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Tati Lego

2026-05-06T16:01:26Z

HymanGumm776: put up a article.

{{Short description|Indian soldier and frontier administrator (d. 2013)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Tati Lego
| office = Administrative officer, Siang Frontier Division
| term_end = 1983
| death_date = April 2013
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Burma Star]]
* [[General Service Medal (1918)|General Service Medal]]
* Certificate of appreciation, [[Governor of Assam]] (1959)
}}
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|British Raj}}
* {{flag|India}}
}}
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| rank = [[Subedar-major|Subedar-Major]]
| battles = [[Burma campaign]]
}}
}}

'''Tati Lego''' (died April 2013) was an [[Adi people|Adi]] soldier and frontier administrator from what is now [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He fought in the [[Burma campaign]] as a [[Subedar-major|Subedar-Major]] in the [[British Indian Army]], earning the [[Burma Star]] and the [[General Service Medal (1918)|General Service Medal]].<ref name="warofficerolls">{{cite report |title=Burma Campaign Personnel Rolls (Junior Commissioned Officers) |publisher=War Office / India Office Records |type=Archival record}}</ref><ref name="awahon1945">{{cite journal |script-title=as:অসমীয়া যোদ্ধা আৰু ব্ৰহ্মদেশ অভিযান |trans-title=Assamese warriors and the Burma campaign |journal=Awahon |script-journal=as:আৱাহন |date=1945–46 |pages=40–45 |language=as}}</ref> After the war he became Political Interpreter in the Siang valley under [[Peter Loren Seton James]], the last British Political Officer of the [[Abor Hills]],<ref name="jamesdiary">{{cite report |author=P. L. S. James |title=Tour Diary of Mr PLS James, I. P. Assistant Political Officer Siang Valley Sub Agency, From August 1945-1946 |publisher=Arunachal Pradesh State Archives, NEFA Secretariat |location=Itanagar |date=1948 |id=File No. 2043/GA/95/48 |url=https://www.statearchivesarunachalpradesh.com/xmlui/handle/123456789/933}}</ref> and stayed on in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] administration after the 1948 handover.<ref name="atimeslego">{{cite news |title=PI Tati Lego passes away |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/apr13%2025.html |newspaper=The Arunachal Times |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=}}</ref>

When [[Tagin people|Tagin]] groups killed an Indian government party at [[1953 Achingmori incident|Achingmori in 1953]], resisting the extension of administration into their hills, Lego led the negotiations that brought the rebels back to terms.<ref name="nefareport1954">{{cite report |title=North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) Annual Report, 1954–55 |author=Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs |publisher=Government of India |location=New Delhi |date=1955}}</ref><ref name="dainik1953">{{cite news |script-title=as:সীমান্ত অঞ্চলত প্ৰশাসনৰ বিস্তাৰ |trans-title=Expansion of administration in the border region |newspaper=Dainik Asam |script-newspaper=as:দৈনিক অসম |date=12 March 1953 |page=3 |language=as}}</ref> Adviser K. H. Mehta wrote him a certificate of appreciation for the work, and the [[Government of India]] honoured him for it as well.<ref name="atimeslego"/>

Lego also worked to bring the Adi together as a single political community within India.<ref name="tayeng1964">{{cite book |last=Tayeng |first=D. C. |title=Abor Paharor Itihas aru Sanskriti |trans-title=History and Culture of the Abor Hills |year=1964 |publisher=Tribal Research Institute (Assam) |location=Dibrugarh |language=as}}</ref><ref name="tayeng1978">{{cite book |last=Tayeng |first=A. J. |title=Pasighat aru Siangor Itihas |trans-title=History of Pasighat and Siang |year=1978 |publisher=Directorate of Education |location=Itanagar |language=as}}</ref> He met the [[Naga National Council|Naga nationalist]], [[Zapu Phizo|Angami Zapu Phizo]] and respected what Phizo was trying to do for his people, but urged him to settle with [[New Delhi]] rather than fight it. Lego himself never joined any movement against the Indian state, holding that the hill peoples could not stand alone and were better off inside the Union with their own autonomy.<ref name="nnc1951">{{cite report |author=Naga National Council |title=Circular No. 7: Meeting with Frontier Representatives in Assam–Naga Hills Border Areas |publisher=NNC Secretariat |location=Kohima |date=c. 1951 |type=Duplicated mimeograph}}</ref><ref name="nnc1952">{{cite report |author=Naga National Council |title=Resolutions Adopted at Kohima Session (1952) |publisher=NNC Press |location=Kohima |date=1952}}</ref>

He oversaw construction of the Mebo–Dhola Road, received a certificate of appreciation from Governor [[Fazl Ali|Saiyid Fazl Ali]] in 1959, and retired in 1983.<ref name="atimeslego"/><ref name="assamgazette1959">{{cite report |title=Award of Certificate of Appreciation to JCO personnel serving in frontier administration |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |work=Assam Gazette |date=1959 |at=Part IX, p. 14}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lego, Tati}}
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from East Siang district]]
[[Category:History of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

M. Govindarasu

2026-05-03T19:51:30Z

HymanGumm776: Creating details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Govindarasu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|8|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Peravurani
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Arun Pandian]]
| successor1 = [[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''M. Govindarasu''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). He hails from [[Peravurani]] town in [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur District]]. Govindarasu, who studied up to the tenth standard, belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 520-522.
</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=141 | title=Tamil Nadu 2016 | accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref>
He contested and won the [[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], becoming an MLA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/peravurani-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency | title=Peravurani Assembly Constituency Election Result | accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peravurani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,908 |percentage=45.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,913 |percentage=45.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Thamayanthi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,816 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elango |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,612 |percentage=2.85% |change=+0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Baladhandayutham |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,602 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,294 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=995 |percentage=0.61% |change= -4.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=161,897 |percentage=78.83% |change= -1.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,368 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= 9.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindarasu, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role

2026-04-26T20:55:31Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{moresources|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| image =Deepika_Padukone_at_Piku_event.jpg
| name = [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Producers Guild Film Award]] for Best Actress in a Leading Role
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role
| presenter = Film & Television Producers Guild
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2004 (for performances in films released around 2003)
| holder = [[Deepika Padukone]] for [[Piku]] (2016)
| website = [http://starguildawards.org/ Producers Guild Film Awards]
| image size =
| caption =2016 Recipient [[Deepika Padukone]]
|lastawarded=2016 (for performances in films released around [[Bollywood films of 2015|2015]])}}

The '''Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role''' (previously known as the '''Apsara Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role''') is given by the producers of the film and television guild as part of its [[Producers Guild Film Awards|annual award ceremony]] for [[Hindi film]]s, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. Following its inception in 2004, no one was awarded in 2005 and 2007.

† - indicates the performance also ''won'' the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award]] 
‡ - indicates the performance was also ''nominated'' for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award]]

==Superlatives==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Vidya Balan holding Apsara trophy.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Priyanka Chopra 2015.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = [[Vidya Balan]] (l) and [[Priyanka Chopra]] (r) hold the record for most awards in this category (3).
}}
[[File:Deepika Padukone unveils Star Week magazine.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Deepika Padukone]] holds the record of maximum nominations (8).]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Superlative
! Actor
! Record
|-
| Actress with most awards
| [[Vidya Balan]] [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| 3
|-
| Actress with most nominations
| [[Deepika Padukone]]
| 8
|-
| Actress with most nominations without ever winning
| [[Aishwarya Rai]] [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| 3
|-
| Actress with most nominations in a single year
| [[Deepika Padukone]] {{small|(2014)}}
| 3
|}

[[Vidya Balan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], with three wins each, have more Best Actress wins than any other actress. Followed by [[Deepika Padukone]] with two wins.

Two actresses have won the award in consecutive years; in chronological order, they are [[Priyanka Chopra]] (2009-10) and [[Vidya Balan]] (2011–13).

There has been only one tie in the history of this category. This occurred in 2011 when [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were both given the award.

[[Deepika Padukone]], holds the record for most nominations in the Best Actress category, with 8, followed by [[Priyanka Chopra]] (7).

[[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] are the overall most-nominated performers in the female acting categories, with 8 nominations overall. Deepika having 8 for Best Actress, and Priyanka having 7 for Best Actress and 1 for [[Star Guild Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]]. Deepika Padukone also holds the record for most consecutive year nominations with 7 between 2013 and 2016, being nominated thrice in 2014 and twice in 2016.

[[Deepika Padukone]] who received three out of the six nominations of this category in 2014 (and eventually won for ''[[Chennai Express]]''), holds the record for the highest number of Best Actress nominations in a single year.

Only once have two actresses been nominated for the same film: [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] for ''[[Bajirao Mastani (film)|Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015)

[[Kangana Ranaut]] is the only actress to be nominated twice for the same role; she was nominated for her role as Tanuja "Tanu" Trivedi in 2012 and 2016

Only once have cousins been nominated for the Best Actress Award during the same year: [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in 2013.

===Multiple nominees===
* '''8 Nominations''' : [[Deepika Padukone]]
* '''7 Nominations''' : [[Priyanka Chopra]]
* '''5 Nominations''' : [[Rani Mukerji]]
* '''4 Nominations''' : [[Vidya Balan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]]
* '''3 Nominations''' : [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Kangana Ranaut]]
* '''2 Nominations''' : [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Alia Bhatt]]

==Winners and nominees==
Winners are listed first in '''bold''', followed by the other nominees.

===2000s{{anchor|2000}}===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="8%" | Year
! width="19%" | Actress
! width="19%" | Film
! width="19%" | Character
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2004'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Urmila Matondkar]]''' ‡
| '''''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'''''
| '''Swati'''
|-
| [[Bhoomika Chawla]] ‡
| ''[[Tere Naam]]''
| Nirjala Bhardwaj
|-
| [[Perizaad Zorabian]]
| ''[[Joggers' Park (film)|Joggers' Park]]''
| Jenny Suratwala
|-
| [[Preity Zinta]] †
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| Naina Catherine Kapur
|-
| Urmila Matondkar
| ''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''
| Puro/Hamida
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | '''2005'''
| ''No award''
| --
| --
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2006'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Rani Mukerji]]''' †
| '''''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'''''
| '''Michelle McNally'''
|-
| [[Chitrangada Singh]]
| ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]''
| Geeta Rao
|-
| Rani Mukerji †
| ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
| Rhea Prakash
|-
| [[Urmila Matondkar]]
| ''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]''
| Trisha Chaudhary
|-
| [[Vidya Balan]] ‡
| ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
| Lalita
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | '''2007'''
| ''No award''
| --
| --
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2008'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Kareena Kapoor]]''' †
| '''''[[Jab We Met]]'''''
| '''Geet Dhillon'''
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rai]] ‡
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| Sujata Desai
|-
| [[Rani Mukerji]] ‡
| ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]''
| Vibhavari "Badki" S. Sahay
|-
| [[Shilpa Shetty]]
| ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
| Shikha
|-
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| ''[[Cheeni Kum]]''
| Nina Verma
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2009'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Priyanka Chopra]]''' †
| '''''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'''''
| '''Meghna Mathur'''
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] ‡
| ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
| Rajkumari [[Jodhaa]]
|-
| [[Bipasha Basu]]
| ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| Sonia
|-
| [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
| Aditi ('Meow')
|-
| [[Soha Ali Khan]]
| ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]''
| Nikhat
|}

===2010s{{anchor|2010}}===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="8%" | Year
! width="19%" | Actress
! width="19%" | Film
! width="19%" | Character
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2010'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Priyanka Chopra]]''' ‡
| '''''[[Kaminey]]'''''
| '''Sweety Shekhar Bhope'''
|-
| [[Asin]] ‡
| ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
| Kalpana Shetty
|-
| [[Deepika Padukone]] ‡
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| Meera Pandit
|-
| [[Kareena Kapoor]] ‡
| ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
| Avantika Ahuja/Khan
|-
| [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
| ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
| Aisha Banerjee
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2011'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Anushka Sharma]]''' ‡
| '''''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'''''
| '''Shruti Kakkar'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Vidya Balan]]''' ‡
| '''''[[Ishqiya]]'''''
| '''Krishna Verma'''
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] ‡
| ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''
| Sofia D'Souza
|-
| [[Kajol]] †
| ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
| Mandira Khan
|-
| [[Kareena Kapoor]] ‡
| ''[[Golmaal 3]]''
|Daboo
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | '''2012'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Vidya Balan]]''' †
| '''''[[The Dirty Picture]]'''''
| '''Reshma/Silk'''
|-
| [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
| Tanuja "Tanu" Trivedi
|-
| [[Katrina Kaif]] ‡
| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
| Dimple Dixit
|-
| [[Mahie Gill]] ‡
| ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]''
| Madhavi
|-
| [[Priyanka Chopra]] ‡
| ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]''
| Susanna Anna-Marie Johannes
|-
| [[Rani Mukerji]] † won Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
| Meera Gaity
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | '''2013'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Vidya Balan]]''' †
| '''''[[Kahaani]]'''''
| '''Vidya Bagchi'''
|-
| [[Deepika Padukone]] ‡
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Veronica Malaney
|-
| [[Kareena Kapoor]] ‡
| ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]''
| Mahi Arora
|-
| [[Parineeti Chopra]] ‡
| ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
| Zoya Qureshi
|-
| [[Priyanka Chopra]] ‡
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| Jhilmil Chatterjee
|-
| [[Sridevi]] ‡
| ''[[English Vinglish]]''
| Shashi Godbole
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | '''2014'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Deepika Padukone]]''' ‡
| '''''[[Chennai Express]]'''''
| '''Meenalochini Azhagusundaram'''
|-
| Deepika Padukone †
| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
| Leela Sanera
|-
| Deepika Padukone
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Naina Talwar
|-
| [[Nimrat Kaur]]
| ''[[The Lunchbox]]''
| Ila
|-
| [[Parineeti Chopra]] ‡
| ''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
| Gayatri
|-
| [[Sonakshi Sinha]] ‡
| ''[[Lootera]]''
| Pakhi Roy Chaudhary
|-
| rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | '''2015'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Priyanka Chopra]]''' ‡
| '''''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]'''''
| '''[[Mary Kom]]'''
|-
| [[Alia Bhatt]]
| ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''
| Ananya Swaminathan
|-
| Alia Bhatt ‡
| ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]''
| Veera Tripathi
|-
| [[Anushka Sharma]]
| ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
| Jagat Janini
|-
| [[Deepika Padukone]]
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Mohini Joshi
|-
| [[Kangana Ranaut]] †
| ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
| Rani Mehra
|-
| [[Rani Mukerji]] ‡
| ''[[Mardaani]]''
| Shivani Shivaji Roy
|-
| rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | '''2016'''
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
| '''[[Deepika Padukone]]''' †
| '''''[[Piku]]'''''
| '''Piku Banerjee'''
|-
| [[Anushka Sharma]] ‡
| ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
| Meera
|-
| Deepika Padukone ‡
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani (film)|Bajirao Mastani]]''
| [[Mastani]]
|-
| [[Kangana Ranaut]] ‡
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
| Tanuja "Tanu" Trivedi / Kumari "Kusum" Sangwan (Datto)
|-
| [[Priyanka Chopra]] †
won Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani (film)|Bajirao Mastani]]''
| [[Kashibai]]
|-
| Priyanka Chopra
| ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| Ayesha Mehra/Sangha
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
*[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]

{{ProducersGuildFilmAwardBestActress}}

[[Category:Producers Guild Film Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]

Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:47:18Z

HymanGumm776: put up new post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Amalapuram
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Amalapuram.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]] [[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]] [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]] [[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]] [[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]] [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]] [[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
| reservation = SC
| mp = [[Ganti Harish Madhur]]
| preceded_by = [[Chinta Anuradha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}
'''Amalapuram''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments in this, six belongs to [[Konaseema district]] and one belongs to [[East Godavari district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==
As per the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies order (2008),'' the constituency covers seven assembly segments:<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |location=New Delhi |pages=19, 30}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|42
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
|[[Vasamsetti Subhash]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|43
|[[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]]
|[[Datla Subbaraju]]
|-
|44
|[[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]](SC)
|[[Aithabathula Anandarao]]
|-
|45
|[[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]](SC)
|[[Deva Varaprasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|46
|[[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]](SC)
|[[Giddi Satyanarayana]]
|-
|47
|[[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]
|[[Bandaru Satyananda Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|48
|[[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
|[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|[[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
^ indicates by-election
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Kaneti Mohana Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bayya Suryanarayana Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kusuma Murthy|Kusuma Krishna Murthy]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|A. J. Venkata Butchi Maheshwara Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Kusuma Murthy|Kusuma Krishna Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[K. S. R. Murthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=2|[[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|^2002
|[[Ganti Vijaya Kumari]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|[[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Pandula Ravindra Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Chinta Anuradha|Chintha Anuradha]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ganti Harish Madhur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|1989 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kusuma Krishna Murthy
| votes = 339,419
| percentage = 53.68
| change = {{increase}}15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Aithabathula Jogeswara Venkata Butchi
| votes = 284,638
| percentage = 45.02
| change ={{decrease}}16.22
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 54,781
| percentage = 8.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 632,287
| percentage = 75.66
| change = {{increase}}1.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|1991 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| votes = 273,490
| percentage = 53.19
| change = {{increase}}8.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kusuma Krishna Murthy
| votes = 186,003
| percentage = 36.18
| change = {{decrease}}17.50
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 87,487
| percentage = 17.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 514,144
| percentage = 61.48
| change = {{decrease}}14.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|1996 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[K. S. R. Murthy]]
| votes = 245,477
| percentage = 39.51
| change = +3.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| votes = 216,346
| percentage = 34.82
| change = -18.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[Babu Mohan|Babu Mohan Palli]]
| votes = 143,718
| percentage = 23.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 29,131
| percentage = 4.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 621,325
| percentage = 68.39
| change = +6.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|1998 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| votes = 286,953
| percentage = 43.57
| change = +8.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[K. S. R. Murthy]]
| votes = 196,713
| percentage = 29.87
| change = -9.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Umamaheswara Rao Kommabathula
| votes = 172,301
| percentage = 26.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 90,240
| percentage = 13.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 658,569
| percentage = 73.39
| change = +5.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|1999 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| votes = 368,476
| percentage = 55.56
| change = +11.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Gollapalli Suryarao]]
| votes = 249,597
| percentage = 37.63
| change = +7.76
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 118,879
| percentage = 17.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 663,249
| percentage = 73.02
| change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== By-election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2002 by-election : Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Vijaya Kumari Ganti]]
| votes = 3,41,923
| percentage = 90.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = J. B. Raju
| votes = 28,263
| percentage = 7.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = P. Vijaya Chakravarthi
| votes = 6,271
| percentage = 1.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,13,660
| percentage = 83.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 3,76,457
| percentage = 37.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,97,557
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|2004 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
| votes = 350,346
| percentage = 49.75
| change = {{increase}}12.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Janardhana Rao Dunna
| votes = 308,861
| percentage = 43.86
| change = {{decrease}}11.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Bhupati Muneeswara Rao
| votes = 26,699
| percentage = 3.79
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Ramesh Yalangi
| votes = 9,550
| percentage = 1.36
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = D. Muralikrishna
| votes = 8,768
| percentage = 1.25
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 41,485
| percentage = 5.89
| change = {{decrease}}12.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 704,224
| percentage = 74.59
| change = {{decrease}}0.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election|2009 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
| votes = 368,501
| percentage = 35.99
| change = {{decrease}}13.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Pothula Prameela Devi
| votes = 328,496
| percentage = 32.09
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Gedela Varalakshmi
| votes = 264,524
| percentage = 25.84
| change = {{decrease}}18.02
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 40,005
| percentage = 3.90
| change = {{decrease}}1.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,023,765
| percentage = 80.28
| change = {{increase}}2.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{decrease}}13.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election|2014 General Election]]: Amalapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Pandula Ravindra Babu]]
| votes = 594,547
| percentage = 53.04
| change ={{increase}}27.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Pinipe Viswarupu
| votes = 473,971
| percentage = 42.28
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = A. J. V. Butchi Maheswara Rao
| votes = 12,182
| percentage = 1.09
| change = {{decrease}}34.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Jai Samaikyandhra Party
| candidate = [[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
| votes = 9,931
| percentage = 0.89
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Geddam Sampada Rao
| votes = 7,219
| percentage = 0.64
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,141
| percentage = 0.55
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 120,576
| percentage = 10.76
| change = {{increase}}6.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,120,927
| percentage = 82.55
| change ={{increase}}2.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Amalapuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Chinta Anuradha]]
| votes = 485,313
| percentage = 39.43
| change = {{decrease}}2.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Ganti Harish Madhur
| votes = 4,45,347
| percentage = 36.18
| change = {{decrease}}16.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = D. M. R. Sekhar
|votes = 2,54,848
|percentage = 20.70
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ayyaji Vema Manepalli
|votes = 11,516
|percentage = 0.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 39,966
| percentage =3.24
| change ={{decrease}}7.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 12,35,368
| percentage = 84.64
| change = {{decrease}}2.09
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,59,556
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Amalapuram]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ganti Harish Madhur]]|votes=7,96,981|percentage=61.25|change=+25.07}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao|votes=454,785|percentage=34.95|change=-4.48}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Janga Goutham|votes=15,082|percentage=1.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=13,518|percentage=1.04|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3,42,196|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,01,934|percentage=84.97|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/amalapuram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Amalapuram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|16.6|82.0|display=title}}

[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Nanakmatta Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:12Z

HymanGumm776: Creating new article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nanakmatta
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 69
| map_image = Nanakmatta Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = Gopal Singh Rana
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 123,694
}}
'''Nanakmatta''' is one of the 70 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was formed in 2012 after being split from Khatima Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=2 | Dr. [[Prem Singh Rana]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Gopal Singh Rana]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanakmatta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,746 |percentage=52.94% |change={{increase}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Singh Rana|Dr. Prem Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,726 |percentage=38.80% |change={{decrease}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Singh Rana |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,085 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,660 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,504 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=962 |percentage=1.04% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,020 |percentage=14.14% |change= {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,075 |percentage=74.15% |change= {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,169 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanakmatta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Singh Rana|Dr. Prem Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,785 |percentage=51.65% |change={{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,254 |percentage=40.14% |change={{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shish Ram Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,174 |percentage=3.83% |change={{decrease}}10.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suneeta Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,305 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita Wati |party=Independent politician |votes=899 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=808 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,531 |percentage=11.51% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,839 |percentage=76.34% |change= {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,512 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanakmatta<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Singh Rana|Dr. Prem Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,652 |percentage=39.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,021 |percentage=31.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,521 |percentage=14.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ansuiya Rana |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,213 |percentage=6.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasveer Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,529 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chandra Rana |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,432 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,303 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,014 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=678 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,631 |percentage=8.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,398 |percentage=74.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,386 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{coord|28.94|79.81|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Kalidasa Kalakendram

2026-04-19T18:47:56Z

HymanGumm776: started first bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian theatrical group}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox theatre group
| name = Kalidasa Kalakendram
| image = Macbeth by Kalidasa kalakendram.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = A scene from ''Macbeth'' by Kalidasa Kalakendram
| formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1963|01|25}}
| disbanded =
| genre = [[Drama|Professional Drama]]
| location = [[Pattathanam]], [[Kollam]]
| num_members = [[O. Madhavan]] - Founder [[Vijayakumari]] - Secretary [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] - Promoter
| artistic_director = E. A. Rajendran
| notable =
| website =
}}
{{OSM Location map
|lat = 8.880556
|lon = 76.609167
|zoom = 13
|width = 255
|height = 300

|minimap = yes
|mini-width=
|mini-height=
|minipog-x=
|minipog-y=
|scalemark =180

|mark-lat = 8.880556 
|mark-lon = 76.609167
|mark-title = Kalidasa Kalakendram
|label = Kalidasa Kalakendram
|label-pos = right

|mark-lat1 =
|mark-lon1 =
|mark-title1 =
|label1 =
|label-pos1 =

|mark-lat2 =
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'''Kalidasa Kalakendram''' is a professional drama theatrical group founded by [[O. Madhavan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/20/stories/2005082010540400.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141104185347/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/20/stories/2005082010540400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2014 |title=Actor O. Madhavan passes away |date=20 August 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> a well-known Malayalam [[theatre director]], in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]. The group was founded on 25 January 1963 as a society under the parent organisation, Paul Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiangoslist.com/ngo-address/kalidasaka-lakendram-in-kollam-kerala_KL-2014-0073442 |title=Kalidasa Kalakendram - Society Information |publisher=Indian NGO List |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
The city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]] is well known for its affinity to [[drama]] and drama theaters. There were more than 450 drama troupes in [[Kollam]] in the past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalidasa-kalakendra-invests-rs40-lakh-on-macbeth/article5167876.ece |title=Kalidasa Kalakendra invests Rs.40 lakh on Macbeth |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> Kalidasa Kalakendram is one among them, founded by thespian [[O. Madhavan]] on 25 January 1963 with the support of [[O. N. V. Kurup]], [[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]] and [[G. Devarajan|Devarajan Master]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/novel-unfurls-memories-of-bygone-days/article19345990.ece |title=Novel unfurls memories of bygone days |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 July 2017 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> Now the troupe is managed by Sandhya Rajendran''(daughter of O. Madhavan)'', E. A. Rajendran''(son-in-law of O. Madhavan)'', Actor [[Mukesh_(actor)|Mukesh]]''(son of O. Madhavan)'', Jayasree Syamlal''(daughter of O. Madhavan)'' and Syamlal''(son-in-law of O. Madhavan)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/25/madhavi-brings-forth-memories-of-yesteryear-1633236.html |title='Madhavi' brings forth memories of yesteryear |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 July 2017 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

==Famous plays by Kalidasa Kalakendram==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Aagamam
* Chakravarthy
* Chakravyooham
* Circus
* Deepthi
* Doctor
* Hamsageetham
* Janani Janmabhoomi
* Kaakkapponnu
* Kadalpalam
* Kadannalkoodu
* Karuna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/210917/the-stage-is-set.html |title=The stage is set |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>
* Kuttavum Sikshayum
* Macbeth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalidasa-kalakendra-invests-rs40-lakh-on-macbeth/article5167876.ece |title=Kalidasa Kalakendra invests Rs.40 lakh on Macbeth |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
* Muthuchippi
* Pravaham
* Rainbow
* Rakthanakshathram
* Rashtrabhavan
* Sangamam
* Sankhumudra
* Simhanaadam
* Swantham Lekhakan
* Thanneer Panthal
* Theeram
* Thuramukham
* Yamuna
* Yudhabhoomi
* Vilambaram<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/nonmovies.php?tag=Search&director=Kalidasa%20Kalakendra%20%5BDrama%5D&limit=27&cl=1&sortorder=1&sorttype=1&page_num=1 |title=Drama listing of Kalidasa Kala Kendra |publisher=Malayala Sangeetham |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Movies==
In 2012, Kalidasa Kalakendram ventured into film production through the Malayalam movie ''[[Hide N' Seek (2012 film)|Hide N' Seek]]'', directed by Anil. [[Divyadarshan]], the grandson of [[O. Madhavan]], played the lead role in the movie. The movie production house of Kalidasa Kalakendram was named as ''Kalidasa International Movies''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalidasa-kalakendram-to-produce-a-movie-news-malayalam-mf5rlDfhcccsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155116/https://www.sify.com/movies/kalidasa-kalakendram-to-produce-a-movie-news-malayalam-mf5rlDfhcccsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2019 |title='Kalidasa Kalakendram' to produce a movie |website=[[Sify]] |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="140">
File:Kalidasa kalakendram.JPG|Curtain raising - Kalidasa Kalakendram
File:O madavan.jpg|Founder - [[O. Madhavan]]
File:E.A. Rajendran1.JPG|Chairman & Artistic Director - E.A. Rajendran
File:Sandya rajendran.JPG|Treasurer - Sandhya Rajendran
File:Vijayakumari.JPG|Secretary - [[Vijayakumari]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons cat}}
{{reflist}}
{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Kollam]]
[[Category:Theatre in Kerala]]
[[Category:Theatrical organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Culture of Kollam]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1963]]

Namsai Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:49Z

HymanGumm776: Creating stub!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Namsai
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 47
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Namsai district|Namsai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Namsai Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Zingnu Namchoom]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 24,554
}}
'''Namsai''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Namsai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, its representative is [[Zingnu Namchoom]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Chow Pingthika Namchoom || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Chow Rajingda Namshum
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Chow Pingthika Namchoom
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Nang Sati Mein
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Chau Zingnu Namchoom]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Namsai">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Namsai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0247.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520114821/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0247.htm |archive-date=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Namsai (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Namsai (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/namsai |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531080106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/namsai |archivedate=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chau Zingnu Namchoom]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,540 |percentage=68.88% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Likha Saaya]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,984 |percentage=28.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=584 |percentage=2.77% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,556 |percentage=40.53% |change= {{decrease}}15.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,108 |percentage=85.97% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,554 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chau Zingnu Namchoom]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,392 |percentage=69.79% |change={{increase}}33.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mualin Agan |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,637 |percentage=13.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chow Kedar Gohain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,901 |percentage=9.91% |change={{decrease}}51.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shotike Hopak |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=678 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=581 |percentage=3.03% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,755 |percentage=56.05% |change= {{increase}}30.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,189 |percentage=83.95% |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,858 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chau Zingnu Namchoom]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,402 |percentage=61.55% |change={{increase}}59.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,091 |percentage=36.04% |change={{increase}}32.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=406 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,311 |percentage=25.51% |change= {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,899 |percentage=82.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,552 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nang Sati Mein |party=Independent politician |votes=10,477 |percentage=64.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,778 |percentage=29.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chau Ambika Enling |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=603 |percentage=3.73% |change={{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Chandra Mansai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=266 |percentage=1.65% |change={{decrease}}40.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,699 |percentage=35.30% |change= {{increase}}31.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,146 |percentage=84.27% |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,159 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}18.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=Independent politician |votes=6,069 |percentage=46.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,559 |percentage=42.57% |change={{decrease}}15.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowlik Manpoong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,429 |percentage=10.94% |change={{decrease}}8.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=510 |percentage=3.91% |change= {{decrease}}34.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,057 |percentage=68.00% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,163 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,609 |percentage=58.49% |change={{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Empu Chowpoo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,219 |percentage=19.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowlik Manpoong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,195 |percentage=19.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chau Tan Manpoong |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=277 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,390 |percentage=38.85% |change= {{increase}}33.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,300 |percentage=73.42% |change= {{decrease}}14.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,076 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Rajingda Namshum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,791 |percentage=52.84% |change={{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,061 |percentage=47.16% |change={{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=730 |percentage=5.68% |change= {{decrease}}18.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,852 |percentage=86.61% |change= {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,247 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Namsai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Pingthika Namchoom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,479 |percentage=59.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chau Khouk Manpoong |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,254 |percentage=35.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upa Mansai |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,225 |percentage=24.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,153 |percentage=74.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,576 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Namsai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.67|95.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Namsai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Bhopalgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:04Z

HymanGumm776: put up a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhopalgarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-126-Bhopalgarh.svg
| mla = [[Geeta Barwar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| incumbent_image =
| preceded_by = [[Pukhraj Garg]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 1967
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jodhpur district]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 126
}}
'''Bhopalgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency]]. Senior Congress leaders like Paras Ram Maderna used to contest election from this seat Also during the first election in 1967 Ram Singh Bishnoi contested from this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class=wikitable sortable
!Year!!Name !!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1967 || rowspan=4|[[Parasram Maderna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|1972<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|1977<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1980<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1985 || [[Narain Ram Bera]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1990 || [[Parasram Maderna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1993 || [[Ramnarain Dudi]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1998 || [[Parasram Maderna]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|2003 || [[Mahipal Maderna]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2008 || rowspan=2|[[Kamsa Meghwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2013<ref name="election2013">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN]</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]||[[Pukhraj Garg]] ||{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Vidhansabha%202018/indexw.html |title=General Election of State Assembly Elections- 2018 |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Geeta Barwar]]<ref name="election2023"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh (SC)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20126.htm |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 Assembly Constituency 126 - Bhopalgarh (Rajasthan)|website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 29 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Geeta Barwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86224}}
|percentage = 42.53
|change = +9.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pukhraj Garg]]
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61926}}
|percentage = 30.55
|change = -5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamsa Meghwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:49540}}
|percentage = 24.44
|change = +0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1848}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24298}}
|percentage = 11.98
|change = +9.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202729}}
|percentage = 66.42
|change = -2.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh (SC)<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2018/?do=download&r=23073&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=724ced13c40e16d11b2e28de0c81e4cb |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pukhraj Garg]]
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:68386}}
|percentage = 35.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhanwarlal Balai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:63424}}
|percentage = 33.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamsa Meghwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:45802}}
|percentage = 23.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gumanram
|party = Abhinav Rajasthan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5560}}
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Setharam
|votes = {{formatnum:2285}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramsukh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2281}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2632}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4962}}
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191458}}
|percentage = 68.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh (SC)<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2013/ |title=Rajasthan 2013 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamsa Meghwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88,521
|percentage = 57.25
|change = +15.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Omprakash
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,711
|percentage = 34.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jaga Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,899
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Allaram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,338
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shanta Kumari
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,773
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Beera Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,074
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sarwan Ram
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 996
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lekhraj
|party = Jago Party
|votes = 648
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,666
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 35,810
|percentage = 23.16
|change = +19.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,54,626
|percentage = 64.35
|change = +11.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh (SC)<ref name=election2008 name="election2008-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2008/ |title=Rajasthan 2008 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamsa Meghwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,311
|percentage = 42.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Heera Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,810
|percentage = 38.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Avtar Baori
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 9,658
|percentage = 8.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,607
|percentage = 6.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivdan Meghwal
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|votes = 2,507
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Geeta Meghwal
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|votes = 1,828
|percentage = 1.60
|change = -0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Durga Ram Meghwal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 835
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,501
|percentage = 3.93
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,14,556
|percentage = 52.70
|change = -13.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election2003 name="election2003-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2003/ |title=Rajasthan 2003 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2003"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahipal Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,659
|percentage = 35.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Ram Bera
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 38,675
|percentage = 31.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhanna Ram
|party = Rajasthan Samajik Nyaya Manch
|votes = 19,261
|percentage = 15.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradeep Gehlot
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 17,605
|percentage = 14.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Geeta Meghwal
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|votes = 2,876
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,984
|percentage = 4.08
|change = -18.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,22,076
|percentage = 65.82
|change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1998 name="election1998-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1998/ |title=Rajasthan 1998 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1998"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,312
|percentage = 54.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 33,566
|percentage = 32.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mana Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 11,622
|percentage = 11.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sohan Ram
|party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
|votes = 1,645
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Fagloo Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 415
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,746
|percentage = 22.71
|change = +5.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,04,560
|percentage = 66.38
|change = +6.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1993 name="election1993-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1993/ |title=Rajasthan 1993 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1993"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramnarayan Dudi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 35,915
|percentage = 41.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Ram Bera
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 20,960
|percentage = 24.42
|change = -22.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Braham Singh Parihar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 19,742
|percentage = 23.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sumer Singh Gajsinghpura
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,545
|percentage = 7.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prem Raj Parihar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 703
|percentage = 0.82
|change = +0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manohar Singh Bhati
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 479
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pema Ram Mali
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 454
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ladu Ram Jakhad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 423
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hirta Ram Phiroda
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 246
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sangram Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 190
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gordhan Ram
|party = Socialist Party (Lohia)
|votes = 163
|percentage = 0.19
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,995
|percentage = 17.43
|change = +14.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 85,820
|percentage = 59.64
|change = -7.33
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1990"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1990 name="election1990-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1990/ |title=Rajasthan 1990 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1990"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,330
|percentage = 49.71
|change = +0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Ram Bera
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 40,556
|percentage = 46.53
|change = -3.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhanna Ram Meghwal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,560
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prem Raj Parihar
|party = Doordarshi Party
|votes = 413
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madan Lal Jatiya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 154
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gordhan Choudhary
|party = Socialist Party (Lohia)
|votes = 154
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,774
|percentage = 3.18
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 87,167
|percentage = 66.97
|change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1990"/>

===1985===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1985"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1985 name="election1985-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1985/ |title=Rajasthan 1985 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1985"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Ram Bera
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 37,546
|percentage = 50.21
|change = +3.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 36,870
|percentage = 49.31
|change = -2.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Vaishnav
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 358
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 676
|percentage = 0.90
|change = -4.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 74,774
|percentage = 67.67
|change = +7.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1985"/>

===1980===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1980"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1980 name="election1980-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3387-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1980/ |title=Rajasthan 1980 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1980"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|votes = 29,052
|percentage = 51.99
|change = +1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Ram Bera
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|votes = 26,199
|percentage = 46.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gordhan Choudhary
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 630
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,853
|percentage = 5.11
|change = +3.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 55,881
|percentage = 60.42
|change = -6.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1980"/>

===1977===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1977"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1977 name="election1977-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1977/ |title=Rajasthan 1977 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1977"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,558
|percentage = 50.67
|change = -30.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhairaram Chaudhary]]
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 25,856
|percentage = 49.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 702
|percentage = 1.34
|change = -64.49
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 52,414
|percentage = 66.52
|change = +0.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1977"/>

===1972===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1972"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1972 name="election1972-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1972/ |title=Rajasthan 1972 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1972"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,323
|percentage = 81.46
|change = +24.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jaswant Singh Chaudhary
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,315
|percentage = 15.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prakash Chandra
|party = Socialist Party
|votes = 865
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Karna Ram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 453
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangal Prakash
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 230
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 35,008
|percentage = 65.83
|change = +50.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 53,186
|percentage = 65.72
|change = -2.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1972"/>

===1967===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1967"/>
{{Election box begin | title= [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopalgarh<ref name=election1967 name="election1967-1">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1967/ |title=Rajasthan 1967 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="election1967"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Maderna]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,104
|percentage = 57.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = R. Singh
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 19,113
|percentage = 41.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = J. R. Joshi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 499
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,991
|percentage = 15.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 45,716
|percentage = 68.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1967"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.65|73.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:42Z

HymanGumm776: put up a info

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bakhtiarpur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 180-Bakhtiarpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Arun Kumar
|party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district =
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 298,087
|abolished = 
}}
'''Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz.<ref name="election2013">[http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/bakhtiarpur.php Bakhtiarpur Assembly Constituency] 20 December 2013</ref>

==Overview==
Bakhtiarpur comprises CD Blocks Daniawan, Khusrupur & Bakhtiarpur.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 20 December 2013 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Sundri Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mohammed Salahuddin
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ram Yatan Singh
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Dharambir Singh
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Bhola Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bhudeo Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|1981^
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Braj Nandan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Vinod Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Vinod Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Ranvijay Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Arun Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bakhtiarpur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bakhtiarpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bakhtiarpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04180.htm |access-date=11 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211102716/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04180.htm |archive-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:88520}}
|percentage = 45.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87539}}
|percentage = 44.64
|change = -7.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Balmiki Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6581}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Deepak Bhai Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2923}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shambhu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2876}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3635}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:981}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = -11.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196100}}
|percentage = 65.79
|change = +5.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Bakhtiarpur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:89483}}
|percentage = 52.17
|change = +17.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranvijay Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:68811}}
|percentage = 40.12
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinod Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1893}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1878}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3744}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20672}}
|percentage = 12.05
|change = +6.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171515}}
|percentage = 60.35
|change = +0.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015]]: [[Bakhtiarpur]]<ref name="Bakhtiarpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Bakhtiarpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bakhtiarpur |access-date=11 December 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211102621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bakhtiarpur |archive-date=11 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranvijay Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61496}}
|percentage = 40.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Aniruddh Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:53594}}
|percentage = 34.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:12070}}
|percentage = 7.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jitendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:11123}}
|percentage = 7.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Paswan
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:2791}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravi Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2193}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2050}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1755}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3711}}
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7902}}
|percentage = 5.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153324}}
|percentage = 59.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: [[Bakhtiarpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Aniruddh Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 52,782
|percentage = 46.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vinod Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 38,037
|percentage = 33.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Subodh Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7,834
|percentage = 6.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shashi Yadav
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,384
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Brij Nandan Singh
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3,250
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 14,745
|percentage = 13.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = {{formatnum:113274}}
|percentage = 55.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2005===
{{Election box begin | title=Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, October 2005: Bakhtiarpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vinod Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 35,774
|percentage = 40.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Aniruddh Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 32,719
|percentage = 36.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Lal Krishna Yadav
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 9,718
|percentage = 10.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Nirala
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,762
|percentage = 4.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohammad Sarfaraj Ahmad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,936
|percentage = 3.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 3,055
|percentage = 3.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 88,912
|percentage = 41.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
* [[Bakhtiarpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
{{coord|25.4667|N|85.5167|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Umeshbhai Makwana

2026-04-13T00:20:46Z

HymanGumm776: put up a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Umeshbhai Naranbhai Makwana
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
| term_start = 8 December 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Saurabh Patel]]
| successor =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| citizenship = [[India]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|5|27}}
| birth_place = [[Botad]], [[Gujarat]], India
}}

'''Umeshbhai Naranbhai Makwana''' (born 27 May 1977) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[Social work]]er and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]. He is serving as a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Botad Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] since 8 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Botad Assembly Election Result 2022: बोटाद विधानसभा सीट पर AAP के उमेश मकवाणा के सिर सजा जीत का ताज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/gujarat/botad-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-gujarat-election-result-ghanshyamjibhai-prayagjibhai-virani-manhar-patel-umesh-makwana-bjp-aap-congress-loser-winner-5010327.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Botad Election Result 2022 LIVE: Umeshbhai of AAP wins with a margin of over 2,000 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-botad-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15343851.htm |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat: In Phase 1 Areas, Both BJP and Congress Are Contending With AAP's Entry |url=https://thewire.in/government/gujarat-assembly-polls-voting-phase-one-seats |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=thewire.in |pages=Both the Congress and BJP candidates belong to the influential Leuva Patel community. But AAP has fielded Umesh Makwana, a former BJP worker who belongs to the numerically stronger Koli Patel community |language=en}}</ref>

Umesh [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] was born and brought up in [[Botad]], [[Gujarat]], India to his father Naranbhai [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]]. He has studied BA. He started a primary and secondary school. He distributed over 6 lakh food packets during [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] under his initiative Manavta Seva Rath.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makwana, Umesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{Gujarat-AAP-politician-stub}}

List of programmes broadcast by Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)

2026-03-29T20:10:13Z

HymanGumm776: adjust content and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Disney Star}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[File:2014 Disney Channel logo.svg|right|200px]]
This is a list of television programmes that are currently airing on [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] in India.

== Current programming ==
* ''[[Doraemon]]''
* ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse]]''
* ''[[Ninja Hattori]]''
* ''[[Perman]]''
* ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]''

== Former programming ==
===Live-action===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Aaron Stone]]''<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k9/executive/Antoine_ed.php|title='We will build on our global franchises and get other local content to create an environment for ratings' : Antoine Villeneuve- Walt Disney TV International (India) SVP & MD|date=31 March 2009|website=Indian Television Dot Com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404024650/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k9/executive/Antoine_ed.php |archive-date=4 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Agadam Bagdam Tigdam]]''
*''[[Akkad Bakkad Bambey Bo]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/media-hub/press-releases/2007/04/disney-channel-encourages-kids-%E2%80%98lose-control%E2%80%99-summer%E2%80%A6-and-chance|title=Disney Channel encourages kids to 'Lose Control' this summer…. And a chance to win a trip to Hong Kong Disneyland!!|website=Disney India}}</ref>
*''[[Austin & Ally]]''
*''[[Backyard Science]]''
*''[[Bear in the Big Blue House]]''
*''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''
*''Big Bada Boom''
*''[[The Book of Pooh]]''
*''[[Boy Meets World]]''
*''[[Break Time Masti Time]]''
*''Captain Tiao''
*''[[Cory in the House]]''
*''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''
*''[[Disney Q Family Mastermind]]''
*''[[Dog with a Blog]]''
*''[[Even Stevens]]''
*''[[Gabbar Poonchwala]]''
*''[[Goosebumps (1995 TV series)|Goosebumps]]''
*''[[Hannah Montana]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channels-hanna-montana-heads-for-a-new-season-on-10|title=Disney Channel's Hanna Montana heads for a new season on 10 April|date=7 April 2009|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/media-hub/press-releases/2006/03/disney-channel-packages-best-treat-kids-summer|title=Disney Channel Packages the Best Treat for Kids this Summer|website=Disney India}}</ref>
*''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''
*''[[Imagination Movers (TV series)|Imagination Movers]]''<ref name="auto10"/>
*''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]''
*''[[Johnny and the Sprites]]''
*''[[Jonas L.A.]]''<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k11/apr/aprrel4.php|title=Disney Channel?s Summer Belongs To You!|date=8 April 2011|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Jessie (2011 TV series)|Jessie]]''
*''[[Kaarthika (TV series)|Kaarthika]]''
*''[[Karishma Kaa Karishma]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-unveils-lineup-to-celebrate-holiday-season|title=Disney Channel unveils lineup to celebrate holiday season|date=27 December 2008|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]''
*''[[Life with Derek]]''
*''[[Lizzie McGuire]]''<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/no-child-s-play/cid/1541706|title=No child's play|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref>
*''[[Mai Ka Lal]]''
*''[[Mortified]]''
*''[[Nach to the Groove]]''
*''[[Naturally, Sadie]]''
*''[[Oye Jassie]]''
*''[[Palak Pe Jhalak]]''
*''[[Phil of the Future]]''<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-launches-two-new-shows|title=Disney Channel launches two new shows|date=7 October 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Sanya (TV series)|Sanya]]''
*''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''
*[[Shake It Up (Indian TV series)|''Shake It Up'' (India)]]
*[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|''Shake It Up'' (US)]]<ref name="auto5"/>
*''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/16disney.htm|title=Disney characters to speak Telugu|work=Rediff.com|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112014059/https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/16disney.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[So Random!]]''
*''[[So Weird]]''
*''[[Son Pari]]''<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-to-air-break-time-masti-time-in-october|title=Disney to air 'Break Time Masti Time' in October|date=16 September 2008|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112122636/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-to-air-break-time-masti-time-in-october|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Sonny with a Chance]]''<ref name="auto10"/>
*''[[Soy Luna]]''
*''[[Soy Luna Live]]''
*''[[The Lodge (TV series)|The Lodge]]''
*''[[The Next Step (Canadian TV series)|The Next Step]]''
*''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''
*''[[Studio Disney]]''<ref name="auto7"/>
*''[[The Suite Life of Zack & Cody]]''
*''[[The Suite Life on Deck]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-launches-new-series-the-suite-life-on-deck|title=Disney Channel launches new series The Suite Life on Deck|date=14 January 2009|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Take Two with Phineas and Ferb]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/mega-new-year-celebrations-begin-on-disney-channels-496.html|title=MEGA NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS BEGIN ON DISNEY CHANNELS |website=Adgully.com|date=29 December 2011 }}
</ref>
*''[[That's So Raven]]''<ref name="auto4"/>
*''[[Vicky & Vetaal]]''
*''[[Welcome to Pooh Corner]]''
*''[[Wizards of Waverly Place]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-sweats-films-to-up-viewership-this-summer |title=Disney Channel sweats films to up viewership this summer|date=6 April 2010|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''Zindagi Khatti Meethi''
{{div col end}}

===Animated series===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[3 Amigonauts]]''
*''[[101 Dalmatians: The Series]]''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/05/disney-network-brings-over-500-hours-of-fresh-programming-this-summer/|title=Disney Network brings over 500 hours of fresh programming this summer|website=bestmediaifo.com}}</ref>
*''[[Action Dad]]''
*''[[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]]''<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/kidsgender.htm|title=Kids programming: The boy factor!|date=15 June 2004|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[American Dragon: Jake Long]]''<ref name="auto6"/>
*''[[Amphibia (TV series)|Amphibia]]''
*''[[Astra Force]]''
*''[[Arjun — Prince of Bali]]''
*''[[Being Ian]]''<ref name=Dizzy>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/apr/apr346.php|title=Disney channel India announces summer 2008 line up|date=28 April 2008|access-date=7 September 2017|archive-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909010228/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/apr/apr346.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Big City Greens]]''
*''[[Brandy & Mr. Whiskers]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/sep/sep153.htm|title='Brandy & Whiskers' to premier on Disney Channel|date=13 September 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112004150/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/sep/sep153.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Bunnytown]]''
*''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]]''
*''[[The Buzz on Maggie]]''
*''[[Camp Lakebottom]]''<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://disneychannel.disney.in/shows|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226145257/http://disneychannel.disney.in/shows|archive-date=26 December 2014|title=All Shows | Disney Channel India|date=26 December 2014}}</ref>
*''[[Cars Toons]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-to-make-entry-into-tamil-and-telugu-via-pre|title=Disney Channel to make entry into Tamil and Telugu via pre-school block|date=29 June 2011|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118231105/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-to-make-entry-into-tamil-and-telugu-via-pre|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]''
*''[[Chuggington]]''
*''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
*''[[Dave the Barbarian]]''<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/dec/dec140.htm|title=Disney Channel to use movies as programming tent pole|date=15 December 2004|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112131350/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/dec/dec140.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Deep (TV series)|The Deep]]''
*''[[Donald Duck Presents]]''
*''[[Donkey Kong Country (TV series)|Donkey Kong Country]]''
*''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]''
*''[[Ek Tha Jungle]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/disney-channel-acquires-animated-series-ek-tha-jungle/30776|title=Disney Channel acquires animated series Ek Tha Jungle|date=27 March 2010|access-date=7 September 2017|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102837/https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/disney-channel-acquires-animated-series-ek-tha-jungle/30776|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Emperor's New School]]''
*''[[Fillmore!]]''
*''[[Fish Hooks]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-launches-original-animation-series-fish-hooks-today-46475.html |title=Disney Channel launches original animation series 'Fish Hooks' today! |website=Adgully.com }}</ref>
*''[[Gaju Bhai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-india-launches-gajju-bhai-with-hyundai-and-patanjali-as-sponsors-160418|title=Disney India launches 'Gaju Bhai'|date=18 April 2016|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621125146/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-india-launches-gajju-bhai-with-hyundai-and-patanjali-as-sponsors-160418|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Get Ace]]''
*''[[The Ghost and Molly McGee]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Channel India Continuity after The Ghost and Molly McGee 16.10.2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u3vf1hdRQ8 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
*''[[Good Morning, Mickey!]]''
*''[[Goof Troop]]''
*''[[Grami's Circus Show]]''
*''[[Gravity Falls]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/past-shows|title=Disney India|website=corporate.disney.in|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129213642/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/past-shows|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Hamtaro]]''
*''[[Handy Manny]]''<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|author=Adgully Bureau |url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-to-present-superstar-summer-42656.html |title=Disney channel to present superstar summer |website=Adgully.com |date=7 April 2010 }}</ref>
*''[[Higglytown Heroes]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/oct/oct134.htm|title=Disney Channel launches 'Higglytown Heroes' for pre-schoolers|date=14 October 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[The Hive (TV show)|The Hive]]''
*''[[Hotel Transylvania: The Series]]''
*''[[House of Mouse]]''
*''[[Futurikon|How to Draw?]]''
*''[[Jake and the Never Land Pirates]]''<ref name="auto"/>
*''[[JoJo's Circus]]''<ref name="auto8"/>
*''[[Jungle Cubs]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/feb/feb237.php|title=Disney Channel strengthens morning band|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Jungle Junction]]''<ref name=Bolly>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/apr/apr31.php|title=Disney Channel sweats films to up viewership this summer|date=6 April 2010|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112919/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/apr/apr31.php|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Kid vs. Kat|Kid VS Kat]]''
*''[[Kim Possible]]''<ref name="auto8"/>
*''Rudra Boom Chick Chick Bomm''
*''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]''
*''[[Lilo & Stitch: The Series]]''<ref name="auto8"/>
*''[[The Lion Guard]]''<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|title=Disney India|website=corporate.disney.in|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104231713/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Little Einsteins]]''
*''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]''<ref name="auto9"/>
*''[[Madeline (TV series)|Madeline]]''
*''[[Mickey and the Roadster Racers]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Mickey Mouse]]''
*''Mickey Mouse and Friends''
* ''[[The Mickey Mouse Club]]''
* ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse]]''<ref name="auto3"/>
* ''[[Miles from Tomorrowland]]''
* ''[[Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2021|title=Miraculous Ladybug's Troubled Airing History in India|url=https://www.cbr.com/miraculous-ladybug-release-disney-india/|access-date=12 September 2021|website=CBR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912175609/https://www.cbr.com/miraculous-ladybug-release-disney-india/ |archive-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Mysteries and Feluda]]''
* ''[[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]''<ref name="auto8"/>
*''[[Octonauts]]''
*''[[Oddbods]]''
*''[[Oswaldo (TV series)|Oswaldo]]''
*''[[Phineas and Ferb]]''
*''[[PJ Masks]]''
*''[[Pocoyo]]''
*''[[The Proud Family]]''
*''[[Quack Pack]]''
*''[[The Replacements (TV series)|The Replacements]]''
*''[[Recess (TV series)|Recess]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug199.htm|title=Disney Channel rings in Teacher's Day celebrations|date=19 August 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Rolie Polie Olie]]''
*''[[Sofia the First]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/aug/augrel82.php|title=Sofia The First Debuts August 24 on Disney Channel|date=22 August 2013|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Special Agent Oso]]''
*''[[Stanley (2001 TV series)|Stanley]]''<ref name="auto8"/>
*''[[Stitch!]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/celebrations-galore-on-disney-multiplex-this-xmas|title=Celebrations galore on Disney multiplex this X'mas|date=21 December 2009|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Super V]]''
*''[[TaleSpin]]''
*''[[Teamo Supremo]]''<ref name=Dizzy/>
*''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]''
*''[[Disney Tsum Tsum|Tsum Tsum]]''
*''V 4 Viraat''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneychannel.disney.in/v-4-viraat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606043822/http://disneychannel.disney.in/v-4-viraat|archive-date=6 June 2016|title=V 4 Viraat | Disney Channel India|date=6 June 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Ultra B]]''
* ''[[Upin and Ipin]]''
*''[[Wild About Safety]]''
*''[[Wander Over Yonder]]''
{{div col end}}

==Films==
*''[[Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]'' (1 January 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|title=Disney brings Satyajit Ray's detective Feluda to the small screen|date=30 December 2010|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727144129/http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Luck Luck Ki Baat]]'' (30 September 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/sep/sep291.php|title=Disney India's first ever MADE FOR TELEVISION Film to premiere on 30 Sep.|date=28 September 2012|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908055815/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/sep/sep291.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Apna Bhai Gaju Bhai'' (3 July 2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/When-Jollywoods-Superstar-meets-Bollywoods-superstar/articleshow/52868823.cms|title=When Jollywood's Superstar meets Bollywood's superstar!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2016|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627165056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/When-Jollywoods-Superstar-meets-Bollywoods-superstar/articleshow/52868823.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Disney India]]
* [[List of Disney Channel (India) series]]
*[[List of Indian animated television series]]
*[[List of programs broadcast by Hungama TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disney Channel}}
{{Lists of TV programs by country}}
{{Disney Channel India Original Series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disney Channel India}}
[[Category:Lists of television series by network]]
[[Category:Disney Channel (Indian TV channel) original programming| ]]
[[Category:Indian television-related lists]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:Disney Channel related-lists]]

Iron Curtain

2026-03-29T15:27:53Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Short description|Political boundary dividing Europe during the Cold War}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Iron Curtain map.svg|thumb|The Iron Curtain, in black
{{legend|#FF8282|[[Warsaw Pact]] countries}}
{{legend|#004990|[[NATO]] members{{efn|Spain joined NATO in 1982.}}}}
{{legend|#C0C0C0|[[Neutral country|Militarily neutral]] countries ([[Finlandization|Finland]], [[Swedish neutrality|Sweden]], [[Swiss neutrality|Switzerland]], [[Declaration of Neutrality|Austria]] and [[Irish neutrality|Ireland]])}}
{{legend|#57D557|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]}}<hr />
The black dot represents the [[Berlin Wall]] around [[West Berlin]]. Locations such as Yugoslavia and [[Allied-occupied Austria|the Soviet occupation zone in Austria]] were initially considered to be behind the Iron Curtain, though this would later change. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] withheld its support of the Warsaw Pact in 1961 due to the [[Albanian–Soviet split]] and formally withdrew in 1968. Yugoslavia was considered part of the [[Eastern Bloc]] for two years until the [[Tito–Stalin split]] in 1948, but remained independent for the remainder of its existence.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=University of Zagreb |title=False: Croatian President claims she was born behind the Iron Curtain. |url=https://eufactcheck.eu/factcheck/false-croatian-president-claims-she-was-born-behind-the-iron-curtain/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=eufactcheck.eu |date=25 November 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> It [[Yugoslavia–European Communities relations|gradually opened the borders to the west]] and increased guard on the borders to the east.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/svet/jugoslavija-le-pogojno-del-zelezne-zavese/82708 |title=Jugoslavija le pogojno del železne zavese |language=sl |trans-title=Yugoslavia Only Conditionally Part of the Iron Curtain |newspaper=MMC RTV Slovenija |date=1 February 2008}}</ref>]]

{{Western Bloc sidebar}}
{{Eastern Bloc sidebar}}

The '''Iron Curtain''' was the political and physical boundary that divided [[Europe]] from the [[End of World War II in Europe|end of World War II]] in 1945 until the end of the [[Cold War]] in 1990/1991. East of the Iron Curtain were [[Central Europe|many]] [[Eastern Europe|small]] [[Central Asia|states]] controlled by the [[Soviet Union]], in 1955 formally allied by the [[Warsaw Pact]]. Many nations to the west of this [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] divide were (and are) [[NATO]] members. Over time these economic and military alliances developed into broader, more entrenched, cultural barriers; widespread distrust on both sides deepened. Initially, the term "Iron Curtain" was a literal description of physical barriers such as [[razor wire]], [[fence]]s, [[Defensive wall|fortified walls]], [[Land mine|minefields]], and [[watchtower]]s along the western border of the Eastern Bloc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2014 |title=Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008072603/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism |archive-date=8 October 2024 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref>
The term later took on a broader, [[metaphor]]ic meaning perceived as a generalized "differentness" of ideology, economy, government, and [[Culture|way of life]] that emerged when the Cold War severed earlier cultural connections between European populations.

The term's origin is often attributed to the [[Fulton Speech]] delivered by [[Winston Churchill]] on 5 March [[1946 in the United States|1946]] in [[Fulton, Missouri]] where he said: "an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Churchill |first1=Winston |title=Sinews of Peace |url=https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.html |website=[[National Churchill Museum]] |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> In fact, the phrase was originally used by Queen [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians|Elisabeth of Belgium]] in 1914. when she described an "Iron Curtain" descending between her people and Germany.<ref>[https://www.historyextra.com/period/cold-war/iron-curtain-definition-meaning-where-when-who-popularised-term/ ] [[BBC History]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vidx4tiiiku |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

The states/nations to the east of the Iron Curtain were the three [[Baltic states]] (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], [[East Germany]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]]{{Efn|Albania formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968}} and the USSR. The [[Red Army]] had [[Baltic states#Soviet and German occupations, 1940–1991|invaded the Baltic states in 1940]] on [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin's]] orders and the Stalin regime had annexed them. Countries of the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|USSR]] were the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR]], [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuanian SSR]], [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian SSR]], [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]], [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]], [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]], [[Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz SSR]], [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Tajik SSR]], [[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Turkmen SSR]], and [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]].

Events that demolished the Iron Curtain started with the [[History of Poland (1945–1989)#Last years of the People's Republic and the transition period|Fall of communism in Poland]],<ref>[[Sorin Antohi]] and [[Vladimir Tismăneanu]], "Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution" in ''Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath'', Central European University Press. {{ISBN|963-9116-71-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1pl5T45FwIwC&dq=%22Autumn+of+Nations%22&pg=PA85 p.85].</ref><ref name="lead">{{cite news |author=Boyes, Roger |date=4 June 2009 |title=World Agenda: 20 years later, Poland can lead eastern Europe once again |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/world-agenda-20-years-later-poland-can-lead-eastern-europe-once-again-mf5vbbdgmhz |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
[[End of Communism in Hungary (1989)|Hungary]], [[Peaceful Revolution|East Germany]], [[Fall of communism in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Velvet Revolution|Czechoslovakia]] and [[Romanian Revolution|Romania]].<ref>{{citation |author=Lucian-Dumitru Dîrdală |title=The End of the Ceauşescu Regime – A Theoretical Convergence |url=http://www.umk.ro/images/documente/publicatii/Buletin20/the_end.pdf}}</ref><ref>[[Piotr Sztompka]], preface to ''Society in Action: the Theory of Social Becoming'', University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-78815-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sdSw3FgVOS4C&dq=%22Autumn+of+Nations%22&pg=PP16 p. x].</ref>

[[East Germany]] [[Reunification of Germany|reunited]] with Western Germany on 3 October 1990. The [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|USSR dissolved itself in December 1991]]. Czechoslovakia [[Breakup of Czechoslovakia|dissolved in 1992]].

Due to the decreased human activity around the physical border during the Cold War, natural [[biotope]]s were formed, now the [[European Green Belt]]. With the exception of the Kars-Gyumri railway crossing which operated during the Soviet Era, the [[Armenia–Turkey border|Turkish–Armenian border]] has [[Turkish–Azeri blockade of Armenia|remained closed]] since the 1920s<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cheterian |first=Vicken |date=2017-01-02 |title=The Last Closed Border of the Cold War: Turkey-Armenia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08865655.2016.1226927 |journal=[[Journal of Borderlands Studies]] |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2016.1226927 |issn=0886-5655 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and is sometimes described as the Iron Curtain's last vestige.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=9 September 2009 |title=Unprecedented progress |url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-armenia-seek-to-discard-nearly-a-century-of-bad-blood/a-4618922 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Parsons |first=Robert |date=2012-02-02 |title=1915 Massacre Under Spotlight |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1067422.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=[[Radio Free Europe]]/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Armenia-Turkey |url=https://epfarmenia.am/project/Armenia-Turkey |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=[[Eurasian Partnership Foundation]]}}</ref>

==Pre-Cold War usage==
[[File:Bakom Rysslands jarnrid.jpg|thumb|upright|Swedish book "''Behind Russia's iron curtain''" from 1923]]

Historically, iron [[safety curtain]]s were installed on theater stages to slow the spread of fire.

Perhaps the first recorded application of the term "iron curtain" to [[Soviet Union|Soviet Russia]] was in [[Vasily Rozanov]]'s 1918 polemic ''The Apocalypse of Our Time''. It is possible that Churchill read it there following the publication of the book's English translation in 1920. The passage runs:
{{Blockquote|With clanging, creaking, and squeaking, an iron curtain is lowering over Russian History. "The performance is over." The audience got up. "Time to put on your fur coats and go home." We looked around, but the fur coats and homes were missing.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rozanov|first=Vasily|trans-title=The Apocalypse of our Time|title=Апокалипсис нашего времени|year=1918|page=212}}</ref>}}

In 1920, [[Ethel Snowden]], in her book ''Through Bolshevik Russia'', used the term in reference to the Soviet border.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Cohen|first1=J. M.|first2=M. J.|last2=Cohen|year=1996|title=New Penguin Dictionary of Quotations|publisher=Penguin Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/newpenguindictio00cohe/page/726 726]|isbn=0-14-051244-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newpenguindictio00cohe/page/726}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Snowden|first=Philip (Ethel)|title=Through Bolshevik Russia|location=London|publisher=Cassell|year=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/throughbolshevik00snowuoft/page/32/mode/1up|page=32}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

A May 1943 article in ''[[Signal (magazine)|Signal]]'', a German propaganda periodical, discussed "the iron curtain that more than ever before separates the world from the Soviet Union".<ref name=":0">{{citation|title=Hinter dem eisernen Vorhang|newspaper=Signal|number=9|date=May 1943|language=de|page=2}}</ref> [[Joseph Goebbels]] commented in ''[[Das Reich (newspaper)|Das Reich]]'', on 25 February 1945, that if Germany should lose the war, "An iron curtain would fall over this enormous territory controlled by the Soviet Union, behind which nations would be slaughtered".<ref name=Feuerlicht>{{citation|title=A New Look at the Iron Curtain|first=Ignace|last=Feuerlicht|journal=American Speech|volume=30|issue=3|date=October 1955|pages=186–189|doi=10.2307/453937|jstor=453937}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Goebbels|first=Joseph|url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/goeb49.htm|title=Das Jahr 2000|newspaper=Das Reich|language=de|date=25 February 1945|pages=1–2}}</ref> English-language Nazi propagandist [[William Joyce]] used the term in his last [[Lord Haw-Haw|propaganda broadcast]] on 30 April 1945, declaring that "the Iron Curtain of Bolshevism has come down across Europe."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=BBC Archive WW2 Propaganda 1945 Haw-Haw's final recording |url=https://www.bbc.com/videos/cmjj5dvk6mdo |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> German [[Leading Minister of Germany|leading minister]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Lutz von Krosigk]] broadcast 2 May 1945: "In the East the iron curtain behind which, unseen by the eyes of the world, the work of destruction goes on, is moving steadily forward".<ref>{{citation|title=Krosigk's Cry of Woe|newspaper=The Times|date=3 May 1945|page=4}}</ref>

Churchill's first recorded use of the term "iron curtain" came in a 12 May 1945 telegram he sent to U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] regarding his concern about Soviet actions, stating "[a]n iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind".<ref name="maychurchill">{{Citation|last=Churchill|first=Winston S.|title=The Second World War, Triumph and Tragedy|publisher=Bantam|year=1962|volume=2|chapter=15|pages=489, 514}}</ref><ref>{{citation|publisher=US Dept of State|title=Foreign Relations of the US, The Conference of Berlin (Potsdam)|year=1945|volume=1|page=9}}</ref>

He repeated it in another telegram to Truman on June 4, mentioning "...the descent of an iron curtain between us and everything to the eastward",{{sfn|Churchill|1962|p=92}} and in a House of Commons speech on 16 August 1945, stating "it is not impossible that tragedy on a prodigious scale is unfolding itself behind the iron curtain which at the moment divides Europe in twain".<ref>{{Citation|title=Debate on the address|publisher=Hansard, House of Commons|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1945/aug/16/debate-on-the-address#column_84|at=column 84|date=16 August 1945|volume=413|access-date=20 May 2009|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326134914/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1945/aug/16/debate-on-the-address#column_84|url-status=live}}</ref>

==During the Cold War==
===Building antagonism===
{{Further|Origins of the Cold War|Cold War (1947–1948)}}
[[File:DNV opona.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Remains of the "iron curtain" in [[Devínska Nová Ves]], [[Bratislava]] (Slovakia)]]
[[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb|Preserved part of "iron curtain" in the Czech Republic. A watchtower, [[Dragon's teeth (fortification)|dragon's teeth]] and electric security fence are visible.]]
The antagonism between the Soviet Union and the West that came to be described as the "iron curtain" had various origins.

During the summer of 1939, after conducting negotiations both with a British-French group and with [[Nazi Germany]] regarding potential military and political agreements,{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=515–540}} the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the [[German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)|German–Soviet Commercial Agreement]] (which provided for the trade of certain German military and civilian equipment in exchange for Soviet raw materials){{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=668}}{{sfn|Ericson|1999|p=57}} and the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] (signed in late August 1939), named after the foreign secretaries of the two countries ([[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]), which included a secret agreement to split Poland and Eastern Europe between the two states.<ref>Day, Alan J.; East, Roger; Thomas, Richard. ''A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe'', p. 405.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stalin offered troops to stop Hitler |publisher=NDTV |location=London |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 October 2008 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080069304 |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317090544/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080069304 |archive-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Soviets thereafter occupied Eastern Poland (September 1939), [[Latvia]] (June 1940), [[Lithuania]] (1940), northern Romania ([[Bessarabia]] and [[Northern Bukovina]], late June 1940), [[Estonia]] (1940) and eastern Finland (March 1940). From August 1939, relations between the West and the Soviets deteriorated further when the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany engaged in an extensive [[Nazi–Soviet economic relations|economic relationship]] by which the Soviet Union sent Germany vital oil, rubber, manganese and other materials in exchange for German weapons, manufacturing machinery and technology.{{sfn|Ericson|1999|pp=1–210}}{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=598–610}} Nazi–Soviet trade ended in June 1941 when Germany broke the Pact and invaded the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]].

In the course of World War II, Stalin determined to acquire a buffer area against Germany, with pro-Soviet states on its border in an [[Eastern bloc]]. Stalin's aims led to strained relations at the [[Yalta Conference]] (February 1945) and the subsequent [[Potsdam Conference]] (July–August 1945).<ref>
{{Citation |first=Gar |last=Alperovitz |title=Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam: The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power|orig-date=1965 |year=1985|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-008337-8}}</ref> People in the West expressed opposition to Soviet domination over the buffer states, and the fear grew that the Soviets were building an empire that might be a threat to them and their interests.

Nonetheless, at the [[Potsdam Conference]], the Allies assigned parts of Poland, Finland, Romania, Germany, and the Balkans to Soviet control or influence. In return, Stalin promised the Western Allies that he would allow those territories the right to [[Self-determination|National Self-Determination]]. Despite Soviet cooperation during the war, these concessions left many in the West uneasy. In particular, Churchill feared that the United States might return to its pre-war [[United States isolationism|Isolationism]], leaving the exhausted European states unable to resist Soviet demands. (President Franklin D. Roosevelt had announced at Yalta that after the defeat of Germany, U.S. forces would withdraw from Europe within two years.)<ref>[[Antony Beevor]] ''Berlin: The building of the Berlin Wall'', p. 80</ref>

===Churchill speech===
{{main|Fulton Speech}}
Winston Churchill's [[:s:Sinews of Peace|[https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/ "Sinews of Peace" address]]] of 5 March 1946, at [[Westminster College, Missouri|Westminster College]] in [[Fulton, Missouri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.html|title=America’s National Churchill Museum | Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech, Fulton, MO|website=www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org}}</ref> attended by President [[Harry Truman]], publicly used the term "iron curtain" in the context of Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe:

[[File:Iron Curtain as described by Churchill.PNG|thumb|The Iron Curtain as described by Churchill at Westminster College. Note that Vienna (''center, red regions, third down'') lies east of the Curtain, as part of the Austrian [[Allied-occupied Austria|Soviet-occupied zone of Austria]].]]

{{blockquote|From [[Szczecin|Stettin]] in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] to [[Trieste]] in the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]], an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet [[sphere of influence|sphere]], and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Churchill|first1=Winston|title=The Sinews of Peace ('Iron Curtain Speech')|url= https://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/|website= Winstonchurchill.org|publisher= [[International Churchill Society]]| access-date=2 December 2017|date= 5 March 1946}}</ref>}}

Much of the [[Western world|Western]] public still regarded the Soviet Union as a close ally in the context of the 1945 defeat of [[Nazi Germany]] and of [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<ref>
For public opinion in the United States, compare:
{{cite book
|last1 = Young
|first1 = John W.
|last2 = Kent
|first2 = John
|year = 2020
|orig-date = 2003
|chapter = Tensions in the Grand Alliance and Growing Confrontation, 1945–7
|title = International Relations Since 1945: a global history
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dLXRDwAAQBAJ
|edition = 3
|location = Oxford
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|page = 44
|isbn = 9780198807612
|access-date = 22 February 2023
|quote = The President appeared ready to embark on a more confrontational approach as public opinion became less willing to trust the Soviets. It was in early 1946 that a crisis in Iran was to provide a basis for a confrontation [...].
}}
</ref>
Although not well received at the time, the phrase ''iron curtain'' gained popularity as a shorthand reference to the division of Europe as the Cold War progressed. The Iron Curtain served to keep people in, and information out. People throughout the West eventually came to accept and use the metaphor.

