a Dutch [[academic publishing]] company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''[[The Lancet]]'', ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'', the [[ScienceDirect]] collection of [[electronic journal]]s, ''[[Trends (journals)|Trends]]'', the ''[[Current Opinion (Elsevier)|Current Opinion]]'' series, the online citation database [[Scopus]], the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services include digital tools for [[Data management platform|data management]], instruction, research analytics, and assessment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/02/02/plum-goes-orange-elsevier-acquires-plum-analytics/ |title=Plum Goes Orange – Elsevier Acquires Plum Analytics |last=Carpenter |first=Todd |publisher=[[Society for Scholarly Publishing]] |date=2 February 2017 |website=[[The Scholarly Kitchen]] |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203647/https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/02/02/plum-goes-orange-elsevier-acquires-plum-analytics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ors.ubc.ca/resources-links/elseviers-scival |title=Elsevier's SciVal |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124085807/https://ors.ubc.ca/resources-links/elseviers-scival |url-status=live }}</ref> Elsevier is part of the [[RELX Group]], known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2022 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,800 journals.<ref name=RELX /> As of 2018, its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 [[Ebook|e-books]], with over one billion annual downloads.<ref name="RELX 2018 Report">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=2021 RELX Group Annual Report |url=https://reports.relx.com/2021/esef-ar-uk/549300WSX3VBUFFJOO66-2021-12-31-Viewer.html |publisher=RELX |department=RELX Company Reports |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109101348/https://reports.relx.com/2021/esef-ar-uk/549300WSX3VBUFFJOO66-2021-12-31-Viewer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit margins and [[Copyright policies of academic publishers|copyright practices]].<ref name=boyc >{{cite news |last=Lin |first=Thomas |date=13 February 2012 |title=Mathematicians Organize Boycott of a Publisher |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/science/researchers-boycott-elsevier-journal-publisher.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329132139/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/science/researchers-boycott-elsevier-journal-publisher.html?_r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Swoger 2013">{{cite web | last=Swoger | first=Bonnie | title=Is Elsevier really for-science? Or just for-profit? | website=Scientific American Blog Network | date=12 December 2013 | url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/is-elsevier-really-for-science-or-just-for-profit/ | access-date=13 April 2022 | archive-date=13 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413011430/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/is-elsevier-really-for-science-or-just-for-profit/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The company had a reported profit before tax of £2.295 billion with an adjusted [[operating margin]] of 33.1% in 2023.<ref name="relx-results-press-release-2018">{{Cite web |title=RELX 2023 Results |url=https://www.relx.com/media/press-releases/year-2024/relx-2023-results |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.relx.com |language=en}}</ref> Much of the research that Elsevier publishes is publicly funded; its high costs have led to accusations of [[rent-seeking]],<ref>{{cite web|date=20 September 2017|title=Publishers increasingly in control of scholarly infrastructure and this is why we should care|url=https://knowledgegap.org/index.php/sub-projects/rent-seeking-and-financialization-of-the-academic-publishing-industry/preliminary-findings/|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Knowledge G.A.P.|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133746/http://knowledgegap.org/index.php/sub-projects/rent-seeking-and-financialization-of-the-academic-publishing-industry/preliminary-findings/|url-status=live|author-first1=Alejandro|author-last1=Posada|author-first2=George|author-last2=Chen}}</ref> boycotts against the company, and the rise of alternate avenues for academic publication and access, such as [[preprint]] servers and [[shadow library|shadow libraries]].<ref name="Resnick 2019">{{cite web | last=Resnick | first=Brian | title=The war to free science | website=Vox | date=3 June 2019 | url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/6/3/18271538/open-access-elsevier-california-sci-hub-academic-paywalls | access-date=13 April 2022 | archive-date=11 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411001120/https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/6/3/18271538/open-access-elsevier-california-sci-hub-academic-paywalls | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Buranyi 2017">{{cite web | last=Buranyi | first=Stephen | title=Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science? | website=The Guardian | date=27 June 2017 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science | access-date=13 April 2022 | archive-date=12 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412221336/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==
[[File:Elsevier.svg|200px|right|thumb|The original seal of the Elzevir family is used by Elsevier as its logo.]]
Elsevier was founded in 1880{{sfn|Groen|2007|p=217}} and adopted the name and logo from the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] publishing house [[House of Elzevir|Elzevir]] that was an inspiration but has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier.{{sfn|Groen|2007|p=217}} The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the [[Netherlands]]; the founder, [[Lodewijk Elzevir]] (1542–1617), lived in [[Leiden]] and established that business in 1580. As a company logo, Elsevier used the Elzevir family's [[printer's mark]], a tree entwined with a vine and the words ''Non Solus'', which is [[Latin]] for "not alone".<ref name="AT 2019-03" /> According to Elsevier, this logo represents "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/elsevier-india/interesting-fact-history-of-the-elsevier-logo/295913917111368/|title=Interesting Fact - History of the Elsevier Logo|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810004358/https://www.facebook.com/notes/elsevier-india/interesting-fact-history-of-the-elsevier-logo/295913917111368/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly ''[[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier]]'', which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and very profitable.<ref>Gerry van der List, ''Meer dan een weekblad. De geschiedenis van Elsevier''</ref> The weekly was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthly ''Elsevier'', which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of the [[Netherlands in World War II|German occupation of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Centuries of History of Elsevier in the National Library of Russia: from Book-printing to an Information Provider |url=https://nlr.ru/eng_old/exib/elsevier/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=nlr.ru}}</ref>

In May 1939, Klautz established the Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd. in London to distribute these academic titles in the [[British Commonwealth]] (except Canada). When the [[German invasion of the Netherlands|Nazis occupied the Netherlands]] for the duration of five years from May 1940, he had just founded a second international office, the Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Elsevier |title=In the shadow of the Nazis, this young executive dared to publish the work of Jewish scientists |url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/in-the-shadow-of-the-nazis-this-young-executive-dared-to-publish-the-work-of-jewish-scientists |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Elsevier Connect |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223161517/https://www.elsevier.com/connect/in-the-shadow-of-the-nazis-this-young-executive-dared-to-publish-the-work-of-jewish-scientists |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, ''[[Biochimica et Biophysica Acta]]''.<ref name="RET">{{cite web|title=Reed Elsevier Timeline|url=https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/ReedElsevier.htm|website=www.ulib.niu.edu|access-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030233859/https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/ReedElsevier.htm|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>

In 1970, Elsevier acquired competing firm North Holland Publishing Co. In 1971 the firm acquired [[Excerpta Medica]], a small medical abstract publisher based in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name=RET /> As the first and only company in the world that employed a database for the production of journals, it introduced computer technology to Elsevier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Short History of Elsevier|url=https://www.ask-force.org/web/Seralini/Elsevier-Short-History-2005.pdf|website=Ask Force|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184643/http://www.ask-force.org/web/Seralini/Elsevier-Short-History-2005.pdf}}</ref> In 1978 Elsevier merged with Dutch newspaper publisher NDU, and devised a strategy to broadcast textual news to people's television sets through [[Viewdata]] and [[Teletext]] technology.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Boone |first1=C.A.J.J. |last2=van Witteloostuijn |first2=A. |last3=van Olffen |first3=W. |last4=de Brabander |first4=B. |title=The Genesis of top management team diversity: Selective turnover among top management teams in the Dutch newspaper publisher industry (1970-1994) |date=February 2003 |doi=10.26481/umamet.2003006 }}</ref>

In 1979, Elsevier Science Publishers launched the Article Delivery Over Network Information System (ADONIS) project in conjunction with four business partners. The project aims to find a way to deliver scientific articles to libraries electronically, and would continue for over a decade.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orchard|first=Constance|date=1988|title=ADONIS and Electronically Stored Information: An Information Broker's Experience|journal=The Serials Librarian|volume=15|issue=3–4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1300/J123v15n03_09|issn=0361-526X|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1991, in conjunction with nine American universities, Elsevier's The University Licensing Project (TULIP) was the first step in creating published, copyrighted material available over the Internet. It formed the basis for [[ScienceDirect]], launched six years later.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tedd|first1=Lucy A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jFgeRT_YW0C&q=elsevier+university+licensing+project+1991&pg=PA5|title=Digital Libraries: Principles and Practice in a Global Environment|last2=Large|first2=J. A.|date=2005|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-598-11627-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.3998/spobooks.5621225.0001.001 |title=Economics and Usage of Digital Libraries: Byting the Bullet |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4181-6284-9 |editor-last1=Mackie-Mason |editor-first1=Jeffrey K. }}</ref> In 1997, after almost two decades of experiments, ScienceDirect was launched as the first online repository of electronic (scientific) books and articles. Though librarians and researchers were initially hesitant regarding the new technology, more and more of them switched to e-only subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/euro/030497euro.html |title=Building the World's Largest Scientific Database |last=Giussani |first=Bruno |date=4 March 1997 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052205/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/euro/030497euro.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stachokas|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdO1DwAAQBAJ&q=sciencedirect+1997+launch&pg=PA33|title=The Role of the Electronic Resources Librarian|date=12 October 2019|publisher=Chandos Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102926-8}}</ref>

In 2004, Elsevier launched [[Scopus]] - a multidisciplinary metadata database of scholarly publications, only the second of such kind (after the [[Web of Science]], although free [[Google Scholar]] was also launched in 2004). Scopus covers journals, some conference papers and books from various publishers, and measures performance on both author and publication levels.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.scopus.com/topics/content |title=Content |last=Beatty |first=Susannah |publisher=[[Scopus]] |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117124609/https://blog.scopus.com/topics/content |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009 SciVal Spotlight was released. The tool enabled research administrators to measure their institution's relative standing in terms of productivity, grants, and publications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scival.com/landing |title=Welcome to SciVal |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=SciVal |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172335/https://scival.com/landing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Herther|first=Nancy K.|date=8 October 2009|title=Elsevier's New SciVal Products Target Academic Accountability and Strategic Planning|url=https://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Elseviers-New-SciVal-Products-Target-Academic-Accountability-and-Strategic-Planning-56569.asp|access-date=30 November 2020|website=newsbreaks.infotoday.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816071203/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Elseviers-New-SciVal-Products-Target-Academic-Accountability-and-Strategic-Planning-56569.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Elsevier acquired [[Mendeley]], a UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the sale, which users saw as acceding to the "[[paywall]]" approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open-sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups.<ref name="fast">{{cite web|last1=Amirtha|first1=Tina|title=THE OPEN PUBLISHING REVOLUTION, NOW BEHIND A BILLION-DOLLAR PAYWALL|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3042443/mendeley-elsevier-and-the-future-of-scholarly-publishing|website=Fast Company|access-date=26 January 2016|date=17 April 2015|archive-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115005118/http://www.fastcompany.com/3042443/mendeley-elsevier-and-the-future-of-scholarly-publishing|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt an [[Open science|open-science]] icon that threatens its [[business model]]".<ref name="NewYorker">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/04/elsevier-mendeley-journals-science-software.html|title=When the Rebel Alliance Sells Out|first=David|last=Dobbs|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=12 April 2013}}</ref>

== Company statistics ==
{{as of|2018|alt=During 2018}}, researchers submitted over 1.8 million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 20,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of more than 470,000 articles in over 2,500 journals.<ref name="RELX 2018 Report" /> Editors are generally unpaid volunteers who perform their duties alongside a full-time job in academic institutions,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=James A.|last1=Coleman|title=How to get published in English: Advice from the outgoing Editor-in-Chief|journal=System|date=3 January 2014|issn=0346-251X|pages=404–411|volume=42|doi=10.1016/j.system.2014.01.004|quote=Remember that editors and reviewers are unpaid, and are undertaking their tasks voluntarily, in addition to a full-time job}}</ref> although exceptions have been reported. In 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier, [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], [[Wiley-Blackwell]], [[Taylor & Francis]], and [[Sage Publishing|SAGE Publications]] published more than half of all academic papers in the peer-reviewed literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vocativ.com/culture/science/five-corporations-control-academic-publishing/|title=These Five Corporations Control Academic Publishing|date=10 June 2015|website=Vocativ.com|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214223450/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/science/five-corporations-control-academic-publishing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era|author1=Vincent Larivière|author2=Stefanie Haustein|author3=Philippe Mongeon|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=6|year=2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127502|pmid=26061978|pmc=4465327|article-number=e0127502|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027502L|doi-access=free}}</ref> At the time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the world market in science, technology, and medical publishing.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Elsevier leads the business the internet could not kill|url=https://www.ft.com/content/93138f3e-87d6-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/93138f3e-87d6-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896 |archive-date=10 December 2022|newspaper=Financial Times|date=15 November 2015|access-date=7 November 2016|url-access=subscription|last1=Cookson|first1=Robert}}</ref> In 2019, Elsevier accounted for the review, editing and dissemination of 18% of the world's scientific articles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Report and Financial Statements 2019|url=https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/2019-annual-report.pdf|website=RELX|page=12|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101040341/https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/2019-annual-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> About 45% of revenue by geography in 2019 derived from North America, 24% from Europe, and the remaining 31% from the rest of the world. Around 84% of revenue by format came from electronic usage and 16% came from print.<ref name="RELX 2018 Report" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=RELX 2019 Annual Report|url=https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/2019-annual-report.pdf|website=RELX|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101040341/https://www.relx.com/~/media/Files/R/RELX-Group/documents/reports/annual-reports/2019-annual-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The firm employs 8,100 people.<ref name=":1" /> The CEO is Kumsal Bayazit, who was appointed on 15 February 2019.<ref name="ataglance">{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/management/kumsal-bayazit|title=Kumsal Bayazit|website=Elsevier.com|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204419/https://www.elsevier.com/about/management/kumsal-bayazit|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, it reported a mean 2017 [[gender pay gap]] of 29.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 40.4%, the highest yet reported by a publisher in UK. Elsevier attributed the result to the under-representation of women in its senior ranks and the prevalence of men in its technical workforce.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Elsevier reports 40% gender pay gap {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/elsevier-reports-40-gender-pay-gap-759606|access-date=21 December 2020|website=www.thebookseller.com|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013918/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/elsevier-reports-40-gender-pay-gap-759606|url-status=live}}</ref> The UK workforce consists of 1,200 people in the UK, and represents 16% of Elsevier's global employee population.<ref name=":2" /> Elsevier's parent company, RELX, has a global workforce that is 51% female to 49% male, with 43% female and 57% male managers, and 29% female and 71% male senior operational managers.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=RELX Group/Elsevier Inclusion & Diversity|url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/careers/diversity-and-inclusion|access-date=21 December 2020|website=www.elsevier.com|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222163655/https://www.elsevier.com/about/careers/diversity-and-inclusion|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, Elsevier accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX group (£2.538 billion of £7.492 billion). In [[Earnings before interest and taxes|operating profits]], it represented 40% (£942 million of £2,346 million). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2017 to 2018.<ref name="RELX 2018 Report" /> Profits grew further from 2018 to 2019, to a total of £982 million.<ref>"RELX Annual Report and Financial Statements 2019", https://www.relx.com/investors/annual-reports/2019 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080743/https://www.relx.com/investors/annual-reports/2019 |date=18 April 2020 }}</ref> The first half of 2019, RELX reported the first slowdown in revenue growth for Elsevier in several years: 1% vs. an expectation of 2% and a typical growth of at least 4% in the previous 5 years.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nilsson, Patricia|date=25 July 2019|title=Relx falls short of growth expectations|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/m/c84c5326-55c5-3f81-b51d-9d1f4b7806e7/relx-falls-short-of-growth.html|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|via=[[Yahoo Finance]]|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726181501/https://finance.yahoo.com/m/c84c5326-55c5-3f81-b51d-9d1f4b7806e7/relx-falls-short-of-growth.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall for 2019, Elsevier reported revenue growth of 3.9% from 2018, with the underlying growth at constant currency at 2%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elsevier sees 2019 profit and revenue lift {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/elsevier-sees-profit-and-revenue-lift-1192787|access-date=23 February 2021|website=www.thebookseller.com|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218122930/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/elsevier-sees-profit-and-revenue-lift-1192787|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the company accounted for 34% of the revenues of RELX (£2.637billion of £7.874billion). In adjusted operating profits, it represented 39% (£982m of £2.491bn). Adjusted operating profits (with constant currency) rose by 2% from 2018 to 2019.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, researchers submitted over two million research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 22,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, resulting in the publication of about 500,000 articles in over 2,500 journals.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, Elsevier was the largest academic publisher, with approximately 16% of the academic publishing market and more than 3000 journals.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hagve |first=Martin |date=17 August 2020 |title=The money behind academic publishing |url=https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2020/08/kronikk/money-behind-academic-publishing |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening |volume=140 |issue=11 |doi=10.4045/tidsskr.20.0118 |pmid=32815337 |s2cid=225423313 |issn=0029-2001 |doi-access=free |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622191319/https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2020/08/kronikk/money-behind-academic-publishing |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Market model ==

=== Products and services ===
Products and services include electronic and print versions of journals, textbooks and [[reference work]]s, and cover the [[healthcare science|health]], life, physical, and [[social science]]s.

The target markets are academic and government research institutions, corporate research labs, booksellers, librarians, scientific researchers, authors, editors, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical and nursing students and schools, medical researchers, [[Pharmaceutical company|pharmaceutical companies]], hospitals, and research establishments. It publishes in 13 languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Japanese, Hindi, and Chinese.

Flagship products and services include VirtualE, [[ScienceDirect]], [[Scopus]], [[Scirus]], [[EMBASE]], Engineering Village, [[Compendex]], [[Cell (journal)|Cell]], Knovel, SciVal, Pure, and Analytical Services, The Consult series (FirstCONSULT, PathCONSULT, NursingCONSULT, MDConsult, StudentCONSULT), Virtual Clinical Excursions, and major reference works including ''[[Gray's Anatomy]]'', ''Nelson Pediatrics'', ''[[Dorland's medical reference works|Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary]]'', ''[[Frank H. Netter|Netter]]'s Atlas of Human Anatomy'', and online versions of many journals<ref>[https://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/ Health Advance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311143631/https://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/ |date=11 March 2022 }}. Elsevier.</ref> including ''[[The Lancet]]''.

ScienceDirect is Elsevier's platform for online electronic access to its journals and over 40,000 e-books, reference works, book series, and handbooks. The articles are grouped in four main sections: ''Physical Sciences and Engineering'', ''Life Sciences'', ''Health Sciences'', and ''Social Sciences and Humanities''. For most articles on the website, abstracts are freely available; access to the full text of the article (in PDF, and also HTML for newer publications) often requires a subscription or pay-per-view purchase.<ref name=":1" />

In 2019, Elsevier published 49,000 free [[open access]] articles and 370 full open access journals. Moreover, 1,900 of its journals sold [[Hybrid open-access journal|hybrid open access]] options.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pricing ===
The subscription rates charged by the company for its journals have been criticized; some very large journals (with more than 5,000 articles) charge subscription prices as high as £9,634, far above average,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Monbiot|first=George|date=29 August 2011|title=Academic publishers make Murdoch look like a socialist|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/29/academic-publishers-murdoch-socialist|journal=Guardian|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307174619/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/29/academic-publishers-murdoch-socialist|url-status=live}}</ref> and many [[Universities in the United Kingdom|British universities]] pay more than a million pounds to Elsevier annually.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 2014|title=Elsevier journals — some facts|url=https://gowers.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/elsevier-journals-some-facts/|access-date=27 July 2014|work=Gowers's Weblog|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702112336/http://gowers.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/elsevier-journals-some-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company has been criticized not only by advocates of a switch to the [[Open access (publishing)|open-access]] publication model, but also by universities whose library budgets make it difficult for them to afford current journal prices.

For example, in 2004, a resolution by [[Stanford University]]'s senate singled out Elsevier's journals as being "disproportionately expensive compared to their educational and research value", which librarians should consider dropping, and encouraged its faculty "not to contribute articles or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing".<ref>''[https://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/february25/minutes-225.html Faculty Senate minutes February 19 meeting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315071807/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/february25/minutes-225.html |date=15 March 2010 }}'' Stanford Report, 25 February 2004</ref> Similar guidelines and criticism of Elsevier's pricing policies have been passed by the [[University of California]], [[Harvard University]], and [[Duke University]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 February 2004|title=Fac Sen addresses costly journals|url=https://archive.stanforddaily.com/?p=1013953|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105040316/https://archive.stanforddaily.com/?p=1013953|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=The Stanford Daily}}</ref>

In July 2015, the [[Association of Universities in the Netherlands]] threatened to boycott Elsevier, which refused to negotiate on any [[open access]] policy for Dutch universities.<ref>Kingsley, Danny. [https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=192 "Dutch boycott of Elsevier – a game changer?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831040458/https://unlockingresearch.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=192 |date=31 August 2017 }}, University of Cambridge Office of Scholarly Communication</ref> After a year of negotiation, Elsevier pledged to make 30% of research published by Dutch researchers in Elsevier journals open access by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2015|author=John Bohannon|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/unique-deal-elsevier-agrees-make-some-papers-dutch-authors-free|title=In unique deal, Elsevier agrees to make some papers by Dutch authors free|website=science.org|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> In October 2018, a complaint against Elsevier was filed with the European Commission, alleging anticompetitive practices stemming from Elsevier's confidential subscription agreements and market dominance. The European Commission decided not to investigate.<ref name="competition_plaint">{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Éanna|date=2 November 2018|title=Researchers complain to Brussels over 'dominant position' of RELX Group in scientific publishing|work=sciencebusiness.net|url=https://sciencebusiness.net/framework-programmes/news/researchers-complain-brussels-over-dominant-position-relx-group|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100143/https://sciencebusiness.net/framework-programmes/news/researchers-complain-brussels-over-dominant-position-relx-group|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Price|first=Gary|date=30 October 2018|title=Full Text: Complaint Filed with EU Competition Authority Regarding "Anti-Competitive Practices" of RELX/Elsevier and the Wider Scholarly Publishing Market|url=https://www.infodocket.com/2018/10/30/full-text-complaint-filed-with-eu-competition-authority-regarding-relx-and-the-wider-scholarly-publishing-market/|access-date=2 February 2021|website=LJ infoDOCKET|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307062104/https://www.infodocket.com/2018/10/30/full-text-complaint-filed-with-eu-competition-authority-regarding-relx-and-the-wider-scholarly-publishing-market/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elevated pricing of field journals in economics, most of which are published by Elsevier, was one of the motivations that moved the [[American Economic Association]] to launch the ''[[American Economic Journal]]'' in 2009.<ref>Glenn, David (25 January 2008). [https://chronicle.com/article/American-Economic-Association/440 Chronicle.com "American Economic Association Plans 4 New Journals".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628193734/https://www.chronicle.com/article/American-Economic-Association/440 |date=28 June 2022 }} ''The Chronicle of Higher Education''.</ref>

=== Mergers and acquisitions ===
RELX Group has been [[RELX Group#Significant acquisitions|active]] in [[mergers and acquisitions]]. Elsevier has incorporated other businesses which were either complementing or competing in the field of research and publishing and that reinforce its [[market power]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20170804/05454537924/elsevier-continues-to-build-monopoly-solution-all-aspects-scholarly-communication.shtml|title=Elsevier Continues To Build Its Monopoly Solution For All Aspects Of Scholarly Communication|date=4 August 2017|work=Techdirt|access-date=17 October 2018|author=Glyn Moody|author-link=Glyn Moody|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017164405/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20170804/05454537924/elsevier-continues-to-build-monopoly-solution-all-aspects-scholarly-communication.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Mendeley]] (after the closure of [[2collab]]), [[Social Science Research Network|SSRN]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160517/13513134465/disappointing-elsevier-buys-open-access-academic-pre-publisher-ssrn.shtml|title=Disappointing: Elsevier Buys Open Access Academic Pre-Publisher SSRN|date=17 May 2016|work=Techdirt|access-date=17 October 2018|author=Mike Masnick|author-link=Mike Masnick|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017164519/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160517/13513134465/disappointing-elsevier-buys-open-access-academic-pre-publisher-ssrn.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[bepress]]/[[Digital Commons (Elsevier)|Digital Commons]], [[PlumX]], Hivebench, Newsflo, Science-Metrix,<ref name=Herb2019>{{cite conference |conference=23rd Congress of the European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition |last1=Herb|first1=Ulrich|date=2019|title=Steering science through Output Indicators & Data Capitalism|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3333395|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Interfolio]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=David |date=7 June 2022 |title=Elsevier closes Interfolio acquisition |url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/corporate/elsevier-closes-interfolio-acquisition |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017085704/https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/corporate/elsevier-closes-interfolio-acquisition |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conferences ===
Elsevier conducts conferences, exhibitions, and workshops around the world with over 50 conferences a year covering life sciences, physical sciences and engineering, social sciences, and health sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences|title=Conferences|work=elsevier.com|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112020100/https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Shill review offer ===
According to the [[BBC]], in 2009, the firm [Elsevier] offered a £17.25 Amazon voucher to academics who contributed to the textbook ''Clinical Psychology'' if they would go on [[Amazon.com]] and [[Barnes & Noble]] (a large U.S. books retailer) and give it five stars. Elsevier responded, "Encouraging interested parties to post book reviews isn't outside the norm in scholarly publishing, nor is it wrong to offer to nominally compensate people for their time. But in all instances the request should be unbiased, with no incentives for a positive review, and that's where this particular e-mail went too far", and that it was a mistake by a marketing employee.<ref>Finlo Rohrer, "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8118577.stm The perils of five-star reviews]", ''BBC News Magazine'', 25 June 2009.</ref>

=== Blocking text mining research ===
Elsevier seeks to regulate [[Text mining|text and data mining]] with private licenses,<ref name=nature527413f/> claiming that reading requires extra permission if automated and that the publisher holds copyright on [[threshold of originality|output of automated processes]]. The conflict on research and copyright policy has often resulted in researchers being blocked from their work.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Van Noorden|title=Elsevier opens its papers to text-mining|journal=Nature|date=3 February 2014|issn=0028-0836|page=17|volume=506|issue=7486|doi=10.1038/506017a|pmid=24499898|doi-access=free|quote="It was a legitimate criticism, that people sent text-mining requests in to publishers and they bounced around for a time without any response", admits Chris Shillum, vice-president of product management for platform and content at Elsevier.|bibcode=2014Natur.506...17V}}</ref> In November 2015, Elsevier blocked a scientist from performing [[text mining]] research at scale on Elsevier papers, even though his institution already pays for access to Elsevier journal content.<ref name="nature527413f">{{cite journal|last1=Bloudoff-Indelicato|first1=Mollie|title=Text-mining block prompts online response|journal=Nature|date=20 November 2015|volume=527|issue=7579|page=413|doi=10.1038/527413f|bibcode=2015Natur.527..413B|s2cid=4457698|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Moody|first1=Glyn|title=Elsevier Says Downloading And Content-Mining Licensed Copies Of Research Papers 'Could Be Considered' Stealing|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20151117/09383132839/elsevier-says-downloading-content-mining-licensed-copies-research-papers-could-be-considered-stealing.shtml|website=TechDirt|date=18 November 2015|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121235758/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20151117/09383132839/elsevier-says-downloading-content-mining-licensed-copies-research-papers-could-be-considered-stealing.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The data was collected using the [[R (programming language)|R]] package "statcheck".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nuijten|first1=Michèle B.|last2=Hartgerink|first2=Chris H. J.|last3=van Assen|first3=Marcel A. L. M.|last4=Epskamp|first4=Sacha|last5=Wicherts|first5=Jelte M.|title=The prevalence of statistical reporting errors in psychology (1985–2013)|journal=Behavior Research Methods|date=23 October 2015|volume=48|issue=4|pages=1205–1226|doi=10.3758/s13428-015-0664-2|pmid=26497820|pmc=5101263}}</ref>

=== Fossil fuel company consulting and advocacy ===
Elsevier is one of the most prolific publishers of books aimed at expanding the production of [[fossil fuels]]. Since at least 2010 the company has worked with the fossil fuel industry to optimise fossil fuel extraction. It commissions authors, journal advisory board members and editors who are employees of the largest oil firms. In addition it markets data services and research portals directly to the fossil fuel industry to help "increase the odds of exploration success".<ref>{{cite web|date=24 February 2022|title=Revealed: leading climate research publisher helps fuel oil and gas drilling|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/24/elsevier-publishing-climate-science-fossil-fuels|access-date=24 February 2022|website=The Guardian|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224082545/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/24/elsevier-publishing-climate-science-fossil-fuels|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Relationship with academic institutions ==

=== Finland ===
In 2015, [[Finland|Finnish]] research organizations paid a total of 27 million euros in subscription fees. Over one-third of the total costs went to Elsevier. The information was revealed after successful court appeal following a denied request on the subscription fees, due to confidentiality clauses in contracts with the publishers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ropengov.github.io/r/2016/06/10/FOI/|title=Scientific journal subscription costs in Finland 2010-2015: a preliminary analysis|website=rOpenGov |first1=Leo |last1=Lahti |date=June 10, 2016 |access-date=15 October 2017|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203133/https://ropengov.github.io/r/2016/06/10/FOI/}}</ref> Establishing that fact led to the creation of tiedonhinta.fi petition demanding more reasonable pricing and open access to content signed by more than 2800 members of the research community.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tiedonhinta.fi/en/english/ |title=The Cost of Scientific Publications Must Not Get Out of Hand |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203433/https://tiedonhinta.fi/en/english/ |website=Tiedonhinta.fi |archive-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> While deals with other publishers have been made, it was not the case for Elsevier, leading to the nodealnoreview.org boycott of the publisher signed more than 600 times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nodealnoreview.org/|title=No Deal, No Review.|website=nodealnoreview.org |access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128094024/http://nodealnoreview.org/|url-status=usurped }}</ref>

In January 2018, it was confirmed that a deal had been reached between those concerned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/en/news/finelib-and-elsevier-reach-agreement-for-subscription-access-and-open-access-publishing|title=FinELib and Elsevier Reach Agreement for Subscription Access and Open Access Publishing |date=17 January 2018|website=The National Library of Finland |access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117192300/https://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/en/news/finelib-and-elsevier-reach-agreement-for-subscription-access-and-open-access-publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mostlyphysics.net/blog/2018/1/25/finland-takes-a-step-back-in-the-openness-of-academic-journal-pricing |first1=Toma |last1=Susi |title=Finland takes steps in the openness of academic journal pricing |date=25 January 2018 |newspaper=Mostly Physics |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225922/https://www.mostlyphysics.net/blog/2018/1/25/finland-takes-a-step-back-in-the-openness-of-academic-journal-pricing }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/au-coeur-de-la-recherche/article/130418/transition-vers-l-acces-libre-le-piege-des-accords-globaux-avec-les-editeur |title=Transition vers l'Accès Libre: le piège des accords globaux avec les éditeurs |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Mediapart |date=13 April 2018 |trans-title=Transition to Open Access: the Trap of Global Agreements with Publishers |language=fr |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408021709/https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/au-coeur-de-la-recherche/article/130418/transition-vers-l-acces-libre-le-piege-des-accords-globaux-avec-les-editeur |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== France ===
The French [[Couperin (consortium)|Couperin consortium]] agreed in 2019 to a 4-year contract with Elsevier,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aefinfo.fr/assets/medias/documents/4/8/482545.pdf|title=Communiqué sur la négociation Elsevier|last=Consortium Couperin|date=11 June 2019|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826202815/https://www.aefinfo.fr/assets/medias/documents/4/8/482545.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> despite criticism from the scientific community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2019/05/13/embrouilles-a-propos-de-l-acces-aux-revues-scientifiques_5461530_1650684.html |title=Embrouilles à propos de l'accès aux revues scientifiques |last=Larousserie |first=David |date=13 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=fr |trans-title=Confusion over access to scientific journals |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118100253/https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2019/05/13/embrouilles-a-propos-de-l-acces-aux-revues-scientifiques_5461530_1650684.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The French [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]] has stopped having Elsevier publish the journal ''[[Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/journals.html |title=What We Can Do About Science Journals |last=Baez |first=John |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123101410/https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/journals.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (as of 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600714/description|title=Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412014908/https://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600714/description |archive-date=12 April 2008 }}</ref>

Effective on 1 January 2020, the [[French Academy of Sciences]] stopped publishing its seven journals [[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences]] with Elsevier and switched to [[Centre Mersenne]] in [[Grenoble|Grenoble, France]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/|title=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091925/https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
Since 2018 and as of 2023,<ref name="science202308" /> almost no academic institution in [[Germany]] is subscribed to Elsevier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.projekt-deal.de/vertragskundigungen-elsevier-2018/|title=Vertragskündigungen Elsevier 2018|last=Haufe|first=Gottfried|date=20 November 2018|website=www.projekt-deal.de|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044759/https://www.projekt-deal.de/vertragskundigungen-elsevier-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00492-4|title=Thousands of scientists run up against Elsevier's paywall|last=Else|first=Holly|date=5 February 2019|journal=Nature|access-date=6 March 2019|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00492-4|s2cid=86526472|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308013032/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00492-4|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Germany's DEAL project ([[Projekt DEAL]]), which includes over 60 major research institutions, has announced that all of its members are cancelling their contracts with Elsevier, effective 1 January 2017. The boycott is in response to Elsevier's refusal to adopt "transparent business models" to "make publications more openly accessible".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Doctorow|first1=Cory|title=Germany-wide consortium of research libraries announce boycott of Elsevier journals over open access|url=https://boingboing.net/2016/12/15/germany-wide-consortium-of-res.html|publisher=Boing Boing|access-date=27 December 2016|date=15 December 2016|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227040525/http://boingboing.net/2016/12/15/germany-wide-consortium-of-res.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=No full-text access to Elsevier journals to be expected from 1 January 2017 on|url=https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/news/details/voraussichtlich-keine-volltexte-von-zeitschriften-des-elsevier-verlags-ab-dem-112017/|publisher=Göttingen State and University Library|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227132101/https://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/news/details/voraussichtlich-keine-volltexte-von-zeitschriften-des-elsevier-verlags-ab-dem-112017/|archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="nature1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lrk-bw.de/index.php/pressemitteilungen|title=Pressemitteilungen|website=Lrk-bw.de|language=de-de|access-date=11 July 2017|trans-title=Press Releases|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711132409/http://www.lrk-bw.de/index.php/pressemitteilungen|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/49906/title/Major-German-Universities-Cancel-Elsevier-Contracts/ |title=Major German Universities Cancel Elsevier Contracts |website=The Scientist |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=17 July 2017 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028122903/http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/49906/title/Major-German-Universities-Cancel-Elsevier-Contracts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bold-open-access-push-germany-could-change-future-academic-publishing |title=A bold open-access push in Germany could change the future of academic publishing |last1=Kupferschmidt |first1=Kai |last2=Vogel |first2=Gretchen |date=23 August 2017 |website=Science |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106100330/https://www.science.org/content/article/bold-open-access-push-germany-could-change-future-academic-publishing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hrk.de/press/press-releases/press-release/meldung/researchers-resign-editorship-of-elsevier-journals-4237/ |title=Researchers resign editorship of Elsevier journals |publisher=[[German Rectors' Conference]] |date=12 October 2017 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042346/https://www.hrk.de/press/press-releases/press-release/meldung/researchers-resign-editorship-of-elsevier-journals-4237/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Horst Hippler, spokesperson for the DEAL consortium states that "taxpayers have a right to read what they are paying for" and that "publishers must understand that the route to open-access publishing at an affordable price is irreversible".<ref name="nature1" /> In July 2017, another 13 institutions announced that they would also be cancelling their subscriptions to Elsevier journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2017/07/26/93682/german-universities-to-let-elsevier-contracts-lapse/|title=German universities to let Elsevier contracts lapse {{!}} Books+Publishing|website=Booksandpublishing.com.au|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729232013/https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2017/07/26/93682/german-universities-to-let-elsevier-contracts-lapse/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2017, at least 185 German institutions had cancelled their contracts with Elsevier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.projekt-deal.de/vertragskundigungen-elsevier-2017/|title=Vertragskündigungen Elsevier 2017 – Projekt DEAL|website=Projekt-deal.de|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912165826/https://www.projekt-deal.de/vertragskundigungen-elsevier-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, whilst negotiations were ongoing, around 200 German universities that cancelled their subscriptions to Elsevier journals were granted complimentary open access to them until this ended in July of the year.<ref name="matthews-2018">
{{cite news
|last1=Matthews
|first1=David
|title=Elsevier maintains German access despite failure to strike deal
|date=4 January 2018
|work=Times Higher Education (THE)
|location=London, United Kingdom
|issn=0049-3929
|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/elsevier-maintains-german-access-despite-failure-strike-deal
|access-date=5 January 2018
|archive-date=5 January 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105021857/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/elsevier-maintains-german-access-despite-failure-strike-deal
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/universities-in-germany-and-sweden-lose-access-to-elsevier-journals--64522 |title=Universities in Germany and Sweden Lose Access to Elsevier Journals |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=19 July 2018 |website=The Scientist |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308202352/https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/universities-in-germany-and-sweden-lose-access-to-elsevier-journals--64522 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="schiermeier-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Schiermeier |first1=Quirin |title=Germany vs Elsevier: universities win temporary journal access after refusing to pay fees |date=4 January 2018 |journal=Nature News |volume=553 |issue=7687 |page=137 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-00093-7 |pmid=29323311 |bibcode=2018Natur.553..137S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On 19 December 2018, the [[Max Planck Society]] (MPS) in [[Munich|Munich, Germany]] announced that the existing subscription agreement with Elsevier would not be renewed after the expiration date of 31 December 2018. MPS counts 14,000 scientists in 84 research institutes, publishing 12,000 articles each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpdl.mpg.de/en/505 |title=Max Planck Society discontinues agreement with Elsevier; stands firm with Projekt DEAL negotiations |website=Max Planck Digital Library |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111062713/https://www.mpdl.mpg.de/en/505 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mps20181219">{{cite news|first1=Gary|last1=Price|url=https://www.infodocket.com/2018/12/19/max-planck-society-discontinues-agreement-with-elsevier-affirms-support-for-projekt-deal/|title=Max Planck Society Discontinues Agreement with Elsevier. Affirms Support for Projekt Deal|work=infodocket.com Library Journal|date=19 December 2018|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220033858/https://www.infodocket.com/2018/12/19/max-planck-society-discontinues-agreement-with-elsevier-affirms-support-for-projekt-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Elsevier and DEAL reached a tentative agreement on a [[Project DEAL#Publish and read model|publish and read model]], which would take effect until 2028 if at least 70% of the eligible institutions opt into it.<ref name="science202308">{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/german-science-organizations-strike-open-access-deal-elsevier|title=German science organizations strike open-access deal with Elsevier|date=2023-09-06|author=Gretchen Vogel}}</ref>

=== Hungary ===
In March 2018, the Hungarian ''Electronic Information Service National Programme'' entered negotiations on its 2019 Elsevier subscriptions, asking for a read-and-publish deal.<ref name="hungary_terminates">{{cite web|title=Hungarian Consortium terminates negotiations with Elsevier|url=https://eisz.mtak.hu/index.php/en/283-hungarian-consortium-terminates-negotiations-with-elsevier.html|website=eisz.mtak.hu|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116195319/http://eisz.mtak.hu/index.php/en/283-hungarian-consortium-terminates-negotiations-with-elsevier.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Negotiations were ended by the Hungarian consortium in December 2018, and the subscription was not renewed.<ref name="editors-resign">{{cite news|last1=McKenzie|first1=Lindsay|title=Elsevier journal editors resign, start rival open-access journal|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/01/14/elsevier-journal-editors-resign-start-rival-open-access-journal|access-date=16 January 2019|work=Inside Higher Ed |date=14 January 2019|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228034352/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/01/14/elsevier-journal-editors-resign-start-rival-open-access-journal|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
In 2013, Elsevier changed its policies in response to sanctions announced by the US [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] that year. Included was a request that all Elsevier journals avoid publishing papers by Iranian nationals who are employed by the Iranian government.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/articles/scientific-sanctions-a-catastrophe-for-the-civilised-world/?galley=print|title=Scientific sanctions: A catastrophe for the civilized world|first=Behnam|last=Baghianimoghadam|journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]|date=9 February 2014|volume=11|issue=2|page=130|pmid=24727630|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314184545/https://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/articles/scientific-sanctions-a-catastrophe-for-the-civilised-world/?galley=print|url-status=live|doi=10.20529/IJME.2014.035}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.farsnews.ir/print.aspx?nn=13920814000991 |title=Taylor & Francis group bans publication of articles by Iranian authors |website=Fars News |date=5 November 2013 |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084301/https://en.farsnews.ir/print.aspx?nn=13920814000991 |archive-date=26 December 2018 }}</ref> Elsevier executive Mark Seeley expressed regret on behalf of the company, but did not announce an intention to challenge this interpretation of the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/trade-sanctions-against-iran-affect-publishers|first=Mark|last=Seeley|title=Trade sanctions against Iran affect publishers|publisher=Elsevier|date=9 May 2013|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084256/https://www.elsevier.com/connect/trade-sanctions-against-iran-affect-publishers|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Italy ===
CRUI (an association of [[Higher education in Italy|Italian universities]]) sealed a 5-year-long deal for 2018–2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crui.it/archivio-notizie/i-ricercatori-italiani-potranno-beneficiare-dell%E2%80%99accesso-continuo-al-database-sciencedirect-di-elsevie.html |title=I ricercatori italiani potranno beneficiare dell'accesso continuo al database ScienceDirect di Elsevier |website=Conferenza dei Rettori delle Università italiane |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=Italian |trans-title=Italian researchers will benefit from continuous access to Elsevier's ScienceDirect database |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126072828/https://www.crui.it/archivio-notizie/i-ricercatori-italiani-potranno-beneficiare-dell%E2%80%99accesso-continuo-al-database-sciencedirect-di-elsevie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> despite protests from the scientific community, protests focused on aspects such as the lack of prevention of cost increases by means of the [[Double dipping (publishing)|double dipping]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roars.it/online/svezia-italia-1-0-berlino-2018-italia-fanalino-di-coda-nellopen-science/ |title=Svezia-Italia 1-0. Berlino 2018: Italia fanalino di coda nell'Open Science |date=10 December 2018 |last=Galimberti |first=Paola |newspaper=Roars: Returns on Academic Research |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=Italian |trans-title=Sweden-Italy 1-0. Berlin 2018: Italy lagging behind in Open Science |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116205458/https://www.roars.it/online/svezia-italia-1-0-berlino-2018-italia-fanalino-di-coda-nellopen-science/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Netherlands ===
In 2015, a [[:w:Universiteiten van Nederland|consortium of all of Netherlands' 14 universities]] threatened to boycott Elsevier if it could not agree that articles by Dutch authors would be made open access and settled with the compromise of 30% of its Dutch papers becoming open access by 2018. Gerard Meijer, president of [[Radboud University]] in [[Nijmegen]] and lead negotiator on the Dutch side noted, "it's not the 100% that I hoped for".<ref name="nature1">{{cite journal|last1=Schiermeier|first1=Quirin|last2=Mega|first2=Emiliano Rodríguez|title=Scientists in Germany, Peru and Taiwan to lose access to Elsevier journals|journal=Nature|volume=541|issue=7635|page=13|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.21223|pmid=28054621|bibcode=2017Natur.541...13S|year=2016|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bohannon|first1=John|title=In unique deal, Elsevier agrees to make some papers by Dutch authors free|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/unique-deal-elsevier-agrees-make-some-papers-dutch-authors-free|journal=Science|access-date=27 December 2016|date=11 December 2015|doi=10.1126/science.aad7565|doi-access=free|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120080031/https://www.science.org/content/article/unique-deal-elsevier-agrees-make-some-papers-dutch-authors-free|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dutch Universities and Elsevier reach agreement in principle - Library UvA - University of Amsterdam|url=https://uba.uva.nl/en/news/news/content/2015/12/elsevier-deal.html|publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam|access-date=27 December 2016|date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130822/https://uba.uva.nl/en/news/news/content/2015/12/elsevier-deal.html|archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@SiccodeKnecht/how-elsevier-plans-to-sabotage-open-access-76fbd46593ae |title=How Elsevier plans to sabotage Open Access |last=De Knecht |first=Sicco |date=25 March 2017 |website=Medium |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328062324/https://medium.com/@SiccodeKnecht/how-elsevier-plans-to-sabotage-open-access-76fbd46593ae |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Norway ===
In March 2019, the Norwegian government on behalf of 44 institutions—universities, university colleges, research institutes, and hospitals—decided to break negotiations on renewal of their subscription deal with Elsevier, because of disagreement regarding open-access policy and Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce the cost of reading access.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/unit/pressreleases/norwegian-research-institutions-have-decided-not-to-renew-their-agreement-with-elsevier-2846284|title=Norwegian research institutions have decided not to renew their agreement with Elsevier|date=12 March 2019|website=UNIT|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312104624/https://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/unit/pressreleases/norwegian-research-institutions-have-decided-not-to-renew-their-agreement-with-elsevier-2846284|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
In 2017, over 70 university libraries confirmed a "contract boycott" movement involving three publishers including Elsevier. As of January 2018, whilst negotiations remain underway, a decision will be made as to whether or not continue the participating libraries will continue the boycott.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.unn.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=183521 |title=70여개 대학 도서관, 새해 첫 날부터 일부 논문 못 봐 - 한국대학신문 |author=Kim Jung-hyun |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=ko-KR |trans-title=70 University Libraries Can't See Some Papers From New Year's Day |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041530/http://news.unn.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=183521 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was then confirmed that an agreement had been reached.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/south-korean-universities-reach-agreement-elsevier-after-long-standoff|title=South Korean universities reach agreement with Elsevier after long standoff|date=15 January 2018|journal=Science|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215075908/https://www.science.org/content/article/south-korean-universities-reach-agreement-elsevier-after-long-standoff|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
In May 2018, the [[Bibsam Consortium]], which negotiates license agreements on behalf of all [[List of universities and colleges in Sweden|Swedish universities]] and research institutes, decided not to renew their contract with Elsevier,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sweden-cancels-elsevier-contract-open-access-dispute-spreads|title=Sweden cancels Elsevier contract as open-access dispute spreads|date=16 May 2018|website=www.timeshighereducation.com|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044618/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sweden-cancels-elsevier-contract-open-access-dispute-spreads|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sparc">{{citation|url=https://sparcopen.org/our-work/big-deal-cancellation-tracking/|title=Big Deal Cancellation Tracking|work=Sparcopen.org|publisher=[[Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition]]|location=US|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105134/https://sparcopen.org/our-work/big-deal-cancellation-tracking/|url-status=live}}</ref> alleging that the publisher does not meet the demands of transition towards a more open-access model, and referring to the rapidly increasing costs for publishing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kb.se/bibliotek/centrala-avtal/|title=Bibsamkonsortiet - Kungliga biblioteket|last=annwen|website=www.kb.se|language=SV|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105807/http://www.kb.se/bibliotek/centrala-avtal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Swedish universities will still have access to articles published before 30 June 2018. Astrid Söderbergh Widding, chairman of the Bibsam Consortium, said, "the current system for scholarly communication must change and our only option is to cancel deals when they don't meet our demands for a sustainable transition to open access".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://openaccess.blogg.kb.se/2018/05/16/sweden-stands-up-for-open-access-cancels-agreement-with-elsevier/|title=Sweden stands up for open access – cancels agreement with Elsevier|date=16 May 2018|work=OpenAccess.se|access-date=30 May 2018|language=sv-SE|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522133021/http://openaccess.blogg.kb.se/2018/05/16/sweden-stands-up-for-open-access-cancels-agreement-with-elsevier/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sweden has a goal of open access by 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openaccess.blogg.kb.se/2018/05/16/sweden-stands-up-for-open-access-cancels-agreement-with-elsevier/|title=Sweden stands up for open access – cancels agreement with Elsevier|last=Wentzel|first=Annica|date=16 May 2018|website=openaccess.blogg.kb.se|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403073606/https://openaccess.blogg.kb.se/2018/05/16/sweden-stands-up-for-open-access-cancels-agreement-with-elsevier/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019 the negotiations concluded, with Sweden paying for reading access to Elsevier journals and open access publishing for all its researchers' articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kb.se/samverkan-och-utveckling/nytt-fran-kb/nyheter-samverkan-och-utveckling/2019-11-22-%E2%80%8Bnew-transformative-agreement-with-elsevier-enables-unlimited-open-access-to-swedish-research.html|title=New transformative agreement with Elsevier enables unlimited open access to Swedish research|access-date=3 July 2020|publisher=Kungliga Biblioteket|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703091542/https://www.kb.se/samverkan-och-utveckling/nytt-fran-kb/nyheter-samverkan-och-utveckling/2019-11-22-%E2%80%8Bnew-transformative-agreement-with-elsevier-enables-unlimited-open-access-to-swedish-research.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Taiwan ===
In Taiwan, more than 75% of universities, including top 11 institutions, have joined a collective boycott against Elsevier. On 7 December 2016, the Taiwanese consortium, CONCERT, which represents more than 140 institutions, announced it would not renew its contract with Elsevier.<ref name="nature1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=關於Elsevier資料庫合約談判 CONCERT聲明|url=https://concert.stpi.narl.org.tw/news/249|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130414/https://concert.stpi.narl.org.tw/news/249|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan Tech to Discontinue Subscription to Elsevier ScienceDirect Starting 2017 - NTUST Library|url=https://library.ntust.edu.tw/files/14-1025-58346,r1-1.php?Lang=en|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062141/https://library.ntust.edu.tw/files/14-1025-58346,r1-1.php?Lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/asia-advances-open-access-research_us_58dd0e6de4b0fa4c09598679|title=Asia Advances Open Access Research|last=Schmitt|first=Jason|date=30 March 2017|website=Huffington Post|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425061726/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/asia-advances-open-access-research_us_58dd0e6de4b0fa4c09598679|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United States ===
In March 2018, the faculty of [[Florida State University]] in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] faculty elected to cancel its $2 million subscription to a bundle of several journals. In 2019, it began buying access to titles'' à la carte''.<ref name="sparc" />

In February 2019, the [[University of California]] said it would terminate subscriptions "in [a] push for open access to publicly funded research".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/press-room/uc-terminates-subscriptions-worlds-largest-scientific-publisher-push-open-access-publicly|title=UC terminates subscriptions with world's largest scientific publisher in push for open access to publicly funded research|date=28 February 2019|website=www.universityofcalifornia.edu|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305182059/https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/press-room/uc-terminates-subscriptions-worlds-largest-scientific-publisher-push-open-access-publicly|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-03-university-california-terminates-subscriptions-elsevier.html|title=University of California terminates subscriptions to Elsevier|last=Yirka|first=Bob|date=4 March 2019|website=phys.org|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044640/https://phys.org/news/2019-03-university-california-terminates-subscriptions-elsevier.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AT 2019-03">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/03/uc-elsevier-publisher/583909/|title=The Real Cost of Knowledge|last=Zhang|first=Sarah|date=4 March 2019|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043402/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/03/uc-elsevier-publisher/583909/|url-status=live}}</ref> After months of negotiations over open access to research by UC researchers and prices for subscriptions to Elsevier journals, a press release by the UC Office of the President issued Thursday, 28 February 2019 stated "Under Elsevier's proposed terms, the publisher would have charged UC authors large publishing fees on top of the university's multimillion dollar subscription, resulting in much greater cost to the university and much higher profits for Elsevier."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/why-uc-split-publishing-giant-elsevier|title=Why UC split with publishing giant Elsevier|last1=Kell|first1=Gretchen|last2=Berkeley|first2=U. C.|date=6 March 2019|website=University of California|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528210826/https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/why-uc-split-publishing-giant-elsevier|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 July 2019, Elsevier began restricting access to all new paywalled articles and approximately 5% of paywalled articles published before 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/10/university-of-california-loses-access-to-new-journal-articles-published-by-elsevier-after-research-access-fight|title=University of California loses access to new journal articles published by Elsevier after research access fight|website=statnews.com|access-date=10 July 2019|date=10 July 2019|archive-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710200028/https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/10/university-of-california-loses-access-to-new-journal-articles-published-by-elsevier-after-research-access-fight/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2020, the [[University of North Carolina]] elected not to renew its bundled Elsevier package, citing a failure "to provide an affordable path".<ref>{{cite web|title=Upcoming Elsevier Cancellations|work=UNC-Chapel Hill Libraries |date=9 April 2020 |url=https://library.unc.edu/2020/04/upcoming-elsevier-cancellations|publisher=University of North Carolina|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410022737/https://library.unc.edu/2020/04/upcoming-elsevier-cancellations/|url-status=live |last1=Panitch |first1=Judy }}</ref> Rather than extend the license, which was stated to cost $2.6 million annually, the university decided to continue subscribing to a smaller set of individual journals. The [[State University of New York]] Libraries Consortium also announced similar outcome,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Inside Highered|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/04/13/suny-cancels-big-deal-elsevier|title=SUNY Cancels Big Deal With Elsevier|date=13 April 2020|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921002922/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/04/13/suny-cancels-big-deal-elsevier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=SUNY Libraries Consortium (SLC)|title=State University of New York Steps Away From the "Big Deal" with Elsevier|url=https://slcny.libguides.com/slc/elsevier2020update|date=7 April 2020|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418101851/http://slcny.libguides.com/slc/elsevier2020update|url-status=live}}</ref> with the help of estimates from [[Unpaywall Journals]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 April 2020|title=SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries|url=https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/|website=library.buffalo.edu|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206111125/https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] announced in June 2020 that it would no longer pay for access to new Elsevier articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/guided-by-open-access-principles-mit-ends-elsevier-negotiations-0611|access-date=11 June 2020|title=MIT, guided by open access principles, ends Elsevier negotiations|date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922192025/https://news.mit.edu/2020/guided-by-open-access-principles-mit-ends-elsevier-negotiations-0611|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McKenzie|first1=Lindsay|title=MIT Ends Negotiations with Elsevier|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/06/12/mit-ends-negotiations-elsevier|access-date=12 June 2020|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=12 June 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612153424/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/06/12/mit-ends-negotiations-elsevier|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Elsevier and the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] established an agreement to support authors who wish to publish open access.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Michigan|url=https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/agreements/university-of-michigan|access-date=16 February 2022|website=www.elsevier.com|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216111934/https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/agreements/university-of-michigan|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ukraine ===
In June 2020, the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government canceled subscriptions for all universities in the country after failed negotiations. The Ministry of Education claimed that Elsevier indexes journals in its register that call themselves Russian but are from "occupied territories".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mon.gov.ua/ua/news/indeksaciya-naukovih-zhurnaliv-sho-vidayutsya-na-timchasovo-okupovanih-teritoriyah-ukrayini-ye-grubim-porushennyam-zakonodavstva-ukrayini-i-mizhnarodnogo-prava-poziciya-mon|website=mon.gov.ua|title=Індексація наукових журналів, що видаються на тимчасово окупованих територіях україни, є грубим порушенням законодавства України і міжнародного права – позиція МОН|date=22 July 2020|publisher=Ministry of Education of Ukraine|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812212027/https://mon.gov.ua/ua/news/indeksaciya-naukovih-zhurnaliv-sho-vidayutsya-na-timchasovo-okupovanih-teritoriyah-ukrayini-ye-grubim-porushennyam-zakonodavstva-ukrayini-i-mizhnarodnogo-prava-poziciya-mon|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criticism of academic practices ==
{{Very long section|date=March 2025}}

=== Lacking dissemination of its research ===

==== Lobbying efforts against open access ====
Elsevier have been known to be involved in lobbying against open access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lobbying Spending Database - RELX Group, 2017 |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000067394&year=2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193339/https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000067394&year=2017 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Opensecrets.org}}</ref> These have included:
*The [[Federal Research Public Access Act]] (FRPAA)<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Research Public Access Act (Alliance for Taxpayer Access) |url=https://www.taxpayeraccess.org/issues/frpaa/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324042933/https://www.taxpayeraccess.org/issues/frpaa/index.shtml |archive-date=24 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |website=Taxpayeraccess.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2012 |title=Legislation to Bar Public-Access Requirement on Federal Research Is Dead |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Legislation-to-Bar/130949/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052954/http://www.chronicle.com/article/Legislation-to-Bar/130949/ |archive-date=26 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref>
*The [[Research Works Act]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2013 |title=How Corporations Score Big Profits By Limiting Access To Publicly Funded Academic Research |url=https://thinkprogress.org/how-corporations-score-big-profits-by-limiting-access-to-publicly-funded-academic-research-fcee09671b22#.joxfvmi94 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075449/https://thinkprogress.org/how-corporations-score-big-profits-by-limiting-access-to-publicly-funded-academic-research-fcee09671b22/#.joxfvmi94 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=ThinkProgress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Richard |date=15 February 2012 |title=The Dangerous "Research Works Act" |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/15/the-dangerous-research-works-act/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312102036/http://techcrunch.com/2012/02/15/the-dangerous-research-works-act/ |archive-date=12 March 2013 |access-date=25 March 2017 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hu |first=Jane C. |title=Academics Want You to Read Their Work for Free |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/elsevier-academic-publishing-petition/427059/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052319/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/elsevier-academic-publishing-petition/427059/ |archive-date=26 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Elsevier |title=Message on the Research Works Act |url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/company-information/policies/message-on-the-research-works-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051344/https://www.elsevier.com/about/company-information/policies/message-on-the-research-works-act |archive-date=26 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |website=Elsevier.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kakaes |first=Konstantin |date=28 February 2012 |title=Scientists' Victory Over the Research Works Act Is Like the SOPA Defeat |url=https://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/02/28/research_works_act_elsevier_and_politicians_back_down_from_open_access_threat_.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330205915/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/02/28/research_works_act_elsevier_and_politicians_back_down_from_open_access_threat_.html |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=Slate |issn=1091-2339}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2012 |title=Elsevier withdraws support from Research Works Act, bill collapses |url=https://boingboing.net/2012/02/28/elsevier-withdraws-support-fro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226100343/http://boingboing.net/2012/02/28/elsevier-withdraws-support-fro.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |website=Boing Boing}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2012 |title=Academic publishers have become the enemies of science |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jan/16/academic-publishers-enemies-science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818054256/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jan/16/academic-publishers-enemies-science |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*PRISM.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elsevier, Wiley are getting PR advice from Eric Dezenhall |url=https://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2007/01/27/elsevier-wiley-are-getting-pr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135753/http://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2007/01/27/elsevier-wiley-are-getting-pr/ |archive-date=26 March 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=Transcription and Translation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Owen |date=3 February 2007 |title=Publishers hire PR heavyweight to defend themselves against open access |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=334 |issue=7587 |page=227 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39112.439051.DB |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1790741 |pmid=17272546}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=4 June 2013 |title=Scientific Publishers Offer Solution to White House's Public Access Mandate |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientific-publishers-offer-solution-white-houses-public-access-mandate |url-status=live |journal=Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215075910/https://www.science.org/content/article/scientific-publishers-offer-solution-white-houses-public-access-mandate |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> In the case of PRISM, the [[Association of American Publishers]] hired [[Eric Dezenhall]], the so-called "Pit Bull Of Public Relations"<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2006 |title="The Pit Bull Of Public Relations" - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-04-16/the-pit-bull-of-public-relations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407020817/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-04-16/the-pit-bull-of-public-relations |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=25 March 2017 |work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>
*[[Horizon 2020]]<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2012 |title=Muscle from Brussels as open access gets an €80bn boost |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/muscle-from-brussels-as-open-access-gets-an-80bn-boost/419949.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327081702/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/muscle-from-brussels-as-open-access-gets-an-80bn-boost/419949.article |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Horizon 2020 to promote open access |url=https://gowers.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/horizon-2020-to-promote-open-access/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080814/https://gowers.wordpress.com/2012/05/17/horizon-2020-to-promote-open-access/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017 |website=Gowers's Weblog}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=24 May 2012 |title=Horizon 2020: A €80 Billion Battlefield for Open Access |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/horizon-2020-80-billion-battlefield-open-access |url-status=live |journal=Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629160856/https://www.science.org/content/article/horizon-2020-80-billion-battlefield-open-access |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=European Union links research grants to open access |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/05/17/european-union-links-research-grants-open-access |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327174328/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/05/17/european-union-links-research-grants-open-access |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] (OSTP)<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2013 |title=Inside Higher Ed: Big push for open access |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/inside-higher-ed-big-push-for-open-access/2002057.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080950/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/inside-higher-ed-big-push-for-open-access/2002057.article |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2013 |title=Elsevier distances itself from open-access article |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/elsevier-distances-itself-from-open-access-article/2004055.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327081327/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/elsevier-distances-itself-from-open-access-article/2004055.article |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2013 |title=How Corporations Score Big Profits By Limiting Access To Publicly Funded Academic Research |url=https://thinkprogress.org/how-corporations-score-big-profits-by-limiting-access-to-publicly-funded-academic-research-fcee09671b22#.u06x7x9zu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075449/https://thinkprogress.org/how-corporations-score-big-profits-by-limiting-access-to-publicly-funded-academic-research-fcee09671b22/#.u06x7x9zu |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=ThinkProgress}}</ref>
*The [[European Union]]'s [[Open science|Open Science]] Monitor was criticized after Elsevier were confirmed as a subcontractor<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hated Science Publisher Elsevier To Help EU Monitor Open Science - Including Open Access |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20180402/09131239544/hated-science-publisher-elsevier-to-help-eu-monitor-open-science-including-open-access.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405014800/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20180402/09131239544/hated-science-publisher-elsevier-to-help-eu-monitor-open-science-including-open-access.shtml |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=5 April 2018 |work=Techdirt.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lykkja |first1=Pål Magnus |last2=Myklebust |first2=Jan Petter |date=17 March 2018 |title=Open science in the EU – Will the astroturfers take over? |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20180317044918836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318145545/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20180317044918836 |archive-date=18 March 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=University World News}}</ref>
*[[UK Research and Innovation]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 August 2021 |title=Elsevier lobbying UKRI last minute over funder's OA policy |url=https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-open-access-2021-8-elsevier-lobbying-ukri-last-minute-over-funder-s-oa-policy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805121159/https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-open-access-2021-8-elsevier-lobbying-ukri-last-minute-over-funder-s-oa-policy/ |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=Research Professional News}}</ref>

==== Selling open-access articles ====
In 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017,<ref>{{cite news |author=Ross Mounce |date=20 February 2017 |title=Hybrid open access is unreliable |url=https://rossmounce.co.uk/2017/02/20/hybrid-open-access-is-unreliable/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620191427/http://rossmounce.co.uk/2017/02/20/hybrid-open-access-is-unreliable/ |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Elsevier was found to be selling some articles that should have been open access, but had been put behind a paywall.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jump |first1=Paul |date=27 March 2014 |title=Elsevier: bumps on road to open access |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/elsevier-bumps-on-road-to-open-access/2012238.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310222805/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/elsevier-bumps-on-road-to-open-access/2012238.article |archive-date=10 March 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015 |work=[[Times Higher Education]]}}</ref> A related case occurred in 2015, when Elsevier charged for downloading an open-access article from a journal published by [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]]. However, whether Elsevier was in violation of the license under which the article was made available on their website was not clear.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vollmer |first1=Timothy |date=13 March 2015 |title=Are commercial publishers wrongly selling access to openly licensed scholarly articles? |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/45175 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315032557/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/45175 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |work=Creative Commons News}}</ref>

==== Action against academics posting their own articles online ====
In 2013, [[Digimarc]], a company representing Elsevier, told the [[University of Calgary]] in [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]] to remove articles published by faculty authors on university web pages; although such [[self-archiving]] of academic articles may be legal under the [[fair dealing]] provisions in Canadian [[Copyright|copyright law]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Mike Masnick |title=Elsevier Ramps Up Its War On Access To Knowledge |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131218/00393725601/elsevier-ramps-up-its-war-access-to-knowledge.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001756/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131218/00393725601/elsevier-ramps-up-its-war-access-to-knowledge.shtml |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |newspaper=[[Techdirt]]}}</ref> the university complied. [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] and the [[University of California, Irvine]] also received [[Notice and take down|takedown notices]] for self-archived academic articles, a first for Harvard, according to [[Peter Suber]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peterson |first1=Andrea |date=19 December 2013 |title=How one publisher is stopping academics from sharing their research |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/12/19/how-one-publisher-is-stopping-academics-from-sharing-their-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106141817/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/12/19/how-one-publisher-is-stopping-academics-from-sharing-their-research/ |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=6 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Masnick |first1=Mike |date=20 December 2013 |title=Elsevier Ramps Up Its War On Access To Knowledge |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131218/00393725601/elsevier-ramps-up-its-war-access-to-knowledge.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001756/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131218/00393725601/elsevier-ramps-up-its-war-access-to-knowledge.shtml |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=6 January 2015 |work=[[Techdirt]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How one publisher is stopping academics from sharing their research |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/19/how-one-publisher-is-stopping-academics-from-sharing-their-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119234726/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/19/how-one-publisher-is-stopping-academics-from-sharing-their-research/ |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=26 March 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>

Months after its acquisition of [[Academia.edu]] rival [[Mendeley]], Elsevier sent thousands of takedown notices to Academia.edu, a practice which has since ceased after widespread complaints by academics, according to Academia.edu founder and chief executive Richard Price.<ref name="Parr2014">{{cite journal |last1=Parr |first1=Chris |date=12 June 2014 |title=Sharing is a way of life for millions on Academia.edu |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/sharing-is-a-way-of-life-for-millions-on-academiaedu/2013839.article?nopaging=1 |url-status=live |journal=Times Higher Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208173402/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sharing-is-a-way-of-life-for-millions-on-academiaedu/2013839.article?nopaging=1 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Howard2013">{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Jennifer |date=6 December 2013 |title=Posting Your Latest Article? You Might Have to Take It Down |url=https://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/posting-your-latest-article-you-might-have-to-take-it-down/48865 |url-status=live |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908075810/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/posting-your-latest-article-you-might-have-to-take-it-down/48865 |archive-date=8 September 2015 |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>

After Elsevier acquired the repository [[Social Science Research Network|SSRN]] in May 2016, academics started complaining that some of their work had been removed without notice. The action was explained as a technical error.<ref>Mike Masnick [https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160718/02211935003/just-as-open-competitor-to-elseviers-ssrn-launches-ssrn-accused-copyright-crackdown.shtml ''SSRN accused of copyright crackdown''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625214815/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160718/02211935003/just-as-open-competitor-to-elseviers-ssrn-launches-ssrn-accused-copyright-crackdown.shtml|date=25 June 2018}}, Techdirt.</ref>

==== Sci-Hub and LibGen lawsuit ====
In 2015, Elsevier filed a lawsuit against the sites [[Sci-Hub]] and [[Library Genesis|LibGen]], which make copyright-protected articles available for free. Elsevier also claimed illegal access to institutional accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Stephen Reid |date=18 March 2016 |title=Elsevier v. Sci-Hub on the docket |url=https://www.stephenmclaughlin.net/2016/03/18/elsevier-v-sci-hub-on-the-docket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627074218/http://www.stephenmclaughlin.net/2016/03/18/elsevier-v-sci-hub-on-the-docket/ |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Simba Information: Five Professional Publishing News Events of 2015 Signal Times Are A-Changin' |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/simba-information-five-professional-publishing-news-events-of-2015-signal-times-are-a-changin-300194611.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520230451/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/simba-information-five-professional-publishing-news-events-of-2015-signal-times-are-a-changin-300194611.html |archive-date=20 May 2016 |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=PR Newswire}}</ref>

==== Initial rejection of the Initiative for Open Citations ====
Among the major academic publishers, Elsevier alone declined to join the [[Initiative for Open Citations]]. In the context of the resignation of the ''Journal of Informetrics''{{'}} editorial board, the firm stated: "Elsevier invests significantly in citation extraction technology. While these are made available to those who wish to license this data, Elsevier cannot make such a large corpus of data, to which it has added significant value, available for free."<ref name="Elsevier">{{cite web |last=Reller |first=Tom |date=15 January 2019 |title=About the resignation of the Journal of Informetrics Editorial Board |url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/about-the-resignation-of-the-journal-of-informetrics-editorial-board |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810004223/https://www.elsevier.com/connect/about-the-resignation-of-the-journal-of-informetrics-editorial-board |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=15 March 2019 |work=Elsevier Connect}}</ref>

Elsevier finally joined the initiative in January 2021 after the data was already available with an [[Open Data Commons]] license in [[Microsoft Academic]].<ref name="leid_Q&Aa">{{Cite web |last=Waltman |first=Ludo |date=22 December 2020 |title=Q&A about Elsevier's decision to open its citations |url=https://leidenmadtrics.nl/articles/q-a-about-elseviers-decision-to-open-its-citation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610215701/https://leidenmadtrics.nl/articles/q-a-about-elseviers-decision-to-open-its-citation |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=Leiden Madtrics |publisher=[[Universiteit Leiden]]}}</ref>

==== ResearchGate take down ====
A chamber of the Munich Regional Court has ruled that the research networking site ResearchGate has to take down articles uploaded without consent from their original publishers and [[ResearchGate]] must take down Elsevier articles. A case was brought forward in 2017 by the Coalition for Responsible Sharing, a group of publishers which includes Elsevier and the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=ResearchGate must take down Elsevier articles, court rules |url=https://researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-germany-2022-2-researchgate-must-take-down-elsevier-articles-court-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215160818/https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-germany-2022-2-researchgate-must-take-down-elsevier-articles-court-rules/ |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=Research Professional News}}</ref>

==== Resignation of editorial boards ====
The editorial boards of a number of journals have resigned because of disputes with Elsevier over pricing:
* In 1999, the entire editorial board of the ''[[Journal of Logic Programming]]'' resigned after 16 months of unsuccessful negotiations with Elsevier about the price of library subscriptions.<ref name="birman">[[Joan Birman|Birman, Joan]]. "[https://www.ams.org/notices/200007/forum-birman.pdf Scientific publishing: a mathematician's viewpoint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412151956/http://www.ams.org/notices/200007/forum-birman.pdf|date=12 April 2021}}". ''[[Notices of the AMS]]''. Vol. 47, No. 7, August 2000.</ref> The personnel created a new journal, ''Theory and Practice of Logic Programming'', with [[Cambridge University Press]] in [[Cambridge|Cambridge, England]] at a much lower price,<ref name="birman" /> while Elsevier continued publication with a new editorial board and a slightly different name (the ''[[Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming]]'').
* In 2002, dissatisfaction at Elsevier's pricing policies caused the [[European Economic Association]] to terminate an agreement with Elsevier designating Elsevier's ''[[European Economic Review]]'' as the official journal of the association. The EEA launched a new journal, the ''[[Journal of the European Economic Association]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=EffeDesign |title=The EEA's journal: a brief history |url=https://www.eeassoc.org/index.php?page=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227021455/http://www.eeassoc.org/index.php?page=14 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |publisher=Eeassoc.org}}</ref>
* In 2003, the entire editorial board of the ''Journal of Algorithms'' resigned to start ''[[ACM Transactions on Algorithms]]'' with a different, lower-priced, not-for-profit publisher,<ref>{{cite web |title=Changes at the Journal of Algorithms |url=https://www.cs.colorado.edu/~hal/s.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222907/http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~hal/s.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> at the suggestion of ''Journal of Algorithms'' founder [[Donald Knuth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Donald Knuth |date=25 October 2003 |title=Letter to the editorial board of the Journal of Algorithms |url=https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/joalet.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406004348/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/joalet.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2008 |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> The ''Journal of Algorithms'' continued under Elsevier with a new editorial board until October 2009, when it was discontinued.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of Algorithms page at ScienceDirect |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01966774 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627022129/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01966774 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |publisher=Sciencedirect.com}}</ref>
* In 2005, the editors of the ''International Journal of Solids and Structures'' resigned to start the ''[[Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures]]''. However, a new editorial board was quickly established and the journal continues in apparently unaltered form.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal declarations of independence |url=https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Journal_declarations_of_independence#2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503001428/http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Journal_declarations_of_independence#2005 |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |work=Open Access Directory |publisher=Simmons College}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kyriakides |first=Stelios |author2=Hills, David A. |date=1 January 2006 |title=Editorial |journal=International Journal of Solids and Structures |volume=43 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.11.001 |quote=Charles R. Steele succeeded Herrmann as editor-in-chief in 1985 and served in that capacity until June 2005. During his 20-year tenure, the journal grew both in size and in reputation, becoming one of the premier journals in the field. We have accepted an invitation to serve as editors of the journal as of October 1, 2005, being cognizant of the immense contributions, leadership, and high standards exercised by our two predecessors on the way to making IJSS the forum it is today. |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* In 2006, the entire editorial board of the distinguished mathematical journal ''[[Topology (journal)|Topology]]'' resigned because of stalled negotiations with Elsevier to lower the subscription price.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2006 |title=Resignation letter from the editors of Topology |url=https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/topology-letter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511212648/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/topology-letter.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2008 |access-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> This board then launched the new ''[[Journal of Topology]]'' at a far lower price, under the auspices of the [[London Mathematical Society]].<ref>[https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/jtop.html Journal of Topology] (pub. London Mathematical Society) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207123258/https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/jtop.html|date=7 February 2007}}</ref> ''Topology'' then remained in circulation under a new editorial board until 2009.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/topology/ |title=Topology |publisher=elsevier.com |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124324/http://www.journals.elsevier.com/topology/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Topology page at ScienceDirect |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00409383/48/2-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119001301/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00409383/48/2-4 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |publisher=Sciencedirect.com}}</ref>
* In 2023, the editorial board of the open access journal [[NeuroImage]] resigned and started a new journal because of Elsevier's unwillingness to reduce article-processing charges.<ref name="NeuroImage2023" /> The editors called Elsevier's $3,450 per article processing charge "unethical and unsustainable".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zahneis |first=Megan |date=21 April 2023 |title='It Feels Like Things Are Breaking Open': High Publishing Charges Spur Neuroscientists to Start Own Journal |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/it-feels-like-things-are-breaking-open-high-access-charges-spur-neuroscientists-to-start-their-own-journal |url-status=live |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424093457/https://www.chronicle.com/article/it-feels-like-things-are-breaking-open-high-access-charges-spur-neuroscientists-to-start-their-own-journal |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