Churchill's "Sinews of Peace" address strongly criticized the Soviet Union's exclusive and secretive tension policies along with the Eastern Europe's state form, the [[police state|Police Government]] ({{langx |de| Polizeistaat}}).<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.html
| title = Sinews of Peace, 1946
| last = Churchill
| first = Winston
| author-link = Winston Churchill
| orig-date = 5 March 1946
| publisher = National Churchill Museum
| access-date = 22 February 2023
| quote = In these States, control is enforced upon the common people by various kinds of all-embracing police governments, to a degree which is overwhelming and contrary to every principle of democracy.
}}
</ref>
He expressed the western Allied nations' distrust of the Soviet Union after the World War II. In September 1946, US-Soviet cooperation would collapse due to the US disavowal of the Soviet Union's opinion on the German problem in the [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|Stuttgart Council]], and then followed the announcement by US President [[Harry S. Truman]] of a hard line anti-Soviet, anticommunist policy. After that the phrase ''iron curtain'' became more widely used as an anti-Soviet term in the West.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1146410&cid=40942&categoryId=31656 |title= 철의 장막: 지식백과 |language=ko |publisher=Terms.naver.com |access-date= 2015-09-16}}</ref>

Additionally, Churchill mentioned in his speech that regions under the Soviet Union's control were expanding their leverage and power without any restriction.<ref>
Compare:
{{cite web
| url = https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.html
| title = Sinews of Peace, 1946
| last = Churchill
| first = Winston
| author-link = Winston Churchill
| orig-date = 5 March 1946
| publisher = National Churchill Museum
| access-date = 22 February 2023
| quote = I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.
}}
</ref>
He asserted that in order to put a brake on this ongoing phenomenon, the commanding force of and strong unity between the UK and the US was necessary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=72578&cid=504&categoryId=504 |title=철의 장막: 지식백과 |language=ko |publisher=Terms.naver.com |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref>

Stalin took note of Churchill's speech and responded in ''[[Pravda]]'' in mid-March 1946. He accused Churchill of warmongering, and defended Soviet "friendship" with eastern-European states as a necessary safeguard against another invasion. Stalin further accused Churchill of hoping to install right-wing governments in eastern Europe with the goal of agitating those states against the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stalin |url= http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm |title=Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech |publisher= Marxists.org |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref> [[Andrei Zhdanov]], Stalin's chief propagandist, used the term against the West in an August 1946 speech:<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/zhdanovlit.htm
|title= Zhdanov: On Literature, Music and Philosophy|website= revolutionarydemocracy.org
}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Hard as bourgeois politicians and writers may strive to conceal the truth of the achievements of the Soviet order and Soviet culture, hard as they may strive to erect an iron curtain to keep the truth about the Soviet Union from penetrating abroad, hard as they may strive to belittle the genuine growth and scope of Soviet culture, all their efforts are foredoomed to failure.}}

===Political, economic, and military realities===

====Eastern Bloc====
[[File:EasternBloc BasicMembersOnly.svg|thumb|A map of the [[Eastern Bloc]]]]
{{Main|Eastern Bloc}}

While the Iron Curtain remained in place, much of Eastern Europe and many parts of Central Europe – except [[West Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]], Switzerland, and most of Austria (all of Austria after the withdrawal of occupying Allied forces and the [[Declaration of Neutrality|declaration of Austria's neutrality]] that resulted from the [[Austrian State Treaty]] in 1955) – found themselves under the hegemony of the Soviet Union which had annexed [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonia]],<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvia]],<ref name="wettig20">{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=21}}</ref><ref name="senn">Senn, Alfred Erich, ''Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above'', Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 {{ISBN|978-90-420-2225-6}}</ref> and [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuania]]<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> as [[Soviet Socialist Republics]].

Germany effectively gave Moscow a free hand in much of these territories in the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] of 1939, signed before Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941.

Other Soviet-annexed territories included:

* [[Kresy|Eastern Poland]] (incorporated into the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Ukrainian and Byelorussian SSRs]]),<ref name="stalinswars43">{{Harvnb| Roberts| 2006| p=43}}</ref>
* Part of eastern Finland (became part of the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]])<ref name="ckpipe">Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, ''Stalin's Cold War'', New York: Manchester University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-7190-4201-1}}</ref>
* Northern Romania (part of which became the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR]]).{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=55}}{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=794}}
*[[Kaliningrad Oblast]], the northern half of [[East Prussia]], taken in 1945.
*Part of eastern Czechoslovakia ([[Carpathian Ruthenia]], incorporated into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]).

Between 1945 and 1949 the Soviets converted the following areas into [[satellite state]]s:

* The [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]<ref name="wettig96">{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=96–100}}</ref>
* The [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
* The [[Polish People's Republic|People's Republic of Poland]]
* The [[Hungarian People's Republic]]<ref name="granville">Granville, Johanna, ''The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956'', Texas A&M University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-58544-298-4}}</ref>
* The [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Grenville|2005|pp=370–371}}</ref>
* The [[Socialist Republic of Romania|People's Republic of Romania]]
* The [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|People's Republic of Albania]]<ref name="cook17">{{Harvnb|Cook|2001|p=17}}</ref> (which re-aligned itself in the 1950s and early 1960s [[Albanian–Soviet split|away from the Soviet Union]] towards the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and split from the PRC [[Sino-Albanian split|towards a strongly isolationist worldview]] in the late 1970s)

Soviet-installed governments ruled the Eastern Bloc countries, with the exception of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], which changed its orientation [[Tito–Stalin split|away from the Soviet Union]] in the late 1940s to a progressively [[Non-aligned Movement|independent worldview]].

The majority of European states to the east of the Iron Curtain developed their own international economic and military alliances, such as [[Comecon]] and the [[Warsaw Pact]].

====West of the Iron Curtain====
[[File:Curtain germany.jpg|thumb|Fence along the east–west border in Germany (near [[Witzenhausen]]-[[Heilbad Heiligenstadt|Heiligenstadt]])]]
[[File:1 K zone.png|thumb|upright|Sign warning of approach to within one kilometer of the inter-zonal German border, 1986]]

To the west of the Iron Curtain, the countries of Western Europe, Northern Europe, and Southern Europe — along with Austria, West Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland — operated [[market economy|Market Economies]]. With the exception of a period of [[Francoist Spain|Fascism in Spain]] (until [[Spanish transition to democracy|1975]]) and [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]] (until [[Carnation Revolution|1974]]) and a [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|military dictatorship in Greece (1967–1974)]], [[Democracy|democratic governments]] ruled these countries.

Most of the states of Europe to the west of the Iron Curtain — with the exception of neutral Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Sweden, Finland, [[Malta]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] — allied themselves with Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States within NATO. Spain was a unique anomaly in that it stayed neutral and non-aligned until 1982, when, following democracy's return, it joined NATO. Economically, the [[European Community]] (EC) and the [[European Free Trade Association]] represented Western counterparts to [[COMECON]]. Most of the nominally neutral states were economically closer to the United States than they were to the [[Warsaw Pact]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

====Further division in the late 1940s====
{{Further|Marshall Plan|Falsifiers of History|Berlin Airlift|Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948}}

In January 1947, [[Harry Truman]] appointed General [[George Marshall]] as Secretary of State, scrapped Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) directive 1067 (which embodied the [[Morgenthau Plan]]), and supplanted it with JCS 1779, which decreed that an orderly and prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany."<ref name="beschloss277">{{Harvnb|Beschloss|2003|p=277}}</ref> Officials met with Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and others to press for an economically self-sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets.<ref name="miller16">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=16}}</ref>

After five and a half weeks of negotiations, Molotov refused the demands and the talks were adjourned.<ref name="miller16"/> Marshall was particularly discouraged after personally meeting with Stalin, who expressed little interest in a solution to German economic problems.<ref name="miller16"/> The United States concluded that a solution could not wait any longer.<ref name="miller16"/> In a 5 June 1947 speech,<ref name="marshallspeech">Marshall, George C, [[s:The Marshall Plan Speech|''The Marshal Plan Speech'']], 5 June 1947</ref> Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe, called the Marshall Plan.<ref name="miller16"/>

Stalin opposed the Marshall Plan. He had built up the [[Eastern Bloc]] protective belt of Soviet-controlled nations on his Western border,<ref name="miller10">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=10}}</ref> and wanted to maintain this buffer zone of states combined with a weakened Germany under Soviet control.<ref name="miller11">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=11}}</ref> Fearing American political, cultural and economic penetration, Stalin eventually forbade Soviet Eastern bloc countries of the newly formed [[Cominform]] from accepting Marshall Plan aid.<ref name="miller16"/> In [[Czechoslovakia]], that required a Soviet-backed Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948,<ref name=trueye>''Airbridge to Berlin'', "Eye of the Storm" chapter</ref> the brutality of which shocked Western powers more than any event so far and set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress.<ref name="miller19">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=19}}</ref>

Relations further deteriorated when, in January 1948, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] also published a collection of documents titled ''Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office'', which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of [[Nazi Germany]]<ref name="henig67"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Department of State|1948|p=preface}}</ref> revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations|Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe,<ref name="roberts97">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2002|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Department of State|1948|p=78}}</ref> the [[German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)|1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement]],<ref name="roberts97"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Department of State|1948|pp=32–77}}</ref> and [[German–Soviet Axis talks|discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Churchill|1953|pp=512–524}}</ref> In response, one month later, the Soviet Union published ''Falsifiers of History'', a Stalin-edited and partially rewritten book attacking the West.<ref name="henig67">{{Harvnb|Henig|2005|p=67}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Roberts|2002|p=96}}</ref>

After the Marshall Plan, the introduction of a new currency to Western Germany to replace the debased [[Reichsmark]] and massive electoral losses for communist parties, in June 1948, the Soviet Union cut off surface road access to Berlin, initiating the [[Berlin Blockade]], which cut off all non-Soviet food, water and other supplies for the citizens of the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin.<ref name="miller25">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=25–31}}</ref> Because Berlin was located within the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany, the only available methods of supplying the city were three limited air corridors.<ref name="miller6">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=6–7}}</ref> A massive aerial supply campaign was initiated by the United States, Britain, France, and other countries, the success of which caused the Soviets to lift their blockade in May 1949.

===Emigration restrictions===
{{Main|Emigration from the Eastern Bloc}}
[[File:Iron curtain in Czech Republic 2007.jpg|thumb|Remains of Iron Curtain in former Czechoslovakia at the Czech-German border]]

One of the conclusions of the [[Yalta Conference]] was that the western Allies would [[Operation Keelhaul|return all Soviet citizens]] who found themselves in their zones to the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Hornberger |title=Repatriation – The Dark Side of World War II |publisher=The Future of Freedom Foundation |year=1995 |url=http://www.fff.org/freedom/0495a.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014115546/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0495a.asp |archive-date=14 October 2012 }}</ref> This affected the liberated Soviet prisoners of war (branded as traitors), forced laborers, anti-Soviet collaborators with the Germans, and anti-communist refugees.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nikolai Tolstoy| title=The Secret Betrayal | publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1977 | isbn = 0-684-15635-0 | page = 360 | author-link=Nikolai Tolstoy | title-link=The Secret Betrayal }}</ref>

Migration from east to west of the Iron Curtain, except under limited circumstances, was effectively halted after 1950. Before 1950, over 15 million people (mainly ethnic Germans) emigrated from Soviet-occupied eastern European countries to the west in the five years immediately following World War II.<ref name="bocker207">{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=207}}</ref> However, restrictions implemented during the Cold War stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990.<ref name="bocker209">{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=209}}</ref> More than 75% of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for "ethnic migration."<ref name="bocker209"/>

About 10% were refugees permitted to emigrate under the [[Geneva Convention]] of 1951.<ref name="bocker209"/> Most Soviets allowed to leave during this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Krasnov|1985|pp=1, 126}}</ref> The fall of the Iron Curtain was accompanied by a massive rise in European East-West migration.<ref name="bocker209"/>

=== Physical barrier ===
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2014}}

{{Quote box
| quote = “Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same{{snd}}still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state.”
| source = – [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[Tear down this wall!]] speech in 1987, which was written by [[Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|Peter Robinson]]
| align = right
| width = 250px
| salign = right
}}

The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defences between the countries of western and eastern Europe. There were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world, particularly the so-called "[[inner German border]]" – commonly known as ''die Grenze'' in German – between East and West Germany.

Elsewhere along the border between West and East, the defence works resembled those on the intra-German border. During the Cold War, the border zone in Hungary started {{convert|15|km}} from the border. Citizens could only enter the area if they lived in the zone or had a passport valid for traveling out. Traffic control points and patrols enforced this regulation.

Those who lived within the {{convert|15|km}} border-zone needed special permission to enter the area within {{convert|5|km}} of the border. The area was very difficult to approach and heavily fortified. In the 1950s and 1960s, a double barbed-wire fence was installed {{convert|50|m}} from the border. The space between the two fences was laden with [[land mine]]s. The minefield was later replaced with an electric signal fence (about {{convert|1|km}} from the border) and a barbed wire fence, along with guard towers and a sand strip to track border violations. Regular patrols sought to prevent escape attempts. They included cars and mounted units. Guards and dog patrol units watched the border 24/7 and were authorised to use their weapons to stop escapees. The wire fence nearest the actual border was irregularly displaced from the actual border, which was marked only by stones. Anyone attempting to escape would have to cross up to {{convert|400|m}} before they could cross the actual border. Several escape attempts failed when the escapees were stopped after crossing the outer fence.{{Clarification needed|reason=Does this apply to the inner German border or the entire Iron Curtain?|date=December 2022}}

The creation of these highly militarised no-man's lands led to ''de facto'' nature reserves and created a [[wildlife corridor]] across Europe; this helped the spread of several species to new territories. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, several initiatives are pursuing the creation of a [[European Green Belt]] nature preserve area along the Iron Curtain's former route. In fact, a [[long-distance cycling route]] along the length of the former border called the [[Iron Curtain Trail]] (ICT) exists as a project of the European Union and other associated nations. The trail is {{Convert|6800|km|abbr=on}} long and spans from Finland to Greece.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Iron Curtain Trail |url=http://www.ironcurtaintrail.eu/en/der_iron_curtain_trail/index.html |access-date=2013-11-16 |publisher=Ironcurtaintrail.eu}}</ref>

The term "Iron Curtain" was only used for the fortified borders in Europe; it was not used for similar borders in Asia between socialist and capitalist states (these were, for a time, dubbed the [[Bamboo Curtain]]). The [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|border between North Korea and South Korea]] is very comparable to the former inner German border, particularly in its degree of militarisation, but it has never conventionally been considered part of any Iron Curtain.

==== Soviet Union ====

===== Land border to Finland and Norway =====
[[File:Russisch-finse grens. Grenswachtpatrioulles bij slagboom, Bestanddeelnr 254-7426.jpg|thumb|right|[[Finnish Border Guard]]s at the border area in 1967]]
[[File:Finland-Russia border.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Finnish-Russian border]] line]]
{{Further information|Finland–Russia border#Soviet-Finnish border during the Cold War|Norway–Russia border#Cold War}}
The Soviet Union built a fence along the entire border towards Norway and Finland. It is located one or a few kilometres from the border, and has automatic alarms detecting if someone climbs over it.

Historian Juha Pohjonen stated in a 2005 study that people who escaped the USSR to Finland were sent back, based on a policy that was implemented [[Unilateralism|unilaterally]] by [[Urho Kekkonen]] when he took office in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland repatriated Soviet defectors |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/15746 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=[[History News Network]]|date=15 September 2005 }}</ref>

===== Sea border of the Baltics =====
{{Further|Soviet Border Troops#Red Banner Baltic Border District|Occupation of the Baltic states}}The Soviets initially attempted to apply ''[[mare clausum]]'' to the Baltic Sea, stopping any ships that were not of countries immediately around the sea. This was never accepted in international law, and was constantly opposed by Western Powers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan, Jr. |first=Major Henry G. |date=April 1960 |title=Soviet Policy In The Baltic |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1960/april/soviet-policy-baltic |access-date=October 17, 2024 |website=US Naval Institute}}</ref> By 1946, “all islands in the Baltic Sea belonging to the Soviet Union” and 36 village soviets along Estonia's northern and northwestern coast were defined as belonging to the "border belt," a naval boundary surrounding the Baltic [[Republics of the Soviet Union|SSRs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paavle |first=Indrek |date=14 May 2021 |title=Behind the Iron Curtain. Regulation and Control of the Border Regime in the Estonian SSR. Part 1 |url=https://communistcrimes.org/en/behind-iron-curtain-regulation-and-control-border-regime-estonian-ssr-part-1 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Behind the Iron Curtain. Regulation and Control of the Border Regime in the Estonian SSR. Part 1 {{!}} Communist Crimes |language=en}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
The People's Republic of Poland was a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]] and [[Comecon]]. It bordered no western countries, but it had many ports to the Baltic Sea. These were heavily guarded by mines and the [[Border guard|Border Guard]]. The port cities were very open, as Poland was a major trading hub with other nations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalbinski |first=Marta |date=March 18, 2021 |title=Weaving the port into the socialist city: Fluid connections and transgressive movements in Gdańsk and Gdynia |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0843871421991175?journalCode=ijha |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |volume=33 |pages=178–192 |doi=10.1177/0843871421991175 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== German Democratic Republic ====
[[File:Moedlareuth Museum 2002b.jpg|thumb|Preserved section of the border between [[East Germany]] and West Germany called the "Little Berlin Wall" at [[Mödlareuth]]]]
[[File:Point Alpha Ostseite.jpg|thumb|Fence along the former east–west border in Germany]]
{{Main|Inner German border}}
The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh (expanded metal) with sharp edges, while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built. The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain.<ref>Keeling, Drew (2014), business-of-migration.com [http://www.business-of-migration.com/migration-processes/other-regions/berlin-wall-and-migration/ "Berlin Wall and Migration," ''Migration as a travel business'']</ref>

The barrier was always a short distance inside East German territory to avoid any intrusion into Western territory. The actual borderline, marked by posts and signs, was overseen by numerous watchtowers set behind the barrier. The strip of land on the West German side of the barrier — between the actual borderline and the barrier — was readily accessible but only at considerable personal risk, because it was patrolled by both East and West German border guards.

Several villages, many historic, were destroyed as they lay too close to the border, for example [[Erlebach]]. Shooting incidents were not uncommon, and several hundred civilians and 28 East German border guards were killed between 1948 and 1981, some of which may have been incidents of "[[friendly fire]]".

The [[Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing]] ({{langx|de|Grenzübergang Helmstedt-Marienborn}}), named ''Grenzübergangsstelle Marienborn'' (GÜSt) by the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR), was the largest and most important border crossing on the inner German border during the [[History of Germany since 1945|division of Germany]]. Due to its geographical location, allowing for the shortest land route between [[West Germany]] and [[West Berlin]], most transit traffic to and from West Berlin used the Helmstedt-Marienborn crossing. Most travel routes from West Germany to [[German Democratic Republic|East Germany]] and Poland also used this crossing. The border crossing existed from 1945 to 1990 and was situated near the East German village of [[Marienborn]] at the edge of the [[Lappwald]]. The crossing interrupted the [[Bundesautobahn 2]] (A 2) between the junctions ''[[Helmstedt]]-Ost'' and ''[[Ostingersleben]]''.

<gallery>
File:Grensovergang-helmstedt-marienborn-paspoortcontrole-personenautos-04.JPG
File:Grensovergang-helmstedt-marienborn-paspoortcontrole-vrachtautos.JPG
File:Grensovergang-helmstedt-marienborn-lichtmast-commandotoren-brug.JPG
File:Grensovergang-helmstedt-marienborn-lichtmast-02.JPG
</gallery>

===== Berlin Wall =====
{{Main|Berlin Wall}}The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to stop the flow of [[East Germany|East German]] workers into [[West Berlin]], an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] of the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]]. It largely succeeded in this instance, but led to the deaths of 140 people attempting to cross into West Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victims at the Berlin Wall {{!}} Berlin Wall Foundation |url=https://www.stiftung-berliner-mauer.de/en/topics/victims-berlin-wall#:~:text=Between%201961%20and%201989,%20at,by%20accident,%20or%20committed%20suicide. |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.stiftung-berliner-mauer.de |language=en}}</ref> It was officially described as an "anti-fascist protection rampart" (German: ''Antifaschistischer Schutzwall''), to serve the purpose of protecting [[East Berlin]] and the GDR from "fascist powers" in the West.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Berlin Wall {{!}} History, Dates & The Fall |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

==== Czechoslovakia ====
{{Further|Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War|Protection of Czechoslovak borders during the Cold War}}

In parts of Czechoslovakia, the border strip became hundreds of meters wide, and an area of increasing restrictions was defined as the border was approached. Only people with the appropriate government permissions were allowed to get close to the border.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cold river: the cold truth of freedom|last=Imrich, Jozef.|date=2005|publisher=Double Dragon|isbn=9781554043118|location=East Markham, Ontario|oclc=225346736}}</ref>

==== Hungary ====
{{Main|Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria}}
The Hungarian outer fence became the first part of the Iron Curtain to be dismantled. After the border fortifications were dismantled, a section was rebuilt for a formal ceremony. On 27 June 1989, the [[foreign minister]]s of Austria and Hungary, [[Alois Mock]] and [[Gyula Horn]], ceremonially cut through the border defences separating their countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nelsson |first1=Richard |last2=Nelsson |first2=compiled by Richard |date=2019-06-12 |title=Snipping away at the Iron Curtain: when Hungary opened its Austrian border - archive, 1989 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2019/jun/12/hungary-austria-open-border-june-1989 |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Romania ====
The number of victims that died at the Romanian border far exceeded the number of victims at the Berlin Wall.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Constantinoiu |first1=Marina |last2=Deak |first2=Istvan |title=Why were the East Germans taking the Romania route to West Germany? |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Romania/Why-were-the-East-Germans-taking-the-Romania-route-to-West-Germany-180488 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=[[Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa]] |language=it}}</ref>

==== Bulgaria ====
The Yugoslav-Bulgarian border{{efn|Present-day Serbian-Bulgarian and North Macedonian-Bulgarian border}} became closed in 1948 after the [[Tito–Stalin split]]. The area around the border was restructured, with land ownership on both sides no longer legal. Loudspeakers were installed for spreading propaganda and insults. The installations were not as impressive as the one on for example the inner-German border, but they resembled the same system.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Balkan Route: Historical Transformations from Via Militaris to Autoput |date=2021 |first1=Vladimir |last1=Aleksić |first2=Tatjana |last2=Katić |first3=Sandra |last3=King-Savić |first4=Matthew |last4=Larnach |first5=Dobrinka |last5=Parusheva |first6=Florian |last6=Riedler |first7=Nenad |last7=Stefanov |isbn=978-3-11-061856-3 |location=Berlin |oclc=1248760000}}</ref> In the GDR, there was a long time rumor that the border of Bulgaria was easier to cross than the inner German border for escaping the East Bloc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bulgarian border was extremely dangerous |date=4 November 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-bulgarian-border-was-extremely-dangerous/a-48290175 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

In Greece,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Berlin Wall: The forgotten collapse of Bulgaria's 'wall' |date=5 November 2019 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/11/05/beyond-the-berlin-wall-the-forgotten-collapse-of-bulgarias-wall/}}</ref> a highly militarized area called the "Επιτηρούμενη Ζώνη" ("Surveillance Area") was created by the Greek Army along the Greek-Bulgarian border, subject to significant security-related regulations and restrictions. Inhabitants within this {{convert|25|km}} wide strip of land were forbidden to drive cars, own land bigger than {{convert|60|m2}}, and had to travel within the area with a special passport issued by Greek military authorities. Additionally, the Greek state used this area to encapsulate and monitor a non-Greek ethnic minority, the [[Pomaks]], a Muslim and Bulgarian-speaking minority which was regarded as hostile to the interests of the Greek state during the Cold War because of its familiarity with their fellow [[Pomaks]] living on the other side of the Iron Curtain.<ref>[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb7-2_labrianidis.pdf Lois Labrianidis, The impact of the Greek military surveillance zone on the Greek side of the Bulgarian-Greek borderlands], 1999</ref>

The border was dismantled at the end of the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Breuer |first=Rayna |title=Dangerous escape: Fleeing the GDR through Bulgaria|date=2019-11-04 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/dangerous-escape-fleeing-the-gdr-through-bulgaria/a-48283254 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Fall==
{{Further|Dissolution of the Soviet Union|European integration}}
[[File:EasternBloc PostDissolution2008.svg|thumb|The years of the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc]]

Following a period of [[Brezhnev stagnation|economic and political stagnation]] under Brezhnev and his immediate successors, the Soviet Union decreased its intervention in [[Eastern Bloc politics]]. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] (General Secretary from 1985) decreased adherence to the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]],<ref name="crampton338">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=338}}</ref> which held that if socialism were threatened in any state then other socialist governments had an obligation to intervene to preserve it, in favor of the "[[Sinatra Doctrine]]". He also initiated the policies of ''[[glasnost]]'' (openness) and ''[[perestroika]]'' (economic restructuring). A wave of [[Revolutions of 1989|revolutions occurred throughout the Eastern Bloc]] in 1989.<ref name="Szafarz-221">E. Szafarz, "The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe" in ''The Changing Political Structure of Europe: Aspects of International Law'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7923-1379-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGGSGhFbCDEC&dq=%22Autumn+of+Nations%22&pg=PA221 p.221].</ref>

Speaking at the Berlin Wall on 12 June 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further, saying "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this [[Brandenburg Gate|gate]]! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, [[tear down this wall!]]"

In February 1989, the Hungarian [[politburo]] recommended to the government led by [[Miklós Németh]] to dismantle the iron curtain. Nemeth first informed Austrian chancellor [[Franz Vranitzky]]. He then received an informal clearance from [[Gorbachev]] (who said "there will not be a new [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956#Soviet invasion|1956]]") on 3 March 1989, on 2 May of the same year the Hungarian government announced and started in [[Rajka]] (in the locality known as the "city of three borders", on the border with Austria and Czechoslovakia) the destruction of the Iron Curtain. For public relation Hungary reconstructed 200m of the iron curtain so it could be cut during an official ceremony by Hungarian foreign minister [[Gyula Horn]], and Austrian foreign minister [[Alois Mock]], on 27 June 1989, which had the function of "calling all European peoples still under the yoke of the national-communist regimes to freedom".<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3127918/ Ungarn als Vorreiter beim Grenzabbau], orf.at, 2019-06-27.</ref> However, the dismantling of the old Hungarian border facilities did not open the borders, nor did the previous strict controls be removed, and the isolation by the Iron Curtain was still intact over its entire length. Despite dismantling the already technically obsolete fence, the Hungarians wanted to prevent the formation of a green border by increasing the security of the border or to technically solve the security of their western border in a different way. After the demolition of the border facilities, the stripes of the heavily armed Hungarian border guards were tightened and there was still a firing order.<ref>Andreas Rödder: ''Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung'' (2009), p 72.</ref><ref>Miklós Németh in Interview with Peter Bognar, ''Grenzöffnung 1989: "Es gab keinen Protest aus Moskau"'' (German - Border opening in 1989: There was no protest from Moscow), in: Die Presse 18 August 2014.</ref>

In April 1989, the [[People's Republic of Poland]] legalised the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] organisation, which captured 99% of available parliamentary seats in June.<ref name="crampton392">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=392}}</ref> These elections, in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory, inaugurated a series of [[Revolutions of 1989|peaceful anti-communist revolutions]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern Europe<ref name="O'K">{{Citation |last=Cavanaugh-O'Keefe |first=John |title=Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_P9owylILP4C&pg=PA68 |format=ebook |access-date=6 July 2006 |date=January 2001 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=0-7388-3864-0 |page=68 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="Steger">{{Citation |last=Steger |first=Manfred B. |title=Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&pg=PA114 |format=ebook |access-date=6 July 2006 |date=January 2004 |publisher=Routledge (UK) |isbn=0-415-93397-8 |page=114 }}</ref><ref name="Kenney-Carnival-15">{{Citation |last=Kenney |first=Padraic |author-link=Padraic Kenney |title=A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hELsX6c3hcYC&pg=PA15 |access-date=17 January 2007 |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=15 |isbn=978-0-691-11627-3 }}</ref> that eventually culminated in the [[fall of communism|fall of socialism]].<ref name="Kenney2">[[Padraic Kenney]], ''Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945 – 1950'', Cornell University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8014-3287-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z_Z_nJnzTp4C&dq=Solidarity+fall+of+communism&pg=PA4 Google Print, p.4]</ref><ref name="Kenney-Carnival-2">{{Citation|author=Padraic Kenney|title=A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-05028-7|pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hELsX6c3hcYC&dq=Solidarity+fall+of+communism&pg=PA2 p.2]}}</ref>

The opening of a border gate between Austria and Hungary at the [[Pan-European Picnic]] on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer a GDR and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from [[Otto von Habsburg]] and was brought up by him to [[Miklós Németh]], the then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea.<ref>Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV - ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.</ref> The Paneuropa Picnic itself developed from a meeting between Ferenc Mészáros of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) and the President of the [[Paneuropean Union]] Otto von Habsburg in June 1989. The local organization in Sopron took over the [[Hungarian Democratic Forum]], the other contacts were made via Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State [[Imre Pozsgay]]. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The [[Paneuropean Union]] distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at Sopron.<ref>Hilde Szabo: ''Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln'' (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland - German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: ''Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall'' (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall - German), in: ''Profil'' 9 August 2014.</ref><ref>Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.</ref>

The local Sopron organizers knew nothing of possible GDR refugees, but thought of a local party with Austrian and Hungarian participation.<ref>Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" (Iron curtain: picnic at the border - German), in Profil 13 June 2019.</ref> More than 600 East Germans attending the "Pan-European Picnic" on the Hungarian border broke through the Iron Curtain and fled into Austria. The refugees went through the iron curtain in three big waves during the picnic under the direction of Walburga Habsburg. Hungarian border guards had threatened to shoot anyone crossing the border, but when the time came, they did not intervene and allowed the people to cross.

It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. The patrons of the picnic, Otto Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State [[Imre Pozsgay]], who were not present at the event, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s reaction to an opening of the border on the Iron Curtain.<ref>Thomas Roser: ''DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln'' (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.</ref> In particular, it was examined whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene.<ref>"Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German - 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.</ref> After the pan-European picnic, [[Erich Honecker]] dictated the '' Daily Mirror '' of 19 August 1989: "Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West". But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams. Thus the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken. Now tens of thousands of the media-informed East Germans made their way to Hungary, which was no longer ready to keep its borders completely closed or to oblige its border troops to use force of arms. The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely lock the borders of their own country.<ref>Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010.</ref><ref>Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).</ref>

In a historic session from 16 to 20 October, the [[Parliament of Hungary|Hungarian parliament]] adopted legislation providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election.<ref name="crampton394">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|pp=394–5}}</ref>

The legislation transformed Hungary from a [[Hungarian People's Republic|People's Republic]] into the [[Republic of Hungary|Republic]], guaranteed human and civil rights, and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial, legislative, and executive branches of government. In November 1989, following mass protests in [[East Germany]] and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of [[East Berlin]]ers flooded checkpoints along the [[Berlin Wall]], crossing into [[West Berlin]].<ref name="crampton394"/>

In the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]], the day after the mass crossings across the Berlin Wall, leader [[Todor Zhivkov]] was ousted.<ref name="crampton395">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|pp=395–6}}</ref> In the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]], following protests of an estimated half-million Czechoslovaks, the government permitted travel to the west and abolished provisions guaranteeing the ruling Communist party its leading role, preceding the [[Velvet Revolution]].<ref name="crampton398">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=398}}</ref>

In the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]], on 22 December 1989, the Romanian military sided with protesters and turned on Communist ruler [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], who was executed after a brief trial three days later.<ref name="crampton400">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=400}}</ref> In the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]], a new package of regulations went into effect on 3 July 1990 entitling all Albanians over the age of 16 to own a passport for foreign travel. Meanwhile, hundreds of Albanian citizens gathered around foreign embassies to seek political asylum and flee the country.

The Berlin Wall officially remained guarded after 9 November 1989, although the inter-German border had become effectively meaningless. The official dismantling of the Wall by the East German military did not begin until June 1990. On 1 July 1990, the day East Germany adopted the [[Deutsche Mark|West German currency]], all border-controls ceased and West German Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] convinced Gorbachev to drop Soviet objections to a reunited Germany within NATO in return for substantial German economic aid to the Soviet Union. With the exception of the Kars-Gyumri railway crossing which operated during the Soviet Era, the [[Armenia–Turkey border|Turkish–Armenian border]] has [[Turkish–Azeri blockade of Armenia (1989–present)|remained closed]] since the 1920s<ref name=":1" /> and is sometimes described as the last vestige of the Iron Curtain.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Oliver Mark - Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, Pöcking 2006.jpg|[[Otto von Habsburg]], who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R0518-182, Erich Honecker.jpg|Erich Honecker
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0419-014, Berlin, Loch in Mauer, Grenzsoldaten, Wachturm.jpg|East German border guards look through a hole in the Berlin Wall in 1990
</gallery>

==Monuments==
[[File:Iron Curtain - Hungary.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial in Budapest reads: "Iron Curtain 1949–1989"]]
There is an Iron Curtain monument in the southern part of the Czech Republic at approximately {{Coord|48.8755|15.87477|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Iron Curtain monument}}. A few hundred meters of the original fence, and one of the guard towers, has remained installed. There are interpretive signs in Czech and English that explain the history and significance of the Iron Curtain. This is the only surviving part of the fence in the Czech Republic, though several guard towers and bunkers can still be seen. Some of these are part of the Communist Era defences, some are from the never-used [[Czechoslovak border fortifications]] in defence against [[Adolf Hitler]], and some towers were, or have become, hunting platforms.

Another monument is located in [[Fertőrákos]], Hungary, at the site of the [[Pan-European Picnic]]. On the eastern hill of the stone quarry stands a metal sculpture by [[Gabriela von Habsburg]]. It is a column made of metal and barbed wire with the date of the Pan-European Picnic and the names of participants. On the ribbon under the board is the Latin text: ''[[In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas|In necessariis unitas – in dubiis libertas – in omnibus caritas]]'' ("Unity in unavoidable matters – freedom in doubtful matters – love in all things"). The memorial symbolises the Iron Curtain and recalls forever the memories of the border breakthrough in 1989.

Another monument is located in the village of [[Devín]], now part of [[Bratislava]], Slovakia, at the confluence of the Danube and [[Morava River (Central Europe)|Morava]] rivers.

There are several open-air museums in parts of the former inner German border, as for example in Berlin and in [[Mödlareuth]], a village that has been divided for several hundred years. The memory of the division is being kept alive in many places along the ''Grenze''.

==Analogous terms==
Throughout the Cold War the term "curtain" would become a common euphemism for boundaries – physical or ideological – between socialist and capitalist states.

* An analogue of the Iron Curtain, the [[Bamboo Curtain]], surrounded the People's Republic of China. As the standoff between the West and the countries of the Iron and Bamboo curtains eased with the end of the Cold War, the term "curtain" fell out of any but historical usage.
* The short distance, 3.8 km (2.4 mi), between the Soviet Union ([[Big Diomede]]) and the U.S. ([[Little Diomede Island]], state of Alaska) in the [[Bering Sea]] became known as the "[[Bering Strait#"Ice Curtain" border|Ice Curtain]]" during the Cold War.
* A field of [[cactus|cacti]] surrounding the [[United States Navy|U.S. Naval]] station at [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo Bay]] planted by Cuba was occasionally termed the "[[Cactus Curtain]]".<ref name="Murphy chapter 18">{{cite web| url=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/Guantanamo/AboutGTMO/gtmohistgeneral/gtmohistmurphy/gtmohistmurphyvol1/gtmohistmurphyvol1ch18/CNIC_046293|title=The History of Guantanamo Bay 1494 – 1964: Chapter 18, "Introduction of Part II, 1953 – 1964"|author1=M. E. Murphy |author2=Rear Admiral |author3=U. S. Navy | access-date=27 March 2008}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940656,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229213928/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940656,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 December 2008 | magazine=Time | title=The Hemisphere: Yankees Besieged | date=16 March 1962 | access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
* The phrase "[[Grass Curtain]]" was used by South Sudanese during the [[First Sudanese Civil War]] to describe the oppression that hid political violence in Southern Sudan from wider attention.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Wöndu|first1= Steven |last2= Lesch |first2= Ann Mosely |date= 2000 |title= Battle for Peace in Sudan: An Analysis of the Abuja Conferences, 1992-1993 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SynjyYRvm4YC&q=%22Grass+Curtain%22+southern+sudan&pg=PR7 |location= Washington, D.C. |publisher= University Press of America (Rowman & Littlefield) |page= vii |isbn= 0761815163}}</ref>
* The phrase "[[Tofu Curtain]]" has been used to describe socioeconomic divides between more affluent, college educated [[green politics|green liberals]] and their working class neighbors. The term proliferates a county line in [[Western Massachusetts]], a street in Melbourne, Australia, and other borders around the globe with usage recorded as early as 1984.<ref name="Toensmeier and Bates, 2013">{{cite book|last1=Toensmeier|first1=Eric|last2=Bates|first2=Jonathan|title=Paradise Lot: Two Plant Geeks, One-Tenth of an Acre, and the Making of an Edible Garden Oasis in the City|date=2013|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|location=White River Junction, Vt.|page=24|isbn=9781603583992|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dávila and Rivero, 2014">{{cite book|last1=Dávila|first1=Arlene|last2=Rivero|first2=Yeidy M.|title=Contemporary Latina/o Media: Production, Circulation, Politics|date=2014|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=9781479848119|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Campeau|first1=Lisa|title=Remembering the Tofu Curtain|url=http://www.icc.coop/story/alumni/cooperator/AlumCooperator2010Final.pdf|access-date=2 March 2017|work=The Alumni Cooperator|publisher=Inter-Cooperative Council|date=2010–2011|page=19|archive-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303051027/http://www.icc.coop/story/alumni/cooperator/AlumCooperator2010Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The phrase [[Steel Curtain]] was used to describe the defense of the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], an American Football team based in [[Pittsburgh]], PA, in the 1970s. The city of Pittsburgh has long ties with the industrial steel industry.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Battista|first1=Judy|title=Steelers' Defense Recalls Steel Curtain Memories|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/sports/football/01defense.html?mcubz=2&mcubz=2|access-date=May 28, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2009}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bamboo Curtain]]
* [[Pan-European Picnic]]
* [[Danube River Conference of 1948]]
* [[EV13 The Iron Curtain Trail]], a long-distance cycling route within the European Green Belt
* [[Removal of Hungary's border fence]]
* [[Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc]]
* [[Western betrayal]]
* [[Sphere of influence]]

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08C01297R000500010011-6.pdf |title=Geographic intelligence report - The European Borders of the USSR |date=May 1955 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307142758/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08C01297R000500010011-6.pdf|archive-date=2023-03-07|url-status=live}}

== References==

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Beschloss |first=Michael R. |url=https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc_l4o9 |title=The conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-684-81027-0 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Böcker |first=Anita |title=Regulation of migration: international experiences |publisher=Het Spinhuis Publ |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-5589-095-8 |editor-last=Böcker |editor-first=Anita |location=Amsterdam}}
* {{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Second World War |title-link=The Second World War (book series) |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=1953}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Bernard A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm45736680 |title=Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8153-1336-6 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Bernard A. |location=New York |oclc=ocm45736680}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crampton |first=R. J. |title=Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-16422-1 |edition=2nd |location=London; New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eckert |first=Astrid M. |title=West Germany and the Iron Curtain: environment, economy, and culture in the borderlands |date=2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-069005-2 |location=New York, NY}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ericson |first=Edward E. |title=Feeding the German eagle: Soviet economic aid to Nazi Germany, 1933-1941 |publisher=[[Praeger Paperback]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-275-96337-8 |location=Westport, Conn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grenville |first=J. A. S. |title=A history of the world from the 20th to the 21st century |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-28954-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Grenville |first1=J. A. S. |author-link1=John Grenville |url=https://archive.org/details/majorinternation0000gren_v2f5 |title=The major international treaties of the twentieth century |last2=Wasserstein |first2=Bernard |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-23798-7 |location=London |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Henig |first=Ruth B. |title=The origins of the Second World War, 1933-1941 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-33261-3 |edition=2nd |series=Lancaster pamphlets |location=London; New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Krasnov |first=Vladislav Gueorguievitch |author-link=Vladislav Krasnov |title=Soviet defectors: the KGB wanted list |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8179-8231-7 |series=Hoover press publication |location=Stanford, Calif}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Roger G. |title=To save a city: the Berlin airlift, 1948-1949 |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-89096-967-0 |location=College Station, TX}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Stalin's wars: from World War to Cold War, 1939-1953 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-11204-7 |location=New Haven [Conn.]; London |oclc=ocm70673207}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |date=October 2002 |title=Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/213406527.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=93–103 |doi=10.1162/15203970260209527 |issn=1520-3972}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Shirer |first=William L. |title=The rise and fall of the Third Reich: a history of Nazi Germany |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-72868-7 |series=A Touchstone book |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |author=Soviet Information Bureau |title=Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey) |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] |year=1948 |location=Moscow |id=272848}}
* {{Cite web |author=Department of State |year=1948 |title=Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/nsr/nsr-preface.html |publisher=Department of State}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watry |first=David M. |title=Diplomacy at the brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War |date=2014 |publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8071-5718-3 |location=Baton Rouge}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wettig |first=Gerhard |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/104884844 |title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: the emergence and development of East-West conflict, 1939-1953 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6 |series=The Harvard Cold War studies book series |location=Landham, Md |oclc=104884844}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Iron_Curtain.ogg|date=2012-12-17}}
{{commons}}
{{wiktionary|Iron Curtain}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016014732/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/10__Press__Facts/03__Infocus/04__Without__Walls/__Main__S.html Freedom Without Walls: German Missions in the United States]{{snd}}Looking Back at the Fall of the Berlin Wall – official homepage in English
* [http://www.europebybike.org/travels_by_bike_in_europe/iron-curtain/map-iron-curtain.html Information about the Iron Curtain with a detailed map and how to make it by bike]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185810/http://opal.kent.ac.uk/cartoonx-cgi/ccc.py?mode=single&start=1&search=iron%20curtain "Peep under the Iron Curtain"], a cartoon first published on 6 March 1946 in the ''[[Daily Mail]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014194456/http://uwec.edu/Geography/Ivogeler/Papers/German%20border/border/001.HTM Field research along the northern sections of the former German-German border, with detailed maps, diagrams, and photos]
* [http://www.brianrose.com/lostborder.htm The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain]
* [[:ru:С-175 "Гардина"|S-175 "Gardina (The Curtain)"]]{{snd}}Main type of electronic security barrier on the Soviet borders {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://sxema.pro/photography/portfolio/greek-bulgarian-border/ Remnants of the Iron Curtain along the Greek-Bulgarian border, the Iron Curtain's Southernmost part]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294419/Iron-Curtain Iron Curtain] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history The Berlin Wall: A Secret History] at History Today
* [http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675072963_Iron-Curtain-speech_Winston-Churchill_Leader-of-Opposition_Westminster-College Historic film footage of Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech (from "Sinews of Peace" address) at Westminster College, 1946]
* [http://www.die-narbe.de ''Die Narbe Deutschland'']{{snd}}A 16-hour-long experimental single shot documentary showing the former Iron Curtain running through Germany in its entirety from above, 2008–2014
*[303] "On This Day: Berlin Wall falls"; [304] "Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall". Chicago Tribune. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014; [305] "In Photos: 25 years ago today the Berlin Wall Fell". TheJournal.i.e. 9 November 2014.

{{Secret police of Communist Europe}}
{{Berlin Wall}}
{{Eastern Bloc}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Winston Churchill}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1940s neologisms]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
[[Category:Cold War terminology]]
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:Cold War speeches]]
[[Category:Speeches by Winston Churchill]]
[[Category:Political metaphors]]
[[Category:Eastern Bloc]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1946 in international relations]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Cold War in popular culture]]
[[Category:1946 speeches]]
[[Category:1946 introductions]]
[[Category:Cold War in Europe]]

Veer Surendra Sai Airport

2026-03-29T07:18:48Z

HymanGumm776: put up new info.

{{short description|Airport in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Veer Surendra Sai Airport
| image = Jharsuguda_Airport.png
| image-width = 280px
| IATA = JRG
| ICAO = VEJH
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Jharsuguda]]
| location = Durlaga, Jharsuguda, [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|54|48|N|84|03|01|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Orissa#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label = '''JRG'''
| pushpin_mapsize = 280
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Odisha
| r1-number = 06/24
| r1-length-f = 7844
| r1-length-m = 2391
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| elevation-f = 757
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|09|22|df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 313,381 ({{increase}} 33.7%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 3,173 ({{increase}} 6.8%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = -
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/jharsuguda Jharsuguda Airport]
}}

'''Veer Surendra Sai Airport''' {{Airport codes|JRG|VEJH}}, also known as '''Jharsuguda Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Jharsuguda]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The airport is located {{convert|5|km}} north-east from the city centre.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.airport-data.com/world-airports/VEJH/ | title=Information about Jharsuguda Airport – World airport database}}</ref> The airport is located in Durlaga village, approximately {{cvt|8.5|km}} from [[Jharsuguda Junction railway station|Jharsuguda Junction Railway Station]]. The airport is named after the revolutionary [[Veer Surendra Sai]] and it is the second commercial airport in the state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/spicejet-to-start-flights-to-jharsuguda-from-delhi-hyderabad-and-kolkata-from-march-31/articleshow/68189987.cms|date=27 February 2019|title=SpiceJet started flights to Jharsuguda from Delhi, Hyderabad and Kolkata On March 31,2019|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> The airport caters to areas like the districts of [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Bargarh]], [[Debagarh]], [[Bolangir district|Bolangir]], [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]] of Odisha and [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]], [[Korba district|Korba]], [[Surguja district|Surguja]] and [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].

==History==
The researcher{{Clarify|reason=which researcher?|date=December 2025}} points out that in the last two years of World War II, the allied forces had anticipated a Japanese onslaught from the North-East and a string of airfields were made in the region. These included the airfields at Jharsuguda, Amarda Road, Charbatia, Hijli, Dudhkundi, Digri, Salua, Chakulia, Kalaikunda and Bishnupur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/world-war-airstrip-to-see-action-again/cid/283085/|date=7 July 2013|title=World war airstrip to see action again|work=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India gained Independence]] from the British, the airfield was abandoned.

In July 2013, the [[Government of Odisha]] sanctioned ₹50 crores to kick-start the {{INR}} 175-crore airport development project which was to be jointly executed by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and the state government.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Government sanctions Rs 50 crore for Jharsuguda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Government-sanctions-Rs-50-crore-for-Jharsuguda/articleshow/21259886.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728170423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/bhubaneswar/40748118_1_jeypore-airstrip-jharsuguda-airport-biju-patnaik-airport |url-status=live |archive-date=28 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 22 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> On 30 July 2014, Odisha government signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) with the [[Airports Authority of India]] for the mentioned.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha signs MoU with AAI for second airport at Jharsuguda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/odisha-signs-mou-with-aai-for-second-airport-at-jharsuguda/articleshow/39300801.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 July 2014|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>

In August 2018, the airport received a 4C category licence from the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA), making Jharsuguda the second commercial airport in Odisha after [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=J'suguda Airport fit for 320 Airbus flight|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/jsuguda-airport-fit-for-320-airbus-flight.html|publisher=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=2 August 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> The airport is eligible to land A-320 type Airbus aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 9, 2018 |title= Jharsuguda Airport to Usher in Economic Development |publisher=The Indian Express |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/jul/09/jharsuguda-airport-expected-to-usher-in-economic-development-in-mining-belt-1840436.html|access-date=August 30, 2022}}</ref>

On 22 September 2018, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the airport, in the presence of Odisha Governor [[Ganeshi Lal]], Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]], Union Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], former Union Minister of Civil Aviation [[Suresh Prabhu]] and former Bargarh Lok Sabha Member Prabhas Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-airport-in-odishas-jharsuguda/articleshow/65911376.cms|title=PM Modi inaugurates new airport in Odisha's Jharsuguda}}</ref>

==Facilities==
===Terminal===

Inaugurated in September 2018, the passenger terminal is built over an area of {{convert|5500|sqm|sqft}} with a modular design for handling 150 arriving and 150 departing passengers at a time with a scope for future expansion. The runway can land Airbus A321 and Boeing 737 aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|work=Times of India |date=2013-07-28 |title=Government sanctions Rs 50 crore for Jharsuguda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Government-sanctions-Rs-50-crore-for-Jharsuguda/articleshow/21259886.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728170423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/bhubaneswar/40748118_1_jeypore-airstrip-jharsuguda-airport-biju-patnaik-airport |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref>

The airport was renamed after freedom fighter [[Veer Surendra Sai]] by the cabinet on 1 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/cabinet-clears-renaming-jharsuguda-aerodrome-as-veer-surendra-sai-airport/articleshow/66459624.cms?from=mdr|title=Cabinet clears renaming Jharsuguda aerodrome as Veer Surendra Sai airport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jharsuguda-airport-renamed-after-odisha-freedom-fighter-veer-surendra-sai-118110100715_1.html|title=Jharsuguda airport renamed after Odisha freedom fighter Veer Surendra Sai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/jsuguda-airport-to-have-night-landing-facility.html|title=J'suguda airport to have night landing facility}}</ref> The interiors of the terminal building depict local handcraft such as world-famous [[Sambalpuri sari]], Sambalpuri dance, artwork and tourist destinations of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/jharsuguda-airport-inauguration-by-pm-modi-sneak-peek-into-odishas-second-airport-a-big-boost/1322565/|title=Jharsuguda airport inauguration by PM Modi: Sneak-peek into Odisha's second airport – a big boost!}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list

| [[IndiGo]] | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]]<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navi-mumbai-airport-to-connect-46-domestic-destinations-from-april-11270518</ref>

|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]| [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<ref name="Star">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/star-air-launches-new-flights-from-jharsuguda-airport-in-january-2025/articleshow/116076648.cms|title=Star Air to start services from J'guda airport in Jan|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=7 December 2024|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Airports in Odisha}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Odisha]]
[[Category:Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Gandhara

2026-03-28T23:24:54Z

HymanGumm776: fixed information per sources

{{Short description|Ancient Indo-Aryan civilisation}}
{{About|the ancient civilisation|other uses|||||}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| native_name = Gandhara
| conventional_long_name = Gandhāra
| common_name = Gandhara
| subdivision = Province
| nation =
| era = [[Ancient history|Antiquity]]
| capital = [[Pushkalavati]] [[Purushapura]] [[Kapisa|Kapisa]] [[Taxila]] [[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Hund]]
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = {{circa|6th/5th cent. BCE}}
| leader1 = [[Pushkarasarin]]
| year_leader2 = {{circa|330 BCE}}
| leader2 = [[Taxiles]]
| year_leader3 = {{circa|321 BCE}}
| leader3 = [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
| image_map = {{Location map+
|Pakistan
|float = center
|width = 320
|caption =
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
 {{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=34.6|N |long=72|E |label=Gandhara|position=bottom |label_size=80|mark=U+25AD.svg|marksize=60}}
}}
| image_map_caption = Location of Gandhara in South Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
| image_map2 = {{Location map+
|Gandhara
|float = center
|width = 270
|caption =
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=34.016667|N |long=71.583333|E |label=[[Peshawar]]|position=bottom |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=33.745833|N |long=72.7875|E |label=[[Taxila]] |position=left |label_size=70 }}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=34.15|N |long=71.733333|E |label=[[Charsadda]]|position=top |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=34.201222|N |long=72.025833|E |label=[[Mardan]]|position=bottom |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=34.4|N |long=71.95|E |label='''GANDHARA'''|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=34.48|N |long=70.7|E |label=''[[Kabul river|Kabul]] [[Kabul river|river]]''|position=bottom|label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=34.7|N |long=72.9|E |label=''[[Indus]] [[Indus|river]]''|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Gandhara |lat=33.6|N |long=72.1|E |label=''[[Indus]] [[Indus|river]]''|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
}}
| image_map2_caption = Approximate geographical region of Gandhara centered on the [[Valley of Peshawar|Peshawar Basin]], in present-day northwest [[Pakistan]]
| life_span =
| year_start =
| event_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| year_end =
| date_end = 27 November
| event_end =
| s1 =
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[Afghanistan]]
| leader4 = [[Sases]]
| year_leader4 = {{circa|46 CE}}
| leader5 = [[Kanishka]]
| year_leader5 = {{circa|127 CE}}
| leader6 = [[Mihirakula]]
| year_leader6 = {{circa|514 CE}}
| leader7 = [[Jayapala]]
| year_leader7 = 964 – 1001
}}

'''Gandhara''' ({{IAST3|Gandhāra}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UWFPwAACAAJ |title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565361-8 |language=en|page=138}}</ref> civilisation in present-day northwestern [[Pakistan]] and eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA53 |title=A History of India |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Warikoo |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73 |title=Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage |date=2004 |publisher=Third Eye |isbn=978-81-86505-66-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Mogens Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377 |title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation |date=2000 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |isbn=978-87-7876-177-4 |language=en}}</ref> The core of the region of Gandhara was the [[Valley of Peshawar]], though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the [[Indus River]] to [[Taxila]] and westwards into the [[Kabul Valley]] as far as [[Bamyan]], and northwards up to the [[Karakoram]] range, including [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]] and other valleys.{{sfn|Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks|2010|loc=|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan|1975|pp=175–177}}

The ''Gandhara tribe'', after which it is named, is attested in the [[Rigveda]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1500 – c. 1200 BCE), while the region is mentioned in the Zoroastrian [[Avesta]] as ''Vaēkərəta'', the [[Avestan geography|seventh most beautiful place]] on earth created by [[Ahura Mazda]]. Gandhara was one of the 16 ''[[Avestan geography|Great Realms]]'' of the [[second urbanisation]].

The [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara kingdom]] was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|conquered by Cyrus I]] in the 6th century BCE who incorporated it as the satrapy of [[Gandāra]] into the [[Achaemenid Empire]], later [[Cophen campaign|being conquered]] by [[Alexander the Great]] in 327 BCE. Afterwards it became a part of the [[Maurya Empire]], followed by the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. The region was a major centre for [[Greco-Buddhism]] under the Indo-Greeks and [[Gandharan Buddhism]] under later dynasties; Gandhara was also the central location for the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] to Central and East Asia.<ref>[http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html "UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"]. Retrieved April 2018.</ref>

[[Gandhari language|Gandhārī]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] written in [[Kharosthi script]], acted as lingua franca of the region. Famed for its unique [[Gandhara art|Gandharan style of art]] influenced by the classical Hellenistic styles, Gandhara attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century CE under the [[Kushan Empire]], who had their capital at Peshawar (''[[Puruṣapura]]'') and ushered a period of relative peace known as ''[[Pax Kushana]]''. Gandhara "flourished at the crossroads of India, Central Asia, and the Middle East," connecting [[Silk Road|trade routes]] and absorbing cultural influences from diverse civilizations; Buddhism thrived until the 8th or 9th centuries, when [[Islam]] first began to gain sway in the region.

The region declined after the invasion by the [[Alchon Huns]] in 6th century, and the name Gandhara disappeared after [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]]'s conquest of [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi Kingdom]] in 1001 CE.

==Etymology==
Gandhara was known in [[Sanskrit]] as Gandhāraḥ ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:गन्धार|गन्धारः]]}}) and in [[Avestan]] as '{{lang|ae|Vaēkərəta}}. In [[Old Persian]], Gandhara was known as [[Gadāra]] ([[:Wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼|𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼]], also transliterated as Gandāra since the nasal "n" before consonants were omitted in Old Persian).<ref name="Old Persian">Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian and are shown with a raised letter. [https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n177/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.164][https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n23/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.13]. In particular, Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants [https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n27/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.17][https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n35/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.25]</ref> In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], Gandhara is known as ''Jiāntuóluó'' ({{zh|t={{wt|zh|犍陀羅}}|s=犍陀罗|first=t}}, also written {{zh|t={{wt|zh|健馱邏}}|s=健驮逻|labels=no|first=t}}), with the Middle Chinese pronunciation reconstructed as ''kɨɐndala''. One state of the region named ''[[Jibin|Jìbīn]]'' ({{zh|t={{wt|zh|罽賓}}|s=罽宾|labels=no|first=t}}, also romanised as Kipin) is recorded in the [[Book of Han]].

One proposed origin of the name is from the Sanskrit word ''{{IAST|gandhaḥ}}'' ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:गन्ध|गन्धः]]}}), meaning "perfume" and "referring to the spices and aromatic herbs which they (the inhabitants) traded and with which they anointed themselves".<ref>{{cite web|title=On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D.|author=Thomas Watters|publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society]]|year=1904|url=https://archive.org/stream/onyuanchwangstr00wattgoog#page/n220/mode/2up|page=200|quote=Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning ''hsiang-hsing'' or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means ''scent'', ''small'', ''perfume''.}} At the [[Internet Archive]].</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA176|title=Placenames of the World|author=Adrian Room|publisher=McFarland|year=1997|quote=Kandahar. ''City, south central Afghanistan''|isbn=9780786418145}} At Google Books.</ref> The [[Gandhari people]] are a [[List of Rigvedic tribes|tribe]] mentioned in the [[Rigveda]], the [[Atharvaveda]], and later Vedic texts.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA219 | title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|volume=1|year=1995|page=219|first1=Arthur Anthony|last1=Macdonell|first2=Arthur Berriedale|last2=Keith|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| isbn=9788120813328}} From [[Google Books]].</ref> This origin is also supported by the word ''Gandhara'' meaning “fragrance bringer” in the [[Pashayi languages|Pashayi language]]. A [[Persian language|Persian]] form of the name, ''Gandara'', mentioned in the [[Behistun inscription]] of Emperor [[Darius I]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/gandara/? |title = Gandara – Livius}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Herodotus|author-link=Herodotus|title=Histories|chapter=3.102.1|year=1920|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0125%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D102%3Asection%3D1|title-link=Histories (Herodotus)}} {{cite book|chapter=4.44.2|language=el|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0125%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D44%3Asection%3D2|title=Histories|translator=A. D. Godley|title-link=Histories (Herodotus)}} {{cite book|title=Histories|chapter=3.102.1|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+3.102.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126|title-link=Histories (Herodotus)}} {{cite book|title=Histories|chapter=4.44.2|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+4.44.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0125|place=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard University Press.|title-link=Histories (Herodotus)}} At the [[Perseus Project]].</ref> was translated as ''[[Paruparaesanna]]'' (''{{lang|peo|Para-upari-sena}}'', meaning "beyond the Hindu Kush") in [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]] and [[Elamite language|Elamite]] in the same inscription.<ref name="PC2004">Perfrancesco Callieri, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-ii-historical-geography INDIA ii. Historical Geography], Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.</ref> In [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], Gandhara was known as [[Paropamisadae]]'''.<ref name="HIII">Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html Book III, 89–95]</ref>'''

== Geography ==
The geographical extent of Gandhara underwent much alteration throughout history, with the core being the region bounded by the Indus River, the Swat Valley, and the [[Kabul River]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=University Of Pittsburgh Press U.S.A. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198056 |title=Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara |date=1961 |pages=12–13 |quote=The Ramayana places Gandhara on both banks of the Indus....According to Strabo, Gandharites lay along the river Kophes, between the Khoaspes and the Indus. Ptolemy places Gandhara between Suastos (Swat) and the Indus including both banks of Koa immediately above its junction with the Indus.}}</ref> Its prominent urban centres were [[Taxila]] and [[Pushkalavati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=University Of Pittsburg Press U.S.A. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.198056 |title=Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara |date=1961 |page=12 |quote=The Ramayana places Gandhara on both banks of the Indus with its two royal cities Pushkalavati for the west and Takshasila for the east.}}</ref> The cultural influence of Gandhara stretched as far as [[Jhelum River]] in the east as evident by the discovery of Gandhara style Buddhist artworks there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decorative Motifs on Pedestals of Gandharan Sculptures: A Case Study of Peshawar Museum |url=https://ph.hu.edu.pk/public/uploads/vol-12/Paper%208.%20Fawad%20Khan%20Final%20.pdf |page=173 |quote=While according to the recent research, the cultural influence of Gandhāra even reached up to the valley of the Jhelum River in the east (Dar 2007: 54-55).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The geography of Gandharan art |url=https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/The%20Geography%20of%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf |page=6 |quote=although Saifur Rahman Dar sought in 2007 to extend the geographical frame to the left bank of the Jhelum river, on account of six Buddhist images discovered at the sites of Mehlan, Patti Koti, Burarian, Cheyr and Qila Ram Kot (Dar 2007: 45-59), evidence remains insufficient to support his conclusions.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=1 |quote=Here he had to depend upon and appoint Indians as his satraps, viz., Ambhi, king of Taxila, to rule from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum).}}</ref> One [[Jataka tales|Jataka]] even includes [[Kashmir]] within Gandhara.<ref name=":4" />

[[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard Solomon]] uses the term "Greater Gandhara" to describe the extent of cultural influence of Gandhara and its language, Gandhari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart |url=http://archive.org/details/TheGeographyOfGandharanArt |title=The Geography Of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018 |date=15 March 2019 |page=8 |quote=The Greater Gandhara of philologists, or at least of Salomon, extends beyond the western foothills of the Hindu Kush and the Karakorum Highway to include parts of Bactria and even parts of the region around the Tarim Basin. As Salomon specifies in The Buddhist Literature from Ancient Gandhara, ‘thus Greater Gandhara can be understood as a primarily linguistic rather than a political term, that is, as comprising the regions where Gandharl was the indigenous or adopted language’. Accordingly, it includes places such as Bamiyan where over two hundred of fragments of manuscripts in Gandharl have been discovered along with a larger group of manuscripts in Sanskrit.}}</ref> In the later historical sources, Greater Gandhara encompassed the territories of [[Jibin]] and [[Oddiyana]], extending into parts of [[Bactria]] and the [[Tarim Basin]]. Oddiyana was situated in the vicinity of the Swat Valley, while Jibin corresponded to the region of [[Kapisa (city)|Kapisa]], south of the Hindu Kush.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart |url=http://archive.org/details/TheGeographyOfGandharanArt |title=The Geography Of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018 |date=15 March 2019 |page=7 |quote=Other scholars had alternately equated Jibin with Kapisa and more frequently with Kashmir. Kuwayama concludes that while this identification might prove correct for some sources, the Gaoseng zhuan s fourth and fifth century placement of Jibin coincides clearly with the narrower geographical definition of Gandhara.}}</ref>

The Udichya region was noted by 6th century BCE scholar [[Pāṇini]] as comprising both the regions of [[Vahika]] and Gandhara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawala |first=V. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4695 |title=India as known to Panini |date=1953 |pages=38 |quote=Udichya and Prachya are the two broad divisions of the country mentioned by Panini, and these terms occur in connection with the linguistic forms known to the eastern and northern grammarians. The Udichya country included Gandhara and Vahika, the latter comprising Madra and Usinara.}}</ref>

==History==

=== Gandhāra grave culture ===
{{Main|Gandhara grave culture|Indo-Aryan migration|}}

[[File:Cremation Urn with Lid LACMA AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg|thumb|upright|Cremation urn, [[Gandhara grave culture]], Swat Valley, {{circa|1200 BCE}}|left]]
Gandhara's first recorded culture was the Grave Culture that emerged {{circa|1200 BCE}} and lasted until 800 BCE,<ref>Olivieri, Luca M., Roberto Micheli, Massimo Vidale, and Muhammad Zahir, (2019). [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/2019_Science_NarasimhanPatterson_CentralSouthAsia_Supplement.pdf 'Late Bronze – Iron Age Swat Protohistoric Graves (Gandhara Grave Culture), Swat Valley, Pakistan (n-99)'], in Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al., "Supplementary Materials for the formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", Science 365 (6 September 2019), pp. 137–164.</ref> and named for their distinct funerary practices. It was found along the Middle [[Swat River]] course, even though earlier research considered it to be expanded to the Valleys of [[Dir (region)|Dir]], [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], [[Chitral]], and [[Valley of Peshawar|Peshawar]].<ref>Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel, (2008). "Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier", Asia, South, in ''Encyclopedia of Archaeology 2008'', Elsevier, p. 740.</ref> It has been regarded as a token of the Indo-Aryan migrations but has also been explained by local cultural continuity. Backwards projections, based on ancient DNA analyses, suggest ancestors of Swat culture people mixed with a population coming from [[Inner Asia Mountain Corridor]], which carried [[Eurasian Steppe|Steppe]] ancestry, sometime between 1900 and 1500 BCE.<ref>Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al. (2019). [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/2019_Science_NarasimhanPatterson_CentralSouthAsia.pdf "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"], in Science 365 (6 September 2019), p. 11: "...we estimate the date of admixture into the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age individuals from the Swat District of northernmost South Asia to be, on average, 26 generations before the date that they lived, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval of ~1900 to 1500 BCE..."</ref>

=== Vedic Gandhāra ===
{{Main|Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara Kingdom}}

[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|upright=1.15|Kingdoms and cities of ancient Buddhism, with Gandhara located in the northwest of this region, during the time of the Buddha ({{circa|500 BCE}})]]
According to [[Rigveda|Rigvedic tradition]], [[Yayati]] was the progenitor of the prominent Udichya (Gandhara and [[Vahika]] tribes) and had numerous sons, including Anu, Puru, and Druhyu. The lineage of Anu gave rise to the [[Madra]], [[Kekaya]], [[Sivi Kingdom|Sivi]] and [[Uśīnara]] kingdoms, while the Druhyu tribe has been associated with the Gandhara kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIMlttRq_P4C&dq=Druhyu+Anu+Puru&pg=PA230 |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1889 |publisher=University Press |page=212 |language=en}}</ref>

The first mention of the Gandhārīs is attested once in the [[Rigveda|{{transliteration|sa|Ṛigveda}}]] as a tribe that has sheep with good wool. In the [[Atharvaveda|{{transliteration|sa|Atharvaveda}}]], the Gandhārīs are mentioned alongside the Mūjavants, the [[Anga|Āṅgeyas]] and the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhīs]] in a hymn asking fever to leave the body of the sick man and instead go those aforementioned tribes. The tribes listed were the furthermost border tribes known to those in [[Madhyadesha|{{transliteration|sa|Madhyadeśa}}]], the Āṅgeyas and Māgadhīs in the east, and the Mūjavants and Gandhārīs in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Macdonell |first1=Arthur Anthony |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects |last2=Keith |first2=Arthur Berriedale |publisher=John Murray |year=1912 |pages=218–219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |title=Reflections on the Tantras |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1978 |pages=4}}</ref> The ''Gandhara tribe'', after which it is named, is attested in the [[Rigveda]] ({{circa|1500|1200 BCE}}),<ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{cite web |title=Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm}}</ref><ref name="Macdonell1997">{{cite book |author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wM-dNOa7fMC&pg=PA130 |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-208-0095-3 |pages=130–}}</ref> while the region is mentioned in the Zoroastrian [[Avesta]] as ''Vaēkərəta'', the [[Avestan geography|seventh most beautiful place]] on earth created by [[Ahura Mazda]].

The Gāndhārī king [[Nagnajit]] and his son Svarajit are mentioned in the [[Brahmana|{{transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}s]], according to which they received Brahmanic consecration, but their family's attitude towards ritual is mentioned negatively,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=59-62}} with the royal family of Gandhāra during this period following non-Brahmanical religious traditions. According to the [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Uttaradhyayana|{{transliteration|sa|Uttarādhyayana-sūtra}}]], Nagnajit, or Naggaji, was a prominent king who had adopted Jainism and was comparable to Dvimukha of [[Pancala|Pāñcāla]], Nimi of [[Videha]], Karakaṇḍu of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kaliṅga]], and Bhīma of [[Vidarbha]]; [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources instead claim that he had achieved [[Pratyekabuddhayāna|{{transliteration|pi|paccekabuddhayāna}}]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=146-147}}<ref name="Prakash">{{cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Buddha |date=1951 |title=Poros |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784590 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=198–233 |doi= |jstor=41784590 |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Macdonell|Keith|1912|p=218-219, 432}}

By the later [[Vedic period]], the situation had changed, and the Gāndhārī capital of [[Taxila|Takṣaśila]] had become an important centre of knowledge where the men of {{transliteration|sa|Madhya-desa}} went to learn the three Vedas and the eighteen branches of knowledge, with the {{transliteration|sa|Kauśītaki Brāhmaṇa}} recording that [[Brahmin|{{transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}}s]] went north to study. According to the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|{{transliteration|sa|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa}}]] and the {{transliteration|pi|Uddālaka Jātaka}}, the famous Vedic philosopher [[Uddālaka Āruṇi]] was among the famous students of Takṣaśila, and the {{transliteration|pi|Setaketu Jātaka}} claims that his son Śvetaketu also studied there. In the [[Chandogya Upanishad|{{transliteration|sa|Chāndogya Upaniṣad}}]], Uddālaka Āruṇi himself favourably referred to Gāndhārī education to the [[Videha|Vaideha]] king [[Janaka]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=59-62}} During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west Iron Age South Asia, with the [[Kashmir Valley|valley of Kaśmīra]] being part of the kingdom.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=146-147}} Due to this important position, Buddhist texts listed the Gandhāra kingdom as one of the sixteen ''[[Mahajanapadas|{{transliteration|sa|Mahājanapada}}s]]'' ("great realms") of Iron Age South Asia. It was the home of [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], the princess and her brother [[Shakuni]] the king of [[Gandhara Kingdom]].<ref name="Higham2014">{{citation |last=Higham |first=Charles |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA209 |pages=209– |year=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1}}</ref><ref name="Devi2007">{{cite book |author=Khoinaijam Rita Devi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0UwAQAAIAAJ |title=History of ancient India: on the basis of Buddhist literature |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-086-3}}</ref>

=== Pukkusāti and Achaemenid Gandhāra ===
{{Main|Gandāra}}

{{See also|Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley}}
[[File:Xerxes detail Gandharan enhanced.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Xerxes I]] tomb, Gandāra soldier, {{Circa|470 BCE}}]]

During the 6th or 5th century BCE, Gandhara was governed under the reign of King [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]]. There are no historical facts known for certain about Pukkusāti, and all theories about his reign are speculative relying on later [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118140/page/n27/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Achaemenids And India |date=1974 |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Lamotte"/> It is debated whether he ruled before or after the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]], and is unknown what kind of relationship he historically had with the Persian Achaemenid rulers.<ref name="Karttunen">{{cite book | last=Karttunen | first=Klaus | title=India in Early Greek Literature | publisher=Finnish Oriental Society | date=1989 | isbn=978-951-9380-10-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TxZAAAAMAAJ | pages=61–62}}</ref> According to [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] accounts written centuries later,<ref name="Lamotte">{{cite book | last=Lamotte | first=Etienne | title=History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era | publisher=Institut Orientaliste, Louvain-La-Neuve | date=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJwEAAAAYAAJ | page=101 | isbn=978-90-6831-100-6 | quote = Pukkusāti, whose history we learn from a late and partly apocryphal tradition}}</ref> he had forged diplomatic ties with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and achieved victories over neighbouring kingdoms such as that of the realm of [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118140 |title=The Achaemenids And India |date=1974 |page=22 |quote=According to the Buddhist account Pukkusati, king of Taksasila, sent an embassy and a letter to king Bimbisara of Magadha and he also defeated Pradyota, king of Avanti.}}</ref> [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]]'s kingdom was described as being 100 [[Yojana]]s in width, approximately 500 to 800 miles wide, with his capital at [[Taxila]] in modern day [[Punjab]] as stated in early [[Jataka tales|Jatakas.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part 2 - Story of King Pukkusāti |date=11 September 2019 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-great-chronicle-of-buddhas/d/doc364622.html |quote=This man of good family read the message sent by his friend King Bimbisāra and after completely renouncing his one hundred yojana-wide domain of Takkasīla, he became a monk out of reverence for Me.}}</ref>

It is noted by [[R. C. Majumdar]] that Pukkusāti would have been contemporary to the [[Achamenid]] king [[Cyrus the Great]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118140 |title=The Achaemenids And India |date=1974 |page=22 |quote=Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru, he did not probably come to the throne before 540 or 530 bc, and Pukkusati also may be regarded as ruling in Gandhara about that time. He would be thus a contemporary of Cyrus who established his power and authority in 549 bc}}</ref> and according to the scholar Buddha Prakash, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire]] into Gandhara. This hypothesis posits that the army which [[Nearchus]] claimed Cyrus had lost in [[Gedrosia]] had been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom.<ref name="Prakash" /> Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings [[Cambyses II]] and [[Darius the Great|Darius I]].<ref name="Prakash" /> However, the presence of Gandhāra among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's [[Behistun Inscription]] confirms that his empire had inherited this region from Cyrus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive |title=History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century |page=604 |quote=The Behistun inscription of the Achaemenid emperor Darius indicates that Gandhara was conquered by the Persians in the later part of the 6th century BCE.}}</ref> Assuming that Pukkusāti lived during the 6th century BCE, is unknown whether he remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian [[satrap]], although [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pukkusāti|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/pu/pukkusati.htm|publisher=www.palikanon.com|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> The annexation under Cyrus was limited to the Western sphere of Gandhāra as only during the reign of [[Darius the Great]] did the region between the [[Indus River]] and the [[Jhelum River]] become annexed.<ref name="Prakash" />

However, with [[The Buddha#Dating|alternative chronologies]] which date the Buddha's lifetime (and his contemporary kings) as much as a century later, it is alternatively possible that [[Pushkarasarin|Pukkusāti]] in fact lived as much as a century after the Achaemenid conquest. Among scholars who favour the latter chronology, it remains an open question for debate, what kind of relationship Pukkusāti historically had with the Persian Achaemenid rulers. Possible theories are: he "may belong to a period when the Achaemenids had already lost their hold over Indian provinces," or he may have been holding power in eastern parts of Gandhara such as [[Taxila]] (speculatively considered by some scholars to be outside the Achaemenid dominions), or may have been serving as a vassal of the Achaemenids but with autonomy to conduct warfare and diplomacy with independent Indian states, similar to the "active and often independent role the western satraps had [[Greco-Persian Wars|in Greek politics]]". Thus it is considered that he may have been an important intermediary for [[Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley#Influence_of_Achaemenid_culture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent|cultural influence between Ancient Persia and India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIEWER XDOCS |url=https://docviewer.xdocs.net/view_v2.php |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=xdocs.net |pages=61–62 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Megasthenes]] [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]], states that the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]] never conquered India and had only approached its borders after battling with the [[Massagetae]], it further states that the Persians summoned mercenaries specifically from the Oxydrakai tribe, who were previously known to have resisted the incursions of [[Alexander the Great]], but they never entered their armies into the region of Gandhara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mccrindle |first=J. W. |url=http://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W |title=Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W |page=109 |language=English |quote=The Persians indeed summoned the Hydrakai from India to serve as mercenaries, but they did not lead an army into the country and only approached its borders when Kyros marched against the Massagatai.}}</ref> [[File:Athens coin discovered in Pushkalavati.jpg|thumb|[[Athens]] coin ({{circa|500/490–485 BCE}}) discovered in [[Pushkalavati]]. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east.<ref>O. Bopearachchi, "Premières frappes locales de l'Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données", in Trésors d'Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1 [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773 CNG Coins]</ref> Such coins were circulating in the area as currency, at least as far as the [[Indus]], during the reign of the [[Achaemenids]].<ref name="OB300">{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest) |pages=300–301 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html |title=US Department of Defense |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610004813/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JC">{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=57–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OB308">{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest) |pages=308– |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938 |language=en}}</ref> |left]]
During the reign of [[Xerxes I]], Gandharan troops were noted by [[Herodotus]] to have taken part in the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] and were described as clothed similar to that of the [[Bactria]]ns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |quote=The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians.}}</ref> Herodotus states that during the battle they were led by the [[Achamenid]] general [[Artyphius]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |quote=The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander Artabazus son of Pharnaces, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae Artyphius son of Artabanus.}}</ref>

Under Persian rule, a system of centralised administration, with a bureaucratic system, was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time. Provinces or "satrapy" were established with provincial capitals. The [[#Part of Achaemenid Empire|Gandhara]] satrapy, established 518 BCE with its capital at [[Pushkalavati]] ([[Charsadda]]).<ref>Rafi U. Samad, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33 ''The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys.''] Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 32 {{ISBN|0875868592}}</ref> It was also during the [[Achaemenid Empire]] rule of Gandhara that the [[Kharosthi]] script, the script of [[Gandhari prakrit]], was born through the [[Aramaic]] alphabet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Konow |first=Sien |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62020 |title=Kharoshthi Inscriptions Except Those Of Asoka Vol.ii Part I (1929) |date=1929 |pages=18 |quote=Buhler had shown that the KharoshthI characters are derived from Aramaic, which Origin of was in common use for official purposes all over the Achaemenian empire during the KharoshthI period when it comprised north-western India... And Buhler is right in assuming that KharoshthI is ‘ the result of the intercourse between the offices of the Satraps and of the native authorities}}</ref>

=== Hellenistic era Gandhāra ===
{{Main|Paropamisadae}}

{{See also|Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Hellenistic period|Macedonian Empire}}

According to [[Arrian]]'s [[Indica (Arrian)|Indica]], the area corresponding to Gandhara situated between the [[Kabul River]] and the [[Indus River]] was inhabited by two tribes noted as the [[Assakenoi]] and Astakanoi whom he describes as 'Indian' and occupying the two great cities of [[Massaga (ancient city)|Massaga]] located around the [[Swat valley]] and [[Pushkalavati]] in modern day Peshawar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mccrindle |first=J. W. |url=http://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W |title=Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W |pages=179–180 |language=English |quote=The regions beyond the, river Indus on the west are inhabited, up to the river Kophen, by two Indian tribes, the Astakenoi and the Assakenoi...In the dominions of the Assakanoi there is a great city called Massaka, the seat of the sovereign power which controls the whole realm. And there is an other city, Peukalaitis, which is also of great size and not far from the Indus.}}</ref>

The sovereign of [[Taxila]], [[Omphis]], formed an alliance with Alexander, motivated by a longstanding animosity towards [[Porus]], who governed the region encompassed by the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Jhelum River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page=72 |quote=The ruler of Taxila wanted to satisfy his own grudge against Porus}}</ref> Omphis, in a gesture of goodwill, presented [[Alexander the Great|Alexander the great]] with significant gifts, esteemed among the Indian populace, and subsequently accompanied him on the expedition crossing the [[Indus River|Indus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page=72 |quote=Taxiles and the others came to meet him, bringing gifts reckoned of value among the Indians. They presented him with the twenty-five elephants....and when they reached the Indus, they were to make all necessary preparations for the passage of the army. Taxiles and the other chiefs marched with them.}}</ref>

In 327 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]]'s military campaign progressed to Arigaum, situated in present-day [[Nawagai, Bajaur|Nawagai]], marking the initial encounter with the [[Aspasians]]. [[Arrian]] documented their implementation of a scorched earth strategy, evidenced by the city ablaze upon Alexander's arrival, with its inhabitants already fleeing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page=73 |quote=Then crossing the mountains Alexander descended to a city called Arigaeum [identified with Nawagai], and found that this had been set on fire by the inhabitants, who had afterwards fled.}}</ref> The [[Aspasians]] fiercely contested Alexander's forces, resulting in their eventual defeat. Subsequently, Alexander traversed the River Guraeus in the contemporary [[Dir (region)|Dir District]], engaging with the [[Asvakas]], as chronicled in Sanskrit literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page=74 |quote=Alexander then crossed the River Guraeus (the Panchkora, in Dir District). Beyond the Karmani pass lies the Talash valley. The Assacenians, identified with the Asvakas of Sanskrit literature, tried to defend themselves.}}</ref> The primary stronghold among the Asvakas, [[Massaga (ancient city)|Massaga]], characterised as strongly fortified by [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]], became a focal point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |pages=74–75}}</ref> Despite an initial standoff which led to Alexander being struck in the leg by an [[Asvaka]] arrow,<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page=Alexander while reconnoitring the fortifications, and unable to fix on a plan of attack, since nothing less than a vast mole, necessary for bringing up his engines to the walls, would suffice to fill up the chasms, was wounded from the ramparts by an arrow which chanced to hit him in the calf of the leg}}</ref> peace terms were negotiated between the Queen of Massaga and Alexander. However, when the defenders had vacated the fort, a fierce battle ensued when Alexander broke the treaty. According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], the Asvakas, including women fighting alongside their husbands, valiantly resisted Alexander's army but were ultimately defeated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=alexander and his successors in central asia |url=https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_alexander%20and%20his%20successors%20in%20central%20asia.pdf |page=75 |quote=When many were thus wounded and not a few killed, the women, taking the arms of the fallen, fought side by side with the men for the imminence of the danger and the great interests at stake forced them to do violence to their nature, and to take an active part in the defence.}}</ref>

=== Mauryan Gandhāra ===
[[File:Upper Boulder with Inscriptions - Mansehra Rock Edicts.jpg|thumb|[[Major Rock Edicts|Major Rock Edict]] of Ashoka in [[Mansehra District|Mansehra]]]]During the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] era, Gandhara held a pivotal position as a core territory within the empire, with [[Taxila]] serving as the provincial capital of the North West.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarn |first=William Woodthorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&dq=Taxila+capital+of+the+north+west+Mauryan+empire&pg=PA152 |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-00941-6 |page=152 |language=en |quote=The Mauryan empire proper, north of the line of the Nerbudda and the Vindhya mountains, had pivoted upon three great cities: pataliputra the capital and the seat of the emperor, Taxila the seat of the viceroy of the North West...}}</ref> [[Chanakya]], a prominent figure in the establishment of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]], played a key role by adopting [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the initial Mauryan emperor. Under Chanakya's tutelage, Chandragupta received a comprehensive education at Taxila, encompassing various arts of the time, including military training, for a duration spanning 7–8 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=2 |quote=he bought the boy by paying on the spot 1000 kdrshapanas. Kautilya(Chanakya) then took the boy with him to his native city of Takshasila (Taxila), then the most renowned seat of learning in India, and had him educated there for a period of seven or eight years in the humanities and the practical arts and crafts of the time, including the military arts.}}</ref>

[[Plutarch|Plutarch's]] accounts suggest that [[Alexander the Great]] encountered a young [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in the [[Punjab]] region, possibly during his time at the university.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=2 |quote=This tradition is curiously confirmed by Plutarch's statement that Chandragupta as a youth had met Alexander during his campaigns in the Panjab. This was possible because Chandragupta was already living in that locality with Kautilya (Chanakya).}}</ref> Subsequent to Alexander's death, Chanakya and Chandragupta allied with [[Trigarta Kingdom|Trigarta]] king Parvataka to conquer the [[Nanda Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=3 |quote=According to tradition he began by strengthening his position by an alliance with the Himalayan chief Parvataka, as stated in both the Sanskrit and Jaina texts, Mudradkshasa and Parisishtaparvan.}}</ref> This alliance resulted in the formation of a composite army, comprising Gandharans and [[Kambojas]], as documented in the [[Mudrarakshasa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=4 |quote=The army of Malayaketu (Parvataka) comprised recruits from the following peoples : Khasa, Magadha, Gandhara, Yavana, Saka, Chedi and Huna.}}</ref>

[[Bindusara]]s reign witnessed a rebellion among the locals of [[Taxila]] to which according to the [[Ashokavadana]], he dispatched [[Ashoka]] to quell the uprising. Upon entering the city, the populace conveyed that their rebellion was not against [[Ashoka]] or [[Bindusara]] but rather against oppressive ministers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&q=ashoka+in+ancient+india |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |date=5 August 2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91525-1 |page=67 |language=en |quote=Ashoka arrived in Taxila at the head of an armed contingent, the swords remained in their scabbards: the citizenry, instead of offering resistance came out of their city and on its roads to welcome him, saying 'we did not want to rebel against the prince.. nor even against King Bundusara; but evil ministers came and oppressed us'}}</ref> In Ashoka's subsequent tenure as emperor, he appointed his son as the new governor of [[Taxila]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=22 |quote=In the Gupta epoch, again, some of the provinces were administered by princes of the royal blood designated kumaras. The same was the case in the time of Asoka. Three instances of such Kumara governorship are known from his edicts. Thus one kumara was stationed at Takshasila to govern the frontier province of Gandhara..}}</ref> During this time, Ashoka erected [[Edicts of Ashoka|numerous rock edicts]] in the region in the [[Kharosthi]] script and commissioned the construction of a monumental stupa in [[Pushkalavati]], Western Gandhara, the location of which remains undiscovered to date.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DegEAAAQBAJ&dq=stupa+pushkalavati&pg=PA90 |title=Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II |date=6 December 2022 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-368-13568-3 |pages=90 |language=en |quote=...3/4 of a mile to the north of this place there was a great stupa built by Ashoka}}</ref>

According to the [[Taranatha]], following the death of [[Ashoka]], the northwestern region seceded from the [[Maurya Empire]], and Virasena emerged as its king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakesh |first=Buddha |title=Studies In Indian History And Civilization |url=https://ia802902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization_text.pdf |page=157 |quote=Subhagasena seems to be the successor of Virasena, who came to the throne after Ashoka, according to Taranatha. It appears that after the secession of the north-western half of India from the Maurya empire after the death of Ashoka, Virasena entrenched his hold over it while the other eastern and southern half of the country passed under the domination of Samprati.}}</ref> Noteworthy for his diplomatic endeavours, Virasena's successor, [[Subhagasena]], maintained relations with the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid Greeks]]. This engagement is corroborated by [[Polybius]], who records an instance where [[Antiochus III the Great]] descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakesh |first=Buddha |title=Studies In Indian History And Civilization |url=https://ia802902.us.archive.org/2/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.126821/2015.126821.Studies-In-Indian-History-And-Civilization_text.pdf |page=155 |quote=Polybius states: “He (Antiochus the Great) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India, renewed his friendship with Sophogsenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had 150 altogether}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYg8AAAAIAAJ&dq=virasena+maurya&pg=PA735 |title=The Cambridge History of India |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |last5=Wheeler |first5=Sir Robert Eric Mortimer |date=1968 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=512 |language=en |quote=..with whom Antiochus the Great renewed an ancestral relationship in 206 BCE}}</ref>

===Indo-Greek Kingdom===
[[File:Demetrius I of Bactria.jpg|right|thumb|The founder of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (205–171 BCE), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of the Indus valley]]The Indo-Greek king [[Menander I]] (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the [[Hindu Kush]], becoming king shortly after his victory.

His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king, [[Strato II]], disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king [[Heliocles]], son of Eucratides, fled from the [[Yuezhi]] invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the [[Jhelum River]]. The last known Indo-Greek ruler was [[Theodamas]], from the [[Bajaur]] area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription ''"Su Theodamasa"'' (''"Su"'' was the Greek transliteration of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] royal title ''"Shau"'' ("[[Shah]]" or "King")).

It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and South Asian mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Local Greek rulers still exercised a feeble and precarious power along the borderland, but the last vestige of the Greco-Indian rulers was finished by a people known to the old Chinese as the [[Yuezhi|Yueh-Chi]].<ref name= IG149>{{Harv|Imperial Gazetteer|p=149}}</ref>

=== Apracharajas ===
The Apracharajas were a historical dynasty situated in the region of Gandhara, extending from the governance of [[Menander II]] within the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] to the era of the early [[Kushans]]. Renowned for their significant support of [[Buddhism]], this assertion is supported by swathes of discovered donations within their principal domain, between [[Taxila]] and [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&q=early+buddhist+transmission+and+trade+networks |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |page=118 |language=en |quote=The domain of the Apracas was probably centred in Bajaur and extended to Swat, Gandhara, Taxila and other parts of Eastern Afghanistan}}</ref> Archaeological evidence also establishes dynastic affiliations between them and the rulers of [[Oddiyana]] in modern-day [[Swat District|Swat.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&q=early+buddhist+transmission+and+trade+networks |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |page=119 |language=en |quote=The apracas were also connected by marital alliance with the Odi kings in the Swat valley since a royal relative and officer named Suhasoma in a Buddhist reliquary inscription of Senavarman was married to Vasavadatta.}}</ref>
[[File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg|thumb|227x227px|Footprint of the Buddha. 1st century BCE, Gandhara.]]
The dynasty is argued to have been founded by Vijayakamitra, identified as a vassal to [[Menander II]], according to the [[Shinkot casket]]. This epigraphic source further articulates that [[Vijayamitra|King Vijayamitra]], a descendant of Vijayakamitra, approximately half a century subsequent to the initial inscription, is credited with its restoration following inflicted damage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubica |first=Olga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8M-vEAAAQBAJ&q=greco-buddhist+relations+in+the+hellenistic+far+east |title=Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East: Sources and Contexts |date=14 April 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-86852-4 |pages=134–135 |language=en}}</ref> He is presumed to have gained the throne in c. 2 BCE after succeeding Visnuvarma, with a reign of three decades lasting til c. 32 CE <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/345076701.pdf |page=207 |quote=The first was dedicated by Prahodi, the woman of the inner court of Vijayamitra, and is dated 32 Vijayamitra (30/31 CE)...This year represents in all likelihood one of Vijayamitra's last as ruler, for the throne would subsequently be given to his son Indravasu..}}</ref> before being succeeded by his son [[Indravasu]] and then further by Indravasu's grandson Indravarma II in c. 50 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/345076701.pdf |page=220 |quote=More likely is that Indravasu governed until c. 50 CE, whereafter he was succeeded by his grandson Indravarma II}}</ref>

==== Indo-Scythian Kingdom ====
[[File:Buner reliefs Scythian bacchanalian cropped.jpg|left|thumb|One of the [[Buner reliefs]] showing Scythian soldiers dancing. [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].]]
The [[Indo-Scythians]] were descended from the [[Sakas]] (Scythians) who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. The first Indo-Scythian king [[Maues]] established [[Saka]] hegemony by conquering [[Indo-Greek]] territories.<ref>The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA66]</ref>

Some Aprachas are documented on the [[Silver Reliquary of Indravarman|Silver Reliquary]] discovered at [[Sirkap|Sirkap, near Taxila]], designating the title "Stratega," denoting a position equivalent to [[Senapati]], such as that of [[Indravarma]] who was a general during the reign of the Apracharaja [[Vijayamitra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&q=early+buddhist+transmission+and+trade+networks |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |pages=118–119 |language=en |quote=Another important member of the Apraca lineage was the general (stratega) Aspavarman}}</ref> [[Indravarma]] is additionally noteworthy for receiving the above-mentioned [[Silver Reliquary of Indravarman|Silver Reliquary]] from the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] monarch [[Kharahostes]], which he subsequently re-dedicated as a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] reliquary, indicating was a gift in exchange for tribute or assistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&q=early+buddhist+transmission+and+trade+networks |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |page=119 |language=en |quote=A silver drinking vessel with an animal style ibex figure formerly belonging to the "Yagu king" Kharaosta that was rededicated as a Buddhist reliquary by Indravarman may indicate this object was given to the apracas as a gift in exchange for some form of tribute or assistance}}</ref> According to another reliquary inscription Indravarma is noted as the Lord of Gandhara and general during the reign of Vijayamitra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/345076701.pdf |pages=204–205 |quote=the Lord Vijayamitra Apracarāja, and Indravarma the General, Ruler of Gandhāra, are worshipped}}</ref> According to Apracha chronology, [[Indravarma]] was the son of Visnuvarma, an Aprachraja preceding [[Vijayamitra]].

[[Indravarma]]s son [[Aspavarma]] is situated between 20 and 50 CE, during which numismatic evidence overlaps him with the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] ruler [[Azes II]] and [[Gondophares]] of the [[Indo-Parthians]] whilst also describing him as 'Stratega' or general of the Aprachas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&q=early+buddhist+transmission+and+trade+networks |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |page=119 |language=en |quote=Since Aspavarman's coins overlap with late or post-humous issues of Azes II and the Indo-parthian ruler Gondophares, he probably flourished from ca. 20-50 CE.}}</ref> In accordance with a Buddhist [[Avadana]], [[Aspavarma]] and a [[Saka]] noble, Jhadamitra, engaged in discussions concerning the establishment of accommodation for monks during the rainy seasons, displaying that he was a patron of [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khettry |first=Sarita |date=2014 |title=Social Background of Buddhism in Gandhara(c.2 Nd Century Bce to the Middle of the 4th Century Ce) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158359 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=44 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44158359 |quote=The name of Aspavarma occurs four times in the eighth avadana of the above mentioned Buddhist manuscripts. The story in the avadana text involves some interaction between Aspavarman and Jhadamitra (a Saka noble) with regard to the provision of a place for the monks to stay during the rainy season. This shows that the Aspavarman was a patron of the Buddhist Samgha.}}</ref> A reliquary inscription dedicated to 50 CE, by a woman named Ariasrava, describes that her donation was made during the reign of [[Gondophares]] nephew, [[Abdagases I]], and [[Aspavarma]], describing the joint rule by the Aprachas and the Indo-parthians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/345076701.pdf |page=163 |quote=the Reliquary Inscription of Ariaśrava et al (No. 31), dated 98 Azes (50/51 CE), whose donor, Ariaśrava, stipulates her relic dedication was made in the reign of Gondopahres’ nephew Abdagases and the General Aśpavarma, son of Indravarma I:}}</ref>

==== Indo-Parthian Kingdom ====
[[File:Takht-e-bahi.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Buddhist]] [[monastery]] [[Takht-i-Bahi]] (a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) constructed by the Indo-Parthians]]
The [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its first ruler [[Gondophares]]. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held [[Taxila]] (in the present [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence, the capital shifted between [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]]. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the [[Arsacid dynasty of Parthia|Arsacid]] dynasty, but they probably belonged to wider groups of [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] tribes who lived east of [[Parthia]] proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title ''Gondophares'', which means "Holder of Glory", were even related.

During the dominion of the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]], [[Apracharajas|Apracharaja]] [[Sases|Sasan]], as described on numismatic evidence identifying him as the nephew of [[Aspavarma]], emerged as a figure of significance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=215 |quote=The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother}}</ref> Aspavarman, a preceding Apracharaja contemporaneous with [[Gondophares]], was succeeded by [[Sases|Sasan]], after having ascended from a subordinate governance role to a recognised position as one of Gondophares's successors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. a Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644 |title=Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas) |date=1957 |page=215 |quote=The coins further show that Sasan, who was at first a subordinate ruler under Gondophares, subsequently assumed independent or quasi-independent status.}}</ref> He assumed the position following [[Abdagases I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&dq=sases+apraca&pg=PA103 |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=106 |language=en |quote=In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.}}</ref> The [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Vima Takto]] is known through numismatic evidence to have overstruck the coins of [[Sases|Sasan]], whilst a numismatic hoard had found coins of Sasan together with smaller coins of [[Kujula Kadphises]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&dq=sases+apraca&pg=PA103 |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref> It has also been discovered that Sasan overstruck the coins of [[Nahapana]] of the [[Western Satraps]], this line of coinage dating between 40 and 78 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rienjang |first1=Wannaporn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dTDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ubouzanes&pg=PA16 |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |last2=Stewart |first2=Peter |date=14 March 2018 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-78491-855-2 |pages=16–17 |language=en}}</ref>

It was noted by [[Philostratus]] and [[Apollonius of Tyana]] upon their visit with [[Phraotes]] in 46 AD, that during this time the Gandharans living between the [[Kabul River]] and [[Taxila]] had coinage of [[Orichalcum]] and Black brass, and their houses appearing as single-story structures from the outside, but upon entering, underground rooms were also present.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&dq=sases+apraca&pg=PA103 |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=107 |language=en |quote=Philostratus comments that the people who live between the River Kophen and Taxila have a coinage not of gold and silver but of Orichalcum and black brass. He describes the houses as designed so that if you look at them from the outside, they appear to have only one storey, but if you go inside they have underground rooms as well.}}</ref> They describe [[Taxila]] as being the same size as [[Nineveh]], being walled like a Greek city whilst also being shaped with Narrow roads,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |pages=76 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=Taxila was about the size of Ninovoh, walled like a Greek city}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=77 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=They are taken to the palace. They found the city divided by narrow streets, well-arranged, and reminding them of Athens.}}</ref> and further describe [[Phraotes]] kingdom as containing the old territory of [[Porus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=76 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=and was the residence of a sovereign who ruled over what of old was the kingdom of Porus.}}</ref> Following an exchange with the king, [[Phraotes]] is reported to have subsidised both barbarians and neighbouring states, to avert incursions into his kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=78 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=Phraotes, in answer, said that he was moderate because his wants were few, and that as he was wealthy, he employed his wealth in doing good to his friends, and in subsidizing the barbarians, his neighbours, to prevent them from themselves ravaging, or allowing other barbarians to ravage his territories.}}</ref> [[Phraotes]] also recounts that his father, being the son of a king, had become an orphan from a young age. In accordance with Indian customs, two of his relatives assumed responsibility for his upbringing until they were killed by rebellious nobles during a ritualistic ceremony along the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=81 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=The king then told how his father, the son of a king, had been left very young an orphan; and how during his minority two of his relatives according to Indian custom acted as regents, but with so little regard to law, that some nobles conspired against them, and slow them as they were sacrificing to the Indus, and seized upon the government}}</ref> This event led to the usurpation of the throne, compelling Phraotes' father to seek refuge with the king situated beyond the [[Hydaspes River]], in modern-day [[Punjab]], a ruler esteemed greater than Phraotes' father. Moreover, [[Phraotes]] states that his father received an education facilitated by the [[Brahmin]]s upon request to the king and married the daughter of the [[Hydaspes|Hydaspian]] king, whilst having one son who was Phraotes himself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=81 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=How on this his father, then sixteen years of age, fled to the king beyond the Hydaspes, a greater king than himself, who received him kindly... he requested to be sent to the Brahmans; and how the Brahmans educated him; and how in time he married the daughter of the Hydaspian king, and received with her seven villages as pin-money, and had issue one son, himself, Phraotes.}}</ref> Phraotes proceeds to narrate the opportune moment he seized to reclaim his ancestral kingdom, sparked by a rebellion of the citizens of [[Taxila]] against the usurpers. With fervent support from the populace, Phraotes led a triumphant entry into the residence of the usurpers, whilst the citizens brandished torches, swords, and bows in a display of unified resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Beauvoir Priaulx |first=Osmond |date=1860 |title=The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581224 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=17 |page=81 |jstor=25581224 |issn=0035-869X |quote=When I crossed the Hydraotis, I heard that, of the usurpers, one was already dead, and the other besieged in this very palace; so I hurried on, proclaiming to the villages I passed through who I was, and what were my rights : and the people received me gladly, and declaring I was the very picture of my father and grandfather, they accompanied me, many of them armed with swords and bows, and our numbers increased daily; and when we reached this city, the inhabitants, with torches lit at the altar of the Sun, and singing the praises of my father and grandfather, came out and welcomed me, and brought me hither.}}</ref>

==== Tribes mentioned by Pliny ====
During this period in the 1st century CE, [[Pliny the Elder]] notes a list of tribes in the [[Vahika]] and Gandhara regions spanning from the lower Indus to the mountain tribes near the [[Hindu Kush]].{{Blockquote|text=After passing this island, the other side of the Indus is occupied, as we know by clear and undoubted proofs, by the Athoae, the Bolingae, the Gallitalutae, the Dimuri, the Megari, the Ardabae, the Mesae, and after them, the Uri and the Silae; beyond which last there are desert tracts, extending a distance of two hundred and fifty miles. After passing these nations, we come to the Organagae, the Abortae, the Bassuertae, and, after these last, deserts similar to those previously 'mentioned. We then come to the peoples of the Sorofages, the Arbae, the Marogomatrae, the Umbrittae, of whom there are twelve nations, each with two cities, and the Asini, a people who dwell in three cities, their capital being Bucephala, which was founded around the tomb of the horse belonging to king Alexander, which bore that name. Above these peoples there are some mountain tribes, which lie at the foot of Caucasus, the Soseadae and the Sondrae, and, after passing the Indus and going down its stream, the Samarabriae, the Sambraceni, the Bisambritae, the Orsi, the Anixeni, and the Taxilae, with a famous city, which lies on a low but level plain, the general name of the district being Amenda: there are four nations here, the Peucolaitae, the Arsagalitae, the Geretae, and the Assoi.|author=[[Pliny the elder]]|title=Natural history|source=}}

=== Kushan Gandhāra ===
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist]] [[Standing Buddha from Gandhara (Tokyo)|standing Buddha from Gandhara]] (1st–2nd century), [[Tokyo National Museum]]]]
[[File:KanishkaCasket.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Kanishka casket|Casket of Kanishka the Great]], with Buddhist motifs]]
The Kushans conquered [[Bactria]] after having been defeated by the [[Xiongnu]] and forced to retreat from the [[Central Asian steppe|Central Asian steppes.]] The [[Yuezhi]] fragmented the region of Bactria into five distinct territories, with each tribe of the Yuezhi assuming dominion over a separate kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=Formerly, when the Yuezhi had been destroyed by the Xiongnu, they moved to Daxia and divided the country into five Xihou.}}</ref> However, a century after this division, [[Kujula Kadphises]] of the Kushan tribe emerged victorious by destroying the other four [[Yuezhi]] tribes and consolidating his reign as king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=More than a hundred years later, the xihou of guishuang(kushan) named Qiujiuque(Kujula) attacked and destroyed the other four xihou and established himself king.}}</ref> Kujula then invaded [[Parthia]] and annexed the upper reaches of the [[Kabul River]] before further conquering [[Jibin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=This king invaded Anxi(Parthia) and took Gaofu(Kabul) and destroyed Puda and Jibin.}}</ref> In 78 CE the [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Indo-Parthians]] seceded Gandhara to the Kushans with [[Kujula Kadphises]] son [[Vima Takto]] succeeding the [[Apracharajas|Apracharaja]] [[Sases]] in [[Taxila]] and further conquering [[Tianzhu (India)]] before installing a general as a satrap.<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=and his son yangouzhen(Vima takto) succeeded him as king. He in his turn destroyed Tianzhu and installed a general there to control it.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=occupied Gandhara around 60 CE and Taxila by 78 CE}}</ref>

According to the Xiyu Zhuan, the inhabitants residing in the upper reaches of the [[Kabul River]] were extremely wealthy and excelled in commerce, with their cultural practices bearing resemblance to those observed in [[Tianzhu (India)]]. However, the text also characterises them as weak and easily conquered with their political allegiance never being constant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=The state of Gaofu to the southwest of Da Yuezhi and is also a large state. Its way of life resembles that of Tianzhu and the people are weak and easily conquered. They excel in commerce, and internally they are very wealthy. Their political allegiance has never been constant.}}</ref> Over time, the region underwent successive annexations by [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]], [[Jibin]], and [[Parthia]] during periods of their respective strength, only to be lost when these powers experienced a decline.<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=The three states of Tianzhu Jibin and Anxi had possessed it when they were strong and have lost it when they were weak.}}</ref> The Xiyu Zhuan describes Tianzhu's customs as bearing similarities to that of the [[Yuezhi]] and the inhabitants riding on elephants in warfare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=余太山著 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUvJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ban+Chao+writings+on+kushan+empire&pg=PT290 |title=A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |isbn=978-7-100-19365-8 |language=en |quote=its customs are the same as those of Yuezhi...the inhabitants ride on elephants in warfare}}</ref>

The Kushan period is considered the Golden Period of Gandhara. Peshawar Valley and Taxila are littered with ruins of ''stupas'' and monasteries of this period. [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandharan art]] flourished and produced some of the best pieces of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent. Gandhara's culture peaked during the reign of the great Kushan king [[Kanishka the Great]] (127 CE – 150 CE). The cities of Taxila (Takṣaśilā) at Sirsukh and Purushapura (modern-day [[Peshawar]]) reached new heights. Purushapura along with [[Mathura]] became the capital of the great empire stretching from Central Asia to Northern [[India]] with Gandhara being in the midst of it. Emperor [[Kanishka]] was a great patron of the Buddhist faith; [[Buddhism]] spread from [[India]] to [[Central Asia]] and the Far East across Bactria and [[Sogdia]], where his empire met the [[Han dynasty|Han Empire]] of China. Buddhist art spread from Gandhara to other parts of Asia. In Gandhara, [[Mahayana Buddhism]] flourished and Buddha was represented in human form. Under the Kushans new Buddhist ''stupas'' were built and old ones were enlarged. Huge statues of the Buddha were erected in monasteries and carved into the hillsides. Kanishka also built the 400-foot [[Kanishka Stupa|Kanishka stupa]] at Peshawar. This tower was reported by Chinese monks [[Faxian]], [[Song Yun]], and [[Xuanzang]] who visited the country. The stupa was built during the Kushan era to house Buddhist relics and was among the tallest buildings in the ancient world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA180 |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=180 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3">Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908–9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha"). ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1909, pp. 1056–1061.</ref><ref name="Chandra1979">{{cite book |author=Rai Govind Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97od3sgsAjcC&pg=PA82 |title=Indo-Greek Jewellery |date=1 January 1979 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-088-4 |pages=82– |access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><gallery>
File:Gandharan sculpture - head of a bodhisattva.jpg|Head of a bodhisattva, {{circa|4th century CE}}
File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|The Buddha and [[Vajrapani]] under the guise of [[Herakles]], {{circa|2nd–3rd century CE}}
</gallery>

===Kidarites===
The [[Kidarites]] conquered [[Peshawar]] and parts of the northwest Indian subcontinent including Gandhara probably sometime between 390 and 410 from Kushan empire,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA122 |language=en}}</ref> around the end of the rule of Gupta Emperor [[Chandragupta II]] or beginning of the rule of [[Kumaragupta I]].<ref>"The entry of the Kidarites into India may firmly be placed some time round about the end of the rule of Chandragupta II or beginning of the rule of Kumaragupta I (circa 410–420 a.d.)" in {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Parmeshwari Lal |last2=Kulashreshtha |first2=Sarojini |title=Kuṣāṇa Coins and History |date=1994 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124600177 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1caAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref> It is probably the rise of the Hephthalites and the defeats against the Sasanians which pushed the Kidarites into northern India. Their last ruler in Gandhara was Kandik, {{circa|500 CE}}.

===Alchon Huns===
Around 430 King [[Khingila]], the most notable [[Alchon Huns|Alchon]] ruler, emerged and took control of the routes across the [[Hindu Kush]] from the Kidarites.<ref>"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in {{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004181595 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA162 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-6984-715-3 |url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory |at=Section 4 |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111041719/https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Atreyi Biswas |date=1971 |title=The Political History of the Hūṇas in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohwdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=9780883863015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Upendra Thakur |date=1967 |title=The Hūṇas in India |url=https://archive.org/download/dli.ernet.429146 |publisher=Chowkhamba Prakashan |pages=52–55}}</ref> Coins of the Alchons rulers Khingila and [[Mehama]] were found at the Buddhist monastery of [[Mes Aynak]], southeast of [[Kabul]], confirming the Alchon presence in this area around 450–500 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |date=2014 |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=174 |page=274 |jstor=44710198}}</ref> The numismatic evidence as well as the so-called "[[Hephthalite silver bowl|Hephthalite bowl]]" from Gandhara, now in the [[British Museum]], suggests a period of peaceful coexistence between the Kidarites and the Alchons, as it features two [[Kidarites|Kidarite]] noble hunters, together with two Alchon hunters and one of the Alchons inside a medallion.<ref name="MA" /> At one point, the Kidarites withdrew from Gandhara, and the Alchons took over their mints from the time of [[Khingila]].<ref name="MA" />
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Hephthalite Silver Bowl (side view).jpg
| caption1 = The silver bowl in the [[British Museum]]
| image2 = Alchon horseman on the Hephthalite Silver Bowl.jpg
| caption2 = Alchon horseman.<ref name="MA">{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |pages=274–275 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>
| footer = The so-called "[[Hephthalite bowl]]" from Gandhara, features two [[Kidarites|Kidarite]] hunters wearing characteristic crowns, as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here, with [[skull deformation]]), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.<ref name="MA"/> [[Swat District]], [[Pakistan]], 460–479 CE. [[British Museum]].<ref>Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.</ref><ref name="British Museum notice">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=247021&partId=1|title=British Museum notice|website=[[British Museum]]|access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref>
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The Alchons undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and [[stupas]] at [[Taxila]], a high centre of learning, which never recovered from the destruction.<ref name="AG">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amalananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |title=Taxila |date=1965 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=791 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Upinder Singh |date=2017 |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=241 |isbn=9780674981287}}</ref> Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of Taxila were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions.<ref name="AG" /> It is thought that the [[Kanishka stupa]], one of the most famous and tallest buildings in antiquity, was destroyed by them during their invasion of the area in the 460s CE. The [[Mankiala stupa]] was also vandalised during their invasions.<ref name="Le">{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&q=hephthalite+peshawar&pg=PA51 |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

Mihirakula in particular is remembered by [[Buddhist]] sources to have been a "terrible persecutor of their religion" in Gandhara.<ref name="Rene">{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 69–71] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/69 }}</ref> During the reign of [[Mihirakula]], over one thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed.<ref name="kurt">{{cite book |last1=Behrendt |first1=Kurt A. |title=Handbuch der Orientalistik |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004135956 |location=Leiden}}</ref> In particular, the writings of Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] from 630 CE explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of Buddhism and the expulsion of monks.<ref name="Upinder Singh 2017 241–242">{{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241 |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674981287 |pages=241–242}}</ref> The Buddhist art of Gandhara, in particular [[Greco-Buddhist art]], became extinct around this period. When Xuanzang visited Gandhara in {{circa|630 CE}}, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined in favour of [[Shaivism]] and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.<ref name="HeirmanBumbacher2007">{{cite book |author1=Ann Heirman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ |title=The Spread of Buddhism |author2=Stephan Peter Bumbacher |date=11 May 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2006-4 |location=Leiden |page=60}}</ref> It is also noted by [[Kalhana]] that [[Brahmin]]s of Gandhara accepted from [[Mihirakula]] gifts of [[Agraharam]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur Upender |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.429146 |title=The Hunas In India Vol-lviii (1967) Ac 4776 |date=1967 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |page=267 |quote=The Brahmanas of Gandhara accepted from him gift of agraharas; they no doubt, too, were similar as his own and were the meanest Brahmanas.}}</ref> [[Kalhana]] also noted in his [[Rajatarangini]] how Mihirakula oppressed local [[Brahmin]]s of South Asia and imported Gandharan Brahmins into [[Kashmir]] and India and states that he had given thousands of villages to these Brahmins in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi_History of the Huns.pdf |url=https://fid4sa-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/3333/1/Modi_History%20of%20the%20Huns.pdf |page=342 |quote=It is the same Mihirkula who is referred to in the Rajatarangini, the History of Kashmir, by Kalhana, as a wicked king who was opposed to the local Brahmins and·who imported Gandhara Brahmins into Kashmir and India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalhana |first=Jogesh Chunder Dutt |url=http://archive.org/details/RajataranginiOfKalhana-English-JogeshChunderDuttVolumes12 |title=Rajatarangini of Kalhana - English - Jogesh Chunder Dutt Volumes 1 & 2 |page=21 |quote=He gave thousands of villages in Vijayeahvara to the Brahmanas of Gandhara.}}</ref>

===Turk and Hindu Shahis===
[[File:Horseman on Hindu Shahi coinage.jpg|thumb|Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the [[Hindu Shahis|Shahis]]. The headgear has been interpreted as a [[turban]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=187 and Pl. V B.|loc="the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top"}}]]
The [[Turk Shahis]] ruled Gandhara until 843 CE when they were overthrown by the [[Hindu Shahis]]. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of [[Oddiyana]] in Gandhara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 |quote=The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48 |quote=Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".}}</ref>

The history of the Hindu Shahis begins in 843 CE with Kallar deposing the last [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi]] ruler, Lagaturman. Samanta succeeded him, and it was during his reign that the region of [[Kabul]] was lost to the [[Persianate]] [[Saffarid empire]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=96–101}}</ref> Lalliya replaced Samanta soon after and re-conquered Kabul whilst also subduing the region of [[Zabulistan]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=110}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=110–111}}</ref> He is additionally noteworthy for coming into conflict with [[Sankaravarman|Samkaravarman]] of the [[Utpala dynasty]], resulting in his victory and the latter's death in [[Hazara region|Hazara]] and was the first Shahi noted by [[Kalhana]]. He is depicted as a great ruler with strength to the standard where kings of other regions would seek shelter in his capital of [[Udabhanda]], a change from the previous capital of [[Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=107}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=113}}</ref> Bhimadeva, the next most notable ruler, is most significant for vanquishing the [[Samanid Empire]] in Ghazni and Kabul in response to their conquests,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=128–130}}</ref> his grand-daughter [[Didda]] was also the last ruler of the [[Lohara dynasty]]. Jayapala then gained control and was brought into conflict with the newly formed [[Ghaznavid Empire]], however, he was eventually defeated. During his rule and that of his son and successor, Anandapala, the kingdom of [[Lahore]] was conquered. The following Shahi rulers all resisted the Ghaznavids but were ultimately unsuccessful, resulting in the downfall of the empire in 1026 CE.

===Rediscovery===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Shingerdar Stupa1.jpg|thumb|Many stupas, such as the Shingerdar stupa in [[Ghalegay]], are scattered throughout the region near [[Peshawar]].]]
By the time Gandhara had been absorbed into the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni, Buddhist buildings were already in ruins and Gandhara's art had been forgotten. After Al-Biruni, the Kashmiri writer Kalhaṇa wrote his book ''Rajatarangini'' in 1151. He recorded some events that took place in Gandhara and provided details about its last royal dynasty and capital [[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Udabhandapura]].

In the 19th century, British soldiers and administrators started taking an interest in the ancient history of the Indian Subcontinent. In the 1830s coins of the post-Ashoka period were discovered, and in the same period, Chinese travelogues were translated. [[Charles Masson]], [[James Prinsep]], and [[Alexander Cunningham]] deciphered the [[Kharosthi]] script in 1838. Chinese records provided locations and site plans for Buddhist shrines. Along with the discovery of coins, these records provided clues necessary to piece together the history of Gandhara. In 1848 Cunningham found Gandhara sculptures north of Peshawar. He also identified the site of Taxila in the 1860s. From then on a large number of Buddhist statues were discovered in the Peshawar valley.

[[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Archaeologist John Marshall]] excavated at Taxila between 1912 and 1934. He discovered separate Greek, Parthian, and Kushan cities and a large number of ''stupas'' and monasteries. These discoveries helped to piece together much more of the chronology of the history of Gandhara and its art.

After 1947 [[Ahmed Hassan Dani]] and the Archaeology Department at the [[University of Peshawar]] made several discoveries in the Peshawar and Swat Valley. Excavation of many of the sites of the Gandhara Civilization is being done by researchers from Peshawar and several universities around the world.

==Culture==
===Language===
{{Main|Gandhari language}}

Gandhara's language was a [[Prakrit]] or "[[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]]" dialect, usually called [[Gandhari language|Gāndhārī]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/gandhari-language |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Under the [[Kushan Empire]], Gāndhārī spread into adjoining regions of South and Central Asia.<ref name=":3" /> It used the [[Kharosthi]] script, which is derived from the [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic script]], and it died out about in the 4th century CE.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rhie |first=Marylin Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA327 |title=Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols) |date=15 July 2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-39186-4 |pages=327 |language=en}}</ref>

Linguistic evidence links some groups of the [[Dardic languages]] with Gandhari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ&q=gandhari |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. |date=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1231-1 |pages=64–67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=Anju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTgv1ZYGZdoC&pg=PA35 |title=Himalayan Languages: Past and Present |date=12 May 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-089887-3 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Liljegren |first=Henrik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRK1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=A grammar of Palula |date=26 February 2016 |publisher=Language Science Press |isbn=978-3-946234-31-9 |pages=13–14 |language=en |quote=Palula belongs to a group of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages spoken in the Hindukush region that are often referred to as "Dardic" languages... It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity... On the one hand, Strand suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping (in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use), and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly... Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language Gandhari (also Gandhari Prakrit), but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.}}</ref> The [[Kohistani languages]], now all being displaced from their original homelands, were once more widespread in the region and most likely descend from the ancient dialects of the region of Gandhara.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cacopardo |first1=Alberto M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush |last2=Cacopardo |first2=Augusto S. |date=2001 |publisher=IsIAO |isbn=978-88-6323-149-6 |pages=253 |language=en |quote=...This leads us to the conclusion that the ancient dialects of the Peshawar District, the country between Tirah and Swât, must have belonged to the Tirahi-Kohistani type and that the westernmost Dardic language, Pashai, which probably had its ancient centre in Laghmân, has enjoyed a comparatively independent position since early times". …Today the Kohistâni languages descendent from the ancient dialects that developed in these valleys have all been displaced from their original homelands, as described below.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051|title=The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit|date=1936|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|volume=8|issue=2/3|pages=419–435|issn=1356-1898|quote=... It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages, it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area around Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects.|last=Burrow|first=T.|jstor=608051}}</ref> The last to disappear was [[Tirahi language|Tirahi]], still spoken some years ago in a few villages in the vicinity of [[Jalalabad]] in eastern Afghanistan, by descendants of migrants expelled from [[Tirah]] by the [[Afridi]] [[Pashtuns]] in the 19th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. |date=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1231-1 |pages=56 |language=en |quote=In the Peshawar district, there does not remain any Indian dialect continuing this old Gandhari. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in Afghanistan, in the vicinity of Jalalabad, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridis in the 19th century. Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and in the NWFP are only to be found modern Iranian languages brought in by later [[Settler|immigrants]] (Baluch, Pashto) or Indian languages brought in by the paramount political power (Urdu, Panjabi) or by Hindu traders (Hindko).}}</ref> [[Georg Morgenstierne]] claimed that Tirahi is "probably the remnant of a dialect group extending from Tirah through the [[Peshawar District|Peshawar district]] into [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Dir (region)|Dir]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=991 |language=en}}</ref> Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and the region is now dominated by [[Iranian languages]] brought in by later [[Settler|immigrations]], such as [[Pashto]].<ref name=":2" /> Among the modern day Indo-Aryan languages still spoken today, [[Torwali language|Torwali]] shows the closest linguistic affinity possible to ''Niya'', a dialect of Gāndhārī.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA79 |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=10 December 1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===

{{Further|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Gandharan Buddhism}}

[[File:BuddhistTriad.JPG|thumb|[[Maitreya]] [[Bodhisattva]], [[Gautama Buddha]], and [[Avalokitesvara|Avalokiteśvara]] Bodhisattva. 2nd–3rd century CE, Gandhāra.]]
[[File:Avalokitesvara Gandhara Musée Guimet 2418 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze statue of [[Avalokiteśvara]] [[Bodhisattva]]. Fearlessness [[mudra|mudrā]]. 3rd century CE, Gandhāra.]]

====Mahāyāna Buddhism====
As per Pali sources, Buddhism first reached Gandhara following the [[Third Buddhist council]] which was held in [[Pataliputra]] during the reign of [[Ashoka]] in the third-century BCE.<ref name="Princeton2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald |title=Kashmir-Gandhāra |journal=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2137}}</ref> Various monks were dispatched to different parts of the empire and the missionary dispatched to Gandhara specifically was [[Majjhantika]] who originated from the city of [[Varanasi]] in [[India]].<ref name="Wani">{{cite book |last1=Wani |first1=Muhammad |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation |date=2023 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781000836554 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgymEAAAQBAJ&dq=majjhantika+varanasi&pg=PT83}}</ref>

Mahāyāna [[Buddhist sutras#Pure Land Sutras|Pure Land sutras]] were brought from the Gandhāra region to China as early as 147 CE, when the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] monk [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokakṣema]] began translating some of the first Buddhist sutras into Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0024.html|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|website=www.acmuller.net}}</ref> The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from the Gāndhārī language.<ref>Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath. ''India in Early Central Asia.'' 1996. p. 15</ref> Lokakṣema translated important [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]] such as the ''[[Prajñāpāramitā|Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra]]'', as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as [[Samādhi (Buddhism)|samādhi]], and meditation on the Buddha [[Akshobhya|Akṣobhya]]. Lokaksema's translations continue to provide insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This corpus of texts often includes and emphasises ascetic practices forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration:<ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.'' 2008. p. 30</ref>{{Blockquote|Paul Harrison has worked on some of the texts that are arguably the earliest versions we have of the Mahāyāna sūtras, those translated into Chinese in the last half of the second century AD by the Indo-Scythian translator Lokakṣema. Harrison points to the enthusiasm in the Lokakṣema sūtra corpus for the extra ascetic practices, for dwelling in the forest, and above all for states of meditative absorption (''samādhi''). Meditation and meditative states seem to have occupied a central place in early Mahāyāna, certainly because of their spiritual efficacy but also because they may have given access to fresh revelations and inspiration.}}

Some scholars believe that the Mahāyāna ''[[Infinite Life Sutra|Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra]]'' was compiled in the age of the Kushan Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, by order of [[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] [[bhikkhu|bhikṣus]] which flourished in the Gandhāra region.<ref name="Nakamura, Hajime 1999. p. 205">Nakamura, Hajime. ''Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Biographical Notes.'' 1999. p. 205</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.'' 2008. p. 239</ref> However, it is likely that the longer ''Sukhāvatīvyūha'' owes greatly to the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]-[[Lokottaravāda]] sect as well for its compilation, and in this sutra, there are many elements in common with the Lokottaravādin ''[[Mahavastu|Mahāvastu]]''.<ref name="Nakamura, Hajime 1999. p. 205"/> There are also images of [[Amitābha]] Buddha with the [[bodhisattva]]s [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Mahāsthāmaprāpta]] which were made in Gandhāra during the Kushan era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/studypages/internal/dl/SouthAsia/Buddhist/pgs/u5/DL0230m.htm|title=Gandharan Sculptural Style: The Buddha Image|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045231/http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/studypages/internal/dl/SouthAsia/Buddhist/pgs/u5/DL0230m.htm|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' records that Kaniṣka of the Kushan Empire presided over the establishment of the Mahāyāna [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] teachings in the northwest.<ref name="Ray, Reginald 1999. p. 410">Ray, Reginald. ''Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.'' 1999. p. 410</ref> [[Taranatha|Tāranātha]] wrote that in this region, 500 [[bodhisattva]]s attended the council at Jālandhra monastery during the time of Kaniṣka, suggesting some institutional strength for Mahāyāna in the north-west during this period.<ref name="Ray, Reginald 1999. p. 410"/> [[Edward Conze]] goes further to say that Prajñāpāramitā had great success in the north-west during the Kushan period, and may have been the "fortress and hearth" of early Mahāyāna, but not its origin, which he associates with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism.<ref>Ray, Reginald. ''Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.'' 1999. p. 426</ref>

====Other religions====
[[Zoroastrianism]] also was present in Gandhara since the Persian conquest,<ref name="Wani"/> likely continuing to the reign of Ashoka and subsequently: some scholars have speculated that its presence may have influenced the development of unique aspects of Mahayana Buddhism in Gandhara.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Boyce | first1=Mary | last2=Grenet | first2=F. | title=A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule | publisher=BRILL | date=2015 | isbn=978-90-04-29391-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Euh5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}}</ref>

Gandhara, especially Taxila, during Kushan times also played an influential role in the development of arts and culture of the [[History_of_Hinduism#Hindu_synthesis_and_Classical_Hinduism_(c._200_BCE_–_1200_CE)|Hindu synthesis]],<ref>{{cite book | last=Schmidt | first=Karl J. | title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History | publisher=Routledge | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 | quote=In addition to being a center of religion for Buddhists, as well as Hindus, Taxila was a thriving center for art, culture, and learning.}}</ref> as the region's artistic traditions were influential to some of the early depictions of deities in [[Hindu_art#Hindu_art_under_the_Kushans_(2nd-3rd_century_CE)|Hindu art]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Srinivasan | first=Doris Meth | chapter=Hindu Deities in Gandharan art | title=Gandhara, the Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Legends, Monasteries, and Paradise | publisher=Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Mainz : Verlag Philipp von Zabern | date=2008 | isbn=978-3-8053-3957-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHBEAQAAIAAJ | page=130-143 | quote=Gandhara was not cut off from the heartland of early Hinduism in the Gangetic Valley. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas. [...] It is during the Kushan Era that flowering of religious imagery occurred. [...] Gandhara often introduced its own idiosyncratic expression upon the Buddhist and Hindu imagery it had initially come in contact with.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Blurton | first=T. Richard | title=Hindu Art | publisher=Harvard University Press | date=1993 | isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC | page=84, 176 | quote=The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara [...] Coins from Gandhara of the first century BC show Lakshmi [...] four-armed, on a lotus.}}</ref>

===Art===
{{See also|Greco-Buddhist art|Kushan art|Indo-Greek art|Indo-Scythian art}}
[[File:Lid with seated male figure, Gandhara, Pakistan.jpeg|thumb|right|Lid with seated male figure, Gandhara. (1st–2nd century)]]

Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive '''Gandhāra style''' of [[Buddhist art]], which shows the influence of [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] and Eastern Indo-Aryan influences from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Valley]].<ref name=ubc2011>{{cite book |last1=Behrendt |first1=Kurt |title=Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0774841283 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtYskEpemWgC |access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandhāran art]] flourished and achieved its peak during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period, from the 1st to the 5th centuries, but it declined and was destroyed after the invasion of the [[Alchon Huns]] in the 5th century.

Siddhārtha shown as a bejewelled prince (before [[Great Renunciation|Siddhārtha renounces palace life]]) is a common motif.<ref name="met">{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/budd/hd_budd.htm |title = Buddhism and Buddhist Art}}</ref> [[Stucco]], as well as stone, were widely used by sculptors in Gandhara for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings.<ref name=met /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siple |first=Ella S. |date=1931 |title=Stucco Sculpture from Central Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/864875 |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |volume=59 |issue=342 |pages=140–145 |jstor=864875 |issn=0951-0788}}</ref> Buddhist imagery combined with some artistic elements from the cultures of the Hellenistic world. An example is the youthful Buddha, his hair in wavy curls, similar to statutes of [[Apollo]].<ref name="met" /> Sacred artworks and architectural decorations used limestone for stucco composed by a mixture of local crushed rocks (i.e. [[schist]] and [[granite]]) which resulted compatible with the outcrops located in the mountains northwest of [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Carlo Rosa | author2 = Thomas Theye | author3 = Simona Pannuzi|url = https://doaj.org/article/4c2c60120f2343ccb1e43d8299572e53 | title = Geological overwiew of Gandharan sites and petrographical analysis on Gandharan stucco and clay artefacts | page = Abstract | language = en | format = pdf | access-date = 15 February 2020 | publisher = Firenze University Press | journal = Restauro Archeologico | oclc = 8349098991|issn = 1724-9686 |year = 2019 | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.13128/RA-25095 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215232533/https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/ra/article/view/7349/7343 | archive-date = 15 February 2020 | url-status = live}} on [[DOAJ]]</ref>

The artistic traditions of Gandhara art can be divided into the following phases:
*[[Indo-Greek art]]; 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE
*[[Indo-Scythian art]]; 1st century BCE to 1st century CE
*[[Kushan art]]; 1st century CE to 4th century CE

<gallery>
File:Standing Bodhisattva Gandhara Musee Guimet.jpg|Standing Bodhisattva (1st–2nd century)
File:BuddhaHead.JPG|Buddha head (2nd century)
File:Gandhara Buddha.jpg|Buddha head (4th–6th century)
File:BuddhaAcanthusCapitol.JPG|Buddha in [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] capital
File:GandharanAtlas.JPG|The Greek god [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda
File:KushanMaitreya.JPG|The [[Bodhisattva]] [[Maitreya]] (2nd century)
File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG|Wine-drinking and music, Hadda (1st–2nd century)
File:MayaDream.jpg|Maya's white elephant dream (2nd–3rd century)
File:SiddhartaBirth.jpg|The birth of Siddhārtha (2nd–3rd century)
File:LeavingPalace.jpg|The Great Departure from the Palace (2nd–3rd century)
File:EndAscetism.JPG|The end of asceticism (2nd–3rd century)
File:Sarnath3.JPG|The Buddha preaching at the Deer Park in [[Sarnath]] (2nd–3rd century)
File:Gandhara Buddha scene.jpg|Scene of the life of the Buddha (2nd–3rd century)
File:Paranirvana.JPG|The death of the Buddha, or [[parinirvana]] (2nd–3rd century)
File:HaddaSculpture.jpg|A sculpture from Hadda, (3rd century)
File:HaddaBodhisattva.jpg|The [[Bodhisattva]] and Chandeka, Hadda (5th century)
File:GandharaScrolls.JPG|Hellenistic decorative scrolls from [[Hadda, Afghanistan]]
File:GandharaFrieze.JPG|Hellenistic scene, Gandhara (1st century)
File:StonePalette1.JPG|A stone plate (1st century)
File:Laughing boy JN 16 F.25-876 (1).jpg|"Laughing boy" from Hadda
File:Gandhara, bodhisattva assiso, II sec..JPG|Bodhisattva seated in [[jhana|meditation]]
File:Marine deities Gandhara 1st century.jpg|Marine deities, Gandhara
File:SFAAMBuddha.jpg|The Seated Buddha, dating from 300 to 500 CE, was found near Jamal Garhi, and is now on display at the [[Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)|Asian Art Museum]] in [[San Francisco]].
File:Sharing of relics and Gandhara fortified city.jpg|Sharing of the [[Buddha]]'s relics, above a Gandhara fortified city
</gallery>

==Major cities==
Major cities of ancient Gandhara are as follows:
*[[Pushkalavati|Puṣkalavati]] ([[Charsadda]]), [[Pakistan]]
*[[Takshashila]] ([[Taxila]]), [[Pakistan]]
*[[Puruṣapura]] ([[Peshawer]]), [[Pakistan]]
*[[Sagala]] ([[Sialkot]]), [[Pakistan]]
*[[Oddiyana]] ([[Swat district|Swat]]), [[Pakistan]]
*[[Jibin]], [[Pakistan]] appears in the Chinese sources
* [[Chukhsa]] ([[Chhachh]]), [[Pakistan]]
* [[Attock Khurd]] ([[Attock]]), [[Pakistan]]
* [[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Hund]] ([[Swabi]]), [[Pakistan]]
* [[Bajaur]], capital of ([[Apraca]]), [[Pakistan]]
* [[Aornos]], somewhere in [[Hazara region|Hazara, Pakistan]]

==Notable people==
{{main|list of people from Gandhara}}

==In popular culture==
*''Gandhara:Buddha no Seisen'' is an action RPG released in Japan in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/51192/gandhara-buddha-no-seisen/&ved=2ahUKEwj0xcbs2Oz9AhVD-6QKHbZBCKoQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw10o7WfYVhm1fIa2ulvnvkp |access-date=21 March 2023 |title=Gandhara:Buddha no Seisen }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*"''[[Gandhara (song)|Gandhara]]''" is a 1978 song by Japanese [[rock music|rock]] band [[Godiego]], serving as their 7th single.
*''[[List of Shaman King characters#Gandhara|Gandhara]]'' is a fictional Buddhist pacifist organisation in the Japanese [[manga]] series ''[[Shaman King]]''.

==See also==
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[History of Punjab]]
*[[Apracharajas]]
*[[History of Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* Beal, Samuel. 1884. ''Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.'' 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
* Beal, Samuel. 1911. ''The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing''. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
* Bellew, H.W. ''Kashmir and Kashgar''. London, 1875. Reprint: Sang-e-Meel Publications 1999 {{ISBN|969-35-0738-X}}
* Caroe, Sir Olaf, '' The Pathans'', Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1958.
* {{citation |last=Eggermont |first=Pierre Herman Leonard |title=Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC&pg=PA179 |year=1975 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6186-037-2 |ref={{sfnref|Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan|1975}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Herodotus |year=1920 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0125 |title=Histories |others=With an English translation by A. D. Godley |language=el, en |place=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press.}}
* Hill, John E. 2003. [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ''Hou Hanshu''"]. 2nd Edition: ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes, 1st to 2nd centuries CE''. 2015. John E. Hill. Volume I, {{ISBN|978-1500696702}}; Volume II, {{ISBN|978-1503384620}}. CreateSpace, North Charleston, S.C.
* Hussain, J. '' An Illustrated History of Pakistan'', Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1983.
* {{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Digital South Asia Library |access-date=22 April 2015 |ref=CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer}}
* Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. ''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline''. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
* {{citation |last=Neelis |first=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA102 |year=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |ref={{sfnref|Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks|2010}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |publisher=Australian National University |date=January 1976 |language=en |first=Abdur |last=Rehman}}
* Shaw, Isobel. ''Pakistan Handbook'', The Guidebook Co., Hong Kong, 1989
* Watters, Thomas. 1904–5. ''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (A.D. 629–645)''. Reprint: Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. 1973.
*{{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |location=New York}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Lerner, Martin |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105494 |title=The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections |location=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1984 |isbn=0-87099-374-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rehman |first1=Abdur |title=A Note on the Etymology of Gandhāra |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2009 |volume=23 |pages=143–146 |jstor=24049432 }}
* {{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: A Catalogue of the Gandhāra Sculpture in the British Museum, Vol. I: Text, Vol. II: Plates by Wladimir Zwalf|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente|journal=Wladimir Zwalf, Review by: Anna Filigenzi|volume = 50|issue = 1/4|pages = 584–586|jstor = 29757475|last1 = Filigenzi|first1 = Anna|year = 2000}}
* Rienjang, Wannaporn, and Peter Stewart (eds), ''The Rediscovery and Reception of Gandharan Art'' (Archaeopress, 2022) ISBN 978-1-80327-233-7.
* Filigenzi, Anna. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757475?casa_token=HfRuHCh2g-0AAAAA%3ADrmuJhMVSo9qBp3y0TmO40cvqjHMnvLBWloX01tCkwL-EXp4lQbJ7UAc2cCVdk9dx3FQqC0UXufA12yJHlgJy0C2FUI0iDZ06UWkUd_o67OY5O7dv5UESg East and West], vol. 50, no. 1/4, 2000, pp. 584–86. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757475. Accessed 9 December 2024.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

*[https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/GandharaConnections/default.htm Gandharan Connections Project (Cambridge, 2016–2021)]
*[https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html Livius.org: Gandara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719233855/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html |date=19 July 2013 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040626090537/http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1996a.html The Buddhist Manuscript project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040405065830/http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/news/2002archive/08-02archive/k082002a.html University of Washington's Gandharan manuscript]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070222024000/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/galleries-gandhara.html Coins of Gandhara janapada]
*[http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html Gandhara Civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119143942/http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html |date=19 January 2020 }}- National Fund for Cultural Heritage (Pakistan)
{{Gandhara}}
{{Achaemenid Provinces}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}
{{Mahajanapada}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|33.7560|N|72.8291|E|type:landmark_region:PK|display=title}}

[[Category:Gandhara| ]]
[[Category:Achaemenid satrapies]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ancient Asia]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]

Sesham Mike-il Fathima

2026-03-28T21:42:56Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Manu C. Kumar}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sesham Mike-il Fathima
| image = Sesham Mikeil Fathima poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Manu C. Kumar
| writer = Manu C. Kumar
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sudhan Sundaram
* Jagadish Palanisamy
}}
| starring = [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]
| cinematography = [[Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Passion Studios
* The Route
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Dream Big Films ([[Kerala]])
* Sree Gokulam Movies (worldwide)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|10|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=31 October 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima' gets a release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-gets-a-release-date/article67479829.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103145959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-gets-a-release-date/article67479829.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Sesham Mike-il Fathima''''' ({{Translation|Up next, Fathima on mike}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by Manu C. Kumar in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] in the title role, alongside an ensemble supporting cast. The film narrates the story of Fathima Noorjahan (Kalyani Priyadarshan), a young Muslim woman from [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] who aspires to become a [[football commentator]].

The film was officially announced in September 2022. [[Principal photography]] began in the same month and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in November 2022. The music was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran]] and [[Kiran Das]].

''Sesham Mike-il Fathima'' was released on 10 November 2023 during the week of [[Diwali]] to mixed reviews from critics and declared as a box office success.<ref name=":3" />

== Plot ==
Fathima Noorjahan "Pathu" is an educated young woman from a middle-class, [[Orthodoxy|orthodox]] Muslim family in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]. Fathima's family consists of her father Muneer, mother Noorjahan, brother Asif, and grandmother. She has been interested in giving commentary on cartoons and live football matches since she was a child. One day, Fathima gets an opportunity to provide live commentary in a local football tournament through Asif. Fathima impresses the audience with her commentary and receives appreciation.

Fathima's family arranges a marriage proposal for her; however, it is cancelled due to her talkative nature. She gets a letter to join an [[internship]] at a biotechnology lab and departs for [[Kochi]]. Fathima meets Ramya Aavani, a journalist who was her senior at college, and reveals her desire to pursue a career as a [[Sports commentator|football commentator]]. With Ramya's help, Fathima meets Jayesh Nair, the president of the Kerala Football Federation, to inquire about the chances of commentary in the [[Indian Football League]] (IFL). Fathima and Ramya meet [[Shaiju Damodaran]] and learn about Shiva Narayanan, the deputy broadcast director of the IFL.

Fathima and Ramya meet with Sports Minister Beena Johny, but don't receive the expected help. Through Ramya's help, Fathima gets a job as an [[administrative assistant]] at a [[sports academy]] owned by Catherine. Fathima is recommended as a commentator for the Kerala School League football tournament by Solomon Margaret, a banned football player and one of the academy's co-founders. When Fathima arrives at the tournament, Jayesh insults her by saying that football commentary is a male-dominated field and that a female voice will not be appropriate.

Vijay John, a prominent member of the IFL, meets with Solomon and Fathima and tells them that he will discuss the matter with Shiva, who is arriving for the IFL organizing committee meeting. Fathima tries to meet Shiva on the meeting day, but Jayesh instructs the security to block Fathima. When Vijay tells Solomon about his helplessness, Solomon goes and beats up Jayesh, who is causing all kinds of problems. Catherine tells Fathima how Solomon was banned by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency|anti-doping agency]] and the suspected involvement of Jayesh in the cheating.

Fathima returns to Malappuram when she receives an invitation to provide commentary for the inter-district school tournament final. Jayesh threatens and humiliates Fathima, when she arrives for the match with her family. Fathima comes back to Kochi, and with the help of Prashant, a [[sports reporter]], Ramya provides Shiva's [[Instagram]] ID to her. Fathima unknowingly reveals to crime reporter Alex Kurian that Solomon was the one responsible for Jayesh's assault. As a result of Alex's newspaper reporting, Solomon's ban is extended for another two years. Solomon attempts suicide, and Fathima later tells him that she is responsible for the news report.

At a children's programme, Ramya invites Fathima to give live ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' commentary. A girl gives Fathima a chocolate, and in it, Fathima sees a message from Shiva about a meeting in the IFL stadium conference room. Along with some people, Muneer and Asif arrive at Ramya's house and take Fathima with them. On the way, Fathima convinces Asif and Muneer and reaches the stadium on time. Fathima visits Shiva in the conference room, and Shiva tells her that it was his daughter who gave her the chocolate. Fathima starts introducing herself in regional slang when Deepika, the scheduling director, asks her. She provides live commentary on the [[free kick]] footage of [[Roberto Carlos]] to when Shiva asks her to demonstrates her commentary skills.