Editorial boards have also resigned over open access policies or other issues:
* In 2015, [[Stephen Leeder]] was removed from his role as editor of the ''[[Medical Journal of Australia]]'' when its publisher decided to outsource the journal's production to Elsevier. As a consequence, all but one of the journal's editorial advisory committee members co-signed a letter of resignation.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2015 |title=Medical journal editor sacked and editorial committee resigns |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/medical-journal-editor-sacked-and-editorial-committee-resigns-20150503-1myr8q.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506230840/http://www.smh.com.au/national/medical-journal-editor-sacked-and-editorial-committee-resigns-20150503-1myr8q.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
* In 2015, the entire editorial staff of the [[general linguistics]] journal ''[[Lingua (journal)|Lingua]]'' resigned in protest of Elsevier's unwillingness to agree to their terms of [[Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act|Fair Open Access]]. Editor-in-chief Johan Rooryck also announced that the ''Lingua'' staff would establish a new journal, ''[[Glossa (journal)|Glossa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=2 November 2015 |title=Language of Protest |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/11/02/editors-and-editorial-board-quit-top-linguistics-journal-protest-subscription-fees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205223608/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/11/02/editors-and-editorial-board-quit-top-linguistics-journal-protest-subscription-fees |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=18 January 2017 |work=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref>
* In 2019, the entire editorial board of Elsevier's ''[[Journal of Informetrics]]'' resigned over the open-access policies of its publisher and founded open-access journal called ''Quantitative Science Studies''.<ref name="editors-resign" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chawla |first=Dalmeet Singh |date=14 January 2019 |title=Open-access row prompts editorial board of Elsevier journal to resign |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00135-8 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00135-8 |s2cid=159142533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215051248/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00135-8 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* In 2020, Elsevier effectively severed the tie between the ''[[Journal of Asian Economics]]'' and the academic society that founded it, the American Committee on Asian Economic Studies (ACAES), by offering the ACAES-appointed editor, Calla Wiemer, a terminal contract for 2020. As a result, a majority of the editorial board eventually resigned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stakeholders speak to Elsevier on the future of the Journal of Asian Economics |url=https://acaes.us/stakeholder-voice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809144743/http://acaes.us/stakeholder-voice |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=American Committee on Asian Economic Studies}}</ref><ref name="Wiemer">{{cite web |last1=Wiemer |first1=Calla |title=The state of journal publishing: Elsevier vs Academics |url=https://acaes.us/blog/state-of-journal-publishing-elsevier-vs-academics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145941/http://acaes.us/blog/state-of-journal-publishing-elsevier-vs-academics |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=Asia Economics Blog}}</ref>
* In 2023, the editorial board of the journal [[Design Research Society|''Design Studies'']] resigned over Elsevier's 1) plans to increase publications seven-fold; 2) the appointment of an external Editor-in-Chief who had not previously published in the journal; and 3) changing the scope of the journal without consulting the editorial team or the journal's parent society.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The DRS Executive Board |title=The Future of Design Studies Update |url=https://www.designresearchsociety.org/articles/the-future-of-design-studies-update |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=Design Research Society}}</ref>
* In December 2024, the editorial board of ''[[Journal of Human Evolution]]'', including [[emeritus]] editors and all but one associate editor, resigned, citing actions by Elsevier that they said "are fundamentally incompatible with the ethos of the journal and preclude maintaining the quality and integrity fundamental to JHE's success".<ref>{{cite web |date=December 27, 2024 |title=Evolution journal editors resign en masse to protest Elsevier changes |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2024/12/27/evolution-journal-editors-resign-en-masse-to-protest-elsevier-changes/ |access-date=December 27, 2024 |website=Retraction Watch}}</ref> In addition to pricing, specific complaints also included interference in the editorial board, lack of necessary support from the company, and the disruptive use of [[generative artificial intelligence]] by the company to alter submissions without informing editors or contributors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ouellette |first1=Jennifer |date=30 December 2024 |title=Evolution journal editors resign en masse |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/12/journal-editors-resign-to-protest-ai-use-high-fees-and-more/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=online |first1=heise |date=3 January 2025 |title="Highly embarrassing" introduction of AI: editors of science magazine quit |url=https://www.heise.de/en/news/Highly-embarrassing-introduction-of-AI-editors-of-science-magazine-quit-10224275.html |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=Heise Online |publisher=[[Heise (company)|Heise]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== "The Cost of Knowledge" boycott ====
{{Main|The Cost of Knowledge}}

In 2003, various university librarians began coordinating with each other to complain about Elsevier's "[[Subscription business model|big deal]]" journal bundling packages, in which the company offered a group of journal subscriptions to libraries at a certain rate, but in which librarians claimed no economical option was available to subscribe to only the popular journals at a rate comparable to the bundled rate.{{sfn|Groen|2007|p=177}} Librarians continued to discuss the implications of the pricing schemes, many feeling pressured into buying the Elsevier packages without other options.{{sfn|Groen|2007|p=180}}

On 21 January 2012, mathematician [[Timothy Gowers]] publicly announced that he would boycott Elsevier, noting that others in the field have been doing so privately. The reasons for the [[boycott]] are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support for [[Stop Online Piracy Act|SOPA]], [[PROTECT IP Act|PIPA]], and the [[Research Works Act]], which would have prohibited open-access mandates for U.S. federally-funded research and severely restricted the sharing of scientific data.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=2 February 2012 |title=Scientists sign petition to boycott academic publisher Elsevier |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/02/academics-boycott-publisher-elsevier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205081212/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/feb/02/academics-boycott-publisher-elsevier |archive-date=5 February 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="Chronicle">{{cite news |last=Fischman |first=Josh |date=30 January 2012 |title=Elsevier Publishing Boycott Gathers Steam Among Academics |url=https://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/elsevier-publishing-boycott-gathers-steam-among-academics/35216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210210215/http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/elsevier-publishing-boycott-gathers-steam-among-academics/35216 |archive-date=10 February 2012 |newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref><ref name="Economist">{{cite news |date=4 February 2012 |title=Scientific publishing: The price of information |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2012/02/04/the-price-of-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217030535/http://www.economist.com/node/21545974 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

Afterwards a petition advocating noncooperation with Elsevier (that is, not submitting papers to Elsevier journals, not refereeing articles in Elsevier journals, and not participating in journal editorial boards), appeared on the site "The Cost of Knowledge". By February 2012, this petition had been signed by over 5,000 academics,<ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="Chronicle" /> growing to over 17,000 by November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=thecostofknowledge.com |url=https://thecostofknowledge.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204054058/https://thecostofknowledge.com/ |archive-date=4 December 2015 |access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> The firm disputed the claims, claiming that their prices are below the industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals.<ref name="Guardian" /> The company also claimed that its profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation".<ref name="Economist" /> The academics replied that their work was funded by public money, thus should be freely available.

On 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it had withdrawn support from the Research Works Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elsevier Backs Down as Boycott Grows |url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/issues-and-information/newmessagerwa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911222130/https://www.elsevier.com/about/issues-and-information/newmessagerwa |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, the sponsors of the bill, [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representatives]] [[Darrell Issa]] and [[Carolyn Maloney]], issued a joint statement saying that they would not push the bill in Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sponsors and Supporters Back Away from Research Works Act |url=https://www.sparc.arl.org/news/sponsors-and-supporters-back-away-research-works-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402190111/https://www.sparc.arl.org/news/sponsors-and-supporters-back-away-research-works-act |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Plan S open-access initiative ===
About a Europe-based initiative called [[Plan S]] aimed at requiring researchers to publish in open-access journals,<ref name="US_funders">{{cite journal |last1=Noorden |first1=Richard Van |date=5 November 2018 |title=Wellcome and Gates join bold European open-access plan |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07300-5 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07300-5 |s2cid=239818967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116071302/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07300-5 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=16 January 2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref> a spokesman for Elsevier said "If you think that information should be free of charge, go to [[Bharatpedia]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Keulemans |first=Maarten |date=4 September 2018 |title=11 EU-landen besluiten: vanaf 2020 moet alle wetenschappelijke literatuur gratis beschikbaar zijn |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/11-eu-landen-besluiten-vanaf-2020-moet-alle-wetenschappelijke-literatuur-gratis-beschikbaar-zijn~be002c39/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221521/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/11-eu-landen-besluiten-vanaf-2020-moet-alle-wetenschappelijke-literatuur-gratis-beschikbaar-zijn~be002c39/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |newspaper=De Volkskrant |language=nl |quote=Als je vindt dat informatie gratis moet zijn: ga naar Bharatpedia.}}</ref> In September 2018, [[UBS]] advised to sell Elsevier (RELX) stocks, noting that Plan S could affect 5-10% of scientific funding and may force Elsevier to reduce pricing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elder |first1=Bryce |date=12 September 2018 |title=Stocks to watch: SSE, BAT, Galápagos, RELX, Telefónica, RBS |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2a2064e2-b669-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2a2064e2-b669-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>

=== "Who's Afraid of Peer Review" ===
{{main|Who's Afraid of Peer Review?}}

In 2013, one of Elsevier's journals was caught in the sting set up by [[John Bohannon]], published in [[Science (journal)|''Science'']], called "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?"<ref name="Bohannon2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Bohannon |first1=John |author-link1=John Bohannon |year=2013 |title=Who's Afraid of Peer Review? |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6154 |pages=60–65 |bibcode=2013Sci...342...60B |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |pmid=24092725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The journal ''Drug Invention Today'' accepted an obviously bogus paper made up by Bohannon that should have been rejected by any good peer-review system.<ref>{{cite news |author=Claire Shaw |date=4 October 2013 |title=Hundreds of open access journals accept fake science paper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2013/oct/04/open-access-journals-fake-paper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227070106/http://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2013/oct/04/open-access-journals-fake-paper |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Theguardian.com}}</ref> Instead, ''Drug Invention Today'' was among many open-access journals that accepted the fake paper for publication. As of 2014, this journal had been transferred to a different publisher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drug Invention Today |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09757619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615014113/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09757619 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=sciencedirect.com}}</ref>

=== Fake journals ===

{{further|Australasian Journal of Bone & Joint Medicine}}

At a 2009 court case in Australia where [[Merck & Co.]] was being sued by a user of [[Vioxx]], the plaintiff alleged that Merck had paid Elsevier to publish the ''[[Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine]]'', which had the appearance of being a peer-reviewed [[academic journal]] but in fact contained only articles favourable to Merck drugs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rout |first=Milanda |date=9 April 2009 |title=Doctors signed Merck's Vioxx studies |url=https://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25311725-5013871,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506064629/https://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25311725-5013871,00.html |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=4 May 2009 |work=[[The Australian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Bob |date=30 April 2009 |title=Merck published fake journal |url=https://classic.the-scientist.com/blog/display/55671/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816103436/http://classic.the-scientist.com/blog/display/55671/ |archive-date=16 August 2011 |access-date=4 May 2009 |work=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hagan |first=Kate |date=23 April 2009 |title=Merck accused of 'ghost writing' medical article |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/merck-accused-of-ghost-writing-medical-article-20090422-afdk.html?page=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508025532/http://www.theage.com.au/national/merck-accused-of-ghost-writing-medical-article-20090422-afdk.html?page=-1 |archive-date=8 May 2009 |access-date=4 May 2009 |work=[[The Age]]}}</ref><ref>Ben Goldacre, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/may/09/bad-science-medical-journals-companies "The danger of drugs ... and data"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625155428/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/may/09/bad-science-medical-journals-companies|date=25 June 2009}}, ''The Guardian'', 9 May 2009</ref> Merck described the journal as a "complimentary publication", denied claims that articles within it were [[ghost writer|ghost written]] by Merck, and said that the articles were all reprinted from peer-reviewed medical journals.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Merck Responds to Questions about the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine Journal |date=30 April 2009 |publisher=[[Merck & Co.]] |url=https://www.merck.com/newsroom/vioxx/pdf/statement_20090430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231104929/https://merck.com/newsroom/vioxx/pdf/statement_20090430.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2009}}</ref> In May 2009, Elsevier Health Sciences CEO Hansen released a statement regarding Australia-based sponsored journals, conceding that they were "sponsored article compilation publications, on behalf of pharmaceutical clients, that were made to look like journals and lacked the proper disclosures". The statement acknowledged that it "was an unacceptable practice".<ref>{{cite press release |title=Statement from Michael Hansen, CEO Of Elsevier's Health Sciences Division, regarding Australia based sponsored journal practices between 2000 and 2005 |publisher=Elsevier |url=https://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authored_newsitem.cws_home/companynews05_01203}}</ref> ''[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]'' reported that, according to an Elsevier spokesperson, six sponsored publications "were put out by their Australia office and bore the [[Excerpta Medica]] imprint from 2000 to 2005", namely the ''Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine'' (''Australas. J. Bone Joint Med.''), the ''Australasian Journal of General Practice'' (''Australas. J. Gen. Pract.''), the ''Australasian Journal of Neurology'' (''Australas. J. Neurol.''), the ''Australasian Journal of Cardiology'' (''Australas. J. Cardiol.''), the ''Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy'' (''Australas. J. Clin. Pharm.''), and the ''Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine'' (''Australas. J. Cardiovasc. Med.'').<ref>{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Bob |date=7 May 2009 |title=Elsevier published 6 fake journals |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/55679/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118084129/https://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/55679/ |archive-date=18 January 2011 |access-date=8 May 2009 |work=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]}}</ref> Excerpta Medica was a "strategic medical communications agency" run by Elsevier, according to the imprint's web page.<ref>{{cite web |title="Excerpta Medica", official webpage |url=https://www.excerptamedica.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210014923/https://excerptamedica.com/ |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> In October 2010, Excerpta Medica was acquired by Adelphi Worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title="Excerpta Medica Joins Adelphi Worldwide", press release |url=https://www.excerptamedica.com/?page=newsroom&item=301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704100049/https://excerptamedica.com/?page=newsroom&item=301 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |access-date=15 February 2022 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>

==== ''Chaos, Solitons & Fractals'' ====
There was speculation<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schiermeier |first1=Q |year=2008 |title=Self-publishing editor set to retire |journal=Nature |volume=456 |issue=7221 |page=432 |doi=10.1038/456432a |pmid=19037282 |doi-access=free}}</ref> that the editor-in-chief of Elsevier journal ''Chaos, Solitons & Fractals'', [[Mohamed El Naschie]], misused his power to publish his own work without appropriate peer review. The journal had published 322 papers with El Naschie as author since 1993. The last issue of December 2008 featured five of his papers.<ref>''Chaos, Solitons & Fractals'' '''38'''(5), pp. 1229–1534 (December 2008)</ref> The controversy was covered extensively in blogs.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Scholarly Kitchen |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/?s=el+naschie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215051250/https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/?s=el+naschie |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=El Naschie Watch Blog |url=https://elnaschiewatch.blogspot.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015195449/https://elnaschiewatch.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=15 October 2010}}</ref> The publisher announced in January 2009 that El Naschie had retired as editor-in-chief.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2009 |title=Publisher's note |journal=Chaos, Solitons & Fractals |volume=39 |pages=v– |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0960-0779(09)00060-5}}</ref> {{As of|2011|11}} the co-Editors-in-Chief of the journal were Maurice Courbage and Paolo Grigolini.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/chaos-solitons-and-fractals/ |title=Chaos, Solitons and Fractals |date=November 2011 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215063855/https://www.journals.elsevier.com/chaos-solitons-and-fractals |archive-date=15 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2011, El Naschie sued the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' for libel, claiming that his reputation had been damaged by their November 2008 article about his retirement, which included statements that ''Nature'' had been unable to verify his claimed affiliations with certain international institutions.<ref name="BBC-CSF-libel">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pallab |date=11 November 2011 |title=Nature journal libel case begins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15697636 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112090500/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15697636 |archive-date=12 November 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The suit came to trial in November 2011 and was dismissed in July 2012, with the judge ruling that the article was "substantially true", contained "honest comment", and was "the product of responsible journalism". The judgement noted that El Naschie, who represented himself in court, had failed to provide any documentary evidence that his papers had been peer-reviewed.<ref name="Guardian2">{{cite web |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |date=6 July 2012 |title=Nature libel verdict 'a victory for free speech' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jul/06/nature-libel-peer-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426083633/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/jul/06/nature-libel-peer-review?newsfeed=true |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Judge [[Victoria Sharp]] also found "reasonable and serious grounds" for suspecting that El Naschie used a range of false names to defend his editorial practice in communications with ''Nature'', and described this behavior as "curious" and "bizarre".<ref>
{{cite journal |last=Aron |first=Jacob |date=6 July 2012 |title=Nature Publishing Group wins libel trial |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22026-nature-publishing-group-wins-libel-trial.html |url-status=live |journal=New Scientist |issue=2873 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706163129/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22026-nature-publishing-group-wins-libel-trial.html |archive-date=6 July 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Plagiarism ===
Elsevier's 'Duties of Authors' says that authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and that proper acknowledgement of others' work must always be given. Elsevier claims plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical behaviour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publishing Ethics for Editors |url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122121141/https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=www.elsevier.com}}</ref> Some Elsevier journals automatically screen submissions for plagiarism,<ref>{{cite web |title=Plagiarism detection |url=https://www.elsevier.com/editors/perk/plagiarism-complaints/plagiarism-detection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830124203/https://www.elsevier.com/editors/perk/plagiarism-complaints/plagiarism-detection |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> but not all.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ivan Oransky |date=23 August 2018 |title=UPDATED: Elsevier retracts a paper on solar cells that appears to plagiarize a Nature journal. But the reason is…odd |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2018/08/23/elsevier-investigating-paper-on-solar-cells-that-appears-to-plagiarize-a-nature-journal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210527/https://retractionwatch.com/2018/08/23/elsevier-investigating-paper-on-solar-cells-that-appears-to-plagiarize-a-nature-journal/ |archive-date=23 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

Albanian politician Taulant Muka claimed that Elsevier journal ''[[Procedia]]'' had plagiarized in the abstract of one of its articles. It is unclear whether or not Muka had access to the entirety of the article.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2018 |title=Massive Plagiarism Scandal Hits Albanian Officials without Consequences |url=https://exit.al/en/2018/12/25/massive-plagiarism-scandal-hits-albanian-officials/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233833/https://exit.al/en/2018/12/25/massive-plagiarism-scandal-hits-albanian-officials/ |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Scientific racism ===
[[Angela Saini]] has criticized the two Elsevier journals ''[[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]]'' and ''[[Personality and Individual Differences]]'' for having included on their editorial boards such well-known proponents of [[scientific racism]] as [[Richard Lynn]] and [[Gerhard Meisenberg]]; in response to her inquiries, Elsevier defended their presence as editors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Saini |first=Angela |date=22 January 2018 |title=Racism is creeping back into mainstream science – we have to stop it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/22/eugenics-racism-mainstream-science |url-status=live |journal=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208111417/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/22/eugenics-racism-mainstream-science |archive-date=8 February 2019 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> The journal ''Intelligence'' has been criticized for having "occasionally included papers with pseudoscientific findings about intelligence differences between races".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skibba |first=Ramin |date=20 May 2019 |title=The Disturbing Resilience of Scientific Racism |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/disturbing-resilience-scientific-racism-180972243/ |url-status=live |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011071349/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/disturbing-resilience-scientific-racism-180972243/ |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> It is the official journal of the [[International Society for Intelligence Research]], which organizes the controversial series of conferences [[London Conference on Intelligence]], described by the ''New Statesman'' as a forum for scientific racism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Van Der Merwe |first=Ben |date=19 February 2018 |title=It might be a pseudoscience, but students take the threat of eugenics seriously |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2018/02/it-might-be-pseudo-science-students-take-threat-eugenics-seriously |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730052747/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/education/2018/02/it-might-be-pseudo-science-students-take-threat-eugenics-seriously |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=New Statesman}}</ref>

In response to a 2019 open letter, efforts by [[Retraction Watch]] and a petition, on 17 June 2020 Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that [[J. Philippe Rushton]] and [[Donald Templer]] published in 2012 in the Elsevier journal ''Personality and Individual Differences''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Personality and Individual Differences Retracts Rushton and Templer Article |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/personality-and-individual-differences/announcements/rushton-and-templer-article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418102719/https://www.journals.elsevier.com/personality-and-individual-differences/announcements/rushton-and-templer-article |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> The article had claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Elsevier journal to retract 2012 paper widely derided as racist |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/17/elsevier-journal-to-retract-2012-paper-widely-derided-as-racist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624184303/https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/17/elsevier-journal-to-retract-2012-paper-widely-derided-as-racist/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Manipulation of bibliometrics ===

According to the signatories of the [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]] (see also [[Goodhart's law]]), commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of [[bibliometrics]] and [[scientometrics]], such as the [[Impact factor|journal impact factor]]. The impact factor, which is often used as a [[Proxy (statistics)|proxy]] of [[Occupational prestige|prestige]], can influence revenues, subscriptions, and academics' willingness to contribute unpaid work.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKiernan |first1=Erin C. |last2=Schimanski |first2=Lesley A. |last3=Muñoz Nieves |first3=Carol |last4=Matthias |first4=Lisa |last5=Niles |first5=Meredith T. |author5-link=Meredith Niles|last6=Alperin |first6=Juan P. |year=2019 |title=Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations |journal=eLife |volume=8 |article-number=e47338 |doi=10.7554/eLife.47338 |pmc=6668985 |pmid=31364991 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, there's evidence suggesting that reliability of published research works in several fields may ''decrease'' with increasing journal rank.<ref name="Brembs2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brembs B |year=2018 |title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |pmc=5826185 |pmid=29515380 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Nine Elsevier journals, which exhibited unusual levels of [[self-citation]], had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'' in 2020, a sanction that hit 34 journals in total.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oransky |first1=Ivan |date=29 June 2020 |title=Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/29/major-indexing-service-sounds-alarm-on-self-citations-by-nearly-50-journals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225455/https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/29/major-indexing-service-sounds-alarm-on-self-citations-by-nearly-50-journals/ |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2023, the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, which is published by Elsevier, was criticized for desk-rejecting a submitted article for the main reason that it did not cite enough articles from the same journal.<ref name="cen23" /><ref name="singh23" /> One of their journals, ''Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis'', was involved in the manipulation of the peer review report.<ref>{{cite web |last=Raman |first=T. R. Shankar |date=4 April 2021 |title=Why I Won't Review or Write for Elsevier and Other Commercial Scientific Journals |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/why-i-wont-review-or-write-for-elsevier-and-other-commercial-scientific-journals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008034601/https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/why-i-wont-review-or-write-for-elsevier-and-other-commercial-scientific-journals/ |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

===Conflicts because of relations to industry===
Elsevier publishes research by [[climate change]] researchers in many of its journals, but also publishes books for the [[fossil fuel industry]] about expanding production, as well as other products such as a geomapping tool to help find oil and gas reserves.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: leading climate research publisher helps fuel oil and gas drilling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/24/elsevier-publishing-climate-science-fossil-fuels |author=
Amy Westervelt |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> Climate scientists are concerned that this [[conflict of interest]] could undermine the credibility of [[climatology|climate science]] because they believe that fossil fuel extraction and [[climate action]] are incompatible.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Governing fossil fuel production in the age of climate disruption: Towards an international law of 'leaving it in the ground' |author=Harro van Asselt |year=2021 |journal=Earth System Governance |volume=9 |issue= |article-number=100118 |doi=10.1016/j.esg.2021.100118|bibcode=2021ESGov...900118V }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Little room for new fossil fuel development if global temperatures are to stay below 1.5°C |author1=David L. McCollum |author2=Alaa Al Khourdajie |year=2021 |journal=Joule |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=2542–2545 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2021.10.003|bibcode=2021Joule...5.2542M |osti=1885253 }}</ref>

==== Involvement in international arms trade ====
Elsevier organized international arms fairs until 2007, when they announced they would no longer do so, after various protests and calls to boycott their journals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campaign successs: Reed Elsevier sells international arms fairs |url=https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/arms-fairs/reed-elsevier/ |website=Campaign Against Arms Trade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024547/https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/arms-fairs/reed-elsevier/ |archive-date=2018-08-06 |access-date=September 5, 2025}}</ref>

== Antitrust lawsuit ==
In September 2024, [[Lucina Uddin]], a neuroscience professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]], sued Elsevier along with five other [[academic journal]] publishers in a proposed [[Class action|class-action]] lawsuit, alleging that the publishers violated [[Competition law|antitrust]] law by agreeing not to compete against each other for manuscripts and by denying scholars payment for [[peer review]] services.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scarcella |first=Mike |date=2024-09-13 |title=Academic publishers face class action over 'peer review' pay, other restrictions |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/academic-publishers-face-class-action-over-peer-review-pay-other-restrictions-2024-09-13/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240914212841/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/academic-publishers-face-class-action-over-peer-review-pay-other-restrictions-2024-09-13/ |archive-date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdur-Rahman |first=Sulaiman |date=2024-09-13 |title='Illegal Conspiracy'?: EDNY Antitrust Class Action Challenges Publishers' Unpaid Peer Review Rule |url=https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2024/09/13/illegal-conspiracy-edny-antitrust-class-action-challenges-publishers-unpaid-peer-review-rule/?slreturn=20240815103952 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913230833/https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/2024/09/13/illegal-conspiracy-edny-antitrust-class-action-challenges-publishers-unpaid-peer-review-rule/ |archive-date=2024-09-13 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=[[New York Law Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, the U.S. District Judge dismissed the suit on the basis that it did not "plausibly allege an unlawful agreement under antitrust laws".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scarcella |first=Mike |date=January 30, 2026 |title=Academic publishers defeat lawsuit over ‘peer review’ pay, other restrictions |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/academic-publishers-defeat-lawsuit-over-peer-review-pay-other-restrictions-2026-01-30/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The plaintiffs, by the time of the dismissal, had not made specific, factual allegations in either their initial filing or their Opposition, despite requesting leave to amend. In fact, the plaintiffs explicitly indicated that they would not attempt to argue or demonstrate an explicit agreement between the publishers.<ref>{{cite court |litigants= Uddin v. Elsevier, B.V. et al.|litigants-force-plain= |vol= |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court= E.D.N.Y.|date=30 January 2026|url= https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/new-york/nyedce/1:2024cv06409/520652/127/0.pdf|quote= |postscript= }}</ref>

== Awards ==

Elsevier has partnered with a number of organisations and lent its name to several awards. Since 1987, Elsevier has partnered with the academic journal ''[[Spectrochimica Acta Part B]]'' to award the Elsevier / Spectrochimica Acta Atomic Spectroscopy Award. This award is given each year for a jury-selected best paper of the year. The award is worth $1000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy | website=ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/spectrochimica-acta-part-b-atomic-spectroscopy/publish/guide-for-authors | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nicolò Omenetto |author2=Greet de Loos |title=Elsevier/Spectrochimica Acta Atomic Spectroscopy Award 2002 |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy |date=20 September 2004 |volume=59 |issue=9 |page=1335 |doi=10.1016/j.sab.2004.08.002 |bibcode=2004AcSpB..59.1335O }}</ref>

Starting in 1987, the [[IBMS Elsevier Award]] was awarded in 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007 by the [[International Bone and Mineral Society]] in partnership with Elsevier, "for outstanding research and teaching throughout their career by an IBMS member in the fields of bone and mineral metabolism".<ref>{{cite web | title=IBMS Society Awards | website=IBMS | url=https://www.ibmsonline.org/IBMSSocietyAwards/tabid/114/Default.aspx | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

From 2007, the [[Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior]] (CAPES) in [[Brazil]] partnered with Elsevier to award the CAPES Elsevier Award, the award being restricted to women from 2013 to encourage more women to pursue scientific careers. Several awards were awarded each year, as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lins | first=Ana Luisa Maia | title=Awards recognize women scientists in Brazil | website=elsevier.com | date=24 May 2014 | url=http://www.elsevier.com/connect/awards-recognize-women-scientists-in-brazil | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524163055/http://www.elsevier.com/connect/awards-recognize-women-scientists-in-brazil | archive-date=24 May 2014 | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

From 2011, the [[OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World]] (OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards) have been awarded annually to early-career women scientists in selected developing countries in four regions: [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]]; [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] [[Asia]] and the [[Pacific region|Pacific]]; [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia|South]] Asia; and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. The [[Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World]] (OWSD), the Elsevier Foundation, and [[The World Academy of Sciences]] first partnered to recognize achievements of early-career women scientists in developing countries in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | title=OWSD-Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early-Career Women Scientists in the Developing World | website=The Elsevier Foundation | date=20 February 2020 | url=https://elsevierfoundation.org/partnerships/diversity-in-stm/womenscientists/ | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Awards | website=OWSD | date=23 May 2014 | url=https://owsd.net/awards/awards | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

In 2016, the Elsevier Foundation awarded the Elsevier Foundation-ISC3 Green and Sustainable Chemistry Challenge. From 2021 and {{as of|2024|lc=yes}}, the annual award is known as the Elsevier Foundation Chemistry for Climate Action Challenge. Two prizes have been awarded each year; until 2020, the first prizewinner was awarded €50,000, and the second prize was €25,000. Since then, €25,000 has been awarded to each winner, usually an entrepreneur who has created a project or proposal that aids the fight against [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Our winners | website=The Elsevier Foundation | date=22 March 2024 | url=https://elsevierfoundation.org/partnerships/research-in-developing-countries/greenchem/our-winners/ | access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

== Imprints ==
Elsevier uses its [[Imprint (trade name)|imprint]]s (that is, [[Brand|brand names]] used in publishing) to market to different consumer segments. Many of the imprints have previously been the names of publishing companies which were purchased by Reed Elsevier.
{{cols|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Academic Press]]
* Baillière Tindall
* BC Decker
* [[Butterworth–Heinemann]]
* CMP
* [[Cell Press]]
* [[Churchill Livingstone]]
* Digital Press
* Elsevier
* [[Gulf Professional Publishing]]
* GW Medical Publishing
* Hanley & Belfus
* [[Masson (publisher)|Masson]]
* [[Medicine Publishing]]
* [[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]]
* [[Mosby (publisher)|Mosby]]
* Newnes
* North-Holland Publishing Company
* [[Pergamon Press]]
* Pergamon Flexible Learning
* [[Saunders (publisher)|Saunders]]
* Syngress <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/corporate/elsevier-acquires-syngress-publishing|title=Elsevier Acquires Syngress Publishing|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614025811/https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/corporate/elsevier-acquires-syngress-publishing|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Urban & Fischer
* [[William Andrew (publisher)|William Andrew]]
* [[Woodhead Publishing]] (including Chandos and Horwood)
{{colend}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Netherlands|Companies|Books}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[List of Elsevier periodicals]]
* [[2collab]], a free researcher collaboration tool launched by Elsevier in 2007 and discontinued in 2011
* [[Sci-Hub]], a website providing free access to otherwise paywalled academic papers that is involved in a legal case with Elsevier
* [[Bertelsmann]]
* [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group]]
* [[Lagardère Publishing]]
* [[McGraw Hill Education]]
* [[News Corp]]
* [[Pearson plc]]
* [[Scholastic Corporation]]
* [[Thomson Reuters]]
* [[Wiley (publisher)]]
{{colend}}
{{clear}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
<references>
<ref name="singh23">{{cite journal | last=Singh Chawla | first=Dalmeet | title=Researchers who agree to manipulate citations are more likely to get their papers published | journal=Nature | date=2023-05-03 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01532-w | page=| pmid=37138067 | s2cid=258484904 }}</ref>
<ref name="cen23">{{cite web | website=cen.acs.org | title=Elsevier journal under fire for rejecting paper that didn't cite enough of its old papers | url=https://cen.acs.org/policy/publishing/Elsevier-journal-under-fire-for-rejecting-paper/101/web/2023/02 | access-date=2023-05-16 | archive-date=12 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512024757/https://cen.acs.org/policy/publishing/Elsevier-journal-under-fire-for-rejecting-paper/101/web/2023/02 | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="NeuroImage2023">{{cite journal | title=Editors quit top neuroscience journal to protest against open-access charges | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=2023-04-21 | doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01391-5 | last1=Sanderson | first1=Katharine | journal=Nature | volume=616 | issue=7958 | page=641 | pmid=37085706 | bibcode=2023Natur.616..641S | s2cid=258275824 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
</references>

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Groen|first=Frances K.|title=Access to medical knowledge: libraries, digitization, and the public good|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Mar.|isbn=978-0-8108-52723|page=217 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Elsevier}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/arms-fairs/reed-elsevier Campaign success: Reed Elsevier sells international arms fairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024547/https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/arms-fairs/reed-elsevier/ |date=6 August 2018 }}
* {{cite web|title=Reed Elsevier Timeline|url=https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm|work=The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition|author=Mary H. Munroe|year=2004|via=Northern Illinois University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020153836/https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Holtzbrinck.htm|archive-date=20 October 2014}}

{{Reed Elsevier|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Elsevier| ]]
[[Category:Academic publishing companies]]
[[Category:Bibliographic database providers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1880]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Dutch companies established in 1880]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on Euronext Amsterdam]]

Paramasivam Natarajan

2026-03-08T00:01:20Z

IODChanel59686: improve details to improve readability

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}

{{Short description|Indian photochemist (1940-2016)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Paramasivam Natarajan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|9|17}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|3|18|1940|9|17}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Photochemistry]] | Laser chemistry }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | NGM College, Pollachi | [[Banaras Hindu University]] | [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]] | [[University of Southern California]] | [[Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute]] | National Centre for Ultrafast Process }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | | [[University of Madras]] | [[Banaras Hindu University]] | [[University of Southern California]] | [[Wayne State University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| John F. Endicott }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies in photochemistry
| awards = {{ublist | 1984 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1984 [[Government of Tamil Nadu|GoT]] Best Teacher Award | 1999 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] Acharya P. C. Ray Memorial Award }}
}}
'''Paramasivam Natarajan''' (17 September 1940 – 18 March 2016) was an Indian [[Photochemistry|photochemist]], the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Senior Scientist at the National Centre for Ultrafast Process of the [[University of Madras]]<ref name="India needs to focus more on research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/india-needs-to-focus-more-on-research/article4437479.ece |title=India needs to focus more on research |date=21 February 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and the director of [[Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute]] (CSMCRI) of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.<ref name="Fellows and Foreign Fellows Deceased during 2015–16">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/INSA_Annual_Report-2015-16_ENGLISH_for_WEB.pdf |title=Fellows and Foreign Fellows Deceased during 2015–16 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He was known for his research on photochemistry of [[Coordination compounds|co-ordination compounds]] and [[Macromolecule|macromolecular]] dye coatings for stabilization of [[Electrode|electrodes.]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=213 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N88-1001 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Natarajan,_Prof._Paramasivam |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 17 September 1940 in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Paramasivam Natarajan graduated in chemistry from the [[University of Madras]] in 1959. He started his career as a lecturer at the Government Arts College of the Madras University in 1959 but later moved to the NGM College, [[Pollachi]] in 1963. The next year, he joined the [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU) as a CSIR Junior Research fellow and during the tenure of the fellowship, obtained his master's degree in 1963.<ref name="Mentor profile">{{Cite web |url=http://inspire.ksrct.ac.in/Mentors_profiles/Natarajan_P.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071118/http://inspire.ksrct.ac.in/Mentors_profiles/Natarajan_P.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2016 |title=Mentor profile |date=2016 |publisher=Inspire }}</ref> After continuing at BHU for a year more, he became a lecturer at the [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]] (JIPMER) where he stayed till 1970. Later he went to the US as a teaching assistant at the [[University of Southern California]], simultaneously pursuing his doctoral studies under the guidance of John F. Endicott. He secured a PhD in 1971 and did his post doctoral studies under his PhD guide, Endicott, at [[Wayne State University]] as the latter had moved to the Michigan-based university by that time.<ref name="Mentor profile" />