However, Deepika conveys her concerns to Shiva about the risks of hiring Fathima over veteran stars and sports journalists and tells Fathima to try next year. When Jayesh's friend L. P. Gopakumar makes fun of Fathima, she explains the physics behind Roberto Carlos's free kick, which impresses Shiva and Deepika. Fathima is invited by Shiva to join the commentary team for the match between [[Kerala Blasters FC]] and [[Mumbai City FC]]. The next day, Fathima joins Shaiju Damodaran and [[I. M. Vijayan]] in the commentary box and begins commentary.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Fathima Noorjahan "Pathu"
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Shiva Narayanan (cameo appearance)
* [[Sudheesh]] as Muneer
* [[Femina George]] as Ramya Aavani
* [[Shaheen Siddique]] as Solomon Margaret
* [[Aneesh G. Menon]] as Asif
** Vasudev Sajeesh Marar as Young Asif
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Jayesh Nair
* [[Shaju Sreedhar]] as L. P. Gopakumar
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Deepika
* Priya Sreejith as Noorjahan
* [[Sminu Sijo]] as Beena Johny
* [[Thennal Abhilash]] as Kunju Fathima
* Privin Vinish as Sobin
* [[Balachandran Chullikkad]] as himself
* [[I. M. Vijayan]] as himself
* [[Shaiju Damodaran]] as himself
* [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]] as himself
* [[Parvathi T.]] as Catherine
* Navas Vallikkunnu as Rafeeq
* Balan Parakkal as Khader
* Jayaraj Calicut as Ahmed
* [[Sarasa Balussery]] as Fathima's grandmother
* [[Vijay Menon]] as Vijay John
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film marks the directorial debut of Manu C. Kumar, who was a former journalist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മനോരമ |date=12 September 2022 |title=കല്യാണിയുടെ 'ശേഷം മൈക്കില്‍ ഫാത്തിമ'; സംവിധാനം മനു സി. കുമാർ |trans-title=Kalyani's 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima', directed by Manu C. Kumar |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/09/12/kalyani-priyadarshan-s-sesham-mikeil-fathima-announcement-video.html |access-date= |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912045733/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/09/12/kalyani-priyadarshan-s-sesham-mikeil-fathima-announcement-video.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote the story of the film during 2017–18 and told it to [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] in 2019 when she was acting in ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreelekha |first=R. B. |date=20 November 2023 |title=തിരക്കഥ എഴുതിയപ്പോൾ സംവിധാനമാകാമെന്ന് തോന്നി, കല്യാണിയോട് ആദ്യമേ ഒരു ഡിമാൻഡ് വച്ചിരുന്നു: മനു.സി.കുമാർ |trans-title=When I wrote the script, I felt that I could direct it, and I had a demand with Kalyani: Manu C. Kumar |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/11/20/interview-with-director-manu-c-kumar-on-sesham-mikeil-fathima-movie.html |access-date= |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120101642/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/11/20/interview-with-director-manu-c-kumar-on-sesham-mikeil-fathima-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sudhan Sundaram and Jagadish Palanisamy jointly produced the film under the banners of Passion Studios and The Route.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=25 October 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Sesham Mike-il Fathima' Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-a-release-date |access-date= |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028130149/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran]] and [[Kiran Das]] were assigned as the cinematographer and editor, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=WATCH {{!}} Kalyani Priyadarshan is a girl with a goal in teaser of 'Sesham Mikel Fathima' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/aug/27/watch-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-a-girl-with-a-goal-in-teaser-of-sesham-mikel-fathima-2609192.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103145958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/aug/27/watch-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-a-girl-with-a-goal-in-teaser-of-sesham-mikel-fathima-2609192.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===

[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] was signed to play the lead role in the film as a football commentator based in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=18 September 2022 |title=After Thallumaala, Kalyani Priyadarshan to play a football announcer in Shesham Mike-il Fathima |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-thallumaala-kalyani-priyadarshan-to-play-a-football-announcer-in-shesham-mike-il-fathima/bee2647d08963 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005064332/https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-thallumaala-kalyani-priyadarshan-to-play-a-football-announcer-in-shesham-mike-il-fathima/bee2647d08963 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also marks her second appearance as a Malabar-based character after ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Sesham Mikeil Fathima's first single promo sung by Anirudh is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/25/sesham-mikeil-fathimas-first-single-promo-sung-by-anirudh-is-out-43883.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609110105/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/25/sesham-mikeil-fathimas-first-single-promo-sung-by-anirudh-is-out-43883.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She also trained in [[Arabi Malayalam|Malappuram slang]] and dubbed herself in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=2 June 2023 |title=Sesham Mikeil Fathima: Kalyani Priyadarshan has dubbed well in Malabar slang, says Manu C Kumar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mikeil-fathima-kalyani-priyadarshan-has-brilliantly-dubbed-in-malabar-slang-says-manu-c-kumar/2ae58a4401609 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602200316/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mikeil-fathima-kalyani-priyadarshan-has-brilliantly-dubbed-in-malabar-slang-says-manu-c-kumar/2ae58a4401609 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kalyani Priyadarshan reportedly approached [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] in order to learn Malabar slang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=തുടക്കത്തിൽ കുറെയേറെ കഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടു, പക്ഷെ അവർ തോൽക്കാൻ തയ്യാറായിരുന്നില്ല; കല്യാണിയേക്കുറിച്ച് സുരഭി |trans-title=Initially, she struggled a lot, but she was not ready to give up; Surabhi about Kalyani |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/surabhi-lakshmi-about-kalyani-priyadarshan-sesham-mikeil-fathima-1.9080460 |access-date= |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118083752/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/surabhi-lakshmi-about-kalyani-priyadarshan-sesham-mikeil-fathima-1.9080460 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shaheen Siddique]] was reported to appear in an [[Cameo appearance|extended cameo]] role.<ref name=":1" />

=== Filming ===

The film was officially announced by the makers on 11 September 2022 with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=12 September 2022 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan announces Sesham Mikeil Fathima. See first-look poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kalyani-priyadarshan-announces-sesham-mikeil-fathima-see-first-look-poster-1999256-2022-09-12 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527191410/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kalyani-priyadarshan-announces-sesham-mikeil-fathima-see-first-look-poster-1999256-2022-09-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima' commences filming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/15/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-commences-filming-2498562.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929082434/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/15/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-commences-filming-2498562.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 14 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mikeil Fathima begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/14/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathimabegins-34667.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005160030/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/14/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathimabegins-34667.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2022 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Sesham Mike-il Fathima' starts rolling |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-starts-rolling/articleshow/94200298.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510215809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-starts-rolling/articleshow/94200298.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule was completed on 5 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=First schedule wrapped up for Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mikeil Fathima |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/05/first-schedule-wrapped-up-for-kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-35331.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405070832/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/05/first-schedule-wrapped-up-for-kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-35331.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2022 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan completes the first schedule of 'Shesham Mike-il Fathima' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-completes-the-first-schedule-of-shesham-mike-il-fathima/articleshow/94678608.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129055021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-completes-the-first-schedule-of-shesham-mike-il-fathima/articleshow/94678608.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] was set as the film's main location.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan to team up with Joju George, Nyla Usha and Chemban Vinod Jose in Joshiy's next |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-to-team-up-with-joju-george-nyla-usha-and-chemban-vinod-jose-in-joshiys-next/e2f3f8a19f980 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430083408/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-to-team-up-with-joju-george-nyla-usha-and-chemban-vinod-jose-in-joshiys-next/e2f3f8a19f980 |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up on 2 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2022 |title=It's a wrap for Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Shesham Mike-il Fathima' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-kalyani-priyadarshans-shesham-mike-il-fathima/articleshow/95251603.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122011842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-kalyani-priyadarshans-shesham-mike-il-fathima/articleshow/95251603.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=It's a wrap for Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mikeil Fathima |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/02/its-a-wrap-for-kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-36204.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613111509/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/02/its-a-wrap-for-kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-36204.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As part of the promotions, Kalyani Priyadarshan made a football commentary during a match between [[Kerala Blasters FC]] and [[Odisha FC]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] on 28 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's football commentary mesmerises Kerala Blasters fans |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/28/kalyani-priyadarshan-sesham-michael-fathima-football-commentary.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030122951/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/28/kalyani-priyadarshan-sesham-michael-fathima-football-commentary.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sesham Mike-il Fathima
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| released = {{Start date|2023}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Think Music]]
| prev_title = [[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Spark L.I.F.E]]
| next_year = 2023
| year = 2023
}}
The music and background score were composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan To Play Lead In 'Sesham Mike-il Fathima' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kalyani-priyadarshan-to-play-lead-in-sesham-mike-il-fathima--news-222776 |website=Outlook |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406201125/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kalyani-priyadarshan-to-play-lead-in-sesham-mike-il-fathima--news-222776 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first [[Single (music)|single]] "Tatta Tattara" was released on 27 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=Tatta Tattara song from Sesham Mikeil Fathima out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/27/tatta-tattara-song-from-sesham-mikeil-fathima-out-43949.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603140104/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/27/tatta-tattara-song-from-sesham-mikeil-fathima-out-43949.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the first Malayalam song sung by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with lyrics written by [[Suhail Koya]] in Malappuram dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=30 May 2023 |title=Tatta Tattara: First Single From Kalyani's Sesham Mikeil Fathima Out |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/tatta-tattara-first-single-from-kalyanis-sesham-mikeil-fathima-out-anirudh-ravichander-hesham-abdul-wahab |access-date= |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531164057/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/tatta-tattara-first-single-from-kalyanis-sesham-mikeil-fathima-out-anirudh-ravichander-hesham-abdul-wahab |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title='Sesham Mikeil Fathima' treats fans with Anirudh's peppy song 'Tatta Tattara' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/05/28/sesham-mikeil-fathima-song-anirudh-tatta-tattara.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609093612/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/05/28/sesham-mikeil-fathima-song-anirudh-tatta-tattara.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tatta Tattara
| length1 = 3:05
| lyrics1 = Suhail Koya
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was originally scheduled to be released on 3 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manu |first=Hridyambika A. |date=30 October 2023 |title=Sesham Mikeil Fathima: Kalyani Priyadharshan starrer's release date gets delayed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mikeil-fathima-kalyani-priyadharshan-starrers-release-date-gets-delayed/ea9eb51f8d850 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103150001/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mikeil-fathima-kalyani-priyadharshan-starrers-release-date-gets-delayed/ea9eb51f8d850 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later postponed, and on 30 October 2023, a new release date was announced by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=31 October 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima' to release on this date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-to-release-on-this-date-2456114-2023-10-31 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103145959/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-to-release-on-this-date-2456114-2023-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 10 November 2023 during the week of [[Deepavali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Sesham Mike-il Fathima' gets a new release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/104843844.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103150000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/104843844.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The worldwide theatrical distribution rights were acquired by Sree Gokulam Movies of Gokulam Gopalan, and Dream Big Films distributed the film in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=14 September 2023 |title='ശേഷം മൈക്കിൽ ഫാത്തിമ' വിതരണാവകാശം സ്വന്തമാക്കി ഗോകുലം മൂവീസ് |trans-title=Gokulam Movies acquires the distribution rights of 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima' |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sesham-mikeil-fathima-distribution-rights-bag-by-gokulam-movies-vvk-s0zcu2 |access-date= |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103150000/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sesham-mikeil-fathima-distribution-rights-bag-by-gokulam-movies-vvk-s0zcu2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=കല്യാണിയുടെ 'ശേഷം മൈക്കിൽ ഫാത്തിമ'യുടെ വേൾഡ് വൈഡ് വിതരണാവകാശം സ്വന്തമാക്കി ഗോകുലം മൂവീസ് |trans-title=Gokulam Movies has bagged the worldwide distribution rights of Kalyani's 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-sesham-mikeil-fathima-movie-release-gokulam-movies-owns-distribution-rights-1.8906065 |access-date= |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926094937/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-sesham-mikeil-fathima-movie-release-gokulam-movies-owns-distribution-rights-1.8906065 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also reported that the makers initially planned the film as a direct [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] release instead of a theatrical release.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mikeil Fathima Set To Hit Theatres On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-set-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date-8636441.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029205625/https://www.news18.com/movies/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mikeil-fathima-set-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date-8636441.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical [[digital distribution]] rights were sold to [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mikeil Fathima teaser to be out tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/25/kalyani-priyadarshanssesham-mikeil-fathimateaser-to-be-out-tomorrow-46970.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831221025/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/25/kalyani-priyadarshanssesham-mikeil-fathimateaser-to-be-out-tomorrow-46970.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=18 September 2022 |title=Thallumaala star Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mike-il Fathima to release on Netflix? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-to-release-on-netflix/8fefaf85b5414 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927081512/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-to-release-on-netflix/8fefaf85b5414 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform on 15 December 2023 in Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Manu |first=Hridyambika |date=15 December 2023 |title=Sesham Mike-il Fathima out on OTT- Where to stream Kalyani Priyadarshan's comedy drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mike-il-fathima-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-kalyani-priyadarshans-comedy-drama/1c914c5d4b767 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215155605/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mike-il-fathima-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-kalyani-priyadarshans-comedy-drama/1c914c5d4b767 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mike-il Fathima Gets an OTT Release Date |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114231/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/kalyani-priyadarshans-sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-an-ott-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Sesham Mike-il Fathima'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=Sesham Mike-il Fathima gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/11/sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-ott-release-date-50264.html |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215155603/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/11/sesham-mike-il-fathima-gets-ott-release-date-50264.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Manu |first=Hridyambika |date=12 December 2023 |title=Sesham Mike-il Fathima on OTT: Kalyani Priyadarshan's 5 other films to stream today |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mike-il-fathima-on-ott-kalyani-priyadarshans-5-other-films-to-stream-today/0ad457d45a714 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215155604/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sesham-mike-il-fathima-on-ott-kalyani-priyadarshans-5-other-films-to-stream-today/0ad457d45a714 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=17 November 2023 |title=Sesham Mikel Fathima Movie Review: Kalyani Priyadarshan Starrer Promises Malabar Magic |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/sesham-mikel-fathima-movie-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-starrer-promises-malabar-magic-review-105278303 |access-date= |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117123804/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/sesham-mikel-fathima-movie-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-starrer-promises-malabar-magic-review-105278303 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gayathri Krishna of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sesham Mikeil Fathima'' is a good watch, but it could have been better with a few poignant emotional scenes and a more concise plot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=15 December 2023 |title=Sesham Mikeil Fathima review: Kalyani's act elevates this simple sports drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sesham-mikeil-fathima-review-a-simple-sports-drama-that-is-elevated-by-kalyani-priyadarshans-performance/bd1490bc3219 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Gopika Is of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sesham Mikeil Fathima'', directed by Manu C Kumar, is a chirpy, loud movie but a half-hearted attempt at exploring the aspects of a girl from a conservative background achieving her dreams."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Is |first=Gopika |date=17 November 2023 |title=Sesham Mikeil Fathima! Movie Review : A fairy tale like take on a serious subject |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/seshammikeilfathima/movie-review/105299058.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118102005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviereviewajax.cms?msid=105122101&type=moviereview&detailid=95129861 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Football fans may take pleasure in the cameos and trivia that the film has on offer, and Kalyani is sure-footed in kicking the ball. But the writing and direction come in the way of her scoring a goal."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=17 November 2023 |title=Sesham Mikeil Fathima review: A chirpy Kalyani Priyadarshan in a superficial film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sesham-mikeil-fathima-review-a-chirpy-kalyani-priyadarshan-in-a-superficial-film |access-date= |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101901/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=sowmya_rajen&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1725380456454201681&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Fflix%2Fsesham-mikeil-fathima-review-a-chirpy-kalyani-priyadarshan-in-a-superficial-film&sessionId=44f4d8c7cacd2699bebd9a3db312cb90b839eb62&siteScreenName=thenewsminute&theme=light&widgetsVersion=01917f4d1d4cb%3A1696883169554&width=550px |url-status=live }}</ref> Athira M of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Debutant director Manu C Kumar's film effectively and endearingly zooms in on how a Muslim girl chases her dream to become a football commentator."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=18 November 2023 |title='Sesham Mike-il Fathima' movie review: Kalyani Priyadarshan shines in this feel-good entertainer |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-shines-in-sesham-mike-il-fathima-directed-by-debutant-manu-c-kumar/article67546706.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120101612/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyani-priyadarshan-shines-in-sesham-mike-il-fathima-directed-by-debutant-manu-c-kumar/article67546706.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "''Sesham Mikeil Fathima'' tells the story of a girl who struggles to make a mark as a commentator in a man's world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=17 November 2023 |title=Review {{!}} 'Sesham Mikeil Fathima': Kalyani Priyadarshan's performance lift the film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/17/sesham-mikeil-fathima-movie-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-woman-commentator.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115500/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/17/sesham-mikeil-fathima-movie-review-kalyani-priyadarshan-woman-commentator.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]

Tiwa people

2026-03-26T10:17:48Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Short description|Ethnic group of north-eastern India}}
{{For|the language|Tiwa language (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tiwa
| image = Tiwa_people.jpg
| total = 371,000 appox.
| total_year = 2011 Census
| popplace = {{flag|India}} ([[Assam]] (in [[Tiwa Autonomous Council]]), [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]])

{{flag|Bangladesh}}
{{flag|Myanmar}}
| total_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref>
| languages = [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]] (native), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (predominantly spoken)
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups = Other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] groups
}}

The '''Tiwa people''' (also known as '''Lalung''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Driem |first=George van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tGLEAAAQBAJ&dq=tiwa+called+lalung&pg=PA525 |title=Languages of the Himalayas: Volume 2 |date=2022-09-12 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51492-8 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Tibeto-Burmese]] [[ethnic group]] primarily inhabiting the [[Northeast India]]n states of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]], and some parts of neighbouring [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wouters |first1=Jelle J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&dq=tiwa+in+Myanmar&pg=PT436 |title=The Routledge Companion to Northeast India |last2=Subba |first2=Tanka B. |date=2022-09-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-63699-4 |language=en}}</ref>

A striking peculiarity of the Tiwa is their division into two sub-groups, Hills Tiwa and Plains Tiwa.<ref>"Many Tiwas account for the cultural dichotomy between hills Tiwas and plains Tiwas in terms of an acculturation to the Assamese dominated plain culture"{{harvcol|Ramirez|2014|p=20}}</ref> The founder of Tiwa community is Pha Poroi "Indrosing Dewri" who has contributed a lot to the construction of Tiwa society. He also wrote the Tiwa national anthem called - O Angé Tiwa Tosima.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pha Poroi - Indrasing Dewri |title=O Ange Tiwa Tosima |url=https://archive.org/details/o-ange-tiwa-tosima |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref>

==Etymology==
They were known as ''Lalungs/Lalong/Laleng'' in the Assamese [[Buranji]]s and in Colonial literature<ref>Bhuyan S.K. (ed.)'' Deodhai Asam Buranji.'' Gauhati: DHAS, 1932.</ref><ref>Hunter W. ''A statistical account of Assam.'' London: Trubner, 1879.</ref> and in the Constitution of India, though members of the group prefer to call themselves Tiwa (meaning "the people who were lifted from below"). Some of their neighbours still call them Lalung.<ref>"(T)he Tiwas, called Lalungs by their neighbours"{{harvcol|Ramirez|2014|p=19}}</ref>

==Origin==
According to [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]], the Tiwas are originally the [[Pator-goya]] clan of the ethnic [[Deori people]]. He said that the word "Chutia" became "Tia/Tiwa" by omitting the first part "Chu" but there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim. At present, the Patorgoyan clan is neither found among the Deoris nor among the Chutias, and are believed to have migrated to the west. The origin of the word "Lalung" hasn't yet been decided by the historians. In the [[Karbi language]], "Lalung" means "sinking from the water", while in the [[Ahom language]], it means "migration towards the west". From this, it can be presumed that the Tiwa people first met the Karbis when they proceeded towards the west to [[Nagaon district|Nagoan]] by crossing the [[Brahmaputra]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}[[File:Jongal Balahu (Tiwa King).jpg|thumb|Statue of Tiwa chief- '''[[Jungal Balahu|Jongal Balahu (1415–1440)]] or Mriganka ''' from Jongal Balahu Garh at Raha, Nagaon, Assam]]

This is moreover supported by the folklore of the Tiwa people who believe that they migrated a long time back from their homeland which was situated in the eastern part of undivided [[Darrang district]] ([[Sonitpur district]]). The memory of their original homeland is expressed in their popular song "Lali-lai-Hilali". This folklore of Hilali is also shared by the Sadiyal Kacharis (i.e. Sonowals, Chutias, Deoris) which points out to the fact that the entire area including the hills of Arunachal, and the present-day districts of [[Sonitpur District|Sonitpur]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]] was once a single kingdom which was bounded by the [[Dikrong River|Dikarai]] and [[Dikhow River|Dikhou]].

However, some other experts believe that there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim that the Tiwas are related to the Pator-goya clan, which prompted a section of the Deoris to begin a search. A preliminary investigation from 30 September to 5 October under the aegis of ''Jimachaya Giyan Aru Juktibadi Samaj'' has given a positive indication of the presence of Deori people in [[Kachin State|Kachin]] province and near [[Yangon]] in Myanmar. A team of researchers has decided to visit Myanmar, hoping to find out the lost clan.<ref group=web>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/to-myanmar-in-search-of-a-lost-clan-of-the-deoris-tribe-of-assam/article6485876.ece|title = To Myanmar, in search of a lost clan of the Deoris tribe of Assam|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 October 2014|last1 = Talukdar|first1 = Sushanta}}</ref>

Researchers like Robert Shafer,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafer |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuy1XwAACAAJ |title=Athapaskan and Sino-Thibetan. Robert Shafer ... |date=1952 |language=en}}</ref> [[George Abraham Grierson|George Greirson]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkcFMwEACAAJ |title=Sir George Grierson and the Linguistic Survey of India |date=1928 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Dr. Suniti Chatterjee]] have all placed the [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]], [[Kokborok]] and the [[Deori language|Deori]] language as belonging to a single family under [[Boro–Garo languages|Kachari]] languages.
In the ''Assam Census report'' of 1881, [[Laurence Waddell|Wadell]] made a significant proposition about the Tiwas, "The Lalungs got mixed up with the Garos and the Mikirs. They have numerous exogamous clans". This could be one of the reasons as to why the Ahom chroniclers could not differentiate between the Tiwas and the other ethnic groups of the hills, and the reason why the Tiwas developed a unique culture of their own retaining old customs from their homeland as well as getting influenced from the [[Karbi people|Karbis]] and [[Garo people|Garos]].

==Medieval Period==

The [[Buranji]]s (Assamese chronicles) recount the meeting of Assamese soldiers with "people of the margins"(''datiyaliya'') and the settlement of 12 families of Lalung and Mikir, i.e. Tiwas and [[Karbi people|Karbis]], in the plains in the 17th century.<ref>Bhuyan S.K. (ed.)'' Deodhai Asam Buranji.'' Gauhati: DHAS, 1932.</ref> Tiwa people are closely associated with the principality of ''Kobâ (Gobha)''.<ref>{{harv|Ramirez|2014|p=23}}</ref> The ''Kobâ rajâ (Gobha raja)'' belongs to a Tiwa clan and his territory covers more or less the Tiwa cultural realm. ''Kobâ (Gobha)'' is mentioned in the Buranjis since the early 18th century, as an important market for the trade between Tiwa (Lalung) Kingdom of greater Assam, and the [[Jaintia Kingdom]].<ref>Bhuyan S.K. (ed.)'' Deodhai Asam Buranji.'' Gauhati: DHAS, 1932; p.35.</ref> These two powerful neighbors have since been competing to keep Kobâ (Gobha) principality under their authority, with varying success. The historical role of ''Kobâ (Gobha)'' and the Tiwas as mediators between plains and hills in Central Assam is enacted every year during an old fair, the [[Jonbeel Mela]] (''Chunbîl Melâ'').

The Tiwas were under the [[Jaintia kingdom]] but it had to acknowledge the Ahom supremacy during the reign of [[Pratap Singha]]. The Gobha raja accepted [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] as its overlord in 1659 A.D. Gobha was used as an army base during the reign of [[Rudra Singha]] to invade the [[Jaintia Kingdom]]. The chief of the Tiwas tried to yoke off the Ahom supremacy during the reign of [[Siva Singha]] but was suppressed. This state was formerly an appendages of the government of [[Guwahati]] under the [[Borphukan]], but during the [[Moamoria rebellion]], the area came under the rule of the Jaintias.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1994|pp=248–49}}</ref>

The Gobha chief who became vassal of the Ahoms during the reign [[Pratap Singha]], died in the Battle of [[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]], fighting from the side of the Ahoms against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].

==Hills Tiwa==
The Hills Tiwa live in the westernmost areas "The Ancient Lalung - Tiwa Hills" now known as Umswai Valley of Amri Constituency under the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council of Amri block in West [[Karbi Anglong district]] (Assam) and as well as in the Northeastern corner of [[Ri-Bhoi district]] (Meghalaya). They speak their own [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa language]] which is a part of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language]] of the [[Bodo-Garo languages|Bodo-Garo group]]. They are divided into a dozen clans recognized by specific names which they use as [[patronymic]]s. Their descent system can be said to be [[ambilineal]].<ref>Ramirez, Philippe, ''People of the Margins'', Spectrum, 2014</ref> In most cases, the husband goes to live in her wife's family settlement ([[matrilocal residence|matrilocality]]), and their children are included in their mother's clan. However, in about 30% of unions, the woman comes to live with her husband. In such cases, children take the name of their father. This trend is on the rise under the influence of neighbouring populations which are mostly [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]]. Around 97.98% of Tiwas follow [[Hinduism]] blend with their traditional beliefs, and around 1.71% follows [[Christianity]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The Hill Tiwas society is organized around seven old villages which constitute its political as well as ritual center. Each of them harbors a chief (''loro'') who performs judicial and religious duties for a network of settlements. Old villages are also characterized by their bachelor dormitory (''shamadi'').
[[File:Tiwa man folks working in the Paddy field.jpg|thumb|Tiwa man folks]]

==Plains Tiwa==
Plains Tiwa live on the flatlands of the Southern bank of the Brahmaputra valley, The following places below are the areas mostly in [[Morigaon]], [[Nagaon]], [[Hojai]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] (Rural) and (Metro), [[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Sonitpur District|Sonitpur]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] districts.They speak Assamese as their mother tongue. Their descent system is definitely patrilineal. Their patronymics are not derived from their clan's names but are common Assamese surname-names instead (mostly Lalung, Pator, Senapati, Manta, Dekaraja, Dewraja, Bordoloi, Konwar, Doloi, Kakoti, Deka, Dewri, Deuri, Deory, Deori, Bhuyan, etc.). Their religion shares many elements with Assamese Hinduism but remains specific. And plains Tiwa's sang "Godalboriya Geet", plains Tiwa's folk songs sang in Assamese & Tiwa mixed.

==Tiwa Language==
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Map of the Languages and Dialects of the Bârâ or Bodo Group of the Tibeto-Burman Family (cropped).jpg
|bSize = 937
|cWidth = 200
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|Description = Distribution of Lalung(Tiwa), as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
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[[Tiwa language (India)]] is spoken in northwestern [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] district and further north in parts of [[Morigaon district|Morigaon District]] / [[Nagaon district|Nagaon District]] in the plains of [[Assam]]. There is a cluster of Tiwa villages in the northeastern [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-Bhoi District]] of [[Meghalaya]]. For want of precise knowledge, it is difficult to speak of strictly delimited Tiwa dialects. On the one hand, Tiwa, probably with the exception of the variety of Tiwa spoken near [[Sonapur, Assam|Sonapur]] in Assam, is a single language, any of its dialects being mutually intelligible with any other. Like most languages of the hill tribes of the [[Northeast India]], [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]] people do not have their own script. Therefore, they use the [[Latin script|Latin]] script and occasionally use [[Bengali–Assamese script|Assamese]] script.

[[File:Tiwa Mor (Tiwa Community Alphabet of India).jpg|thumb|Tiwa Mor (Tiwa Alphabet)]]

==Tiwa Clan System==
The Tiwa community is divided into several ''Phoit (Wali)'' and ''Dilok'' (divided into exogamous clans and again the clans are sub-divided into many sub-clans) Example - ''Amsai wali, Marjong wali, Magro, Sagra, Mayong, Lingra, Lumphui, Amkha, Amlera, Amni baro, Amnisa, Rongkhoi baro, Rongkhoisa'' etc. The''Wali or Phoits'' have their own ''Loro''. The ''Loro'' (priest) is the Governor of the ''12 Phoits or Wali'' kingdoms. Now in every ''Phoits'' there is a ''Sat Phuni, Baro Phuni'' called ''Khul'',''Pongos, Khel, Mahar, and Warang''. Tiwa have various ''Khuls'', they can marry with other ''Khul'' but not with ''Pongos, Khel, and Warang'' (means that they are allowed to marry people from other clans). A single ''khul'' consists of several ''Khel Mahar''. In every ''Khul'' there are different ''Khel'' called ''Warang''.

* Note: Khul = Clan,
**(i) Pongos,
**(a) Khel, Warang

The Tiwa clans cooperate with one another as a community, whether constructing a house, harvesting rice, or worshiping. Every clan has its own place of community worship where there is a titular for the clan's god.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+List of Tiwa Clans and Sub-Clans
!Number
!Clans
|-
| 1
| Agari
|-
| 2
| Amphi
|-
| 3
| Amphili
|-
| 4
| Amchi/Amsi
|-
| 5
| Amchong/Amsong
|-
| 6
| Aphi
|-
| 7
| Agar
|-
| 8
| Amji
|-
| 9
| Akawang
|-
| 10
| Anchong/Ansong
|-
| 11
| Buma/Puma
|-
| 12
| Borong
|-
| 13
| Chagra/Sagra
|-
| 14
| Cholong/Solong
|-
| 15
| Chomsol/Somsol
|-
| 16
| Chongrang/Songrang
|-
| 17
| Chomchong/Somsong
|-
| 18
| Chomcha/Somsa
|-
| 19
| Chongcha/Songsa
|-
| 20
| Chanchor/Sansor
|-
| 21
| Cholo/Solo
|-
| 22
| Darang
|-
| 23
| Darphang
|-
| 24
| Daphor
|-
| 25
| Dakhor
|-
| 26
| Datrang
|-
| 27
| Dongkhoi
|-
| 28
| Damo
|-
| 29
| Dumura
|-
| 30
| Hukai
|-
| 31
| Khorai/Kharai
|-
| 32
| Kholar
|-
| 33
| Khajar/Khachar/Khasar
|-
| 34
| Karkha
|-
| 35
| Kharal
|-
| 36
| Khamli
|-
| 37
| Khonjai
|-
| 38
| Kocho/Koso
|-
| 39
| Lumphoi
|-
| 40
| Ladur
|-
| 41
| Laram/Lara
|-
| 42
| Lupu
|-
| 43
| Madar/Mathar
|-
| 44
| Madur
|-
| 45
| Magor
|-
| 46
| Marjong
|-
| 47
| Malang/Melang
|-
| 48
| Machlai/Maslai
|-
| 49
| Markang
|-
| 50
| Machereng/Masereng
|-
| 51
| Mithi
|-
| 52
| Maloi
|-
| 53
| Muni
|-
| 54
| Mathlai
|-
| 55
| Mothrong/Mosorong
|-
| 56
| Phangchong/Pamchong/Phangsong/Phamsong
|-
| 57
| Pulu
|-
| 58
| Puru/Pu
|-
| 59
| Radu
|-
| 60
| Rongkhoi
|-
| 61
| Taram
|}

==Tiwa Festivals==
Festivals constitute a significant part of the culture of the Tiwa people. There are many festivals of Tiwa people. Tiwa people celebrate several occasions and festivals. The main festivals of the Tiwa [[ethnic group]]s are: Three ''Pisû'' (Bihu), ''Borot Kham'' (Borot Utsav), ''Kablâ Phûja'', ''Khel Cháwa Kham'', ''Langkhôn Phûja'', ''Sôgra Phûja'', ''Wanshúwa Kham'' ([[Wanshuwa Festival|Wanshuwa]]), ''Yanglî Phûja'', etc. (Note: Pisû = Bihu Kham = Festivals, Phûja = Puja).They also organize the [[Jonbeel Mela]] every year in which the barter system of trade is still prevalent.
[[File:Jonbeel_Fair_12.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=Jinbeel Mela|Jonbeel Mela]]

[[File:Khelchawa festival of the Hill Tiwas.jpg|border|center|thumb|Khelchawa Festival of Hills Tiwa.]]
[[File:Langkhon Phuja.webp|thumb|Langkhon festival]]

In the festivals, the Tiwa communities sing two types of songs. These are:

#'''Lo Ho La Hai''' - songs of the ceremony of name-giving, wedding, and harvesting, etc.
#'''Lali Hilali Lai'''– song of the marriage ceremony, Karam, and similar festivals.

*Songs and dances are the living spirits of the Tiwa community; the Tiwa people is considered to have one of the richest reservoirs of folk songs and dances in the state of Assam and Meghalaya.

==Population==
[[File:TiwaHouse.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A Hill Tiwa house]]
Tiwa population in India is 371,000 approx. (2011 census). But according to the 2001 Census reports 161,000 approx. "Tiwas/Lalungs"; this figure comprises only the Plains Tiwas. As they became a Scheduled Tribe after the 2001 Census, the Hill Tiwas were not taken into account. Their population may be estimated at 10,000 approx. The total number of Tiwa speakers amounts only to 34,800 approx. (2011 Census).

==Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)==

Tiwa people have an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous council]] consisting of 36 seats for their special representation in [[Assam]] called the [[Tiwa Autonomous Council]]. The last election was held in 2020.<ref group=web>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/tiwa-autonomous-council-bjp-wins-16-seats-leading-in-many-others/articleshow/79816381.cms|title=Tiwa autonomous council elections: Tiwa Autonomous Council: BJP wins 16 seats, leading in many others | Guwahati News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2020 }}</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tiwa-autonomous-council-bjp-wins-6-seats-leading-in-12-more-2340923|title = Tiwa Autonomous Council: BJP Registers Landslide Victory}}</ref>

[[File:Tiwa Autonomous Council 2020.svg|thumb|300px|Composition of Tiwa Autonomous Council]]

'''Government (35)''' 
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]: 33 
[[Asom Gana Parishad]]: 2

'''Opposition (1)''' 
[[Indian National Congress]]: 1

==Official status==
Tiwas, under the denomination of "Lalung", have been recorded as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] since the first Constitution Order (1950) for the State of Assam excluding the autonomous districts of [[Karbi Anglong]] and North Cachar Hills (now named [[Dima Hasao]]), thus leaving the Hill Tiwas out. It was only in 2002 that the Tiwa (Lalung) Scheduled Tribe status has been extended to Karbi-Anglong district and thus to the Hill Tiwas. Tiwas still do not benefit the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status in the State of [[Meghalaya]].

==Notable people==
* [[Rama Kanta Dewri]], politician

==See also==
*[http://tiwatribe.blogspot.in Tiwa Tribe]
*[https://tiwatribe.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-study-on-autonomy-movement-of-tiwa.html?m=1 History of Tiwa Autonomy Movement]
*[[Jonbeel Mela]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/tiwayouthassociation Tiwa Youth Association (TYA)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/thewildlalungsnortheastindia The Wild Lalungs]
*[[Tiwa language (India)]]
*[[Sogra Festival]]
*[[Deo Langkhui]]
*[[Wanshuwa Festival]]
*[[Shikdamakha]]
*[[Tiwa Autonomous Council|Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)]]
*[[Tiwa musical instrument]]
*[[Tiwa-English Dictionary]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ramirez|first=Philippe|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446144/document|title=People of the Margins - Across Ethnic Boundaries in Northeast India|year=2014|publisher=Spectrum Publications}}
*{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Edward Tuite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wxWAAAAcAAJ&dq=bihiya+ahom&pg=PA77|title=Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal|date=1872|publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing|language=en}}
*{{Citation|last1=Gogoi |first1=Nityananda |title=Historical Geography of Medieval Assam |date=1994 |publisher=EBH Publishers (India)}}
*{{Citation |last=Jacquesson |first=François |title=Discovering Boro-Garo: History of an analytical and descriptive linguistic category |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=32 |year=2008}}
{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{reflist|group=web}}
{{Commons category|Tiwa people}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Tiwa (India)| ]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]

Kaisar-i-Hind Medal

2026-03-25T07:52:22Z

HymanGumm776: enhanced layout per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{about| medal for distinguished public service in India during British rule|medal commemorating the proclamation of Queen Victoria|Empress of India Medal|other uses|Kaiser-i-Hind (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{infobox award
| name = Kaisar-i-Hind Medal for Public Service in India
| image = [[File:Kaiser-I-Hind driemaal.jpg|350px]]
| caption = Representations of the Gold, Silver and Bronze Medals (George V – second type)
| presenter = [[Emperor of India]]
| country = [[British Raj]]
| type = Civil decoration
| eligibility = Civilians of any nationality
| awarded_for = Persons considered to have done some public service worthy of recognition by Government<ref>{{cite book|first=|last=|quote=The medal is awarded by the Viceroy of India to such persons as are considered to have done some public service worthy of recognition by Government. Only two medals were awarded in the past year for the whole Presidency of Madras, ...|page=74|title=Report of the Year ... of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts}}</ref>
| campaign = Dormant since 1947
| established = 10 April 1900
| higher = [[Order of British India]]
| same =
| lower = [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St John]]
| related =
| image2 = [[File:Kaisar-i-Hind Medal.gif]]
| caption2 = Ribbon of ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' Medal
}}

The '''Kaisar-i-Hind Medal for Public Service in India''' was a medal awarded by the [[Emperor of India|Emperor/Empress of India]] between 1900 and 1947, to "any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex ... who shall have distinguished himself (or herself) by important and useful service in the advancement of the public interest in India."<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27191|page=2996|date=11 May 1900}}</ref>

The name "Kaisar-i-Hind" ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|قیصرِ ہند}}}} ''qaisar-e-hind)'' literally means "[[Emperor of India]]" in the [[Urdu|Urdu language]]. The word ''kaisar'', meaning "emperor" is a derivative of the Roman imperial title [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]], via Persian (see [[Caesar (title)#Ottoman Empire|Qaysar-i Rum]]) from Greek Καίσαρ ''Kaísar'', and is [[cognate]] with the German title [[Kaiser]], which was borrowed from Latin at an earlier date.<ref>See [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 [http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094912/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf |date=2013-05-23 }}</ref> Based upon this, the title ''[[Kaisar-i-Hind]]'' was coined in 1876 by the orientalist [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner|G.W. Leitner]] as the official imperial title for the British monarch in India.<ref name="B.S. Cohn 1983 p. 201-2">B.S. Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), ''The Invention of Tradition'' (1983), 165-209, esp. 201-2.</ref> The last ruler to bear it was [[George VI]].

''Kaisar-i-Hind'' was also inscribed on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] side of the [[India General Service Medal (1909)]], as well as on the Indian Meritorious Service Medal.<ref>[[:File:India General Service Medal 1909 G5-v1.jpg]]</ref>

==History==
[[Empress of India]] or ''Kaisar-i-Hind'', a term coined by the orientalist [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner|G.W. Leitner]] in a deliberate attempt to dissociate British imperial rule from that of preceding dynasties<ref name="B.S. Cohn 1983 p. 201-2"/> was taken by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] from 1 May 1876, and proclaimed at the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1877.

The medal was instituted by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] on 10 April 1900.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27191|page=2997|date=11 May 1900}}</ref> The name translates as "Emperor of India" (a name also used for a rare Indian butterfly, ''[[Teinopalpus imperialis]]''). The Royal Warrant for the Kaisar-i-Hind was amended in 1901, 1912, 1933 and 1939. While never officially rescinded, the Kaisar-i-Hind ceased to be awarded following the passage of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]].<ref name="IAH">{{cite web|title=Imperial medals|publisher=Australian Government, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|date=27 June 2016|url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/resource-centre/government/imperial-medals|access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> The awards of the gold medal were often published in the ''[[London Gazette]]'', while other classes were published in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''.

==Medal grades and design==
The medal had three grades. The Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal for Public Service in India was awarded directly by the monarch on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for India. Silver and Bronze medals were awarded by the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]]. The medal consisted of an oval-shaped badge or decoration in gold, silver or bronze with the [[Royal Cipher]] and Monarchy on one side, and the words "Kaisar-i-Hind for Public Service in India" on the other. It was to be worn suspended from the left breast by a dark blue ribbon. The medal has no [[post-nominal]] initials.<ref name="IAH"/>

One of its most famous recipient is [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who was awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915 by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]] for his contribution to [[Indian Ambulance Corps|ambulance services]] in [[South Africa]]. Gandhi returned the medal following the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] carried out by the British officials and wrote, "In European countries, condonation of such grievous wrongs as the khilafat and the Punjab would have resulted in bloody revolution by the people."<ref name="Society for Contemporary Studies 1975 p. ">{{cite book | author=Society for Contemporary Studies | title=The Contemporary | publisher=R.N. Guha Thakurta | issue=v. 19 | year=1975 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmrVAAAAMAAJ| page=10}}</ref><ref name="Allied Publishers 1988 p. ">{{cite book | title=Indian History | publisher=Allied Publishers | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC| page=355}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://britishmilitarymedals.co.uk/kaiser-i-hind-medal|title=Kaiser-i-Hind medal|website=britishmilitarymedals.co.uk|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232736/http://britishmilitarymedals.co.uk/kaiser-i-hind-medal|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&q=kaiser-i-hind+gandhi+returned&pg=PA46|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922|first=Judith M.|last=Brown|date=26 September 1974|publisher=CUP Archive|via=Google Books|isbn=9780521098731}}</ref>

==Notable recipients==
'''''Award of the Medal and Bar to the Medal'''''
* Lillian Agnes Starr, Gold Medal with Bar; awarded in 1923 as Matron-in-charge of the C.M.S. Mission Hospital, Peshawar
* Olive Monahan, Gold Medal with Bar; retired Chief Medical Officer Kalyani Hospital, Madras<ref name=":0" />
* [[Cornelia Sorabji]], Gold Medal with Bar; first female advocate in India; first woman to practice law in India and Britain
* [[Lucia Navamani Virasinghe-Chinnappa]], awarded Medal 1937 & Bar to the Medal 1941; pioneered maternity and child health on the Indian subcontinent.

'''''Award of the medal'''''

'''Gold medal'''

* Sardar Khan Bahadur [[Mir Abdul Ali]], JP, Bombay, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374">{{London Gazette|issue=27374|date=9 November 1901|page=7288|supp=1}}</ref>
* Dr [[Margaret Ida Balfour]], Scottish doctor and campaigner for women's medical health issues<ref>{{londongazette|issue=31712|supp=y|page=7|date=30 December 1919}}</ref>
* Dr [[Mary Ronald Bisset]], Scottish physician and missionary for women's medical health.<ref name="Honours">{{Cite news |date=2 January 1931 |title=Missionaries in the Honours List |pages=12 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51912707/missionaries-in-the-honours-list/ |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 1931 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33675/supplement/13/data.pdf |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |newspaper=London Gazette |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>
* Florence Mary Macnaghten, British - Scottish CMS nurse / in charge of the Canadian Zanana Mission Hospital at Kangra, Punjab, India, for 1905 earthquake relief work and for women's medical health.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* [[Richard Burn (Indologist)|Richard Burn]], for famine services in 1907–08<ref name="who">"BURN, Sir Richard", in ''[[Who Was Who]]'', [[A & C Black]], online edition, [[Oxford University Press]], 2014; retrieved 27 May 2014.</ref>
* [[Shankar Madhav Chitnavis]], Esq., Deputy-Commissioner, Central Provinces, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* [[Thomas Cooke (general)|Major General Thomas Arthur Cooke]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist">{{cite book|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905|year=1905|publisher=Harrison and Sons|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaisar-i-Hind+Medal&pg=PA172|access-date=18 November 2012|page=172}}</ref>
* [[Jim Corbett]], 2 January 1928<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33343 |supp=y |page=7 |date= 30 December 1927}}</ref>
* [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|The Lady Curzon of Kedleston]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Major Herbert Edward Deane, R.A.M.C., 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* Major Thomas Edward Dyson, MB, CM, Indian Medical Service, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* Mrs E J Firth, of Madras, awarded medal on 9 November 1901 for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="LG27374" />
* Lieutenant Colonel Robert Shore, Irish Surgeon, M.A., M.D., R.U.I., L.F.P.S.G., Indian Medical Service, 1 January 1906<ref>Evening Mail, London England, Jan 1 January 1906, Page 6</ref><ref>Indian Medical Gazette, April 1912, Page 168</ref>
* [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] (returned 1920)
* [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]] (justice of the madras high court) He was awarded the Medal for his public service contributions
* Major General Sir [[William Forbes Gatacre]], chairman of the plague committee of Bombay City 1896 and 1897<ref name="LG-27195">{{London Gazette|issue=27195|supp=y|page=3329|date=23 May 1900}}</ref>
* N S Glazebrook, Esq., JP, of Bombay, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* [[John Anderson Graham|Very Rev John A. Graham, D.D.]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Thomas Holderness]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Sydney Hutton Cooper Hutchinson, Esq., [[AMICE]], Superintendent of Telegraphs, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* The Most Hon [[Alice Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32941|date=30 May 1924|page=4419}}</ref>
* Reverend [[William Henry Jackson (priest)|William Henry Jackson]] of the Blind School, Kemmendine, Rangoon, awarded the gold medal for public services in India, 1930.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33566 |supp=y |page=11 |date= 31 December 1929}}</ref>
* Colonel Sir [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]], KCIE, Indian Staff Corps, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], physician and one of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia University<ref name="1915IndianBio">{{cite book|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary |editor=C. Hayavando Rao|publisher=Pillar & Co. |location=Madras |year=1915| pages=11, 470–71}}</ref>
* [[Isabel Kerr]], Scottish medical missionary in India in the early 20th-century, created the Victoria Leprosy Centre in Hyderabad, and worked to cure leprosy across India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian., Pipes, Rose.|isbn=978-0-7486-3293-0|location=Edinburgh|pages=194|oclc=185096266}}</ref>
* [[Taw Sein Ko]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Harrington Verney Lovett, Esq., Indian Civil Service, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* [[Elizabeth Adelaide Manning]], awarded the medal in 1904 for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="Office1819">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. India Office|title=The India List and India Office List for ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ|year=1819|publisher=Harrison and Sons|page=172}}</ref>
* Sir [[Francis William Maclean]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27195|date=22 May 1900 |page=3329|supp=y}}</ref>
* Herbert Frederick Mayes, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Indian Civil Service, 9 Nov 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel James McCloghry, FRCS, Indian Medical Service, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* Miss [[Eleanor McDougall]], awarded Medal of the First Class in June 1923 for her work as Principal of the Women's Christian College, Madras<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32830/supplement/3952/data.pdf|title=3952 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE|date=2 June 1923|website=Thegazette.co.uk|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
* A Donald Miller, MBE, (1939) for work with the Leprosy Mission 1921-1942<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/afec/d7adda88563ab8907a2cf916e8b3c98ca265.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303160800/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/afec/d7adda88563ab8907a2cf916e8b3c98ca265.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2019|title=Photographic gallery of senior distinguished contributors|journal=International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases |year=1973|last1=Peterson|first1=L.|last2=Skinsnes|first2=O. K.|volume=41|issue=2|pages=179–186|pmid=4592241|s2cid=22334921}}</ref>
* Rev Charles Henry Monahan, awarded Medal of the First Class in February 1937 for his work as General Superintendent, Methodist Missionary Society, Madras<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34365/supplement/701/data.pdf|title=SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON- GAZETTE|date=February 1937|website=Thegazette.co.uk|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
* Olive Monahan, Gold Medal with Bar, retired Chief Medical Officer Kalyani Hospital, Madras<ref name=":0">{{londongazette|issue=31931|supp=y|page=6319|date=5 June 1920}}</ref><ref>{{londongazette|issue=35029|supp=y|page=22|date=1 January 1941}}</ref>
* [[Sarojini Naidu]], Received gold medal for organising flood relief work in Hyderabad, later returned in protest over [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upgovernor.gov.in/en/post/smt-sarojini-naidu|title=Official Website of Governor's Secretariat, Raj Bhavan Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India. / SMT. Sarojini Naidu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/naidu-sarojini-1879-1949| title = Naidu, Sarojini (1879–1949) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* [[Amina Hydari]] - social worker, reformer, activist. Received medal for organising flood relief work in Hyderabad during the Musi floods.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Roberts|editor1-first=C.|title=What India Thinks: Being a Symposium of Thought Contributed by 50 Eminent Men and Women Having India's Interest at Heart|date=1939|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120618800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLct2qLz-_cC|accessdate=1 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[Vidyagauri Nilkanth]], social reformer, educationist, and writer<ref>{{londongazette|issue=35029|supp=y|page=22|date=31 December 1940}}</ref>
* William Florey Noyce, Esq., Extra-Assistant Commissioner and Assistant Secretary to the Financial Commissioner, Burma, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* Dr John David O′Donnell, MBE, VD, FRCSEd, Chief Medical and Sanitary Officer, Kolar Gold Fields, Mysore, July 1926<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2522954|pmid=20772670|volume=2|title=War Memorial Hospital at Andover|year=1926|journal=Br Med J|issue=3418|pages=74–75|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3418.74}}</ref>
* [[Babu (title)#Civil servants|Babu]] [[Sri Ram|Sri Ram, Rai Bahadur]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[V. P. Madhava Rao]], CIE<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Mary Reed (missionary)]], 1917, for missionary services to lepers<ref name="BU">{{cite web |title=Reed, Mary (1854-1943) |publisher= History of Missiology, Boston University |url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/2020/02/21/reed-mary-1854-1943/ |website=www.bu.edu |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Leprosyhistory">{{cite web |title=Mary Reed |url=https://leprosyhistory.org/database/person76 |website=leprosyhistory.org |publisher=International Leprosy Association - History of Leprosy |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
* Thomas d'Esterre Roberts, S.J., Archbishop of Bombay, for services to the forces during World War II<ref>Hurn, David Abner, ''Archbishop Roberts S.J.'', Darton, Longman & Todd, 1st edition, 1966, page 43</ref>
* HH [[Madho Rao Scindia|Madho Rao Scindia, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior]]<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel Sir [[David Semple]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Rai Bahadur Kameleshwari Pershad Singh of Monghyr, Bengal<ref name="LG27374" />
* HH [[Ganga Singh|Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner]]<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Rameshwar Singh|Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur of Darbhanga]]<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Donald Mackenzie Smeaton]] CSI, Scottish Liberal MP and Indian civil servant<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Cornelia Sorabji]], Gold Medal with Bar, first female advocate in India, first woman to practice law in India and Britain<ref>{{londongazette|issue=13774|page=8|city=Edinburgh|date=2 January 1922}}</ref>
* Robert Barton Stewart, Esq., Indian Civil Service, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* Dr William Stokes, for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="herald">{{cite news|title=Colonial Office list|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19140101&id=tQ4-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2145,64086|access-date=23 November 2012|newspaper=[[Glasgow Herald]]|date=1 January 1914}}</ref>
* Rev Dr Frederick Vincent Thomas, Baptist Medical Mission, Palwal<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1922|title=Annual Report of the Baptist Missionary Society|pages=67}}</ref>
* [[Edgar Thurston]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Gajadhar Upadhaya, Esq., Chief Regimental Religious Teacher, 1st (K.G.V.s Own) G.R. [Gurkha Rifles]<ref>Office of the Private Secretary to the Viceroy (NAI), 4-H/1948.</ref>
* [[Raja Ravi Verma]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* Captain Edmund Wilkinson, FRCS, Indian Medical Service, 9 November 1901<ref name="LG27374" />
* HH [[Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra of Venkatagiri|Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra, Maharaja of Venkatagiri.]]<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Arthur Younghusband|Arthur Delaval Younghusband]], civil servant, awarded for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name="1905indialist" />
* [[Francis Younghusband|Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband]], British Army officer, explorer, and spiritual writer<ref name="1915IndianBio" />
* Dr Jean Murray Orkney, Chief Medical Officer, Women's Medical Service<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 1948|title=Kaisar-I-Hind Gold Medal|work=The Manchester Guardian|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/259399551/?terms=Jean%20Orkney&match=1|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jane Leeke Latham]], missionary head in 1938.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51785 |pages=ref:odnb/51785 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/51785 |access-date=2022-11-05 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref>
* [[Dhanvanthi Rama Rau]] for her work with women's associations.<ref name="Open University">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/dhanvanthi-rama-rau|title=Dhanvanthi Rama Rau|publisher=The Open University}}</ref>

'''Silver medal'''
* [[Kheroth Bose]], medical missionary, for bringing medical care to rural India.<ref>''Building with India'', page 207. [https://archive.org/stream/buildingwithindi00flemiala/buildingwithindi00flemiala_djvu.txt Full text archive]</ref>
* [[Blanche Brenton Carey]], Church of England Zenana Missionary in Karachi, for services to the women and girls of India, 1928.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Church of England Zenana Missionary Society Jubilee Souvenir 1880 - 1930 page 16 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=London 1930 |access-date=23 March 2022| url=https://archive.org/details/MN41450ucmf_3/page/n33/mode/2up?q=%22kaiser-i-hind%22+carey&view=theater}}</ref>
* [[Sita Devi (Maharani of Kapurthala)|Sita Devi Sahiba]], [[Princess|Maharajkumarani]] of Kapurthala, New Year's Honours list 1944
* [[Diana Hartley]], General and Organising Secretary of the Trained Nurses Association of India, 1944<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Diana Hartley Indian Collection {{!}} ArchiveSearch |url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/637 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>
* [[Alice Headwards-Hunter]], surgeon, 1945<ref>{{Cite journal|date=29 September 1973|title=Obituary Notices|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/3/5882/700|journal=Br Med J|volume=3|issue=5882|pages=700–701|doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5882.700|issn=0007-1447|pmid=4599586|s2cid=220148530|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Dr [[Mina MacKenzie]], medical doctor for over 30 years of public service in India, including helping control the cholera epidemic during the 1906 Kumbh Mela pilgrimage<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/98be9150-aeda-41d2-8eb3-6c84ed96e8a9|title=The Discovery Service|website=Discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
* [[Alexandrina Matilda MacPhail|Dr Alexandrina Matilda MacPhail]], medical missionary<ref>{{Cite book|title=The King and Queen in India : a Record of the Visit of Their Imperial Majesties the King Emperor and Queen Empress to India, from December 2nd, 1911, to January 10th, 1912.|last=Reed|first=Stanley|publisher=BENNETT, COLEMAN & Co|year=1912|page=368}}</ref>
* [[Clare Spurgin]], for establishing a hospital for wives of Indian Army soldiers
* Alexander Steel, for services to cotton growing<ref>''Glasgow Herald'' 1916</ref>
* Helen Vorley, for her part in facilitating the evacuation of 300,000 Indians from Burma in 1942<ref>Leigh, Michael D. 2014 ''The evacuation of civilians from Burma: analysing the 1942 colonial disaster''</ref>
* Sir [[William James Wanless]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref name=obit>{{cite journal | date = March 25, 1933 | title = Sir William James Wanless | journal = [[The British Medical Journal]] | pmc=2368392 | pmid=20777450 | volume = 1 | issue = 3768 | pages = 544–5 | doi=10.1136/bmj.1.3768.544-d}}</ref>

'''Bronze medal'''
* [[Aeneas Francon Williams|Clara Anne Williams]] (née Rendall), 1946, for her work during [[WWII]] being in-charge of [[Red Cross]] Work in [[Dooars]], [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Medical News |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=December 1945 |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=629–632 |pmid=29015760 |pmc=5218119 }}</ref>

'''Unknown grade'''

1930 Captain Albert Edward Warhurst for service to the people of India during the 1929 floods in Assam
* ''Dewan Bahadur Justice'' [[C.V. Viswanatha Sastri]]
* [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas|Kaviraja Shyamaldas]] (1836–1893), one of the first modern Indian historian and author of Vir Vinod; [[Kaviraj]]a and [[Dewan]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur State]]<ref>Cultural contours of India p37</ref>
* [[Frederick Booth-Tucker]], Commissioner in the [[Salvation Army]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/ce952dea4507ee7780256cf4005d2254/80256e520050a2e280256c18005b7a21!OpenDocument|title=Frederick Booth-Tucker|publisher=salvationarmy.org|access-date=18 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510014118/http://www1.salvationarmy.org/ind/www_ind.nsf/ce952dea4507ee7780256cf4005d2254/80256e520050a2e280256c18005b7a21!OpenDocument|archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>
* [[Charles Burnett (British Army officer)|General Sir Charles John Burnett]]<ref name=1905indialist/>
* [[Bramwell Cook (Salvation Army officer)|Alfred Bramwell Cook]], chief medical officer of the Emery Hospital, [[Anand, Gujarat]]<ref name="DNZB Cook">{{DNZB|title=Alfred Bramwell Cook|first=C. R.|last=Bradwell|id=5c31|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Liston Garthwaite]] (May, 1900)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Office|first=Great Britain India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&q=Liston+Garthwaite&pg=PA500|title=The India List and India Office List for ...|date=1819|publisher=Harrison and Sons|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Khamliana|Khamliana Sailo]], a Mizo chief, for developing of terracing, poultry farming, fruits, tobacco and turmeric including agricultural businesses in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tribal Research Institute |date=1993 |title=Objects of Mizo Antiquity |url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.467497/2015.467497.objects-Of_text.pdf |location=Aizawl |publisher=J & J Press|page=11}}</ref>
* [[Isabel Kerr]] (1923), medical missionary, for working with lepers<ref name="A1999">{{cite book|author=Gerald H. Anderson|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA359|year=1999|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4680-8|page=359}}</ref>
* Florence Mary Macnaghten
* HH [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda]]
* HH [[Bhagvatsingh of Gondal|Bhagvatsingh, Maharaja of Gondal]]
* HH [[Tukojirao Holkar II|Tukojirao Holkar II, Maharaja of Indore]]
* HH [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]]
* [[Khan Bahadur Raja Jahandad Khan]]
* [[Seth Jehangir Hormusji Kothari]], merchant and philanthropist from [[Karachi]] (present-day [[Pakistan]])
* HH [[Khengarji III of Kutch|Khengarji III, Maharao of Kutch]]
* [[Pandita Ramabai]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj
* [[Edward Sell (canon)|Edward Sell]], missionary and Islamic scholar<ref>{{cite book|title=The India Office and Burma Office List|year=1920|publisher=Harrison|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Edward+Sell%22}}</ref>
* [[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo|Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo, Maharaja of Chotanagpur]]
* HH [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Idar]]
* HH [[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Partab Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir]]
* HH [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh, Maharaja of Bharatpur]]
* HH [[Rana Nihal Singh|Nihal Singh, Rana of Dholpur]]
* Dr [[Howard Somervell]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj<ref>Cecil Northcott, '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31701?docPos=3 Somervell, (Theodore) Howard (1890–1975)]', rev., [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], [[Oxford University Press]], 2004</ref>
* Sir [[Robert Stanes]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj
* [[Parukutty Nethyar Amma]] (Lady Rama Varma of Cochin) received the medal in 1919 for public work.
* Sister [[R. S. Subbalakshmi]], educationist and social worker, Madras, for the educating and upliftment of child widows, in 1920
* HH [[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore|Ayilyam Thirunal, Maharaja of Travancore]]
* HH [[Visakham Thirunal|Visakham Thirunal, Maharaja of Travancore]]
* [[Sir Vicar-ul-Umra]], for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj
* [[Visvesvaraya|Bharat Ratna Sir Mokshagundam Visveswaraiah]], KCIE, Indian engineer, scholar, statesman and the Diwan of Mysore<ref>{{cite book|last=Narayana Rao|first=V S|title=Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya: his life and work|year=1973|publisher=Geetha Book House|page=14}}</ref>
* [[Charlotte Viall Wiser]], co-author of ''Behind Mud Walls'', [[nutritionist]], and [[Presbyterian]] [[missionary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.las.iastate.edu/plaza/one_name.php?id=1273|title=Plaza of Heroines at Iowa State University|publisher=Las.iastate.edu|date=17 December 1966|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191729/http://www.las.iastate.edu/plaza/one_name.php?id=1273|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Mona Chandravati Gupta]], Myanmar-born Indian social worker, educationist and the founder of Nari Sewa Samiti, a non governmental organization working for the social and economic upliftment of women<ref name="Yasni">{{cite web|url=http://www.yasni.info/ext.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnarishikshaniketanpgcollege.com%2Fabout.htm&name=Mona+Gupta&showads=1&lc=en-us&lg=en&rg=pl&rip=ae|title=Yasni|publisher=Yasni|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Silverine Swer]], Khasi environmental and social activist<ref name="Kong Sil passes away at 103">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140202/jsp/frontpage/story_17890344.jsp#.VgD04vmSxAC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306202000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140202/jsp/frontpage/story_17890344.jsp#.VgD04vmSxAC|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Kong Sil passes away at 103|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2 February 2014|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
* Khan Bahadur Abu Nasr Muhammad Yahia, Zamindar and Honorary Magistrate of Sylhet, for public services in British India<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[The London Gazette]]|title=Supplement to the London Gazette|date=1 January 1924|page=6|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32893/supplement/6/data.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[British and Commonwealth orders and decorations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Kaisar-i-Hind Medal}}
* [http://www.medals.org.uk/united-kingdom/united-kingdom064.htm Image of obverse side of Gold Kaisar-i-Hind Medal] at medals.org.uk

{{British Honours System}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaisar-I-Hind}}
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1900]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|*]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Chainpur subdivision

2026-03-25T03:37:18Z

HymanGumm776: made page

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chainpur subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.1356|N|84.2393|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Chainpur, Gumla|Chainpur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1053.50
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 136,651
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chainpur subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Gumla district]] in the [[South Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==History==
As of 2022, Gumla district is divided into three subdivisions – Gumla subdivision (with Gumla, Ghaghra, Bharno, Bishunpur, Raidih and Sisai blocks), Basia subdivision (with Palkot, Basia and Kamdara blocks), and Chainpur subdivision (with Chainpur, Albert Ekka (Jari) and Dumri blocks).<ref>{{cite web| url= https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/ |title = Gumla |work = About district/ Administrative Set-up/ Subdivision | publisher= Gumla district authorities| access-date = 30 January 2022}}</ref>

==Overview==
The subdivisions of Gumla district have the following distinctions:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 26: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Gumla subdivision|Gumla]]||[[Gumla]]||2,930.76||663,197||90.19||9.81
|-
|Chainpur||[[Chainpur, Gumla|Chainpur]]|||1,053.50||136,651||100||0
|-
|[[Basia subdivision|Basia]]||[[Basia, Gumla|Basia]]||1,343.43||225,365||100||0
|}

Note: Calculated on the basis of block-wise data available.

{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|6|0|N|84|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Gumla district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|52|32|N|84|49|27|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Basia | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Basia, Gumla]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|6|N|84|53|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bharno| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bharno]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|22|53|N|84|22|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bishunpur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bishunpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|8|8|N|84|14|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Chainpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Chainpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|8|N|84|8|10|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Dumri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dumri, Gumla (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|15|N|84|12|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jari| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Jari, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|54|45|N|84|54|58|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Kamdara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kamdara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|52|28|N|84|38|43|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Palkot| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Palkot]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|57|19|N|84|27|17|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Raidih| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Raidih (R
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|10|9|N|84|45|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sisai| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Sisai, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|2|40|N|84|32|30|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Gumla| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Gumla]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
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|mark-coord13={{coord|23|8|43|N|84|30|13|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Toto | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Toto, Gumla]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
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|mark-coord15={{coord|23|25|26|N|84|25|21|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Jalim| numbered15=B| mark-title15=[[Jalim]] (B) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|21|50|N|84|27|13|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Serangdag| numbered16=B| mark-title16=[[Serangdag]] (B) |shape-color16= #A40000
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|mark-coord18={{coord|23|6|35|N|84|47|1|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Navratangarh| numbered18=H| mark-title18=[[Navratangarh]] (H) | shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|7|31|N|84|40|52|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nagfeni| numbered19=H| mark-title19=[[Nagfeni]] (H) | shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|17|35|N|84|13|30|E}} | label-pos20= right|label20=Sadni |labela20= Falls| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Sadni Falls]] (T) |shape-color20= #74C365
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21=Palkot |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label22= South Koel |labela22= River |label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 20| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|3|0|N|84|18|0|E}} |label23= Sankh River |label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 40| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|3|0|E}} |label24= North Karo |labela24= River |label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -60| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|58|0|N|84|7|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-125| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5}}
{{clear}}

==Police stations==
Police stations in the Chainpur subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | title = District Police Profile – Gumla | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 January 2022 | archive-date = 5 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | url-status = dead }}</ref>
#[[Chainpur, Gumla#Civic administration|Chainpur]]
#[[Dumri, Gumla (village)#Civic administration|Dumri]]
#[[Jari, Gumla#Civic administration|Jari]]

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in the Chainpur subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Chainpur block, Gumla|Chainpur]]||[[Chainpur, Gumla|Chainpur]]||471.41||56,591||1.37||81.55||71.22|| -
|-
|[[Dumri, Gumla|Dumri]]||[[Dumri, Gumla (village)|Dumri]]||373.27||49,134||2.11||82.20||69.83|| -
|-
|[[Albert Ekka (Jari) block|Albert Ekka (Jari)]]||[[Jari, Gumla|Jari]]||208.72||30,926||3.69||76.74||71.43|| -
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in the Chainpur subdivision out of a total 197 inhabited villages in 3 CD blocks there were 62 villages with pre-primary schools, 177 villages with primary schools, 75 villages with middle schools, 15 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages with general degree colleges, 18 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 446, 512-513 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand.

===Educational institutions===
The following institution is located in Chainpur subdivision:
*Paramvir Albert Ekka Memorial College was established at [[Chainpur, Gumla|Chainpur]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pvaem.in | title = Paramvir Albert Ekka Memorial College | publisher = PVAEMC | access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/gumla/paramvir-albert-ekka-memorial-college-pvaem-chainpur| title = Paramvir Albert Ekka Memorial College | publisher = IndCareer | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref> It also has facilities for teaching in classes XI and XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/gumla/20160403116/p-v-a-e-m-college-chainpur.html | title = PVAEM College Chainpur | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref>
(Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in the Chainpur subdivision, in the 3 CD blocks, there were 8 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 30 villages with primary health subcentres, 9 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 10 villages with allopathic hospitals, 6 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with a veterinary hospital, 8 villages with family welfare centres, 10 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===

(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Metcalfe House

2026-03-22T21:02:16Z

HymanGumm776: Creating article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Metcalfe House
| native_name= Dilkhusha
| image = Metclafes counrty house called Dilkusha at Qutub1.JPG
| caption = Dilkhusha or Metcalfe House in Qutb Archaeological Village, in ruins as on date
| former_names = Quli Khan Tomb
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.52244|77.18695|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| building_type = [[English country house|Mansion]]
| architectural_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[History of architecture#European|European]]
| structural_system = [[Rock (geology)|stones]] and [[brick]]
| cost =
| location = [[Qutb Complex]] ([[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]])
| address =
| client = [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Metcalfe]]
| owner =
| current_tenants = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| landlord =[[Government of India]]
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date = 1857
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = Sir Thomas Metcalfe
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| references=
}}

'''Metcalfe House''' is the name given to two residential houses built in the 19th century in [[Delhi]]; one is near [[Old Delhi]] [[Civil Lines]] and the other is in [[Mehrauli]], [[South Delhi]]. These were built by [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Metcalfe]] (1795–1853), a [[Indian Civil Service|civil servant]], when he was the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General's]] last [[Resident minister|British resident]] (agent) at the [[Durbar (court)|Mughal court]] of [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]].<ref name=times>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/specialist/article607033.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090610091414/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/specialist/article607033.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2009|title= Grand designs in Delhi: Mughal tombs converted into palatial mansions, lighthouses built in city gardens and pavilions floating on water. William Dalrymple explores the eccentric architectural legacy of colonial Delhi|access-date=2009-06-03|work=The Times of India|date=2006-10-22}}</ref><ref name="smith">{{Cite book|author= Ronald Vivian Smith|title= The Delhi that no-one knows|access-date=2009-06-01|work=Metcalfe House: The Matka Khoti|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&q=Metcalfe+House,+Delhi&pg=PA126|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year=2005|isbn=9788180280207}}</ref><ref name=Arch>{{Cite book|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |author=Y.D.Sharma |work=Metcalfehouse & Other Monuments |pages=49, 60, and 141 |access-date=2009-04-24 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=2005-08-31 }}</ref>

The first house near the Civil Lines, called the 'town house', was built in 1835 in colonial style, near the present day Inter State Bus Terminal (ISBT). He resided there till his death in 1853. It was badly damaged during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (well known as the Uprising). It was repaired subsequently. His son Sir Theophilus Metcalfe (who had a major involvement in the British suppression of the uprising) inherited it. The house exchanged hands several times before it finally came under the possession of the [[Government of India]]. Between 1920 and 1926, it also remained the seat of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], which eventually paved way for the present [[Rajya Sabha]], till the inauguration of the [[Parliament of India#Building|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=as>{{cite web |title=Old Secetariat |url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.htm|publisher=[[Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] website }}</ref> It now houses the highly secured offices and residences of the [[Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre]] (DESIDOC) and Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL), and many other divisions of the [[Defence Research & Development Organisation]] (DRDO). It is out of limits for visitors and photography.<ref name=smith/><ref name=Arch/><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232722/http://www.drdo.org/add.shtml Addresses]}}</ref>

The second Metcalfe House, known as 'the retreat' or 'Dilkhusha', was also built by Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe as a country house in [[Mehrauli]] in [[South Delhi]] in [[Qutb Complex]]. 'Dilkhusha' in [[Urdu language]] means "Delight of the Heart". He refurbished the 16th century [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] [[tomb]] of Quli Khan in true [[Architecture of England|English style]] as a pleasure retreat by surrounding it with many rest houses, follies and gardens. He used to lease out his retreat as a guest house to honeymooning couples, as it provided an idyllic view of the [[Qutub Minar]] with its surrounding structures. An inscription at site (photo of plaque in the gallery) testifies that Metcalfe rented out this house to honeymooning couples.<ref name=times/><ref name=Arch/><ref name=Fiona>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tabor.me.uk/Places/SevenCities/Lalkot.pdf|title=Lal Kot and Siri|access-date=2009-06-04|author1=Fiona Hedger-Gourlay|author2=Lindy Ingham|author3=Jo Newton|author4= Emma Tabor|author5=Jill Worrell |pages=4–11|date=2006-09-13}}</ref><ref name=houses>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/delhihouse/ |title=Houses in Delhi in the 1840s |access-date=2009-06-04 |publisher=British Library: Help for Researchers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090322100219/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/delhihouse/ |archive-date=22 March 2009 }}</ref>

==The town house==
[[File:Felice Beato (British, born Italy - (Metcalfe House) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|The Metcalfe Town House in 1858, by [[Felice Beato]]]]
Metcalfe built his town house, close to the [[Yamuna River]] on its right bank, on the old Metcalfe road, now rechristened as Mahatma Gandhi Road, in the heart of the Old Delhi. It was also known as 'Jahan Numa' meaning "World Showing". The workers who built this mansion and attendants at Metcalfe's house called it "Matka Kothi", ('Metcalfe' pronounced as "Matka" and 'Kothi' means "House" in [[Hindi language]]) a corrupted version; for them the name 'Metcalfe House' was a tongue twister. Built as a huge palatial house in [[History of architecture#European|European style]] (colonial style), it had [[Architecture of India|Indian]] adaptations of high ceiling and small windows and doors to suit local climatic conditions. It was built as a counter to the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor's]] [[Red Fort]] [[Palace]] close by. It was built as a double storied mansion with a large but an impressive façade (that is stated to have been substantially changed in 1913). It had creative underground passageways, one of which was used as a billiards room (pictured). The mansion was surrounded by well manicured garden of [[cypress tree]] lined pathways, flowerbeds, [[orange (fruit)|orange]] groves, roads and a swimming pool. The doors of the regal building were festooned with [[mistletoe]] and [[holly]].<ref name=times/><ref name=Fiona/><ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|access-date= 2009-06-01|author=Lucy Peck|work=Sir Thomas's Metcalf House|page=243|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm}}</ref><ref name =kothi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900700200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040131050937/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900700200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-01-31|title= This time, that age|access-date=2009-06-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-12-28}}</ref>
[[File:Different views of the Metcalfe House, Delhi, 1843.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Different views of Metcalfe's palatial town house. Pictures from the album [[Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi]] compiled and presented by Metcalfe to his daughter Emily]]

The wide verandah, encircling the main building on all sides, was supported on impressive stone columns. Inventive underground rooms called the ''tykhanas'' were used for cool comforts during the summer season and for playing billiards. A library with 25,000 books and a [[Napoleon]] gallery with relics of Napoleon were part of the displays in the large building, apart from beautiful oil paintings and [[rosewood]] [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] [[furniture]]. However, during the Uprising of 1857, there was extensive damage to the buildings, all the documents and displays. It is said that Metcalfe had bought the land for building his town house from [[Gujjars]] and the same Gujjars ransacked and damaged it during the Upraising in 1857. [[Sir Theophilus John Metcalfe, 5th Baronet|Theophilus Metcalfe]], son of Sir Thomas Metcalfe (died 1853), named as the "One-eyed Metcalfe" due to his monocle, was the city magistrate during the Uprising. He was accused of vengeful destruction of the city and reprisals against its residents, particularly [[Muslims]]. During the days of its glory, the town house was famous for the high society social gatherings held in its premises. Extravagant [[Christmas]] and [[New Year]] parties were held here. An album titled 'Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi', which had 89 folios with about 130 paintings (a few pictured here) of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and pre-Mughal period monuments, was compiled by Metacalfe with a transcript written by him to his daughter Emily. In this transcript, he piognantly describes the house and the happy incidents that occurred there. It is better quoted in his own words than paraphrased (the photos also show the manuscript).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/f/019addor0005475u00084vrb.html|title=Details at British Library page|author=Sir Thomas Metcalfe|access-date=2009-06-03|publisher=British Library}}</ref><blockquote>''In this once happy home you all passed your earliest infancy. With exception to Emy and Charley all were born here- and all but Charley have received the initiatory right [sic] of baptism by which Ye were made member of Christ Children of God and inheritors by promise of the Kingdom of Heaven. To your father it has been endeared by many years of more…''</blockquote>

An unusual tale recounted is of a lavish [[Christmas Eve]] party in 1895 held at this house in which a mysterious [[Englishman]] was murdered in the antechamber and simultaneously a fire also broke out that destroyed Metcalfe's Testimonials. The murder and reasons for the fire are shrouded in mystery. The house was rebuilt in 1913 with Gothic arches but can now be glimpsed from outside only, since it is occupied by the Defense establishment of the [[DRDO]].<ref name =kothi/><ref>''Delhi city guide'', by [[Eicher Goodearth Limited]], Delhi Tourism. Published by Eicher Goodearth Limited, 1998. {{ISBN|81-900601-2-0}}. ''Page 220''.</ref>

The building is now the headquarters of the ''Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre'' (DESIDOC) in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=The forgotten history of Metcalfe House |url=https://delhipedia.com/forgotten-history-of-the-metcalfe-house/ |website=Delhipedia |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

==The Retreat or Dilkhusha==
[[File:Dilkusha Mansion of Metcalfe, near Qutb Complex in 1843.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Dilkhusha, the Metcalfe summer House in [[Qutb Complex]] built by Metcalfe as a retreat -A Painting from his Folio published in 1843]]
[[File:Metcalfe's Dilkusha with Qutub Minra in the background.JPG|right|thumb|250px| Metcalfe's summer retreat 'Dilkhusha', almost completely reduced to the tomb at its core in 2009 with [[Qutub Minar]] in the picture]]
The second house in [[Mehrauli]] was initially a tomb of Muhammad Quli Khan, brother of [[Adham Khan]], a general and foster brother of [[Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. The octagonal Mughal [[tomb]] built in the 17th century was bought by Metcalfe and remodeled in the style of [[History of architecture#European|European]] residences with extensive gardens and follies for use as a pleasure resort during the [[Monsoon|monsoon season]]. He called it the 'Dilkhusha' (also see under External link of the album showing two pictures of Dilkusha as it existed when built). It was spread over a sprawling area, which is now enclosed in a specially developed park called the 'Qutub Archaeological Village'. The purpose in building this place was stated to be that Metcalfe wanted to keep a watch on Emperor Bahadur Shah II who also had his Zafar Mahal palace in [[Mehrauli]] to spend his summer time.<ref name=Arch/><ref name=Fiona/><ref name=new>{{Cite book|author= Alfred Frederick Pollock Harcourt|title= The New Guide to Delhi|publisher= G.A. Savielle|year= 1866|access-date=2009-06-01|work=68. Metclafe House |page=[https://archive.org/details/newguidetodelhi01harcgoog/page/n154 132]|url=https://archive.org/details/newguidetodelhi01harcgoog|quote= Metcalfe House, Delhi.}}</ref><ref name=dan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=263702|title= The last Mughal chronicler|access-date=2009-06-03|publisher=The Business Standard|date=2006-06-11}}</ref>

The complex was a pleasant place with several controlled streamlets of water, which led to a tank (now called the Metcalfe's Boathouse and Dovecote). The tank was dated to the [[Lodi Dynasty]] period. This was refurbished by Metcalfe for use, for boating and swimming. Steps built from the [[boathouse]] lead to his Dilkhusha. With a retinue of servants, the immaculately kept place was stated to be an ideal setting for honeymooning couples. He also built, in "pseudo Mughal" style, a [[Chhatri]] ([[kiosk]]) or a [[folly]] with a dome and arches, and few other follies known as Garhganjs (in the form of a spiral and square stepped [[ziggurats]]).