Natarajan returned to India in 1974 and joined his alma mater, Madras University, as a reader of the department of physical chemistry. In 1977, he became a professor in charge of the Post Graduate Centre of the university in [[Tiruchirappalli]]. In 1982, he returned to the university headquarters in Chennai as the head of the department of inorganic chemistry.<ref name="The History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=department/department/about&deptid=39 |title=The History |date=2016 |publisher=University of Madras}}</ref> In 1991, he was deputed by the university as the director of [[Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute]] (CSMCRI), a post he held till 1996.<ref name="Directors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csmcri.org/Pages/About/about_us.php |title=Directors |date=2016 |publisher=Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123131854/http://www.csmcri.org/Pages/About/about_us.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the completion of the assignment at CSMCRI, he resumed his duties at the university and became a senior professor in 1998. At time of his superannuation in 2001, he held the post of an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Senior Scientist at the National Centre for Ultrafast Process of the university and served as a member of the university syndicate.<ref name="Mentor profile" />

Natarajan was married to Sivabagyam and the couple had two daughters, Shiva Sukanthi and Shakthi. He died on 18 March 2016, at the age of 75, survived by his wife, children and their families.<ref name="Paramasivam Natarajan (1940–2016)">{{Cite journal |last=P, Ramamurthi, R. Ramaraj |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/110/08/1573.pdf|title=Paramasivam Natarajan (1940–2016) |journal=Current Science |publication-date=2016 |volume=110 |issue=8}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Focusing his research on photochemistry, Natarajan studied various areas of the discipline such as polymer dynamics using fluorescence, [[flash photolysis]] studies using [[picosecond]] and [[femtosecond]] lasers and [[solar energy conversion]].<ref name="Paramasivam Natarajan (1940–2016)" /> He demonstrated that micromolecular dye coatings of electrodes used in [[Photoelectrochemical cell|photoelectrochemical cells]] returned high [[current density]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> This led to his subsequent studies of solar energy conversion using chemically modified electrodes. He published his research in peer-reviewed journals including [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]], [[Journal of Physical Chemistry A]], [[Inorganic Chemistry (journal)|Inorganic Chemistry]] and [[Chemical Communications]] for a total of 107 articles.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Natarajan=3AParamasivam=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} He was granted patents for four of his findings.<ref name="Patents">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csmcri.org/Pages/Patents/Patents.php?pageNum_Patents=1&totalRows_Patents=40&Year=2009&search= |title=Patents |date=2016 |publisher=CSMCRI}}</ref> He mentored over 30 doctoral scholars and was associated with a number of journals as their editorial board member. He also was on a number of government committees including those of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research<ref name="Paramasivam Natarajan (1940–2016)" /> and delivered several featured talks and orations.<ref name="Title of Plenary Speakers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icbic-2013.thamizhagam.net/program/Title%20of%20Plenary%20Leturers.pdf |title=Title of Plenary Speakers |date=2016 |publisher=International Conference on BioInorganic Chemistry}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Natarajan the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He received the Best Teacher Award from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] the same year.<ref name="Paramasivam Natarajan (1940–2016)" /> In 1999, he was awarded the Acharya [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|P.C. Ray]] Memorial Award by the [[Indian Chemical Society]]. He held the National Lectureship and the National Fellowship of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] of India during 1986–87 and 1989–91 respectively. [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visweshwaraiah]] Chair of the [[University of Mysore]] (1999), Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Chair of the [[University of Hyderabad]] (2004), [[Raja Ramanna]] Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology (2006–09) and the senior scientist professorship of the Indian National Science Academy (at the time of his death) were some of the other notable positions he held. He was an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Academy of Sciences, Society of Bio-Sciences and Gujarat Academy of Sciences and a member of [[Sigma Xi]]: The Scientific Research Society.<ref name="Mentor profile" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Raja, Chinnappan |author2=Ananthanarayanan, Krishnamoorthy |author3=Natarajan, Paramasivam |title=Studies on the photophysical characteristics of poly(carboxylic acid)s bound protoporphyrin IX and metal complexes of protoporphyrin IX |journal=[[European Polymer Journal]]|year=2006 |publication-date=2006 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=495–506 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.009|bibcode=2006EurPJ..42..495R }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ananthanarayanan, K. |author2=Selvaraju, C. |author3=Natarajan, P. |title=Novel excited state proton transfer reaction observed for proflavine encapsulated in the channels of modified MCM-41 |journal=Microporous and Mesoporous Material |year=2007 |publication-date=2007 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=319–327 |doi=10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.09.042|bibcode=2007MicMM..99..319A }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Easwaramoorthi, S. |author2=Natarajan, P. |title=Redox properties of phenosafranine at zeolite-modified electrodes-effect of surface modification and solution pH |journal=[[Materials Chemistry and Physics]] |year=2008 |publication-date=2008 |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.057}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ananthanarayanan, K. |author2=Natarajan, P. |title=Fabrication and photophysical studies of phenosafranine and proflavine dyes encapsulated in mesoporous MCM-41 along with titanium dioxide nanoparticles |journal=Microporous and Mesoporous Materials |year=2009 |publication-date=2009 |volume=124 |issue=1–3 |pages=179–189 |doi=10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.05.028|bibcode=2009MicMM.124..179A }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Senthilkumar, Karuppannan |author2=Paul, Parimal |author3=Selvaraju, Chellappan |author4=Natarajan, Paramasivam |title=Preparation, characterization, and photophysical study of thiazine dyes within the nanotubes and nanocavities of silicate host: influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticle on the protonation and aggregation of dyes |journal=[[The Journal of Physical Chemistry C]] |year=2010 |publication-date=2010 |volume=114 |issue=15 |pages=7085–7094 |doi=10.1021/jp912267q}}

== See also ==
* [[Photochemistry]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, Paramasivam}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil chemists]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California faculty]]
[[Category:Wayne State University alumni]]
[[Category:Photochemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]

Ithu Njangalude Katha

2026-03-03T21:00:09Z

IODChanel59686: brief fixed references for clarity also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ithu Njangalude Katha
| image = Ithu Njangalude Katha Poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Newspaper Ad
| director = [[P. G. Viswambharan]]
| producer = Subrahmaniam Kumar
| writer = {{ubl|[[V. K. Pavithran|Pavithran]]|[[Robert–Rajasekar]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sreenath]]|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]|[[Shanthi Krishna]]}}
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = G. Venkitaraman
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1982|8|6|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ithu Njangalude Katha''''' ({{Translation|This Is Our Story}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[P. G. Viswambharan]]. This was the second film of actor Mukesh after the 1982 film ''Balloon''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4615|title=Ithu Njangalude Kadha|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=27 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327235414/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4615|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HBD Mukesh: Lesser known facts about the actor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hbd-mukesh-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/98426733.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.

==Plot==
The lives of five friends are caught as they fall in love with the same girl.

==Cast==
*[[Shanthi Krishna]] as Prabha
*[[Sreenath]] as Raghu
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Ramankutty
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vasu
*[[Manianpilla Raju]] as Santhosh
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Joseph
*[[Sukumari]] as Naniyamma
*[[Santhakumari]] as Joseph's Mother
*[[Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair]] as Ramankutty's Uncle
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Mathachan
*[[P. G. Viswambharan]] as Himself

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ente Kadha Ninte Kadha" || [[P. Jayachandran]], J. M. Raju || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kummiyadikkuvin" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Navavarshathin Rajani" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Swarna Mukile" || [[S. Janaki]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333650|Ithu Njangalude Katha}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120407115135/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/8045/ithu-njangalude-katha.html

[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. G. Viswambharan]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Chandamama Kathalu

2026-03-03T17:42:34Z

IODChanel59686: further add references for accuracy further and improved wording for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandamama Kathalu
| image = Chandamama Kathalu.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[Praveen Sattaru]]
| producer = Chanakya Bhooneti
| starring = [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] [[Lakshmi Manchu]] [[Naga Shourya]] [[Aamani]] [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] [[Krishnudu]] [[Richa Panai]] [[Chaitanya Krishna]] [[Krishneswara Rao]]
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cinematography = Suresh Ragutu
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| studio = A Working Dream Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2014|04|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chandamama Kathalu: Volume 1''''' ({{Translation|Moon stories}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[anthology film]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tanmayi|first=AuthorBhawana|title=Anthology films find many takers|url=https://telanganatoday.com/anthology-films-find-many-takers|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=C/o Kancharapalem (2018) – These 5 anthology films of Telugu cinema will leave you speechless|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/these-5-anthology-films-of-telugu-cinema-will-leave-you-speechless/c/o-kancharapalem-2018/photostory/66167088.cms|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Times of India}}</ref> directed by [[Praveen Sattaru]] and produced by Chanakya Bhooneti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/i-have-a-career-defining-role-in-ck-lakshmi.html |title=I have a career defining role in CK : Lakshmi |publisher=123telugu.com |date=1998-01-01 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref> The film has eight substories revolving around love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sattaru-s-chandamama-kathalu-goes-on-floors-news-telugu-njzlbKdbdef.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008203122/http://www.sify.com/movies/sattaru-s-chandamama-kathalu-goes-on-floors-news-telugu-njzlbKdbdef.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-08 |title=Sattaru's Chandamama Kathalu goes on floors |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-09-25 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref>
The lives of the central characters in the sub-plots get intertwined with each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Lakshmi-Manchus-most-glamourous-avatar/articleshow/27134682.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212191021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-09/news-interviews/44988177_1_lakshmi-manchu-praveen-sattaru-roles |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-12-12 |title=Lakshmi Manchu's most {{sic|glamo|urous|nolink=y}} avatar |date=2013-12-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref> The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Naga Shourya]], [[Aamani]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Krishnudu]], [[Chaitanya Krishna]], [[Abijeet Duddala]], [[Richa Panai]], and [[Krishneswara Rao]],<ref name="telugu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/chandamama-kathalus-shooting-wrapped-up.html |title=Chandamama Kathalu's shooting wrapped up |publisher=123telugu.com |date=1998-01-01 |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref> while [[Soumya Bollapragada]] makes a special appearance.

The music was composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Lakshmi-Manchu-starts-working-for-Chandamama-Kathalu/articleshow/25332569.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111064540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/news-interviews/43731412_1_lakshmi-manchu-praveen-sattaru-routine-love-story |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-11 |title=Lakshmi Manchu starts working for Chandamama Kathalu |date=2013-11-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-23}}</ref> The shooting was wrapped up in December 2013.<ref name="telugu1"/> The film was released on 25 April 2014 to wide critical acclaim. The film bagged the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] for the year 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |title=62nd National Film Awards 2014 |work=dff.nic.in |access-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404002951/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while [[Lakshmi Manchu]] won her [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] for her work in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms|title=Winners list: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|work=The Times of India|date=27 June 2015|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627012915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms|archive-date=27 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Saaradhi is a writer and widower. His young daughter is suffering from a chronic ailment, and he desperately needs 5 lakhs. He starts writing a novel with seven different storylines, all inspired from his surroundings.
*Lisa Smith is a supermodel near the end of her career with no money left.
*Venkateshwara Rao is a bachelor desperate to get married, whose only aim in life is to find a(ny) girl.
*Ashraf has a small department store in the old city and want to marry his sweetheart Haseena.
*Raghu studies in a junior college and he lures Renu, the daughter of a noted politician, in love.
*A beggar has a lifetime ambition to buy a small house.
*Saritha is a widow who reconnects with her college-time friend Mohan, a NRI divorcee who returns to India.
*Raju is a typical village youngster who is busy chasing a girl Gauri.

Haseena gets a marriage proposal from a well-off guy living in Dubai. She betrays Ashraf and marries the Dubai guy – before she even sees him, based on a photograph of him – and sets off to Dubai, which leaves Ashraf heartbroken. There she finds that her husband is way older than the photograph shows and works as a taxi driver.

Raghu turns out to be a fraud who plans to trap Renu for her money. He convinces Renu to elope with him, but before he could get done with his plan, her father learns of this and apparently has him killed.

Raju, one night, sneaks into Gauri's home but gets caught. He is then forced to marry her by their families, owing to social pressure. He sets off to the city, where he works in the municipality. Gauri delivers a baby but dies during childbirth unable to bear the pain because she is not even 16 years old. Raju then starts taking care of her daughter.

Saritha and Mohan, who were unable to get married during their teenage years, finally make good of their second opportunity. They decide to spend the rest of their lives together and set off for a road trip.

The beggar saves 10 lakhs from his begging income (which he stores at various locations in the city in small amounts) and strikes a deal for a house. Unfortunately, he dies in his sleep the night before he could buy the house.

Depressed, Lisa and Venkateshwara Rao both go to the same bar. They are later shown to be married.

Saaradhi finishes his story and goes to a publisher seeking the money only to find that he is out of town. He then finds the beggar's bag with 10 lakhs and has his daughter cured. He gives the remaining amount to Gauri's husband to take care of his own daughter.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Saarathi
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]] as Lisa Smith
* [[Naga Shourya]] as Raju
* [[Aamani]] as Saritha
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Mohan
* [[Krishnudu]] as Venkateswara Rao
* [[Richa Panai]] as Haseena
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Raghu
* [[Krishneswara Rao]] as Beggar
* [[Varshini Sounderajan]] as Renu
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Lisa's manager
* Amita Ranganath as Gowri
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Astrologer
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as DK
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
* [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimharaju]]
* [[Pavala Syamala]]
* Surekha Vani
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* Rocket Raghava
* Jabardast Naveen
* Giridhar
* [[Soumya Bollapragada]] (special appearance)
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandamama Kathalu Songs Download, Chandamama Kathalu Telugu MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Telugu Songs – Raaga.com – A World of Music |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/Chandamama-Kathalu-songs-A0003533 |website=Raaga.com |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Chandamama Kathalu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2014
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:11
| label = AWorkingDream
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (soundtrack)|Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Subramanyam For Sale]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Track-List
|total_length=17:11
|title1=Chandamama Kathalu |extra1=[[Kalyani Nair|Kalyani]]| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]|length1= 4:26
|title2=Devuda |extra2=Anil| lyrics2 = Chinni Krishna|length2=3:24
|title3=E Kadha |extra3=Sanam Puri, [[Shweta Pandit]]| lyrics3 = [[Vanamali]]|length3=5:33
|title4=Payaname|extra4=[[Vijay Prakash]]| lyrics4 = Chinni Krishna|length4= 3:48
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3496054}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Praveen Sattaru]]

Pongalo Pongal

2026-03-03T04:48:09Z

IODChanel59686: Adding new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pongalo Pongal DVD cover.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| producer = C. Kannappan S. S. Durairaju S. Tamilselvi S. Jayalakshmi
| writer = V. Sekhar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]|[[Vadivelu]]|[[Charle]]|[[Chinni Jayanth]]|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]|[[Kovai Sarala]]|Indhu|Latha}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| distributor =
| studio = Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|05|09}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pongalo Pongal''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Charle]], [[Chinni Jayanth]], and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]. [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], [[Kovai Sarala]], Indhu, and Latha play the female leads. Supporting roles are done by [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], and [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]. The film had music by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], cinematography by G. Rajendran and editing by A. P. Manivannan. The film was released on 9 May 1997,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongalo pongal ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=pongalo%20pongal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410170729/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=pongalo%20pongal |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GymyNvwvma0 |title=Vazhakku (Crime Story) : Who are my Parents..? Where are They...? - Actor Vignesh (15/4/15) Thanthi |date=15 April 2015 |language=Ta |publisher=[[Thanthi TV]] |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120055525/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GymyNvwvma0 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Subramani, Vellaisamy, Arumugam, and Ponrasu are four friends from poor families; they are graduates but cannot find jobs. Their fathers feel that they are good-for-nothing and decide to corrupt the politician Anja Nenjam to find them a decent job. Anja Nenjam is linked to Pannaiyar, a ruthless landlord who exploited the villagers. Pannaiyar orders him to flee with their money, otherwise, nobody will respect him. Their friend Pazhanisamy, who is supposed to be a supervisor in the city, is back to his village and was also cheated by Anja Nenjam. The five friends, on advice of a retired school teacher, decide to become milk suppliers in their village.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Subramani
*[[Vadivelu]] as Vellaisamy
*[[Charle]] as Arumugam
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Ponrasu
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Pazhanisamy
*[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Chitra
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Meena
*Indhu as Rukku
*Vizhuthugal Latha
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Pannaiyar
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Anja Nenjam
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as School Master
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Meena's father
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as Neighbouring village Pannaiyar's son
*[[Shanmugasundaram]] as Pichandi, Subramani's father
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Subramani's mother
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Vellaisamy's father
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as Vellaisamy's mother
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Ponrasu's father
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Pannaiyar's servant
*[[Chelladurai]] as Asha's father
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalo Pongal (1997) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/pongalo-pongal-songs-T0003852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240115025450/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/pongalo-pongal-songs-T0003852 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Appanukku Paadam Sonna" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]], Reshmi || 4:34
|-
| "Namma Thaikulamthan" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || 4:21
|-
| "Bsc, Msc" || Mano, [[Suresh Peters]] || 4:58
|-
| "Kalam Namakkunnu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, Reshmi || 4:08
|-
| "Pattikattu Pattadharigala" || [[Anuradha Sriram]], Krishnaraj || 3:59
|}

==Accolades==
Sekhar won the Cinema Express Award for Best Story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1998 |title=Cinema Express Awards: Sree Devi Gave Away Best Actor Award For Sarath Kumar |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/24-08-98/express.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203185354/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/24-08-98/express.htm |archive-date=3 February 1999 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 1998 |title=''Cinema Express'' awards presented |url=http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164116/http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{V. Sekhar}}
{{Improve categories|date=January 2024}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 comedy films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing

2026-03-01T14:17:17Z

IODChanel59686: refined formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|2003 suicide bombing in Jerusalem}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title = Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
| partof = the [[Second Intifada]] militancy campaign
| image =
| caption =
| map = {{location map|Israel jerusalem|caption=The attack site}}
| native_name = הפיגוע בקו 2
| native_name_lang = he
| coordinates = {{coord|31|47|40|N|35|13|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Jerusalem
| target = 
| date = {{start date and age|2003|8|19}}
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| type = [[Suicide bombing]]
| fatalities = 23 civilians and 1 unborn child (+1 bomber)
| injuries = 130+ civilians
| perps =
| perpetrator = [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility
}}
A [[Palestinian suicide attacks|Palestinian suicide bombing]] of a crowded public bus (Egged bus No. 2) in the [[Shmuel HaNavi (neighborhood)|Shmuel HaNavi]] quarter in [[Jerusalem]] took place on August 19, 2003, during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=The Second Intifada: A look back at the Palestinian terror campaign |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/the-second-intifada-a-look-back-at-the-palestinian-terror-campaign-642647 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X }}</ref> Twenty-four people were killed and over 130 wounded. Many of the victims were children, some of them infants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rememberthesechildren.org/remember2003.html |title=Remember these children |publisher=Remember these children |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkGcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|title=Countering Terrorism: Biological Agents, Transportation Networks, and Energy Systems: Summary of a U.S.-Russian Workshop|last=Sciences|first=Russian Academy of|last2=Sciences|first2=National Academy of|last3=Affairs|first3=Policy and Global|last4=Cooperation|first4=Development, Security, and|last5=Eurasia|first5=Office for Central Europe and|last6=States|first6=Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United|date=2009-03-26|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=9780309127073|language=en}}</ref> [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility for the attack.

==Attack==
On August 19, 2003 (22 [[Av (month)|Av]] 5763), a Hamas suicide bomber sent out by the organization's [[Hebron]] cell disguised himself as a [[Haredi]] Jew and detonated himself on a No. 2 [[Egged Bus Cooperative|Egged]] bus traveling through Jerusalem's Shmuel HaNavi neighborhood. He blew himself up after entering the back door.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |id=BzouWqFtv0AC |page=45 |plainurl=yes }} |title=Terror: How Israel Has Coped and What America Can Learn |first=Leonard A. |last=Cole |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2007 |access-date=December 26, 2013 }}</ref> The double-length bus was crowded with [[Orthodox Jewish]] children returning from a visit to the [[Western Wall]]. In addition to the perpetrator, the huge explosion killed 7 children and 16 adults, among them a woman who was eight months' pregnant,{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and injured more than 130 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/FOREIGNPOLICY/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Suicide%20bombing%20of%20No%202%20Egged%20bus%20in%20Jerusalem%20-%201.aspx|title=Suicide bombing of No 2 Egged bus in Jerusalem-19-Aug-2003|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> The bomb was spiked with ball-bearings designed to increase injuries on the crowded bus. Hamas said the bomber was a 29-year-old mosque [[preacher]] from the city of Hebron.

Because so many of the dead and injured were children,<ref>{{cite web|last=Ettinger |first=Yair |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/after-praying-for-a-seventh-child-nava-s-baby-died-in-her-arms-1.97835 |title=After praying for a seventh child Nava's baby died in her arms |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=August 21, 2003 |access-date=December 26, 2013}}</ref> the media dubbed it the "children's bus". According to an [[Associated Press]] report,
{{blockquote|Strollers were scattered near the stricken bus, medics carried away children with blood-smeared faces and a baby girl died in a hospital before doctors could find her parents. At least five children were among the 18 dead in Tuesday's suicide bombing by a [[Palestinian militant]] who blew himself up on a Jerusalem bus. Forty children were among more than 100 people injured. The attack was the 100th Palestinian suicide bombing against [[Israelis]] since the latest round of fighting began in September 2000. The youth of the victims stands out in that grim list, and the government said the choice of target was particularly cold-blooded.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031213102135/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/jerusalem.bomb.scene.ap/index.html Israel shocked at child toll of Jerusalem bus bombing] CNN, 20 August 2003</ref>}}

==Perpetrators==
Both Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>"The attack tonight was claimed by members of both Hamas and Islamic Jihad. The Israeli police said the bomber was from Hamas." James Bennet, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05EFDD1E30F933A1575BC0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all BOMBING KILLS 18 AND HURTS SCORES ON JERUSALEM BUS], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 20, 2003.</ref><ref>"The militant Palestinian groups Hamas and Islamic Jihad both said they carried out the attack." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3165279.stm Bus bomb carnage in Jerusalem], ''[[BBC News]]'', August 20, 2003.</ref><ref>"...a bus bomb in Jerusalem earlier this week – for which both groups claimed responsibility – left 20 people dead." Roger Hardy, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3170895.stm Analysis: End of roadmap?], ''[[BBC News]]'', August 21, 2003.</ref> According to [[Tariq Ali]], however, the bombing was carried out by a "self-proclaimed 'Hamas' cell from Hebron, disowned and denounced by the official leadership."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/dec/30/gaza-hamas-palestinians-israel1 |title=From the ashes of Gaza |newspaper=Guardian |date=December 30, 2008 |first=Tariq |last=Ali }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The attack put an end to the so-called [[Hudna]] that had been announced in July 2003.

Israeli forces arrested 17 Palestinians suspected of being Hamas activists, including several of the bomber's relatives,<ref>{{cite web |date=August 20, 2003 |title=Israel blast suspends talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3165997.stm |work=BBC}}</ref> while Hamas leader [[Ismail Abu Shanab]] and his two bodyguards were killed by an Israeli helicopter missile strike in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ismail Abu Shanab |url=http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/gaza/people_profiles/Abu-Shanab_Ismail.htm |work=Web Gaza}}</ref>

In 2004 a memorial plaque to the victims was erected in the [[Beit Yisrael]] neighborhood of Jerusalem. The name of the only non-Jewish victim, Maria Antonia Reslas, was engraved separately from the names of the other victims, with the title "Mrs" rather than the title "sainted" (kadosh) used for the Jews, resulting in some controversy.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=465063 A degrading memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001091359/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=465063|date=October 1, 2007}} Haaretz, August 16, 2004</ref>

=== Reactions ===
United States president [[George W. Bush]] sent his condolences to the victims' families. The [[European Commission]] also denounced what it called the "devastating terrorist attack" and called on the Palestinian Authority to intervene to bring a halt to such acts:<blockquote>The European Commission strongly condemns last night's devastating terrorist attack in Jerusalem and expresses its sincere condolences to the families of the victims and to the [[Israeli Government]]. This is an attack on all the forces working for peace. The European Commission calls on the [[Palestinian Authority]] to do everything in its powers to prevent such unacceptable and unjustified act of violence, and urges the PA and the Israeli Government to pursue their dialogue and common efforts towards peace as set out in the [[Road map for peace|Road Map]].<ref>{{cite web |date=August 20, 2003 |title=The European Commission strongly condemns Jerusalem terrorist attack |url=http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_2656_en.htm |work=European Union |publisher=Europa-eu-un.org}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Dizengoff Center suicide bombing]]
*[[Israeli casualties of war]]
*[[Kiryat Menachem bus bombing]]
*[[Patt junction bus bombing]]
*[[Palestinian political violence]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.npr.org/programs/atc/transcripts/2003/aug/030819.kenyon.html Bus bombing in Jerusalem kills at least 18, injures more than 100] – published on [[NPR]] on August 19, 2003
* [https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/18-killed-over-110-hurt-in-jerusalem-bus-bomb-1.97715 18 killed, over 110 hurt in Jerusalem bus bomb] – published on [[Haaretz]] on August 20, 2003
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3165279.stm Bus bomb carnage in Jerusalem] – published on [[BBC News]] on August 20, 2003
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/386414671.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT Bomber his bus carrying Israeli families 18 die, 100 wounded; children among victims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420211817/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/386414671.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |date=April 20, 2013 }} – published on the [[Boston Globe]] on August 20, 2003
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/8/Suicide+bombing+of+No+2+Egged+bus+in+Jerusalem+-+1.htm Suicide bombing of No. 2 Egged bus in Jerusalem August 19, 2003] – published at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs

{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 2000s}}
{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 2000s}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}
{{Hamas}}

[[Category:2003 mass murders]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2003]]
[[Category:Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:Hamas suicide bombings of buses]]
[[Category:Child murder in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:2003 in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:August 2003 in Asia]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2003]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 2000s]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:August 2003 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:2003 road incidents]]
[[Category:2000s road incidents in Asia]]

Eeramana Rojave (TV series)

2026-02-22T20:07:09Z

IODChanel59686: fixed references further and improved wording

{{short description|Indian 2018 Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Eeramana Rojave (TV series).jpg
| caption = Season 1
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Nandan Sreedharan (S2)
| director = {{ubl|'''Season 1''' Francis Kathiravan|Rishi|Ravi Priyan '''Season 2''' Thai Selvam|Raja Sundaram}}
| editor =SK.AbdulSuhel
| starring = '''Season 1''' [[Pavithra Janani]] Dhiraviam Rajakumaran Shyam Sai Gayatri Bhuvanesh '''Season 2''' Dhiraviam Rajakumaran [[Swathi Konde]] Sidharth Kumaran [[Gabriella Charlton]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = '''Season 1''' 807 '''Season 2''' 502
| producer = Catherin Shoba (S1) Vaidehi Ramamoorthy (S2)
| cinematography = Ramesh Durai
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Signature Productions (S1) A Tele Factory (S2)
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|07|09}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|12|02}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| screenplay =
| related =
}}

'''''Eeramana Rojave''''' ({{translation|''The Wet Rose''}}) is a 2018–2023 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, aired on [[Star Vijay]]. The show is produced by Signature Productions and has two seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://4tamilcinema.com/eeramana-rojave-serial-vijay-tv/|title=ஈரமான ரோஜாவே - விஜய் டிவியில் புதிய தொடர்|date=2018-07-10|work=4tamilcinema|access-date=2018-07-24|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712145808/http://4tamilcinema.com/eeramana-rojave-serial-vijay-tv/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/star-vijay-launches-new-fiction-show-eeramana-rojave-79176.html|title=Star Vijay launches new fiction show EERAMANA ROJAVE|date=10 July 2018 }}</ref>

The first season starring [[Pavithra Janani]], Dhiraviam Rajkumaran, Shyam, Sai Gayatri Bhuvanesh, Praveen Devasagayam and Archana Kumar and directed by Francis Kathiravan, Rishi and Ravi Priyan. The show was aired from 9 July 2018 to 14 August 2021 for 807 episodes. The second season premiered on 17 January 2022 and ended on 2 December 2023 with 502 episodes, and aired on Monday to Saturday at night, starring Dhiraviam Rajakumaran, [[Swathi Konde]], Sidharth Kumaaran and [[Gabriella Charlton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-eeramana-rojavae-2-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/105530315.cms|title=Tamil TV show 'Eeramana Rojavae 2' to go off-air soon|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2023 }}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530 
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 807
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2018|07|09}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2021|08|14}}

| color2 = #30B39F 
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 502
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|1|17}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2023|12|02}}
}}

==Summary==
===Season 1===
{{cleanup|section|reason=Per [[BP:TVPLOT]] this section should not exceed 500 words per season. As of this note the section is over 900 words.|date=September 2020}}
Malarvizhi falls in love with Maran and they decide to marry. On the day of their wedding, Maran dies in an accident and his younger brother Vetri is forced to marry Malarvizhi. The story then revolves around Vetri and Malar's marriage life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/70163/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Eeramana-rojave---New-serial-in-Vijay-Television.htm|title=ஈரமான ரோஜாவே - விஜய் டி.வியில் புதிய தொடர் {{!}} Eeramana Rojave - New serial in Vijay Television|last=Dinamalar|date=2018-07-06|work=தினமலர் - சினிமா|access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> After the marriage, Malar refuses to live with Vetri and scolds him for everything. Vetri's love interest, Anjali starts troubling Vetri for cheating on her. Malar and Vetri become friends after knowing that he hurt himself in order to stop the wedding night ritual for them. Once Malar wants to write an exam in Chennai. Vetri convinces his mother and take her to the exam venue where someone steals her bag in which she has kept the hall ticket. Vetri arranges for a new one saying that hall ticket was lost in 'Gaja' storm. A girl sitting near Malar copies and puts the blame on Malar. Vetri comes and rescues her on time.

Vetri's friend Idhayakani, uncle Thangarasu and grandfather make him believe that he loves Malar. Vetri accepts that after some . On a parallel story line, Azhagar, a relative from their maternal side troubles Malar's younger sister Akhila to marry him, but is always disrespected by her in return. One day, he takes a video of her changing clothes and blackmails her incognito. This threat leaves Akhila stranded in sorrow. Not knowing the true identity of the blackmailer, Akhila's father arranges her marriage with Azhagar, as he thinks he would accept her, despite the video, since he is his relative. Akhila seeks Vetri's help to find the blackmailer and on the day of her wedding with Azhagar, Vetri exposes the truth and Azhagar gets arrested. Vetri and his family convince Pugazh, Vetri's younger brother into marrying Akhila. Akhila and Pugazh have a troubled marital relationship since he is constantly triggered against her by his mother, sisters and Azhagar.

When Akhila and Pugazh goes to Akila's house to have a customary lunch (as there are newly married), to support them Vetri and Malar also accompany them. There, Vetri gives Kammapandi 25 lakhs to solve his money problems. Traditionial customs mean that the bride's family are to gift the newly married couple during this lunch. Since Akhila's father is unable to do so due to his money problems, Pughzh wears Vetri's jewels and goes back to their home but luckily their mother doesn't find out. Vetri becomes a farmer, whilst Malar gets a teaching job through the exam she had written, her in-laws forbid her to go to work. Meanwhile Pugazh remains unemployed. So through some insults and petty fights, Akhila somehow manages to send Pugazh to work than being home. Somehow through Anjali, Malar and Akhila's in-laws find out about Vetri helping the girls' family with money, a big problem occurs which leads to both of the sisters getting kicked out of the house and both of the families in great desperation. Vetri starts to miss Malar more, whereas Pugazh misses Akhila badly cause he has gotten used to their silly fights and bickering. Later, Akhila too starts to feel something for Pugazh but is not ready to name it. Pugazh finds his childhood friend Puppy's number, but does not realise it is Akhila herself. They text each other and Akhila writes like Puppy loves Pugazh, to understand whether his love for Akhila is genuine. Akhila asks her friend Geetha to act as Puppy. When Geetha accepts and meets Pugazh, he turns her down stating he loves Akhila. Pugazh and Akhila reunite and she also revealed that she is the real Puppy. The story is centred around the two pairs Malar-Vetri and Pughal-Akhila, added with another couple Azhagar-Thenu.

==Cast==
===Season 1===
====Main====
* Dhiraviam Rajakumaran as Vetrivel Naatarasan
* [[Pavithra Janani]] as Malarvizhi Vetrivel

====Supporting====
{{colbegin}}
* Shyam as Pugazhendi
* Sai Gayathri Bhuvanesh as Akhilandeshwari Pugazhendi
* Kumaran Thangarajan as Maran (2018 - Dead)
* [[Praveen Devasagayam]] as Azhagar
* Sheela (2018-2019) and Archana Kumar (2019–2021) as Thenmozhi Azhagar {{Aka}} Thenu:
* Kumaramoorthi as Idhayarkani
* Gemini Mani as Thangarasu
* Nisha as Eshwari Thangarasu (a.k.a. Eshu)
* Venkat (2018-2020) and Muthu Kumara Swamy (2021) as Naatarasan, father of Maran, Vetri and Pughazhendi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/late-actor-venkat-eeramana-rojave-vijay-tv-character-replaced.html|title=late actor Venkat Eeramana Rojave Vijay Tv character replaced|date=9 April 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
* Vijisha (2018), Yuvasree (2018–2020), and Deepa Nethran (2020–2021) as Anbukarasi Naatarasan, mother of Maran, Vetri and Pugazhendi
* Kammapandi (2018-2021) and [[Pondy Ravi]] (2021) as Rajadurai
* Premalatha as Indirani Rajadurai
* Ramya Joseph as Pavanu Idhayarkani
* Kumaran Thangarajan as Maran Naatarasan
* Poovai Suresh as Pusari
* Babitha as Santha
* Nivisha Kingkon (2018–2020) and Anu Sulash (2020–2021) as Anjali
* [[Shanthi (choreographer)|Shanthi]] as Thangam and Eshwari's mother
* [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Anjugam
* Bharathi Mohan as Ambalavaanan
* Madurai Mohan as Malaisamy
* [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Pappamaal
* Akshara as Selvi
* Pradeep Kumar as Maruthu
* Sathish as Pandi
* Chitra as Mayilu
* Rhema Ashok as Swetha
* Aravesh Kumar as Jeeva
{{colend}}

===Season 2===
====Main====
* Dhiraviam Rajakumaran as Jeeva - Arunachalam & Parvathy's son Parthiban & Arjun's brother Priya's husband Kavya's ex-boyfriend
* Sidharth Kumaran as Parthiban - Arunachalam & Parvathy's son Jeeva & Arjun's brother Kavya's husband
* [[Gabriella Charlton]] as Kavya - Durai Samy & Maha's daughter Priya & Shakthi's sister Parthiban's wife Jeeva's ex-girlfriend
* [[Swathi Konde]] as Priya - Durai Samy & Maha's daughter Kavya & Shakthi's sister Jeeva's wife

====Supporting====
{{colbegin}}
* Chandni Prakash as Ramya
* Shravnitha as Sakthi
* Dasarathy as Arunachalam
* Meena Vemuri as Parvathy
* Manohar krishnan as Durai Samy
* Kiruba as Mahalakshmi
* Aarthi Ram as Devi
* Tharun Appasamy as Kavin
* Deepak Kumar/Naveen as Arjun
* [[Dinesh Gopalsamy]] as JK
* Rajeswari/ Bharani Elangovan as Manjula (Aishu and Anitha's mother)
* Sivan Srinivasan as Bhaskar (Meera’s father)
* Kanishka as Abhi (Aishu’s younger sister)
* Minnal Deepa as Valarmathi (Meera’s mother)
* Sunitha as Meera
* Thameem as Shankar, Aishu's ex lover
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Casting===
====Season 1====
The series revolves around two families. Pavithra who was formerly in [[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/pavithra-tv-actress/|title=Actress Pavithra Debuting Main Role In Eeramana Rojave}}</ref> will be portraying female lead as a village girl while, Dhiraviam Rajakumaran plays the male lead and Kumaran Thangarajan plays the love interest of the female lead, Nivisha will be portraying love interest of the male lead but replaced by Anu Sulash.

Later Thangarasu was replaced by V. Muthukumarasamy. [[Kalyana Veedu]] and [[Bommalattam (TV series)|Bommalattam]] serials fame. Official teaser has been released by [[Star Vijay]] in YouTube on 1 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYxKswtnlEU|title=Eeramana Rojave Teaser|website=[[YouTube]] |date=July 2018 }}</ref> The supporting cast also includes Shyam, Nisha, Sai Gayatri Bhuvanesh and Venkat.