All of the above can be seen in the Archaeological Park (a special enclosure created recently), which has strategically placed signages showing directions to the various heritage monuments. This village was created by the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] ([[INTACH]]), south of the [[Qutub Minar]](see External Link on page 6 for the Map of the Archaeological Village).

The retreat had been built like a [[citadel]], the tomb of Quli Khan at its core, along with the folly (also called the only landlocked light house) in the Indo–[[Persian people|Persian]] baradari style. The folly was built opposite to the house, surrounded by a sprawling garden. The central hall of the tomb was converted into a dining hall. Two wings were added as annexes, out of which ruins of only one is seen now. He also converted some of the old buildings around the tomb into guesthouse, staff quarters and stables.<ref name=Fiona/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/20/stories/2002052000230200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021023232708/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/20/stories/2002052000230200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 October 2002|title= Inside Delhi of Kunwari Begum and Dadi-Poti...|access-date=2009-06-03|work=The Hindu|date=2002-05-22}}</ref> It is also recorded that Metcalfe, the fastidious person that he was, spent lot of time at this place during his 40 years of life in Delhi. He loved this retreat and had a set of rooms made for use as a study and also lodgings for his daughter Emily to stay with him, while his wife and son lived in the formal town house in the old city. Thomas's fondness for this place is reflected in his own words:<ref name=times/><ref name=dan/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/05/stories/2004040500720200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106184026/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/05/stories/2004040500720200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-06|title=A case of Delhi poisoning?|access-date=2009-06-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igougo.com/journal-j54970-Delhi-Historic_Delhi_Part_1_Odds_and_Ends.html#ReviewID:1216579|title=Exploring the Mehrauli Archaeological Park|access-date=2009-06-03}}</ref> <blockquote>''The ruins of grandeur that extend for miles on every side fill it with serious reflection," he wrote. "The palaces crumbling into dust... the myriads of vast mausoleums, every one of which was intended to convey to futurity the deathless fame of its cold inhabitant, and all of which are now passed by, unknown and unnoticed. These things cannot be looked at with indifference.''</blockquote>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="165" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%">
File:Dilkusha Mansion of Metcalfe, near Qutb Complex in 1843, The tomb of Adham Khan, in the distance, 1843 (cropped).jpg|''Dilkhusa'' with the tomb of [[Adham Khan]], in the distance, 1843
File:Decorated walls in Quli Khan tomb.JPG|Inside view on walls and roof of the central hall of the Dilkhusha in the former Quli Khan tomb
File:Panoramic view of Qutub Minar from DilkhushaJPG.jpg|A Panoramic View of [[Qutub Minar]] from old Metcalfe house(Dilkhusha) with Guest House in the foreground on the left
File:Metcalfes Guest House in Ruins.1JPG.jpg|Metcalfe's Guest House in ruins
File:Ruins of Sir Thomas Metcalfe's Guest House at Dilkusha.jpg|Ruins of Sir Thomas Metcalfe's Guest House at Dilkusha.
File:Ziggaurat at entrance to Metclafe house, Qutb complex.jpg|[[Ziggurat]] at entrance to Metcalfe house, [[Qutb complex]]
File:Another folly at entrance to Qutb village, Mehrauli.jpg|Another (Ziggurat) folly at entrance to Qutb Archaeological village, [[Mehrauli]]
File:Chatri (Kiosk) or Foollies built by Metcalfe1.JPG|A popular [[Folly]] ([[Chhatri]]) built by Metcalfe
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/delhihouse/large14170.html Two views of tomb near the Qutub Minar, south of Delhi rebuilt by Metcalfe as his Retreat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070322175902/http://www.bl.uk/collections/delhibook.html Collections from the album 'Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi' by Metcalfe]
*[http://www.rangan-datta.info/mehrauli.html Travel Article on Mehrauli Archaeological Park]

{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Houses in Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Meitei people in Assam

2026-03-21T16:32:33Z

HymanGumm776: Created bio

{{Short description|none}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Assam Meiteis (Meitei people in Assam)
| native_name = [[File:Meitei transliteration of the term "Meitei".jpg|50px|]]
| native_name_lang = mni
| flag = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_caption = Cultural flag of the Meiteis
| image = Colorful cultural performance by artistes, on the occasion of the 12th South Asian Games-2016, at Indira Gandhi Athletics Stadium, in Guwahati, Assam on February 05, 2016 (1).jpg 
| image_caption = Traditional Meitei dance, [[Pung Cholom]] performance in [[Guwahati]], Assam
| image_alt =
| image_uprigh =
| total = 168,127
| total_year = 2020
| total_source = <ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113828/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| total_ref = <ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113828/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| total1 = 
| total1_year = 
| total1_source = 
| total1_ref = 
| genealogy =
| regions = 

| region1 = 
| pop1 = 
| ref1 = 
| region2 =
| pop2 =
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| region3 = 
| pop3 = 
| ref3 = 

| languages = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter I.svg|20px]] [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially known as [[Manipuri language]])}}
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist|[[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] [[Sanamahism]], [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Meitei Muslims|Islam]]}}
| related_groups = other [[Indian people]]
| footnotes =
}}
The [[Meitei people]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ}}|}}), also called [[Manipuri people]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ}}|}}), is one of the [[Demographics of Assam|minority ethnic groups in Assam]]. They are referred to as '''''Mekhlee''''', '''''Mekhelee''''', '''''Meckley''''', '''''Monipuri''''', '''''Monipuriya''''', '''''Magalu''''', '''''Mogolu''''', '''''Moglie''''', '''''Moglai''''', among many other names dedicated to them by the other [[people of Assam]].<ref>Historical and Cultural Relations Between Manipur, Assam, and Bengal. India: Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1986.</ref>
Meiteis call [[Assam]] as "Tekhao" or "Tekhau" or "Tekhaw" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯦꯈꯥꯎ}}|}}).<ref>Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. India: Mittal Publications, 1988. p. 20-22, 115</ref> In October 2020 their population was estimated 168,127 with its population, the Meitei tribe is a fairly large ethnic minority in Assam and Meitei culture can be found in everywhere places.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113828/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Meitei people in Bangladesh#History|History of Assam|History of Manipur}}
In the 16th century, the kings of Tekhao ([[Meitei language]] term for Assam) and Manipur had friendly relations. This friendship grew stronger after a route to Assam opened in 1536–37, leading to more social and cultural exchanges, as well as people moving between the regions. Meitei people started settling in Assam after a [[Political marriage|royal marriage]] in 1537.<ref name="MPP">Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. India: Mittal Publications, 1988. pp. 20–22, 115</ref>

When Burmese King [[Bayinnaung]] of the Toungo dynasty captured Manipur kingdom during the reign of Meitei King Mungyamba ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯃꯨꯡꯌꯥꯝꯕ}}|}}, 1562–1597), many people left Manipur. This movement continued until September 18, 1891. The emigrants from Manipur had to choose one of the routes through the hills, either Tongjei Maril ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯣꯡꯖꯩ ꯃꯔꯤꯜ}}|}}) or Akhui routes. The lower plains of the [[Barak Valley|Surma Valley]] (also known as [[Barak Valley]]) were good places for the [[Meitei people]] to settle because of their favorable geography, politics, and economy.<ref name="MPP" />

In Assam's history, a Meitei princess named [[Kuranganayani]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩꯃ ꯀꯨꯔꯪꯒꯅꯌꯅꯤ}}|}}), the queen of Assamese King [[Suremphaa|Swargadeo Rajeshwor Singh]], became a heroine when she killed a rebel named Raghav Moran with a sword in 1769. Historian S.K. Bhuyan says she is honored among Assam's heroic women. Another royal marriage happened after the death of [[Suremphaa|Swargadeo Rajeshwor Singh]], when his brother [[Lakshmi Singha|Swargadeo Lakshmi Singh]] married a Meitei princess. These events led to more Meitei people settling in Tekhao (Assam).<ref name="MPP" />

One reason for the Meitei settlement in the Barak Valley is a conflict in 1604 between King [[Khagemba]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯈꯥꯒꯦꯝꯕ}}|}}) and his youngest brother Sanongba ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯅꯣꯡꯕ}}|}}) over a minor issue involving a broken boat. [[Khagemba]] fled to Cachar with two generals, Yakharek ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯥꯈꯥꯔꯦꯛ}}|}}) and Bhimbol ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯚꯤꯝꯕꯣꯜ}}|}}). This event led to the Meiteis settling in [[Cachar]], also known as the Barak Valley.<ref name="MPP" /> Another reason is a matrimonial alliance recorded in 1720. Raja Ram Chandra Narayan, the ruler of Cachar, married Rani Projabati Devi ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯅꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯥꯕꯇꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ}}|}}), a Meitei princess. During Ram Chandra's reign, the capital of Cachar was Khaspur. The Meitei attendants of Princess Meitei Chanu Projabati Devi began to settle permanently in Cachar.<ref name="MPP" />

During the rule of Meitei King [[Chitsai]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯤꯠꯁꯥꯏ}}|}}), some Meitei people had to move to Cachar because of political exile. King Chitsai and his followers were forced to live in Cachar from 1752, after the assassination of Meitei King [[Pamheiba]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ}}|}}), also known as Garibnawaz.<ref name="MPP" /> Meitei King [[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra|Bheigyachandra]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯚꯩꯒ꯭ꯌꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ}}|}}, 1759–1758) lost and regained his power four times. After each Burmese invasion, he had to flee with his followers. Because of his frequent need for political asylum, the emigrants formed a network.<ref name="MPP" />

Meitei King Modhuchandra ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯃꯣꯙꯨꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ}}|}}) ruled from 1800 to 1803. In 1803, his brother [[Chourjit Singh]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯧꯔꯖꯤꯠ}}|}}) overthrew him. Modhuchandra then sought refuge in Cachar with his family and followers. In 1806, he arranged for his daughter to marry King Krishnachandra ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯅꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ}}|}}) of Cachar.<ref name="MPP" />

[[File:Silhouette of a classical Meitei sculpture of King Gambhir Singh (riding on a Meitei horse alias Manipuri pony & holding a sword), a Meitei ruler of the Ningthouja dynasty, who was a Maharaja of erstwhile Manipur kingdom.jpg|thumb|[[Manipur Levy]] was established in Assam by the Meiteis to attack and win back the then Burmese occupied [[Manipur]]]]

== Language and scripts ==
{{Main|Meitei language in Assam|Manipur Sahitya Parishad, Assam|Department of Manipuri, Assam University|Meitei associate official language movement}}
[[Meitei language]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}}|}}), also known as [[Manipuri language]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ}}|}}), is one of the [[official language]]s of the state government of [[Assam]]. It serves as the additional official language in all the three districts of the [[Barak Valley]] ([[Cachar district]], [[Hailakandi district]] and [[Karimganj district]]) as well as in the [[Hojai district]] of the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2024-02-24|title=Assam Cabinet gives nod to recognise Manipuri as associate official language in four districts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-gives-nod-to-recognise-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts/article67881260.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2024-02-24|title=Manipuri Language Approved As Associate Official Language For Four Assam Districts|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/24/manipuri-language-approved-as-associate-official-language-for-four-assam-districts/|website=Northeast Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, the State Cabinet of the [[Government of Assam]] approved the [[Meitei script]] to be used in the education of [[Meitei language]] across all the academic institutions of Assam,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-03-12|title=Cabinet nod to Meitei script in educational institutions|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/cabinet-nod-to-meitei-script-in-educational-institutions/articleshow/108431069.cms|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Statesman News|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam govt's nod for inclusion of Meitei script in schools of state|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/assam-govts-nod-for-inclusion-of-meitei-script-in-schools-of-state-1503278318.html|website=The Statesman|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tribune|first=The Assam|date=2024-03-11|title=Meitei script to be introduced in educational institutions of Assam|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/meitei-script-to-be-introduced-in-educational-institutions-of-assam-1524916|website=assamtribune.com|language=en}}</ref> to help the students interested in the [[Meitei literature]] (also known as [[Manipuri literature]]) to know better about the subject.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam government mulls to introduce Meitei script in educational institutions of the state|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-government-mulls-to-introduce-meitei-script-in-educational-institutions-of-the-state-928558-2024-03-11|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-11 |title=Assam: Government Considers Introducing Meitei Script in Educational Institutions |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-government-considers-introducing-metei-script-in-educational-institutions |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NEWS|first=NE NOW|date=2024-03-11|title=Assam government approves introducing Meitei script in educational institutes|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-mulls-introducing-meitei-script-educational-institutes.html|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:The vowel and consonant letters of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), a constructed script developed by Naoriya Phulo for writing Meitei language.jpg|thumb|The vowel and consonant letters of the [[Naoriya Phulo script]] (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), a constructed script developed by [[Naoriya Phulo]] for writing Meitei language]]

A unique form of writing system called "[[Naoriya Phulo script|Meetei Yelhou Mayek]]" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯌꯦꯜꯍꯧ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ}}|}}), better known as [[Naoriya Phulo script]], totally different from the general [[Meitei script]], was developed by [[Laininghan Naoriya Phulo|Naoriya Phulo]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯥꯎꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯐꯨꯂꯣ}}|}}) in [[Cachar]], [[Assam]], to write [[Meitei language]] in particular cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Yelhou Mayek / Naoriya Phulo script|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/meeteiyelhoumayek.htm|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-19|title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them.|url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/meetei-yelhou-mayek/|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Further|Meitei culture}}
[[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-2010 to Shri Phanjoubam Iboton Singh, Assam, for his outstanding contribution to Manipuri Dance.jpg|thumb|Phanjoubam Iboton Singh receiving the prestigious [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]-2010 from [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]].]]

=== Agriculture ===
There is a Meitei agricultural institution named Loungak Marup ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯧꯉꯥꯛ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ}}|}}), having the primary aim to save agricultural lands and depreciate selling of land to other people.<ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web|title=Meitei Diaspora In Assam Stick To Traditions, Cultures, Roots : 26th apr13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..260413.apr13|access-date=2024-09-27|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Meitei language in Assam#Cinema}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Meitei language in Assam#Literature|Manipur Sahitya Parishad, Assam|Department of Manipuri, Assam University}}

=== Religion {{anchor|Religions}} ===
{{Main|Traditional Meitei religion|Apokpa Marup|Laininghal Naoriya Phulo}}
[[File:Panthoibi at Hojai, Assam 02.jpg|thumb|[[Panthoibi Iratpa]] festival dedicated to goddess [[Panthoibi]] celebrated in Hojai, Assam]]
[[Lai Haraoba]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}|}}) dedicated to the [[Umang Lai]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯎꯃꯪ ꯂꯥꯏ}}|}}) deities is common among the Assam Meiteis. Goddess [[Panthoibi]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ}}|}}) is also commonly worshipped by them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMUCO interacts with Meiteis and Meitei Pangals in Assam|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/amuco-interacts-with-meiteis-and-meitei-pangals-in-assam|access-date=2024-09-27|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref>

A modern Meitei social and religious institution named [[Apokpa Marup]] was founded by [[Laininghal Naoriya Phulo]] in [[Cachar]].<ref>Singh, N. Joykumar (2005). Revolutionary Movements in Manipur. Akansha Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-87606-92-5.</ref><ref>Singh, Moirangthem Kirti (1998). Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy. Parimal Publications.</ref><ref>Raha, Manis Kumar (1995). The People of the Himalayas: Bio-cultural and Ecological Aspects. Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Culture, Government of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-30-6.</ref><ref>Dena, Lal (1991). History of Modern Manipur, 1826-1949. Orbit Publishers-Distributors.</ref><ref>Danda, Ajit K. (1999). Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Integration. Asiatic Society.</ref>

== Groups ==
=== Development council ===
Inspired by the development of the [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|autonomous councils]] for [[Karbi people]] and [[Bodo people]], the Meiteis living in [[Hojai]] developed the ''"Manipuri Development Council"'' with the approval of the [[Government of Assam]], after two rounds of protests against the government in front of [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam State Assembly]].
During the 2012 financial year, the Government of Assam gave Rs 1.50 lakh to the Manipuri Development Council.
For the 2013 financial year, they gave Rs 2.30 crores for the same.
The development council is run as an [[Ad hoc]] committee. Many Meitei candidates were elected in [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] elections.<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

=== Others ===
The following groups took active role in the historic [[Meitei associate official language movement]]:
* All Manipur Students' Union (AMSU)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Make Manipuri an associate official language of Assam' campaign continues; AMSU backs MYFA : 25th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..250720.jul20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net |quote=All Manipur Students' Union (AMSU) has endorsed the movement carried out by Manipuris in Assam, demanding the recognition of Manipuri language as an associate official language of Assam.}}</ref>
* Assam Manipuri Meira Paibi Lup<ref name="Stir">{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Stir to include Manipuri as associate official language in Assam |url=https://assamtribune.com/stir-to-include-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-assam |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Assam Manipuri Sahitya Parishad<ref name="guwahatiplus.com">{{Cite web |title=Demands to Include Manipuri Language in APSC Exams Raised |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/demands-to-include-manipuri-language-in-apsc-exams-raised |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>
* All Assam Manipuri Muslim Youth Front<ref name="Stir" />
* All Assam Manipuri Students Union (AAMSU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Manipuri associate official language of Assam: AAMSU : 22nd sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=39..220921.sep21 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=AAMSU demands Associate Official Language status to Manipuri language |url=https://www.time8.in/aamsu-demands-associate-official-language-status-to-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AAMSU for Associate Official Language status : 22nd sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..220921.sep21 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Guwahati Manipuri Coordination Committee (GMCC)<ref name="guwahatiplus.com"/>
* Manipuri Youth Front of Assam (MYFA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Assam: Youth body demands recognition of Manipuri as associate official language |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-youth-body-demands-recognition-manipuri-associate-official-language-404906-2020-07-01 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Make Manipuri language official: MYFA : 14th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..140720.jul20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognise Manipuri language as Assam's associate official language : MYFA |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/1239/recognise-manipuri-language-as-assams-associate-official-language-myfa |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Union of Association of Manipuri Writers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union of Association of Manipuri Writers backs MYFA's movement : 03rd aug20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..030820.aug20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Youth's Action Committee for Protection of Indigenous People (YACPIP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=YACPIP appeals Assam Govt to include Manipuri Language as Associate official Language : 15th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..150720.jul20 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Historical and Cultural Relations Between Manipur, Assam, and Bengal. India: Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1986.
* Vaghaiwalla, R. B.. Assam, Manipur and Tripura. India: India Office House, 1953.
* Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: Assam & Manipur. India: Anmol Publications, 1994.
* Tribes of Assam and Manipur. India: Anmol Publ., 1997.
* Kshetri, Rajendra. The Emergence of Meetei Nationalism: A Study of Two Movements Among the Meeteis. India: Mittal Publications, 2006.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]

Waghya

2026-03-21T09:03:11Z

HymanGumm776: improved article

{{Short description|Dog of a Maratha king (died 1680)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Waghya''' (meaning tiger in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]) was a mixed-breed pet dog of [[Maratha]] king [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Maratha outfit declares war on Shivaji's dog|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/maratha-outfit-declares-war-on-shivaji-Maharaj's-dog-371119.html|publisher=[[News 18]]|date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Loyal To The End (& Beyond): History's 10 Most Faithful Dogs|url=http://petslady.com/article/loyal-end-beyond-history-s-10-most-faithful-dogs|publisher=Petslady.com|date=30 July 2012|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004234718/http://petslady.com/article/loyal-end-beyond-history-s-10-most-faithful-dogs|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The real Indian dog|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-real-indian-dog/article9775077.ece#test|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=4 August 2017}}</ref> known as the epitome of loyalty and eternal devotion. After Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's death, he is said to have jumped into his master's funeral [[pyre]] and immolated himself.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bogart Morrow|first1=Laurie|title=The Giant Book of Dog Names|date=9 October 2012|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|isbn=9781451666915|page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9yBB54VXgcC&q=Waghya+dog&pg=PA406}}</ref>

A statue was put up on a pedestal next to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] at [[Raigad Fort]]. In 2011 the statue of Waghya was removed by alleged members of the [[Sambhaji Brigade]] as a protest but was later reinstalled.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shaikh|first1=Zeeshan|title=Remove dog statue from Shivaji memorial, says Sambhaji Brigade|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/remove-dog-statue-from-shivaji-memorial-says-sambhaji-brigade/story-O4IlBN8YS7IB5bFgM7I96I.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh Parmar|first1=Aditya|title=Shivaji's Dog Restored Its Place at Raigarh|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/Shivaji_Maharaj's/DNIND12797|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|date=8 August 2012}}</ref>

== Monument ==
In memory of Waghya, a memorial was built next to [[Shivaji]] Maharaj's samadhi at [[Raigad Fort]] with a donation by [[Indore]]’s [[Holkar|Prince Tukoji Holkar]] in 1906, who gave {{INRConvert|5|k|year=1906}} towards the dog's statue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Deshpande|first1=Devidas|title=Dog-eats-dog politics wants statue of Shivaji's pet out|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2011%2F05%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01101&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174653/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR/2011/05/27&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01101&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2011}}</ref>

Reportedly by [[Mid-Day]], the statue of Waghya was erected on a [[Samadhi]] at Shivaji's memorial in 1936 under the banner of Shri Shivaji Raigad Smarak Samati (SSRSS) in leadership of [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sabnis|first1=Vivek|title=Now, outfit declares war on Shivaji's dog|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/now-outfit-declares-war-on-shivaji-s-dog/123128|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=26 May 2011}}</ref>

== Attack on Waghya's Statue on Raigarh Fort ==
In 2011, [[Sambhaji Brigade]], an extremist group was responsible for a protest and attack against Waghya's statue located on [[Raigad Fort]] next to Shivaji Maharaj's memorial. The group claimed that the dog was not real and there shouldn't be a memorial for it. This act was strongly opposed by local [[Dhangar]] community for they believe that the dog was real.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110529171736/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maratha-outfit-declares-war-on-shivajis-dog/154543-3.html Maratha outfit declares war on Shivaji's dog ], [[IBN Live]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Legend of Shivaji's loyal dog questioned, statue removed|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/legend-of-shivaji-s-loyal-dog-questioned-statue-removed-112080100619_1.html|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=73 held for removing Shivaji dog's statue from Raigad fort|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-73-held-for-removing-shivaji-dog-s-statue-from-raigad-fort-1723352|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|date=3 August 2012}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Waghya's heroic story was portrayed in ''Rajsanyas'', a play by [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]], a noted Marathi playwright.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mulla|first1=Mohsin|title=Dog statue near Shivaji memorial draws ire|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dog-statue-near-shivaji-memorial-draws-ire-1546818|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=24 May 2011}}</ref>


== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author1=Jackie Buckle |title=Monumental Tales: The Fascinating Stories Behind the World's Pet Statues and Memorials |date=2019 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=9780718847937 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9HgDwAAQBAJ&q=Waghya&pg=PA75}}
* {{cite book |author1=Oliva Green |title=YOURS MOST OBEDIENT Dog Stories of Love and Loyalty |date=2019 |publisher=UB Tech |pages=18, 19, 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9-wDwAAQBAJ&dq=Waghya+dog&pg=PA19}}
* {{cite book |author1=Hiranmay Karlekar |title=Savage Humans and Stray Dogs: A study in Aggression |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-9352801244 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TJFDwAAQBAJ&dq=Waghya+dog&pg=PT92}}
* {{cite book |author1=Waman Vishwanath Soman |title=The Indian Dog |date=1963 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=XXVIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=je8OAQAAIAAJ&q=Waghya+dog}}
* {{cite book |author1=S. Theodore Baskaran |authorlink1=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Book of Indian Dogs |date=2017 |publisher=[[Aleph Book Company]] |isbn=978-9384067571 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/barking-up-the-right-tree/story-te2jFVdctzA78gt9hewjmO.html}}

== See also ==
* [[List of individual dogs]]
* [[Raigad fort]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Shivaji]]
[[Category:Dog monuments]]

Radheyaa

2026-03-20T23:42:30Z

HymanGumm776: new some details from scratch

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language crime drama film}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Radheyaa
| image = Radheyaa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vedaguru
| writer =
| screenplay = Vedaguru
| story = Vedaguru
| producer = Vedaguru Murthy H S Priyanka S. R.
| starring = [[Krishna Ajai Rao]] [[Sonal Monteiro]] [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rammy
| editing = Suresh Armugam
| music = Viyan S. A.
| studio = Keerthi Chahna Cinema Karkhane
| distributor = NMK Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|21|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Radheyaa''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada-language]] [[crime drama]] film written, directed and produced by Vedaguru under the banner Keerthi Chahna Cinema Karkhaane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/radheya-teaser-unveiled/articleshow/124879267.cms|title=Radheya teaser unveiled|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=29 October 2025}}</ref> The film stars [[Krishna Ajai Rao]], [[Sonal Monteiro]], and [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] in lead roles, with Aravind Rao and Girish Shivanna in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/videos/2025/Nov/22/krishna-ajai-rao-i-will-hold-roses-and-guns-too-radheyaa-dhanya-balakrishna-sonal-monteiro|title=Krishna Ajai Rao: I will hold roses, and guns too: Radheyaa|work=Cinema Express|date=22 November 2025}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 21 November 2025 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://popcornkannada.com/radheya-review/|title=Radheya Review|work=Popcorn Kannada|date=22 November 2025}}</ref> While the music of the film was composed by Viyan S. A., the cinematography and editing was by Rammy and Suresh Armugam respectively.

The film is psychological crime thriller that delves into the mind of a serial killer who confesses to multiple murders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/radheyaa.html|title=Radheyaa Kannada Movie: Release Date, Cast, Story, Ott|work=Filmibeat.com|date=21 November 2025}}</ref> The narrative explores themes of confession, morality, and the human cost of violence, presenting a slow-burning story anchored by a serial killer played by Krishna Ajai Rao.

== Plot summary==
The film opens with Radheyaa’s troubled childhood, marked by neglect and abuse. As an adult, Radheyaa surrenders to the police, claiming responsibility for 36 murders (later revealed as 42), including his wife and unborn child. His confession is not for redemption but to have his story documented truthfully. Inside prison, he continues to kill notorious criminals, asserting his dominance even behind bars.
Radheyaa seeks out Anupama Niranjan (Dhanya Balakrishna), a crime reporter, to narrate his life story. Through flashbacks, the film reveals his relationship with Amrutha (Sonal Monteiro), a crime journalist whose ambitions and shattered dreams intertwine with Radheyaa’s dark journey. The narrative oscillates between tense interrogations, psychological revelations, and chilling acts of violence, culminating in a plea for execution rather than mercy.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Krishna Ajai Rao]] as Radheyaa
* [[Sonal Monteiro]] as Amrutha
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Anupama Niranjan
* Aravind Rao as ACP
* Girish Shivanna
* Suraj Lokre as Kiran
* [[Bala Rajwadi]] in a cameo appearance
* [[Bhavani Prakash]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Director Vedaguru aimed to break away from conventional crime thrillers by focusing on psychological depth rather than sensationalism. The film was inspired by real-life criminal confessions and societal debates on capital punishment. Krishna Ajai Rao’s casting marked a significant shift from his romantic hero image to a grey-shaded, menacing character, which became a major talking point during production. Several prison sequences were shot in real correctional facilities in Karnataka for authenticity.

=== Filming ===
The film was shot across Bengaluru for urban sequences, Mandya and rural Karnataka for Radheyaa’s childhood flashbacks, and Hyderabad studios for controlled indoor scenes. Prison sequences were filmed in real correctional facilities in Karnataka for authenticity. Principal photography began in early 2024 and spanned about 90 days. Cinematographer Rammy adopted a gritty tone with muted palettes for crime scenes and warmer hues for emotional flashbacks. Stunt sequences were choreographed by Arjun Raj and filmed under strict safety protocols. Filming wrapped by mid-2024, followed by post-production work on editing and background score.

=== Marketing ===
Promotions included a teaser and trailer highlighting the intense psychological drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcinemas.in/radheya-movie-teaser-released/|title=ಕುಂತೀಪುತ್ರ 'ರಾಧೇಯ' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟೀಸರ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ - BCinemas|work=BCinemas|date=12 October 2025|language=kn}}</ref> Also, there were social media campaigns emphasizing the tagline: "Confession is not redemption." The distribution of the film for entire Karnataka was held by NMK Cinemas.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Radheyaa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Viyan S A
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = Viyan S A
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Composed by Viyan S A (alias Sandy Addanki), the soundtrack features dark, moody themes complementing the film’s psychological tone. The background score was praised for enhancing tension during confession and flashback sequences.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhale Bhale
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra1 = Viyaan S A
| total_length = 4:05
}}

== Critical reviews ==
The New Indian Express rated the film 3/5, calling it a "quietly unsettling slow-burn thriller" and praising Ajai Rao’s performance for its understated menace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Nov/22/kannadareview2025nov21radheyaa-review-a-conventional-crime-thriller-anchored-by-krishna-ajai-raos-haunting-performance|title=Radheyaa Movie Review: A conventional crime thriller anchored by Krishna Ajai Rao’s haunting performance|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 November 2025}}</ref> Bangalore Mirror highlighted strong character development but noted minor plot inconsistencies regarding Radheyaa’s backstory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewradheyaa-into-a-serial-killers-mind/articleshow/125475213.cms|title=Kannada Movie Review–Radheyaa: Into a serial killer’s mind|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=21 November 2025}}</ref> Critics lauded Vedaguru’s direction for maintaining suspense without resorting to excessive gore.

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38813453}}
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/radheyaa/ET00469134 Radheyaa (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date at BookMyShow]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radheyaa}}
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]

Chakdaha Assembly constituency

2026-03-18T05:43:23Z

HymanGumm776: quick update

{{Short description|State-level election constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chakdaha
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chakdaha.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chakdaha Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
| constituency_no = 91
| established = 1957
| electors = 245,514
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chakdaha Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 91 Chakdaha Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Chakdaha]] municipality, and Chanduria I, Dubra, Ghetugachhi, Rautari, Silinda I, Silinda II, Tatla I and Tatla II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Chakdaha (Community development block)|Chakdaha]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Chakdaha Assembly constituency is part of No. 13 [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Suresh Chandra Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Santi Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Haridas Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Subal Chandra Mandal
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Subhash Chandra Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Haridas Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Binoy Kumar Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Subhas Basu
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Malay Kumar Samanta
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Naresh Chandra Chaki
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Ratna Ghosh Kar]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election Results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakdaha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhankar Singha (Jishu)
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bankim Ghosh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narayan dasgupta
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakdaha<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=91| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191147/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=91| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Chakdaha| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 4 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]|votes=99,368|percentage= 46.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=Subhankar Singha (Jishu)|votes=87,688|percentage=41.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Narayan Dasgupta|votes=17812|percentage=8.4%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Ratna Kar Ghosh of the All India Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Biswanath Gupta of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Chakdaha constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=91| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191147/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=91| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Chakdaha| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 4 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Ratna Kar Ghosh|votes=94241|percentage=49.63%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Biswanath Gupta|votes=70588|percentage=37.17%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pradip Kumar Sarkar|votes=16294|percentage=8.58%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=NOTA|votes=2739|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Sarnab Bose|votes=2579|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dhirendra Majumdar|votes=2077|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|candidate=Ashok Kumar Kundu|votes=1368|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=189886|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=23,653|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold|color=Green|colour=Green|winner=AITC}}

{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Naresh Chandra Chaki|votes=88771|percentage=51.2%|change=+12.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Biswanath Gupta|votes=74,672|percentage=43.06|change=-12.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Biswajit Ghosh|votes=6,674|percentage=3.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Asutosh Sarker|votes=3,278|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=173,395|percentage=90.45|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +24.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Malay kumar Samanta|votes=109670|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Naresh Chandra Chaki|votes=77801|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|candidate=Subhash Basu|votes=4658|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Arabinda Mandal|votes=4210|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=198797|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold|colour=Red|winner=CPIM}}{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Naresh Chandra Chaki of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Biswanath Gupta of CPI(M).
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections Malay Kumar Samanta of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Chakdaha assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Naresh Chandra Chaki of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Satyasadhan Chakraborty of CPI (M) defeated his nearest rivals Gouri Sankar Dutta, Sukumar Sarkar and Sukumar Roy (all of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]) in the respective years. In 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Subhas Basu of CPI (M) defeated Sanatanu Bhowmick and Narendra Nath Sarkar (both of Congress) in the respective years. In 1977, Binoy Kumar Biswas, Independent, defeated Saradindu Biswas of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp82.htm |title =82 - Chakdaha Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Hari Das Mitra of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Subhash Chandra Basu of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Subal Chandra Mandal of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> H.Mitra of Bangla Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, Inda, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Santi Das of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Suresh Chandra Banerjee of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> The Chakdaha seat was not there in 1951.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Deepa Bhasthi

2026-03-10T02:06:28Z

HymanGumm776: made article

{{Short description|Indian writer and translator (born 1983)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Deepa Bhasthi
| image = Deepa Bhasthi.jpg
| caption = Bhasthi at the Bengaluru Literature Festival 2025
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1983}}
| birth_place = [[Madikeri]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Writer, translator, journalist
| language = English, Kannada
| nationality =
| notable_works = ''[[Heart Lamp: Selected Stories | Heart Lamp]]''
| awards = International Booker Prize (2025), PEN Translates Award (2024)
| website = {{URL|https://deepabhasthi.com}}
}}
'''Deepa Bhasthi''' (born 1983) is an Indian writer, literary translator and journalist from the southern [[state (India)|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. She gained international recognition for her translation of the short story collection ''[[Heart Lamp]]'' by [[Banu Mushtaq]], for which, in 2025, she became the first translator from India to win the [[International Booker Prize]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |title='Radical translation' of ''Heart Lamp'' by Banu Mushtaq wins International Booker priz |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/may/20/radical-translation-of-heart-lamp-by-banu-mushtaq-wins-international-booker-prize |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=20 May 2025}}</ref> She is also the first translator of colour to win the International Booker Prize.

==Life==
Deepa Bhasthi was born in [[Madikeri]], Karnataka, in 1983. She attributes her love for literature to her paternal grandfather, who died six months before she was born and left her an extensive collection of books, including important works of Russian classics.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news |title=Deepa Bhasthi, translator of Booker winner ''Heart Lamp'', quit journalism for literature |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/deepa-bhasthi-translator-of-booker-winner-heart-lamp-quit-journalism-for-literature-3552026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Sudha |title=Soviet books, geopolitical imagination and eclectic solidarities in India |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/154823713/10.4324_9781003196334-14_chapterpdf.pdf |access-date=23 May 2025 |page=208 |date=2024}}</ref>

After finishing school, she initially studied natural sciences but later switched to commerce and graduated with a bachelor's degree from [[Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College]] in [[Kodagu]]. She then earned a degree in journalism from [[Mangalore University]] and went on to work as a journalist for various print media outlets in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=udayavani>{{cite news |title=From ''Hridaya Deepa'' to ''Heart Lamp'': Kodagu's Deepa Bhasthi behind Booker Prize winning English translation |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/from-hridaya-deepa-to-heart-lamp-kodagus-deepa-bhasthi-behind-booker-prize-winning-english-translation |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=Udayavani Kannada |date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Just the beginning, says Bhasthi after winning International Booker Prize |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/just-the-beginning-says-bhasthi-after-winning-international-booker-prize/articleshow/121322992.cms |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2025}}</ref>
As a journalist, she has had essays, columns and critiques published in more than 40 Indian and overseas newspapers and magazines.<ref name=scroll/>

During her career as a journalist, Bhasthi specialised in arts journalism and eventually became a columnist and founding editor of ''The Forager'' magazine, which explores the political significance of food.<ref name="deccan"/> In 2016, she teamed up with three other creatives to found the Forager Collective, which examines social issues such as economics, politics and culture through the lens of food.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Conversation: Deepa Bhasthi (Forager Collective) |url=https://www.delfinafoundation.com/platform/in-conversation-deepa-bhasthi-forager-collective/ |publisher=Delfina Foundation |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

Bhasthi lives in her hometown of Madikeri with her husband, artist and farmer Nanaiah Chettira, on a farm, along with their five dogs.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=In their farm with five pet dogs, Booker winner Deepa Bhasthi's husband celebrates in Kodagu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/in-his-farm-with-six-pet-dogs-booker-winner-deepa-bhasthis-husband-celebrates-in-kodagu/article69600936.ece |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=22 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=toi/>

==Work==
Deepa Bhasthi has gained international recognition for her literary translation work. Her English translation of [[Banu Mushtaq]]'s short story collection ''[[Heart Lamp]]'', which she completed over three years of work, earned her and the author the [[International Booker Prize]] in 2025.<ref name=hindu/><ref name=udayavani/>
The jury praised the translation as "something genuinely new", a radical translation that "challenges and expands our understanding of translation".<ref>{{cite web |title=Everything you need to know about ''Heart Lamp'', winner of the International Booker Prize 2025 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/everything-to-know-heart-lamp-winner-international-booker-prize-2025 |publisher=The Booker Prizes |access-date=23 May 2025 |date=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Rajkumar's iconic Kannada song quoted at Booker Prize ceremony. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/banu-mushtaq-deepa-bhasthi-quotes-dr-rajkumar-s-iconic-kannada-song-at-booker-prize-ceremony-watch-101747813874830.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 May 2025}}</ref>
In her translations, Bhasthi pursues an approach she herself describes as "translating with an accent", whereby her texts deliberately retain the cultural and historical characteristics of the original language in order to ensure authenticity.<ref name=scroll>{{cite news |title='With an accent': How Deepa Bhasthi translated International Booker Prize–shortlisted ''Heart Lamp'' |url=https://scroll.in/article/1081107/with-an-accent-how-deepa-bhasthi-translated-international-booker-prize-shortlisted-heart-lamp |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=Scroll |date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="shethepeople">{{cite web |title=Who Is Deepa Bhasthi? |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/womens-firsts/deepa-bhasthi-heart-lamp-international-booker-prize-9089572 |website=She The People |access-date=22 May 2025 |date=21 May 2025}}</ref>
In addition to Mushtaq's works, she has also translated prominent authors such as [[Kodagina Gowramma]], a feminist pioneer of [[Kannada literature]], and [[Kota Shivarama Karanth]].<ref name=shethepeople/><ref name="deccan"/>

In addition to her work as a translator, Bhasthi is also a children's book author. Her book ''Champi and the Fig Tree'' was published in 2025.<ref name=scroll/>

== Awards and recognition ==
* 2024: [[English PEN|PEN English Translate Award]], for her translation of Banu Mushtaq's ''Haseena and Other Stories''<ref>{{cite web |title=PEN Translates winners announced |url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-winners-announced-5/ |publisher=English PEN |access-date=23 May 2025 |date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2024 |title=Collection of Banu Mushtaq's short stories translated into English wins PEN English Translate award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/collection-of-banu-mushtaqs-short-stories-translated-into-english-wins-pen-english-translate-award/article68418815.ece |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2025: [[International Booker Prize]] for ''Heart Lamp'', shared with Banu Mushtaq<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marshall |first1=Alex |title=International Booker Prize Shortlist: 6 Books to Talk About |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/08/books/international-booker-prize-shortlist.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=New York Times |date=8 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Booker Prize for Banu Mushtaq: Celebrations in Hassan as Kannada Author Wins Prestigious Award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/celebrations-at-banu-mushtaqs-home-in-hassan-after-international-booker-prize-win-3550660 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en|first=Gayathri V |last=Raj |date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{cite web |title=www.deepabhasthi.com |url=http://www.deepabhasthi.com |publisher=Personal web page}}
*{{cite web |title=Onion Hill |publisher=Short fiction by Deepa Bhasthi |url=https://www.thealephreview.com/post/onion-hill |website=The Aleph Review|date=14 April 2024 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasthi, Deepa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]

Uttar Falguni

2026-03-07T06:42:59Z

HymanGumm776: small edit

{{Short description|1963 Indian Bengali film by Asit Sen}}
{{for|the [[Nakshatra]] in Hindi astrology|Uttara Phalgunī}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uttar Falguni.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
| producer = [[Uttam Kumar]]
| writer = [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]
| screenplay = Nripendra Krishna Chatterjee
| story = Nihar Ranjan Gupta
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suchitra Sen]] [[Bikash Roy]]
| music = Robin Chatterjee
| cinematography = Anil Gupta Jyoti Laha
| editing = Tarun Dutta
| studio = Uttam Kumar Films Pvt Ltd
| distributor = Chayabani Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1963|10|11}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Uttar Falguni''''' ({{Translation| ''Latter Reddish One''}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] and produced by [[Uttam Kumar]], starring [[Suchitra Sen]] in a double role, [[Bikash Roy]] and Dilip Mukherjee in lead. At the [[11th National Film Awards]], the film was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]].<ref name="11thaward">{{Cite web |title=State Awards for Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2017 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref> Music of the film composed by [[Robin Chatterjee discography|Robin Chatterjee]]. The film was remade by director Asit Sen himself in [[Hindi]], as ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' (1966) again with Suchitra Sen as the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2009 |title=Forgotten heroes of Bengali screen |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Forgotten-heroes-of-Bengali-screen/articleshow/4926103.cms |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022040256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Forgotten-heroes-of-Bengali-screen/articleshow/4926103.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was also remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Kaviya Thalaivi]]'' (1970),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=23 April 2018 |title=Tamil cinema's Bong connection |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/articleshow/63873364.cms |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180923110436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/articleshow/63873364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Pushpanjali (1972 film)|Pushpanjali]]'' (1972).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=27 November 2019 |title=Remakes of Bengali films: What's new in this trend? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901053336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Debjani (Suchitra Sen) is forced to marry the rakish Rakhal (Kalipada Chakraborty) who then tries to initiate her into prostitution. Pregnant with Rakhal’s child, she escapes from him and while on the train, she tries to commit suicide but is rescued by the madam of a singing house (Chhaya Devi) and brought to her kotha in Lucknow, where she gives birth to a daughter, Suparna, and becomes the tawaif Pannabai.As Rakhal traces her out continues to harass and blackmail her, she escapes once again to Calcutta and has Suparna admitted in a missionary school and distances herself from her so that her daughter can grow up in a good, clean environment. She meets her former lover, a barrister, Manish Roy (Bikash Roy) who, after hearing her tragic tale, wants to marry her but Debjani will not let him soil his name. She however asks him to take care of Suparna. Manish agrees, becoming Suparna’s guardian. Years Pass. Pannabai is now older with a heart ailment. The adult Suparna (Suchitra Sen again), brought up by Manish as his niece, returns from abroad, also having become a lawyer, who is in love with her senior Indranil (Dilip Mukherjee), Manish’s assistant. When Rakhal realizes that Suparna is his daughter, he comes back to blackmail Debjani, threatening to expose Suparna’s true identity. Debjani shoots him dead. In court, she is defended by Manish. Suparna is against Manish taking this case of a characterless, fallen woman whom she despises but when Manish tells her Debjani’s true story and reveals her true identity to her, she defends Debjani in court…

== Cast ==
* [[Suchitra Sen]] as Debjani / Pannabai and Suparna<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=378 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994 |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821193440/https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bikash Roy]] as Manish Roy<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
* [[Chhaya Devi]] as Baijee
* Dilip Mukherjee as Indranil
* Padmadevi as Indranil's mother
* Kalipada Chakraborty as Rakhalbabu<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
* [[Pahari Sanyal]] as Barrister
* Jahar Ganguli as Debjani's father
* Sita Mukherjee as Mother Mamen
* [[Ajit Bandyopadhyay (actor)|Ajit Bandyopadhyay]]
* Renuka Roy

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra3 = [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
| extra2 = [[Sandhya Mukherjee]], [[Chhaya Devi]]
| extra1 = [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Kaun Tarah Se Tum
| all_music = Robin Chatterjee
| length4 = 3:23
| title4 = Zindagi Ki Ek Bhool
| length3 = 2:42
| title3 = Tum Chatur Medley
| length2 = 2:57
| title2 = Tore Naina Lage
| length1 = 3:13
| extra4 = [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
| total_length = 12:12
}}

==Reception==
This is the fourth film produced by Uttam Kumar but for the first time he did not act in his home production. He gave the opportunity to Bikash Roy as he felt that the story and audience perspective favoured Bikash Roy for the role. The film became a blockbuster hit at the box office and ran for 105 days in theatres.

==Awards==
*[[11th National Film Awards|1964]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - Uttam Kumar (As producer)
*1964: [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|BFJA Best Actress Award]] - Suchitra Sen

==Remakes==
The film was remade in Hindi in 1966 as ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' where Asit Sen directed again and Suchitra Sen reprised her role. Later the film remade in Tamil as ''[[Kaviya Thalaivi]]'' in 1970 and in Malayalam as ''[[Pushpanjali (1972 film)|Pushpanjali]]'' in 1972.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0324391}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}

[[Category:1963 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Robin Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

Jahan Shah (Mughal Emperor)

2026-03-04T06:58:22Z

HymanGumm776:

{{short description|Brief Mughal emperor in 1788}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jahan Shah جهان شاه
| title = [[Padishah]] [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]
| image =
Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg
| caption = Portrait by Ghulam Ali Khan
| succession = 18th [[Mughal Emperor]]
| reign = {{nowrap|31 July {{endash}} 11 October 1788}}<ref>Royal Numismatic Society, ''The Numismatic Chronicle'', (1926) p.415</ref>
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Shah Alam II]]
| successor = [[Shah Alam II]]
| spouse =
| issue = {{plainlist|
*Nawab Najabat Afruz Banu Begum Sahiba
*Nawab Muhammadi Begum Sahiba{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}}}
| full name = Mirza Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| regnal name = Jahan Shah ([[Persian language|Persian]]: جهان شاه )
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Ahmad Shah]]<ref name="hasan">{{cite book |title=Later Moghuls and Urdù literature |last=Hasan |first=Iqtida |page=48 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Ferozsons]] |isbn=9789690101204 }}</ref>
| mother =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
| birth_name = Mahmud Shah Bahadur
| birth_date = 1749{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
| birth_place = [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]] (now in India){{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
| death_date = 1790 (aged 40–41)
| death_place = [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]], Delhi, Mughal Empire{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
| burial_place = [[Old Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
}}
{{Mughal}}

'''Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur''' ({{langx|fa|بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر|rtl=yes}}, also known by his [[regnal name]] '''Jahan Shah''' ({{langx|fa|جهان شاه|rtl=yes}}), was the eighteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] for a brief period in 1788 after [[Shah Alam II]] was deposed by [[Ghulam Kadir]], Mahmud Shah Bahadur was the son of a former Mughal Emperor, [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]].<ref name="hasan"/> He himself became emperor for a brief period in 1788 as a puppet of Ghulam Kadir,<ref>{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |page=595 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Sterling Publishers]] |isbn=9781932705546 }}</ref> after Shah Alam II had been deposed and blinded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1707-1803 A.D.): A Study in Political Relations |last=Tikkiwal |first=Harish Chandra |page=175 |year=1974 |publisher=[[University of Rajasthan]] |oclc=825766812 }}</ref> He was allegedly put to death in 1790 by order of Shah Alam II, supposedly for usurping his authority in 1788.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Early life==
Born as Prince Bidar Bakht, he was the eldest surviving child of Emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Ahmad Shah]]. Sometime afterwards, he was granted the title of ''Mahmud Shah Bahadur'' and was also known as ''Banka'', a term used then in Mughal India referring distinguished warriors or champions. He was given the governorship of Punjab in 1753 on the death of the erstwhile governor [[Mir Mannu]], though he remained in court.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol. 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1964 }}</ref> Upon his fathers' deposition, he was imprisoned in the Salimgarh Palace-prison in June 1754.

==Reign and aftermath==
In 1788 the [[Rohilla]] chieftain, [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] usurped power in Delhi and began subjecting the reigning Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] to verbal, physical and psychological abuse. To find a legitimate means of doing such acts, and due to the machinations of the former Empress [[Badshah Begum]] the emperor was deposed and Prince Mahmud Shah was enthroned as ''Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Jahan Shah'' on 31 July 1788.
His reign was a titular one. On the day of his accession the whole Red Fort Palace was ransacked by Ghulam Qadir's men. Cruelties and torture were later on perpetrated on the whole [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] family, sparing not even Badshah Begum or the new emperor. Porters carrying water for the deposed monarch were stopped and rebuked by the Rohilla. Finally, the arrival of [[Mahadji Shinde]]'s troops forced Ghulam Qadir to flee, who took the emperor with him. He was subsequently deposed by the Shinde after the conquest of Delhi, on 16 October 1788, in favor of Shah Alam II. Ghulam Qadir took him to Mirat where, in desperation at his failures, he threatened to execute the hapless prince and other captives from the Imperial family that he had taken with him but was prevented from doing so by his own bodyguard, Manyar Singh. Thence the Rohilla fled leaving behind the captive princes. When Mirat was captured by Shinde's forces on 18 December, Mahmud Shah was once more imprisoned in the Salimgarh Fort.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire Vol. 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32029 |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1934 }}</ref>
He died in 1790, allegedly on the orders of Shah Alam II for his role in the 1788 disturbances and for treason against the [[House of Babur]]. He left behind two daughters.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire (1739–1803) in 4 Volumes|publisher=Orient Longman|year=2007|isbn=9788125032458}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]|}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Shah Alam II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Mughal emperors|Emperor of the Mughal Empire]]|years=1788}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Shah Alam II]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jahan Shah 04}}
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1790 deaths]]
[[Category:1749 births]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Kavaludaari

2026-03-03T21:26:56Z

HymanGumm776: Updated formatting and sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kavaludaari
| image = kavaludaari.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Hemanth M Rao]]
| producer = Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar
| writer = [[Hemanth Rao]]
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Suman Ranganathan]]
* [[Roshni Prakash]]
* [[Sulile Kumar]]
* Sampath
* Sidhaartha Maadhyamika
}}
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = Advaitha Gurumurthy
| editing = Jagadeesh N.
| studio = [[PRK Productions]]
| distributor = Sri Vajreshwari Combines
| released = {{film date|2019|04|12}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}2.8 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}6.83 crore
}}
'''''Kavaludaari''''' ({{translation|Crossroads}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[crime]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Hemanth Rao]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hemanth-raos-next-titled-as-kavalu-daari/articleshow/59140206.cms|title=Hemanth Rao's next titled as Kavalu Daari|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> presented by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and produced by Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar of [[PRK Productions]].<ref name=":0" /> Kavaludaari will be the first feature film presentation from the production house. The film stars [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/14/rishi-as-police-officer-in-thrilling-kavalu-daari-1616752.html|title=Rishi as police officer in thrilling Kavalu Daari|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> [[Anant Nag]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ananth-nag-is-a-reclusive-retired-inspector-in-his-next/articleshow/61220612.cms|title=Ananth Nag is a reclusive retired inspector in his next|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/26/anant-nags-cop-portrayal-leaves-kavalu-daari-set-speechless-1683169.html|title=Anant Nag's cop portrayal leaves 'Kavalu Daari' set speechless|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Suman Ranganathan|Suman Ranganath]], and [[Roshni Prakash]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/sep/18/roshini-prakashs-innocence-wins-her-lead-role-in-kavalu-daari-1658744.html|title=Roshini Prakash's innocence wins her lead role in Kavalu Daari|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> in the lead roles, while [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Sulile Kumar]], Sampath, and Sidhaartha Maadhyamika<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sidhartha-maadhyamika-puts-on-15-kgs-for-his-role-in-kavalu-daari/articleshow/61892316.cms|title=Sidhartha Maadhyamika puts on 15 kgs for his role in Kavalu Daari|website=The Times of India|date=3 December 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> play supporting roles. The music and background score for the film is composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] with cinematography by Advaitha Gurumoorthy and editing by Jagadeesh. The film released on 12 April 2019.

[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] had revealed that the movie is being remade in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi.<ref>{{citation|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interview-will-act-in-my-home-production-shortly/articleshow/69847613.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar: Will act in my home production shortly|date=2019-01-19|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/29/kavaludaari-remake-rights-see-high-demand-in-south-and-bwood-1970335.html|title=Kavaludaari remake rights see high demand in south and Bollywood|website=The New Indian Express |date=29 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/29/kavaludaari-remake-rights-see-high-demand-11290.html|title=Kavaludaari remake rights see high demand|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 April 2019 }}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Kabadadaari]]'' starring [[Sibi Sathyaraj|Sibiraj]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/23/sibiraj-nandita-swetha-film-titled-kabadadaari-15090.html|title=Sibiraj, Nandita Swetha film titled Kabadadaari|date=2019-10-23|work=Cinema Express}}</ref> and in Telugu as ''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' starring [[Sumanth]]; both versions star [[Nandita Swetha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sumanth-begins-shoot-for-kavaludaari-remake/articleshow/71855227.cms|title=Sumanth begins shoot for 'Kavaludaari' remake|website=The Times of India |date=November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kabadadaari-be-made-tamil-telugu-bilingual-112199|title='Kabadadaari' to be made as a Tamil-Telugu bilingual|date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Sub-Inspector|SI]] K. S. Shyam is a sincere traffic cop, whose real interest lies in handling crime-related cases. One day, he accidentally comes across the skeletal remains of a three-member family, and he decides to pursue his interest despite warning from his senior officer. However, his plans hit roadblock when he gets to know that the remains are four-decades old. The forensic reports show that there are signs of struggle on the bodies, so it most likely was a murder. His encounter with Kumar, a small-time journalist who is equally interested in the case, helps him unfold many mysteries. He finds out that the dead family's head is Suresh, the boss of an archaeology department. He worked with Sampath to uncover jewels from the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and was the same day, Sampath was mysteriously killed.

On the same day, Suresh was found with a bloodstained shirt, so Shyam realized that Suresh killed Sampath. The arrival of Mutthanna, a retired cop, who investigated the case decades ago, and actress Madhuri into the plot, makes things complex for Shyam. Kumar tells Shyam that Madhuri is related to the case, so Shyam goes to ask her questions. But, it proves unsuccessful. Mutthanna decides to help Shyam by giving him information from what he investigated. He reveals that Suresh actually didn't kill Sampath and that the blood on Suresh's shirt was from a wounded person whom Suresh had saved. Who killed Sampath, and how the family died still remains a mystery. Madhuri was also killed later. When Mutthanna and Shyam went to investigate her house, they see a picture of Madhuri wearing a necklace from the Vijayanagara Empire excavation.

They see a goon who breaks into the house. Shyam and Mutthanna chase after him. When they follow the goon, it leads them to a resort. In a park near the resort, Mutthanna recognizes a place where the car was originally burnt. Inside the resort, a political leader is giving a speech, and Shyam gets a call from Kumar to meet him. Kumar tells him that before Madhuri was an actress, she used to be a dancer who danced for gangsters. One person had a deep connection with Madhuri, who was Mailur Srinivas Rao, the upcoming [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|CM of Karnataka]]. Meanwhile, Mutthanna discovers that the resort belongs to Mailur. Shyam goes to inspect Mailur's old home to find more evidence. He finds holy Christian objects hidden in a high shelf. This confuses Shyam because Mailur is a Hindu. He tells Mutthanna, who goes to Mailur's campaign. He notices that Mailur looks like Fernandez, Suresh's old driver.

In front of the crowd, he shouts "Fernandez" to which Mailur looks awkwardly at Mutthanna. He gets scared and tells his goons to abduct him. Mutthanna tells Shyam everything, and then he is taken. Mailur explains to Mutthanna that he found out that Suresh was holding a treasure worth 80 lakhs in his department, so he kills Sampath. And, just to make sure he gets away with the money, he plans to kill Suresh too. He tells Bablu about his plan, but he doesn't tell him about Sampath. He tells Bablu to put sleeping pills in the family's food, so they can make a run. But, what Bablu doesn't know that the pills are poisoned. The whole family dies, and Bablu threatens to tell the police about what Fernandez did. However, the bag containing the pills had Bablu's fingerprints, so he would also get in trouble.

Fernandez takes their dead bodies in his car, buries them, and burns the car. He takes the jewelry and becomes rich. To make sure no one got suspicious, he changed his identity into Mailur Srinivas Rao. After that, Mailur has his goons kill Mutthanna. Shyam arrives and is too late to save Mutthanna, who soon dies. Before he dies, Mutthanna tells Shyam what Mailur did. He gets mad and kills Mailur's goons. He eventually finds out that Kumar is actually Bablu. He goes to inquire this to Kumar, but Kumar's daughter arrives, forcing Shyam to leave. After this, he goes to Mailur to threaten him, but he actually goes there to work for Mailur, who tells him to kill Bablu/Kumar. On a car ride, he stops his car and shoots Kumar, but not before recording him telling everything about Mailur and Madhuri.

Kumar reveals that when he went to interview Madhuri, he accidentally knocks her to the floor and kills her. After killing Kumar, Shyam goes to Mailur's swearing ceremony and tells him that he killed Kumar. But, it turns out that Shyam lied, and that he didn't kill Kumar. Kumar disguises himself and serves milk to Mailur, which is actually poisoned and Mailur dies on the spot. When Shyam and Kumar drive in the car, Kumar reveals that he drank the remaining poison because he felt guilty. The recording Kumar made becomes viral and everyone learns about Mailur and his past sins. Because of his work on this case, Shyam gets promoted as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] in the crime branch. It is revealed that the man who Suresh saved all those years ago was actually Shyam's dad which made him take interest in this case.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] K. S. Shyam, Bangalore City Traffic Police
* [[Anant Nag]] as Muthanna, a retired police inspector
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Kumar, Editor of Lockup News/Bablu
* [[Suman Ranganathan]] as Madhuri, actress
* [[Roshni Prakash]]<ref name=":1" /> as Priya, the daughter of Kumar
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Laxman, Editor in Chief of TV7
* [[Sulile Kumar]] as Lokesh
* Sampath Maitreya as Mailuru Srinivasa Rao/Fernandes
* Sidhaartha Maadhyamika<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-realistic-actor/article25036076.ece|title=Why Kannada actor Sidhaartha believes in living his on-screen characters|last=R|first=Shilpa Sebastian|date=2018-09-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as Mr. Gurudas Naidu
* Samanvitha Shetty as Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Naidu<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/01/hemanth-ropes-samanvita-shetty-siri-ravikumar-for-kavalu-daari-1665349.html|title=Hemanth ropes Samanvita Shetty, Siri Ravikumar for Kavalu Daari|date=2017-10-02|work=New Indian Express}}</ref>
* Bharath Gowda as Bablu/Young age Kumar
* [[Siri Ravikumar]] as Geetha Muttanna
* Sharmila S. Karthik as Thimmakka
* Kiran Kumar as Sebastian
* Hanumanthegowda as K. Ganapathy
* Ramesh Pandit as Chalapathy
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kavaludaari
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = PRK Audio
| producer = Charan Raj
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Jeerjimbe]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Kavaludaari
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Avane Srimannarayana]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{Singles
| name = Kavaludaari
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Nigooda Nigooda
| single1date = Mar 05, 2019
| single2 = Ide Dina
| single2date = Mar 11, 2019
| single3 = Samshaya
| single3date=Mar 18, 2019
}}
}}
The music is composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/04/trailer-of-rishi-starrer-kavaludaari-to-be-out-today-1960076|title=Trailer of Rishi-starrer Kavaludaari to be out today|date=2019-04-04|work=New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Songs===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nigooda Nigooda
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length1 = 04:40
| lyrics1 = Nagarjun Sharma

| title2 = Samshaya
| extra2 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| length2 = 02:42
| lyrics2 = Dhananjay Ranjan

| title3 = Ide Dina
| extra3 = Siddhant Sundar
| length3 = 04:34
| lyrics3 = Dhananjay Ranjan

| title4 = Khali Khali
| extra4 = Sharanya Gopinath
| length4 = 02:29
| lyrics4 = Dhananjay Ranjan

| title5 = Kavaludaari Title Song
| extra5 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length5 = 02:49
| lyrics5 = Kiran Kaverappa
}}

===Original Motion Picture Soundtrack===
{{Infobox album
| name = Kavaludaari - Music From the Motion Picture
| type = Film score
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 9 May 2019
| recorded = 2018
| venue = [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]]
| studio ={{plainlist|*2 Bar Q studio, Chennai.
*Audiokraft, Bangalore.
*Cadence Studio, Bangalore.
*Balaji Digi Studio, Bangalore.
*Akash Audio, Bangalore.}}
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]
| length = 46:58
| label = PRK Audio
| producer = Charan Raj
| next_year =
}}

The [[Film score|background score]] of the film was appreciated by both audiences and critics alike. Following that, the original [[soundtrack]] was released on 9 May 2019 in [[YouTube]] and all other platforms.

{{track listing
| headline =
| total_length = 46:58
| title1 = Naidu's Intro
| length1 = 01:42
| title2 = Shyam's Intro
| length2 = 02:12
| title3= Kavaludaari Title
| length3 = 02:48
| title4 = Bones
| length4 = 03:16
| title5= Muthanna's Promise
| length5 = 01:33
| title6 = Naidu's Truth
| length6 = 02:13
| title7 = Muthanna's Past
| length7 = 03:10
| title8 = The Suspects
| length8 = 0:47
| title9 = Shyam & Priya
| length9 = 02:08
| title10 = The Chase
| length10 = 03:39
| title11 = Burning Tree
| length11 = 03:28
| title12 = Politicians and Their Lies
| length12 = 01:12
| title13 = Man Behind the Mask
| length13 = 03:21
| title14 = Encounter 1
| length14 = 03:00
| title15 = Trip Down Memory Lane
| length15 = 03:12
| title16 = Encounter 2
| length16 = 02:49
| title17 = Hope
| length17 = 01:16
| title18 = Half Truths
| length18 = 01:51
| title19 = Khak the Dirt
| length19 = 03:33
| title20 = Countdown
| length20 = 02:44
| title21 = Kumar's Abyss
| length21 = 02:41
| title22 = Circle of Life
| length22 = 02:11
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award !!Category !!Recipient !!Result !!Ref
|-
! [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|12th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2020]]
|Best Film in Kannada Cinema
| Hemanth Rao PRK Productions
|{{won}}
|<ref name="BIFFES">{{Cite web|url=https://biffes.in/awards-asian-cinema.php|title=Awards :: Bengaluru International Film Festival - BIFFES|website=biffes.in|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125073608/https://biffes.in/awards-asian-cinema.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=4|Critics’ Choice Film Awards 2020
|Best Film
|[[PRK Productions]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list|date=11 March 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list|date=28 Mar 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Hemanth M Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Writing
|Hemanth M Rao
|{{nom}}
|-
!rowspan=4|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Director
|Hemanth M Rao
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868|title=SIIMA 2020: Check Out Full Winners' List |website=ibtimes|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|Rishi
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Producer
|PRK Productions
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|7109900}}

{{Hemanth M Rao}}
{{PRK Productions}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Kannathal

2026-03-03T04:46:10Z

HymanGumm776: content update

{{Short description|1998 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannathaal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Bharathi Kannan]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| writer = Bharathi Kannan [[E. Ramdoss]] (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karan (actor)|Karan]]|[[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]]|Indhu}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Vijay
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| distributor =
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|12|02}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kannathal''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] directed by [[Bharathi Kannan]]. The film stars [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] and Indhu, with [[Manivannan]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Fathima Babu]], and [[Delhi Ganesh]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 2 December 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannathaal / கண்ணாத்தாள் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kannathaal |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202034746/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kannathaal |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Khusbu narrates the story of the woman turned village Goddess through her traditional, [[Villu Paatu|bow song]] in a village fair.

Kannatha ([[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]]) is a villager who performs dances(Karagattam) for her survival and is a staunch believer in Goddess Amman. Many in her village, revere here as a goddess. She lives with her father Shanmugam Pillai ([[Delhi Ganesh]]), who is a [[nadaswaram]] artist, her mother ([[Fathima Babu]]), and her four little sisters.

Chinna Durai ([[Karan (actor)|Karan]]) is the philandering son of a rich Zamindar Mohana Sundaram ([[Manivannan]]) and Ranganayaki ([[Vadivukkarasi]]). One fine day, Chinna Durai witnesses Kannatha in a Hindu festival and impressed by her looks. He uses subterfuge to marry her by coercing her father into their marriage.

After the marriage, Chinna Durai rapes Kannatha and begins to mistreat the innocent girl. When Shanmugam visits Kannatha, Chinna Durai ridicules him for being poor. Feeling guilty to have destroyed his daughter's life, Shanmugam dies of a broken heart. Kannatha then decides to support her mother and sisters by trying to bring them to live with her in-laws. Mohana Sundaram and Ranganayaki repeatedly humiliate them as much as possible to expel them from their house. In addition to this, Chinna Durai also tries to harasses Kannatha's mother to her shock. Due to this humiliation, Kannatha's mother and the four girls commit suicide by eating poisoned food unbeknownst to Kannatha. Soona Paana ([[Vadivelu]]) has a comedy subplot in this story as a menacing villager who steals and gets caught in the action hilariously.

Meanwhile, Kannatha becomes pregnant. Chinna Durai who is now bored of living with her, accuse that Kannatha's baby has cheated on him to have this child. The village president orders Kannatha to perform a ritual on front of Chintala karai Vekkali amman statue to prove her innocence and chastity. Although Kannatha successfully completes the ritual, Chinna Durai, Mohana Sundaram, and Ranganayaki hacks her to death and set her ablaze. They forge evidences to make the police believe this was an accident. Kannatha emerges from the ashes taking the form of a goddess to avenge her death.

Shortly after this, Chinna Durai marries his rich relative Seetha Lakshmi (Indhu), a talkative and naive village girl. Seetha lakshmi worships Karuppusamy and gets to know the cruelty of her husband and in laws. Now Kannatha, in her goddess form kills her in-laws every full moon day. Now pregnant Seetha Lakshmi tries to save her husband from the wrath of goddess begs Karuppusamy's priest. Priest gives her lemons to stick on the trident of the goddess, that are supposed to calm down the goddess.

In the climax, Chinna Durai who is against this practice berates the goddess, argues with his wife and hurts her; This inadvertently makes the lemon fall from the trident. Kannatha appears before Chinna Durai and tries to kill him. He seeks her mercy but sighting his presence would endanger all of womenkind, Kannatha finally slays him. Movies ends with a note that all evil should be destroyed for the betterment of humanity.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Chinna Durai
*[[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] as Kannatha
*Indhu as Seetha Lakshmi
*[[Manivannan]] as Mohana Sundaram
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Ranganayaki
*[[Vadivelu]] as Soona Paana (Subbaiya Pandiyan)
*[[Fathima Babu]] as Kannatha's mother
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Shanmugam, Kannatha's father
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as Vasu
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Gopal
*[[Bharathi Kannan]] as Babu
*[[Meesai Murugesan]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*Raj Chander as Babu
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
*Chitra Guptan
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*Achan
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] in a guest appearance as Karuppu Sami
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in a guest appearance as [[villu pattu|villupattukari]]
*Priyanka Robo Shankar in an uncredited role
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannathal {{sic|nolink=y|(2004)}} |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Kannathal-songs-T0001017 |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016155104/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Kannathal-songs-T0001017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannathal / Guru Parvai |url=https://avdigital.in/products/kannathal-guru-parvai |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=AVDigital |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607091135/https://avdigital.in/products/kannathal-guru-parvai |url-status=live }}</ref> He reportedly composed all the songs in a single day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waheed |first=Sajahan |date=22 June 1998 |title='Kannathal' inspires Illayaraja folk tunes |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yG40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3xQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038%2C244161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617083944/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yG40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3xQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038%2C244161 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Amman Pukazhai Paada" (male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || rowspan=2|Ilaiyaraaja || 4:53
|-
| "Amman Pukazhai Paada" (female) || [[Bhavatharini]] || 4:53
|-
| "Kamatchi Ammanukku" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Ponnadiyan || 5:17
|-
| "Maalaiveiyazhaki" || Ilaiyaraaja, Chorus || [[Kamakodiyan]]|| 2:42
|-
| "Munthi Munthi Vinayagare" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Bharathi Kannan || 6:20
|-
| "Pathilenkay Solvai" || Sujatha || [[Arivumathi]] || 4:09
|-
| "Unnai Nambum" || Devie Neithiyar, [[Choir|Chorus]] || Kamakodiyan || 2:38
|}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The old fashioned approach of director S. Bharathikannan, based on his story and screenplay, may go well with rural audience, particularly womenfolk".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=4 December 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Velli Nilavae / Kannaathaal |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981204/09/09040224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407121720/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981204/09/09040224.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathi Kannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mumbai Central–Hisar Duronto Express

2026-02-20T19:08:21Z

HymanGumm776: Creating new entry!

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Mumbai Central – Hisar Junction ''Duronto Express''
| image = Hisar mumbai duranto express.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Mumbai Central – Hisar Junction Duronto Express At [[Hisar Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|04|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} '''(MMCT)'''
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}} '''(HSR)'''
| distance = {{convert|1160|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Bi-Weekly
| class = AC 1st Class AC 2 tier AC 3 tier AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes, [[pantry car]] attached
| observation = Rake sharing with 12227/12228 [[Mumbai Central–Indore Duronto Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| trainnumber = 12239 / 12240
| speed = {{convert|76|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = {{Mumbai Central–Hisar Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 12239 / 12240 '''Mumbai Central–Hisar ''Duronto Express''''' is a [[Duronto Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] which belongs to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} of [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}} of [[Haryana]] in [[India]].

==Coach composition==

The rake has 4 AC 3 tier Economy, 6 AC 3 tier coaches, 3 AC 2 tier coaches, 1 AC First Class, 1 AC Chair Car, 1 Pantry car and 2 EOG cars making a total of 14 coaches.

As is customary with [[Indian Railways]], coaches are added/removed as per the demand.

==Service==

It is the fastest train on the [[Mumbai]]–[[Jaipur]] sector. It averages 75.59 km/h as 12239 Duronto Express covering 1159 km in 15 hrs 20 mins and 70.24 km/h as 12240 Duronto Express covering 1159 km in 16 hrs 30 mins.