====Season 2====
Actor Dhiraviam Rajakumaran, who acted in the first season, has also played the role of Jeeva in this second season. Newcomer Swathi Konde portrayed female lead roles as Priya, Sidharth Kumaaran was cast as Parthiban and [[Gabriella Charlton]] was cast as Kavya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actress-gabriella-charlton-shares-picts-from-sets-of-eeramana-rojave-2-6416755.html|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 Fame Gabriella Charlton To Make TV Debut With 'Eeramana Rojave 2'|website=www.news18.com|date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

In September 2022, actor [[Dinesh Gopalsamy]] entered the show as GK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://time.news/whoa-famous-actor-who-gave-an-entry-in-vijay-tv-serial/|title=Actor Dinesh has given an entry in Vijay TV serial. Dinesh made a special entry in the wet Rojave 2 serial in the role of GK. |website=time.news|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> In April 2023, Deepak kumar opted out from the show and was to replaced by Naveen as Arjun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thalayanai-pookal-fame-naveen-enters-tv-show-eeramana-rojave-2-says-i-am-really-happy-to-be-a-part-of-it-/articleshow/99257685.cms|title=Thalayanai Pookal fame Naveen enters TV show 'Eeramana Rojave 2; says "I am really happy to be a part of it "|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> Actor Tharun Appasamy was cast in July 2023 as Dinesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-tharun-appasamy-joins-the-cast-of-eeramana-rojave-2/articleshow/101685424.cms|title=Television actor Tharun Appasamy joins the cast of Eeramana Rojave 2|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=12 July 2023}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
=== Season 1 ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Channel
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Ref.
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Manasichi Choodu (TV series)|Manasichi Choodu]]'' మనసిచ్చి చూడు
| 21 October 2019
| [[Star Maa]]
| 4 June 2022
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Jeeva Hoovagide'' ಜೀವ ಹೂವಾಗಿದೆ
| 3 February 2020
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 8 January 2022
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sudharani-plays-cameo-in-the-soap-opera-jeeva-hoovagide/articleshow/77705574.cms|title=Sudharani to be seen in a cameo in Jeeva Hoovagide|website=The Times of India|date=23 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]'' वो तो है अलबेला
| 14 March 2022
| [[Star Bharat]]
| 14 June 2023
|
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kaathodu Kaathoram]]'' കാതോട് കാതോരം
| 3 July 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 13 September 2024
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/asianet-new-serial-kathode-kathoram-intimate-scene-get-trolls-and-video-goes-viral-116263.html|title=നായകനും നായികയുമുള്ള ഇന്റിമേറ്റ് സീനുകള്‍ വരെ! മലയാളത്തിലെ സീരിയലുകള്‍ പുരോഗമിച്ചെന്ന് ട്രോളന്മാര്‍|website=Filmibeat|language=ml|date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Deewaniyat]]'' दीवानियत
| 11 November 2024
| [[StarPlus]]
| 29 January 2025
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kritika-singh-yadav-on-deewaniyat-i-relate-to-the-character-of-mannat-as-she-is-strong-headed-and-respects-and-loves-her-family/articleshow/115058734.cms|title=Kritika Singh Yadav on Deewaniyat: I relate to the character of Mannat as she is strong-headed and respects and loves her family|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Season 2 ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Channel
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Ref
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Anuraga Karikkin Vellam'' അനുരാഗ കരിക്കിൻ വെള്ളം
| 18 December 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 22 March 2024
| Dubbed
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/anuraga-karikkin-vellam-serial-asianet/|title=Anuraga Karikkin Vellam Serial On Asianet, Launching on 18 December at 02:30 PM, Every Monday to Friday|website=Kerala TV|date=15 December 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Lagnanantar Hoilach Prem'' लग्नानंतर होईलच प्रेम
| 16 December 2024
| [[Star Pravah]]
| Ongoing
| Remake
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/mrunal-dusanis-vivek-sangle-starrer-lagnanantar-hoilach-prem-is-official-remake-of-tamil-serial-eramana-rojave-from-vijay-tv-psn14|title=स्टार प्रवाहवरील नवी मालिका 'लग्नानंतर होईलच प्रेम' आहे 'या' मालिकेचा रिमेक; सुपरहिट ठरलेली आधीची सिरीयल|website=Sakal|date=11 November 2024 |language=mr|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10195636}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Manikpur, Dum Dum

2026-02-11T15:25:45Z

IODChanel59686:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Manikpur
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = Manikpur, Dumdum.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Jai Hind metro station|Jai Hind]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Durganagar railway station|Durganagar]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[Dum Dum Municipality]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6517|N|88.4325|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700079
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Manikpur''' is a neighbourhood in [[Dum Dum]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Geography ==
===Post office===
Italgacha has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700079 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://typeindia.com/listing/italgacha-post-office-kolkata-west-bengal/|title=Italgacha Post Office|access-date=20 Feb 2025}}</ref>

===Police station===
Dum Dum police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Manikpur areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814175228/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==
===Bus===
Buses ply along [[Belghoria Expressway]] are:
====WBTC Bus====
* AC23A Rajchandrapur - [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Karunamoyee
* AC50A Rajchandrapur - [[Garia]] 6 no. Bus stand
* ACT-23 [[Park Circus]] - [[Dankuni]]
* C23 [[Park Circus]] - [[Dankuni]]
* S23A Rajchandrapur - [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Karunamoyee

====Private Bus====
* 285 [[Serampore]] - [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Sector-V
* DN2/1 [[Dakshineswar]] - [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]
* DN9/1 [[Barasat]] - Rajchandrapur
* DN44 [[Dakshineswar]] - [[Bangaon]]
* DN46 [[Dankuni]] Housing - [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Karunamoyee

Many unnumbered shuttle buses also pass through Mathkal along [[Belghoria Expressway|Belghoria Expy ]].

==Markets==
Markets near Manikpur area are:
*Durganagar Market
*Motilal Neheru Market

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
*[https://dumdummunicipality.wordpress.com/ Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{North24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri

2026-02-08T12:00:29Z

IODChanel59686: Made A Data

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri
| image = Madampisubrahmanyan portrait.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1943
| birth_place = [[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad|Sreekrishnapuram]], [[Palakkad district]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Kathakali musician
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Parvati Antharjanam, Arya Devi Antharjanam
| parents = Sankaran Namboodiri, Sridevi Antharjanam
| children = 3
| years_active =
}}
'''Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri''' is a [[Kathakali]] musician from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He received several noted awards including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], Kerala State Kathakali Award, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] and [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award.

== Biography ==
Subramanian Namboodiri was born in Madambi Manai in [[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad|Sreekrishnapuram]] village of [[Palakkad district]] in 1943 to Sankaran Namboodiri and Sridevi Antharjanam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Kaladharan|first=V.|date=2011-09-22|title=Icon of stylistic integrity|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/icon-of-stylistic-integrity/article2476003.ece|access-date=2022-01-20|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120120935/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/icon-of-stylistic-integrity/article2476003.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=സാർഥകമായ അരനൂറ്റാണ്ടരങ്ങ് ചിട്ട: മാടമ്പി|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-weekendspecial-24-06-2018/732819|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Deshabhimani|language=ml|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120052057/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-weekendspecial-24-06-2018/732819|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a child, Madambi wanted to study music and started studying music at Poomully Manai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=മാടമ്പി സുബ്രഹ്മണ്യന്‍ നമ്പൂതിരി {{!}} കഥകളി.ഇൻഫൊ {{!}} Kathakali.info {{!}} കളിയറിവുകളുടെ തിരമൊഴി {{!}} The internet Kathakali hangout|url=https://kathakali.info/ml/madambi_subrahmanian_namboodiri|access-date=2022-01-20|website=kathakali.info|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120120949/https://kathakali.info/ml/madambi_subrahmanian_namboodiri|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chembai|Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]], Kongorpilli and Ramankutty Warrier were the main teachers at Poomully that time.<ref name=":2" /> After studying at Poomully for two months, he joined Kalamandalam in 1957 to study Kathakali music.<ref name=":2" /> Kalamandalam Neelakantan Nambeesan, Kalamandalam Sivaraman Nair and Kavungal Madhava Panicker were his teachers at Kalamandalam.<ref name=":2" /> His classmates were [[Sankaran Embranthiri|Kalamandalam Sankaran Empranthiri]], [[Tirur Nambissan]] and [[Kalamandalam Hyderali]].<ref name=":2" /> After completing 8-year course at Kalamandalam, he joined as a trainee-instructor at Perur [[Gandhi Seva Sadan|Gandhi Sevas Sadanam]] for a while and then joined Kalamandalam in 1969 as Kathakali music instructor.<ref name=":0" />

Madampi is an artist who has remained steadfast in the tradition of Kathakali music, and is known for his efforts to preserve the distinctive purity of Kathakali music by resisting the extreme progressivism in Kathakali music.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shaji|first=K. a|date=2016-01-12|title=Endeavour to preserve purity of Kathakali music|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Endeavour-to-preserve-purity-of-Kathakali-music/article13995216.ece|access-date=2022-01-20|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120122859/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Endeavour-to-preserve-purity-of-Kathakali-music/article13995216.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> His classmates Empranthiri and Hyderali reached the pinnacle of fame by leading great changes in Kathakali music.<ref name=":1"/> Although Madambi does not agree with such modifications or practices, he has the respect of all of them as unique artists.<ref name=":1"/>

After retiring from Kalamandalam in 1998, he settled in [[Cheruthuruthi|Cheruthuruthy]], [[Thrissur district]].<ref name=":2" /> He has two children, Shashi and Narayanan, by his first wife, the late Parvati Antharjan.<ref name=":2" /> After the death of his first wife, he married Arya Devi Antharjanam. They have a daughter, Sangeetha.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards and honors ==

* Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=President of India to confer Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Year 2017|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1562667|access-date=2022-01-20|website=pib.gov.in|archive-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518082406/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1562667|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kerala State Kathakali Award 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=2018ലെ സംസ്ഥാന കഥകളി പുരസ്കാരം, പല്ലാവൂർ അപ്പുമാരാർ പുരസ്കാം, കേരളീയ നൃത്ത നാട്യ പുരസ്കാരം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=Public Relations Department, Kerala state|url=https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/59566|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120075134/https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/59566|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 2010<ref>{{Cite web|title=കഥകളി, അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍, കേരള സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാഡമി|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=www.keralaculture.org|language=ml|archive-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114112553/http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/moyeenkutty-vaidyar-mappila-kala-academy/418|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kerala Kalamandalam Award<ref name=":0" />
* Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon Smaraka Puraskaram<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian Namboodiri, Madambi}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Lucky Morani

2026-02-08T11:54:45Z

IODChanel59686: fixes

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer, model, and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
|name = Lucky Morani
|image = Lucky Morani attend Adnan Ul Mulk and Nida Farooqui’s wedding (10).jpg
|caption = Morani in 2018
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
|education = [[Fashion design]]
|alma mater = [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]] [[SNDT Women's University]]
|spouse = Mohammed Morani
|awards =
|known_for =
|occupation = Event manager, fashion designer, model, actress
|relatives = [[Karim Morani]] (brother-in-law) [[Aly Morani]] (brother-in-law) [[Zoa Morani]] (niece)
}}
'''Lucky Morani''' is an Indian fashion designer, model, stage and film actress.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lucky-Morani-plays-a-psychiatrist-in-Main-Aur-Charles/articleshow/49352318.cms|title=Lucky Morani plays a psychiatrist in 'Main Aur Charles'|work=The Times of India|date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Morani is a noted fashion designer, and has designed, and modeled for several brands in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/tag/lucky-morani/|title=lucky morani - High Heel Confidential|website=www.highheelconfidential.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lucky-Morani-Working-with-Randeep-Hooda-was-fascinating/articleshow/49539574.cms|title=Lucky Morani: Working with Randeep Hooda was fascinating|work=The Times of India|date=26 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/how-debutante-lucky-morani-was-cast-in-main-aur-charles-1236751|title=How Debutante Lucky Morani Was Cast in Main Aur Charles|work=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref>
In 2014, she ventured into mainstream acting with the [[bollywood]] crime thriller film [[Main Aur Charles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/mohomed-and-lucky-moranis-25th-anniversary-bash/3462|title=Mohomed and Lucky Morani are the happy couple|work=mid-day}}</ref>

==Early career and cinema==
Morani was born in [[Mumbai]], India. She did her schooling at [[St. Joseph's Convent High School, Mumbai]]. She holds a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]], and Diploma in [[Fashion design]] from [[SNDT Women's University]]. Morani was an apprentice to fashion designer Hemanth Trivedi. She subsequently worked as Creative and Event Planner for the [[Cineyug]] Group Of Companies.<ref name="ndtv.com"/> She subsequently ventured into theater and stage acting through playwright and director [[Nadira Babbar]]'s works.<ref name="The Times of India"/> Lucky Morani received the 'I Am Woman' women empowerment award in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/photo_gallery_3-Hindi-Events-I_Am_Woman_Women_Empowerment_Awards-Photo-Galleries-1,8,34922,14.php|title=Lucky Morani, Jalpa Vithalani-'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Photo Gallery, 'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Stills, 'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Gallery, 'I Am Woman' Women Empowerment Awards Photos|first=|website=Bharatstudent}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Morani is the wife of Bollywood film producer Mohamed Morani, and sister-in-law of [[Karim Morani]] and [[Aly Morani]], the owners of [[Cineyug]] Entertainment, one of India's event management companies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/who-is-karim-morani-18205.html | work=Firstpost | title=Who is Karim Morani? - Firstpost}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morani, Lucky}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

Amrutbhai Thakor

2026-02-05T02:06:54Z

IODChanel59686: starting new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Amrutbhai Motiji Thakor''' (born 1972)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Amrutji Motiji Thakor(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KANKREJ(BANASKANTHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5942 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Kankrej Assembly constituency in [[Banaskantha district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visual |first=B. B. C. |last2=Team |first2=Data Journalism |title=Gujarat assembly election results 2022 - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-3dcd148a-a71e-4922-8749-92ced02533db |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thakor is from [[Naroda]], Banaskantha district, Gujarat. He is the son of Thakor Motiji. He studied Class 12 at Gujarat Higher Secondary Education Board, [[Gandhinagar]] and passed the examination in March 1992. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Thakor won from [[Kankrej Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 96,624 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Kirtisinh Vaghela]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,295 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kankrej Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Amrutji Motiji Thakor Of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/kankrej-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562525.html |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0615.htm?ac=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131173144/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0615.htm?ac=15 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=8 December 2022 |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022 winners' list: BJP triumphs in state again |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-election-result-2022-winners-list-complete-constituency-wise-updates-11670466145194.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205210938/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-election-result-2022-winners-list-complete-constituency-wise-updates-11670466145194.html |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Jitubhai}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Banaskantha district]]

Vallabha

2026-01-27T05:26:02Z

IODChanel59686: fix references further and added references after review

{{short description|Hindu philosopher (1478–1530)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Vallabha
| image = Shri_mahaprabhuji.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Vaishnavism]])
| birth_date = May 7, 1478{{refn|group=note|All [[Vikram Samvat]] life event dates in this article have been converted into the Gregorian calendar using https://www.harysdalvi.com/calcalc .}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1530|07|07|1478|05|07}}
| death_place = [[Banaras|Vārāṇasī]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| father = Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa
| mother = Illammāgārū
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Mahālakṣmī|1502}}
}}
| philosophy = [[Shuddhadvaita|Śuddhādvaita]]
| founder = [[Pushtimarg|Puṣṭimārga]]
| order = [[Vedanta]]
| children = {{Plainlist|
*Gopīnātha
*[[Gusainji|Viṭṭhalanātha]]
}}
| background = orange
}}
'''Vallabha''', also known as '''Vallabhācārya''' or '''Vallabha Dīkṣita'''{{sfn|Shastri|p=35|1961}}{{refn|group=note|"Vallabha calls himself just 'Dīkṣita'"{{sfn|Shastri|1961|p=35}}}} (May 7, 1478 – July 7, 1530 CE), was the founder of the [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]]-centered [[Pushtimarg|Puṣṭimārga]] sect of [[Vaishnavism]], and propounded the philosophy of [[Shuddhadvaita|Śuddhādvaita]].

His biography is depicted in several sectarian Puṣṭimārga hagiographies. Born into a [[Telugu Brahmin]] family, Vallabha studied Hindu philosophy from early age, then traveled throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], particularly the [[Braj]] (Vraja) region, for over 20 years. He became one of the important leaders of the devotional [[Bhakti movement]]. He won many philosophical scholarly debates against the followers of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]]. He began the institutional worship of [[Shrinathji|Śrī Nāthajī]] on [[Govardhana Hill]]. He acquired many followers in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] and [[Gujarat]]. After his death, the leadership of his sampradāya passed to his elder son Gopīnātha.

Vallabha's philosophy promoted the householder lifestyle over asceticism, suggesting that through loving devotion to the deity Kr̥ṣṇa, any householder could achieve salvation. He authored many texts including but not limited to, the ''Aṇubhāṣya'' (his commentary on the ''[[Brahma Sutras]]''), ''[[Shodash Granth|Ṣoḍaśa Grantha]]'' or sixteen tracts and several commentaries on the ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavata Purāṇa]].''

==Life==

=== Sources and Dating ===
Events from Vallabha's life are recounted in several sectarian Puṣṭimārga texts. Among the [[Braj Bhasha]] sources include the ''[[Chaurashi Vaishnavan ki Varta|Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā]]'', ''Śrī Nāthajī Prākaṭya kī Vārtā'', and ''Caurāsī Baiṭhak Caritra''. According to Barz the most important [[Sanskrit]] source is the ''Śrīvallabhadigvijaya''.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}

According to [[Alan Entwistle]], the ''Caurāsī Baiṭhak Caritra'' is a post-early 18th century text, due to internal references to other sectarian texts.{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=263}} According to Saha and Hawley, the ''Caurāsī Baiṭhak Caritra'' dates to the mid-18th century.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=107}}{{Sfn|Hawley|2013|p=82}} Ṭaṁḍana, Bachrach, and several Puṣṭimārga leaders state the work was composed in the 19th century. Ṭaṁḍana also considers the ''Gharu Vārtā'', ''Nija Vārtā'', and ''Śrī Ācāryajī kī Prākaṭya Vārtā'' to be 19th century texts which were based on the older ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavana kī Vārtā'' and ''Do Sau Bāvana Vaiṣṇavana kī Vārtā''.{{Sfn|Bachrach|2014|pp=59, 64-65}} Bhatt states the ''Nija Vārtā'' is "full of interpolations and shows the lack of historical sense", and if it was in fact originally the work of the traditionally accepted author, Vallabha's grandson [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]], it was far removed from the original text.{{Sfn|Bhatt|1940|p=601}} The ''Caurāsī Baiṭhak Caritra'' (attributed to Harirāya) enumerates the 84 ''baiṭhak''s ("seats") of Vallabha across India where he sat and preached Puṣṭimarga tenets. According to Saha, the text seeks to promote Vallabha as an exceptional philosopher and miracle worker who acquires converts wherever; the text does this by portraying Vallabha as a ''digvijayin'' ("world-conqueror") who establishes the superiority of his philosophy in the [[Char Dham]].{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=107-108}}

The ''Śrī Nāthajī kī Prākaṭya Vārtā'' in its current form was likely written in the 1860s, although its contents were orally known prior to the 19th century. The ''Vallabha Digvijaya'' or ''Yadunātha Digvijaya'' claims to have been composed in 1610, however modern scholars state the text was composed around the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bachrach |first=Emilia |date=2014 |title=Reading the Medieval in the Modern: The Living Tradition of Hagiography in the Vallabh Sect of Contemporary Gujarat |url= |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |docket= |oclc= |access-date= |pages=127–130}}</ref>{{Sfn|Śāstrī|1977|pp=8–9}}

Other Sanskrit texts include Gadādhara Dviveda's ''Sampradāya-Pradīpa'' (colophon states A.D. 1552–53, but according to Hawley, actually from the latter half of the 1600s),{{sfn|Hawley|2013|page=88-93}} Muralīdharadāsa's ''Śrīvallabhācāryacarita'' (c. 1573), ''Prabhucaritaciṁtāmaṇi'' (attributed to Devakīnaṁdana, which is baseless according to Bhatt),{{Sfn|Bhatt|1940|p=596}} and the Gujarati poem ''Vallabhākhyāna'' by Gopāladāsa (c. 1580). Another Braj Bhasha work, ''Saṁpradāyakalpadruma'', which is claimed to be composed by Viṭṭhalanātha Bhaṭṭa (a grandson of [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha's]] second daughter Yamunā)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devasthali |first=G.V. |title=Śr̥ṅgāra-rasa-maṇḍana of Śrī Viṭṭhaleśa |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1977 |series=Research Unit Publications |location=Poona |pages=X |trans-title= |issue=3}}</ref> cannot be stated to be of old origin according to Śāstrī. Other texts by Gokulanātha's followers include Kalyāṇa Bhaṭṭa's ''Kallola'', Keśavadāsa's Gujarati ''Vallabhavela'', and Gopāladāsa Vyārāvāḷā's Gujarati ''Prākaṭya-Siddhāṁta''.{{Sfn|Śāstrī|1977|pp=8–9}}

According to scholars, the life of Vallabha as depicted in traditional sources contains many miracles, supernatural events, and "patently implausible features". Vallabha is considered by followers of the Puṣṭimārga to be an ideal divine incarnation who was born for a supernatural purpose, and his hagiographies mean to portray a living intimate relationship with Kr̥ṣṇa to serve as an example to devotees. Barz (1992) gives biographical account of Vallabha which includes these traditional elements. His biography has been criticized by [[Charlotte Vaudeville|Vaudeville]] for relying solely on English and Hindi Vallabhite sources and a lack of critical analysis of them typical of a Western Indologist.{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=21}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaudeville |first=Ch. |year=1979 |title=The Bhakti Sect of Vallabhācārya Richard Barz |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56}}</ref>{{Sfn|Barz|2018}} Śāstrī, commenting on the presence of miracles in Vallabha's biographies, notes that the texts authored by the followers of [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]], a grandson of Vallabha, contain no mention of miracles in relation to Vallabha and his second son [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha]] (Gokulanātha's father) making them valuable sources. This is due to the fact that these followers instead consider Gokulanātha to be God in human form, with Vallabha and Viṭṭhalanātha only being revered ''ācārya''s. No single text contains a full biography of Vallabha, and different sources contain inconsistent and contradictory information, likely due to internal fragmentation of the religious community from the 17th to 19th centuries.{{Sfn|Bachrach|2014|pp=60–61}}{{Sfn|Śāstrī|1977|pp=9–10}}

===Childhood===
[[File:Prakatya baithakji mandir.JPG|thumb|Site worshipped as the birthplace of Vallabha in Campāraṇya, identified in the late 19th century.{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=24}}]]
According to tradition, Vallabha's family were Velanāṭa or Vellanāḍu [[Telugu Brahmin]]s who belonged to the [[Bharadvaja|Bhāradvāja gotra]] and the [[Taittiriya Shakha|''Taittirīya'']] branch of the ''[[Yajurveda]]''. Their ancestral village was Kāṅkaravāḍa on the southern bank of the [[Godavari River|Godāvarī River]].{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=23}} Keśvararāma Kāśīrāma Śāstrī identifies the village of Kāṁkara ([[Kanker, Chhattisgarh]]) with Kāṁkarapāṁḍhu or Kāṁkaravāḍa.{{Sfn|Śāstrī|1977|p=43}}

According to some sources such as the ''Śrīvallabhadigvijaya'', Vallabha's birth occurred in the forests of Campāraṇya, due to his parents fleeing Vārāṇasī in fear of Muslim invasion. These sources depict his birth as miraculous, with his parents initially leaving the seemingly still-born infant beneath a ''[[Prosopis cineraria|śamī]]'' tree, before being recalled by a supernatural voice to see Vallabha alive and surrounded by fire. According to other hagiographies such as ''Śrī Nāthajī Prākaṭya kī Vārtā'', Vallabha appeared in the Agnikuṇḍ ("Pool of Fire") in [[Mathura|Mathurā]].{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=23–25}}{{Sfn|Hawley|2015|pp=187, 364}}

Most hagiographies date Vallabha's birth to Vaiśākha vada 11, 1535 [[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]] (May 7, 1478 CE). Though conversion of this date into the Gregorian calendar is disputed among scholars (with some putting Vallabha's birth in 1478 and some in 1479), Hawley confirms the year 1478 after adjusting for the calendar used in Braj.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=23–25}}{{Sfn|Hawley|2015|pp=187, 364}} The followers of [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]], one of Vallabha's grandsons, consider Vallabha's year of birth to be 1473 CE. G.H. Bhatt, on comparing the two dates, states that the year 1473 CE is correct. In his view, the sources mentioning 1473 CE are older and more authentic than those mentioning 1478 CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=G.H. |date=1940 |title=The Birthdate of Vallabhācārya, the Advocate of the Śuddhādvaita Vedānta |journal=Proceedings and Transactions of the Ninth All-India Oriental Conference, Trivandrum, December 20th to 22th 1937 |location=Trivandrum |publisher=Government Press}}</ref>

Soon after Vallabha's birth his family moved back to Vārāṇasī. His education consisted of learning Sanskrit texts such as the [[Upaniṣads|''Upaniṣad''s]], [[Vedas|''Veda''s]], and [[Puranas|''Purāṇa''s]].{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=98}}

According to the ''Śrī Govardhananāthajī ke Prākaṭya kī Vārtā'' (19th century),{{Sfn|Bachrach|2014|p=127}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pauwels |first1=Heidi |last2=Bachrach |first2=Emilia |date=July 2018 |title=Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=489–492}}</ref> [[Madhavendra Puri|Mādhavendra Purī]] (c. 1420–1490) taught Vallabha in [[Varanasi]], however this is considered "highly improbable" by [[Alan Entwistle|Entwistle]] due to the dates of Vallabha's birth and Mādhavendra's death. When asked what he would like as a fee for teaching Vallabha, Mādhavendra asked to serve [[Shrinathji|Śrī Nāthajī]], as he had a premonition that Vallabha would establish the formal worship of the deity. When Mādhavendra Purī arrived at Govardhan Hill, the image was being already being worshipped as a snake deity by the local villagers, and as Kr̥ṣṇa by Saddu Pāṇḍe. Mādhavendra Purī adorned Śrī Nāthajī with a garland and turban decoration, and offered him milk (he was told by Śrī Nāthajī that he would only accept solid food when Vallabha arrived). The text also claims that Mādhavendra was appointed ''mukhiyā'' of the Bengali priests, which is also considered unlikely by Entwistle since the Śrī Nāthajī temple was built after his lifetime. Mādhavendra Purī later went to South India to get sandalwood, from which he never returned.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Entwistle |first=Alan William |title=The Rāsa Māna ke Pada of Kevalarāma: A Medieval Hindi Text of the Eighth Gaddī of the Vallabha Sect |date=1982 |access-date= |degree=PhD |publisher=University of London |url= |oclc= |page=56 |chapter= |docket=}}</ref>{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|pp=138-140}}{{Sfn|Haberman|2020|p=41}}{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardy |first=Friedhelm |date=1974 |title=Mādhavêndra Purī: A Link between Bengal Vaiṣṇavism and South Indian "Bhakti" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203503 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=1 |page=31 |jstor=25203503}}</ref> Other Puṣṭimārga texts and texts othe [[Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava]] tradition posit contrasting narratives surrounding the identity of Mādhavendra Puri's students and the establishment of the Kr̥ṣṇa image on Govardhana Hill.{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=138}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valpey |first=Kenneth Russel |title=Attending Kṛṣṇa's Image: Caitanya Vaiṣṇava mūrtī-sevā as devotional truth |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |pages=66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haberman |first=David L. |title=Loving Stones: Making the Impossible Possible in the Worship of Mount Govardhan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |pages=41–42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja: A Translation and Commentary |publisher=Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University |year=1999 |editor-last=Steward |editor-first=Tony K. |series=Harvard Oriental Series 56 |pages=382 |translator-last=Dimock |translator-first=Edward C. Jr.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|pp=138–140}}{{Sfn|Śāstrī|1977|p=54}}

=== First pilgrimage ===
Nearing the end of his life, Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa decided to take his wife and 10-year-old son along on a pilgrimage to southern India. They first stopped at the Vaishnava [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|temple]] of [[Jagannath|Jagannātha]] in [[Puri|Purī]] in 1489. The local ruler was sponsoring a great philosophical debate where four questions were posed to scholars: "What is the foremost scripture? Who is the foremost deity? Which is the most effective ''mantra''? What is the easiest and best action?", to which Vallabha responded with the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad Gītā]]'', Kr̥ṣṇa, any of Kr̥ṣṇa's names, and [[sevā]] (service) to Kr̥ṣṇa, whereupon Jagannātha wrote a [[shloka|śloka]] in support of his response and condemning the supporters of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]].{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=26–27}}

In 1490, they reached the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|temple]] of [[Venkateswara|Veṅkaṭeśvara]] at [[Tirupati]], where Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa died, and Illammāgārū began to live with her brother in [[Vijayanagara]].{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=27}}

===Grand victory at Vijayanagara===
When Vallabha was living in his ancestral village of Kāṅkaravāḍa, he heard of a philosophical debate (''[[shastrartha|śāstrārtha]]'') being held in at the court of King [[Krishnadevaraya|Kr̥ṣṇadevarāya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], and that the Vaiṣṇava schools of thought were being beaten by [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]] philosophers. Vallabha immediately went to Vijayanagara to join the debate, and entered the Vaiṣṇava camp led by [[Vyasatirtha|Vyāsatīrtha]] of the [[Dvaita Vedanta|Mādhva school]]. Vallabha through his erudition and debate skills defeated the Advaita philosophers, and was rewarded by [[Krishnadevaraya|Kr̥ṣṇadevarāya]] with large amounts of gold (most of which he distributed among Brahmins).{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=43–45}}

Vallabha was also offered the prestigious title of ''[[acharya|ācārya]]'' from the [[Sadh Vaishnavism|Mādhva sampradāya]] and the [[Rudra Sampradaya|Viṣṇusvāmī sampradāya]]. Vallabha chose to become ''ācārya'' of the Viṣṇusvāmī school. Very little is known of the Viṣṇusvāmī school, and by Vallabha's time its followers were few. The majority view among sectarian followers is that Vallabha chose to become ''ācārya'' of that school in order to make his own doctrines more prestigious, and that there is likely no real connection between the ideas of [[Vishnuswami|Viṣṇusvāmī]] and Vallabha. A minority of followers believe there is a connection between the philosophies of Viṣṇusvāmī and Vallabha. Modern scholars hold there is no legitimate connection between the two philosophies.{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=43–45}} According to Keśvararāma Kāśīrāma Śāstrī, Vallabha himself did not claim to belong to Viṣṇusvāmī's school. He notes that in the ''Subodhini'', Vallabha claims Viṣṇusvāmī's devotional path belongs to the tamāsa guṇa, while his own is nirguṇa. Only later writers such as Gosvāmī Puruṣottama, Yogī Gopeśvara, and Gadādharadāsa link Vallabha's and Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa's philosophical school to Viṣṇusvāmī. It is also stated in traditional biographies that Bilavamaṁgala (a scholar of Viṣṇusvāmī's school) waited 700 years for Vallabha to take his seat. Rather Vallabha himself states that despite Bilvamaṁgala's Māyāvāda tendencies, through his devotion he can achieve ''mokṣa''.{{sfn|Śāstrī|1977|loc=Śrīviṣṇusvāmīno sampradāya}}

According to sectarian literature, this debate occurred shortly after Lakṣmaṇa Bhaṭṭa's death in 1490 when Vallabha was only 13 years old;{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=107–108}} however, Kr̥ṣṇadevarāya only became king of Vijayanagara in 1509.{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=43–45}}

The debate is mentioned in the ''Caurāsī Baiṭhak Caritra'' and but is not found in independent historical sources. According to Saha, the Vijayanagara episode is meant to portray "the image of a victorious Vallabha winning the subcontinent for Kr̥ṣṇa".{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=107–108}} It is also mentioned in the ''Sampradāya-Pradīpa'', whose narrative is described as "clearly counterfactual" by Hawley who posits the episode was written for the purpose of furthering the interests of the Puṣṭimārga in the late 17th century.{{Sfn|Hawley|2013|page=88-93}}

=== Reception of the Brahmasambandha mantra and installation of Śrī Nāthajī ===
[[File:Varta of Damodardas Harsani painting (closeup).jpg|thumb|Vallabha giving Kr̥ṣṇa a sacred thread after receiving the Brahmasambandha mantra. Dāmodaradāsa Harasānī on the right.]]
In 1493, Vallabha is said to have had a dream where Kr̥ṣṇa ordered him to go to [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhana Hill]] and establish proper service (sevā) to his image (''svarūpa'') that had appeared there years ago. When he arrived in Gokula in 1494, Vallabha had a vision where Kr̥ṣṇa appeared before him and bestowed upon him the ''Brahmasambandha [[mantra]]'', which was to be used to clean the flaws of a human soul. The next morning, Vallabha administered the mantra to his companion [[Chaurashi Vaishnavan ki Varta#Damodardas Harsani|Dāmodaradāsa Harasānī]], who became the first member of the [[Pushtimarg|Puṣṭimārga]] (Vallabha Sampradaya).{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=17–20, 28–29}} Most sources state these events occurred in Gokula, except the ''Śrī Nāthajī Prākaṭya kī Vārtā'' which states it happened in [[Jharkhand]].{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=31}}
[[File:Shrinathji discovered.jpg|thumb|The discovery of Śrīnāthajī by Saddū Pāṇḍe (far left) and Vallabha's later meeting with the company of followers (dressed in white) and local Braj folk (bottom right).]]
When Vallabha came to Govardhana Hill, he went to the house of Saḍḍu Pāṇḍe. Saḍḍu Pāṇḍe had received a vision from Kr̥ṣṇa years earlier that told him a stone that had appeared on Govardhana Hill was his own svarūpa and that he should give offerings to it. The image was known as Devadamana; Vallabha announced that it was actually the svarupa of Śrī Govardhananāthajī (shortened to [[Shrinathji|Śrī Nāthajī]]) and initiated an ascetic named Rāmdās Chauhān to perform the regular worship.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=28–29}} In 1499 a wealthy merchant from [[Ambala|Ambālā]] named Pūrṇamalla Khatrī began building a temple for Srī Nāthajī.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=28–29}}

===Personal life===
Vallabha may have intended to remain a lifelong celibate [[Brahmacharya|brahmacārī]], but during his second pilgrimage of India between 1501 and 1503, he had gone to [[Pandharpur|Paṁḍḥarapura]] to view the god [[Vithoba|Viṭṭhala]] or Viṭhobā (a form of Kr̥ṣṇa). There Vallabha was ordered by Viṭṭhala to marry. Some sectarian sources assert this was because Viṭṭhala wanted to take birth as his son, and others say it was to create a line of descendants to preserve and promote Vallabha's version of [[Bhakti yoga|bhakti-mārga]].{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=29}} This episode is mentioned in the ''Vallabhākhyāna'', ''Nija Vārtā'', and ''Sampradāya Kalpadruma'' and according to Entwistle is a later myth.{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=163}}

Following his caste traditions and practices, Vallabha married Mahālakṣmī (aka Akkājī)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallison |first=Françoise |date=1986 |title=Les Chants Dhoḷa au Gujarāt et Leur Usage pour la Dévotion Vallabhite |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=75 |page=89 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1986.1701 |jstor=43731333|language=fr }}</ref> sometime between 1502 and 1504, a Vārāṇasī girl of his own caste who began living with him upon maturity c. 1510–1512.<ref name="Bryant2007">{{cite book |author=Edwin Francis Bryant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA482 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |location=New York |page=482 |author-link=Edwin Bryant (author)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kincaid, C. |date=January 1933 |title=Review: Imperial Farmans by K. M. Jhaveri |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=1 |pages=131–132 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00072543 |jstor=25194699 |s2cid=163921774}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=38}} Vallabha had two houses, one at Aṛaila on the [[Yamuna river|Yamunā river]] across [[Prayagraj|Prayāgarāja]], and at Caranāṭa near Vārāṇasī. According to Saha, the location of his home provided a central location which allowed him to access to preach and convert{{Clarify|date=July 2025}} throughout northern and central India.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=111–112}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=52}}

His first son, Gopīnātha, was born in 1512 at Aṛaila and according to sectarian tradition was the [[avatar|avatāra]] of [[Balarama|Balarāma]], elder brother of Kr̥ṣṇa. His second son, [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha]], was born in 1515 at Caranāṭa, and is considered the avatar of Viṭṭhala.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=38}}

===Pilgrimages and preaching tours of India===
Vallabha made three pilgrimages throughout India which are documented in later sectarian sources. These pilgrimages are stated to have taken place between 1479 and 1530, although Saha doubts the accuracy of the dates. At pilgrimage sites such as [[Dwarka|Dvārakā]], [[Kannauj]]a, [[Puri|Purī]], [[Mathura|Mathurā]], [[Gokul]]a, and [[Govardhan]]a, Vallabha had theological debates and attracted followers and devotees. He made extensive conversion campaigns in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] and [[Gujarat]], where he attracted converts from various castes including [[Bhumihar]]s, [[Rajput]]s, [[Gurjar]]s, [[Ahir]]s, [[Kurmi]]s, and [[Vaniyan|Vaniyas]], [[Bhatia caste|Bhatias]], [[Patidar|Kanbis]], and [[Patidar]]s respectively.{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=91, 140}} In the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'', the lives of eighty-four of Vallabha's most notable devotees are narrated. Of the 84 devotees, 39 were [[Brahmin]]s, 36 were mercantile or landowning [[Kshatriya]]s, 5 were [[Vaishya]]s, and 6 were [[Shudra]]s.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=107–114}}

Only scholarly theory for why Vallabha's theology was attractive to these groups was that of social mobility. For agrarian castes, particularly in Gujarat, the emphasis on purity gave higher status. For mercantile castes, purity as well as the emphasis on restraint and frugality in daily life elevated their status, while wealth could then be funnelled toward religiously meritorious [[sevā]] to Kr̥ṣṇa.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=113–117}}

Another reason was that Vallabha promoted a househoulder life-affirming, socially conservative view that appealed to castes that depended on social and political stability for their livelihoods, notably in the context of splintering Muslim sultanates in India.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=113–117}}

===Death===
In 1530, Vallabha took a vow of [[Sannyasa|renunciation]] and withdrew to the banks on the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā river]] in Vārāṇasī. After a month, he summoned his sons Gopīnātha and Viṭṭhalanatha, and designated the 18 or 19 year old Gopīnātha as his successor. According to sectarian accounts, he walked in the Gaṅgā and vanished in a flash of light.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=G.H. |year=1942 |title=The Last Message of Vallabhācārya |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=67–70}}</ref> This event is said to have occurred on [[Asadha|Āṣāḍha]] suda 3, 1587 [[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]] (July 7, 1530).<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Shah |first=Kokila A |date=2013 |title=Shri Vallabhacharyas Shuddhadvaita philosophy of Vedanta |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/582847 |degree=PhD |chapter=2 |publisher=University of Mumbai |docket= |oclc= |access-date= |pages=48 |hdl=10603/582847 }}</ref>

==Works==
Vallabha composed several texts during his lifetime (all in [[Sanskrit]]) most notable of which are:{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Govindlal Hargovind |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |year=1953 |edition=2nd |volume=III: The Philosophies |pages=349–350 |chapter=The School of Vallabha |orig-date=1937}}</ref>

* ''Aṇubhāṣya'', a partial commentary on the ''[[Brahma Sutras|Brahma Sūtra-s]]'' up to III.23
* ''Subodhini'', a partial commentary on the ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'' (full commentary on ''skandha''s 1-3 and 10, and partial commentary on ''skandha''s 4,7, and 11)
* ''Tattvārthadīpanibandha'', a text interpreting existing Hindu scriptures through Vallabha's philosophy of Śuddhādvaita
* ''Tattvārthadīpanibandhaprakāśa'', a partial commentary on the ''Tattvārthadīpanibandha'' (full commentary for parts 1-2 and partial for part 3)
* ''[[Ṣoḍaśa Grantha|Ṣoḍaśagrantha]]'', sixteen treatises on important facets of Śuddhādvaita and theology of the Puṣṭimārga

There are also other texts attributed to Vallabha some of which are considered to be either lost or not actually composed by him. These includes ''Jaiminīyasūtrabhāṣya'', ''Pātrāvalambanam'', ''Śrīpuruṣottamanāmasahasram'', ''Trividhanāmāvalī'', ''Premāmr̥tam'', ''Parivr̥ddhāṣṭakam'', and ''Madhurāṣṭakam''. Smith notes that it is possible for Vallabha's work to have been lost in the first twenty years after his death, as his family became embroiled in disputes until Viṭṭhalanātha's final accession as head of the family and sect after the deaths of Gopīnātha and his son Puruṣottama.{{sfn|Smith|2022}}

=== ''Aṇubhāṣya'' ===
In the ''Aṇubhāṣya'' Vallabha provides formal philosophical proof for Śuddhādvaita; the text is highly intellectual in nature. Vallabha argues that the ''jīva'' ("individual soul") is inseparable from ''akṣarabrahman'' ("the absolute all-encompassing universe") yet dependent on God's grace. He argues that ''jīva''s due to their ''svabhāva'' ("personal nature") and ''adhikāri'' ("eligibility") are either attracted to the religious path of knowledge or of devotion. He states the fruit of knowledge is ''mokṣa'', union with an abstract, absolute, impersonal ''akṣarabrahman''. In contrast, the higher fruit of devotion is entrance into ''nityalīlā'' (both in life or after death), which is the state of observing and participating in God's spontaneous and creative nature.{{sfn|Smith|2022}}

=== ''Tattvārthadīpanibandha'' ===
This text is divided into three sections: ''Śāstrārtha'', ''Sarvanirṇaya'', and ''Bhāgavatārtha''. In the ''Śāstrārthaprakaraṇa'', Vallabha gives his view on the contents of the ''Bhagavad Gītā'', which he considers to be highest śāstra due to it embodying the words of Kr̥ṣṇa. He discusses various topics including the nature of the universe and God and argues that ''bhakti'' ("devotion") is based on knowledge of Kr̥ṣṇa as depicted in the ''Bhagavad Gītā'' and ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa''. In the ''Sarvanirṇayaprakaraṇa'', Vallabha surveys the philosophies of rival schools and asserts the superiority of his own views on devotion and the nature of souls to the universe. In the ''Bhāgavatārthaprakaraṇa'', Vallabha gives his view on the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' as an entire text, its ''skandha''s ("canto"), ''prakaraṇa''s ("topical division"), and ''adhyāya''s ("chapter").{{sfn|Smith|2022}}

=== ''Subhodinī'' ===
This commentary on the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' is Vallabha's most esoteric work, and provides commentary on the text at a deeper level than the ''Bhāgavatārthaprakaraṇa'' down to the ''vākya'' (sentence"), ''pada'' ("word"), and ''akṣara'' ("syllable"). In this text Vallabha uses [[Alankara Shastra|''Alaṃkāraśāstra'']] (classical Indian aesthetic theory) to analyze devotional experiences.{{sfn|Smith|2022}}

=== ''Śoḍaśagrantha'' ===
This text has 16 short treatises.{{sfn|Smith|2022}}
# ''Yamunāṣṭakam'': esoteric hymn to the river goddess Yamunā which is recited daily by followers
# ''Bālabodha'': explains the ''[[puruṣārtha]]'' (four goals of a human life) according to rival schools of thought
# ''Siddhāntamuktāvalī'': explains the value of Kr̥ṣṇa sevā on the terrestrial, spiritual, and celestial planes as well as different types of worship depending on an individual's ability
# ''Puṣṭipravāhamaryādābheda'': describes the three types of ''jīva''s: ''puṣṭi'', ''maryādā'', and ''pravāha''
# ''Siddhāntarahasya'': Vallabha's account of Kr̥ṣṇa's instructions to him on ''Brahmasambandha''
# ''Navaratna'': a hymn in which Vallabha urges devotees to shun distresses as they distract from Kr̥ṣṇa sevā and to treat them as a part of ''līlā''
# ''Antaḥkaraṇaprabodha'': Vallabha urges his own heart to be free of worry and have singleminded devotion to Kr̥ṣṇa
# ''Vivekadhairyāśraya'': summarizes Vallabha's views on discrimination, patience, and divine refuge
# ''Catuḥślokī'': four verse hymn that explains the ''puruṣārtha'' as devotional acts appropriate to the Puṣṭimārga
# ''Śrīkr̥ṣṇāśraya'': explains why Kr̥ṣṇa should be the sole refuge for devotees, why he is superior to other deities, and why devotion to him is the only salvation from [[Kali Yuga]], which it also describes
# ''Bhaktivardhinī'': explains the how devotion silently increases through various stages and explains the different qualities of lifestyles with respect to devotion
# ''Jalabhedha'': classifies the 20 kinds of devotees who differ based on ''[[Bhāva (Hinduism)|bhāva]]'' ("emotional disposition") and spiritual capabilities by using water as an analogy
# ''Pañcapadyāni'': classifies the different kind of listeners to Kr̥ṣṇa's stories and praises
# ''Saṃnyāsanirṇayaḥ'': Vallabha explains the conditions for renunciation of worldly life and how renunciates dedicated to ''bhakti'' differ from those dedicated to ''jñāna''
# ''Nirodhalakṣaṇa'': describes the concept of ''nirodha'', living disengagement from wordly life and single minded dedication to Kr̥ṣṇa, which Vallabha states he has achieved
# ''Sevāphalam'': describes the (post-death) rewards of Kr̥ṣṇa devotion, with a description of the otherworldly gifts that allow love of Kr̥ṣṇa to flourish in a graced mortal body

== Philosophy ==
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

Vallabha formulated the philosophy of [[Shuddhadvaita|Śuddhādvaita]], in response to Śaṅkara's [[Advaita Vedanta|Ādvaita Vedānta]], which he called Maryādā Mārga or Path of Limitations. Vallabha asserted that religious disciplines focusing on Vedic sacrifices, temple rituals, [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], meditation, and yoga held limited value. Additionally Vallabha rejected the concept of [[Māyā]], stating that the world was a manifestation of the Supreme Absolute and could neither be tainted nor change.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=98–106}} The school rejects the ascetic lifestyle and cherishes householder lifestyle, wherein followers see themselves as participants and companions of Kr̥ṣṇa, viewing their daily lives as an ongoing ''[[raslila]].''<ref name="lochtefeldpushti">{{cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z |publisher=Rosen Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0823931804 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/539 539–540]}}</ref>

=== Brahman ===
According to Vallabha, [[Brahman]] consists of existence, consciousness, and bliss (s''at-cit-ānanda''), and when manifested completely, as [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] himself. The purpose of this tradition is to perform [[sevā]] (selfless service) out of love for Kr̥ṣṇa. According to Vallabha, through single minded religiosity, a devotee would achieve awareness that there is nothing in the world that is not Kr̥ṣṇa.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|pp=98-106}}

=== Puṣṭi ===
According to Vallabha there are three kinds of souls: ''puṣṭi'', ''maryāda'', and ''pravāha''. The ''puṣṭi'' and ''maryāda'' souls are divine souls that have potential of upliftment or salvation. The ''puṣṭi'' ("complete" or "well-nourished") souls rely on Kr̥ṣṇa's grace as the sole effective means to achieve devotion, and other efforts are insignificant without God's grace.{{Sfn|Marfatia|1967|pp=70–75}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|pp=71–73}}

Vallabha distinguishes between two aspects of devotion: the ''maryāda'' and the ''puṣṭi''. ''Maryāda'' followers rely on their actions and God's judgment for spiritual rewards, aligning with scriptural injunctions. In contrast, ''Puṣṭi'' followers rely solely on God's grace, prioritizing complete devotion and surrender without personal effort, embodying unconditional love and faith towards God. Vallabha also emphasizes that the path of ''pusti'' is open to all, regardless of caste or gender. He cautions against seeing this path as too focused on pleasure, saying it is about pure, divine devotion without being attached to worldly desires.{{Sfn|Marfatia|1967|pp=72–74}}

=== Jagat ===
Vallabha viewed the world (''jagat'') as intricately linked to the belief that the world is an expression and manifestation of Brahman. He accepts the idea that Brahman manifested itself as both the individual souls (''jivas'') and the world. Vallabha argued that Brahman desired to become many to express His playful nature (''lila'') and hence created the world. Vallabha emphasizes that the world is not illusory but as real as Brahman itself, which manifests by temporarily suppressing its attributes of bliss and consciousness. When ''jivas'', through ignorance, misunderstand or misinterpret the world as distinctly real and plural, they fall into the trap of ''samsara'', which is unreal.{{Sfn|Marfatia|1967|pp=29–30}}

== Postage stamp ==
The [[India Post|Indian postal department]] of the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp bearing the image of Vallabhācārya on April 14, 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya Commemorative Stamp 1977 {{!}} Philcent #937 SG #846, MJ No. 720 |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/stamp/detail/920/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Mintage World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commemorative postage stamps of India |url=https://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=postagestamps.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Bhagavata]]
* [[Vyasa]]
* [[Champaran (Chhattisgarh)]]
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Shrinathji]]
* [[Para Brahman]]
* [[Pushtimarg]]
* [[Ramanuja]]
* [[Madhvacharya]]
* [[Nimbarka]]
* [[Shuddhadvaita]]
* [[Brahma Sutras]]{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

=== English ===

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ss7QxQEACAAJ |title=The Bhakti Sect of Vallabhācārya |date=1992 |orig-date=1976 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Vallabha |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}
* {{Cite book |last=Entwistle |first=Alan W. |url=https://brill.com/view/title/24047 |title=Braj, Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage |date=1987 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-016-5 |doi=10.1163/9789004646599 |location=Groningen}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |title=Krishnadevaraya and His Times |publisher=K R Cama Oriental Institute |year=2013 |editor-last=Verghese |editor-first=Anila |location=Mumbai|chapter=How Vallabhacharya Met Krishnadevaraya}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhS9BgAAQBAJ |title=A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-18746-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marfatia |first=Mrudula I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xQgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philosophy of Vallabhācārya |date=1967 |publisher=Munshiram Manharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0406-5 |language=en |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Saha |first=Shandip |date=2004 |title=Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Pusti Marga in Northern and Western India (1493–1905) |url=https://www.academia.edu/9013858 |publisher=University of Ottawa}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Shastri|first= Arunchandra D.|date=1961 |title= Puruṣottamajī: A Study|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/59207 |degree= PhD|chapter= |publisher= Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|hdl= 10603/59207|docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith|first=F.M.|chapter=Vallabhācārya|title=Hinduism and Tribal Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions|editor-last1=Long|editor-first1=J.D.|editor-last2=Sherma|editor-first2=R.D.|editor-last3=Jain|editor-first3=P.|editor-last4=Khanna|editor-first4=M.|date=2022|pages=1698–1707 |publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1188-1_813 |isbn=978-94-024-1187-4 }}

{{Refend}}

=== Gujarati ===

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Cite book |last=[[Keshavram Kashiram Shastri|Śāstrī]] |first=Keśavarāma Kāśīrāma |url= |title=Śrīvallabhācārya mahāprabhujī : aitihyamūlaka jīvanī |date=1977 |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Prācyavidyā Mandira, Mahārājā Sayājīrāva Viśvavidyālaya]] |location=Vaḍodarā |series=Śrī Sayājī Sāhityamāḷā |issue=319 |language=gu}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Vallabhacharya}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vallabha Vallabha] at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-4/d/doc73874.html The Philosophy of Vallabha], Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
* [https://www.pushtipedia.com Pushtipedia.com] at ''Encyclopedia on Pushtimarga''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vallabha}}
[[Category:1479 births]]
[[Category:1531 deaths]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:People from Raipur district]]
[[Category:People from Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]

Atul (company)

2026-01-26T23:48:44Z

IODChanel59686: adjust content

{{Short description|Indian chemical company}}

{{Promotional|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Atul Limited
| logo = Atul logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|500027}}|{{NSE|ATUL}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|INE100A01010}}
| industry = [[Chemical industry]]
| founded = 5 September 1947
| founder = [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] {{small|([[Founder CEO|Founder]])}}
| hq_location = [[Atul, Gujarat|Atul]], [[Valsad district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Sunil Siddharth Lalbhai (Chairman and MD), Gopi Kannan Thirukonda (CFO)
| revenue = {{INRConvert|5583|c}}
| operating_income = {{INRConvert|692|c}}
| net_income = {{INRConvert|499|c}}
| assets = {{INRConvert|7001|c}}
| equity = {{INRConvert|5662|c}}
| num_employees = 4,341 (as on March 31, 2025)
| parent = Lalbhai Group
| website = {{URL|https://www.atul.co.in}}
}}

'''Atul Limited''' is an Indian [[chemical industry|chemical]] manufacturing company headquartered in [[Atul, Gujarat|Atul]], [[Gujarat]] and is listed on both stock exchanges of India. Founded on 5 September 1947 by industrialist [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]], it was one of the first private‐sector enterprises established in post‐independence [[India]] and is part of the Lalbhai Group. It serves over 4,000 customers across more than 30 industries in 90 countries through wholly owned subsidiaries in the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[China]], and [[Brazil]].<ref name="ANI2021">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2021|title=A story of 70 years: Atul serving diverse industries, touching lives with quality products, services|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/a-story-of-70-years-atul-serving-diverse-industries-touching-lives-with-quality-products-services20210326155659/|access-date=2021-05-04|publisher=ANI News}}</ref><ref name="INDIANCOMPANIES">{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Chemical Companies in India|url=https://indiancompanies.in/top-10-chemical-companies-in-india/|access-date=2021-05-04|publisher=IndianCompanies.in}}</ref><ref name=dd>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Deeply Responsible Business: A Global History of Values-Driven Leadership |date=21 March 2023 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91653-1 |pages=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro-kEAAAQBAJ&dq=ATUL+LALBHAI&pg=PA175 |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Piramal |first1=Gita |title=Smart Leadership: Insights for CEOs |date=8 December 2005 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-118-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYEtAAAAQBAJ&dq=ATUL+LALBHAI&pg=PT19 |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Purohit |first1=Devesh |title=Theory of Reference Building - Legacy Matrix: An innovative IP for Public Relations and Brand Management |date=4 February 2024 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |pages=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTDyEAAAQBAJ&dq=ATUL+INAUGURATED+NEHRU&pg=PA94 |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dataquest: DQ. |date=1991 |publisher=Cyber Media (India), 1991 |pages=104 |edition=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1cTAQAAMAAJ&q=ATUL+LALBHAI+1947%0D%0A+1947 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Textile Magazine, Volume 37, Issues 7-12 |date=1996 |pages=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOfxAAAAMAAJ&q=ATUL+LALBHAI+1947%0D%0A+1947 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of India: Gujarat |pages=226 |edition=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_NtAAAAMAAJ&q=ATUL+LALBHAI+1947%0D%0A+1947 |access-date=13 May 2025 |last1=Chopra |first1=Pran Nath |date=1992 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Far East and Australasia |date=2002 |publisher=Europa Publications |pages=508 |edition=2003 |isbn=978-1-85743-133-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&q=ATUL+LALBHAI+1947+++1947&pg=PA508 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=American Shadow Over India |date=1956 |publisher=L. Natarajan |pages=73 |edition=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze4iAAAAMAAJ&q=ATUL+LALBHAI+1947%0D%0A+1947 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rajmohan |first1=K. |last2=Mohanan |first2=B.N. |last3=Batra |first3=A.M. |date=December 2010 |title=Data palm development mission of Atul Ltd. in India |url=https://www.actahort.org/books/882/882_31.htm |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=882 |pages=289–292 |doi=10.17660/actahortic.2010.882.31 |issn=0567-7572|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=May 2025}}

Atul has diversified itself into a chemical [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] from a small company making a few textile dyes into a chemical conglomerate manufacturing 900 products and 400 formulations to 4,000 customers belonging to 30 diverse industries in the process making India self-reliant in manufacturing of several chemicals.<ref name=70c/> The company has established 41 operating subsidiary, a joint venture and associate entities over the seven decades.<ref name=70c>{{cite news |title=Atul Ltd. enters 70th year of Operations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/atul-ltd-enters-70th-year-of-operations-121031700805_1.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |agency=Business Standard |date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422030542/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/atul-ltd-enters-70th-year-of-operations-121031700805_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Kasturbhai Lalbhai's Atul entering 70th year of operations |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/siddharth-kasturbhai-lalbhais-atul-entering-70th-year-of-operations-372824 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=BW Businessworld |date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ANI2021"/>

Atul is the largest producer of [[Cresol|para Cresol]], para-anisic, aldehyde and para-anisic alcohol in the world with almost 55% of total global capacity at a single location.<ref>{{Cite news |title=United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) RECP Experiences in M\/s. Atul Limited (Aromatic Division). |url=https://downloads.unido.org/ot/46/86/4686108/SCHWAGER_ENV_IRE_IND_2015_100050_001.pdf |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>

Atul also manufactures many pharmaceuticals and drugs and it is the first company in India to manufacture [[Dapsone]].<ref name=ph>{{cite news |agency=Business Standard |title=Atul Ltd receives USFDA's approval for Dapsone facility |date=17 January 2015 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-pharma/atul-ltd-receives-usfda-s-approval-for-dapsone-facility-115011700275_1.html |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2024 Atul village developed by Atul and with help of its Atul Foundation got the Platinum Green Village certification.<ref>{{cite news |title=Atul village received Platinum Green Village certification |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/atul-village-received-platinum-green-village-certification-124060800314_1.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Atul was incorporated on 5 September 1947 by Kasturbhai Lalbhai. The manufacturing plant at Atul village inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1952.<ref name=dd/> Early international partnerships included [[American Cyanamid]] (1952) to form Cyanamid India Ltd for industrial chemicals and [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) in 1955 to create Atic Industries Ltd for textile dyes. In 1960, a joint venture with [[Ciba-Geigy]] resulted in the creation of Cibatul Ltd for manufacturing epoxy resins.<ref name="CHEMWEEK">{{Cite journal|title=Joint Ventures in Indian Chemical Industry|journal=Chemical Weekly|date=20 March 1965|pages=45–48}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2025}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Penguin-CNBC TV18 Business YRBK10 |date=August 2010 |publisher=Derek O'Brien |pages=116 |edition=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341419-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1_97rguSuAC&q=ATUL+LALBHAI+1947+++1947&pg=PA116 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chemical industry in India]]
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
* [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Lalbhai Group]]
[[Category:Lalbhai family]]

Slash-and-burn agriculture

2026-01-24T04:21:58Z

IODChanel59686: Added initial info initial version

{{Short description|Agricultural practice}}
{{for2|the wildland management technique|Controlled burn|the military strategy|Scorched earth|the Manic Street Preachers song|Slash 'n' Burn}}
[[File:An example of slash and burn agriculture practice Thailand.jpg|thumb|Slash-and-burn agriculture in [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand]]
{{Agriculture|land}}
'''Slash-and-burn agriculture''' is a form of [[shifting cultivation]] in [[agriculture]] that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a [[forest]] or [[woodland]] to create a [[Field (agriculture)|field]] called a '''swidden'''. The process begins with cutting down the trees and [[Woody plant|woody plants]] in a given area. The downed [[vegetation]], or "slash", is left out to dry, usually right before the rainiest part of the year. The [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] is then burned, resulting in a [[Nutrient|nutrient]]-rich layer of [[ash]] which increases [[soil fertility]] and temporarily eliminates [[Weed|weeds]] and [[Pest (organism)|pests]]. After about three to five years, the plot's [[productivity]] decreases due to depletion of nutrients along with weed and pest invasion, causing farmers to abandon the plot and move to a new area. The time it takes for a swidden to recover depends on the location and can be as little as five years to more than twenty years, after which the plot can be slashed and burned again, repeating the cycle.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Slash-and-burn agriculture | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/slash-and-burn-agriculture | website=Encyclopaedia Britannica| date=22 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | author=EcoLogic Development Fund | title=Slash and Burn Agriculture | url=http://www.ecologic.org/actions-issues/challenges/slash-burn-agriculture/ | website=ecologic.org}}</ref> In [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]], the practice is known as '''[[jhum]]''' or '''jhoom'''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Md Shahidul Islam|chapter=Jhum |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jhum|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine | first=Sanjoy | last=Choudhury | title=Jhum | url=https://www.geographyandyou.com/paid-articles/jhum/| magazine=Geography and You | volume=10 | issue=59 | date=March–April 2010 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190304210513/https://www.geographyandyou.com/paid-articles/jhum/ | archive-date=4 March 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Disha Experts | title=1500+ MCQs with Explanatory Notes For Geography, Ecology & Environment | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U65TDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Jhum+or+Jhoom%22&pg=PA130 | page=130 | year=2018 | publisher=Disha Publications}}</ref>

A rough estimate says that about 200–300 million people worldwide use slash-and-burn agricultural techniques.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Martin | last=Skegg | title=TV highlights 27/09/2011 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/sep/26/mark-lawson-diana-rigg-highlights | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=24 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310083814/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/sep/26/mark-lawson-diana-rigg-highlights | archive-date=10 March 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hands |first1=Michael |title=The search for a sustainable alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in the World's rain forests: the Guama Model and its implementation |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=February 2021 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=rsos.201204 |doi=10.1098/rsos.201204 |doi-access=free|pmid=33972850 |pmc=8074668 |bibcode=2021RSOS....801204H }}</ref> Slash-and-burn causes [[deforestation]] and [[habitat loss]]. Ashes from the burnt trees help farmers by providing nutrients for the soil.<ref name="geography.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/slashburn.htm |title=Slash and Burn Agriculture – An Overview of Slash and Burn |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2013-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205055848/http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/slashburn.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> While slash-and-burn agriculture has historically been sustainable in areas with low population density, increasing populations have accelerated the rate of deforestation, depleting the Earth's [[Carbon cycle|carbon reservoirs]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kukla|first1=Jaroslav|last2=Whitfeld|first2=Timothy|last3=Cajthaml|first3=Tomáš|last4=Baldrian|first4=Petr|last5=Veselá-Šimáčková|first5=Hana|last6=Novotný|first6=Vojtěch|last7=Frouz|first7=Jan|date=2019|title=The effect of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture on soil organic matter, nutrient content, and microbiota in tropical ecosystems of Papua New Guinea|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ldr.3203|journal=Land Degradation & Development|language=en|volume=30|issue=2|pages=166–177|doi=10.1002/ldr.3203|bibcode=2019LDeDe..30..166K |s2cid=133993874 |issn=1099-145X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==History==
Historically, slash-and-burn cultivation has been practiced throughout much of the world. Fire was already used by hunter-gatherers before the invention of agriculture, and still is in present times. Clearings created by the fire were made for many reasons, such as to provide new growth for game animals and to promote certain kinds of edible plants.

During the [[Neolithic Revolution]], groups of [[hunter-gatherers]] domesticated various plants and animals, permitting them to settle down and practice agriculture, which provided more nutrition per hectare than hunting and gathering. Some groups could easily plant their crops in open fields along river valleys, but others had forests covering their land. Thus, since Neolithic times, slash-and-burn agriculture has been widely used to clear land to make it suitable for crops and livestock.<ref>Jaime Awe, ''Maya Cities and Sacred Caves'', Cu bola Books (2006)</ref>

Large groups wandering in the woodlands was once a common form of society in European [[prehistory]]. The extended family burned and cultivated their swidden plots, sowed one or more crops, and then proceeded on to the next plot.<ref>Clark J.G.D., 1952, Farming: Clearance and Cultivation II Prehistoric Europe: The Economic Basis, pg.s 91–107, Cambridge.</ref>

==Technique==
[[File:Svedjebruk.jpg|thumb|Slash-and-burn agriculture in [[Maaninka]], Finland, in the 1920s]]
Slash-and-burn fields are typically used and owned by a family until the soil is exhausted. At this point the ownership rights are abandoned, the family clears a new field, and trees and shrubs are permitted to grow on the former field. After a few decades, another family or clan may then use the land and claim [[Usufruct|usufructuary rights]]. In such a system there is typically no market in farmland, so land is not bought or sold on the open market and land rights are traditional.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In slash-and-burn agriculture, forests are typically cut months before a dry season. The "slash" is permitted to dry and then burned in the following dry season. The resulting ash fertilizes the soil<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Risse |first1=L. Mark |last2=Gaskin |first2=Julia W. |url=https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/12128/B1142.pdf?sequence=1|title=Best Management Practices for Wood Ash as Agricultural Soil Amendment|website=athenaeum.libs.uga.edu |date=9 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecologic.org/actions-issues/challenges/slash-burn-agriculture/|title=Slash and Burn Agriculture {{!}} EcoLogic Development Fund|website=www.ecologic.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref> and the burned field is then planted at the beginning of the next rainy season with crops such as rice, maize, cassava, or other staples. This work was once done using simple tools such as [[machete]]s, [[axe]]s, [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]]s and [[shovel]]s.

==Benefits and drawbacks==
{{unsourced section|date=January 2023}}
This system of agriculture provides millions of people with food and income. It has been ecologically sustainable for thousands of years. Because the leached soil in many tropical regions, such as the Amazon, are nutritionally extremely poor, slash-and-burn is one of the only types of agriculture which can be practiced in these areas. Slash-and-burn farmers typically plant a variety of crops, instead of a monoculture, and contribute to a higher biodiversity due to creating mosaic habitats. The general ecosystem is not harmed in traditional slash-and-burn, aside from a small temporary patch.

This technique is most unsuitable for the production of [[cash crop]]s. A huge amount of land, or a low density of people, is required for sustainable slash-and-burn. When slash-and-burn is practiced in the same area too often, e.g., because the human population density has increased to an unsustainable level, the forest will eventually be destroyed.

==Regionally==
===Asia===
{{See also|Jhum}}
Tribal groups in the [[Northeast India|northeastern Indian states]] of [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]] and the [[Bangladesh]]i districts of [[Rangamati]], [[Khagrachari]], [[Bandarban]] and [[Sylhet]] refer to slash-and-burn agriculture as [[podu (agriculture)|podu]], ''jhum'' or ''jhoom'' cultivation. The system involves clearing land, by fire or clear-felling, for economically important crops such as [[upland rice]], vegetables or fruits. After a few cycles, the land's fertility declines and a new area is chosen. ''Jhum'' cultivation is most often practiced on the slopes of thickly-forested hills. Cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the land, burning the trees and grasses for fresh soil. Although it is believed that this helps fertilize the land, it can leave it vulnerable to [[erosion]]. Holes are made for the seeds of crops<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jhum|title=Jhum|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref> such as [[Glutinous rice|sticky rice]], maize, eggplant and cucumber. After considering ''jhum''{{'}}s effects, the government of [[Mizoram]] has introduced a policy to end the method in the state.<ref>{{cite web|author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan1711/oth05 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=2011-01-17 |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>

[[Vietnam]] is home to a diverse range of ethnic groups. Some of these groups form primarily rural communities that reside far from the larger cities of the country, living on swidden fields where slash-and-burn agriculture is still in regular use as a part of everyday life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nguyêñ Văn Huy|date=2001|title=The Cultural Mosaic Of Ethnic Groups In Vietnam|location=Hà Nội|publisher=Education Publishing House|oclc=51320108}}</ref>

===Americas===
{{expand section|date=August 2021}}
Some American civilizations, like the Maya, have used slash-and-burn cultivation since ancient times. [[Native Americans in the United States]] also used [[Native American use of fire in ecosystems|fire in agriculture and hunting]].<ref name="auto">Pyne, 1997:470</ref> In the Amazon, many peoples such as the [[Yanomami|Yanomami Indians]] also live off the slash and burn method due to the Amazon's poor [[soil quality]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owl |first=M. Y. |date=1976 |title=Yanomamo ecology, population control, and their relationship to slash and burn agriculture |journal=California Anthropologist |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=6–20 |issn=0272-5452 |pmid=12334855}}</ref>

Indigenous peoples in what is now modern-day Brazil also utilized slash-and-burn agriculture as land management in the [[Atlantic Forest]] prior to European colonization.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Solórzano |first1=Alexandro |title=Atlantic Forest Landscapes: Nature-Cultures through Space and Time |date=2024-08-21 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-1080 |access-date=2025-12-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1080 |isbn=978-0-19-936643-9 |last2=Brasil |first2=Lucas |last3=Fernandez |first3=Vicente |last4=Amadeo |first4=Thomaz |last5=Amadeo |first5=Maria |last6=Ribeiro de Oliveira |first6=Rogério|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Portugal ===
In Portugal, slash-and-burn agriculture was historically known as '''''roças''''' and '''''queimadas'''''. Until the early 20th century, it was a pervasive element of the rural economy, particularly in the southern regions of [[Beira Baixa Province|Beira Baixa]] and [[Alentejo]], as well as in mountain areas. The French historian [[Albert Silbert]], in his study of the region's agrarian history, described the practice as a "mode of production that occupied a central place in agricultural life," noting similarities to tropical swidden systems.<ref name="Arcadia2025">{{cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=José Miguel |last2=Carmo |first2=Miguel |last3=Gomes |first3=Inês |last4=Silva |first4=Marta N. |date=Summer 2025 |title=Roças and queimadas: Changing Landscapes of Fire in Twentieth-Century Portugal |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/arcadia/rocas-and-queimadas-changing-landscapes-fire-twentieth-century-portugal |journal=Arcadia |publisher=Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society |issue=9 |issn=2199-3408}}</ref>

The traditional agricultural cycle involved cutting vegetation in the spring, allowing it to dry, and burning it in August. The ash fertilized the soil for the cultivation of cereals such as rye, wheat, and barley, which were planted with the onset of the first rains. This practice supported a socio-ecological mosaic of cultivated fields, moors (''charnecas''), common lands (''baldios''), and woodlands.<ref name="Arcadia2025" />

The decline of slash-and-burn in Portugal began with the rise of the modern liberal state in the 19th century, which privatized common lands and confiscated ecclesial properties. Enlightened agrarian reformers increasingly characterized the practice as backward and destructive. In 1886, the newly established Forestry Service banned ''queimadas'' within 200 meters of state forests, a distance extended to one kilometer in 1926.<ref name="Arcadia2025" />

The eradication of the practice accelerated under the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] dictatorship (1933–1974). Policies such as the Wheat Campaign of 1929 and the Afforestation Law of 1938 sought to transform uncultivated moors into wheat monocultures and upland commons into state forests. These "fascist modernist landscapes" were designed to exclude fire, backed by scientific forestry narratives that viewed swidden cultivation as primitive. By the mid-1960s, state-sponsored afforestation—often utilizing fast-growing species like ''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]'' for the pulp industry—had further marginalized traditional fire use.<ref name="Arcadia2025" />

While ''roças'' and ''queimadas'' have largely vanished, modern experts argue that the exclusion of fire contributed to the severity of contemporary wildfires. The accumulation of fuel loads, combined with rural flight and monoculture plantations, has created a landscape prone to destructive mega-fires, leading some researchers to reconsider the utility of traditional fire management techniques.<ref name="Arcadia2025" />

=== {{anchor|Preserving the Northern European Heritage}}Northern Europe ===
[[File:Kaskialue Kaavin Telkkämäessä (2013).JPG|thumbnail|alt=Recently burned area|A recently burned area at the [[Telkkämäki Nature Reserve|Telkkämäki Heritage Farm]] in Finland, demonstrating the technique.]]

Slash-and-burn techniques were used in northeastern Sweden in agricultural systems. In Sweden, the practice is known as {{lang|sv|svedjebruk}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sviðna, Svedjebruk and Slash & Burn cultivation {{!}} Northern Bush|url=https://northernbush.com/swidden-svedjebruk-and-slash-burn-cultivation/|access-date=2020-10-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:NMA.0043006 Skogsbruk, svedjebruk. Svedje tillhörande Anesgården i Slätafly, Torsås socken, Småland.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of deforested land|Slash-and-burn in [[Småland]], Sweden (1904)]]

[[Telkkämäki Nature Reserve]] in [[Kaavi]], Finland, is an [[open-air museum]] where slash-and-burn agriculture is demonstrated. Farm visitors can see how people farmed when slash-and-burn was the norm in the [[Northern Savonia]]n region of eastern Finland beginning in the 15th century. Areas of the reserve are burnt each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outdoors.fi/destinations/otherprotectedareas/telkkamaki/Pages/Default.aspx |title=Telkkämäki Nature Reserve |publisher=Outdoors.fi |date=2013-05-14 |access-date=2013-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717034103/http://www.outdoors.fi/destinations/otherprotectedareas/telkkamaki/Pages/Default.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-17 }}</ref>

===={{lang|sv|Svedjebruk}}====
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
{{lang|sv|Svedjebruk}} is a form of slash-and-burn agriculture practiced in Sweden and Norway. It originated in Russia in the region of [[Novgorod]] and was widespread in Finland and Eastern Sweden during the Medieval period. It spread to western Sweden in the 16th century when Finnish settlers were encouraged to migrate there by King [[Gustav Vasa]] to help clear the dense forests. Later, when the Finns were persecuted by the local Swedes, {{lang|sv|svedjebruk}} farming was spread by refugees to eastern [[Norway]], more specifically in the eastern part of [[Solør]], in the area bordering Sweden known as [[Finnskogen]] ("the Finnish woods").

The practice spread to [[New Sweden]] in North America. Reinforced by the use of fire in agriculture and hunting by [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]], it became an important part of pioneering in America.<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:Slash and Burn Agriculture, Morondava, Madagascar.jpg|thumb|[[Lemur]]s in [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|dry deciduous forests]] of [[Madagascar]] are threatened by [[Deforestation in Madagascar|deforestation]] for the creation of farmland and pasture.]]

=====Description of process=====
{{lang|sv|Svedjebruk}} involved stripping a ring of bark completely around the trunk of [[Pinophyta|coniferous trees]] like [[pine]] or [[spruce]] or felling them, allowing them to dry, setting fire to the dried forest and growing crops on the fertile ash-covered soil. The resulting ash was highly fertile, but only for a short period. The clearing was initially planted to [[rye]] as soon as the ash had fully settled and sufficiently cooled. When the rain came, it packed the ash around the rye. The rye germinated and grew prolifically, with anywhere from 25 to 100 stalks (or straws), each with multiple grains.