Some of the other trains that cover the Mumbai–Jaipur sectors are 12955/56 [[Jaipur Superfast Express]], 12979/80 [[Jaipur–Bandra Terminus Superfast Express]], 14701/02 [[Amrapur Aravali Express]], 22933/34 Bandra Terminus–Jaipur Weekly Superfast Express, 12215/16 [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express]] which initially ran up to Jaipur, later extended to Delhi Sarai Rohilla.

==Train details==

This train had its inaugural run on 3 April 2011. It was & still is a 2 days a week service. It is a fully AC train & uses LHB rakes. Until 17 August 2021, it used to ply between {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} and {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} but then, it was extended up to {{stnlnk|Hisar Junction}}.

==Commercial halts==

It has halts at {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}, {{stnlnk| Kota Junction}}

{{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}} is where it reverses direction of travel. This is not a commercial halt. This halt is for rake reversal only

The train is hauled by an electric locomotive

[[File:Jaipur Duronto.jpg|thumbnail|right|12239 Hisar Duronto Express standing at {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}} with [[WAP-5]] locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara shed]]]]
[[File:JPDuronto.jpg|thumb|Mumbai central - Hisar Duronto Express – AC 3 tier coach]]

==Time table==

* 12239 Mumbai Central–Hisar Duronto Express leaves Mumbai Central every Tuesday & Sunday and reaches Hisar Junction the next day.
* 12240 Hisar–Mumbai Central Duronto Express leaves Hisar Junction every Tuesday & Thursday and reaches Mumbai Central the next day.

==See also==
*[[Duronto Express]]
*[[Mumbai Central railway station]]
*[[Jaipur Junction railway station]]
*[[Jaipur Superfast Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Duronto Express}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway passenger reservation enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125225205/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=25 November 2013 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=30 May 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=175&id=0,4,268|title=Western Railway|publisher=wr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=30 May 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-23/jaipur/28145469_1_duronto-express-new-train-jaipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020222339/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-23/jaipur/28145469_1_duronto-express-new-train-jaipur|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Duronto Express to bring Mumbai closer to city|accessdate=30 May 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai-Alwar Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Alwar]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

Tridhara Milan mandir

2026-02-19T16:40:59Z

HymanGumm776: put up a details.

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Radha Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Tridhara Milan mandir
|native_name = ত্রিধারা মিলন মন্দির
|native_name_lang = bn
|image = File:Tridharatemple.jpg
|caption = Tridhara Milan mandir
|map_type = India West Bengal
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|coordinates = {{coord|22.967472 |N|87.171084 |E|type:landmark_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|location = [[Panchmura]]
|deity =
*[[Radha Krishna]]
*[[Shiva]]
*[[Kali]]
*[[Rama|Ram]]
*[[Sita]]
|festivals =
*''[[Rath Yatra]]''
*''[[Radhashtami]]''
*''[[Janmashtami]]''
*''[[Holi]]''
*''[[Hindu Wedding]]''
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|established = 1 July 2022
|creator =
|website = {{url|https://www.tridharamandir.com|Tridhara Milan mandir Prem Vihar - Official Website}}
}}

'''Tridhara Milan mandir ''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to the [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha]] & [[Krishna]], in the form of [[Radha Krishna]]. Located in [[Panchmura]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]] of [[West Bengal]], it is sometimes also referred to as the ''Second Vrindavan'' and is a melting for the three major sects of [[Hinduism]]: [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Tridhara+Milan+Mandir+or+Naba-Vrindavan/@22.967507,87.1709535,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39f7c1a932e065b5:0x9e052d0d8f5782b0!8m2!3d22.967507!4d87.1709535!16s%2Fg%2F11jsb96kkz|title=Tridhara Milan Mandir on Google Maps|access-date= 26 June 2024}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Tridhara Milan mandir often referred as ''Second Vrindavan'' and is situated at [[Panchmura]] under [[Taldangra]] police station in [[Bankura district|Bankura]]. The temple derived its name from of the close relationship of love and devotion of the devotees with [[Krishna]] & [[Radha]] in this temple. Particularly, the term "Tridhara" originated from the fact that the temple is a melting pot and sangam for the three principle sects of beliefs of [[Hinduism]] - [[Shaivism]] ([[Shiva]]), [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Radha Krishna]]) and [[Shaktism]] ([[Kali]]).<ref name="ie">{{cite web |url= https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/second-vrindaban-is-now-in-west-bengal-537644/ |title=আর উত্তরপ্রদেশে ছুটতে হবে না, বাংলাতেই গড়ে উঠেছে দ্বিতীয় বৃন্দাবন |work= [[Indian Express]] |access-date= 26 June 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240626072216/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/second-vrindaban-is-now-in-west-bengal-537644/ |archive-date=26 June 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple was inaugurated on 1 July 2022. According to the [[Lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]] [[Hindu calendar|Hindu Bengali calendar]], the date was 16th of the month of "Ashara", marking the auspicious day of [[Rathyatra]].<ref name="ie"></ref>

== Deities ==
This temple is mainly dedicated to Lord [[Krishna]] & [[Radha|Radharani]]. Along with there are separate temples for other [[Hindu deities]] like [[Shiva]], [[Kali]], [[Rama|Ram]], [[Sita]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. The main temple houses the idols of [[Radha Krishna]] and [[Kali|Maa Kali]]. In front of it are two other temples. One of them is dedicated to [[Shiva|Mahadev]] while the other one is dedicated to [[Rama|Ram]] - [[Sita]]. On the walls of the main temple of [[Krishna]], there are various stone replicas of [[Krisha|Lord Krishna]] and his [[Dasavatar]] engraved on the walls.<ref name="news18"></ref>

== The temple complex ==
[[File:Tridharamilanmandirpanchmura.jpg|thumb|left|The entrance of Radha Krishna temple]]
There are three temples in the complex. The main temple houses the idols of [[Radha Krishna]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. A smaller temple inside the principle temple houses the idol of [[Kali|Maa Kali]]. In front of it, one temple houses the idols of [[Rama|Ram]] - [[Sita]] and another temple houses a large statue of [[Shiva|Mahadev]] in a meditating pose.

The ceiling is architectured from ''shegun kath'' and a large [[chandelier]] hangs from the ceiling. The walls around all the temples is carved with various scenes from the childhood of Krishna along with the spiritual "lila" [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] did during his [[avatar]] in the [[Dvapara Yuga]]. The type of architecture and size of the carved statues on walls resembles the [[Nagara architecture]] prevalent in [[Northern India]] more than the age-old [[Terracotta temples of West Bengal|teracotta temples of West Bengal]] of [[Bengal architecture]].

The main temple has stairs from two sides and a centrally located "Tulsimancha", which can be worshipped at halfway from both the stairs. The idols of the deities are placed on "bedis" which are made from wood and the floor of all the temples are covered with marble stone. The deities of Radha Krishna and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] is made of Rajasthani marble. The statue of Shri Krishna is of dark complexion while the statue of Radharani is of white complexion.

There are caricatures featuring the [[Dashavatara|Dashavatars]] of [[Vishnu]], scenes of the ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Dev]] - [[Asura|Asur]] Sangram'' during the [[Samudra Manthana]], Krishna preaching moral ''vanis'' to [[Arjuna]] before the [[Kurukshetra War]] in [[Mahabharata]], [[Narayana|Lord Narayana]] residing in his [[Vaikuntha|Vaikunth Dham]] with his wife [[Lakshmi]] and the lila of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. On the front gate, there is a stone architected statue depicting the [[Vishvarupa|Vishwaroop]] of [[Vishnu]]. The shrine of the main temple is also engraved with various events from the Krishan Purana. There are several other statues of common devotees with ''[[khol]]'' and ''[[kartal]]'' in their hand, who are doing "[[kirtan]]" to preach to the people about Krishna and his divine "lila".<ref name="news18"></ref>

== Darshan and Prasad ==
Everyday the temple is opened for the visitors and devotees from morning to night. But it remains closed for 2 hours between 2 p.m. to 4 p.m., when ''bhog'' is served to the deities. Devotees can have the prasad for {{INR|51}} per person. Initially started for 600 persons daily, presently 2000 devotees are served [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] daily. Apart from tourists from different parts of the district, people from outside the district also come to see this temple of Radha and Krishna.<ref name="news18">{{cite web |url= https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/life-style/summer-vacation-trip-to-bankura-offbeat-places-this-temple-of-bankura-is-called-second-vrindavan-l18-sdg-1665601.html |title=বাঁকুড়া গেলেও এই জায়গায় যাওয়া হয়নি? দ্বিতীয় বৃন্দাবন ঘুরে আসুন গরমের ছুটিতেই |website= bengali.news18.com |access-date= 26 June 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181418/https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/life-style/summer-vacation-trip-to-bankura-offbeat-places-this-temple-of-bankura-is-called-second-vrindavan-l18-sdg-1665601.html?impolicy=website&width=80&height=54 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bishnupur (Rarh)}}
*[https://www.tridharamandir.com/ Tridhara Milan mandir]
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Bankura district]]
[[Category:Mallabhum temples]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2022]]
[[Category:Bankura]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in West Bengal by district|B ]]

{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|History}}
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Salarpur, Varanasi

2026-02-18T14:54:30Z

HymanGumm776: put up new article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salarpur
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Salarpur
| pushpin_map_caption = Census town location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord| 25.353352|83.038823|display = inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 79.031
| population_total = 10126<ref name="Demography">{{cite news|title=Demography|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/209750-salarpur-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221007
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website = [http://salarpur.in www.salarpur.in]
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Census town & village code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209750
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantt.]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008"/>
}}
'''Salarpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Census town & village details">{{cite news|title=Census town & village details|publisher=Local Government directory|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref> The census town & village falls under the Salarpur [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Census town & village details"/> Salarpur Census town & village is about 8 kilometres North-East of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], 329 kilometres South-East of [[Lucknow]] and 4 kilometres South-East of [[Sarnath]].<ref name="Distances">{{cite news|title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?source=tldso}}</ref><ref name="Census town & village coordinates">{{cite news|title=Census town & village coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Elevation">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name="Census town & village info">{{cite news|title=Census town & village info|publisher=WikiEdit.Org|accessdate=1 November 2015|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Salarpur/90596/}}</ref>

==Demography==
Salarpur has 1656 families with a total population of 10126. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the census town & village is 893 and [[child sex ratio]] is 949. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || – || – || 1,656 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || 5,349 || 4,777 || 8,709
|-
| Children || – || – || 1,417
|-
| Total population || – || – || 10,126
|-
| Literacy || 80% || 67.2% || 74%
|-
|}

==Transportation==
Salarpur is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Varanasi City railway station]]) and by road. Nearest operational airports is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] and nearest operational railway station is [[Varanasi City railway station]] (25 and 8 kilometres respectively from Salarpur).<ref name="Distances"/>

==See also==
* [[Varanasi Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantt.]]
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==

* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Salarpur'''
|North = [[Sarnath]] (4 km)
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast = [[Ganges]] (5 km)
|South = [[Vasanta College for Women]] (6 km)
|Southwest = [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] (8 km)
|West = [[Varanasi Cantt.]] (7 km)
|Northwest = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] (25 km)
}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]

Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee

2026-02-15T17:17:02Z

HymanGumm776: quick update

{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|colorcode = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| party_name = Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee
| native_name =
| party_logo =[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|180px]]
| president = [[Ganesh Godiyal]]
| chairman = [[Yashpal Arya]] {{small|([[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]])}}
| headquarters = 21 Rajpur Road, [[Dehradun]]-248001, [[Uttarakhand]]
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| Political position = [[Centrism|Centre]]
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Populism]]|[[Social liberalism]]|[[Democratic socialism]]|[[Social democracy]]|[[Secularism]]}}
| youth = Uttarakhand Youth Congress
| women = Uttarakhand Pradesh Mahila Congress Committee
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|5|hex=#00BFFF}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|3|hex=#00BFFF}}
| state_seats_name = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|20|70|hex=#00BFFF}}
| publication =
| website = {{url|http://uttarakhandpradeshcongress.com/}}
| symbol =[[File:Hand_INC.svg|150px]]
|eci= A State Unit of [[Indian National Congress]]
|foundation=2000}}{{Distinguish|Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee}}
'''Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee''' or '''UPCC''' is the [[Pradesh Congress Committee|state wing]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>[http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-in-states.php Congress in States] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203000000/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-in-states.php |date=3 February 2013 }} [[All India Congress Committee]] website.</ref> It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the state, as well as selecting candidates for local, state, and national elections. The current president of the Uttarakhand PCC is [[Ganesh Godiyal]]. The committee has a significant presence in the state's politics and has been in power in the state several times since its formation in 2000.

==Structure and composition==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | S.No.
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Name
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Designation
|-
!1.
|[[Kumari Selja]]
|'''AICC Incharge ''' Uttarakhand
|-
!2.
|[[Karan Mahara|Ganesh Godiyal]]
|'''President''' Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee
|-
!3.
|Jyoti Rautela
|'''President''' Uttarakhand Pradesh Mahila Congress
|-
!4.
|Sumittar Bhullar
|'''President''' Uttarakhand Pradesh Youth Congress
|-
!5.
|Vikas Negi
|'''President''' Uttarakhand Pradesh NSUI
|}

==List of presidents==
{{see also|List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress|List of presidents of the Indian National Congress}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | S.No.
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | President
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Portrait
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" colspan=2 | Term
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Ref.
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 1
| [[File:HarishRawat.jpg|75px]]
| [[Harish Rawat]]
| 9 November 2000
| October 2007
|
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 2
|[[File:Yashpal Arya LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yashpal Arya]]
| October 2007
| 12 June 2014
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand suffers due to leadership deficit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttarakhand-suffers-due-to-leadership-deficit/article2984834.ece|author=Chandramohan, C. K.|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=11 March 2012|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 3
| [[File:Kishore Upadhyaya.png|75px]]
| [[Kishore Upadhyaya]]
| 13 June 2014
| 3 May 2017
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Kishore Upadhyaya is new president of Uttarakhand Congress|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/kishore-upadhyaya-is-new-president-of-uttarakhand-congress/story-wJg7Uonsrqt71DFT8Pi1QK.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=13 June 2014|access-date=17 August 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 4
|[[File:Pritam Singh Ex LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75px]]
| [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]]
| 4 May 2017
| 22 July 2021
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Pritam Singh appointed as new Uttarakhand Congress chief|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pritam-singh-appointed-as-new-uttarakhand-congress-chief/articleshow/58518699.cms|publisher=Economic Times|date=4 May 2017|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 5
| [[File:Ganesh Godiyal.png|75px]]
| [[Ganesh Godiyal]]
| 22 July 2021
| 10 April 2022
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ganesh-godiyal-appointed-uttarakhand-cong-chief-pritam-singh-made-clp-leader/2126238 | title=Outlook, India | date= | access-date=2021-07-22}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 6
| [[File:Karan Mahara.png|75px]]
| [[Karan Mahara]]
| 10 April 2022
| 11 November 2025
| <ref name="2022_INC">{{cite web | title=Congress appoints Karan Mahara as Uttarakhand unit president | website=The Hindu | date=10 April 2022 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-appoints-karan-mahara-as-uttarakhand-unit-president/article65309718.ece | access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| (5)
| [[File:Ganesh Godiyal.png|75px]]
| [[Ganesh Godiyal]]
| 11 November 2025
| Incumbent
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/12/ganesh-godiyal-reappointed-as-uttarakhand-congress-chief-ahead-of-2027-assembly-polls|title=Ganesh Godiyal reappointed as Uttarakhand Congress chief ahead of 2027 Assembly polls|work=Outlook India|date=11 November 2025|accessdate=11 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

==List of chief ministers==
{{main|List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand}}
{{see also|List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | S.No.
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | Portrait
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | Chief Ministers
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | Constituency
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" colspan="3" | Term in Office
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | Ministry
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" rowspan="2" | Ref(s)
|- style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Start
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | End
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Tenure
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1
| [[File:Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|80px]]
| [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| [[Ramnagar, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| 2 March 2002
| 7 March 2007
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2002|03|02|2007|03|07}}
| [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Assembly]] {{small|([[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]])}}
| [[Tiwari ministry (Uttarakhand)|Tiwari]]
| <ref name="NDT_CM">{{cite web | last=Yadav | first=Shyamlal | title=Narayan Datt Tiwari, 9th UP CM and first Congress CM of Uttarakhand | website=The Indian Express | date=26 February 2022 | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/narayan-datt-tiwari-9th-up-cm-first-congress-cm-uttarakhand-7792028/ | access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2
| [[File:Vijay Bahuguna.jpg|80px]]
| [[Vijay Bahuguna]]
| [[Sitarganj Assembly constituency|Sitarganj]]
| 13 March 2012
| 31 January 2014
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2012|03|13|2014|01|31}}
| rowspan="4" | [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Assembly]] {{small|([[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]])}}
| [[Vijay Bahuguna ministry|Bahuguna]]
| <ref name="Vijay Bahuguna">{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand Portal |url=https://cm.uk.gov.in/files/Bio_Data_Vijay_Bhauguna_English-1_7.pdf |publisher=Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="3" | 3
| rowspan="3" | [[File:HarishRawat.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Harish Rawat]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dharchula Assembly constituency|Dharchula]]
| 1 February 2014
| 27 March 2016
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2014|02|01|2016|03|27}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Harish Rawat ministry|Rawat]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 21 April 2016
| 22 April 2016
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2016|04|21|2016|04|22}}
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 11 May 2016
| 18 March 2017
| {{age in years and days|sortable=table|2016|05|11|2017|03|18}} {{small|''(total 3 years and 2 days)''}}
|}

== List of Leaders of Opposition ==
{{Main|List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | S.no
!Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Name
!Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Portrait
!Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" colspan=3 | Term
!Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
|-
!1
|[[Harak Singh Rawat]]
|| [[File:Harak Singh Rawat Ex Minister Uttarakhand.jpg|75x75px]]
| 13 March 2007
| 9 March 2012
|{{Age in years and days|13 March 2007|9 March 2012}}
|[[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Assmebly]] {{small|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2007)]]}}
|-
!2
| [[Indira Hridayesh]]
| [[File:Indira Hridayesh LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75x75px]]
| 27 March 2017
| 13 June 2021
|{{Age in years and days|27 March 2017|13 June 2021}}
| rowspan="2" |[[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Assembly]] {{small|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2017)]]}}
|-
!3
| [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]]
| [[File:Pritam Singh Ex LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75x75px]]
| 23 July 2021
| 11 March 2022
|{{Age in years and days|23 July 2021|11 March 2022}}
|-
!4
|[[Yashpal Arya]]
|[[File:Yashpal Arya LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75x75px]]
|10 April 2022
|Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|10 April 2022|}}
|[[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Assembly]] {{small|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|(2022)]]}}
|}

==List of AICC Incharges==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | S.no
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Incharge
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Portrait
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" colspan=3 | Term
|-
!1.
|[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Ch. Birender Singh]]
|[[File:The Union Minister for Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water and Sanitation (7).jpg|80px]]
|
|
|-
|-
!2.
|[[Ambika Soni]]
|[[File:Ambika Soni.jpg|80px]]
|
|
|-
!3.
|[[Anugrah Narayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anugrah Narayan Singh]]
|
|2 April 2018
|11 September 2020
|{{age in years and days|2018|4|2|2020|9|11|}}
|-
!4.
|[[Devender Yadav]]
|[[File:Devender Yadav INC.jpg|80px]]
|11 September 2020
|24 December 2023
|{{age in years and days|2020|9|11|2023|12|24|}}
|-
!5.
|[[Selja Kumari|Kumari Selja]]
|[[File:Kumari Selja.jpg|80px]]
|24 December 2023
|'''Incumbent'''
|{{age in years and days|2023|12|24|}}
|-
|}

==Electoral performance==
{{main|Elections in Uttarakhand}}
{{see also|Electoral history of the Indian National Congress}}

===Legislative Assembly elections===
{{See also|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly}}
{| class="sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width:70%; border:1"
|- style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"
! Year !! Legislature !! Party leader !! Votes polled !! Seats won !! Change in seats !! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"| [[Harish Rawat]] || {{formatnum:769991}} || {{Composition bar|36|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{new}} 36 || {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Vidhan Sabha]] || {{formatnum:1116511}} || {{Composition bar|21|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{decrease}} 15 || {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Yashpal Arya]] || {{formatnum:1436042}} || {{Composition bar|32|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{increase}} 11 || {{yes2|Government with [[Progressive Democratic Front (Uttarakhand)|PDF]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Kishore Upadhyaya]] || {{formatnum:1665664}} || {{Composition bar|11|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{decrease}} 21 || rowspan="2"; {{No2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|| [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ganesh Godiyal]] || {{formatnum:2038509}} || {{Composition bar|19|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|| {{increase}} 8
|}

===Lok Sabha elections===
{{See also|Lok Sabha}}
{| class="sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width:70%; border:1"
|- style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white"
! Year !! Legislature !! Party leader !! Votes polled !! Seats won !! Change in seats !! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2004 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2004]] || [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[Harish Rawat]] || {{formatnum:1024062}} || {{Composition bar|1|5|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{new}} 1 || rowspan="2"; {{yes2|Government with [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2009 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2009]] || [[15th Lok Sabha]] || rowspan="2"| [[Yashpal Arya]] || {{formatnum:1354468}} || {{Composition bar|5|5|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{increase}} 4
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2014 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2014]] || [[16th Lok Sabha]] || {{formatnum:1494440}} || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{decrease}} 5 || rowspan="3"; {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2019 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2019]] || [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] ||{{formatnum:1520767}} || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{nochange}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2024]] || [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[Karan Mahara]] || {{formatnum:1564258}} || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} || {{nochange}}
|}

==List of Union Ministers==
=== Cabinet ministers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Portfolio
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Term in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Constituency (House)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Prime Minister
|-
! style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Left Office
! style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Time in Office
|-
! 1
|[[File:HarishRawat.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Harish Rawat]]''' (born 1948)
|[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]]
| 28 October 2012
| 31 January 2014
! '''{{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|1|31}}'''
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|}

===Minister of State (MoS)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Portfolio
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Term in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Constituency (House)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Prime Minister
|-
! style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Left Office
! style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:white"|Time in Office
|-
!rowspan="3"|1
|rowspan="3"|[[File:HarishRawat.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Harish Rawat]]''' (born 1948)
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State of Labour and Employment]]
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
! '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}'''
|rowspan="3"|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan="3"|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture and Food Processing Industries]]
| 19 January 2011
| 28 October 2012
! '''{{ayd|2011|1|19|2012|10|28}}'''
|-
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| 12 July 2011
| 28 October 2012
! '''{{ayd|2011|7|12|2012|10|28}}'''
|}

== List of District Congress Presidents ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | District
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Organisational District
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | President
! Style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:white" | Term
|-
!rowspan="2"|Almora
| Almora
| Bhupendra Singh Bhoj
|rowspan="27"| 2025
|-
| Ranikhet
| Deepak Kirola
|-
!Bageshwar
| Bageshwar
| Arjun Chandra Bhatt
|-
!Chamoli
| Chamoli DCC
| Suresh Dimri
|-
!Champawat
| Champawat
| Chirag Singh Fartyal
|-
!rowspan="3"|Dehradun
| Dehradun City
| Jasvinder Singh Gogi
|-
| Pacchuwadoon
| Sanjay Kishore
|-
| Parwadoon
| Mohit Uniyal
|-
!rowspan="4"|Haridwar
| Haridwar
| Baleshwar Singh
|-
| Haridwar City
| Aman Garg
|-
| Roorkee
| Furkan Ahmed
|-
| Roorkee City
| Rajendra Kumar Chaudhary
|-
!rowspan="2"|Nainital
| Nainital
| Rahul Chhimwal
|-
| Haldwani City
| Govind Singh Bisht
|-
!rowspan="3"|Pauri Garhwal
| Pauri Garhwal
| Vinod Singh Negi
|-
| Kotdwar
| Vikas Negi
|-
| Kotdwar City
| Meena Devi
|-
!rowspan="2"|Pithoragarh
| Pithoragarh
| Mukesh Pant
|-
| Didihat
| Manohar Singh Tolia
|-
!Rudraprayag
| Rudraprayag
| Kuldeep Kandari
|-
!rowspan="2"|Tehri Garhwal
| Tehri Garhwal
| Murari Lal Khandwal
|-
| Devprayag
| Uttam Aswal
|-
!rowspan="3"|Udham Singh Nagar
| Udham Singh Nagar
| Himanshu Gaba
|-
| Kashipur City
| Alka Pal
|-
| Rudrapur City
| Mamta Rani
|-
!rowspan="2"|Uttarkashi
| Uttarkashi
| Pradeep Singh Rawat
|-
| Purola
| Dinesh Chouhan
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Congress Working Committee]]
* [[All India Congress Committee]]
* [[Pradesh Congress Committee]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand]]
* [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://uttarakhandpradeshcongress.com/ Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee official website]

{{Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee}}
{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{India topics}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress by state or union territory|Uttarakhand ]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Political parties in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{india-party-stub}}

GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

2026-02-13T12:34:01Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Short description|Afterburning turbofan aircraft engine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{infobox aero engine
| name = GTX-35VS Kaveri
| image = File:GTX-35VS Kaveri.jpg
| caption = GTRE GTX-35VS engine on display
|engine_type= [[Afterburning]] [[turbofan]]
|national_origin = [[India]]
|manufacturer= [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] [[Godrej & Boyce]]
|first_run= 1996
|major_applications= [[DRDO Ghatak]]
|number_built = 9 engines, 4 cores<ref name="PIB21">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79100|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003422/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79100|url-status=live}}</ref>
|variants_with_their_own_articles =Kaveri Marine [[Gas Turbine]] (KMGT) Kaveri Derivative Engine (KDE)
|Status=}}

The '''GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri''' is an [[afterburning]] [[turbofan]] project under development by the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE), a lab under the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]. An Indian design, the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the [[HAL Tejas]] developed by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaveri {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/kaveri |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> However, the Kaveri programme failed to satisfy the necessary technical requirements on time and was officially delinked from the Tejas programme in September 2008.<ref name="flightglobal.com" /> As of 2025, a [[Afterburner|dry variant]] of the Kaveri engine is now being developed to power the [[DRDO Ghatak]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/10/29/drdo-stealth-attack-uav-back-in-focus-as-footage-of-demonstrator-emerges0.html | title=DRDO's stealth attack UAV back in focus as footage of demonstrator emerges | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | access-date=27 March 2023 | archive-date=3 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062427/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/10/29/drdo-stealth-attack-uav-back-in-focus-as-footage-of-demonstrator-emerges0.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

=== Programme ===
In 1986, the Indian Defence Ministry's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) was authorized to launch a programme to develop an indigenous powerplant for the Light Combat Aircraft. It had already been decided early in the LCA programme to equip the prototype aircraft with the [[General Electric F404]]-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine, but if this parallel program was successful, it was intended to equip the production aircraft with this indigenous engine.

The DRDO assigned the lead development responsibility to its [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE), which had some experience in developing jet engines. It had developed the GTX37-14U after-burning [[turbojet]], which first ran in 1977, and was the first jet engine to be designed entirely in India.<ref name="JAE2006"/> A turbofan derivative, the GTX37-14UB, followed. The GTRE returned to turbojet technology with the greatly redesigned, but unsatisfactory, GTX-35.

For the LCA programme, the [[GTRE]] would again take up a turbofan design which it designated the GTX-35VS "''Kaveri''" (named after the [[Kaveri River]]). Full-scale development was authorized in April 1989 in what was then expected to be a 93-month programme projected to cost {{INRConvert|382.21|c|lk=on|year=1989|}}. The project was expected to be completed by December 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-30 |title=Developments of Kaveri Fighter Engine |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123940 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> A new engine typically costs up to $2 billion to develop, according to engine industry executives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-airlines-airbus-a-idUSLNE75502620110606 | work=Reuters | title=Rolls-Royce in costly A350 engine redesign -sources | date=6 June 2011 | access-date=5 July 2021 | archive-date=18 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083121/http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-airlines-airbus-a-idUSLNE75502620110606 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Development timeline===

==== 1990s ====
The original plans called for 17 prototype test engines to be built. The first test engine consisted of only the core module (named "''[[Kabini River|Kabini]]''", a major [[tributary]] and often cited starting point of the Kaveri river), while the third engine was the first example fitted with variable stator vanes on the first three compressor stages. The ''Kabini'' core engine first ran in March 1995. Test runs of the first complete prototype ''Kaveri'' began in 1996 and all five ground-test examples were in testing by 1998; the initial flight tests were planned for the end of 1999, with its first test flight in an LCA prototype to follow the next year. However, progress in the ''Kaveri'' development programme was slowed by both political and technical difficulties. There had been some difficulties in the development due to the sanctions imposed on India after [[Pokhran-II|1998 Pokhran tests]].{{Efn|There was much criticism concerning the DRDO's planning schedules for various elements of the LCA programme, most particularly for the Kaveri development effort. France's Snecma, with over half a century of successful jet engine development experience, took nearly 13 years to bring the Rafale fighter's M88 engine to low-volume production after bench testing had begun; a similar timespan for the less-experienced GTRE would see Kaveri production beginning no earlier than 2009.<ref name="LCA economics"/>}}<ref name="LCA economics">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-16 |title=LCA economics |url=https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm |archive-date=2009-03-17 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="LCA Update">Mama, Hormuz (November 1998). [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/LCA.html LCA Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010508015420/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/LCA.html|date=8 May 2001}}. ''Flight International'' via Bharat-Rakshak.com.</ref>

==== 2000s ====
In 2002, little information had been publicly released concerning the nature of the ''Kaveri''{{'s}} technical challenges, but it was known that the ''Kaveri'' had a tendency to fail turbine blades, which required procuring blades from Snecma (as well as digital engine control systems).<ref>Anon. (30 May 2002). [http://webmag.safran-group.com/article.php3?id_article=100&lang=en Snecma Aerospace India: a new stage in cross-border collaboration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521063403/http://webmag.safran-group.com/article.php3?id_article=100&lang=en |date=21 May 2006 }}. SAFRAN Group website ''Le Webmag''. Retrieved from "Military Aviation and Defense" section 14 September 2006.</ref>

Continuing development problems with the ''Kaveri'' resulted in the 2003 decision to procure the uprated F404-GE-IN20 engine for the eight pre-production Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft and two naval prototypes. The ADA awarded General Electric a {{USD}}105 million contract in February 2004 for development engineering and production of 17 F404-IN20 engines, delivery of which is to begin in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GE Awarded $105 Million Development Contract from India {{!}} GE Aerospace News |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/ge-awarded-105-million-development-contract-india |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.geaerospace.com}}</ref>

In mid-2004, the ''Kaveri'' failed its high-altitude tests in Russia, ending the last hopes of introducing it with the first production ''Tejas'' aircraft.<ref>Since India does not possess suitable aircraft, the high-altitude testing of the ''Kaveri'' is contracted to [[Russia]], which uses a [[Tupolev Tu-16|Tu-16]] [[bomber]] for the purpose. Another ''Kaveri'' engine was delivered to Russia for further flight testing from June to September 2006, but on an [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] testbed instead of a Tu-16.</ref> This unfortunate development led the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) to order 40 more IN20 engines in 2005 for the first 20 production aircraft, and to openly appeal for international participation in completing development of the ''Kaveri''. In February 2006, the ADA awarded a contract to [[Safran Aircraft Engines|Snecma]] for technical assistance in working out the ''Kaveri's'' problems.<ref name="Janes2005-06">Jackson, Paul; Munson, Kenneth; & Peacock, Lindsay (Eds.) (2005). "ADA Tejas" in ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2005-06''. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. p. 195. {{ISBN|0-7106-2684-3}}.</ref>

In December 2004, it was revealed that the [[GTRE]] had spent over {{INRConvert|13|b|lk=on|year=2004|1}} on developing the ''Kaveri''. Furthermore, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] judged that the ''Kaveri'' would not be installed on the LCA before 2012, and revised its estimate for the projected total development cost to {{INRConvert|28.39|b|lk=on|year=2004|0}}.<ref>Pandit, Rajat (16 July 2006). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1762012.cms IAF may not get to fly LCA before 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720094924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1762012.cms |date=20 July 2006 }}. ''The Times of India''.</ref>

In April 2005, M. Natarajan, Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister told [[The Hindu]] that "there is good progress" on the development of the Kaveri engine. "We are planning to integrate a prototype Kaveri engine into one of the LCA prototypes sometime in 2007 to understand the nuances of such a complex power-pack," he further told The Hindu.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/26/stories/2005042602701300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427002836/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/26/stories/2005042602701300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 April 2005 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Good progress on Kaveri engine, says DRDO chief | date=26 April 2005}}</ref>

In February 2006, the US experts told [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] that "Kaveri is truly a world-class engine." "We are ready to join in partnership with the Defence Research and Development Organisation to make Kaveri work," [[General (United States)|General]] [[William J. Begert|William J Begert]] of [[Pratt & Whitney]], told PTI. But DRDO Secretary Natrajan told PTI that "But Kaveri is and would remain an Indian project."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/1306 |title=India-defence.com |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603203144/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/1306 |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 5 February 2007, Scientific Adviser to Defense Minister M Natarajan said nearly 90 to 93 per cent of the expected performance had been realized and the government had recently floated an expression of interest to seek partners to move the programme further.<ref>Anon. (5 February 2007). [http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/05iaf.htm Rediff.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907010826/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/05iaf.htm |date=7 September 2007 }}, Rediff news website. Retrieved from "Rediff.com" on 15 May 2007.</ref> Till 11 February 2008, Kaveri had undergone 1,700 hours of tests and has been sent twice to [[Russia]] to undergo high-altitude tests for which India has no facility. The engine is also being tested to power the next generation of [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907182748/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=544197 Uutlookindia.com | wired]</ref>

In July 2007, GTRE divided Kaveri program into two separate programs. They are K9+ Program and K10 Program. K9+ Program is a program to prove concept of complete design and gain hand-on experience of aircraft engine integration and flight trials to cover a defined truncated flight envelope prior to the launch of production version of K10 Standard engine. While K10 Program is a joint venture (JV) partnership with a foreign engine manufacturer. K10 program engine will be final production standard Kaveri engine and shall have less weight and more reheat thrust along with certain other changes to meet the original design intent.<ref name="FI">{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/kaveri-engine-gathers-momentum |title=Kaveri engine gathers momentum |work=Frontier India |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004700/http://frontierindia.net/kaveri-engine-gathers-momentum/ |archive-date=18 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In July 2008, a press release announced a development of modified Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine (KMGT) to propel Indian Navy warships. It was already demonstrated to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh|Dr Manmohan Singh]]. The turbine was tested for a power rating of 12 MW at ISA SL 35°C condition. The testing took place in [[Indian Navy]]'s Naval Dock Yard, [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatnam]]'s Marine Gas Turbine test bed facility which is capable of testing the Gas Turbines upto 25 MW of shaft power.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-17 |title=Modified Kaveri Engine to Propel Indian Navy Ships |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=40470 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

In September 2008, it was announced that the Kaveri would not be ready in time for the Tejas, and that an in-production powerplant would have to be selected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/27/stories/2008092755480700.htm |title=Kaveri engine programme delinked from the Tejas |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=27 September 2008 |access-date=28 September 2008 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930201659/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/27/stories/2008092755480700.htm |archive-date=30 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy }}</ref> Development of the Kaveri by the GTRE would continue for other future applications. It was announced in November 2008 that the Kaveri engine will be installed on LCA by December 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov72008/state2008110699318.asp|title=Kaveri in LCA by 2009|accessdate=19 August 2023|archive-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123113548/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov72008/state2008110699318.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> apparently for tests only.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

In February 2009, it was published in [[FlightGlobal]] that the GTRE had spent {{INRConvert|20|b|lk=on|year=2009|1}} in developing the Kaveri engine since 1989, but the power-plant is still overweight and does not have the {{convert|21000|-|22,500|lb-f|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust that its customer requires. Natarajan told FlightGlobal that the programme will not be scrapped. "A team of air force engineers is working with GTRE and ADA in addressing the issues. As an ongoing project, the air force will be involved at the point of integrating the upgraded version of the engine with the aircraft," he told Flightglobal. "Discussions with Snecma have been going on for two years," he further adds. "Development and flight-testing of the new engine will take at least five to six years."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's LCA unlikely to use Kaveri engine until late next decade |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/05/322084/indias-lca-unlikely-to-use-kaveri-engine-until-late-next.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204073440/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/05/322084/indias-lca-unlikely-to-use-kaveri-engine-until-late-next.html |archive-date=4 December 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2023}}</ref>

In December 2009, Kaveri-Snecma JV was trying Back-door Entry in LCA. The People's Post reported that GTRE has agreed to de-link Kaveri from LCA, but has put in a proposal that when the first 40 GE F-404 engines in the initial two squadrons of the LCA for the IAF, get phased out should be replaced by the Kaveri-Snecma engine, in future.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chhindits.blogspot.com/2009/12/kaveri-snecma-jv-try-back-door-entry-in.html |title=Blogspot.com |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708072433/http://chhindits.blogspot.com/2009/12/kaveri-snecma-jv-try-back-door-entry-in.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==== 2010s ====
As of 3 May 2010, about 1,880 hours of engine test had been completed on various prototypes of Kaveri Engine. A total of eight Kaveri Engines and four core engines have been manufactured, assembled and tested. High Altitude testing on core engine has been completed successfully.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61315 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004748/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2010, the Kaveri engine based on Snecma's new core, an uprated derivative of the [[Snecma M88|M88-2]] engine that powers the French [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] fighter, providing {{convert|83|-|85|kN|lb-f|abbr=on|order=flip}} of maximum thrust is being considered an option by [[DRDO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=13081 |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com - Indian Military News Headlines |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043427/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=13081 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A press release in August 2010, stated that GTRE with the help of [[Central Institute of Aviation Motors]] (CIAM) of Russia is trying to match objective of fine tuning of Kaveri engine performance. Until August 2010, one major milestone which is altitude testing, simulating Kaveri engine performance at different altitude and achieving speed of Mach 1 had been completed successfully. One of Kaveri prototype (K9) was successfully flight tested at [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] in Moscow, on 4 November 2010. The test was conducted with the [[testbed aircraft]] at Gromov, with the engine running right from the take-off to landing, flying for a period of over one hour up to an altitude of {{convert|6000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The engine helped the [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] aircraft test bed fly at speeds of 0.6 [[Mach number|Mach]] in its maiden flight, according to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was revealed that in the next few months 50-60 test flights would be carried out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vasundhara |date=2010-11-09 |title=India Conducts Maiden Flight Test of Kaveri Engine |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/news101400-html/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-05 |title=India's Kaveri engine flight testing successful |url=https://brahmand.com/news/Indias-Kaveri-engine-flight-testing-successful/5398/1/10.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=brahmand.com}}</ref> During that timeframe, 27 flights encompassing 57 hours of duration was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=alphadefense.in |date=2024-06-18 |title=GTRE Kaveri Engine - Progess from 2011 CAG Report |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/06/18/gtre-past-present-and-future/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

"The engine control, performance and health during the flight were found to be excellent. With this test, Kaveri engine has completed a major milestone of development programme," it added. After completing these milestone Kaveri engine is flight-worthy.<ref name="PIB 02"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?700099|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712122648/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?700099|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2012|title=India's Indigenous Jet Engine Successfully Flight Tested|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> The Kaveri engine was tested for the first time on a flying testbed and the trials were a success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=66793|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073922/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=66793|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Till April 2011, the first phase of Kaveri engine FTB trials have been completed successfully and further tests will continue from May 2011 onwards. The flight tests successfully carried out so far are up to {{convert|12|km|ft|abbr=on}} maximum altitude and a maximum forward speed of 0.7 [[Mach number|Mach]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inewsone.com/2011/05/02/kaveri-engine-completes-tests-in-russia/47679 |title=Kaveri engine completes tests in Russia News |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506172124/http://www.inewsone.com/2011/05/02/kaveri-engine-completes-tests-in-russia/47679 |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In its annual report for 2010–11, The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] (CAG) noted that {{INRConvert|18.92|b|year=2011|1}} had been spent on development, with only two out of the six milestones prescribed having been met as of July 2009. Among its deficiencies, CAG says the engine weight was higher than the design specifications, being {{convert|1235|kg|lb|abbr=on}} against {{convert|1100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, though the weight of first prototype, K1 was at {{convert|1423.78|kg|lb|abbr=on}} initially. There was no progress on developing the compressor, turbine and engine control systems. The developmental deadline was progressively delayed from 1996 to 2000 to 2004 and finally 2009. After missing the 2009 deadline, GTRE initiated a process of foreign collaboration. Only 2 engines had been upgraded to K9+ standard.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/no-lca-engine-yet-cag-upset-752 |title=Deccan Chronicle New Report |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011171014/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/no-lca-engine-yet-cag-upset-752 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=alphadefense.in |date=2024-06-18 |title=GTRE Kaveri Engine - Progess from 2011 CAG Report |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/06/18/gtre-past-present-and-future/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2010, regarding the reasons for delay, a Ministry of Defence press release reported:<ref name="PIB 02">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63983 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004756/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63983 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# "Ab-initio development of state-of-the-art gas turbine technologies.
# Technical/technological complexities.
# Lack of availability of critical equipment & materials and denial of technologies by the technologically advanced countries.
# Lack of availability of test facilities in the country necessitating testing abroad.
# Non availability of skilled/technically specialized manpower."
As of 2011, the DRDO hoped to have the ''Kaveri'' engine ready for use on the ''Tejas'' in the latter half of the 2010s decade and the time to complete its research has been extended to 2011-2012.<ref name="PIB"/> "In recent times, the engine has been able to produce thrust of {{convert|70|-|75|kN|abbr=on|order=flip}} but what the IAF and other stake-holders desire is power between {{convert|90|-|95|kN|abbr=on|order=flip}}", according to a [[The Hindu]] report in 2011. "On using the Kaveri for the LCA, they said the engine would be fitted on the first 40 LCAs (Tejas) to be supplied to the IAF when they come for upgrades to the DRDO in the latter half of the decade." The report further adds that in 2011, 50-60 test flights will be carried out to mature the engine in terms of reliability, safety and airworthiness.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=26 January 2011 |title=Kaveri engine to power fifth generation fighter aircraft |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article1127075.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129024136/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article1127075.ece |archive-date=29 January 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However the Kaveri could not be integrated on the first 40 production variant aircraft of Tejas.<ref name="flightglobal.com" />

In March 2012, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[A. K. Antony|A K Antony]] told the parliament that Kaveri was being developed with foreign assistance and would need another {{INRConvert|2839|c|lk=on|year=2012}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-22 |title=Worried Antony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/defence-minister-a-k-antony-sky-rocketing-cost-of-equipment-96749-2012-03-21 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In May 2012, A K Antony told in a written reply to Lok Sabha that DRDO has not prepared any timeline for the Kaveri engine but plans to start flight trials as technology demonstration on Tejas Mk 1 aircraft within 3 years. It was also announced that Kaveri has not been able to meet operational requirements and in planned to be used on UAVs and marine applications. Since 2009-10 till 2011-12, government's budgetary estimate for the DRDO was Rs 28,543.43. About {{INRConvert|28485.40|c|lk=on|year=2012}} was spent for the programme from 2009 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-14 |title=Technology demonstration of Kaveri Engine with Light Combat Aircraft in 3 years: A K Antony |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/technology-demonstration-of-kaveri-engine-with-light-combat-aircraft-in-3-years-a-k-antony/articleshow/13135140.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Another report in December 2012 suggested that GTRE aims to integrate the Kaveri power-plant with [[HAL Tejas]] fighter within the next 9-months. A test aircraft operated by [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) will be used for the integration as per an industry source familiar with the programme. If the integration was successful, GTRE hopes to see a Tejas fly with a Kaveri power-plant by the end of 2013.<ref name="flightglobal.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-could-test-kaveri-engine-on-tejas-by-end-2013-379684/ | location=Bangalore, India | work=Flight Global | title=India could test Kaveri engine on Tejas by end-2013 | author=Greg Waldron | date=4 November 2012 | access-date=4 December 2012 | archive-date=6 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206075006/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-could-test-kaveri-engine-on-tejas-by-end-2013-379684/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In Lok Sabha on 10 December 2012, A K Antony gave another update on the progress made by the Kaveri Engine Development Project:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-12-10 |title=Kaveri Engine Development Project |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=90291 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

# So far, 9 prototypes of Kaveri Engine and 4 prototypes of Kabani (Core) Engine have been developed.
# 2,200 hours of test (ground and altitude conditions) has been conducted.
# The following two major milestones have been achieved:
## Successful completion of Official Altitude Testing (OAT); and
## Demonstration of First Block of flight of Kaveri Engine in Flying Test Bed (FTB).

Kaveri Engine was integrated with [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] Aircraft at [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] (GFRI), [[Russia]] and flight test was successfully carried out up to {{convert|12|km|ft|abbr=on}} maximum altitude and maximum forward speed of 0.7 [[Mach number|Mach]]. Twenty Seven flights for 57 hours duration have been completed.<ref name=":0" /> DRDO demonstrated its technological capability in aero-engine technology. This has been a great achievement in the aerospace community of the country, when the first ever indigenously developed fighter aircraft engine was subjected to flight testing. Tacit knowledge acquired by the DRDO scientists during this project will also be applied for further aerospace technology. Kaveri spin-off engine can be used as propulsion system for Indian Unmanned Strike Air Vehicle (USAV).<ref name="chhindits.blogspot.in">{{cite news |url=http://chhindits.blogspot.in/2012/12/kaveri-successfully-completes-official.html |location=Zhukhovsky, Russia |work=chhindits |title=Kaveri Successfully Completes Official Altitude Testing, Demonstrates First Block of Flight in Flying Test Bed (FTB) : Indian Defence Minister in Parliament |author=Suman Sharma |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502220342/http://chhindits.blogspot.in/2012/12/kaveri-successfully-completes-official.html |archive-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2013, the GTRE director said that they are abandoning the plan for co-development with Snecma, but they still need an overseas partner, which will be selected through competitive bidding.<ref name="http://www.business-standard.com/">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=497740 |location=Bangalore, India |title=DefenceMin goes global in search for Kaveri partner |author= Ajai Shukla |date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

In November 2014, The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) decided to abandon the Kaveri engine (GTX-35VS ) programme due to its shortcomings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/oneindia-exclusive-drdo-to-abandon-kaveri-project-gtre-gets-revival-package-1565505.html |title=One India |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603034216/https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/oneindia-exclusive-drdo-to-abandon-kaveri-project-gtre-gets-revival-package-1565505.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 July 2016, according to Indian media report, France offered to invest € 1 billion to revive India's combat jet engine project, proposing a joint development plan that could see the stalled Kaveri gas turbine powering indigenous Tejas fighters by 2020.<ref name="light">{{cite news |date=4 July 2016 |title=France offers EUR 1 billion to revive India's combat jet engine project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/france-offers-eur-1-billion-to-revive-indias-combat-jet-engine-project/articleshow/53036894.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706193504/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/france-offers-eur-1-billion-to-revive-indias-combat-jet-engine-project/articleshow/53036894.cms |archive-date=6 July 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>

On 20 November 2016, [[DRDO]] Director General for Aeronautics Cluster C. P. Ramanarayanan confirmed that DRDO and French [[Snecma]] have tied up to revive Kaveri Engine as part of the offsets deal for 36 [[Rafale]] jet. It is expected that the engine would be integrated and tested in [[LCA Tejas]] by 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Alnoor Peermohamed & Raghu |date=20 November 2016 |title=DRDO ties up with Snecma to revive gas turbine engine for Tejas |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/drdo-ties-up-with-snecma-to-revive-gas-turbine-engine-for-tejas-116112000534_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121043634/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/drdo-ties-up-with-snecma-to-revive-gas-turbine-engine-for-tejas-116112000534_1.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> According to a [[La Tribune]] article from February 26, 2018, Snecma will provide [[Snecma M88|M88]]'s technology to aid in the Kaveri's production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2018 |title=L'avion de combat indien Tejas bientôt propulsé par le moteur M88 du Rafale ? |url=https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/l-avion-de-combat-indien-tejas-bientot-propulse-par-le-moteur-m88-du-rafale-769696.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515091531/https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/l-avion-de-combat-indien-tejas-bientot-propulse-par-le-moteur-m88-du-rafale-769696.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> An auditing team from [[Safran]] certified the Kaveri engine in 2018, stating that it had attained a level of maturity appropriate for restricted aircraft integration.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 December 2024 |title=Kaveri engine approved for inflight testing: A breakthrough in Indian aerospace |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kaveri-engine-approved-for-inflight-testing-a-breakthrough-in-indian-aerospace/116615602 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref> However the collaboration between both collapsed,as GTRE accused SNECMA of only providing minimal transfer of technologies for non-critical parts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Opinion - Why India Should Not Choose French Safran for AMCA 110kN Engine? Taking Lessons from Previous Kaveri-M88 Collaboration for Tejas |url=https://defence.in/threads/why-india-should-not-choose-french-safran-for-amca-110kn-engine-taking-lessons-from-previous-kaveri-m88-collaboration-for-tejas.13138/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref>

DRDO has achieved some crucial breakthrough in 2021 such as Near Isothermal Forging Technology that can produce all the five stages of high-pressure compressors (HPC) discs and [[Single crystal|single-crystal]] casting technology for [[Turbine blade|turbine blades]] that will help in the aero engine development. The technology was a product of [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL). The technology was transferred to [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]] for mass production.<ref name="Financialexpress2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=DRDO is ready to develop various engine classes for UAVs and marine propulsion systems, says Chairman S Kamat |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-drdo-is-ready-to-develop-various-engine-classes-for-uavs-and-marine-propulsion-systems-says-chairman-s-kamat-2957222/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2021 |title=DRDO develops near isothermal forging technology for aeroengines' parts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-develops-near-isothermal-forging-technology-for-aeroengines-parts-121052801543_1.html |access-date=28 December 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-04-26 |title=DRDO develops critical crystal blade technology for aero engines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-develops-critical-crystal-blade-technology-for-aero-engines/article34415540.ece |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Current status ===
[[File:Il-76 with a Kaveri engine.jpg|left|thumb|Kaveri engine undergoing flight test on a Russian IL-76 testbed|border]]
As per government statement in [[Rajya Sabha]] during Winter Session 2021, HAL Tejas FOC variant demands higher thrust which present Kaveri engine architecture is unable to provide hence will not be used. The engine did achieve higher Technology Readiness Level (TRL) in critical technology domains. There is a proposal to jointly develop a new engine for [[HAL AMCA]] with the help of foreign partners using the know how from the Kaveri engine programme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Punj|first=Vivek|date=2021-11-29|title=HAL to manufacture first four light utility helicopters by 2022-23: Centre|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hal-to-manufacture-first-four-light-utility-helicopters-by-2022-23-centre-11638200029488.html|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Mint|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330031218/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hal-to-manufacture-first-four-light-utility-helicopters-by-2022-23-centre-11638200029488.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 29 November 2021, a press release revealed that, 9 full prototype engines (K1 to K9) and 4 cores (Kabini) were built. The prototypes had completed 3,217 tests including Altitude tests & Flying Test Bed (FTB) trials.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-29 |title=DEVELOPMENT OF KAVERI ENGINE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1776092 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Fund allocated and expenditure as of 2021<ref name=":4" />
!Funds allocated
!Expenditure
!Commitment
|-
|{{INRConvert|2105|c|1|lk=on|year=2021}}
|{{INRConvert|2035.56|c|1|lk=on|year=2021}}
|{{INRConvert|2097.65|c|1|lk=on|year=2021}}
|}
In February 2022, [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|DMRL]] has developed Nickel base superalloy DMR SN 742, which is a medium alloyed material that is used as high pressure compressor (HPC) and turbine (HPT) rotors in a variety of aero engines.<ref>{{cite web | title=Development of Nickel-Base Superalloy & Components for Aeroengine Applications | date=23 February 2022 | url=https://www.iadb.in/2022/02/23/development-of-nickel-base-superalloy-components-for-aeroengine-applications/ }}</ref>

In October 2022, another round of high altitude tests were conducted at [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] in Russia. Before that, Kaveri had produced a dry thrust of 46 kN and wet thrust of 70.5 kN as against the requirement of 81 kN as per the project and 85+ kN of requirement for powering LCA Tejas. Before the high-altitude testing, at the GTRE test facility in Bangalore, the Dry module of the engine underwent 70 hours of ground testing, and at the [[Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development]] in Russia, they underwent 75 hours of altitude testing, simulating an altitude of {{Convert|13000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Prasobh |last2=Deepak |first2=Jaison |date=17 February 2023 |title=Aero India 2023: GTRE completes high-altitude testing of Kaveri derivative engine |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2023-gtre-completes-high-altitude-testing-of-kaveri-derivative-engine |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> During the high altitude tests on board [[Ilyushin Il-76]] testbed, the engine however achieved 48.5 kN of thrust. The tests officially concluded in February 2023 and Initial Flight Release (IFR) certification was expected by 2024. This achievement led to the fact that [[DRDO Ghatak]] stealth [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|UCAV]] could be powered by Kaveri-Dry.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Kaveri Dry Turbofan Engine Successfully Completes High Altitude Trail At Russian Facility |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2023/02/kaveri-dry-turbofan-engine-successfully.html |access-date=2024-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalal |first=Pazdin |date=2021-02-09 |title=Kaveri Derivate with AB section will generate 83kN Thrust, but Still not good enough for Tejas - IADN |url=https://iadnews.in/kaveri-derivate-with-ab-section-will-generate-83kn-thrust-but-still-not-good-enough-for-tejas/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=- IADN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Kaveri Engine development |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2023/02/15/kaveri-dry-successfully-completed-its-high-altitude-trials/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Prior to the high altitude test in 2022, the first prototype of dry Kaveri engine's performance was evaluated. The first phase included performance and operability at the high altitude test facility. A performance test was carried out on the second prototype, which included a new fan module, a short jet pipe, and an engine fuel control system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/DEFENCE%20AR%202022-23%20LOW.pdf |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> GTRE is aiming to integrate Kaveri on DRDO Ghatak by 2026.<ref name="Financialexpress">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=DRDO is ready to develop various engine classes for UAVs and marine propulsion systems, says Chairman S Kamat |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-drdo-is-ready-to-develop-various-engine-classes-for-uavs-and-marine-propulsion-systems-says-chairman-s-kamat-2957222/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024, there was news that [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] and GTRE are going to collaborate for development of Marine Gas Turbine (MGT) and heavy duty industrial gas turbines.<ref>{{cite web | title=India speeds up work on local marine gas turbine production | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-speeds-up-work-on-local-marine-gas-turbine-production/103591899 }}</ref>

On 18 June 2024, a report analysed the advancements done in Kaveri engine till then since the 2011 CAG report. The report noted that the weight of engine has been reduced to {{convert|1180|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and there has been advancements in turbines, compressors, gearboxes, ECS technologies, and metallurgy. Also, 3 engines have been upgraded to K9+ standard. However, much more developments and funding are required to replace F404 engines onboard HAL Tejas.<ref name=":3" />

=== Kaveri Derivative Engine ===
The Kaveri Derivative Engine (KDE) is the dry variant of GTX-35VS Kaveri which is intended for applications on Indian [[Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle]] (IUCAV), like [[DRDO Ghatak]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite press release |title=Development of indigenous defence technologies |date=2025-07-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148337 |access-date=2025-10-05}}</ref> The derivative was earlier designated Kaveri-Dry.<ref name=":9" /> The engines will have a thrust of 50 kN and excludes the [[afterburner]].<ref name=":7" />

The engine's altitude testing was conducted at [[Central Institute of Aviation Motors]] from October to December 2022. After being returned to GTRE in 2023, the engine underwent a thorough teardown. No significant damage was found on any of the parts during the disassembly examination. At the GTRE test bed, the second prototype engine has undergone 38 ASMET cycles. In order to demonstrate that the remedies are functioning under engine conditions, ground testing was conducted at GTRE on the engine and the issues that arose during the altitude testing were also fixed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

On 24 November 2024, it was reported that [[BrahMos Aerospace]] was developing a 29 kN [[afterburner]] section for the Dry Kaveri engine, to target 80 kN total thrust <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Dry Kaveri Engine to Get New BrahMos-Designed Afterburner With 29kN Extra Thrust, Targeting 80kN Total Thrust |url=https://defence.in/threads/dry-kaveri-engine-to-get-new-brahmos-designed-afterburner-with-29kn-extra-thrust-targeting-80kn-total-thrust.11501/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref> On 23 December 2024, GTRE announced that the Kaveri engine's dry variant for DRDO Ghatak has been approved for in-flight tests onboard an [[Ilyushin Il-76]] testbed aircraft for performance evaluation under varied flight conditions. The approval was granted after extensive ground testing, modifications, and enhancements.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 December 2024 |title=Kaveri engine approved for inflight testing: A breakthrough in Indian aerospace |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kaveri-engine-approved-for-inflight-testing-a-breakthrough-in-indian-aerospace/116615602 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=2022-03-18 |title=Lack of testing facility delays Kaveri dry engine, meant to power India's first stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/lack-of-testing-facility-delays-kaveri-dry-engine-meant-to-power-indias-first-stealth-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/article65274000.ece |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Its overall dependability in changing conditions and interaction with aircraft systems will be evaluated. The maximum thrust of the variant is {{convert|49-51|kN||abbr=on}} while that of the planned Kaveri 2.0 variant with afterburner is expected to be {{convert|75-79|kN||abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahlawat |first=Sumit |date=2024-12-26 |title=India's Indigenous Fighter Jet Engine Dream One Step Closer To Reality As Kaveri Approved For Inflight Testing |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/crucial-breakthrough-as-kaveri-engine-approved/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sana |date=2024-12-24 |title=Is the Kaveri engine ready for testing trials, India's much-anticipated fighter jet engine? |url=https://jetlinemarvel.net/is-the-kaveri-engine-ready-for-testing-trials-indias-much-anticipated-fighter-jet-engine/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Jetline Marvel Aviation |language=English}}</ref>

As of 27 May 2025, Kaveri engine was undergoing flight tests in Russia and 25 hours of testing was due.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-27 |title=Kaveri engine undergoing trials in Russia, to power Indian combat UAV |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kaveri-engine-undergoing-trials-in-russia-to-power-indian-combat-uav20250527194442/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> Between January 2023 and July 2025, two projects related to KDE — Flightworthy Kaveri Dry Engine Development and Technology Demonstration of Kaveri Derivative 'Dry' Engine — were cleared by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|472.42|c|lk=on|year=2025}} and {{INRConvert|251.17|c|lk=|year=2025}}, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-07-26 |title=Centre clears Rs 29,558 crore for indigenous defence technology development |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-defence-budget-drdo-kaveri-engine-boost-indigenous-technology-development-2761563-2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

=== Criticism ===
The ''Kaveri'' program has attracted much criticism due to its ambitious objective which was seen competitive against western tech, protracted development time, cost overruns unsupported by the govt, and the DRDO's upgrading over clarity and openness in analysing problems was a good development but its mis-credited in comparison to retail business. Much of the criticism from out country competitive firms to sell program to them was not balanced in LCA program has been aimed at the ''Kaveri'' and Multi-Mode Radar programs which is in indigenous track. There has been much lack of public understanding of the degree of realism in the DRDO's planning schedules for various elements of the LCA programme, most particularly for the ''Kaveri'' development effort. France's Snecma, with over half a century of successful jet engine development experience, took nearly 13 years to bring the [[Dassault Rafale|''Rafale'']] fighter's [[SNECMA M88|M88]] engine to low-volume production after bench testing had begun, which had spent enormous research funds, iterative development programs with cost overruns (but cost overruns were seen as integral part of R&D) and resources to fulfil their ambitious programme.<ref name="LCA economics"/> Another criticism has been DRDO's reluctance to admit problems in the engine and its resistance to involve foreign engine manufacturers until the problems became too large to handle.

According to former GTRE director C.P. Ramanarayanan, the funding authorities, and senior government officials lacked an understanding of the scope of advancements and difficulties encountered by high-tech R&D projects. One more obstacle was low funding. India has invested significantly less in aircraft engine technology than the US, Russia, Europe, and China, according to GTRE director S.V. Ramana Murthy. Since it was initially approved in 1983, the Kaveri project has cost Indian taxpayers about $239 million. On the other hand, the [[Eurojet EJ200]] took $1.6 billion to build between 1985 and 1995. When [[Snecma M88]] was first tested in 1989, it cost $1.6 billion. It cost $6.7 billion to develop the [[Pratt & Whitney F135]]. For the development of aircraft engines, China has spent $42 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib Kr |date=2025-09-14 |title=The Kaveri programme has moved on to stealth from jet |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2025/09/06/drdo-kaveri-engine-indigenous-tech-make-in-india.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
A low-[[Bypass ratio|bypass-ratio]] (BPR) [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] engine featuring a six-stage core high-pressure (HP) compressor with variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs), a three-stage low-pressure (LP) compressor with transonic blading, an annular combustion chamber, and cooled single-stage HP and LP turbines. The development model is fitted with an advanced [[de Laval nozzle|convergent-divergent]] ("con-di") variable [[nozzle]], but the GTRE hopes to fit production Tejas aircraft with an axisymmetric, multi-axis [[Thrust vectoring|thrust-vectoring]] [[nozzle]] to further enhance the LCA's agility. The core [[turbojet]] engine of the Kaveri is the ''Kabini''.

The general arrangement of the Kaveri is very similar to other contemporary combat engines, such as the [[Eurojet EJ200]], [[General Electric F414]] and [[Snecma M88]]. It has a very low bypass ratio (0.16:1). Similar low amounts of bypass on earlier engines, required only for afterburner and nozzle cooling,<ref>Design For Air Combat, Ray Whitford 1987, Jane's Publishing Company Limited, {{ISBN|0 7106 0426 2}}, p.140</ref> introduced the term "'leaky turbojet".

The ''Kaveri'' engine has been specifically designed for the Indian operating environment, which ranges from hot desert to the highest mountain range in the world. The [[GTRE]]'s design envisions achieving a fan pressure ratio of 4:1 and an overall pressure ratio of 27:1, which it believes will permit the Tejas to "[[supercruise]]" (cruise supersonically without the use of the afterburner).

A two-phase plan has been in place since 2019 for Kaveri derivatives. It consists of a high-bypass-ratio turbofan based on the Kabini core and a non-afterburning version intended for on an under development [[Trainer aircraft|advanced jet trainer]], the [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|HAL HJT-36]]. The current Kaveri engine (as of 2024) is modified and tested at Phase 1, the technology demonstration stage, to ensure that it satisfies the design specification. Additionally, Phase 2 money was granted to GTRE in order to produce five new prototype engines for Kaveri derivatives. GTRE changed three Kaveri engines to the derivative model, two of them are undergoing demonstrator testing.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rautela |first=Isha |date=2023-02-11 |title=Godrej Aerospace to build turbo engines in tie-up with DRDO research centre |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/godrej-aerospace-and-gtre-to-build-indian-turbo-engines/article66494485.ece |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Bagade |first=Hrithik Kiran |date=17 February 2023 |title=Godrej Aerospace plans Rs 500 crore facility for defence business |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/feb/17/godrej-aerospace-plans-rs-500-crore-facility-for-defence-business-2548197.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> As per Ex Director Y. Dilip, right now the development is on 73 kN engine with an afterburner, which is ready to go and the team is making an effort to fly it on [[HAL Tejas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Pathikrit Sen |last2=Sharma |first2=Ankur |date=2023-02-14 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Indigenous Engine of Tejas on Its Way: ADE Director at DRDO Who Worked on LCA for 25 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/exclusive-indigenous-engine-of-tejas-on-its-way-ade-director-at-drdo-who-worked-on-lca-for-25-years-7083253.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Another concept being considered is an enlarged version of the ''Tejas'' which is being called [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mk 2]] with two engines fitted with fully [[Thrust vectoring|vectoring nozzles]], which might make the vertical tail redundant (the ''Tejas'' has no horizontal tail).<ref name="JAE2006">Gunston, Bill (Ed.) (15 June 2006). "GTRE Kaveri" in ''Jane's Aero-Engines'', Issue 14. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. {{ISBN|0-7106-1405-5}}.</ref>

An indigenous [[FADEC|Full Authority Digital Engine Control]] (FADEC) unit, called ''Kaveri Digital Engine Control Unit'' (KADECU) has been developed by the [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE), Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhter |first=Sheikh |date=2024-08-27 |title=Kaveri Engine & Tejas: Powering India's Indigenous Aerospace » |url=https://www.defencexp.com/kaveri-engine-tejas-powering-indias-indigenous-aerospace/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=DefenceXP - Indian Defence Network |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) of [[Avadi]] was responsible for the design and development of the Tejas aircraft-mounted accessory gear box (AMAGB) and the [[power take-off]] (PTO) shaft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAGB for LCA {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/amagb-lca |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Take Off shaft of LCA Tejas {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/power-take-shaft-lca-tejas-0 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

== Manufacturing ==
In September 2022, Godrej Aerospace of [[Godrej & Boyce]] received a contract to supply 8 modules of Kaveri Derivative Engine, a variant excluding [[afterburner]] with a thrust of 48 kN.<ref name=":7" /> The contract was announced in February 2023. Over 25 companies competed for the deal. The deliveries are expected to start by late 2024 and end by August 2025. These will undergo testing and will be certified later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2023 |title=Godrej Aerospace wins an order for manufacturing eight modules of the DRDO turbojet engine |url=https://static.godrejenterprises.com/Godrej_Aerospacewinsanorderformanufacturingeightmodulesofthe_DRD_Oturbojetengine_02122157_c4d548e9b5.pdf |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=godrejenterprises.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-02-20 |title=Godrej Aerospace to make 8 modules of DRDO turbojet engine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/godrej-aerospace-to-make-8-modules-of-drdo-turbojet-engine/article66532378.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005115454/https://www.thehindu.com/business/godrej-aerospace-to-make-8-modules-of-drdo-turbojet-engine/article66532378.ece |archive-date=2025-10-05 |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite twitter |number=1652271983139119106 |user=DefenceDecode |title=Godrej Aerospace has won a contract from #GTRE (Gas Turbine Research Establishment) to manufacture 8 Modules of the 48 kN Dry Kaveri Engine. |date=2023-04-29 |access-date=2024-09-01}}</ref> Godrej also invested {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on|year=2023|}} for a {{convert|100|acre|m2|abbr=on}} facility in [[Khalapur]], 70 km from [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":7" /> On 7 May 2024, Godrej Aerospace announced that it is creating a high-temperature brazing method that is essential to the performance of aero engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Godrej Aerospace pioneers high-temperature brazing in India |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/godrej-aerospace-pioneers-high-temperature-brazing-in-india/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Manufacturing Today India |language=en-US}}</ref> By early 2024, the company plans to complete the first stage of development and be manufacturing eight modules comprising six 48 kN dry engines without an afterburner. The remaining modules will be provided over the course of 27 to 30 months.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

In May 2024, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) has awarded [[Azad Engineering Limited]] a contract to serve as a production agency for engines designed by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment. Assembling and manufacturing what is known as an Advanced Turbo Gas Generator (ATGG) engine is the focus of the present long-term contract. This is meant to power various defence applications, such as the gas turbine engine that powers the Indian Army's fleet of infantry combat vehicles (ICVs) and tanks, the marine gas turbine engine (MGTE) for upcoming Indian Navy warships, and the Kaveri turbofan engine for the Tejas fighter. By early 2026, Azad must begin delivering its first batch of fully integrated engines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=23 May 2024 |title=Azad Engineering to build fully integrated advanced turbo engine for DRDO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/azad-engineering-to-build-fully-integrated-advanced-turbo-engine-for-drdo-124052301483_1.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Using components including a 4-stage axial flow compressor, an annular combustor, a single-stage axial flow uncooled turbine, and a fixed exit area nozzle, the engine is built using a single-spool turbojet configuration. Azad Engineering will be essential to GTRE as a single source industry partner.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-23 |title=Azad Engineering bags contract for advanced turbo gas generator engine from DRDO lab GTRE |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/azad-engineering-bags-contract-for-advanced-turbo-gas-generator-engine-from-drdo-lab-gtre/article68208249.ece |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April 2025, it was reported that Godrej has delivered the first two models of Kaveri Derivative Engines (KDE) while 6 more are to be delivered.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kachari |first=Dev |date=2025-04-04 |title=Godrej Enterprises ready for manufacturing 5th gen jet engine: Maneck Behramkamdin |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/godrej-aerospace-ready-for-manufacturing-5th-gen-jet-engine-maneck-behramkamdin/119890850 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=ET Manufacturing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-06 |title=Godrej Aerospace's Kaveri Engine Delivery: A Milestone in India's Defense Manufacturing |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2025/04/godrej-aerospaces-kaveri-engine.html?m=1#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=indianweb2.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Applications==
* GTX-35VS ''Kaveri'':
**[[Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft|AMCA]] MKII (Planned)
* Derivatives:
**Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine (KMGT), a derivative of the GTX-35VS Kaveri engine for ships developed in 2008. Produces a power output of 12 MW.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/defence/def_prod/20080717_kaveri_engine.html|title=Breakthrough for GTRE scientists – develop marine version of the Kaveri engine|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215957/http://www.domain-b.com/defence/def_prod/20080717_kaveri_engine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Kaveri Derivative Engine (KDE), a non-[[afterburning]] variant of Kaveri to power [[DRDO Ghatak]] [[UCAV]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=Government set to clear Rs 3,000 crore plan to develop engine for India's first UCAV|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-set-to-clear-rs-3000-crore-plan-to-develop-engine-for-indias-first-ucav/articleshow/49775096.cms|access-date=2021-12-01|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028085539/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-set-to-clear-rs-3000-crore-plan-to-develop-engine-for-indias-first-ucav/articleshow/49775096.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

==Specification (GTX-35VS ''Kaveri'')==
{{jetspecs


|type=[[Afterburning]] [[Turbofan]]
|length={{convert|137.4|in|cm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|diameter={{convert|35.8|in|cm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|weight={{convert|2330|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|compressor=Two-spool, with low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) [[axial compressor]]s: 
**LP compressor with 3 fan stages and transonic blading
**HP compressor with 6 stages, including variable inlet guide vanes and first two stators
|combustion=Annular, with dump diffuser and air-blast fuel atomisers
|turbine=1 LP stage and 1 HP stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= 
*''Military'': {{convert|11700|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref>
*''Afterburner'': {{convert|18100|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref>
|aircon=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon= 

*''Military'': 0.78 lb/(lbf•h) (79.52 kg/(kN·h))
*''Afterburner'': 2.03 lb/(lbf•h) (207.00 kg/(kN·h))
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=dry 5.02 and with afterburner 7.8
}}

===Engine cycle===
*'''Airflow:''' {{convert|172|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} per second
*'''Bypass ratio:''' 0.16:1
*'''Overall pressure ratio:''' 21.5:1
*'''LP compressor pressure ratio:''' 3.4:1
*'''HP compressor pressure ratio:''' 6.4:1
*'''Turbine entry temperature:''' {{convert|2600|F|C K|0|abbr=on}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|see also=


|related=


|similar engines=
*[[Eurojet EJ200]]
*[[General Electric F404]]
*[[Guizhou WS-13]]
*[[Klimov RD-33]]
*[[Snecma M88]]


|lists=
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220152859/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/kaveri.html ''Kaveri'' product detail on DRDO website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233946/http://frontierindia.net/kaveri-engine-gathers-momentum/ Kaveri engine gathers momentum]
{{Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gtre Gtx-35vs Kaveri}}
[[Category:Low-bypass turbofan engines]]
[[Category:1990s turbofan engines]]

Conrad Swan

2026-02-12T05:59:24Z

HymanGumm776: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Canadian-British officer in arms (1924–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
|name = Conrad Swan
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCVO|FSA}}
|image = Arms of Sir Conrad Swan.svg
|caption = Arms of Sir Conrad Swan
|office = [[Garter Principal King of Arms]]
|term_start = 1992
|term_end = 1995
|predecessor = [[Colin Cole (officer of arms)|Sir Colin Cole]]
|successor = [[Sir Peter Gwynn-Jones]]
|monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
|birth_date= 13 May 1924
|birth_place=[[Duncan, British Columbia]], Canada
|death_date = 10 January 2019 (aged 94)
}}
'''Sir Conrad Marshall John Fisher Swan''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCVO|FSA}} (13 May 1924 – 10 January 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17357898.obituary-sir-conrad-swan-former-garter-king-of-arms-involved-in-churchills-funeral-and-the-investiture-of-the-prince-of-wales/ |title=Obituary: Sir Conrad Swan, former Garter King of Arms involved in Churchill's funeral and the investiture of the Prince of Wales |work=The Herald Scotland |access-date=2019-01-15 |language=en}}</ref> was a Canadian-British herald who was a long-serving [[Officer of Arms|officer of arms]] at the [[College of Arms]] in London. Having been first appointed to work at the College in 1962, he rose to the office of [[Garter Principal King of Arms]] in 1992, a position he held until 1995. He was the first Canadian ever to be appointed to the College of Arms.