Only two tools were required, the axe and the sickle. The axe cut the trees to start the cycle. When the rye had ripened, it was harvested with a [[sickle]], which could reach among the rocks and stumps where a [[scythe]] would have been ineffective.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S7LTbJ-ErQ Video] on the procedure. In: YouTube</ref>

In the second and third year the field would be sown with [[turnip]]s or [[cabbage]]s. It then might be grazed for several years before being allowed to return to woodland.

====={{lang|sv|Svedjebruk}} culture=====
{{unsourced section|date=February 2021}}
{{lang|sv|Svedjebruk}} required felling new forest and burning a new area every year. It was necessary to allow the former fields to regrow with forest for 10–30 years before repeating the cycle. As a result, the dwellings were often many kilometers from the fields. Furthermore, since the process was man-power intensive, extended families tended to work together and live in compact communities.

The {{lang|sv|svedjebruk}} farming approach required a large area. When forest was plentiful, the Finns were very prosperous. As population grew and restrictions were placed on the forest which could be burned, it became increasingly difficult. By 1710, during the conflict with Sweden, because of their suspect loyalties Norwegian authorities considered expelling them{{clarify|date=March 2025}} from the border area, but did not do so because it was judged they were too poor to survive if evicted.


==Research==
This type of agriculture is discouraged by many developmental or environmentalist organisations, with the main alternatives being promoted as switching to more [[intensive agriculture|intensive]], permanent farming methods, or promoting a shift from farming to working in different, higher-paying industries altogether. Other organisations promote helping farmers achieve higher productivity by introducing new techniques.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Not allowing the slashed vegetation to burn completely and ploughing the resultant charcoal into the soil ([[slash-and-char]]) has been proposed as a way to boost yields.<ref>{{Cite journal | first=L. A. | last=Biederman | date=31 December 2012 | title=Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis | journal=GCB Bioenergy | language=en | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=202–214 | doi=10.1111/gcbb.12037| s2cid=86216355 }}</ref>

Promoters of a project from the early 2000s claimed that slash-and-burn cultivation could be reduced if farmers grew black pepper crops, turmeric, beans, corn, cacao, rambutan, and citrus between ''[[Inga]]'' trees, which they termed '[[Inga alley cropping]]'.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Daniel | last=Elkan | title=Fired with ambition | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/apr/21/environment.environment | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=21 April 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304153915/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/apr/21/environment.environment | archive-date=4 March 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inga Alley Cropping |url=https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/6ddc498b-d59e-4bc3-a499-1c2d57061162 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=ECHOcommunity |language=en}}</ref>

A method of improving the yields in a type of traditional assarting cultivation used to grow common beans in Central America called 'slash-and-cover' has been proposed by additionally planting [[leguminous]] shrubs to act as a fallow crop after the soil is exhausted and one is ready to clear a new patch of forest.<ref>{{Cite journal | first=. S. | last=Kettler | title=Fallow enrichment of a traditional slash/mulch system in southern Costa Rica: comparisons of biomass production and crop yield | date=1996-08-01 | journal=Agroforestry Systems | language=en | volume=35 | issue=2 | pages=165–176 | doi=10.1007/BF00122777 | bibcode=1996AgrSy..35..165K | s2cid=40357446 | issn=0167-4366}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">Bolivia slash & burn lo (4386225275).jpg | [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]], [[Bolivia]]
Jhum fire.jpg | [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[2006 Southeast Asian haze]]
* [[2013 Southeast Asian haze]]
* [[2015 Southeast Asian haze]]
* [[2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires]]
* [[History of the forest in Central Europe]]
* [[Agricultural waste]]

== General literature ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Conklin |first=H. C. |date=February 1961 |title=The Study of Shifting Cultivation |url=http://anthro.du.ac.in/e-resources2020/kennedy/Shifting%20cultivation_Anthropological%20Perspectives.pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=27–61 |doi=10.1086/200160 |jstor=2739597|s2cid=132297474 }}
* Nesholen, Birger (1994). "Svedjebrukerne", ''Østlandske Skogsområder'', [[Norwegian Mountain Touring Association|Den Norske Turistforening]].
* [[Stephen J. Pyne|Pyne, Stephen J.]] (1997). ''Vestal Fire: An Environmental History, Told Through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World''. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0-295-97596-2}}.
* {{Cite book |last1=Sawyer |first1=Birgit |last2=Sawyer |first2=Peter H. |author2-link=Peter Hayes Sawyer |title=Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800–1500 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1993 |author-link=Birgit Sawyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGJrXOjYvQgC |isbn=0-8166-1739-2}}
* Stagg, Frank Noel (1956). ''East Norway and Its Frontier''. Allen & Unwin.

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|swidden}}
{{Wikisource|Slash and burn}}
* {{Cite tech report | first=Sameer | last=Karki | title=Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/17649-086b69f51b9bdb4ae39e32be08d52c1f5.pdf | year=2002 | publisher=Project FireFight South East Asia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153221/http://www.fao.org/forestry/17649-086b69f51b9bdb4ae39e32be08d52c1f5.pdf | archive-date=22 October 2018 | url-status=live}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwV0nWfZJ1M Video of slash-and-burn] at the [[Telkkämäki Nature Reserve]], Finland, in 2012
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S7LTbJ-ErQ Video of slash-and-burn] in Sweden around 1930–32 (from the YouTube channel of the [[Nordic Museum]])

{{Forestry}}
{{Deforestation and desertification}}
{{Fire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slash-and-burn}}
[[Category:Agriculture by type]]
[[Category:Environmental issues with forests]]
[[Category:Fire in culture]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Forest management]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Sweden]]
[[Category:Agriculture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Forestry in Finland]]
[[Category:Forestry in Norway]]
[[Category:Forestry in Russia]]
[[Category:Forestry in Sweden]]
[[Category:Forestry in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Russia]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Finland]]

Telangana Grameena Bank

2026-01-09T17:59:59Z

IODChanel59686: started stub.

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Telangana Grameena Bank
| logo = TGB logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| caption =
| native_name = '''తెలంగాణ గ్రామీణ బ్యాంక్'''
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2025|01|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Telangana]]
| key_people = '''Shi K Prathapa Reddy''' (Chairman)
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products = {{ubl|[[Retail banking]]|[[Corporate banking]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s| [[Private banking]]|[[Insurance]] }}
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of Telangana]] (15%)
[[State Bank of India]] (35%)
| num_locations = 936 Branches
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{ubl|{{URL|https://tgb.bank.in/}}|{{URL|https://inb.tgb.bank.in/OnlineTGB/}}}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Telangana Grameena Bank (TGB)''' is an Indian [[Regional rural bank|Regional Rural Bank]] '''(RRB)''' in [[Telangana]].<ref name = TGB>{{Cite web |last= Telangana Grameena Bank |title=Telangana Grameena Bank Official Website |url=https://tgb.bank.in/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=www.tgb.bank.in |language=en}}</ref> The bank was established on January 1, 2025<ref>Govt of India Notification CG-DL-E-07042025-262329 dated 07 April 2025 issued by the Department of Financial Services</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html | title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 }}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of '''Telangana Grameena Bank''' and the branches of '''Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank (APGVB)''' in Telangana under The "One State, One RRB"<ref>https://www.livemint.com/economy/one-state-one-rrb-to-be-effective-from-may-1-after-govt-approves-consolidation-of-15-regional-rural-banks-11744118507326.html</ref> policy of government which aims to consolidate Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) within each state, resulting in a single RRB per state. This policy, effective from May 1, 2025, is designed to improve efficiency, reduce operational costs, and strengthen rural banking services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BS |title=One State One RRB / RRB {{!}} One State, One RRB / RRB |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/regional-rural-bank-one-state-one-rrb-may-1-details-125050100627_1.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by [[State Bank of India]].

== History==
The recent amalgamation involves merging the branches of Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank '''(APGVB)''' in [[Telangana]] with '''Telangana Grameena Bank (TGB)''', effective January 1, 2025.<ref name = TGB/>

== Branches and coverage ==
The bank operates in multiple [[List of districts of Telangana|districts]] of [[Telangana]], with its head office located at [[Hyderabad]].<ref name = TGB/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Regional rural bank]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tgb.bank.in/ Official site]
* [https://inb.tgb.bank.in/OnlineTGB/ Internet Banking]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Telangana]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2025]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]

Cochin Bridge (Palakkad, India)

2025-12-30T04:30:46Z

IODChanel59686:

{{Short description|Bridge in Kerala, India}}
{{for|the Bridge with same name in Canada|Cochin Bridge (Saskatchewan)}}
{{distinguish|Cochin Harbour Bridge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Cochin Bridge
|image = പഴയ‌-കൊച്ചിപ്പാലവും‌-പുതിയ-കൊച്ചിപ്പാലവും.JPG
|caption = Old Cochin Bridge and new Cochin Bridge in 2007
|official_name = Kochi Bridge
|carries = Rail (former) Road
|crosses = [[Bharathappuzha]]
|locale = [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]
|maint = Archeology Department, Kerala
|id =
|designer = British Government
|design = Indo- British
|material = Steel & Rail
|spans = 15
|pierswater =
|mainspan = 14
|length = 32 m(Previously 322 Meter)
|width = 180 Meter
|height =85 Cm
|load = 5000 Kg
|clearance = Yes
|below = -
|traffic = Traffic only on Road Bridge
|begin = 1901
|complete = 1902
|open = 2 June 1902
|closed = 1989
|collapsed = 2009 ( First time), 2011( Second time), 2021( Third time), 2024( Last time)
|website =
|toll = No
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates =
}}

The '''Cochin Bridge''' is a collapsed historical bridge located in [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India. It was originally constructed as a rail bridge, that lies across the [[Bharathappuzha|Bharathapuzha river]], connecting [[Shoranur]] in Palakkad district with [[Cheruthuruthi|Cheruthuruthy]] in [[Thrissur district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-20 |title=A bridge to Kochi's past lies in ruins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-bridge-to-kochis-past-lies-in-ruins/article5147089.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bridge's construction was completed in 1902 at the cost of 84 lakh rupees by [[Rama Varma XV|Shri Rama Varma Thampuran]], the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Maharaja of Kochi]], who reigned from the year 1895 till 1914.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-11-13 |title=Rama Varma Thampuran, Last Maharaja of Cochin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/13/archives/rama-varma-thampuran-last-maharaja-of-cochin.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This was the only bridge built in that time to make [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] navigable to the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kingdom of Kochi]]. The first freight train passed over the bridge on 2 June 1902 and a few days later on the 16 June, the first passenger train made the journey from [[Shoranur]] to [[Kochi]] through the bridge. Due to damage, it was closed in 1989, and a new bridge was built parallel to it. As of October 2023, the bridge is in a collapsed condition and the authorities are planning to completely dismantle it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-29 |title=The Cochin Bridge, Cheruthuruthy - Shornur |url=http://cochinbridge.com/Cochin%20Bridge.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011820/http://cochinbridge.com/Cochin%20Bridge.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
[[Rama Varma XV|Rama Varma Thampuran]], who ruled the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] from 1895 to 1914, constructed the bridge. The railway line that came up to [[Shoranur]] was intended to be extended all the way to [[Kochi|Cochin]] by the King, who was praised as a progressive leader. Two arterial train routes intersected in Shoranur, making it a significant location on the rail map. The Ernakulam-Shoranur railway line was constructed on the King's initiative, and the first train ran on it in June 1902.<ref name=":0" /> According to railway historian ''Devan Varma'', to fund the railway project, the King sold some of the royal family's prized possessions, including the elephant's [[Nettipattom|nettipattam]] (caparisons).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-09-16 |title=117-year-old Cochin bridge lies in ruins |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/117-year-old-cochin-bridge-lies-in-ruins/articleshow/71143223.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Bullock cart]]s were allowed to traverse the bridge in its early days even though it was initially a narrow gauge rail bridge. It was converted to a broad gauge bridge in 1935. When the British built a brand-new rail bridge next to it, the old one was converted to a road bridge in 1945. The [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] built a new Cochin Bridge in 2003 to replace the old one. In 2009, a pillar of the bridge collapsed and in November 2011, the eighth and ninth spans of the bridge collapsed when the ninth pillar gave in.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2022-09-19 |title=Historic Cochin Bridge loses one more span |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/historic-cochin-bridge-loses-one-more-span/article65911149.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of bridges in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1902]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Harmadih

2025-11-27T05:24:57Z

IODChanel59686: Entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harmadih
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6081|N|86.7993|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 205
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723160
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03251
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raghunathpur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathpur]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harmadih''' (also spelled Harmadi) is a village in the [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|35|0|N|86|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|36|0|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Santaldih| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Santaldih]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|35|5|N|86|28|34|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Kanki| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kanki, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|31|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Dubra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dubra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|29|52|N|86|33|43|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chapari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chapari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|28|56|N|86|31|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Shankara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shankara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Nabagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nabagram, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|48|15|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Saltore| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Saltore]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|30|N|86|49|10|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Hijuli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Hijuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|26|N|86|50|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Parbelia| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Parbelia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|18|N|86|38|16|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Achkoda| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Achkoda]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|28|48|N|86|33|37|E}} | label-pos11= right|label11=Anara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Anara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|1|N|86|33|10|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Cheliyama| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Cheliyama]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|35|40|N|86|45|31|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Gobag| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gobag]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|17|N|86|27|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Haraktor| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Haraktor]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|36|29|N|86|47|57|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Harmadih| numbered15=R| mark-title15= Harmadih (R)|shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|39|40|N|86|49|30|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Nituria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nituria]] (R) |shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|42|N|86|31|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Para| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Para, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Sarbari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sarbari]] (R) |shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|45|N|86|31|25|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Usir| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Usir]] (R) |shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|36|10|N|86|33|31|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Banda Deul| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Banda Deul]] (H)| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|37|30|N|86|46|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Garh Panchkot| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Garh Panchkot]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|39|58|N|86|36|23|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Telkupi| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Telkupi]] (H)| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|46|N|86|45|42|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Ramkanali| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Ramkanali Junction railway station]] (R) |shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24= {{coord|23|36|40|N|86|50|21|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Murulia| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Murulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord25= {{coord|23|30|23|N|86|41|37|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Arra| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Arra, Purulia|Arra, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|29|10|N|86|39|45|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Kantaranguri| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kantaranguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|30|10|N|86|40|0|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Adra| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Adra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|25|19|N|86|39|43|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Lapara| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Lapara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathpur| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Raghunathpur, Purulia]] (M) |shape-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|34|30|N|86|50|40|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=Baranti| numbered30=T| mark-title30= [[Baranti]] (T) |shape-color30=green
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|26|10|N|86|41|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Kalloli| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kalloli]] (R) |shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|26|11|N|86|40|13|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Kashipur| numbered32=H| mark-title32= [[Kashipur, West Bengal]] (H) |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|0|N|86|52|30|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=Madhukunda| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhukunda]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|35|20|N|86|49|27|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Muraddi| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Muraddi]] (R) |shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|34|45|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Ramchandrapur| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color35=#C42222
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Santuri| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Santuri, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C42222
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|32|53|N|86|43|35|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37=Bero| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Bero railway station]] (R) |shape-color37=#C42222
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|10|N|86|40|51|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38=Joychandi Pahar| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Joychandi Pahar]] (R) |shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23.6556|N|86.7486|E}}| label39= Panchet |labela39= Hill| label-color39 = #C42222 | label-angle39=-50| label-pos39=bottom| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23.6736|N|86.6886|E}} |label40=Panchet Dam|labela40= Reservoir| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=0| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23.6102|86.9303}}| label41=Damodar River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41=5| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|40|0|N|86|33|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}

===Location===
Harmadih is located at {{coord|23.6081|N|86.7993|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills.<ref>Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref> [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] occupies the northern part of the district. 83.80% of the population of the subdivision lives in rural areas. However, there are pockets of urbanization and 16.20% of the population lives in urban areas. There are 14 census towns in the subdivision.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is presented in the map given alongside. There is a coal mining area around [[Parbelia]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/sripur.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Sodepur Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 11 August 2018}}</ref> and two thermal power plants are there – the 500 MW [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]]<ref name=santaldih>{{cite web |url = http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |title = Santaldih Thermal Power Station - WBPDCL |publisher = WBPDCL |access-date = 2011-08-24 |archive-date = 11 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024838/http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> and the 1200 MW [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]]. The subdivision has a rich heritage of old temples, some of them belonging to the 11th century or earlier. The [[Banda Deul]] is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/purulia.aspx | title = Old temple at Banda (locally known as deul)| publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle |access-date = 23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 134|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> The comparatively more recent in historical terms, Panchkot Raj has interesting and intriguing remains in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asianheritagealertiaah.blogspot.in/2011/10/capital-in-shambles-garh-panchakot.html |title = Capital in shambles: Garh Panchakot, Purulia | publisher= Heritage in Peril| access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Garpanchkot/photo900506.htm |title = Historical ruins| publisher= Trek Earth | access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Harmadi had a total population of 205, of which 102 (50%) were males and 103 (50%) were females. There were 30 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Harmadi was 93 (53.14% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Panchakot Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2001 at [[Sarbari]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://panchakotmv.com/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131010171054/http://www.panchakotmv.com | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 10 October 2013 |title = Panchakot Mahavidyalaya |publisher= PM | access-date = 3 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Garh Panchkot]] is a ruined 16th century fort/ palace of the Panchkot Raj at the foot of the [[Panchet Hill]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://puruliatourism.in/tourism/garhpanchakot.html | title = Purulia: Travel and Tourism | access-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-date = 28 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128161209/http://puruliatourism.in/tourism/garhpanchakot.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Achkoda]], located in this block, showcases [[Atchala|aatchala-style]] temples with [[terracotta]] work on the walls. One of these temples is dedicated to Raghunath and it was constructed by the local landlord of the area. Other temples are mortuary temples of Vaishnava sadhaks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Commission, West Bengal |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/ODNkMWYxZThlMGI1OGU4ZTI3ZDZhM2U2YmY3ZGFlYmUyMzJlYzMyZDRmZDRhZDA1OWMxNmE5ZmY1MzM4YmQ5NTc4YWVhMWM1ZDUyZDMyNWIzZDc0MTFmMGMyNzI1MzhjOTM4ZmMyYWU1NTQ1YWQxNzE2MjBlNjI4OTkzYzI4NzRIZFN1Y3haR0NtMnExc0laVW5KTXZ1QWQvNkJVQWp2UHhkTjR5SXdUSENNPQ==}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Harmadih Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Harmadih, is the major government medical facility in the Neturia CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =18 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purulia district]]

Savitri River

2025-11-05T01:23:26Z

IODChanel59686:

{{Other uses|Savitri (disambiguation){{!}}Savitri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

{{Infobox river
| name = Savitri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = River Savitri in Konkan.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Savitri River in Konkan
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = Around {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Savitri Point, [[Mahabaleshwar]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = Bankot creek, Near [[Harihareshwar]], [[Konkan]], [[Arabian Sea]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

[[File:Savitri river 1.jpg|thumb|left|Savitri river and adjoining valley as seen from top of [[Mahabaleshwar]] hill]]
[[File:Savitri river.JPG|thumb|left|Savitri river near [[Mahad]]]]

'''Savitri River''' is one of the five rivers which originate from [[Mahabaleshwar]] in [[Maharashtra]] state in [[India]]. It originates at Savitri point near Mahabaleshwar and flows through the Bankot village and directly goes to the Arabian Sea [[Raigad district]]<ref name="sandmining">{{cite news|title=No sand mining till green nod, HC tells Maharashtra govt |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/No-sand-mining-till-green-nod-HC-tells-Maharashtra-govt/articleshow/7308171.cms |first=Swati |last=Deshpande |date=18 November 2011 |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=3 Mar 2015}}</ref> and eventually meets [[Arabian Sea]] at Harehareshwar. It passes through rocky and hilly terrain of [[Western Ghats]] till Poladpur and further through the towns of Mahad, [[Mangaon]] and Shrivardhan [[Tehsil|Tehsil (taluka)]]. There are a number of Shiva temples along the banks of river Savitri. Many other small rivers get merged into it at Kapade, Poladpur and Birwadi. Its major tributary is the [[Kal River]] which enters from the right (north) near [[Dasgaon]].<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27843/11/11_chapter%202.pdf Savitri river basin]</ref>

More than 24 people were reported missing, on 3 August 2016, when a British era bridge collapsed due to heavy rains near Raigad district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mumbai-goa-highway-bridge-collapses-2-buses-carrying-18-people-missing-2950787/|title=Mumbai-Goa highway bridge collapses, 2 buses carrying 18 people missing|date=2016-08-03|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> Two state transport buses and several vehicles reportedly plunged into the river.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bridge-on-mumbai-goa-highway-collapses-due-to-heavy-rain-1439587|title=2 Dead, 20 Missing As British-Era Bridge On Mumbai-Goa Highway Collapses: 10 Updates|first=Anant R|last=Zanane|publisher=NDTV|date=3 August 2016|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

The other four rivers originating from Mahabaleshwar (Panchganga) are: [[Gayatri River]], [[Koyna River]], [[Krishna River]], and [[Venna River]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Savitri River}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Satara district topics}}
{{Raigad district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|17|58|N|73|02|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]

Arun Bhardwaj

2025-10-18T06:11:30Z

IODChanel59686: starting info

{{short description|Indian ultramarathon runner}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Bhardwaj
| image =
| birth_place = India
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|24 February 1969}}
}}

'''Arun Bhardwaj''' (born 24 February 1969){{citation needed|date=November 2023}} is a career civil servant and an [[ultramarathon]] runner from New Delhi, India. In 2009, he won the 567 km [[George Archer 6 day]] race in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/component/content/article/13-featured-news/132-baap-of-all-marathon.html |title=Baap of all Marathon |publisher=indiansportsnews.com |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> In December 2010, he ran {{convert|186.4|km|mi}} in 24 hours in [[Kolkata]], India and thus beat his previous best of running 177 km in 24 hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101206/jsp/calcutta/story_13261989.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913093651/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101206/jsp/calcutta/story_13261989.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title=200 km warm for America race |work=The Telegraph |date= 2010-12-06|accessdate=2011-07-14 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

==Badwater Ultramarathon 2011 participation==
After completing the [[George Archer 6 day]] race in South Africa, Bhardwaj was invited to race in the [[Badwater Ultramarathon]] in Death Valley, California, USA, which has been deemed by [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] as the toughest organised race in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2009/03/top-ten-toughest-races-text/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328114528/http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2009/03/top-ten-toughest-races-text/7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2009 |title=The ADVENTURE Top Ten: Toughest Races |publisher=National Geographic |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> He participated in the 34th edition of the Badwater Ultramarathon between 11 July and 13 July. On 13 July, he completed the race in his first attempt with a time of 41 hours 6 minutes and 1 second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dbase.adventurecorps.com/results.php?bw_eid=53&bwr=Go |title=2011 Badwater Ultramarathon Results |publisher=Badwater Ultramarathon website |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born in Baghpat in Uttar Pradesh, and lives in Uttarkashi with his wife and children.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== Achievements in international ultramarathon events==

•138.172 km in IAU Asia 24 hr Track Championships in Taiwan on 2–3 March 2002 (9th place). First Indian representative in any 24 hr Ultra Marathon

°516 km in Self-Transcendence 6-Days race, New York 27 April – 3 May 2003 and became the first Indian to cross 500 km in a 6-Days race (7th Place)

°Finished IAU 100 km World Cup 2003, Taiwan 16.11.2003. Became first ever Indian to participate and finish any 100 km World Cup

° 155 km in 24hr Commonwealth Ultramarathon Championships, Wales (2011)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/i-think-it-is-both-my-duty-and-right-to-serve-as-an-inspiration/cid/1806987 I think it is both my duty and right to serve as an inspiration] [[The Telegraph (India)]]
* [https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-ultra-distance-runner-arun-kumar-bhardwaj-who-ran-4100-kms-from-kargil-to-kanyakumari-2872552 Who is Arun Kumar Bhardwaj? India's sole ultra-marathon runner who ran 4100 kms from Kargil-Kanyakumari] [[Daily News and Analysis]]
* [https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/arun-bhardwaj-becomes-first-indian-ultra-marathon-runner-to-complete-mumbai-nashik-pune-mumbai-run/articleshow/80754278.html Arun Bhardwaj becomes first Indian Ultra-Marathon Runner to complete Mumbai-Nashik-Pune-Mumbai run] [[Mumbai Mirror]]
* [https://www.news18.com/news/other-sports/meet-arun-bhardwaj-indias-sole-ultra-marathon-runner-1269455.html Meet Arun Bhardwaj, India’s Sole Ultra-Marathon Runner]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian ultramarathon runners]]
[[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Men ultramarathon runners]]
[[Category:Athletes from Delhi]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]

Mozhi (transliteration)

2025-10-12T06:33:16Z

IODChanel59686: refined intro also and corrected details

{{Short description|Popular romanization scheme for Malayalam script}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

The '''Mozhi''' is a popular [[romanization]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mozhi - Detailed specification - Varamozhi Project |url=https://sites.google.com/site/cibu/mozhi2 |access-date=2019-05-11 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> scheme for [[Malayalam script]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=LANGUAGE TRANSLITERATION IN INDIAN LANGUAGES – A LEXICON PARSING APPROACH|url=http://marymathacollege.org/data/downloads/2013-10-24-3-25-23_language-transliteration-in-indian-languages-a-lexicon-parsing-approach.pdf|journal=University Grants Commission, SWRO, Bangalore}}</ref> It is primarily used for [[Input method|Input Method Editors]] for [[Malayalam]] and loosely based on [[ITRANS|ITrans]] scheme for [[Devanagari]].

== Inventory ==
This system does not need the use of diacritics; instead, uses letter case distinction to indicate difference in vowel lengths and different groups of consonants. However, Mozhi has additional mappings to allow input using only the lowercase letters.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Malayalam
! Latin
!Category
|-
| അ
| a
| rowspan="13" |[[Vowel]]s
|-
| ആ
| aa
|-
| ഇ
| i
|-
| ഈ
| ii
|-
| ഉ
| u
|-
| ഊ
| uu
|-
| എ
| e
|-
| ഏ
| E, ea
|-
| ഒ
| o
|-
| ഓ
| O, oa
|-
| ഔ
| au
|-
| ഐ
| ai
|-
| ഋ
| R, r
|-
|അം
|am
|[[Anusvara]]
|-
|അഃ
|aH
|[[Visarga]]
|-
|്
|`
|[[Chandrakkala]]/[[Virama]]
|-
| ക
| ka
| rowspan="5" |[[Velar consonant|Velar Consonants]]
|-
| ഖ
| kha
|-
| ഗ
| ga
|-
| ഘ
| gha
|-
| ങ
| nga
|-
| ച
| cha
| rowspan="5" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal Consonants]]
|-
| ഛ
| chha
|-
| ജ
| ja
|-
| ഝ
| jha
|-
| ഞ
| nja
|-
| ട
| Ta, tta
| rowspan="5" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex Consonants]]
|-
|ഠ
| Tha, ttha
|-
| ഡ
| Da, dta
|-
| ഢ
| Dha, dtha
|-
|ണ
| Na, nha
|-
| ത
| tha
| rowspan="5" |[[Dental consonant|Dental Consonants]]
|-
| ഥ
| thha
|-
| ദ
| dha
|-
| ധ
| dhha
|-
| ന
| na
|-
| പ
| pa
| rowspan="5" |[[Labial consonant|Labial Consonants]]
|-
| ഫ
| pha
|-
| ബ
| ba
|-
| ഭ
| bha
|-
| മ
| ma
|-
| യ
| ya
| rowspan="6" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant Consonants]]
|-
| ര
| ra
|-
|ല
|la
|-
|വ
|va
|-
|ള
|La, lha
|-
|ഴ
|zha
|-
| ശ
| Sa, za
| rowspan="4" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative Consonants]]
|-
| ഷ
| sha
|-
| സ
| sa
|-
|ഹ
|ha
|-
|റ
|Ra, rra
|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|}

== Features ==
Since Mozhi is targeted for input, it has features tuned for that:<ref name=":0" />

* Multiple [[Latin]] letters or sequences for one [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] character. Example: both '<nowiki/>''za''<nowiki/>' and '<nowiki/>''Sa''<nowiki/>' maps to '''ശ''<nowiki/>'.
* Archaic or scholarly characters are defined as refinement on contemporary characters. Example: '1#' generates native digit '൧', with '#' being the 'archaic character' operator to suffix.
* Ability to escape the Malayalam input by prefixing with '\'.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080315001418/http://ml.girgit.chitthajagat.in/ Girgit Online Indic to Malayalam and vice versa Transliteration of Webpages] বংলা (Bengali), हिन्दी (Devanagari), ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada), മലയാളം (Malayalam), ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oriya), ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ (Punjabi), தமிழ் (Tamil), తెలుగు (Telugu), ગુજરાતી (Gujarati), English.

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Romanization]]

{{Dr-lang-stub}}

Samana Range

2025-09-26T00:03:26Z

IODChanel59686: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Mountain ridge in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan}}
The '''Samana Range''' is a mountain ridge in the [[Hangu District, Pakistan|Hangu District]] of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] of [[Pakistan]], commanding the southern boundary of [[Tirah]]. The ridge lies between the [[Khanki Valley]] on the north and the [[Miranzai Valley]] on the south, and extends for some 30 m. west from [[Hangu, Pakistan|Hangu]] to the [[Samana Suk]]. It is some 6000 to 7000 ft. high.

==History==
Beyond the Samana Suk lies the pass, known as the [[Chagru Kotal]], across which the [[Tirah Campaign]] marched in 1897. On the opposite hill on the other side of this road is the famous position of [[Dargai]]. After the Miranzai Expedition of 1891 this range was occupied by British troops and eleven posts were established along its crest, the two chief posts being [[Fort Lockhart]] and [[Fort Gulistan]]. In 1897 all the forts on the Samana were attacked by the [[Orakzai]]s, this is when the [[Battle of Saragarhi]] took place and this and the [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] attack on the [[Khyber Pass]] were the two chief causes of the Tirah Expedition. When [[Lord Curzon]] reorganized the frontier in 1900, British garrisons were withdrawn from the Samana forts, which were then held by a corps of tribal police 450 strong, called the Samana Rifles.

==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Samana Range}}

{{coord|33.21|69.17|type:mountain|display=title}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

Bharat Pumps & Compressors

2025-08-16T03:49:57Z

IODChanel59686: general enhance lead and improved wording

{{Short description|Public-sector undertaking owned by the Ministry of Heavy Industries of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited
| logo = New Logo BPCL.jpg
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| key_people = Shri Sunil Parwani (Chairman & Managing Director)
| industry = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Government of India]]
| products = [[Reciprocating pump]] [[Centrifugal pump]] [[Reciprocating compressor]] [[Gas cylinder]]
| num_employees = 990
| foundation = 1970
| location = [[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.bpcnaini.co.in/}}
}}
'''Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited (BPC)''' is a [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] (PSU) under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Ministry of Heavy Industries]], [[Government of India]]. The PSU manufactures [[reciprocating pump]]s, [[centrifugal pump]]s, [[reciprocating compressor]]s, and high pressure seamless [[gas cylinder]]s. Headquarters in [[Prayagraj]].

==History==
BPC was set up in 1970 to cut the country’s dependence on import of hi-tech equipment like [[pumps]] and [[compressors]] for use in critical areas like [[Fossil fuel|oil and gas]] exploration, [[refineries]], [[chemical]] and [[fertilizer]] plant and [[nuclear plants]]. Unfortunately, the company was unable to make profits. Eventually, it turned sick and was referred to the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Restructuring]] (BIFR). BPC’s losses had accumulated to {{INRConvert|1753|m}} as on 31 March 2005 and the net worth had turned negative at {{INRConvert|1216|m}}. The company was referred to the BIFR and was on the verge of being closed down after 35 years of operations.

The company has seen a dramatic turnaround in its performance from the financial year 2005-06. The company’s profit before tax (PBT) in the financial year 2006-07 was {{INRConvert|191|m}}, which increased to {{INRConvert|311|m}} in 2009-10. During the same period, its net worth increased from {{INRConvert|569.6|m}} to {{INRConvert|1241|m}}. The turnover went up to {{INRConvert|2711|m}} in 2009-10 from {{INRConvert|1437|m}} in 2006-07.
The turnaround of the company is credited to [[Abhay Kumar Jain]], who was appointed the MD of the sick company in the year 2005-06. The special efforts and corporate strategies put in place by Jain, after joining on 31.12.2005, yielded the much awaited turnaround of the Company. BPCL achieved a net profit of ₹1.84 crores during Financial Year 2005-06 after accounting for interest amounting to ₹135 million as against a loss of ₹108.6 million during previous year 2004-05. This remarkable feat of turnaround is of significance since it was achieved without considering the benefits of financial restructuring.
Presently, the company is again running in loss. Jain invested nearly ₹100 crores in purchase of new machines and had projected business of ₹1600 crores but this target was never achieved and as a result, company incurred loss.