==Early life==
Conrad Swan was born in 1924 at [[Duncan, British Columbia]], Canada, to Major Henry Peter Swan and Edna Hanson Magdalen (née Green), daughter of a [[Folkestone]] master tailor from a [[Baptists|Baptist]] family formerly involved in the [[Hertfordshire]] straw-hat making industry during the early 19th century. Henry Swan, the local doctor, was of Polish-Lithuanian origin, and had changed the family name from Swiecicki; Swan claimed descent from the [[Szlachta|Polish noble]] family of '''Święcicki''' ([[Coat of arms of Jastrzębiec]]) via a hereditary steward of King [[John II Casimir Vasa]] of Poland in 1648.<ref>Peter Townend (ed.): ''Burke's Landed Gentry'', 18th edition, London 1969, vol II, p. 591.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/01/18/sir-conrad-swan-globetrotting-genealogist-brought-scholarship|title=Sir Conrad Swan, globetrotting genealogist who brought scholarship and a romantic spirit to the College of Arms – obituary|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 January 2019|last1=Obituaries|first1=Telegraph}}</ref>

Swan devoted much of his life to travelling. Having decided to make a lifetime career in the Indian Army, Swan was sent by the India Office (the UK governmental office responsible for India at the time) to the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]. Having completed the course there, he proceeded to India and received an emergency commission on 19 November 1944 as a [[second lieutenant]] in the 3rd Battalion of the [[Madras Regiment]], the oldest in the country.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> Promoted to war-substantive lieutenant on 10 May 1945, [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947 caused him to make other decisions "it being the end of a chapter". He left the Indian Army with the rank of captain.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=870|title=Indian Army List Special Edition (August 1947)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref> Following his retirement from the Indian Army, he went directly back to Canada to take a BA and MA at the University of Western Ontario (Assumption College). During this time, he developed a keen interest in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] affairs, which brought him back to Britain, where he acquired his doctorate from [[Cambridge University]] in 1955. {{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Swan spent six years (1955–1961) lecturing in history at the Assumption University of Windsor, Ontario, of which he was also a University Beadle. As guest lecturer, he visited many universities, not only in North America but in every continent except Antarctica, ''"the penguins haven't invited me yet"''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/sir-conrad-swan-obituary-btgvv97p8|title=Sir Conrad Swan obituary}}</ref>

==Heraldic career==
In addition to his educational achievements, Swan developed an exceptional heraldic career. He was first appointed [[Rouge Dragon Pursuivant|Rouge Dragon Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary]] in 1962 and six years later became [[York Herald|York Herald of Arms in Ordinary]]. In these capacities, he was among the Earl Marshal's staff for the State Funeral of [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] in 1965, the [[Investiture of the Prince of Wales]] in 1969, and was Gentleman Usher-in-Waiting to [[Pope John Paul II]] during his visit to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1982.

Swan was appointed [[Garter Principal King of Arms]] in 1992 on the retirement of [[Colin Cole (officer of arms)|Sir Alexander Colin Cole]]. His own retirement came in 1995, after having been diagnosed with cancer. At the time, some allegations were made in a newspaper article concerning his decision, in his capacity as Genealogist of the British Association of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], with regard to the grade in which one of his sons-in-law should enter the Order. He denied these allegations, noting that he had never been interviewed by any reporter on this subject.

Sir Conrad Swan was the first herald to execute official duties [[tabard|in-tabard]] across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. He did so in [[Bermuda]] in 1969 and in [[Brisbane]] in 1977. He was instrumental in the creation of the [[Honours System of Antigua and Barbuda]], and between 1964 and 1967, Swan was an adviser to the [[Prime Minister of Canada]] on the establishment of the [[National Flag of Canada]] and the [[Order of Canada]]. Swan also took a special interest in [[Saskatchewan]], helping the province to obtain a full coat of arms from the [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen]] in 1986 and a new [[Coat of arms of Saskatchewan|Great Seal]] in 1991. He advised the province on the establishment of the [[Saskatchewan Order of Merit]] in 1985 and the [[Saskatchewan Volunteer Medal]] in 1995 and the recent expansion of the provincial honours system (notably the [[Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan]]). He was also responsible for the design and granting of badges (crests) for each of the colleges of the University of Saskatchewan.

A keen scholar and publicist, Swan wrote a number of books and articles on heraldic, [[Sigillography| sigillographic]] and related subjects. He was a member of several international societies and organisations and was a founder of the [[Royal Heraldry Society of Canada]] and the [[Heraldic Garden]] in Britain. {{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

==Honours and appointments==
Swan was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of St. John]] (OStJ) on 8 August 1972,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=45747|supp=|page=9450|date=8 August 1972}}</ref> with promotions to Commander (CStJ) on 11 December 1975 and to Knight (KStJ) on 6 April 1976.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46760|supp=|page=15751|date=11 December 1975}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46870|supp=|page=5070|date=6 April 1976}}</ref> He was appointed a Member (fourth class) of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] in the [[1978 Birthday Honours]] list; he and all other living Members (fourth class) were re-graded as Lieutenants (LVO) in 1984.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=47549|supp=y|page=6232|date=2 June 1978}}</ref> He was promoted to Commander (CVO) in the [[1986 New Year Honours]] list and was knighted by the Queen as a Knight Commander (KCVO) in the 1994 Birthday Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=50361|supp=y|page=4|date=30 December 1985}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=53696|supp=y|page=4|date=10 June 1994}}</ref> As Swan was a dual Canadian-British national, his knighthood was theoretically subject to being blocked by the Canadian government due to the 1919 [[Canadian titles debate|Nickle Resolution]], although, in the event, the Liberal Canadian ministry did not oppose the grant.<ref>{{cite news|title='Unaware' U.K. regrets knighting of Canadians|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/unaware-uk-regrets-knighting-of-canadians/article4149629/|website=theglobeandmail.com|date=19 June 2001|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

He was also a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)|Order of the Nation]] of Antigua and Barbuda (KGCN), [[Order of Malta|Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta]], [[Order of Merit of Poland|Cross of Commander of the Order of Merit]] of the [[Republic of Poland]], [[Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas|Knight's Cross of the Order of the Grand Duke Gediminas]] ([[Lithuania]]), [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George|Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]], Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Francis I]] (GCFO) and Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of the Lion]] of [[Rwanda]].

He was also a Knight of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem]] and Knight Principal of the [[Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor]] (1995–2000); Commander (with Star) of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of Merit]]; Grand Cross with Grand Collar of the [[Imperial Order of the Holy Trinity]] ([[Ethiopia]]); [[Coronation Medal of the King of Tonga]]. He received the [http://www.gov.sk.ca/news-archive/2005/10/20-963-attachment.pdf Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610234450/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news-archive/2005/10/20-963-attachment.pdf |date=10 June 2011 }} in 2005.

==Family==
In 1957, Swan married Lady Hilda Susan Mary Northcote (born 23 July 1937 – died 4 December 1995), Serving Sister Most Venerable Order of St. John, Dame of Honour and Devotion Sovereign Military Order of Malta; Dame of Justice (SMO) of Constantine St. George; and President, St. John's Ambulance Society Suffolk.

Lady Hilda was the younger daughter of Henry Stafford Northcote, the 3rd [[Earl of Iddesleigh]], and granddaughter of author [[Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes]]. She died in [[Boxford, Suffolk]] when she was hit by a car, which did not stop. She was 58 years old.<ref name=swandies>{{cite news|title=Lady Swan dies|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London, England|date=6 December 1995|page=5|quote=Hilda Swan, wife of Sir Conrad Swan, former Garter Principal King of Arms at the Royal College of Arms, was killed by a hit-and-run driver near her home at Boxford, Suffolk. Lady Swan, 58, was treated at the scene but died of her injuries.}}</ref>

They had five children:
* Mary Elizabeth Magdalen Swan (b. 1959)
* Hilda Juliana Mary Swan (b. 1961)
* Catherine Sylveria Mary Kelsey (née Swan) (1962–2021)
* Andrew Conrad Henry Joseph Swan (b. 1964)
* Anastasia Cecilia Mary Swan (b. 1966)

==''A King From Canada''==
Swan's autobiography was released in 2005. ''A King From Canada'' was published by The Memoir Club and featured a foreword by former Chief Canadian Herald [[Robert Watt (officer of arms)|Robert Watt]].

==Published works==
*''Canada: Symbols of Sovereignty'', University of Toronto Press, 1977, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-5346-6}}
*''A King from Canada'', The Memoir Club, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-84104-072-1}}
*''The Royal Encyclopedia'' (48 articles), Macmillan Press, 1991, {{ISBN|0-333-53810-2}}

==Arms==
{{Infobox coat of arms wide
| name = Conrad Swan
| image = Arms of Sir Conrad Swan.svg
| imagesize =
| notes =
| year_adopted = Ancestral arms confirmed 7 January 1967
| crest = ''Out of a Szlachta coronet proper or a sparrow hawk rising gules holding in the dexter claw a horseshoe inverted enclosing a cross formy or''
| escutcheon = ''Azure a cross formy within a horseshoe inverted or, a bordure compony counter compony or and gules''<ref name="Heralds today">{{Cite book |title=Heralds of today: A biographical list of the officers of the College of Arms, London, 1987-2001 |last=Chesshyre |first=Hubert |publisher=Illuminata |year=2001 |isbn=0953784517 |location=London}}</ref>
| motto = ''Numquam Cedamus'' ("We will never give up")
| orders = the circlet of the Royal Victorian Order as KCVO.
| bannerimage =
| banner =
| badgeimage =
| badge =
| symbolism = Derived from the Polish-Lithuanian [[Jastrzębiec coat of arms]] of which he is descended.
| previous_versions =
}}

==See also==
*[[Pursuivant]]
*[[Herald]]
*[[King of Arms]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050103012825/http://www.heraldry.ca/arms/s/swan_cm.htm Coat of Arms]
*[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ancestorsofcedric/dec_swiec/pafg07.htm#142 Descendants of Joseph Swiecicki]

{{S-start}}
{{S-herald}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Robin de la Lanne-Mirrlees]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[File:Badge of the Rouge Dragon Pursuivant.svg|25px|center]] [[Rouge Dragon Pursuivant]]|years=1962–1968}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Theobald Mathew (officer of arms)|Theobald Mathew]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Charles St Clair, 17th Lord Sinclair|The Lord Sinclair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[File:Badge of the York Herald.svg|25px|center]] [[York Herald]]|years=1968–1992}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Peter Spurrier]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Alexander Colin Cole|Sir Colin Cole]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[File:Coat of Arms of the Garter King of Arms.svg|25px|center]] [[Garter Principal King of Arms]]|years=1992 – 1995}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Peter Gwynn-Jones|Sir Peter Gwynn-Jones]]}}
{{S-bef|before=?}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[File:Coat of Arms of the College of Arms.svg|25px|center]] [[College of Arms|Registrar of the College of Arms]]|years=? – 1992}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Hubert Chesshyre]]}}
{{s-court}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor|Knight Principal of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor]]
| years = 1995-2000
| before = [[Colin Cole (officer of arms)|Sir Colin Cole]]
| after = [[Richard Gaskell|Sir Richard Gaskell]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swan, Conrad}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Canadian officers of arms]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:English officers of arms]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:People from Duncan, British Columbia]]
[[Category:Knight's Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]]
[[Category:Knights Hospitaller]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)]]
[[Category:University of Western Ontario alumni]]
[[Category:Clan of Jastrzębiec]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada]]
[[Category:Garter Principal Kings of Arms]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]

Ramesh Juneja

2026-02-10T02:54:43Z

HymanGumm776: new the info more to come

{{Short description|Indian businessperson (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. C. Juneja
| image = R.C. Juneja.jpg
| birth_name = Ramesh C. Juneja
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|07|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| title = [[Organizational Founder|Founder]] & [[Chairperson]] of [[Mankind Pharma]]
}}

'''Ramesh C. Juneja''' (born 28 July 1955) is an Indian billionaire businessman and the Chairman of [[Mankind Pharma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Divya |title=How Ramesh Juneja's Mankind Pharma has changed pharma game with pulp marketing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/how-ramesh-junejas-mankind-pharma-has-changed-pharma-game-with-pulp-marketing/articleshow/14073528.cms |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 June 2012}}</ref> He is one of the 100 richest Indians as per [[Forbes]];<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/india-billionaires/list/ Top 100 Richest Indians as per Forbes October,2013.]</ref> his [[net worth]] was estimated to be $2.3 billion in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Richest 2019: A Giant Leap For Mankind |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2019/indias-richest-2019-a-giant-leap-for-mankind/56365/1 |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his graduation in science, he started his career in 1974 with KeePharma Ltd., working as a medical representative. In 1975, he joined [[Lupin Limited]] and worked there as first line manager for almost 8 years.

In 1983, he resigned from [[Lupin Limited|Lupin]] and started his own company Bestochem in Partnership. In 1994, he withdrew his ownership from Bestochem and in 1995 incepted Mankind Pharma along with his younger brother Rajeev Juneja with an investment of {{currency|50|INR}} lakhs and an initial team of 25 Medical Representatives.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Khomba |title=Ramesh Juneja: A journey from Medical representative to meteor of India's biggest marketer of ED drugs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ramesh-juneja-a-journey-from-medical-representative-to-meteor-of-indias-biggest-marketer-of-ed-drugs/articleshow/5831020.cms |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 April 2010}}</ref>

== Associations ==
R. C. Juneja holds distinguished positions in various pharmaceutical bodies of India. He is the chairman of the Federation of Pharma Entrepreneurs (FOPE) and is also the chairman of Himachal Pradesh – UK State Board for IDMA (Indian Drug Manufacturers Association).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

== Awards and achievements ==
He was accorded with Business Icon Pharma Award by Network 18 in the year 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110617105413/http://www.in.com/news/business/entrepreneur-india-hosts-business-icons-awards-19388108-in-1.html ENTREPRENEUR INDIA HOSTS BUSINESS ICONS AWARDS]</ref> He was also one of the members out of the four business magnates nominated for 'Business Leader of the Year Award' in the 5th Annual Pharmaceutical Leadership Summit and Asia Business Leadership Award, 2012.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/?mode=details&id=32111 Asia Pharmaleaders 2012 Nominations Have Veterans with Emerging Pharmaleaders]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juneja, R. C.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]

Anjali Paigankar

2026-02-06T05:37:46Z

HymanGumm776: put up biography

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Paigankar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse =
}}

'''Anjali Paigankar''' is a Hindi and Marathi film actress.

A graduate of [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), [[Pune]], Anjali appeared in ''[[Murder at Monkey Hill]]'', [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]’s diploma film as a final year student there in 1976. The short film was noticed in parallel cinema circles earning work for many of the students involved in the film. The previous year she had already appeared in a short role in [[Shyam Benegal]]’s ''[[Charandas Chor]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rangu.com/movies/charandas-chor |title=Charandas Chor |access-date=22 June 2015 |publisher=Rangu-Colour of Indian Cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132929/http://movies.rangu.com/movies/charandas-chor |archive-date=22 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1977, she appeared in [[Amol Palekar]] starrer ''Taxi-Taxie'' but the film flopped.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Taxi+Taxi |title=Taxi-Taxi |publisher=I Bos Network |access-date=22 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Anjali went on to act in a Marathi film ''Sarvasakshi'' and a Hindi film ''[[Dillagi (1978 film)|Dillagi]]'', both released in 1978. The same year she appeared as a main female lead in the film ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} She also acted in ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]'' and ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai]]'' after that.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Other notes
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Charandas Chor]]''
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Murder at Monkey Hill]]''
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Taxi Taxie]]''
|
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Sarvasakshi]]''
| Rekha
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]''
| Alice D'Costa
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Dillagi (1978 film)|Dillagi]]''
| Shobha
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai]]''
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]''
| Chenna
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]''
| Joshi's Son's girlfriend
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0656684}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paigankar, Anjali}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]

THDC India Limited

2026-02-05T06:12:03Z

HymanGumm776: Created a post

{{Short description|Hydro-electric power company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more sources needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = THDC India Limited
| image = Logo_of_THDCIL.png
| type = [[Subsidiary]] of [[National Thermal Power Corporation]]
| foundation = 12 July 1988
| location = [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| key_people = Sipan kumar Garg ([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director Additional charge|MD]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=R K Vishnoi assumes charge as THDCIL CMD - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/r-k-vishnoi-assumes-charge-as-thdcil-cmd/85119503 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
| industry = [[Hydro-electric Power]]
| products = Electricity Power Generation
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation Limited]], [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Government of India]]
| homepage = [http://www.thdc.co.in/ www.thdc.co.in]
}}
'''THDC India Limited''' (formerly '''Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited''') is under the [[ownership]] of [[National Thermal Power Corporation Limited]], [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Government of India]]. It was incorporated in July 1988 to develop, operate and maintain the [[Tehri]] Hydro Power Complex and other Hydro Projects. THDC India Limited is a Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thdc.gov.in/english/Scripts/Lookingahead_Futureplan.aspx |title=THDC Ltd |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320155454/http://www.thdc.gov.in/english/Scripts/Lookingahead_Futureplan.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THDC India Limited |url=https://www.thdc.co.in/en/content/company-thdcil}}</ref> The current CMD of the corporation is Sipan kumar Garg with Additional change.{{clarify|date=February 2026}}

At present, the company has four power plants in operation: [[Tehri Dam]] (1000 MW), [[Koteshwar Dam]] (400 MW), a 50 MW Wind project in Patan (Gujarat) and a 63 MW Wind project in Dwarka (Gujarat). In addition, more than 10 projects are under various stages of construction. Tehri PSP (1000 MW) and Vishnugad-Pipalkoti [[Hydroelectric power|HEP]] (444 MW) are in advanced stage and are expected to commission by 2024. THDCIL has also ventured into thermal power generation with its 1320 MW Thermal Power project coming up near Dussehera village, which is near to Khurja, District Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh. The project is at advanced stage and is expected to be commissioned by 2024.

THDC signed an [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with the Government of Rajasthan to develop 10,000 MW solar parks in the state. THDC is also entrusted to develop 1200 MW Kalia-II and 1750 MW Demwe(Lower) HEP in the Lohit basin of Arunachal Pradesh.

==NTPC Limited takeover==
On 21 November 2019, the [[Government of India]] approved the takeover of THDC India Limited by [[NTPC Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntpc.co.in/en/media/press-releases/details/ntpc-buys-74496-equity-stake-thdc-india-purchases-100-stake-neepco|title = Press Releases | NTPC}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Electric-generation companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kriti Kharbanda

2026-01-31T07:21:26Z

HymanGumm776: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kriti Kharbanda
| image = Kriti Kharbanda snapped in Andheri (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kharbanda in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|10|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| alma_mater = [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College]]
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009{{endash}}present
| relatives =
| website =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pulkit Samrat]]|2024}}
}}

'''Kriti Kharbanda''' (born 29 October 1990) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] language films. Kharbanda is a recipient of several accolades including a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]], and nominations for two [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! When Kriti Kharbanda witnessed the power of stardom, down south |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-kriti-kharbanda-witnessed-power-of-stardom-down-south/articleshow/89445613.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

After beginning her career as a model, Kharbanda made her acting debut in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]'' (2009) and her [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] debut with ''[[Chirru]]'' (2010). Following a few unsuccessful films, she received the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Kannada]] nomination for portraying a medical student in ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'' (2013) and for ''[[Super Ranga]]'' (2014), winning the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] for the latter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919 |date=8 August 2015 |website=The National |location=Abu Dhabi |author=Ujala Ali Khan |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> She portrayed an IAS aspirant in ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' (2015), for which she received [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Filmfare]] and SIIMA Award for [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] nominations. Kharbanda's other successful films include the Kannada films, ''[[Tirupathi Express]]'' (2014), ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]'' (2014) and ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]'' (2015).

Kharbanda made her [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film debut with ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]'' (2016) and played a PCS Officer in ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' (2017), which proved to be her breakthrough. Her other notable Hindi films include ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]'' (2018), ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019), which is her highest-grossing release, ''[[Taish]]'' (2020) and ''[[14 Phere]]'' (2021). She earned further praise for her streaming debut ''[[Rana Naidu]]'' (2025).

In addition to her acting career, Kharbanda is a prominent celebrity endorser for various brands and products. She also support a number of causes. Kharbanda is married to actor [[Pulkit Samrat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda completes 12 years in Indian cinema, boyfriend Pulkit Samrat calls her an 'inspiration' |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/kriti-kharbanda-completes-12-years-in-indian-cinema-boyfriend-pulkit-samrat-calls-her-an-inspiration-267424 |website=The Tribune |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kriti Kharbanda was born on 29 October 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kriti-kharbanda-on-turning-27-i-honestly-think-age-is-just-a-number/18699153 |title=Kriti Kharbanda on turning 27: I honestly think age is just a number |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-kharbanda-hosts-a-halloween-themed-birthday-bash/articleshow/61337004.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda hosts a Halloween themed birthday bash |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> in a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Hindu family in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-am-okay-with-kissing/20170612.htm |title=I am okay with kissing onscreen: Kriti Kharbanda |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movieraja.in/kriti-kharbanda-pdofile-movies-photos/ |title=Actress Kriti Kharbanda Profile, Movies and Photos |website=Movie Raja |access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |author=Reddy, Maheswarari |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article203834.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article203834.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |title=Kriti Kharbanda on flops, fairness & future |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> She has a younger sister Ishita Kharbanda and a younger brother Jaiwardhan Kharbanda, who is the co-founder of Paper Plane Productions. She moved to [[Bangalore]] in the early 1990s with her family.

Kharbanda was educated at [[Baldwin Girls' High School]], [[Bangalore]], and at the [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Even if I have a day off, I come running back to Bengaluru: Kriti Kharbanda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/oct/06/even-if-i-have-a-day-offi-come-running-back-to-bengalurukriti-kharbanda-2368020.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She was graduated from [[Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> She also holds a diploma in jewellery designing.<ref>{{cite news |author=M. L. Narasimham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/angling-for-the-entertainer-tag/article805267.ece |title=Angling for the entertainer tag |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

According to her, she was very active in cultural activities during school and college.<ref name="newindianexpress1" />
As a child, she was also featured in a number of advertisements and she continued modelling while in school/college, stating that she "always loved doing TV commercials".<ref name="southscope1">{{cite web |url=http://www.southscope.in/kannada/article/people-who-tried-pull-me-down-are-now-claiming-credit-my-success-kriti-kharbanda |title='People who tried to pull me down, are now claiming credit for my success' -Kriti Kharbanda |publisher=Southscope.in |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017135441/http://www.southscope.in/kannada/article/people-who-tried-pull-me-down-are-now-claiming-credit-my-success-kriti-kharbanda |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her prominent modelling campaigns during her college days were for [[Bhima Jewellers]], [[Spar (retailer)|Spar]], and [[Glow & Lovely|Fair & Lovely]]. Her photo on the Spar billboard caught the attention of NRI director Raj Pippala who was looking for a heroine for his film, and that paved the way for her acting career.<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> She said that she had initially no plans of becoming an actress and that it was only because of her mother's encouragement that she considered it seriously.<ref name="southscope1" />

== Career ==
=== Early career (2009–2012) ===
[[File:Kriti Kharbanda at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013.jpg|thumb|Kharbanda at the [[60th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]]]

After being seen on the Spar billboard, Kharbanda was cast in a lead role for the Telugu film ''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]'' opposite [[Sumanth]].<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> ''Boni'' received negative reviews but fetched Kharbanda a positive response. While ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Kriti was a good choice and she had no tense moments despite her debut. Her looks are gorgeous and she has a lot of future if she plays her cards correctly",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boni-review-telugu-14894040.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808134812/http://www.sify.com/movies/boni-review-telugu-14894040.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2015 |title=Movie Review : Boni |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Kriti Kharbanda looks fresh and pretty and manages to play the part of Pragati in a fairly convincing way. She may have to work on her expressions a bit in future, though".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/12/boni-quite-a-mish-mash.htm |title=Boni: Quite a mish-mash |work=Rediff.com |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Although the film was unsuccessful at the box office,<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=y. sunita chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pretty-woman/article1595510.ece |title=Pretty woman |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/set-for-a-long-inning/article638004.ece |title=Set for a long inning |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 July 2009 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> She landed a prominent role in the [[Pawan Kalyan]] film ''[[Teen Maar]]''. Her next release, however, was her debut [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] film, ''[[Chirru]]''. Her performance was mostly well received, with ''[[The Times of India]]'' writing that she "excels in her performance".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Chirru/movie-review/6980715.cms |title=Chirru movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> and Indiaglitz.com stating that she "is very pretty and her expressions are good". ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that she "looks ravishing in song sequences" and "is good at dancing".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chirru-well-made-entertainer-kannada-movie-review-news-national-kluoOdhhifg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808140316/http://www.sify.com/movies/chirru-well-made-entertainer-kannada-movie-review-news-national-kluoOdhhifg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2015 |title='Chirru' – well made entertainer (Kannada Movie Review) |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The film was a hit at the box office, and Kharbanda stated that it got her recognition and "a fair amount of admiration in the industry", resulting in her being offered numerous projects in Kannada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda/283101-71-204.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820035408/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda/283101-71-204.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2012 |title=I demand what I deserve: Kriti Kharbanda – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> However, she took a long time to sign her second Kannada film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-signs-two-kannada-films-news-kannada-llcqMAeiibe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105201800/http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-signs-two-kannada-films-news-kannada-llcqMAeiibe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2011 |title=Kriti signs two Kannada films |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> until October 2011, when she signed up for four films in a single month.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web |author=Sunayana Suresh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kriti-kharbanda-to-romance-prem-in-her-new-film-adda-1599501 |title=Kriti Kharbanda to romance Prem in her new film 'Adda' & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

In 2011, Kharbanda was seen in a guest role in the successful Telugu romantic comedy ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'',<ref name="thehindu1" /> before ''[[Teen Maar]]'' was released. She appeared in "retro scenes" in ''Teen Maar'' in which she had to "replicate heroines from the 70s" and revealed that she also chose the costumes and jewellery she wore in the film.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The film turned out to be an average grosser.<ref>[http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=116&cid=6&fid=207 Teen Maar Box Office Collections]''Andhra Box Office''</ref> The following year, she acted in ''[[Mr. Nookayya]]'' alongside [[Manoj Manchu]] in Telugu, and in ''[[Prem Adda]]'', a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'', in Kannada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prem-adda-review-lacks-native-elements-news-kannada-mmiskjfgjfd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216062542/http://www.sify.com/movies/prem-adda-review-lacks-native-elements-news-kannada-mmiskjfgjfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2012 |title=Prem Adda review: Lacks native elements |website=[[Sify]] |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The latter film featured her in a "completely de-glam" role, with the actress stating that her fair complexion posed a problem to her as she played a small town girl from the 80s.<ref name="dnaindia1" /> She called Girija the most challenging character she had played till then, since it required a no-makeup look, get a tan and walk barefoot to attain "a raw look" like the role demanded.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shruti I L |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-m-taking-off-where-swati-left-kriti-kharbanda-1754666 |title=I'm taking off where Swati left: Kriti Kharbanda & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> For the film, she also designed her costumes along with her mother.<ref name="southscope1" />

=== Career progression and critical acclaim (2013–2019) ===
Kharbanda had four releases in 2013, two each in Telugu and Kannada. Her first release was Kannada film ''[[Galaate]]'' opposite [[Prajwal Devaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/Jan/12/another-name-bites-the-dust-442487.html |title=Another name bites the dust |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 January 2013}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Times of India]]'' stated that she gives life to her role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/galaate/movie-review/17999382.cms?from=mdr |title=GALAATE MOVIE REVIEW: It manages to entertain despite choosing the tested formula |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> In her next Telugu film, [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]'s ''[[Ongole Githa]]'' opposite [[Ram Pothineni]], she played a "typical town girl",<ref>{{cite news |author=m. l. narasimham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/colourful-and-hot/article4254428.ece |title=Colourful and hot |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2012 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Karthik Pasupulate mentioned, "Kriti looks cute and does a decent job of holding her own despite playing a character with little scope to do any acting."<ref>{{Cite news |title=ONGOLE GITHA MOVIE REVIEW: It's a typical "mass entertainer" that's made with a touch of class! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ongole-githa/movie-review/18292376.cms |access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> Her next release was [[Kalyan Ram]]'s ''[[Om 3D]]'', the first 3D action film in Telugu cinema, both films did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/om-teaser-is-out-news-telugu-nbqlSujacad.html |title=Om 3D teaser is out |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118103156/http://www.sify.com/movies/om-teaser-is-out-news-telugu-nbqlSujacad.html |archive-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Kriti Kharbanda.jpg|thumbnail|left|Kharbanda at an event in 2013]]

Kharbanda's career in Kannada, however, saw an upswing with the romantic comedy ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'', her last release of the year. She portrayed a medical student Swathi opposite [[Yash (actor)|Yash]]. Her performance was lauded by critics with G. S. Kumar stating, "Kriti has given life to her character."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Googly/movie-review/21169267.cms |title=Googly movie review |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Sify]]'' in particular, praised Kharbanda, calling her "The heart and soul of the movie...who emerges triumphant on the big screen with some fine acting".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/googly-review-kannada-15034472.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724234951/http://www.sify.com/movies/googly-review-kannada-15034472.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2013 |title=Movie Review : Googly |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> The film went on to collect over {{INR}}15 crores at the box office, emerging as the [[List of Kannada films of 2013|third highest-grossing Kannada film]] of the year.<ref>{{cite web |author=A Sharadhaa |location=Bangalore |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Sandalwood-Report-Card/2013/12/30/article1972285.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102022941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Sandalwood-Report-Card/2013/12/30/article1972285.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2014 |title=Sandalwood Report Card |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-a-sneak-peek-into-sandalwoods-box-office-news-kannada-nmyli8cbdag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227055714/http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-a-sneak-peek-into-sandalwoods-box-office-news-kannada-nmyli8cbdag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2013 |title=2013– A sneak peek into Sandalwood's box office |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=24 June 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Most-Desirable-Woman-2013-Kriti-Kharbanda/articleshow/37077918.cms |title=I'm married to movies, but I'm having an affair: Kriti Kharbanda |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> She stated that she received a lot of offers after ''Googly'' including two [[Bollywood]] projects that she had to refuse since she was too busy shooting for her previously signed films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Dhwani |date=30 October 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/People-started-taking-me-seriously-with-Belli-Kriti-Kharbanda/articleshow/44971014.cms |title=People started taking me seriously with Belli: Kriti Kharbanda |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> The film earned her [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards 2013 |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>

Following ''Googly''{{'}}s success, Kharbanda had three Kannada releases in 2014: Her first release was ''[[Tirupathi Express]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Venkatadri Express]]''. She played a techie opposite [[Sumanth Shailendra]].<ref>{{cite web |author=A Sharadhaa |location=Bangalore |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sanju-Has-a-Blind-Date/2014/04/02/article2144815.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605055943/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sanju-Has-a-Blind-Date/2014/04/02/article2144815.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2014 |title=Sanju Has a Blind Date |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-in-Venkatadri-Express-remake/articleshow/29153637.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda's Tirupati Express is a remake |website=The Times of India |date=21 January 2014 |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> Shashi Prasad noted, "Kriti who has struck hat-trick opportunities after her ''Googly'' success, makes another 'beautiful' comeback while filling the much needed glamour quotient."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140906/entertainment-bollywood/article/movie-review-tirupathi-express-comedy-express |title=Movie review 'Tirupathi Express': It's a comedy express |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Super Ranga]]'' opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], playing a modern girl Naina. Her performance fetched her positive reviews and S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted, "Kriti, simply adores the screen with her beauty and in the real sense, the beautiful kick for the audience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review 'Super Ranga': A repetition of Upendra's mannerism in his recent films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/entertainment-sandalwood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98super-ranga%E2%80%99-repetition-upendra%E2%80%99s-mannerism |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 September 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> For the film, she earned the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress - Kannada]], alongside nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] and SIIMA Best Actress – Kannada award.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Filmfare-South-Kannada-nominations-2014/articleshow/47539337.cms |title=Filmfare South Kannada nominations 2014 |date=4 June 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-award-winners-at-SIIMA/articleshow/48432299.cms |title=Kannada award winners at SIIMA |date=11 August 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> Kharbanda's final release of the year was ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]'' opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. ''[[IB Times]]''{{'}}s critic found her to be "a treat to watch".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha |title=Kriti Kharbanda in Shivarajkumar's Belli? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Shivarajkumars-Belli/articleshow/31147254.cms |access-date=5 October 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005144158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Shivarajkumars-Belli/articleshow/31147254.cms |archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/belli-movie-review-audience-bowled-over-by-shivaraj-kumars-entry-612697 |title='Belli' Movie review |work=International Business Times |date=31 October 2014}}</ref> ''Super Ranga'' was a box office success,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-09-20/Uppis-Super-Ranga-Box-Office-collections/108407 |title=Uppi's Super Ranga Movie Box Office Collection |work=The Hans India |accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref> while ''Belli'' became a box office average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-11-01/Shivannas-Belli-box-office-collections/114193 |title='Belli' Movie Box Office Collection |work=The Hans India |accessdate=31 December 2014}}</ref>

Kharbanda's first release in 2015 was opposite [[Diganth]] in ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]''. She received special praise for her performance, with Sunayana Suresh stating that she's the "biggest plus point of the film".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Minchagi-Nee-Baralu/movie-review/50072497.cms |title=Minchagi Nee Baralu Movie Review |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> She next portrayed an IAS aspirant in the Telugu film ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' co-starring [[Ram Charan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-is-excited-about-her-film-with-Ram-Charan/articleshow/47001435.cms? |title=Kriti Kharbanda is excited about her film with Ram Charan |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' found her to be "apt" in her role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruce Lee- The Fighter |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bruce-lee--the-fighter-review-telugu-pkqmHlaehfghb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017002300/http://www.sify.com/movies/bruce-lee--the-fighter-review-telugu-pkqmHlaehfghb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2015|access-date=2021-01-09 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was a box office average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2015 |title=Bruce Lee The Fighter box office collection: The actioner is Ram Charan's highest opener till date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bruce-lee-the-fighter-box-office-collection-the-actioner-becomes-the-best-opener-of-ram-charan-till-date-268673-2015-10-18 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She earned nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] and [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=16 October 2015 |title=Bruce Lee: All that gloss |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bruce-lee-all-that-gloss/article7770250.ece |access-date=9 January 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2016, Kharbanda expanded to [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films with ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'' opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]] and [[Gaurav Arora]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South actress Kriti Kharbanda in 'Raaz 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/South-actress-Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Raaz-4/articleshow/49845876.cms |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/emraan-hashmi-to-shoot-raaz-4-at-worlds-most-haunted-forest/16906181 |title=Emraan Hashmi to shoot 'Raaz 4' at 'world's most haunted forest' |date=29 January 2016 |website=mid-day}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918140656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/850 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2016 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Raaz Reboot – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 September 2016 |access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

Kharbanda had four film releases in 2017: She first made her Tamil film debut opposite [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in ''[[Bruce Lee (2016 film)|Bruce Lee]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=16 January 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-opposite-GV-in-Bruce-Lee/articleshow/49103544.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda opposite GV in Bruce Lee |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> It received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruce Lee honest movie review: G.V. Prakash Kumar and Kriti Kharbanda's film fails to impress the critics! |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bruce-lee-honest-movie-review-the-film-fails-to-impress-the-reviewers-1936014/ |last=Mandal |first=Manisha |date=17 March 2017 |website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com |language=en |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> The same year, she played the lead in ''[[Maasthi Gudi]]'' a Kannada film, opposite [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmcultr.com/kriti-karabanda-enters-the-masti-gudi/ |title=Kriti Kharbanda enters the Maasti Gudi! |access-date=2 March 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303053317/http://filmcultr.com/kriti-karabanda-enters-the-masti-gudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maasthi-gudi/movie-review/58642885.cms |title=Maasthi Gudi Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref> Kharbanda also starred in two Hindi films. Firstly in the comedy drama ''[[Guest {{not a typo|iin}} London]]'' opposite [[Kartik Aaryan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Paresh-is-Kartiks-unwelcome-guest/articleshow/53200402.cms |title=Paresh is Kartik's Unwelcome Guest |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]''{{'}}s Renil Abraham noted, "Kartik Aryan and Kriti Kharbanda looks good and plays the role well. They've been styled well too."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/guest-iin-london-movie-review-paresh-rawals-flailing-comic-timing-cant-save-this-directionless-film-3783599.html |title=Guest Iin London movie review: Paresh Rawal's flailing comic timing can't save this directionless film |date=7 July 2017 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> She next portrayed a PCS officer in the romantic comedy ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' opposite [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/omg-rajkummar-raos-reel-wedding-worth-rs-2-crore/ |title=Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Kharbanda's reel wedding is worth Rs. 2 crore |access-date=14 May 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 May 2017}}</ref> She received mentions for her performance. A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote that she does a much better job here than her previous Hindi releases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana/critic-review/shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana-movie-review/ |title=Movie Review: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> While Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated that she gave her career's "best performance" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana-movie-review-super-story-lousy-treatment-25013.html |title=Movie Review: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=12 November 2017 |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> ''Guest iin London'' failed at the box office, while ''Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana'' was a moderate success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-shaadi-mein-zaroor-aana/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana |date=11 November 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Kharbanda had four releases in 2018 too. Her first appearance was in ''[[Karwaan]]'' opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fanney-khan-vs-karwaan-vs-mulk-at-box-office-it-is-advantage-irrfan-khan-as-anil-kapoor-film-falters/story-YGjs5EAsX0mEM9xyFMFmdM.html |title=Karwaan advantage |date=4 August 2018 |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805125532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fanney-khan-vs-karwaan-vs-mulk-at-box-office-it-is-advantage-irrfan-khan-as-anil-kapoor-film-falters/story-YGjs5EAsX0mEM9xyFMFmdM.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare found her to be "likeable" in her special appearance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karwaan Review: Brilliant performances by Mithila and Irrfan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/karwaan/movie-review/65225677.cms|access-date=25 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She next played the lead in the Kannada film ''[[Dalapathi (film)|Dalapathi]]'' opposite [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Prem-and-Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Prashant-Rajs-next/articleshow/34427703.cms |title=Prem and Kriti Kharbanda in Prashant Raj's next |work=The Times of India |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=12 May 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kriti-Kharbanda-returns-to-work/articleshow/47242895.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda returns after a break |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> A critic from ''Times of India'' praised her and stated, "Kriti looks like a million bucks, and one wonders why we don't see her on screen as often in Kannada films, given how she effortlessly charms the audience."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dalapathi/movie-review/63745613.cms |title=Dalapathi Movie Review by TOI |date=13 April 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> Her next releases was ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'' opposite [[Pulkit Samrat]], where she played a Punjabi girl.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veerey-ki-wedding-trailer-pulkit-samrat-and-kriti-kharbandas-film-is-meh-1807446 |title=Veerey Ki Wedding Trailer: Pulkit Samrat And Kriti Kharbanda's Film Is Meh |author=Divya Goyal |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 February 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytsHyHD_vWs |title=Official Trailer: Veerey Ki Wedding |date=February 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Critic from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that she as Geet is "effervescent and pretty", but sadly is "limited" by a badly written script. She delivers what is expected of her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veerey Ki Wedding movie review: Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda's archaic and tiresome affair |access-date=4 March 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/veerey-ki-wedding-movie-review-pulkit-samrat-kriti-kharbanda-s-archaic-and-tiresome-affair/story-0To4dERj40DJpS8qighxgK_amp.html}}</ref> Her final release that year was ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]'' opposite [[Bobby Deol]], where she played a Gujarati surgeon.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-teaser-dharmendra-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-5217033/ |title=Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se teaser: Dharmendra, Sunny and Bobby Deol promise a 'Fun-jabi' film |date=14 June 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collection and days wise break up of Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se |date=September 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa wrote, "Kriti plays a Gujarati surgeon who loves her booze and should have had her license revoked a long time back."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se movie review: This film is injurious to your health |access-date=31 August 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 August 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-movie-review-this-film-is-injurious-to-your-health/story-54YLlOKnTnh4jv2zEkkZMM_amp.html}}</ref> The film had poor box office returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se/|title=Box Office: Worldwide collection and days wise break up of Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=September 2018|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902114615/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kriti Kharbanda attends a friend’s wedding function (04) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kharbanda in 2018]]

Kharbanda starred in two comedy ensembles in 2019. Her first release of the year was the reincarnation comedy ''[[Housefull 4]]'', where she portrayed Rajkumari Meena and Neha opposite Bobby Deol and [[Riteish Deshmukh]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=kriti_official |number=1176807070718316545 |title=Kaise Rajkumari Meena aur Neha ki kismat unke saath ek anokha khel khelti hai! Jaanne ke liye dekhiye #Housefull4 Trailer on 27th September. |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> It became her highest grossing release with a worldwide gross collection of ₹296 crore and was the year's [[List of Hindi films of 2019|fourth highest grossing release]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-akshay-kumar-starrer-housefull-4-earns-rs-200-crore-even-before-its-shooting-here-s-how-435527 |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Housefull 4 earns Rs 200 crore even before its shooting! Here's how &#124; Bollywood News – India TV |first=Shalu |last=Singh |date=2 April 2018 |website=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/housefull-4/movie-review/71753422.cms |title=Housefull 4 Movie Review : Not so full of comedy |work=The Times of India |first=Sreeparna |last=Sengupta |date=25 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja opined, "Kriti Kharbanda brings freshness to the screen but, her poor dialogue delivery is distracting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housefull 4 movie review: This Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon film is uneven but funny |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 October 2019 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-movie-review-akshay-kumar-raises-the-bar-others-struggle/story-fNOnSVNtEwGzniUIceyMrL_amp.html |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> Later that year, she appeared in [[Anees Bazmee]]'s ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'' alongside Pulkit Samrat, playing a gangster's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-anil-kapoor-ileana-dcruz-kriti-kharbanda-to-start-shooting-for-pagalpanti-in-london/articleshow/67966665.cms |title=John Abraham, Anil Kapoor, Ileana D'Cruz, Kriti Kharbanda to start shooting for Pagalpanti in London |work=Mumbai Mirror India Times |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> Critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Of all the heroines, Kriti Kharbanda gets to play an interesting character and she does justice."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pagalpanti/critic-review/pagalpanti-movie-review/ |title=Pagalpanti Movie Review: Fails to raise the desired amount of laughs due to lazy writing |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Expansion and streaming projects (2020–present) ===
Kharbanda's only release in 2020 was Bejoy Nambiar's ''[[Taish]]'' opposite [[Jim Sarbh]] and Pulkit Samrat, which released on [[ZEE5]] as a feature film and six-episode series.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bejoy-nambiars-taish-to-premiere-on-zee5-in-october/1944764 |title=Bejoy Nambiar's ''Taish'' to premiere on ZEE5 in October |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taish mini-series & movie review: TAISH rests on an interesting storyline with some fine performances |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/taish/critic-review/taish-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Pallabi Dey Purkayastha mentions, "Kriti, Sanjeeda and Saloni play three very different women standing at three crucial junctions in their respective lives. As Arfa, Kharbanda is a sucker for love and the peacemaker of the livid gang."<ref>{{cite news |title=Taish Movie Review: Taish is timely, stylish and has an important life lesson to impart |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/taish/ottmoviereview/78932333.cms}}</ref> In 2021, she appeared in ZEE5's ''[[14 Phere]]'', directed by Devanshu Singh opposite [[Vikrant Massey]], playing a Jatt girl Aditi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vikrant-massey-and-kriti-kharbanda-s-14-phere-to-release-on-july-23-on-zee-5-1824169-2021-07-05 |title=Vikrant Massey and Kriti Kharbanda's 14 Phere to release on July 23 on Zee 5 |date=5 July 2021 |work=India Today |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote, "Kriti Kharbanda as Aditi, has a very thinly written character sketch, but she manages to be charming throughout."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Stutee |date=23 July 2021 |title=Review: '14 Phere' Can Be Watched but It's Difficult to Care About |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/14-phere-film-review-full-vikrant-massey-kriti-kharbanda |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=14 Phere Movie Review: A family comedy that begins strong, finishes weak |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 July 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/14-phere/ottmoviereview/84543176.cms}}</ref>

Following a four year hiatus from screen, Kharbanda expanded to web with the second season of ''[[Rana Naidu]]'', where she played an ambitious entrepreneur opposite [[Himanshu Malhotra]] and [[Rana Daggubati]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Rana Daggubati, Kriti Kharbanda team up for an upcoming entertainer |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rana-daggubati-kriti-kharbanda-team-up-for-an-upcoming-entertainer-report-8927744.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo stated, "Kriti is a notable addition, portraying a morally ambiguous character with ease."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Naidu 2 series review: An improved season, even if not consistently smarter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-naidu-2-series-review-an-improved-season-even-if-not-consistently-smarter/article69685727.ece/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mayur Sanap noted, "The most enjoyable of all is Kriti's scheming woman who is just so nonchalant about her nasty ways. It's a delicious character and Kriti plays her with complete relish."<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Naidu 2 Review: Good Looking Mess |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rana-naidu-2-review-good-looking-mess/20250613.htm |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Kharbanda will next appear in Abir Sengupta's ''Risky Romeo'' opposite [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Singh and Kriti Kharbanda to headline Abir Sengupta's neo-noir comic tragedy Risky Romeo |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-singh-kriti-kharbanda-headline-abir-senguptas-neo-noir-comic-tragedy-risky-romeo/}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kharbanda met actor [[Pulkit Samrat]] in 2018 and they eventually started dating in 2019. The couple has worked together in the films — ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'', ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'' and ''[[Taish]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda says she's dating Pulkit Samrat, says she wanted her parents to know first |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kriti-kharbanda-admits-she-s-dating-pulkit-samrat-says-she-wanted-her-parents-to-know-first/story-HXmvjvEL9Y5KipWcgOz8YP.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title=Pulkit Samrat's birthday wish for girlfriend Kriti Kharbanda is all about "Balcony dates and campfire movie nights" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pulkit-samrats-birthday-wish-for-girlfriend-kriti-kharbanda-is-all-about-balcony-dates-and-campfire-movie-nights-2317737 |access-date=29 October 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> After being in a relationship for five years, the couple got engaged in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Pulkit Samrat and Kriti Kharbanda are now engaged, pics from roka ceremony out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulkit-samrat-and-kriti-kharbanda-are-now-engaged-pics-from-roka-ceremony-out-2495282-2024-01-30 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat wedding: Here's a look at their love story, net worth and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-wedding-heres-a-look-at-their-love-story-net-worth-expensive-assets-and-more/3426880/lite/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> Kharbanda married Samrat in a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony, on 15 March 2024, in [[Manesar]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat tie knot, share first pics from wedding: 'Through the low and high, it's only you' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-tie-knot-share-first-pics-from-wedding-101710575873341-amp.html |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pulkit Samrat-Kriti Kharbanda are now married. Couple shares first wedding pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulkit-samrat-kriti-kharbanda-married-couple-wedding-pics-2515434-2024-03-16 |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Kharbanda has a keen interest in [[pole dance]] and is often seen practicing it. She says, "Pole dance has become a part of not just my fitness, but also my meditation."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: Pole dancing is not just a part of my fitness but also my meditation |work=The Tribune India |access-date=11 July 2021 |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kriti-kharbanda-pole-dancing-not-just-a-part-of-my-fitness-but-also-my-meditation-281565}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
Kharbanda decided to sponsor the education for 30 girls through her association with the [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] "Shiksha Seva Foundation", that works at educating girl child, on her 30th birthday in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda celebrates her birthday as she takes the responsibility of 30 girls study expences |work=ABP News |access-date=30 October 2020 |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/kriti-kharbanda-celebrates-her-birthday-as-she-take-responsibilty-of-30-girls-study-expences-1619638/amp}}</ref> She has also worked associated with an NGO that works towards the cause of animals, especially during summer, by providing them water and shelter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda fights for animal cause |author=DNA Entertainment |work=DNA India |access-date=11 September 2020 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kriti-kharbanda-fights-for-animal-cause-2619997/amp}}</ref>

Kharbanda has been associated with [[Celebrity Cricket League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2011060564880600.htm&date=2011/06/05/&prd=th& |title=Beauty, brawn ... and then there was cricket |work=The Hindu |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=2012-01-22}}</ref> Since 2011, she has supported "Karnataka Bulldozers" and other teams at the league. All the seasons of the league aim to create awareness about a social issue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Its-celebrity-cricket-league-next/articleshow/8563219.cms |title=It's celebrity cricket league next |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2011 | access-date=9 March 2012 | archive-date=17 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117000321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/bangalore/29581009_1_film-fraternity-kannada-film-industry-karnataka-film-chamber | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cclt20.in/about-us.php |title=About Us – CCL Social Initiative |publisher=cclt20 Pvt Ltd |work=Celebrity Cricket League | access-date=9 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531014255/http://cclt20.in/about-us.php | archive-date=31 May 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, Kharbanda indulged in an interactive session with actor [[Chris Hemsworth]] on "holistic wellbeing".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Chris Hemsworth to talk about wellbeing this Thursday |work=Times of India |date=14 October 2020 |access-date=11 December 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kriti-kharbanda-and-chris-hemsworth-to-talk-about-wellbeing-this-thursday/articleshow/78654896.cms}}</ref> She has ramp walked in the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] and has been the [[cover model]] for several magazines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda to walk for Sweta and Priyangsu at Lakme Fashion Week |publisher=India TV |date=17 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/fashion-kriti-kharbanda-to-walk-for-sweta-and-priyangsu-at-lakme-fashion-week-458528}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: On The Covers |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/on-the-covers/kriti-kharbanda/kriti-kharbanda-3-3/ |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/on-the-covers/kriti-kharbanda/kriti-kharbanda-3-3/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

She has been outspoken on issues such as feminism. She said, "We say all are just equals. I believe there cannot be any discrimination between man and woman or that one of them can function without the other. However, I also believe women are stronger in terms of dealing with their emotions."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda on feminism |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/071120/kriti-kharbanda-on-feminism.html |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/television/071120/kriti-kharbanda-on-feminism.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Kharbanda had criticised actress [[Hina Khan]] for her comment on "South Indian" actresses. Khan said, "South makers like to cast women who are on the heavier side". On this, Kharbanda lashed out at the actress and said, "Hina Khan is a very big name on television. That is not how you talk about people. There is no need to (say such things on national television). It's rather unfortunate that an actor is talking like that, and an actor of that caliber, that too." She also wanted to slap the actress for her comment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Kriti Kharbanda wanted to slap Hina Khan for her 'bulging' comment on South actresses |work=India Today |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/when-kriti-kharbanda-wanted-to-slap-hina-khan-for-her-bulging-comment-on-south-actresses-1923695-2022-03-10}}</ref>

== Artistry and public image ==
[[File:Kriti Kharbanda clicked in Andheri (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kharbanda in 2025]]

Kharbanda has established herself as one of the most popular celebrities in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Kannada actress who are also popular in other film industries |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 December 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/kannada-actress-who-are-popular-in-other-film-industries/photostory/51864848.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Power Actress: Kriti Kharbanda |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=3 June 2014 |access-date=15 July 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/filterby/IND/2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/filterby/IND/2019/}}</ref> Post her film debut, she was termed "ebullient, beautiful and promising".<ref>{{Cite web |title=I demand what I deserve: Kriti Kharbanda |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda-499359.html |archive-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.news18.com/news/india/i-demand-what-i-deserve-kriti-kharbanda-499359.html |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=News18 India |date=17 August 2012}}</ref> Following the success of ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'', she became a sought-after actress in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-kharbandha-turns-busy-bee-news-kannada-ogciMecbihi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-kharbandha-turns-busy-bee-news-kannada-ogciMecbihi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2014 |title=Kriti Kharbandha turns busy bee! |work=Sify |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> Kharbanda feels the film "changed her career overnight". She termed it as her favourite and said, "It's my favourite because I enjoyed working on that film. I felt I could do justice to the character and the character did justice to me."<ref>{{Cite web |title=I can't wait for 'Googly' to happen to me again |author=Chetana Divya Vasudev |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 July 2018 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/583123/i-cant-wait-googly-happen.html}}</ref> In 2013, she was ranked 8th in Top Sandalwood Actresses List.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Sandalwood Actresses of 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-sandalwood-heroines-of-2013/photostory/28581101.cms |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112041726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-sandalwood-heroines-of-2013/photostory/28581101.cms |access-date=14 July 2019 |url-status=live |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' find her to be "a perfect blend" of solid acting chops, expressive face, arresting glamour, and a dazzling screen presence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kriti Kharbanda: 10 times the actress slayed with her Instagram posts |work=Firstpost |date=29 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-kriti-kharbanda-10-times-the-actress-slayed-with-her-instagram-posts-11516411.html/amp}}</ref> Kharbanda feels ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' is a film that "changed her life".<ref>{{Cite web |title=And good things happened: Kriti Kharbanda on the film that changed her life |author=Tribune Lifestyle |work=Tribune India |access-date=20 July 2019 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/and-good-things-happened-kriti-kharbanda-on-the-film-that-changed-her-life-169185}}</ref> Kharbanda is known to be "extremely detail-oriented", when it comes to her craft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: Attention to detail |author=Tribune Lifestyle |work=Tribune India |access-date=25 August 2018 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/attention-to-detail-448107}}</ref> On her work style, Kharbanda said that she is "grateful to have reached a position in her career", where she can refuse work that doesn't excite her and "rely on her instincts while choosing characters".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda: Finally have an option to say no and will make most of it |work=India TV News |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=31 December 2022 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/kriti-kharbanda-finally-have-option-to-say-no-and-will-make-most-of-it-720298}}</ref> On getting typecast, she said,
{{Blockquote|"It's going to help me grow as an actor. Go ahead, typecast, I don't have any issue. Everyone who's looked at being typecast negatively, you've been challenged to outdo your own previous performance. That's the best kind of competition when you're competing with yourself".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Entertainment |title=Kriti Kharbanda has no issues in getting typecast |work=India TV News |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/kriti-kharbanda-housefull-4-no-issues-in-getting-typecast-561470}}</ref>}}

Kharbanda's rise to popularity resulted in her being voted [[Times of India|Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women]] of 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women 2015 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-most-desirable-women-2015/articleshow/51964880.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti says first love is Kannada cinema |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=3 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kriti-says-first-love-is-kannada-cinema-736222.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/kriti-says-first-love-is-kannada-cinema-736222.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kriti Kharbanda: All the Lesser-known facts about the Taish actress |work=Mid Day |access-date=22 November 2019 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/Kriti-Kharbanda-Lesser-known-facts-about-this-Pagalpanti-actress-69123/3}}</ref> In the same list, she was placed 2nd in 2012, 3rd in 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet the Bangalore Times Top 25 Most Desirable Women 2012 |access-date=25 August 2013 |work=Times of India |date=20 May 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-Times-Top-25-Most-Desirable-Women-2012/articleshow/20138687.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women 2014, Asha Bhatt tops the list |access-date=20 April 2015 |work=Times of India |date=16 April 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-most-desirable-women-2014/articleshow/46932065.cms}}</ref> 2nd in 2017 and 7th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Queens of Desire: Here are the top 30 winners of the Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Times of India |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire/articleshow/68012314.cms |title=Bangalore Times' Most Desirable Women of 2018: The queens of desire |work=Times of India |date=16 February 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> She is subsequently featured in the [[Times of India|Times' 50 Most Desirable Women]] List. She ranked 32nd in 2017, 37th in 2018, 18th in 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms |title=EXCLUSIVE – MEET THE TIMES 50 MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN 2019 |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> and 27th in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |title=The Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020: Rhea Chakraborty – Living through a trial by fire, gracefully |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> Apart from acting, Kharbanda is an endorser for several brands and products, including [[Oppo]] and [[PC Jeweller]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=P C Jewellers signs actress Kriti Kharbanda as its brand ambassador |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=20 May 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/weblite/news/bollywood/p-c-jewellers-signs-kriti-kharbanda-brand-ambassador/}}</ref> For Oppo, she also shot a short film with [[Sidharth Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra and Kriti Kharbanda come together for the first time and we can't get over their cute chemistry |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=11 July 2018 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/behind-scenes-sidharth-malhotra-kriti-kharbanda-come-together-first-time-cant-get-cute-chemistry/}}</ref> She is the brand ambassador of [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]] watches alongside Pulkit Samrat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pebble Loops in Bollywood stars Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat as brand ambassadors ahead of the festive season |work=ANI News |access-date=26 October 2021 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/pebble-loops-in-bollywood-stars-kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-as-brand-ambassadors-ahead-of-the-festive-season20211025134713/}}</ref> Kharbanda has over 8.3 million [[Instagram]] followers and is widely known for her fashion style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda crosses 6 million followers on Instagram! Thanks her fans for the abundance of love |work=Mid Day |access-date=26 May 2020 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kriti-kharbanda-achieves-a-huge-milestone-crosses-6-million-followers-on-instagram-22741208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Lifestyle Desk |title=Kriti Kharbanda's fashion is as chic as it gets; check it out here |work=Indian Express |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=25 July 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/kriti-kharbanda-fashion-latest-photos-pagalpanti-housefull-4-6271975/lite/}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background: #FFFFCC;" | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Kriti Kharbanda film credits
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2009
! scope= "row" |''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]''
| Pragathi
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| 2010
! scope= "row" | ''[[Chirru]]''
| Madhu
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
! scope= "row" | ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''
| Simran
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
| Cameo
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Teen Maar]]''
| Vasumathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! scope= "row" | ''[[Mr. Nookayya]]''
| Anuradha "Anu"
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Prem Adda]]''
| Girija
| rowspan="2" | Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
! scope= "row" | ''[[Galaate]]''
| Ankitha
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Ongole Gittha]]''
| Sandhya "Sandy"
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Om 3D]]''
| Anjali
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''
| Dr. Swathi
| rowspan="5" | Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! scope= "row" | ''[[Tirupathi Express]]''
| Prarthana
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Super Ranga]]''
| Naina
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]''
| Sneha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! scope= "row" | ''[[Minchagi Nee Baralu]]''
| Priyanka
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| Kavya Rao
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2016
! scope= "row" | ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]''
| Shaina Khanna
| [[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
! scope= "row" | ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]''
| Saroja Devi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Maasthi Gudi]]''
| Raani
| Kannada
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Guest iin London]]''
| Anaya Patel Shergill
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" |''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
| Aarti Shukla [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|PCS]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
! scope= "row" | ''[[Karwaan]]''
| Rumana Salim
| Cameo
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200917/kriti-kharbanda-to-join-irrfan-and-dalqueer-in-ronnie-screwvalas-karwaan.html |title=Kriti Kharbanda to join Irrfan and Dalquer in Ronnie Screwvala's Karwaan |date=20 September 2017 |publisher=DNA India |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515050928/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/200917/kriti-kharbanda-to-join-irrfan-and-dalqueer-in-ronnie-screwvalas-karwaan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Dalapathi (2018 film)|Dalapathi]]''
| Vaidhehi
| Kannada
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]''
| Geet Bhalla
| rowspan="8" | Hindi
|
|
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]''
| Dr. Chiku
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
! scope= "row" | ''[[Housefull 4]]''
| Rajkumari Meena / Neha Thakral
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/housefull-4-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/photostory/65019422.cms |title='Housefull 4': All you need to know about the film |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718010157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/housefull-4-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/photostory/65019422.cms |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope= "row" | ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''
| Janhvi Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://themagicpr.com/2019/11/22/pagalpanti-review-by-priyanka-raina-is-johny-par-paisa-laga-do.html |title=Pagalpanti movie review: Anees Bazmee's Action Comedy Hits The Mark |author=Priyanka Raina |date=22 November 2019 |website=themagicpr.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020
! scope= "row" | ''[[Taish]]''
| Aarfa Khan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bejoy-nambiars-taish-to-premiere-on-zee5-in-october-2916731.html |title=Bejoy Nambiar's 'Taish' To Premiere On ZEE5 In October |publisher=News18|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope= "row" | ''[[14 Phere]]''
| Aditi "Adu" Karwasra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2020 |title=Vikrant Massey, Kriti Kharbanda begin shoot for 14 Phere |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/vikrant-massey-kriti-did-not-begin-shoot-for-14-phere/1982737 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| style="background: #FFFFCC;" | ''Risky Romeo'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Kriti Kharbanda shares her excitement as she embarks on Risky Romeo shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kriti-kharbanda-shares-excitement-embarks-risky-romeo-shoot/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Kriti Kharbanda television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2011
! scope= "row" |''[[Celebrity Cricket League]]''
| rowspan="2"| Herself
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/city-to-host-ccl-opener/articleshow/21664798.cms |title=Bangalore to host CCL opener |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515050928/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/city-to-host-ccl-opener/articleshow/21664798.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope= "row" |''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)|Bigg Boss Kannada 2]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kriti-kharbanda-and-sudeep-come-together-tonight/articleshow/40851478.cms |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Sudeep come together tonight |newspaper=Times of India |date=24 August 2014 |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117010930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Kriti-Kharbanda-and-Sudeep-come-together-tonight/articleshow/40851478.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope= "row" | ''[[Rana Naidu]]''
| Alia Oberoi
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kriti Kharbanda on Netflix 'Rana Naidu Season 2': ‘I spent the first ten years of my career, only wanting to fit in, hoping…’ |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-kriti-kharbanda-on-netflix-rana-naidu-i-spent-the-first-ten-years-of-my-career-only-wanting-to-fit-in-hoping-13895599.html/amp |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Kriti Kharbanda awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2014
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2013: And the SIIMA Awards go to.... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Super Ranga]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-11 |title=Mr and Mrs Ramachari, Yash and Radhika shine at SIIMA 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-award-winners-at-siima/articleshow/48432299.cms|access-date=2020-09-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=4th SIIMA awards: Kannada award complete winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-award-winners-at-siima/articleshow/48432299.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eva |first=Donna |date=6 October 2021 |title=Even if I have a day off, I come running back to Bengaluru: Kriti Kharbanda |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Oct/06/even-if-i-have-a-day-offi-come-running-back-to-bengalurukriti-kharbanda-2368020.html |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
| Most Stylish Rising Star
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.headlinesoftoday.com/entertainment/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2019-see-photos-and-winners.html/amp |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2019: See Photos and Winners! |website=Headlines of Today |date=21 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[Lions Clubs International|Lions Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Comic Role
| ''[[Housefull 4]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Photos: Film and Television celebs grace the 26th SOL Lions Gold Awards 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 January 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-celebs-grace-26th-sol-lions-gold-awards-2020/ |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Most Popular Actress – OTT
| ''[[Taish]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out The 21st Indian Television Academy Awards Winners List |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=TheITA2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|kriti-kharbanda}}
* {{IMDb name|3713653}}
* {{Instagram|kriti.kharbanda}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Kriti Kharbanda
|d = yes
|d-search = Q6438563
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = Bollywood
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharbanda, Kriti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Andrew Cassels (merchant)

2026-01-29T18:59:03Z

HymanGumm776: put up page

{{Short description|British merchant}}
'''Andrew Cassels''' (1811 – 2 August 1886) was a British merchant who traded in India and England. He was a member of the [[Council of India]] from 1874 to 1884.

Born in an old Scottish family, his father resided for some years at [[Manchester]], where he was an associate of [[John Peel (Tamworth MP)|John Peel]], MP, head of Messers John Peel and Co. He spent some years in Europe, chiefly in Italy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=October 1886 |title=IV. Obituary Notices |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=37-38}}</ref> In 1843, Andrew Cassels opened for Peel a branch of the firm in Bombay, which eventually traded as Messers. Peel, Cassels, and Co.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 August 1886 |title=Mr. Andrew Cassels |pages=765 |work=The Homeward Mail from India, China, and the East}}</ref> Two of his brothers, including [[Walter Richard Cassels]], were also involved with the firm, which failed in about 1885.

Returning to England in either 1851<ref name=":1" /> or around 1854,<ref name=":0" /> he continued in business in Manchester for some years.<ref name=":1" /> He was also a director of the [[Metropolitan Railway Company]] and a long-serving chairman of the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]].<ref name=":1" /> He was elected a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce in 1861, resigned in 1868 when he moved to London to sit on the [[Council of India]], to which he was appointed through pressure from the Manchester Chamber of Commercial on [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], the [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Silver |first=Arthur W. |title=Manchester Men and Indian Cotton, 1847–1872 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=1966 |pages=254}}</ref> He retired from the Council in 1884 on the expiry of his term.<ref name=":1" />

He died in 1886.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 1886 |title=Deaths |pages=1 |work=[[The Morning Post]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassels, Andrew}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:19th-century British merchants]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Master Romi

2026-01-18T10:18:25Z

HymanGumm776: Creating details!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Master Romi
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Poster of Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke movie with Master Romi at top left wearing [[Gandhi cap]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name = Mohammed Salim
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works = [[Munna (1954 film)|Munna]] (1954); [[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke]] (1957)
| parents =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Master Romi''' (born '''Mohammed Salim''') is a former Indian actor in [[Hindi]]-language films.<ref>{{cite book |title=Narratives of Indian Cinema |year=2009 |publisher=Primus Books, 2009 |pages=136, 137, 138 |isbn=9788190891844 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE9TDOoU1IC&q=master+romi&pg=PA139 |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> He was best known as a child actor after his brilliant performance in [[K.A. Abbas]]'s film "[[Munna (1954 film)|Munna]]" released in 1954. "Munna", the first songless Hindi movie was screened for a select audience including India's first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Nehru was so moved by child star Master Romi's performance that he invited him for breakfast the next morning along with entire unit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Master Romi – Profile & Filmography |url=https://cineplot.com/master-romi-profile-filmography/ |website=Cineplot.com |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unknown facets in the life of austere Indira |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/unknown-facets-in-the-life-of-austere-indira |website=ABP Live |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Master Romi |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1d97314 |website=British Film Institute |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=31 July 2020}}{{dead link|date=October 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his screen debut in [[Sohrab Modi]]'s "[[Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]" and later played important roles in "Shole," “Footpath," “[[Dil-E-Nadaan (1953 film)|Dil-e-Nadaan]]," “Paapi", "[[Toote Khilone]]" and [[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke]].