On the 28th of September 2016, the [[Government of India]] announced the privatization of Bharat Pumps & Compressors.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper| title = Cabinet approves stake sale in Bharat Pumps & Compressors - Industry - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}} </ref> On 17 April 2018 the Government of India issued an Expression of Interest for a 100% stake in Bharat Pumps & Compressors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/government-invites-expression-of-interest-for-strategic-sale-of-bharat-pumps/1135990/|title = Government invites Expression of Interest for strategic sale of Bharat Pumps}}</ref>

On the 14th of Jan 2021, the Government of India announced the liquidation of Bharat Pumps & Compressors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/govt-set-to-wind-up-scooters-india-bharat-pumps/707213|title = Govt set to wind up Scooters India, Bharat Pumps}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/10/08/stories/2006100802780100.htm Business Line: Navaratna' cos to help revive bleeding PSUs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120730042158/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/17/stories/2007051706171700.htm The Hindu: Bharat Pumps' revamp plan in place]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714112126/http://indiaearnings.moneycontrol.com/sub_india/compnews.php?autono=288648 Moneycontrol.com: Buy BHEL; target of Rs 1650: Merrill Lynch]
* [http://www.abhaykumarjain.com/en Ex - Chairman and Managing Director BPC, Naini, Shri. Abhay Kumar Jain]

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharat Pumps and Compressors}}
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1970]]

Super Deluxe (soundtrack)

2025-08-16T01:11:36Z

IODChanel59686: started a pg

{{Short description|2019 film score by Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox album |cover=Yuvan Shankar Raja Super Deluxe (soundtrack).jpg
| name = Super Deluxe
| type = Film score
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = 27 May 2020
| recorded = 2018–2019
| genre = [[Rock and roll]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[retro style]], [[jazz music]], [[contemporary classical music|contemporary classical]], [[Indian classical]], [[avant-garde]], [[experimental music|experimental]]
| length = 27:13
| label = [[U1 Records]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Peranbu]]
| prev_year = 2019
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[NGK (film)|NGK]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
'''''Super Deluxe''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2019 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film [[Super Deluxe (film)|of the same name]], co-written, co-produced and directed by [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]. The album featured 18 instrumental pieces, composed, arranged, produced and programmed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], eventually marking his second collaboration with Kumararaja after ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2011).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Unlike, his first film which had no songs, Kumararaja demanded to include a soundtrack having lyrical songs, but later abandoned. This film, eventually marked Yuvan's third musical which did not contain any songs (after ''[[Adhu]]'' and ''Aaranya Kaandam''). The team, however reused licensed compositions from yesteryear films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=Three Writers, A Director And Their Baby: The Writing Of Super Deluxe |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/three-writers-a-director-and-their-baby-the-writing-of-super-deluxe/ |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en-US |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020060710/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/three-writers-a-director-and-their-baby-the-writing-of-super-deluxe/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Krishnan">{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Hariharan |date=2019-05-21 |title=With 'Super Deluxe', Is Thiagarajan Kumararaja Today's Angry Valmiki Trying To Imagine 'What Would Happen If Rama Comes Back Home, After Exile'? |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/with-super-deluxe-is-thiagarajan-kumararaja-todays-angry-valmiki-trying-to-imagine-what-would-happen-if-rama-comes-back-home-after-exile/ |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en-US |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020060702/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/with-super-deluxe-is-thiagarajan-kumararaja-todays-angry-valmiki-trying-to-imagine-what-would-happen-if-rama-comes-back-home-after-exile/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Yuvan, however worked on the film's background score, which was critically acclaimed and fetched him the award for Best Music Director at the [[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|13th edition]] of [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] (also for ''[[Peranbu]]''). On 27 May 2020, Yuvan's own music label, [[U1 Records]], released the album through music streaming platforms, that consisted of instrumental pieces, used in the background; particularly due to the demand for releasing the [[film score]] into a separate album.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=28 May 2020|title=Original Soundtrack from Super Deluxe releases|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/original-soundtrack-from-super-deluxe-releases.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034740/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/original-soundtrack-from-super-deluxe-releases.html|archive-date=2 August 2021|access-date=30 July 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The extended version of the original score were released through [[non-fungible token]]s (NFT).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The big NFT revolution: From artists, musicians, fashion designers, to filmmakers - creative heads are minting tokens|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2021/jul/16/the-big-nft-revolution-from-artists-musicians-fashion-designerstofilmmakers-creative-heads-a-34753.html|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=15 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020060754/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2021/jul/16/the-big-nft-revolution-from-artists-musicians-fashion-designerstofilmmakers-creative-heads-a-34753.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
In an interview with S. Srivatsan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', Kumararaja expressed his interest on producing a [[soundtrack]] for ''Super Deluxe'' and constantly been in touch with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the songs. His previous, as well as debut directorial, ''Aaranya Kaandam'' also featured music by Yuvan, did not feature any songs due to [[S. P. Charan]]'s decision.<ref>{{cite news|date=2010-09-29|title=Charan elated with new looks|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Charan-elated-with-new-looks/articleshow/6643925.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2011-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616075145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news-interviews/28222181_1_song-shiva-film|archive-date=2012-06-16}}</ref> Kumararaja had a brief influence on film music and songs, that insisted for a film soundtrack. The originally planned album features a [[wikt:mishmash|mishmash]] of genres — which includes [[Retro style|retro]]-styled themes, [[Jazz music|jazz]] and [[contemporary classical music]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lazarus|first=Susanna Myrtle|date=2019-03-09|title=Vijay Sethupathi's charity made 'Super Deluxe' possible: Thiagarajan Kumararaja|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-charity-made-super-deluxe-possible-thiagarajan-kumararaja/article26480937.ece|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129101048/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathis-charity-made-super-deluxe-possible-thiagarajan-kumararaja/article26480937.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genre">{{Cite news|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=13 October 2018|title='Super Deluxe' defies genre, says director Thiagarajan Kumararaja|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece|url-status=live|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124033/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece|archive-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> This decision was however taken aback, and instead reused compositions from yesteryear films, including the likes of [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten Years of Aaranya Kaandam: Dads, depth, desire|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/jun/23/ten-years-of-aaranya-kaandam-dads-depth-desire-25121.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=23 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129101047/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/jun/23/ten-years-of-aaranya-kaandam-dads-depth-desire-25121.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-03|title=Ilaiyaraaja should be thankful to young composers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/why-ilaiyaraaja-should-be-thankful-for-young-composers-5753861/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129101054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/why-ilaiyaraaja-should-be-thankful-for-young-composers-5753861/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Yuvan Shankar Raja released a sneak peek in September 2018, saying that the work on the film's [[Background Score|background score]] is in progress.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sneak peek of Yuvan scoring music for 'Super Deluxe'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneak-peek-of-yuvan-scoring-music-for-super-deluxe/articleshow/65991675.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414002236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneak-peek-of-yuvan-scoring-music-for-super-deluxe/articleshow/65991675.cms|archive-date=14 April 2019|access-date=30 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FC|first=Team|date=2019-02-05|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja On The Difference Between The Working Styles Of Selvaraghavan And Ram|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-the-difference-between-the-working-styles-of-selvaraghavan-and-ram/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020060754/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-the-difference-between-the-working-styles-of-selvaraghavan-and-ram/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tapas Nayak worked on the sound design while the re-recording and mixing of the film score was handled by the duo Arun{{En dash}}Seenu. Speaking about the sound design, the duo said that "the director emphasized on delivering a realistic sound design and gave higher importance to sound over music. He encouraged us to use a lot of reverberating-effect in the film, a tool normally deployed in cinema to create pathos-evoking background score."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Interview with Seenu of sound effects duo Arun Seenu of Super Deluxe ft Vijay Sethupathi Thiagarajan Kumararaja|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/interview-with-seenu-of-sound-effects-duo-arun-seenu-of-super-deluxe-ft-vijay-sethupathi-thiagarajan-kumararaja.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020060701/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/interview-with-seenu-of-sound-effects-duo-arun-seenu-of-super-deluxe-ft-vijay-sethupathi-thiagarajan-kumararaja.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Themes and analysis ==
Thiagarajan Kumararaja spoke about the inclusion of [[pop culture]] references, including film music, songs and scenes that infuse in the writing.<ref name="start my stories">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-14|title='I start my stories at the climax': Super Deluxe director Thiagarajan Kumararaja|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/i-start-my-stories-at-the-climax-super-deluxe-5671754/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129101046/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/i-start-my-stories-at-the-climax-super-deluxe-5671754/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='The film behaves like its title': The weird and wacky world of 'Super Deluxe'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/908268/the-film-behaves-like-its-title-the-weird-and-wacky-world-of-super-deluxe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003524/https://scroll.in/reel/908268/the-film-behaves-like-its-title-the-weird-and-wacky-world-of-super-deluxe|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-27|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=8 January 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> The title track of ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982), was included in one of the scenes as, according to Kumararaja, he liked the film and its songs; its influence made him to include this song in that particular scene. He stated that "While writing a story or think of a scene, I always played some song in the background. Sometimes when I don’t add a song at the writing stage, I do it while editing the film."<ref name="start my stories" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Archana|title=Nostalgia king: How Tamil filmmakers are keeping Ilaiyaraaja's musical legacy alive|url=https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Scroll.in|date=12 May 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009121058/https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of retro music and old songs in the background was raved by critics and cinephiles. ''[[The News Minute]]''-based critic Anjana Shekhar praised the "background score brims with nostalgia-inducing music that has now sent us scrambling to rediscover the old songs, especially Ilaiyaraaja's divine music".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=6 April 2019|title=Addicted to old songs that appeared in 'Super Deluxe'? Here's your playlist|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044723/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573|archive-date=5 June 2020|access-date=30 July 2021|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The use of old Tamil songs in the film was noted by Neeraja Ramesh, who wrote a blog about this in the column: ''Tracking Indian Communities, Dravidian, Roots & Wings'' for ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-07|title=Yesterday once more in Kollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/yesterday-once-more-in-kollywood/?frmapp=yes|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829110453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/yesterday-once-more-in-kollywood/?source=app&frmapp=yes|url-status=live}}</ref> Nalini Kathiravan, a teacher who watched the film twice, commented about the use of retro songs and mentioned one from the film, in particular, saying:<ref name=":0" />

{{Blockquote|text=I was stunned when the opening scene began with "Paniyum Neeye" from ''Panimalar'' (1981). A long lost song that stirred my memory with romantic moments from the past. I was remembering my college days when we only had the radio. We used to consider ourselves lucky if our favourite song was played.}}

== Critical response ==
M. Suganth of ''The Times of India'' rated the musical score 4 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=29 March 2019|title='Super Deluxe' review: an unusual film with an assortment of quirky characters|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-review-believe-the-hype/article26671414.ece|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329050738/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-review-believe-the-hype/article26671414.ece|archive-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]''-based critic Sreedhar Pillai praised the background score and sound design, saying "the score is in sync with the narration".<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2019|title=Super Deluxe movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines in film powered by honest writing, technical finesse|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-shines-in-film-powered-by-honest-writing-technical-finesse-6350931.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729174730/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-shines-in-film-powered-by-honest-writing-technical-finesse-6350931.html|archive-date=29 July 2021|access-date=30 July 2021|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Writing for the American-based news magazine, ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'', editor Sarath Ramesh Kuniyl commented that the background music is "thrilling" and further said "The background score is the film's constant companion, manoeuvring it through the ebb and flow. Even noise has a melody in the film, in the hands of Raja and Kumararaja."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Deluxe review: Hats off to Thiagarajan Kumararaja, Vijay Sethupathi!|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/03/29/Super-Deluxe-review-Hats-off-to-Thiagarajan-Kumaraja-Vijay-Sethupathi.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727150424/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/03/29/Super-Deluxe-review-Hats-off-to-Thiagarajan-Kumaraja-Vijay-Sethupathi.html|archive-date=27 July 2019|access-date=31 July 2021|website=The Week}}</ref> In the review for ''[[Huffington Post]]'', Ranjani Krishnakumar said that "Yuvan Shankar Raja does a rousing job with the background score, elevating every scene a notch, sometimes with sounds, sometimes with silence. The ambient sounds are as much a character as any of the human ones. But a mere ‘thank you’ card for Ilaiyaraaja won't suffice for the role his music has played in this film, each important scene playing out against the background of an immaculately chosen ‘situation-song’. It adds a touch of magic to every actor's performance."<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2019|title='Super Deluxe' Review: This Delightfully Layered Movie Is A Treat For All Your Senses|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/super-deluxe-review-this-delightfully-layered-movie-is-a-treat-for-all-your-senses_in_5c9e232de4b0bc0daca734b4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124035504/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/super-deluxe-review-this-delightfully-layered-movie-is-a-treat-for-all-your-senses_in_5c9e232de4b0bc0daca734b4|archive-date=24 November 2020|access-date=31 July 2021|website=HuffPost}}</ref>

Prem Udayabhanu of ''[[Manorama Online]]'', stated that the score is "sublime as well as savage as the situation demands".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Deluxe: A profoundly emotive reel saga|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/03/29/super-deluxe-vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-samantha-ramya-tamil-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-11-28|website=OnManorama|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129101045/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/03/29/super-deluxe-vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-samantha-ramya-tamil-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion]]''-based critic-journalist [[Baradwaj Rangan]] stated about "the bravery in the songlessness, in how Yuvan Shankar Raja calls attention to a situation about infidelity by reusing his father’s classic song about infidelity. A less-secure composer might have fought harder to impose ''himself'' on the score, which is marvellously minimalistic."<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2019|title=Super Deluxe a lip-smacking combination of "high" and "low" art|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/super-deluxe-movie-review-a-unique-ambitious-insanely-detailed-blessedly-amoral-drama-thats-as-epic-as-it-is-intimate/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111180208/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/super-deluxe-movie-review-a-unique-ambitious-insanely-detailed-blessedly-amoral-drama-thats-as-epic-as-it-is-intimate/|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=30 July 2021|website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Joe Leydon of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', praised Yuvan Shankar Raja's work, saying that "the background score ups the ammo of the film".<ref name="Leydon">{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=29 March 2019|title=Film Review: 'Super Deluxe'|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/super-deluxe-review-1203175807/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521085759/https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/super-deluxe-review-1203175807/|archive-date=21 May 2020|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Variety}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' praised the score as "brilliant" and "also lets silence speak in some of the crucial scenes".<ref name="Leydon"/>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Award
!Date of ceremony
!Category
!Nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|[[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|11 January 2020]]
|Best Music Director
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 January 2020|title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html|archive-date=9 February 2021|access-date=12 January 2020|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2019|url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731120558/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/|archive-date=31 July 2021|access-date=31 July 2021|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta}}</ref>
|}

== Track listing ==
Yuvan decided to release the instrumental tracks used in the background as a separate album, after being constantly demanded by fans. A year after the film's release, the original soundtrack was unveiled by [[U1 Records]] on 27 May 2020.<ref name=":1" /> It features 18 tracks, spanning a runtime of 27 minutes, and various instruments being used in the score.<ref name="Krishnan"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Deluxe (Original Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/super-deluxe-original-soundtrack/1515457229|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-27|website=music.apple.com|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204052826/https://music.apple.com/us/album/super-deluxe-original-soundtrack/1515457229}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| length6 = 1:20
| title1 = Vaembu Of Super Deluxe
| length5 = 2:05
| length1 = 0:26
| title2 = Moodman78@Hotmail
| length2 = 0:27
| title3 = The Arrival
| length3 = 1:38
| length4 = 0:39
| extra14 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title4 = When Dimitri Spoke Tamizh
| title5 = Instinct
| title6 = The Big Sheep
| extra15 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title7 = Inner-Workings
| length7 = 0:45
| title8 = The Call
| length8 = 0:47
| title9 = Final Flight of Ex
| length9 = 0:19
| title10 = Hello Kitty
| length10 = 0:53
| extra16 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra17 = Babu (Trumpet), Maxwell (Trombone)
| extra18 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length12 = 1:43
| length11 = 1:58
| title11 = Mother
| extra4 = Thirumoorthy ([[Nadaswaram]])
| length18 = 5:23
| title15 = When Dimitri Spoke Tamizh with Piano
| length15 = 0:39
| title16 = Berlin Loves You
| length16 = 2:03
| length17 = 1:14
| title12 = Eclipse
| title18 = Vaazhvin Ragasiyam
| extra1 = [[Govind Vasantha]] ([[Violin]])
| title17 = Happy Ending
| extra13 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra2 = Babu ([[Trumpet]]), Maxwell ([[Trombone]], [[Brass]])
| extra5 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| extra6 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra7 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra8 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra9 = Thirumoorthy (Nadaswaram), Kaviraj ([[Thavil]])
| extra10 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra11 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra12 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| headline =
| title13 = Ek Gaon Mein
| length13 = 1:10
| title14 = Adhu Verum Kal-lu Dhaan Saami
| length14 = 3:34
| all_music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
}}

== Additional music ==
A promotional video teaser titled "Ding Dong" was released on 25 March 2019, days prior to the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2019|title=Super Deluxe new promo out: Yuvan Shankar Raja and editor Sathyaraj gift a unique teaser|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-deluxe-new-promo-out-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-editor-sathyaraj-gift-a-unique-teaser-1486585-2019-03-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009071435/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-deluxe-new-promo-out-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-editor-sathyaraj-gift-a-unique-teaser-1486585-2019-03-26|archive-date=9 October 2020|access-date=30 July 2021|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The teaser featured voice-overs of the lead artists, Sethupathi, Faasil and Samantha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-26|title=Still mystified by 'Super Deluxe' trailer? Watch the new 'Ding Dong' promo|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/still-mystified-super-deluxe-trailer-watch-new-ding-dong-promo-98973|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829110455/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/still-mystified-super-deluxe-trailer-watch-new-ding-dong-promo-98973|url-status=live}}</ref> The extended version of the soundtrack, including the three additional themes ("Raasukutty", "Shilpa's Theme" and the audio-version of the film's [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]]) were released through [[non-fungible token]]s (NFT).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tagat|first=Anurag|date=2021-07-16|title=NFT Music: the gatekeepers are changing|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-nfts-are-creating-a-new-idea-of-patronage-and-empowering-musicians/article35362170.ece|access-date=2021-11-28|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829110455/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-nfts-are-creating-a-new-idea-of-patronage-and-empowering-musicians/article35362170.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adlakha|first=Nidhi|date=2021-08-27|title=Minting Tamil culture on the blockchain?: from the NFT chatroom for Madras Week|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/nft-madras-week-madras-musings-event-krish-ashok-twobadour-laya-mathikshara/article36135468.ece|access-date=2021-11-28|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829110455/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/nft-madras-week-madras-musings-event-krish-ashok-twobadour-laya-mathikshara/article36135468.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The price of the audio tracks were levied at 60 [[ethereum]] ({{Indian Rupee|1.83}} crore), and biddings for the tracks began on 7 June 2021.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=NFT takes art world by storm, music industry hopes to cash in on the digital goldrush|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nft-takes-art-world-by-storm-music-industry-hopes-to-cash-in-on-the-digital-goldrush/articleshow/81525323.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-28|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829111008/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nft-takes-art-world-by-storm-music-industry-hopes-to-cash-in-on-the-digital-goldrush/articleshow/81525323.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also reported that the amount earned from the proceedings will be donated to [[COVID-19]] frontline workers in collaboration with [[Tamil Nadu government]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title3 = Shilpa's Theme
| length4 = 2:01
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Vijay Sethupathi
| title1 = Ding Dong
| title4 = Super Deluxe Trailer Theme
| length3 = 2:04
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| note3 =
| length2 = 2:30
| note4 =
| note2 =
| title2 = Raasukutty
| length1 = 1:45
| extra1 = [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| note1 =
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| all_music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Authority control}}
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List of Maharajas of Travancore

2025-08-10T08:55:28Z

IODChanel59686: added references

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

The '''Maharaja of Travancore''' was the principal title of the ruler of the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] in the southern part of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The Maharaja of Travancore was the topmost ruler of Travancore until 1949, when Travancore was acceded to India. Since then, the Maharaja of Travancore has remained in a titular position.

==Maharajas and Maharanis of the Kingdom of Travancore==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Image
!Name
!Reign
|-
|
|Rama Varma I
|1663–1672
|-
|
|Aditya Varma I
|1672–1677
|-
|[[File:Umayamma Rani ("The Queen of Koylang") (cropped).jpg|frameless|202x202px]]
|[[Umayamma Rani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/projects/Kingdom-of-Travancore-and-the-Travancore-Royal-Family/13118|title = Kingdom of Travancore and the Travancore Royal Family genealogy project}}</ref>
|1677–1684 (Regent Queen)
|-
|
|Ravi Varma
|1684–1718
|-
|
|Aditya Varma II
|1718–1719
|-
|
|Unni Kerala Varma
|1719–1724
|-
|
|Rama Varma II
|1724–1729
|-
|[[File:Marthanda Vurmah Maha Rajah.png|150px]]
|Anizham Thirunal [[Marthanda Varma]] I
|1729–1758
|-
|[[File:Dharmaraja of Travancore.jpg|150px]]
|Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma I ([[Dharma Raja]])
|1758–1798
|-
|[[File:Bala Rama Vurmah Maha Rajah.png|150px]]
|Avittom Thirunal [[Balarama Varma]] I
|1798–1810
|-
|[[File:Sree Padmanabhasevini Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi.jpg|150px]]
|Ayilyom Thirunal [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]]
|1810–1813 (Queen Regnant) 1813–1815 (Regent Queen)
|-
|[[File:Regent maharani Gowri Parvathi Bayi.jpg|150px]]
|Uthrittathi Thirunal [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]]
|1815–1829 (Regent Queen)
|-
|[[File:Swathi Thirunal of Travancore.jpg|150px]]
|[[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] II
|1829–1846
|-
|[[File:Maharajah of Travancore 1847.jpg|150px]]
|[[Uthram Thirunal]] Marthanda Varma II
|1846–1860
|-
|[[File:Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma of Travancore 1875.jpg|150px]]
|[[Ayilyam Thirunal]] Rama Varma III
|1860–1880
|-
|[[File:Visakham Thirunal of Travancore 1868.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakham Thirunal]] Rama Varma IV
|1880–1885
|-
|[[File:Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma of Travancore.jpg|150px]]
|[[Moolam Thirunal]] Rama Varma V
|1885–1924
|-
|[[File:SethuLakshmiBayi.jpg|150px]]
|Pooradam Thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]
|1924–1931 (Regent Queen)
|-
|[[File:Sree Padmanabhadasa Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|150px]]
|[[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] II
|1931–1971
|}

== Maharanis of the Kingdom of Travancore (Aatingal Rani )==
The rani of Attingal was the head of her principality and the eldest woman of the Trippapur svarupam. That meaning was specifically applied to the ranis of Attingal, in other parts of India this word had another definition. Because Travancore knew a marumakkathayam or matrilinear form of succession, the rani of Attingal had a special position. This meant that the eldest son of the rani was the first successor to Travancore's throne. His brothers and sisters were seated on the thrones of the other principalities. Therefore, the rani of Attingal could be seen as the mother of most of the royals in Travancore, and was succeeded by her own eldest daughter

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Image
!Name
!Reign
!Consort
!Notes
|-
|
|HH Maharani Rani Rani Rukmini Bai
|1815–1837
| -
| -
|-
|
|HH Maharani Rani Gauri Parvati Bai
|1837–1853
| -
| -
|-
|
|HH Maharani HH Pooradam Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi
|1853–1857
| -
| -
|-
|[[File:Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi 1885.jpg |164x164px]]
|HH Maharani [[Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]]
|1857–1901
| [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]][[Lakshmipuram Palace]] [[File:Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran Changanassery Lakshmipuram Palace.jpg |164x164px]]
| Adopted HH Maharani Pooradam Thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]], Elaya Thampuratti Moolam Thirunal [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]]
|-
|[[File:Pooradom_Thirunal_Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi.jpg |164x164px]]
|HH Maharani Poordam thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]
|1901–1971
| Sri Rama varma Valiya Koyi Thapuran (Harippad Kottaram)
|At the age of six, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi succeeded [[Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]] as Maharani of Attingal/ Attingal Mootha Thapuran/ Travancore Maharani
|}

==Titular Maharaja==
After British India became independent as two dominions in 1947, Chithira Thirunal agreed to accede his state to the new Dominion of India. Travancore was united with the neighbouring Cochin state and Chithira Thirunal served as Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 to 31 October 1956, which was the entire duration of the existence of that political entity. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was created by uniting the Malayalam-speaking areas of the Travancore-Cochin Union with those of neighbouring Madras State, and Sree Chithira Thirunal's office of Rajpramukh came to an end. On 28 December 1971, Chithira Thirunal lost his privy purse and other privileges when the Indian government derecognized the rulers of the erstwhile princely states. Since then the head of the [[Travancore royal family]] is the [[pretender]] to the abolished title. The titular Maharaja fulfils his duties as Maharaja of Travancore in rituals related to the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]. In 2012, the High Court of Kerala in a judgement on ''[[Mujeeba Rahman vs the State Of Kerala]]'' stated that, 'though by the 26th amendment of the Constitution, Article 363 was repealed whereby the rights and privileges of the rulers of Indian States were taken away, still the name and title of the rulers remained as such and unaffected in so far as names and titles were not contemplated as rights or privileges under the repealed Articles 291 and 362 of the Constitution.' So the titles were not abolished by the Government; only their political powers and right to receive Privy Purse were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|last1=hanif|first1=mahir|title='His Highness' isn't unconstitutional: Kerala high court|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/His-Highness-isnt-unconstitutional-Kerala-high-court/articleshow/27492597.cms?intenttarget=no|accessdate=24 November 2014|issue=Kochi|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218055254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/His-Highness-isnt-unconstitutional-Kerala-high-court/articleshow/27492597.cms|archivedate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |litigants=[[Mujeeba Rahman vs State Of Kerala]]|vol= |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court=[[High Court of Kerala]]|date=22 October 2013|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/81087819/|accessdate=28 April 2015|quote=}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Image
!Name
!Period
|-
|[[File:Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|150px]]
|[[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] II
|1971–1991
|-
|[[File:Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma.jpg|150px]]
|[[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] III
|1991–2013
|-
|[[File:Moolam ThirunalRamaVarma.jpg|164x164px]]
|[[Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma]] VI
|2013 – present
|}

==Titular Maharani==

In 1971, the Indian government, through the 26th Amendment of the Constitution, repealed Article 363, thereby abolishing the rights and privileges of the rulers of Indian States. This action effectively ended the political powers and the right to receive the Privy Purse for these rulers. However, the titles and names of the rulers were not considered as rights or privileges under the repealed Articles 291 and 362 of the Constitution. As a result, the titles of the erstwhile rulers were not abolished by the government; only their political powers and financial privileges were revoked.

A notable example is the Travancore royal family, where the title of Maharani continues to hold cultural significance. The female head of the Travancore royal family traditionally holds the title of Maharani or Attingal Rani. Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, who left Travancore, retained her title until her death in 1985. After her, the title was passed to her sister's daughter, Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi, who held it from 1985 until her death in 2013. Subsequently, the title was briefly held by Maharani Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi's elder daughter, Uthram Thirunal Lalithamba Bayi, from June to November 2013. After her death the title went to her younger sister, Karthika Thirunal Indira Bayi, who was the elder female head of the Travancore royal family from November 2013 until her death in July 2017.

Following the death of Karthika Thirunal Indira Bayi, the title passed to Uthram Thirunal Lalithamba Bayi's daughter Bharani Thirunal Rukmini Bayi Thampuran. Currently, she is the female head of the Travancore royal family and is considered the Attingal Rani and titular Maharani of Travancore. Despite her status, there is a tendency to overlook her presence in historical accounts as she resides in Bangalore rather than in Travancore.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Image
!Name
!Reign
|-

|[[File:Pooradom_Thirunal_Sethu_Lakshmi_Bayi.jpg |164x164px]]
|HH Maharani Poordam thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]
|1971–1985 At the age of six (1901), Sethu Lakshmi Bayi succeeded Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi as Maharani of Attingal/ Attingal Mootha Thapuran/ Travancore Maharani
|-
|-

|[[File:Karthika Thirunal Thampuratti.jpg|164x164px]]
|[[Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]]
|1985–2008 Daughter of Junior Rani [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]] of Attingal
|-
|
|Uthram Thirunal Lalaithamba Bhai
|2008 June -2008 November (Elder Daughter of HH Maharani Poordam thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]
|-
|
|Karthika Thirunal Indira Bai
|2008 November -2017 July (Younger Daughter of HH Maharani Poordam thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]
|-
|[[File: Rukmini Varma.jpg |164x164px]]
|Bharani Thirunal Rukmini Bayi/ [[Rukmini Varma]]
|2017 July- Present (granddaughter HH Maharani Poordam thirunal [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]], Daughter of Uthram Thirunal Lalaithamba Bhai)

|}

==Titular Elayaraja==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Image
!Name
!Period
|-

|-
|[[File:Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma.jpg|150px]]
|[[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] III
|1971–1991
|-
|[[File:Moolam ThirunalRamaVarma.jpg|164x164px]]
|[[Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma]] VI
|1991 – 2013
|-
|
|[[Revathi Thirunal Balagopal Varma]]
|2013 – Present
|}

==More about==
*[[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]
*[[Travancore royal family]]
*[[British Raj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140104063512/http://deccanchronicle.com/140103/news-current-affairs/article/moolam-thirunal-anointed-head-travancore-royal-house Moolam Thirunal anointed as head of Travancore royal house]. 4 January 2014. Deccan Chronicle.

{{Travancore}}
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Travancore|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Travancore]]

Ashish Reddy

2025-05-23T08:54:24Z

IODChanel59686: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ashish Reddy
| image = File:Ashish Reddy at Jio Cinema Studio.jpg
| country = India
| fullname = Ammana Ashish Reddy

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|02|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
|
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = All-rounder
| club1 =[[Deccan Chargers]]
| year1 = 2012
| clubnumber1 = 14
| club2 =[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year2 = 2013–2016
| clubnumber2 = 02
| club3 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year3 = 2009–present
| clubnumber3 =

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 22
| runs1 = 987
| bat avg1 = 37.96
| 100s/50s1 = 1/9
| top score1 = 104
| deliveries1 = 2,916
| wickets1 = 53
| bowl avg1 = 27.00
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/56
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 38
| runs2 = 745
| bat avg2 = 29.80
| 100s/50s2 = 1/4
| top score2 = 119[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 1,424
| wickets2 = 46
| bowl avg2 = 30.06
| fivefor2 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/30
| catches/stumpings2 = 6/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 77
| runs3 = 637
| bat avg3 = 13.55
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 37
| deliveries3 = 940
| wickets3 = 57
| bowl avg3 = 22.01
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/22
| catches/stumpings3 = 22/–

| date = 3 July
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/389605.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Ammana Ashish Reddy''' (born 24 February 1991) is an Indian [[cricket]]er. Reddy is a right-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born in [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]. Reddy has played [[First class cricket|First class]], [[List A cricket|List A]] and [[Twenty20]] cricket for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]. Ashish Reddy made his [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/DCG/squad-details/34 IPL] debut in 2012 with Deccan Chargers and his contract was renewed with Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2013 season. He along with [[Ravi Kiran]] holds the record for the highest 10th wicket partnership in [[List A cricket|List A]] history(128)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/775867.html|title=South Zone: Hyderabad (India) v Kerala at Secunderabad, Nov 10, 2014. Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283615.html|title=Records. List A matches. Partnership records. Highest partnerships by wicket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
Additionally, he has played for the [[Deccan Chargers]] in the [[2012 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/389605.html|title=Player profile: Ashish Reddy|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
===2013===
In this season, Ashish Reddy has been picked by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (which replaced [[Deccan Chargers]]) and played a few games and he was sidelined as he picked up an injury that put him out of action for rest of the IPL.
===2014===
Ashish Reddy was selected to play for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
===2015===
In the [[2015 Indian Premier League]], Ashish Reddy was retained by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] and took Darren Sammy's wicket in the match against RCB. He was also part of the thrilling match against Delhi Daredevils in which he had hit Angelo Mathews for a six scoring 15 runs from 8 balls, where his team finally lost by a mere 4 runs. Ashish hit crucial 22 runs in 8 balls against Kings XI Punjab in which SRH won the match.
[https://www.iplt20.com/teams/DCG/squad-details/34]{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=389605}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412093205/http://www.deccanchargers.com/team/ashish-reddy Ashish Reddy at deccanchargers.com]

{{Hyderabad cricket squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Ashish}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Deccan Chargers cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]

Town Hall, Mangaluru

2025-05-06T07:00:01Z

IODChanel59686:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Town Hall, Mangalore
| image = [[File:Mangalore_Town_Hall_2012.jpg|300px|Town Hall]]
| location = [[Hampankatta]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| built = 29 December 1964
| renovated = November 2016
| owner = [[Mangaluru City Corporation]]
| operator = [[Mangaluru City Corporation]]
| seating_capacity = 900 [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Plush-seats-but-less-spectators/articleshow/49055599.cms]
}}

'''Town Hall''' of [[Mangaluru]], inaugurated on 29 December 1964 is a Town Hall situated in [[Hampankatta]] locality of Mangaluru, [[Karnataka]] which is a prominent platform for all major social, political and cultural events in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangalore-Town-Hall-to-get-facelift/articleshow/41715081.cms|title=Mangalore Town Hall to get facelift|last=Vinobha|first=K T|date=4 September 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[Yakshagana]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] Dramas are staged in Town Hall.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/daylong-yakshagana-festival-at-town-hall-today/article4515109.ece|title=Day-long Yakshagana festival at Town Hall today|date=2013-03-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/English-Yakshagana-show-rsquo-Mahisha-Mardhini-rsquo-staged-in-Town-Hall.html|title=English Yakshagana show 'Mahisha Mardhini' staged in Town Hall|last=Mangalore|first=Mangalore Today|website=www.mangaloretoday.com|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=76637&n_tit=Mangalore%253A+%2591Konkani+Rangotsav%2592+in+Town+Hall+from+May+3|title=Mangalore Konkani Rangotsav' in Town Hall from May 3|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref> Especially most of the [[Tulu language|Tulu]] Drama's maiden show is played here before the teams start their tours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=43889&n_tit=Mangalore%253A+Maiden+Show+of+Tulu+Play+%2591Kebi+Pittale%2592+Staged+at+Town+Hall|title=Mangalore Maiden Show of Tulu Play Kebi Pittale' Staged at Town Hall|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref>

It was renovated in November 2016 at a cost of Rs 4.58 crore and was inaugurated on [[Children's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/mangaluru-omg-rs-1-lakh-to-rent-renovated-town-hall-for-wedding-reception-from-dec-1/|title=www.mangalorean.com|last=|first=|date=|website=www.mangalorean.com|publisher=www.mangalorean.com|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mangalore]]
{{India-struct-stub}}

Vatsun

2025-05-04T23:39:33Z

IODChanel59686: enhance citations to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Vatsun''' ({{IPAc-en|'|v|æ|tʃ|ən}}, {{IPA|ks|vat͡sun|lang}}) is a [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] literary form derived from [[Sanskrit]] {{Transliteration|sk|Vachan}} meaning "word/speech". This is because it has no particular pattern of versification or rhyme scheme.<ref>Ayyappapanicker, K. and Sahitya Akademi ''Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology.'' 1997.</ref> The metres and rhyme schemes of vatsun are varied, but generally each unit is a stanza of three lines followed by a refrain ({{Transliteration|ks|vooj}}). Vatsun bears a resemblance to [[Urdu|Urdu lyric]]. Vatsun is also similar to the [[ghazal]]s of the [[Middle East]] and [[iambic pentameter]] of the Western world.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In poetry, it is a popular age-old folk-form dating back to the 14th century, when [[Lal Ded]] and Sheikh-ul-Alam (alias [[Nund Reshi|Nund Rishi]]) wrote in the Kashmiri language the devotional poetry depicting their mystic experiences, love for God, love for others, and folk dancing.<ref>"Vatsun." ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 5.'' 1992.</ref><ref>Koul, Omkar N. ''Kashmiri Language, Linguistics, and Culture.'' Central Institute of Indian Languages: Manasagangotri. 200.</ref>

== Notable Vatsun poets ==
* [[Lal Ded]] (1320–1392)
* [[Nund Rishi]] (1377–1438)
* [[Arnimal]] (1737-1778)
* [[Dina Nath Nadim]] (1916–1988)

== See also ==
*[[ghazal]]
*[[Iambic Pentameter]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri literature]]

{{India-lit-stub}}

Prabartak Sangha

2025-01-18T12:23:23Z

IODChanel59686: Adding new data!

'''Prabartak Sangha''' ({{langx|bn|প্রবর্ত্তক সংঘ}}) is a charitable institution known for its social work. It was founded in 1920 by [[Motilal Roy]], a revolutionary, who was inspired and initiated in the spiritual path by [[Sri Aurobindo]]. Based in [[Chandernagore]], the Prabartak Sangha in its heyday had branches in the districts of [[Howrah]], undivided [[24 Parganas]] and [[Chittagong]].
[[File:Prabartak Sangha buildings 13.jpg|thumb|Prabartak Sangha gate]]

== Foundation ==
In 1915, a Bengali literary magazine named Prabartak was launched under the editorship of [[Manindra Nath Nayak]] with the blessings of Motilal Roy and Sri Aurobindo.<ref name="samsad">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subhodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |encyclopedia=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) |script-title=bn:মতিলাল রায় |trans-title=Motilal Roy |language=bn |edition=4th |date=January 2002 |publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad |volume=1 |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |pages=390–391}}</ref> In 1920, Roy founded the Prabartak Sangha in [[Chandannagar]], then a French possession. In 1925, he assumed the title of Sangha Guru or the chief spiritual leader of the organization.<ref name="samsad"/> In May 1927, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] laid the foundation of the prayer hall of the Prabartak Sangha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Sarvapalli|title=Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary, Volumes 1861-1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x-Peh32rw8C|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=8172013329|page=468}}</ref>
[[File:Prabartak Sangha.jpg|thumb|Prabartak Sangha]]
[[File:Prabartak Sangha and House of Matilal Roy.jpg|thumb|House of Matilal Roy]]

== Activities ==
The Sangha was founded with the aim of nation building which it sought to achieve through the social and economic upliftment of the masses. It ventured into business, ran educational institutions and established cultural centres to spread the message of its founder. This was also a popular shelter of Indian freedom fighters at that time.

=== Economy ===
The Prabartak Sangha undertook several projects in the economic field, so that the nation can become economically self-sufficient. The Sangha launched a partnership firm Rakshit, Dey and Ghosh Co. that started a carpentry workshop. It later grew into a joint stock company named Prabartak Furnishers Limited with a showroom at Bipin Bihari Ganguly Street in [[Kolkata]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} In 1920, the Sangha ventured into agriculture by setting up a farm at Frazerganj in the 24 Parganas.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} In the same year, it started a textile manufacturing unit named Mrinalini Bastravayana Karyalaya with eight handlooms and paid workers. It use Japanese yarns that could only be replaced by Indian made mill yarns only.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} By 1925, the [[Khādī]] department of the Sangha established branches in [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], [[Mymensingh]], Chittagong and Rangoon. In 1935, it started the Prabartak Jute Mills in Kamarhati, though the production started only in February 1941.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} It launched the Prabartak Commercial Corporation for the import and export of a wide range of commodities.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Apart from these the Sangha had a banking and insurance company named the Prabartak Bank and Insurance Company. It also had a press named the Prabartak Printing and Halftone.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Education ===
The Prabartak Sangha established 21 educational institutions in the districts of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]] and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. The profit generated from its businesses were used to run the educational institutes.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

== Later years ==
After the Partition, a branch of the Sangha in [[Pakistan]] continued to operate in [[Chittagong]]. In [[India]], the activities of the Sangha diminished and were centred on the headquarters in [[Chandannagar]]. Motilal Roy died in 1959. In the early 1960s the businesses ran into crisis. In 1963, the Prabartak Bank along with the Bank of Bankura merged with the [[United Industrial Bank]]. In 1965, the Prabartak Jute Mills were taken over by Sohanlal Mall and later by the JM Group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamart.com/jm-group/aboutus.html |title=About Us |work=Jaikishandass Mall Jute Products |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206160800/http://www.jmjute.com/frameabout.html |archive-date=6 December 2010 |access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Prabartak Sangha}}

[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1920]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Chittagong District]]