In 1958, a Hindi film adaptation called [[Do Phool (1958 film)|Do Phool]] (Two Flowers) was released based on the Swiss literary novel/ icon [[Heidi]]. The role of Heidi – called Poornima in the film – was played by [[Baby Naaz]] who was one of the most famous child stars at the time along with Master Romi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss literary icon Heidi ready for her Hindi debut |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/indian-audience_swiss-literary-icon-heidi-ready-for-her-hindi-debut/43613274 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |publisher=SWI swissinfo.ch – a branch of Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years Paperback |date=June 5, 2012 |publisher=Trafford (June 5, 2012) |isbn=978-1466939639 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&q=master+romi&pg=PA76 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Asian Children's Literature and Film in a Global Age: Local, National, and Transnational Trajectories (1st ed. 2020) (Asia-Pacific and Literature in English) |date=13 April 2020 |publisher=Springer Singapore, Singapore |isbn=9789811526312 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEHVDwAAQBAJ&q=master+romi&pg=PA154 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Neta Abhineta: Bollywood Star Power in Indian Politics |date=25 September 2018 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-9350098028 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v5sDwAAQBAJ&q=master+romi&pg=PT32 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=24 Akbar Road: A Short History Of The People Behind The Fall And Rise Of The Congress Hardcover |date=15 July 2011 |publisher=Hachette India Local |isbn=978-9350090770 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeXGhORkNaQC&q=master+romi&pg=PA1940 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Character/Role
|-

| 1960
| Maa Baap
| Kundan
|-

| 1958
| [[Do Phool (1958 film)|Do Phool]]
| Jaggu
|-

| 1957
| [[Yahudi Ki Ladki (1957 film)|Yahudi]]
| Eliza
|-

| 1957
| [[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]
| Ratan
|-

| 1957
| [[Dushman (1957 film)|Dushman]]
| Young Ram Singh
|-

| 1957
| [[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke|Hum Panchhi Ek Dal Ke]]
| Rajendranath Mehra "Rajan"
|-

| 1956
| [[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]
| Boy in Raja's birthday (singing "Bade Bhaiya Laya Hai")
|-

| 1955
| Jawab
| Young Amar Kumar Dayal
|-

| 1954
| [[Munna (1954 film)|Munna]]
| Munna
|-

| 1954
| Toote Khilone
|
|-

| 1953
| [[Dil-E-Nadaan (1953 film)|Dil-E-Nadan]]
|
|-

| 1953
| [[Footpath (1953 film)|Footpath]]
| Monu
|-

| 1953
| Papi
| Raju's Atma
|-

| 1953
| Shole
|
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0739634}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romi, Master}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Berny–Ignatius

2026-01-17T04:26:17Z

HymanGumm776: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Berny and Ignatius
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin =
| instrument = Guitar, electric guitar, [[steel guitar|hawaii guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[oud]], [[banjo]], [[bulbul tarang]], [[Harmonium]], [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboard]], [[melodica]]
| genre = [[Film score]], soundtrack, theatre, [[world music]], [[folk music]]
| occupation = [[Music composer]], arranger, record producer, instrumentalist
| years_active = 1981–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Berny and Ignatius''' is an Indian musical duo consisting of brothers '''Berny Puthenveettil''' and '''Ignatius Puthenveettil'''. Primarily working in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]], they are best known for their work in films such as [[Thenmavin Kombath]], [[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]], [[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]], [[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]], [[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]], and [[Kaaryasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701160200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127121123/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701160200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2007 |title=Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram : New areas of musical expressions |date=7 July 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref>
Thenmavin Kombath earned them the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/News-6/STATE+FILM+AWARDS++1969++2005.html?newsid=19&linkid=6 |title=Malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam cinema news, Malayalam cinema actors, Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies |publisher=Malayalamcinema.com |date=26 October 1985 |access-date=2012-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714024057/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/News-6/STATE+FILM+AWARDS++1969++2005.html?newsid=19&linkid=6 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born to John Puthenveettil and Treasa, Berny and Ignatius learned music from their father at an early age prior to professionally composing music in 1979.<ref name="ആത്മീയ രാഗങ്ങളുമായി സംഗീതസഹോദരങ്ങള്‍ - വത്തിക്കാന്‍ ന്യൂസ്">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=ആത്മീയ രാഗങ്ങളുമായി സംഗീതസഹോദരങ്ങള്‍ - വത്തിക്കാന്‍ ന്യൂസ് |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/ml/world/news/2021-01/christian-musical-serenade-42-bernyignatius.html |access-date=2021-01-16 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=ml}}</ref> They have composed many hit songs such as Kallipoonguyile, Mayilay Parannu Vaa, Poonilamazha peythirangiya, Kathayile Rajakumaranum, Aavani Ponnoonjal, Thamarappoovil vazhum, Puthumazhayayi vannu, Ponnitta Pettakam, Thechippoove Thenagasi Poove, Oru Kathilola etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msidb.org/displayProfile.php?artist=Berny%20Ignatius&category=musician |title=MSI Musician ബേണി ഇഗ്നേഷ്യസ്‌ ( Berny Ignatius ) |publisher=Malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2012-01-16}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 1994 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Best Music Director]] – [[Thenmavin Kombath]]

;[[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi Awards]]
* 1994 – Best Music Director – [[Thenmavin Kombath]]

;Other Awards
* 2011 – Aimfill Inspire award for Best Music Director – [[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]
* 2010 – Jaycee foundation award for Best Music Director – [[Kaaryasthan]]

==Filmography==
===As music directors===
{{colbegin}}
* [[Aakasha Ganga 2]] (2019)
* [[Welcome to Central Jail]] (2016)
* [[Rajadhi Raja (2014 film)|Rajadhi Raja]] (2014)
* Maryade (2014)
* [[Sringaravelan]] (2013)
* [[Climax (2013 film)|Climax]] (2013)
* Cowboy (2012)
* Perinoru Makan (2012)
* [[Mayamohini]] (2012)
* [[Lucky Jokers]] (2011)
* [[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]] (2010)
* [[Kaaryasthan]] (2010)
* [[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]] (2008)
* [[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]] (2007)
* [[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]] (2006)
* [[Vettam]] (2004)
* [[C. I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu]] (2004)
* Anuvadhamillathe (2006)
* Thudakkam (2004)
* [[Pulival Kalyanam]] (2003)
* Uthara (2003)
* [[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]] (2002)
* Kanalkkireedam (2002)
* Raajapattam (2001)
* The Gift of God (2001)
* Chithrathoonukal (2001)
* Mele Vaaryathe Maaalaakhakkuttikal (2000)
* [[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]](2000)
* [[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]] (2000)
* India Gate (2000)
* [[List of Malayalam horror films#Summer Palace (2000)|Summer Palace]] (2000)
* [[List of Malayalam horror films#Indriyam (2000)|Indriyam]] (2000)
* Holi (1999)
* Thennaali Raman (1999)
* [[Aakasha Ganga]] (1999)
* Pranaya Nilavu (1999)
* [[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]] (1999)
* [[Swastham Grihabharanam|Swastham Grihabaranam]] (1999)
* [[James Bond (1999 film)|James Bond]] (1999)
* Manthrimaalikayil Manassammatham (1998)
* Kudumba Vaarthakal (1998)
* [[Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum]] (1998)
* Grama Panchayath (1998)
* [[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]] (1998)
* [[Mayilpeelikkavu]] (1998)
* Oro Viliyum Kathorthu (1998)
* Kalaapam (1998)
* [[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]] (1998)
* [[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]] (1997)
* Gajaraja Manthram (1997)
* [[Junior Mandrake]] (1997)
* Bharatheeyam (1997)
* Raajathanthram (1997)
* Shaanthipuram Thampuraan (1997)
* [[Ullasapoongattu]](1997)
* Kavaadam (1996)
* [[Vanarasena]] (1996)
* [[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]] (1995)
* Radholsavam (1995)
* Mangalyasoothram (1995)
* [[Manathe Kottaram]] (1994)
* [[Thenmavin Kombath]] (1994)
* Kaazhchakkappuram (1992)
{{colend}}

===Background score===
* [[Abhiyum Njanum]]
* Malayali
* [[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1271282|Berny Ignatius}}
* [https://archive.today/20130218030415/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-filmography/3974/5/berny-ignatious.html Berny Ignatious] at [[Oneindia.in]]
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/music/Berny_Ignatious.html Berny Ignatious] at [[Raaga.com]]

{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berny Ignatius}}
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Biranchi Narayan

2026-01-16T14:52:00Z

HymanGumm776: made a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Biranchi Narayan''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a two time MLA from [[Bokaro Assembly constituency]] in [[Bokaro district]]. He won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bokaro Constituency Election Results 2019: Bokaro Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/bokaro |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=BOKARO Assembly Election Results 2019: BOKARO Jharkhand Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/bokaro-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Bokaro Election Results 2019: BJP’s Biranchi Narayan defeats Shweta Singh of Congress |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bokaro-election-results-2019-live-congress-shweta-singh-leads-by-over-9000-votes/1801763/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He is nominated again to contest from Bokaro Assembly seat by BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=MLA Biranchi Narayan files nomination for Bokaro Seat |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/mla-biranchi-narayan-files-nomination-for-bokaro-seat.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Narayan is from [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], Jharkhand. He is son of Sadanand Prasad. He completed his Post Graduate Diploma in Hindi Journalism in 1997 at [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biranchi Narayan(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BOKARO(BOKARO ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=832 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Narayan won from Bokaro Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election, He polled 112,333 and defeated his nearest rival, Shweta Singh of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,313 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bokaro Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Biranchi Narayan of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bokaro-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430959.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Bokaro Election Result 2019: BJP's Biranchi Narayan wins by margin of 13,313 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/bokaro-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630635-2019-12-23 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Samresh Singh]], an independent candidate, by a huge margin of 72,643 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bokaro Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Bokaro Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/jharkhand-election/bokaro-assembly-election-result-2019-36.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bokaro Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bokaro Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/bokaro-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Biranchi}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Bokaro district]]

Totu, Shimla

2025-12-23T13:37:15Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Totu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Totu Shimla with uphill view.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Totu suburb view from uphill with a passing train
| mapframe-caption = Location of Totu in [[Shimla]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31.099167|N|77.128889|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 171011
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Totu''' is a part of [[Shimla]] city, in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>[http://postcodesdb.com/AlphabeticSearch.aspx?country=India&city=Totu&zip=171011 Postal Code for India:Result for Totu]</ref> It is a populous urban area of the city. under the administration of the [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]].<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/abattoir-to-be-built-in-totu-mc/674695/ "Abattoir to be built in Totu: MC"]. ''The Indian Express'', 31 August 2010.</ref>

== Etymology ==
Totu is named after Gian Chand Totu, a freedom fighter of India born on 15th September 1919. He was the representative of [[Himalayan Regional Council]] and a participant of [[Quit India Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=HP General |date=2020-05-06 |title=Shri Gian Chand Totu - A Freedom Fighter from Shimla Himachal Pradesh |url=https://hpgeneralstudies.com/shri-gian-chand-totu-freedom-fighter-shimla-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Himachal Pradesh General Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Totu Shimla view.jpg|thumb|Totu view from Jutogh Railway Station]]
It is located around 7 km from Shimla Old Bus Stand & lies on NH-88 on Shimla-Mandi highway.<ref>[http://www.himvani.com/news/2012/01/13/demand-diverting-shimla-kangra-highway-taradevi/19945 Demand for diverting Shimla-Kangra highway via Taradevi]. ''Himvani'', 13 January 2012.</ref> The average elevation of the region is 1950m above sea level. The climate is usually cold, summers are moderate with temperature rising up to 31 degree Celsius. Totu receives heavy rains during monsoons and is one of the two places besides [[Jakhoo]], known for being the foggiest places in Shimla during monsoons. It also receives moderate to heavy snowfall in the winter. Totu is divided into five areas namely Market area, Vijaynagar, Shivnagar, Divyanagar, Majiat and Majthai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himachal |first=The News |date=2012-08-20 |title=Heavy rain collapses a residential building in Totu, Shimla |url=http://thenewshimachal.com/2012/08/heavy-rain-collapses-a-residential-building-in-totu-shimla/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Other details ==
It houses the [[Jutogh]] railway station of the [[Kalka Shimla Railway]]<ref>[http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/shimla-s-spooky-tunnel-no-103--18770.html Shimla's spooky tunnel no. 103]. ''IndiaTV'', 21 March 2013.</ref> and is also home to Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Marketing & Consumers Federation Ltd., a department of the Himachal Pradesh Government. [[Shimla Airport]] located at Jubberhatti is approximately 14 km from this place. HP Institute of Management Studies, affiliated to [[Himachal Pradesh University]] is also located here. A rapidly growing consumer market that caters for the needs of the locals forms the heart of the town.<ref>[http://hillpost.in/2013/06/new-municipality-fails-to-sort-out-shimlas-mounting-urban-problems/87760/ "New municipality fails to sort out Shimla’s mounting urban problems"]. ''Hill Post'', 15 June 2013</ref> The Pin code of Totu is 171011.

Totu has four banks; Punjab National Bank, Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Bank, State Bank of India and recently opened HDFC Bank. ATMs of all four banks have been operational for many years. You can also find newly opened ICICI ATM here. Market has a variety of shops which provide daily household items. A private community hall is also situated in the town. It has two private schools and one government senior secondary school. Besides these urbanizing institutions, it has three main temples; Laxmi Narayan Temple, Shiv Temple and Shiv Shakti Temple near Government School, for religious activities.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hpcmanagement.org/contactus.php HP Institute of Management Studies]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Shimla]]

Sunburn Festival

2025-12-17T12:38:29Z

HymanGumm776:

{{short description|EDM Music Festival In India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}{{COI|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox music festival
| name = Sunburn Festival
| image = Sunburn Festival, Goa, Trance music culture.jpg
| caption = Sunburn Festival in [[Candolim]], [[Goa]] in 2010
| location = {{ubl|
* [[Vagator]], Goa (2007–2015)
* [[Pune, Maharashtra]] (2016–2018)
* Vagator, Goa (2019–2024) [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra (2025)}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| dates = Last Weekend/3 Days Of The Year
| participants = [[Armin Van Buuren]], [[Above & Beyond (band)|Above & Beyond]], [[Ferry Corsten]], [[Axwell]], [[Shapeshifters]], [[Sander Van Doorn]]
| genre = [[Electronic dance music]]
| website = [http://sunburn.in/ sunburn.in]
| logo = SunburnFestiveProperty.svg}}

'''Sunburn Festival''' is a commercial [[electronic dance music]] festival held in India. It was started by entrepreneur [[Shailendra Singh (producer)|Shailendra Singh]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahindru |first=Megha |date=2013-10-22 |title=Sunburn and the Indian EDM Explosion |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/sunburn-and-the-indian-edm-explosion/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Riddhi |date=2016-11-14 |title=Shailendra Singh: 'We're the Shah Rukh Khan of Dance Music Festivals' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/shailendra-singh-were-the-shah-rukh-khan-of-dance-music-festivals/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Shailendra |title=The True Story of Sunburn |date=15 December 2014 |publisher=Embassy Books India; 1st edition |isbn=978-9383359738 |location=English, India |pages=20–23}}</ref> of Percept Ltd.

Spanning over three to five days, the festival has multiple stages with artists playing simultaneously.<ref name="sb2013">{{cite web|title=Sunburn 2013: Goa gears up for Asia's Largest Music Festival|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/sunburn-2013-goa-gears-up-for-asias-largest-music-festival/ | date=24 December 2013 |work=Biharprabha News|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref> It was held annually in [[Vagator]], [[Goa]] from 2007 to 2015, and shifted to [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] in 2016. In 2019, the festival returned to Vagator, Goa.

According to a 2014 International Music Summit report, Sunburn was "as big as [[Tomorrowland (festival)|Tomorrowland]] and [[Ultra Music Festival|Ultra]]".<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last1=International Music Summit |title=IMS Business Report 2014: Asia-Pacific edition by Kevin Watson |url=https://www.internationalmusicsummit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/ims-asia-pacific-business-report-2014.pdf |website=IMS APAC Report}}</ref> It was ranked by [[CNN]] in 2009 as one of the Top 10 Festivals in the world.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/?_s=PM:TRAVEL CNN Article] </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to the world's best music festivals - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/05/07/summer.festivals/index.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=CNN}}</ref>

In 2011, Percept Ltd launched the Sunburn Arena, featuring [[Avicii]], at the Turf Club in Mumbai.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sunburn Arena with Avicii 2013 - Journey to the top (promo) | date=29 November 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCmGHVz_C00 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> In 2012, Percept launched Sunburn City Festival, Sunburn Campus and Sunburn Reload, as well as their first international festival, Sunburn Colombo.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=Rolling Stone |date=2012-10-03 |title=Q&A: Afrojack |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/qa-afrojack/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |archive-date=Nov 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129172905/https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20120821/283115656115573 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20120821/283115656115573 |title=Sunburn Asia's Largest Music Festival to come to Sri Lanka |date=21 Aug 2012 |publisher=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]] |language=en |access-date=24 July 2023 |via=[[PressReader]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Over the years Sunburn has expanded internationally and has included many well known DJs, including [[Swedish House Mafia]], [[Martin Garrix]], [[Hardwell]], [[David Guetta]], [[Axwell]], [[Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike|Dimitri Vegas and Like Mike]], [[Paul van Dyk|Paul Van Dyk]], [[Marshmello]], [[The Chainsmokers|Chainsmokers]], [[Afrojack]], [[Pete Tong]], [[Tiësto|Tiesto]], [[Armin van Buuren|Armin van Buren]], [[Deadmau5|DeadMau5]], [[Carl Cox]], [[DJ Snake]], [[Skazi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahindru |first=Megha |date=2013-10-07 |title=Deadmau5 To Tour India In 2014 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/deadmau5-to-tour-india-in-2014/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=festivalsherpa |date=2013-05-16 |title=Quick Scoop: Shailendra Singh Named In Top 50 Most Powerful People in EDM |url=https://www.festivalsherpa.com/quick-scoop-shailendra-singh-named-in-top-50-most-powerful-people-in-edm/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Sherpa Land |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Electronic music parties and similar festivals have been held in Goa, with the late 1980s seeing the start of [[Free party|free parties]], events that included DJs, art, crafts and food stalls. This continued through 1990s to early 2000s at beaches such as [[Vagator Beach Goa|Vagator Beach]], [[Anjuna|Anjuna beach]] and [[Arambol|Arambol beach]].

As of 2023, there have been 17 editions of the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunburn Goa 2023: Unveiling a Spectacular Lineup and Enchanting Venue Experience |url=https://sunburn.in/sunburn-goa-2023-unveiling-a-spectacular-lineup-and-enchanting-venue-experience/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===2007 (Goa)===
In 2007, Shailendra Singh organized the first Sunburn as an international dance music festival. It took place on 28 and 29 December at [[Candolim|Candolim Beach]], Goa. Performers included [[Carl Cox]], [[Above & Beyond (band)|Above & Beyond]] and [[Axwell]] as headline acts. Held on two stages, with DJs playing simultaneously, other acts included [[John 00 Fleming]], Pete Gooding, DJ Pearl, Jalebee Cartel, Super 8 & Tab. The festival was hosted by [[Nikhil Chinapa]] and Rohit Barker.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===2008 (Goa)===
Sunburn Goa 2008 was themed Electric Circus and was held on two main stages: one for Trance acts and one for [[House music]]. Having tied up with [[Defected Records]] in 2008, the label brought house DJs Simon Dunmore, [[Shapeshifters]], Copyright and percussionist Shovel playing. Headlining the festival were [[GMS (music group)|GMS]], [[Gareth Emery]] and John 00 Fleming. The acts were Digital Blonde, Roger Shah, DJ Pearl, Brute Force, Nawed Khan, Vachan Chinnappa, Jalebee Cartel, Sanjay Dutta, and Ma Faiza. The event took place from 27 to 29 December at Candolim Beach.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===2010 (Goa)===
Sunburn Goa 2010 took place from 27 to 29 December at Candolim Beach. Sunburn passes went live on 5 November with the early bird passes and pre-booking sale passes being sold out in 22 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ragatorock.com/hnews.asp?id=2307 |title=Raga to Rock - India's No.#1 Music Magazine |access-date=2011-08-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929062454/http://www.ragatorock.com/hnews.asp?id=2307 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The headliners of the 2010 festival were [[Paul Van Dyk]], [[Ferry Corsten]] and [[Axwell]] along with [[Sultan & Ned Shepard]] with [[Nadia Ali (singer)|Nadia Ali]], [[Richard Durand]], [[GMS (music group)|GMS]], Pete Gooding, Aly & Fila and DJs Pearl, Ma Faiza, [[Anish Sood]] and Sanjay Dutta.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

For the 2010 festival, Percept ran a "Sunburn Anthem Contest"<ref>Afternoon Articles http://www.afternoondc.in/48-hrs/burn-it-up/article_14722</ref> for potential audio and visual producers, with participants in the visual category.

===2013 (Goa)===
[[File:Shraddha Kapoor snapped at sunburn festival.jpg|thumb|Shraddha Kapoor and [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] in Sunburn Goa 2013]]
The 7th Edition of Sunburn took place in [[Vagator]]. This event had 7 stages and around 120 artists across 200 hours. Headline DJs were [[Afrojack]], [[Axwell]], [[Pete Tong]], [[Ummet Ozcan]].<ref name="sb2013" />

===2015 (Goa)===
The 9th edition was a 4-day event at Vagator, Goa. On 20 November 2015 Sunburn Goa's international ticketing partner, [[Viagogo]], announced that the festival has become one of the largest international music festivals in Asia,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://popdust.com/2015/11/20/sunburn-goa-become-largest-international-music-festival-asia/ | title=Sunburn Goa Has Become the Largest International Music Festival in Asia | date=20 November 2015 }}</ref> The artist lineup would have 120 artists, including [[Sam Feldt]], [[KYGO]], [[Seth Troxler]], [[Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike]], [[Martin Garrix]], DJ SMITH, [[KSHMR|Kshmr]], [[David Guetta]], [[Dyro]], [[Felix Jaehn]], [[Zaeden]] and Art Department.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/sunburn-goa-announces-the-biggest-line-up-ever-with-4-massive-headliners-news-default-plytXEadgdbeg.html |title=Sunburn Goa announces the biggest line up ever with 4 massive |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209170833/http://www.sify.com/news/sunburn-goa-announces-the-biggest-line-up-ever-with-4-massive-headliners-news-default-plytXEadgdbeg.html |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Sunburn concerts in colleges ==
Multiple colleges across the country have hosted music festivals associated with Sunburn. These events are often part of the college's annual [[Cultural festival (India)|festivals]], usually called Sunburn Campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunburn Campus – Sunburn Festival |url=https://sunburn.in/sunburn-campus/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunburn Campus Launch |url=https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Percept-launches-Sunburn-Campus-Chatbox-to-inspire-the-Youth-of-India/15-06-2020-287342/#:~:text=Sunburn%20Campus%20is%20the%20popular,charts%20International%20and%20Domestic%20Artists. |website=Business World}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sunburn Festival, Goa, Back Stage.jpg
File:Sunburn Festival, Goa, Lights and Sounds.jpg
File:Sunburn Festival, Goa, Live performers in red light.jpg
File:Sunburn Festival, Goa, Green lights.jpg
File:Sunburn Festival, Goa, Progressive trance music.jpg
File:Anish sood sunburn.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
*[[List of electronic music festivals]]
* [[Music festival]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sunburn.in/ official website]

{{Electronic music festival}}
{{coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:Music festivals established in 2007]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Culture of Pune]]
[[Category:Electronic music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Organised events in Pune]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]

Ravulapalem

2025-12-12T16:48:52Z

HymanGumm776: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ravulapalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = View of Banana plants at Ryali village in East Godavari district.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Banana plants near Ravulapalem
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|29|N|81|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3 = Kothapeta
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Kothapeta
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 7
| area_total_km2 = 9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23,142
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 19
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533238
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website = http://www.ravulapalem.com/
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ravulapalem''' is a village in [[Ravulapalem Mandal]], [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of Andhra Pradesh. It is the entry point for the Konaseema Delta region. Ravulapalem is known for its banana market, diverse cuisine, hospitality and numerous trucking services that cater to PAN India.{{clarify|date=March 2025}}

==Governance==
[[File:కోనసీమ ముఖద్వారం IMG 20190408 174931.jpg|thumb|Entrance of Konaseema at Ravulapalem]]
[[File:Park ravulapalem.jpg|thumb|Park in Ravulapalem]]

The civic body of Ravulapalem is going to be upgraded as a municipal council.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Transport ==
Ravulapalem is located on [[NH 216A]]. The nearest major railway stations are [[Rajahmundry railway station]] and [[Tanuku railway station]], and the nearest airport is [[Rajahmundry Airport]], 40km away. Ravulapalem bus station is here.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ravulapalem mandal]]
[[Category:Land use]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Urdu

2025-12-11T06:51:05Z

HymanGumm776: Creating new stub!

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=..:: Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation ::.. |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Urdu]] language. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Translator
!Title of the translation
!Original title
!Original language
!Genre
!Original Author
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
|1989
|Hameed Almas
|Farmoodat
|108 Vachanas
|Kannada
|Vachana
|[[Basava|Basaveswara]]
|
|-
|1990
|Abdus Sattar Dalvi
|Ran Angan
|''Ranangan''
|Marathi
|Novel
|[[Vishram Bedekar]]
|
|-
|1991
|[[Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya]]
|Gulshan-e-Sehat
|[[Arogya Niketan]]
|Bengali
|Novel
|[[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
|
|-
|1992
|Khalid Agaskar
|Katha
|Collection
|Marathi
|Short stories
|Various authors
|
|-
|1993
|Akhtar Hasan
|Jawaharlal Nehru Ek Swaneh
|''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography''
|English
|Biography
|[[Sarvepalli Gopal]]
|
|-
|1994
|Balraj Verma
|Lok Raj
|lyaruingam
|Assamese
|Novel
|B. K. Bhattacharyya
|
|-
|1995
|Rifat Sarosh
|Rani Laxmi Bai
|Rani Laxmi Bai
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Vrindavan Lal Verma]]
|
|-
|1996
|Meem Meem Rajinder
|Pahad Per Aag
|''Fire on the Mountain''
|English
|Novel
|[[Anita Desai]]
|
|-
|1997
|Prakash Fikri
|Amrit Aur Vish
|Amrit Aur Vish
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Amritlal Nagar]]
|
|-
|1998
|[[Salam Bin Razzaq]]
|Asri Hindi Kahaniyan
|Samesamayik Hindi Kahaniyan
|Hindi
|Short stories
|Various authors
|
|-
|1999
|Haider Jafri Syed
|Zindaginama-Zinda Rukh
|[[Krishna Sobti#Zindaginama|Zindagi Nama-Zinda Rukh]]
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Krishna Sobti]]
|
|-
|2000
|Anees Ashfaq
|Kavve Aur Kala Pani
|Kavve Aur Kala Pani
|Hindi
|Short stories
|[[Nirmal Verma]]
|
|-
|2001
|M. Osama Faruqi
|Ghalib : Shakhsiyat Aur Ahd
|Ghalib : The Man, The Times
|English
|Biography
|[[Pavan Varma]]
|
|-
|2002
|Rattan Singh
|Ab Na Bason Ih Gaon
|Ab Na Bason Ih Gaon
|Punjabi
|Novel
|[[Kartar Singh Duggal]]
|
|-
|2003
|Waqar Qadri
|Dalit Katha
|Collection
|Marathi
|Short stories
|Various Authors
|
|-
|2004
|[[Karamat Ali Karamat]]
|Lafzon Ka Akash
|Sabdar Akash
|Odia
|Poetry
|[[Sitakant Mahapatra]]
|
|-
|2005
|Khalid Mahmood
|Gauri
|Gauri
|Punjabi
|Novel
|[[Ajeet Cour]]
|
|-
|2006
|Sajid Rashid
|Jhada Jhadti
|''Zadazadati''
|Marathi
|Novel
|[[Vishwas Patil]]
|
|-
|2007
|Ali Asghar
|Rooh Ke Nagme
|Selection
|English
|Poetry
|[[Kamala Surayya|Kamala Das (surayya)]]
|
|-
|2008
|Nusrat Zahir
|Tihad Mein Mere Shab-O-Roz
|My Days In Prison
|English
|Memoir
|Iftekhar Gilani
|
|-
|2009
|Asma Saleem
|Safar
|''Sunehade''
|Punjabi
|Poetry
|[[Amrita Pritam]]
|
|-
|2010
|Maher Mansoor
|Siri Sampige
|Siri Sampige
|Kannada
|Play
|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
|
|-
|2011
|F. S. Ejaz
|Muntakhab Dalit Kahaniyan
|Anthology Of Dalit Short Stories
|Hindi
|Short stories
|[[Ramnika Gupta]]
|
|-
|2012
|[[Ather Farouqui]]
|Babur Ki Aulad
|Sons of Babur
|English
|Play
|[[Salman Khurshid]]
|
|-
|2013
|[[Nizam Siddiqui]]
|Kyap
|Kyap
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Manohar Shyam Joshi]]
|<ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=22 August 2014 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Ved Rahi
|Lal Ded
|Lal Ded
|Dogri
|Novel
|Ved Rahi
|<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2014- News Letter |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Suhail Ahmad Farooqi
|Gitanjali
|[[Gitanjali]]
|Bengali
|Poetry
|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2015 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2015.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |agency=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |agency=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |agency=business-standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Haqqani-Al Qasmi
|Aangliyat
|Aangliyat
|Gujarati
|Novel
|[[Joseph Macwan]]
|<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=20 April 2017 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2016 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2016.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Mahmood Ahmed Sahar
|Kalidas Ki Azeem Shairi – Megh Doot (Vol-I)
|[[Meghadūta]]
|Sanskrit
|Poetry
|[[Kalidasa]]
|<ref name=":10">{{cite web |date=21 December 2017 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2017 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2017.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Zakia Mashhadi
|Aakhri Salam
|[[Shesh Namaskar]]
|Bengali
|Novel
|[[Santosh Kumar Ghosh]]
|<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |archive-date= |accessdate=20 November 2019 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Aslam Mirza
|Mor Pankh
|Meech Majha Mor
|Marathi
|Poetry
|Prashant Asnare
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter |url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Sabiha Anwar
|Fida-e Lucknow
|Tales of the City and Its People
|English
|Short Stories
|[[Parveen Talha]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Arjumand Ara]]
|Bepanah Shaadmaani Ki Mumlikat
|[[The Ministry of Utmost Happiness]]
|English
|Novel
|[[Arundhati Roy]]
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite web |title=साहित्य अकादमी अनुवाद पुरस्कार 2021की घोषणा; अर्जुमंद आरा को उर्दू अनुवाद का इनाम |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/sahitya-akademi-translation-award-2021-announced-urdu-translation-reward-for-arjumand-ara-htzs/1231737 |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="hindi.news18.com">{{cite web |title=साहित्य अकादमी अनुवाद पुरस्कार से सम्मानित होंगी उर्दू लेखिका अर्जुमंद आरा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/regional-languages-activities-urdu-writer-arjumand-ara-to-gets-sahitya-akademi-anuvad-awards-akademi-translation-prizes-4344904.html |website=hindi.news18.com |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Renu Behl || Suno Radhika || Suno Radhika || Hindi || Poetry || Madhav Kaushik || <ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Ahsan Ayyubi
|Post Box No. 203 Nala Sopara
|Post Box No. 203 Nala Sopara
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Chitra Mudgal]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''<ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref><ref>https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#URDU Akademi Translation Prizes For Urdu language]
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

Cyclone Thane

2025-11-23T19:18:39Z

HymanGumm776: expanded details to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|North Indian cyclone in 2011}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane
| image = Thane 2011 Dec 29 0735Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Thane near peak intensity on December 29
| formed = December 25, 2011
| dissipated = December 31, 2011
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 75
| pressure = 969
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 90
| pressure = 956
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2011
| fatalities = 48
| areas = Southern India, Sri Lanka
| damage = 235000000
| refs = <ref name=reliefweb>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/cyclone-thane-kills-48-thousands-affected-indian-floods|title=Cyclone Thane kills 48 as thousands affected by Indian floods - India}}</ref>
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane''' was the strongest [[tropical cyclone]] of 2011 within the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Thane initially developed as a tropical disturbance within the [[monsoon trough]] to the west of [[Indonesia]]. Over the next couple of days the disturbance gradually developed further while moving towards the northwest, and was declared a Depression during December 25, before being named Cyclonic Storm ''Thane'' the next day. Thane started to turn towards the west under the influence of a [[subtropical ridge]] of [[high pressure]] before its development slowed during December 27, as a strong outflow and marginally favourable [[sea surface temperature]]s fought with persistent [[vertical wind shear]]. After its development had slowed during December 27, Thane became a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm during December 28, before as it approached the Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], it weakened slightly. Thane then made landfall early on December 30, on the north Tamil Nadu coast between [[Cuddalore]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and rapidly weakened into a depression.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Thane 2011 track.png}}
On December 23, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) reported that a tropical disturbance had developed within the [[monsoon trough]] about 1540 km (960 mi) to the east of [[Medan]] in [[Indonesia]].<ref name="STWA 12/23">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101121351/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 2011-12-23 03z|archivedate=2012-01-01|url-status=dead|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref name="STWA 12/24">{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean 2011-12-24 03z|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abioweb.txt|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062455/https://www.webcitation.org/64AckF6J2?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201112240300.htm|accessdate=2011-12-28|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url-status=dead|archivedate=2024-05-22}}</ref> Convection surrounding the system had started to consolidate over a weak low level circulation centre, that was being fed by an enhanced westerly flow associated with the precursor system to [[2011–12 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Benilde|Tropical Cyclone Benilde]].<ref name="STWA 12/23"/><ref name="STWA 12/24"/> Over the next couple of days the disturbance gradually developed further while moving towards the northwest, with a [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] increasing the system [[boundary layer]]s rotation.<ref name="STWA 12/24"/> The JTWC then issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] on the system during December 25 before designating as Tropical Cyclone 06B later that day as 1-minute wind speeds near the centre reached {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} which is equivalent to a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force Arjun.V B.Tech IT |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021124226/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio21.pgtw..txt |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio21.pgtw..txt |archivedate=2011-10-21 |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert 2011-12-25 11z |date=2011-12-25 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |accessdate=2011-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112252100.htm |accessdate=2011-12-30 |title=Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Warning 2011-12-25 21z |date=2011-12-25 |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062534/https://www.webcitation.org/64DVzNKSO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112252100.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) also reported during December 25 that the disturbance had organised sufficiently to be declared Depression BOB 05, while it was located about {{convert|1000|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southeast of [[Chennai, India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean 2011-12-25 15z |publisher=India Meteorological Department |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212829/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archivedate=2012-01-06 |author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Early on December 26, the IMD reported that the depression had intensified into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|Deep Depression]], before later that day reporting that it had intensified into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|cyclonic storm]] and named it Thane.<ref>{{cite web|author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean 2011-12-26 03z |archivedate=2024-05-22 |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062615/https://www.webcitation.org/64DWbWxTO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112260400.htm |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2011-12-29 |title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean 2011-12-26 21z |author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112262100.htm |date=2011-12-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062656/https://www.webcitation.org/64F30IlgZ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112262100.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> As it was named, Thane started to turn towards the west under the influence of a subtropical ridge of high pressure before its development slowed as strong outflow and marginally favourable sea surface temperatures fought with persistent easterly vertical wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112262100.htm |title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Warning 2011-12-27 03z |date=2011-12-27 |accessdate=2011-12-30 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062733/https://www.webcitation.org/64F3R0gIx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112262100.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112280300.htm |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Warning 2011-12-28 03z |date=2011-12-28 |accessdate=2011-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062937/https://www.webcitation.org/64GUI85G8?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112280300.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Early on December 28, the JTWC reported that Thane had become equivalent to a category one hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, while an [[Eye|eye feature]] had become visible on microwave imagery.<ref>{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Warning 2011-12-27 09z |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0611web.txt |accessdate=2011-12-29 |date=2011-12-28 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062817/https://www.webcitation.org/64GlU1qpN?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0611web.txt |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Later that day the IMD reported that Thane had become the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm]] of the season, with 3-minute sustained windspeeds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Thane Advisory Number:15 2011-12-28 15Z |work=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |publisher=India Meteorological Department |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112281500.htm |date=2011-12-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522062857/https://www.webcitation.org/64GsbOn1J?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112281500.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> During December 28, Thane continued to intensify, and developed a small [[pinhole eye]] of about 20 km (10 mi), before the JTWC reported that Thane had peaked early on December 29 with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|165|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2011/2011s-bio/bio062011.dat|title=Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Best Track Analysis|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=2012-05-05|accessdate=2012-05-05|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|archive-date=2012-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608224715/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2011/2011s-bio/bio062011.dat|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Warning 2011-12-28 09z |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112290900.htm |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |accessdate=2011-12-29 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522063056/https://www.webcitation.org/64I0HaMTf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112290900.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> The IMD then followed suit and reported that the system had peaked as a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm with 3-minute sustained windspeeds of {{convert|140|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112290700.htm |publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Tropical Cyclone Thane Advisory Number:20 2011-12-29 06z |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522063018/https://www.webcitation.org/64I00W2zR?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook%20(RSMC)_201112290700.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/THANE.pdf |title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "Thane" over the Bay of Bengal (December 25–31, 2011) |accessdate=2012-01-09 |date=2012-01-03 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924073808/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/THANE.pdf |archivedate=2013-09-24 |author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the rest of that day, the system continued to move westwards and weakened slightly as it started to interact with land.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 06B (Thane) Warning 2011-12-28 09z |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112290900.htm |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |accessdate=2011-12-29 |work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240522063056/https://www.webcitation.org/64I0HaMTf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201112290900.htm |archivedate=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Thane then made landfall as a borderline very severe cyclonic storm during December 30 on the north Tamil Nadu coast between Cuddalore and Puducherry. After it had made landfall, frictional forces made Thane rapidly weaken into a depression. As a result, the JTWC issued their final advisory during December 30, while the IMD continued to monitor the remnants of Thane until the depression weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area early on December 31.<ref>{{cite web|author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |publisher=India Meteorological Department |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222014118/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |title=Tropical Cyclone Thane Advisory Number:37 2011-12-31 03z |archivedate=2011-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==


===Tamil Nadu and Puducherry===
[[File:Thaneinpuducherry.jpg|thumb|A tree uprooted by Thane in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]]]
Forty eight people were killed by Cyclone Thane.<ref name=reliefweb/> About 9 deaths were reported in Puducherry and 39 people were reported dead in [[Cuddalore]]. Cuddalore and Puducherry were the worst affected by Thane. The storm made Cuddalore inaccessible by damaging road network and the [[National Disaster Response Force]] and fire and rescue services had difficulty in reaching the cyclone affected fishing hamlets.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Deccan Herald|location=Chennai, India|date=December 31, 2011|accessdate=December 31, 2011|title=Cyclone Thane toll now 46, life limps back to normalcy|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/215729/life-limping-back-cyclone-thanes.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211549/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/215729/life-limping-back-cyclone-thanes.html|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref>

Fishing activities had come to a complete halt in the cities of [[Chennai]], [[Tiruvallur]] and [[Kanchipuram]] in the wake of the storm after the warnings by the weather department were received. About 10,000 fishing boats were moved to safer locations in all fishing hamlets in these areas. [[Chennai Corporation]] kept its four permanent relief centers ([[Basin Bridge]], Chintadripet, Gopalapuram and [[Perambur]] Barracks Road) ready to accommodate people in case of evacuation due to torrential rains. People from low-lying areas were shifted to community centers with adequate arrangements of food and medical round the clock.<ref name="Thane on TruthDive">{{cite news|last=Prasad|first=Ayyappa|title=Cyclone Thane: 700 fishermen stranded|url=http://truthdive.com/2011/12/29/cyclone-thane-700-fishermen-stranded.html|accessdate=December 29, 2011|newspaper=TruthDive|date=2011-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914183401/http://truthdive.com/2011/12/29/cyclone-thane-700-fishermen-stranded.html|archivedate=2013-09-14|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]] ordered the immediate release of {{INR}} 150 crore towards relief and restoration of infrastructure damaged by the Cyclone Thane. She also directed the District Collectors, Deputy Collectors and department Secretaries to assess the extent of the damage caused by Cyclone Thane.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jaya-orders-rs-150-crore-for-cyclone-relief/216418-62-128.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044151/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jaya-orders-rs-150-crore-for-cyclone-relief/216418-62-128.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-02-05 | title=Jaya releases Rs 150 crore for cyclone relief | work=IBNLive | date=2011-12-30|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref>

===Andhra Pradesh===
700 fishermen were reported to be stranded near the Nizampatnam Bay area due to the rough sea conditions near the coast due to the cyclone. Owners had asked the government as well as the National Coast Guard for the fishermen's search and rescue after they could not communicate with them.<ref name="Thane on TruthDive" />

The former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]] instructed all the district collectors of the concerned districts of the state, mainly [[Nellore district|Nellore]] and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] districts to take all precautionary measures in anticipation of the approaching storm. [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] was asked to keep sufficient buses in reserve in case of evacuation of the people.<ref name=IBNAndhraPreparation>{{cite news|last=IBN Live|title=Cyclone Thane: Food, medicines ready|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-thane-food-medicines-ready/215703-60-114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110104335/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-thane-food-medicines-ready/215703-60-114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-01-10|accessdate=2011-12-28|newspaper=IBN Live|date=2011-12-28}}</ref> Officials reported that food stocks, drinking water, emergency power etc. were kept ready in reserves.<ref name=IBNAndhraPreparation />

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Vardah]]
*[[Cyclone Jal]]
*[[Cyclone Laila]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cyclone Thane}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042435/http://www.cdrn.org.in/ Corporate Disaster Resource Network, India]
*[http://www.rapidresponse.org.in Rapid Response, India]
{{2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thane}}
[[Category:2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Very severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
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Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum

2025-11-18T17:26:47Z

HymanGumm776: started the details first draft

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = KHKTCard.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]] Drama
| creator = [[Sandiip Sikcand]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Ritu Goel Rachel Navare [[Niranjan Iyengar]]
| story = Virendra Shahane
| director = Sameer Kulkarni
| creative_director = [[Sandiip Sikcand]] Dolienn Diaz Dhaval Thakkar Nimisha Abraham
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karan Grover]]|[[Dipika Kakar Ibrahim]]}}
| narrator = [[Saif Ali Khan]]<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kahan-hum-kahan-tum-first-trailer-saif-ali-khan-introduces-dipika-kakar-and-karan-v-grover-s-characters-1527584-2019-05-17|title=Kahan Hum Kahan Tum first trailer: Saif Ali Khan introduces Dipika Kakar and Karan V Grover's characters|website=India Today|date=17 May 2019 }}</ref>
| theme_music_composer = Shubham Sundaram
| open_theme = Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum
| end_theme =
| composer = Shivangi Bhayana
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 198
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Sandiip Sikcand]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-producer-sandiip-sikcand-6116326/|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum producer Sandiip Sikcand: Will never show senseless, unrealistic drama in my shows|last=|first=|date=12 November 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref> Veena Sikcand
| location =
| cinematography = Sadanand Pillai
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = SOL Productions
| budget =
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2019|6|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2020|3|14}}
| related = 
}}

'''''Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum''''' ({{translation}}''Where Am I, Where Are You'') is an Indian romantic comedy drama television series that aired from 17 June 2019 to 14 March 2020 on [[StarPlus]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/karan-v-grover-pens-an-emotional-note-after-he-shoots-the-last-episode-of-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-1651484-2020-03-02|title=Karan V Grover pens an emotional note after he shoots the last episode of Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum|last=|first=|date=2 March 2020|website=India Today|access-date=}}</ref> Produced by [[Sandiip Sikcand]] under SOL Productions, it starred [[Karan Grover|Karan V Grover]] and [[Dipika Kakar Ibrahim]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dipika-kakar-karan-v-grover-starrer-kahaan-tum-kahaan-hums-latest-promo-describes-their-roles-in-depth/articleshow/69736038.cms|title=Dipika Kakar, Karan V Grover starrer Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum's latest promo describes their roles in depth|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

''Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum'' revolves around the lives of Dr. Rohit Sippy and Sonakshi Rastogi, two different individuals belonging to different worlds unaware of the fact that their worlds, though poles apart, are meant to collide.

==Plot==
Calm and practical, Dr. Rohit Sippy is a [[heart surgeon]], swearing by logic and science. Chirpy and vivacious, Sonakshi Rastogi is a television actress, living in a world of fiction and dreams. The two are broken souls with troubled pasts. Rohit's former girlfriend Raima has been comatose for four years and he blames himself for it. Sonakshi was betrayed by her former boyfriend Karan. Eventually, Rohit and Sonakshi meet but their worlds are poles apart. They bicker and argue, but slowly understand each other's perspective on love and lifestyle and start to see each other in a new light and become friends.

Sonakshi falls in love with Rohit. Unable to move on at first from Raima's memories, Rohit refuses to acknowledge his feelings for Sonakshi but later realises his love for her. Raima finally wakes up from coma. Stubborn and jealous of Rohit and Sonakshi's relationship at first, she later understands their love and leaves. Free from guilt, Rohit marries Sonakshi. He reveals that his father Naren cheated on his mother Veena, by having an extramarital affair with another woman. Pooja who was adopted by Naren's sister Nishi Sippy and her husband Yash Kapoor, treat her like their daughter but in reality, Pooja is Naren's daughter from the extra-marital affair.

Rohit's brother Rohan, whose wife Tanya is pregnant, has an affair with Sonakshi's sister Pari. When this truth comes out, Veena slaps Pari. Pari's mother, Suman, unveils Naren's truth to Veena, shattering her. Naren plans to transfer ownership of his property to Veena and Pooja. Nishi, who is greedy and wants the property at any cost for herself, tries to kill him and blames Sonakshi for the same. But the police officer learns about Sonakshi's innocence through Naren's friend and came to know somebody else in the house had tried to kill Naren. He, with the help of Sonakshi, investigates the case and discovers that Nishi is the culprit. Rohit also uncovered the truth but was blackmailed by Nishi that if he didn't divorce Sonakshi, she will tamper with Naren's health as she has hacked Naren's pacemaker. Helpless, Rohit rudely behaves and ousts Sonakshi from the house, and she meets with an accident. But Rohit saves Sonakshi in time although he does not reveal that it was him who saved her. A broken Sonakshi loses faith in love and tries to move on. On the other side, Rohit starts to destroy himself in thoughts of Sonakshi and his helplessness.

'''4 months later'''

Sonakshi and Rohit have separated. She loses her job and is searching for work. Rohit has distanced himself from his family and has become alcoholic. Nishi has taken over the property. Discharged from the hospital, Naren is on a wheelchair. Pari gets pregnant with Rohan's child and plots to get him back to secure her child's future but Sonakshi reprimands her. Tanya miscarries. Rohit gets affected by a virus and in an attempt to save him, Sonakshi finds out the truth that Rohit had been forced to leave her by Nishi who had also caused Naren's accident. She reunites with Rohit and they expose Nishi and her conspiracy, getting her arrested. Veena throws Rohan out for his infidelity. Aakash and Deepa marry, while Rohit and Sonakshi get remarried and everything ends well.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Karan V Grover]] as Dr. Rohit Sippy: [[Heart surgeon]]; Veena and Naren's son; Rohan and Ajit's brother; Pooja's half-brother; Sonakshi's husband (2019–2020)
* [[Dipika Kakar Ibrahim]] as Sonakshi Rastogi Sippy: Television star; Suman and Ranjit's daughter; Praniti and Pulkit's sister; Rohit's wife (2019–2020)

===Recurring===
* [[Mohini Kewalramani]] as Sukhmani Sippy: Matriarch of Sippy family; Piramal's widow; Naren, Nishi and Aakash's mother; Rohit, Rohan, Ajit and Pooja's grandmother
* [[Ashish Nayyar]] as Dr. Naren Sippy: [[Gynaecologist]]; Veena's husband; Rohit, Rohan, Ajit and Pooja's father; Sukhmani and Piramal's son; Nishi and Aakash's brother
* [[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] as Veena Sippy: Naren's wife; Rohit, Rohan and Ajit's mother; Pooja's stepmother
* [[Anahita Jahanbaksh]] as Suman Rastogi: Ranjit's widow; Sonakshi, Praniti and Pulkit's mother
* [[Tanaaz Irani]] / [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Dr. Nishi Sippy: [[Cosmetologist]]; YK's wife; Sukhmani and Piramal's daughter; Naren and Aakash's sister; Pooja's aunt and adoptive mother
* [[Wasim Mushtaq]] as Yash "YK" Kapoor: Marketing head; Nishi's husband; Pooja's uncle and adoptive father; Rohit, Rohan and Ajit's uncle; Sulochna's son
* [[Vicky Thawani]] as Aakash Sippy: Restaurateur; Deepa's husband; Sukhmani and Piramal's son; Naren and Nishi's brother
* Mrinalini Tyagi as Deepa Wadhwani: Lawyer; Aakash's wife (2019–2020)
* [[Alice Kaushik]] as Praniti "Pari" Rastogi: Suman and Ranjit's daughter; Sonakshi and Pulkit's sister; Rohan's ex-girlfriend (2019–2020)
* [[Abhishek Malik]] as Rohan Sippy: [[General contractor|Builder]]; Veena and Naren's son; Rohit and Ajit's brother; Pooja's half-brother; Tanya's husband; Praniti's ex-boyfriend (2019–2020)
* [[Dhwani Shah]] as Tanya Sippy: Jewellery Designer; Rohan's wife (2019–2020)
* [[Pravisht Mishra]] as Dr. Pulkit Rastogi: Suman and Ranjit's son; Sonakshi and Praniti's brother (2019–2020)
* Paras Zutshi as Ajit Sippy: Veena and Naren's son; Rohit and Rohan's brother; Pooja's half-brother (2019–2020)
* [[Kashish Rai]] as Pooja Sippy: Naren's daughter; Nishi and Yash's adoptive daughter; Rohit, Rohan and Ajit's half-sister (2019–2020)
* [[Farnaz Shetty]] as Raima Sengupta: Tanushree's daughter; Rohit's former girlfriend (2019)
* [[Simmi Ghoshal]] as Kanu: Mantri Ji's daughter (2019)
* Romil Chaudhary as Karan Khanna: Sonakshi's former boyfriend; Dolly's boyfriend (2019)
* [[Hemaakshi Ujjain]] as Netra Singh Anand: Sonakshi's film producer (2019–2020)
* [[Deepak Singh Sandhu]] as Sumit Khanna: Sonakshi's co-actor (2019–2020)
* [[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Mahesh Yadav: Sonakshi's obsessive fan and stalker (2019–2020)
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Rani Verma: Sitara's mother (2019–2020)
* Sangeeta Adhikari as Vimmi: Sippy family's househelp (2019–2020)
* Parmeshwar Shah as Hari: Sippy family's househelp (2019–2020)
* Saba Khan as Muniya: Rastogi family's househelp (2019–2020)
* Subodh Gupta as Ravi: Rohit's driver; Sunita's boyfriend (2019–2020)
* Manisha Soni as Sunita: Sonakshi's hairstylist; Ravi's girlfriend (2019–2020)
* Atul Singh as Shankar: Sonakshi's driver (2019–2020)
* Manisha Chitrode as Dr. Dimpy Rai: Doctor at Sippy Hospital (2019–2020)
* Snehal Borkar as Tulsi Fernandes: Nurse at Sippy Hospital (2019–2020)
* Aasya Wagh as Simmi Bhushan: Nurse at Sippy Hospital (2019–2020)
* Sultan Warsi as Sultan: Sonakshi's director (2019–2020)
* Subhlaxmi Das as Tanushree Sengupta: Raima's mother (2019)
* Sanket Walia as Ashish Mhatre: Politician; President of IPI Party (2019)
* Tanisha Wagh as Sundari Hingorani: Naren's cousin sister (2019)
* Smitha Mohan as Dolly Dsouza: Karan's girlfriend (2019)
* Garima Verma as Tapasya Udyavar: Reporter at City Times (2019)
* Aayesha Vindhara as Preeti Sharma: Rohit's patient; Sonakshi's fan (2019)
* Hema Sharma as Mrs. Sharma: Preeti's mother (2019)
* Naina Gupta as Dr. Chhabra(2019)
* Rahul Singh as Dr. Vishal Bhargava: Rohit's colleague and friend (2019)
* Aman Gandhi as Akhil: Rohit and Sonakshi's wedding planner (2019)
* Mayanka Sharma Patel as Amrita Sethi: Organiser of Miss Dazzling Diva (2019)

===Guests===
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] (2019)<ref name="indiatoday.in" />
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbpost.com/divyanka-tripathi-to-play-a-cameo-role-in-upcoming-serial-kahan-hum-kahan-tum/|title=Divyanka Tripathi to play a cameo role in the upcoming serial Kahan Hum Kahan Tum|last=|first=|date=13 May 2019|website=DB Post|access-date=|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108175732/https://dbpost.com/divyanka-tripathi-to-play-a-cameo-role-in-upcoming-serial-kahan-hum-kahan-tum/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
In May 2019, [[Saif Ali Khan]] introduced [[Karan Grover]] and [[Dipika Kakar]] as Dr. Rohit Sippy and Sonakshi Rastogi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-making-watch-how-saif-ali-khan-gets-into-his-character-to-introduce-dipika-kakar-and-karan-v-grover/articleshow/69441945.cms|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum making: Watch how Saif Ali Khan gets into his character to introduce Dipika Kakar and Karan V Grover|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>

In February 2020, Grover confirmed about the series going off air on 14 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-to-go-off-air-from-march-14-karan-v-grover-says-were-all-at-loss-of-words/articleshow/74187274.cms|title=Exclusive: Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum to go off-air on March 14, Karan V Grover says 'we're all at loss of words'|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> The shooting of the series wrapped up on 28 February 2020.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Casting===
{{blockquote|When I heard the script of Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum, I knew I wanted to be a part of this show. I have always liked projects which make you excited every morning to go to work.|[[Karan Grover]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-actor-karan-v-grover-5801472/|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum actor Karan V Grover: My heart lies in acting.|website=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2019 }}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Sonakshi was easy to connect to since I'm a television actress myself and I gave my nod without any second thought.|[[Dipika Kakar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/dipika-kakar-lost-oodles-of-weight-for-comeback-show-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-1542987-2019-06-05|title=Dipika Kakar lost oodles of weight for comeback show Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum|website=India Today|date=5 June 2019 }}</ref>}}

In September 2019, [[Farnaz Shetty]] joined the cast as Raima Sengupta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-actor-farnaz-shetty-raima-star-plus-5972609/|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum actor Farnaz Shetty: Raima is thoroughly positive|last=|first=|date=6 September 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=}}</ref> In December 2019, [[Kishwer Merchant]] replaced [[Tanaaz Irani]] as Nishi Sippy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-9-fame-kishwer-merchant-replaces-tanaaz-irani-as-nisha-sippy-in-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum/articleshow/72385157.cms|title=Bigg Boss 9 fame Kishwer Merchant replaces Tanaaz Irani as Nisha Sippy in Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>

===Writing===
{{blockquote|In Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum, we have dialogues which are spoken everyday and even if you are talking about something philosophical, they are not dramatic because that's not how we speak in real life.|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-writers-niranjan-iyengar-ritu-goel-realistic-writing|title='Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum' Writers on Making a Different Daily Soap|website=The Quint|date=19 July 2019 }}</ref>}}

===Cancellation===
The series maintained its position in top 11 to 20 shows throughout its runtime with a decent viewership.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/star-plus-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-to-go-off-air-soon|title=Exclusive: 'Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum' To Go Off Air|last=|first=|date=15 February 2020|website=The Quint|access-date=}}</ref> It
continuously maintained a [[Audience measurement|trp]] ranging 1.6 to 1.8.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/producer-sandiip-sikcand-reveals-why-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-was-taken-off-air|title=Exclusive: 'KHKT' Producer Opens Up About the Show Going Off-air|last=|first=|date=20 February 2020|website=The Quint|access-date=}}</ref>

Producer Sandiip Sikcand speaking about the end of the series said, "The ratings never went above 1.8. The moment we brought in some drama during Sonakshi's wedding, which was very TV— a psychopath lover and all that, the ratings touched 2.3. And everybody was abusing us. So we said wedding is done, let's come back to our normal KHKT storytelling. Again we came down to 1.7–1.8. And then when the whole drama against Sonakshi was going on we touched a 1.9 again. All this analysis has made one thing very clear, that online everyone say, 'excellent show', but that does not translate into ratings."<ref name=":1" /> SOL productions founder and managing director Fazila Allana explained, "Star had maintained from the start that they want to break the 2 GRP barrier for the 9pm slot. It is a tough spot and is against a number one show. We came close but couldn't cross it. The channel probably had their own research and decided that they want to experiment with a different kind of story. Even KHKT was an experiment and it worked up to a point."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/star-plus-nine-month-long-tryst-with-kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-200404|title=Star Plus' Nine-Month Long Trist with 'Kahan Hum Kahan Tum'|last=|first=|date=4 April 2020|website=Indian Television|access-date=}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum Original Soundtrack
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Shivangi Bhayana
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] Soundtrack
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Written and sung by Shivangi Bhayana, ''Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum'' is composed by Shubham Sundaram.

{{track listing
| extra_column= Artist
| total_length=
| headline = Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum: Tracklisting
| title1 = Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum
| note1 =
| extra1 = Shivangi Bhayana
| length1 = 2:23
}}

==Reception==
''[[Times Now]]'' said, "Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum is a fresh, never seen before love story between a television actress and a doctor."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-review-dipika-kakar-karan-grovers-show-strikes-a-balance-between-reality-and-fiction/438747|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum review: Dipika Kakar, Karan Grover's show strikes a balance between reality and fiction|website=Times Now|date=18 June 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

''[[Times of India]]'' noted, "Dipika and Karan's fresh pairing looks quite interesting. Both of them have perfectly portrayed their inner vulnerabilities."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-review-dipika-kakar-and-karan-v-grovers-pairing-looks-quite-refreshing-in-this-old-school-romance-story/articleshow/69840308.cms|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum review: Dipika Kakar and Karan V Grover's pairing looks quite refreshing in this old school romance story|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Mondal |first1=Sukarna }}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum is different from what Indian television has to offer now."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kahan-hum-kahan-tum-first-impression-dipika-kakar-karan-v-grover-5788323/|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum first impression: Dipika Kakar and Karan V Grover show wins for its novelty|website=The Indian Express|date=19 June 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

''[[The Quint]]'' reviewed, "Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum steers clear of melodrama, and takes a more realistic approach. And the ensuing drama is also peppered with a good dose of well-written humour and lighthearted moments. Dipika is very natural, looks beautiful and really owns every scene she is in, proving her versatility as an actor. Karan's expressions and comic timing really work for the show. Karan and Dipika's onscreen relationship is progressive, and their chemistry, in comic, emotional and romantic scenes, is easy and refreshing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-review-star-plus-tv-show-dipika-kakar-karan-grover|title=Why Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum is a Step In the Right Direction for TV|website=The Quint|date=11 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Times of India]]'' also appreciated [[Karan Grover]] and [[Dipika Kakar]]'s chemistry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kahaan-hum-kahaan-tum-karan-v-grover-and-dipika-kakars-chemistry-is-real-and-raw-heres-why-they-are-winning-hearts/photostory/71111858.cms|title=Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum: Karan V Grover and Dipika Kakar's chemistry is real and raw; here's why they are winning hearts|last=|first=|date=14 September 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! Reference
|-
| 2019
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Singer
| Shivangi Bhayana
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B4t2f9JAQJS/|title=Shivangi Bhayana: "Last night was a big night! I won the Best Singer Award for the title track of Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum. I'm so grateful…"|last=|first=|date=|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Lions Gold Awards
| Best Actress (Critics)
| [[Dipika Kakar]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B7foj5DhkG_/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/lionsgoldawards/2224675129248858559 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Lions Gold Awards on Instagram: "26th #LionsGoldAwards {{!}} Nominees for Best Actress Critics"|last=|first=|date=|website=Instagram|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10351232}}

[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

Chinglensana Singh Konsham

2025-11-16T09:50:20Z

HymanGumm776: made biography

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Western name order|Konsham Chinglensana Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Konsham|Chinglensana|Singh}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Chinglensana Singh
| image =
| fullname = Chinglensana Singh Konsham
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Churachandpur]], [[Manipur]], India<ref name=SW/>
| height = 1.86m<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-shillong-lajong-signs-aibanbha-dohling-konsham-chinglensana-milan-basumatary|title=I-League: Shillong Lajong signs Aibanbha Dohling, Konsham Chinglensana and Milan Basumatary|first=Press|last=Release|date=4 January 2016|website=www.sportskeeda.com|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205025/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-shillong-lajong-signs-aibanbha-dohling-konsham-chinglensana-milan-basumatary|url-status=live}}</ref>
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| clubnumber = 3
| youthyears1 = 2010–2011
| youthclubs1 = [[Mahindra United]]
| youthyears2 = 2011–2012
| youthclubs2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| youthyears3 = 2012–2015
| youthclubs3 = [[Tata Football Academy|TFA]]
| youthyears4 = 2015–2016
| youthclubs4 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| years1 = 2015–2017
| clubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| caps1 = 32
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2016
| clubs2 = → [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (loan)
| caps2 = 12
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2017–2020
| clubs3 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps3 = 19
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2020–2024
| clubs4 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps4 = 63
| goals4 = 2
| years5 = 2024–
| clubs5 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps5 = 2
| goals5 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2013
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2021–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 14
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 16:30, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 17:34, 1 September 2025 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021 Maldives]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Chinglensana Singh Konsham''' ({{langx|mni|Konsham Chinglensana Singh}}, born 27 November 1996), known as '''Sana Singh''', is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|centre-back]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Manipur]] to a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] family, Sana started to play football from the age of seven.<ref name="Know Your Player">{{cite news|title=Know Your Player: Sana Singh|url=http://www.shillonglajong.com/know-yout-player-sana-singh/|accessdate=24 January 2016|work=Shillong Lajong Football Club|date=16 January 2016|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201085326/http://www.shillonglajong.com/know-yout-player-sana-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref> He started his career in the youth setup of [[Mahindra United]], where he was a part of the team that won the [[Manchester United Premier Cup]] in 2010.<ref name="Lajong Signs">{{cite news|title=Shillong Lajong FC sign three players|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Shillong-Lajong-FC-sign-three-players/articleshow/50443927.cms|accessdate=11 January 2016|work=Times of India|date=4 January 2016|archive-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106044455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Shillong-Lajong-FC-sign-three-players/articleshow/50443927.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also played for the Air India under-15 side for a spell.<ref name="Know Your Player"/> In 2012, he joined the [[Tata Football Academy]] where he played for their under-17 and under-19 sides.<ref name="Lajong Signs"/> While with Tata, Singh helped the academy win the [[I-League U19]] in 2014.<ref name="Know Your Player"/> Singh also went on exposure tours to [[Sheffield]], [[England]], where he played for the [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] under-18 side.<ref name="Know Your Player"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-chinglensana-singh-interview-part-1|title=Want to continue doing well for both club and country, says Chinglensana Singh|website=Khel Now|date=28 July 2021|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913084756/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-chinglensana-singh-interview-part-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Shillong Lajong===
In August 2015, Sana joined [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]].<ref name="Know Your Player"/> On 4 January 2016 it was announced that Singh signed professional terms with Shillong Lajong in the [[I-League]].<ref name="Lajong Signs"/> He made his professional debut for the side on 10 January 2016 in the club's opening match of the season against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]. He played the full match as Shillong Lajong drew 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shillong Lajong 0-0 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/10/india/i-league/lajong-sc/mumbai-fc/2176876/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614043248/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/10/india/i-league/lajong-sc/mumbai-fc/2176876/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Delhi Dynamos (loan)===
[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] announced that they had signed Sana along with his club team-mate [[Rupert Nongrum]] on loan from Shillong Lajong for the [[2016 Indian Super League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2016-07-27|title=Delhi Dynamos sign Tudu, Nongrum, Kosham for ISL|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/delhi-dynamos-sign-tudu-nongrum-kosham-for-isl|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Under coach [[Gianluca Zambrotta]], Sanna featured in a total of 12 games for the Dynamos, playing the majority of the time in his preferred position at center back.

===Goa===
Sana was predominantly a squad player at Goa in the Indian Super League under Lobera, where he featured for the team 19 times over the course of 3 seasons.

===Hyderabad===
On 5 September 2020, Sana penned a two-year deal with [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Talented youngster pens a two-year deal with HFC|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-defender-chinglensana-singh/|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|date=5 September 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117091619/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-defender-chinglensana-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref> He played a crucial role and helped the team winning [[2021–22 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=Hyderabad vs Kerala Blasters Live Score, ISL 2022 Final football match: Hyderabad clinch maiden title with 3-1 win on penalties |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hyderabad-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-isl-2022-final-todays-football-match-updates-10470771.html |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320170800/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hyderabad-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-isl-2022-final-todays-football-match-updates-10470771.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=ISL 2021-22 Final Live Score and Updates, Hyderabad FC vs Kerala Blasters: HFC Beat KBFC to Win Maiden Title |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-super-league-2021-22-final-live-score-and-updates-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-isl-8-hfc-v-kbfc-livenews-4891514.html |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320170711/https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-super-league-2021-22-final-live-score-and-updates-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-isl-8-hfc-v-kbfc-livenews-4891514.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International career==
Sana has represented India at the [[India national under-19 football team|under-19]] level.<ref name="Lajong Signs"/>

On July 24, 2016, it was announced that Sana had been called for an India National Team preparatory camp along with his Shillong Lajong teammate Isaac.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/07/24/25886432/india-national-football-team-to-take-part-in-preparatory |title=India National Football Team set for USA tour without a number of stars - Goal.com |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231429/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/07/24/25886432/india-national-football-team-to-take-part-in-preparatory |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanna made it to the 20 man India National team squad to play an unofficial friendly against Bhutan on August 13, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/08/08/26319642/indian-national-team-india-squad-announced-for-bhutan |title=Indian national team: India squad announced for Bhutan friendly - Goal.com |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231074628/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/08/08/26319642/indian-national-team-india-squad-announced-for-bhutan |url-status=live }}</ref> Sana was featured in the game against Bhutan coming on as a 47th-minute substitute for Dhanpal Ganesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=463961 |title=India vs. Bhutan - Football Match Summary - August 13, 2016 - ESPN |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232939/http://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=463961 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also an unused substitute when India took on [[Puerto Rico national football team|Puerto Rico]] in a FIFA Friendly in Mumbai on September 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/09/03/27156782/india-vs-puerto-rico-team-news-stephen-constantine-makes |title=India vs Puerto Rico - TEAM NEWS: Stephen Constantine makes seven changes from the side that beat Bhutan - Goal.com |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230231112/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/09/03/27156782/india-vs-puerto-rico-team-news-stephen-constantine-makes |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 March 2021, Sana got selected for the 35-man-squad national camp ahead of [[India national football team|India national team]]'s friendlies against [[Oman national football team|Oman]] and [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/988334/india-football-stimac-names-10-new-players-in-35-man-probables-list-for-oman-uae-friendlies|title=Bipin Singh, Ishan Pandita in 35-man probables list for Oman, UAE friendlies|website=scroll.in|date=2 March 2021|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309233624/https://scroll.in/field/988334/india-football-stimac-names-10-new-players-in-35-man-probables-list-for-oman-uae-friendlies|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 March 2021, Sana made his international debut for [[India national football team|India]] against [[Oman national football team|Oman]], which ended on a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-oman-match-highlights-manvir-singhs-equaliser-sees-india-grind-out-draw-under-immense-pressure-9463261.html|title=India vs Oman, Match Highlights: Manvir Singh's equaliser sees India grind out draw under immense pressure|website=First Post|date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325162108/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-oman-match-highlights-manvir-singhs-equaliser-sees-india-grind-out-draw-under-immense-pressure-9463261.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
During the [[2023 Manipur violence|2023 Manipur unrest]], Sana's home was torched, vandalized, and looted in [[Churachandpur]]. A football pitch that he built nearby, too, was destroyed due to the riots. He and his family moved to [[Moirang]], his uncle's home, where they took refuge. He pulled out of the Indian football team camp in [[Bhubaneswar]] ahead of the [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023 Intercontinental Cup]] for this reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/once-united-in-blue-now-divided-by-violence-the-story-of-two-indian-footballers-fleeing-ethnic-violence-in-manipur-101683827616557.html|title=Riots hit two India-level footballers on either side of Kuki-Meitei divide|website=hindustantimes.com|date=11 May 2023|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511203528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/once-united-in-blue-now-divided-by-violence-the-story-of-two-indian-footballers-fleeing-ethnic-violence-in-manipur-101683827616557.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is in a relationship with the Indian [[footballer]] [[Sweety Devi Ngangbam]].

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|match played 7 February 2024}}<ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|431817}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align:center;"

|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|14||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||1
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|18||1||3||0|| colspan="2" |—||21||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!32!!2!!3!!0!!0!!0!!35!!2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (loan)
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| rowspan=3 |Indian Super League
|10||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
|[[2019–20 FC Goa season|2019–20]]
|2||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!19!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!20!!0
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="4" |Indian Super League
|18||0||colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||18||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Hyderabad FC season|2021–22]]
|21||1||colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||21||1
|-
|[[2022–23 Hyderabad FC season|2022–23]]
|14||1||3||0||6{{efn|Five appearances in [[Durand Cup]], one appearance in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Qualification for the AFC Cup qualifying play-off|play-offs for AFC Cup]]}}||0||23||1
|-
|[[2023–24 Hyderabad FC season|2023–24]]
|10||0||0||0||3{{efn|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1||13||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!63!!2!!3!!0!!9!!1!!75!!3
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]]
| rowspan="2" |Indian Super League
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5{{efn|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!0
!0
!0
!0
!5
!0
!0
!0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!135!!4!!7!!0!!14!!1!!156!!5
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|1 September 2025}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|64925}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2021||8||0
|-
|2022||2||0
|-
|2023||1||0
|-
|2024||1||0
|-
|2024||2||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!14!!0
|}

== Honours ==
'''FC Goa'''
*[[Indian Super Cup]]: [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]]<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Goa's long wait for a trophy ends|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 April 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-goas-long-wait-for-a-trophy-ends/article26832013.ece|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=14 April 2019|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702104059/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-goas-long-wait-for-a-trophy-ends/article26832013.ece|url-status=live|last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha Das }}</ref>
'''Hyderabad'''
* [[Indian Super League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Outlook Web |title=India Vs Nepal, SAFF Championship Final: Sunil Chhetri Equals Lionel Messi Feat As Blue Tigers Win 8th Title |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-nepal-saff-football-championship-final-sunil-chhetri-equals-lionel-messi-feat-as-blue-tigers-win-8th-title/397855 |date=19 October 2021 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Outlook |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321132007/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-nepal-saff-football-championship-final-sunil-chhetri-equals-lionel-messi-feat-as-blue-tigers-win-8th-title/397855 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/44646?type=club Profile] at All India Football Federation

{{Bengaluru FC squad}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chinglensana}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Mahindra United FC players]]
[[Category:Air India FC players]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Cooke Town

2025-11-13T13:51:13Z

HymanGumm776:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cooke Town
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.002557|N|77.6186101|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bangalore Cantonment]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = Kannada, English, Tamil
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560005
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore Central
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Jayamahal
| blank3_name_sec1 = Original Planning Agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Bangalore Civil & Military Station Municipal Commission
| blank4_name_sec1 = Established
| blank4_info_sec1 = 1900
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Cooke Town''' is a neighbourhood in [[Bangalore Cantonment]], in [[Bangalore]] Central, India. Built as a suburb before [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], it is one of Bangalore's oldest neighbourhoods, established when the Bangalore Civil and Military Station was governed by the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]]. Cooke Town is named after G H Cooke, President of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality between 1928 and 1934, with the Mayo Hall being constructed during his tenure. The suburb, along with other suburbs of the Bangalore Cantonment such as [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Pulakeshi Nagara]], [[Cox Town, Bangalore|Sarvagnanagara]], [[Richmond Town|Sir Mirza Ismail Nagara]], and Langford Town, has seen dynamic changes over last few years with large [[British Raj]] era bungalows being demolished to build luxury apartments. These developments have resulted in large-scale tree-felling. However, Cooke Town still manages to retain some of its colonial charm, and is called the nicest place in the Cantonment by Bangalore historian Peter Colaco.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bangalore - A Century of Tales from City Cantonment|last=Colaco|first=Peter|publisher=Media Books|year=2003}}</ref> Cooke Town is a posh neighbourhood with plenty of greenery, parks, educational institutions, hospitals and is at close proximity to the [[Bangalore East Railway Station]] in the [[Bangalore Central Business District|Bangalore CBD]]. According to [[Colliers International]], Cooke Town is one of Bangalore's most costliest neighbourhoods, with the cost of property being in the range to INR 90000-95000 per sq.ft (in January 2026), just slightly lesser than the Bangalore CBD.<ref name=Aliyeh4>{{cite news|last1=Aliyeh|first1=Rizvi|title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: What's in a name?|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Whats-in-a-name/articleshow/48319737.cms|access-date=11 August 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Nair>{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Anita|title=In many ways, Bangalore still retains its old-world charm|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-13/news/60086025_1_bengaluru-bengalurean-old-world-charm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321005545/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-13/news/60086025_1_bengaluru-bengalurean-old-world-charm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2015|access-date=8 November 2015|agency=ET Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Economic Times|date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Apurva-Mirror>{{cite news|last1=Venkat|first1=Apurva|title=Skywalks will push up housing projects near highways: Colliers|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Skywalks-will-push-up-housing-projects-near-highways-Colliers/articleshow/47871035.cms|access-date=8 November 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=PropertyWala>{{cite web|title=Cooke Town, Bangalore|url=http://www.propertywala.com/cooke_town_bangalore|website=Property Wala|access-date=8 November 2015|date=2015}}</ref>

==G. H. Cooke==
G. H. Cooke, Esq., MC, ICS served as the Collector and President of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipal Commission from 1928 to 1934.<ref name=Harshitha-Cox>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The forgotten leaders of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/the-forgotten-leaders-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|access-date=8 November 2015|date=6 August 2013}}</ref> He was also the president of the [[Bangalore Club]] between 1931-1933.<ref name=Club>{{cite web|title=Past Presidents|url=https://www.bangaloreclub.com/index.php?page=static&pageid=2&subid=6|website=Bangalore Club|access-date=8 November 2015|date=2011}}</ref> Cooke was also among the 'Fellowship of Baldwins', who supported the [[Baldwin Boys' High School]].<ref name=Weston>{{cite book|last1=Weston|first1=C N|title=Baldwin Boys' High School, Retrospect & Prospect 1947|date=1947|location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=Baldwin Boy's High School (Referred to earlier as the Episcopal Methodist School)|url=http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/baldwin.htm|website=Children of Bangalore|access-date=8 November 2015|date=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319152117/http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/baldwin.htm|archive-date=19 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Mythic>{{cite journal|title=Bangalore Cantonment|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=2004|volume=95|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQJuAAAAMAAJ&q=G+H+Cooke+bangalore|access-date=8 November 2015|publisher=Mythic Society|location=Bangalore, India}}</ref> In 1933, G. H. Cooke served as the Inspector of Schools, for Bangalore and Coorg.<ref name=Bageshree>{{cite news|last1=Bageshree|first1=S|title=A historic school in a state of decay|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-historic-school-in-a-state-of-decay/article2789206.ece|access-date=8 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Aerial.view.of.cooke.town.jpg|thumb|Houses in Cooke Town]]
Cooke Town is surrounded by the neighbourhoods of [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Pulakeshi Nagara]], [[Cox Town, Bangalore|Sarvagnanagara]], Pottery Town, Richards Town, and Kadamba Nagara, which are similar in that they were all pre-independence parts of the erstwhile [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]] of the [[Madras Presidency]]. The townscape being easily distinguishable from that of the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]] and South and West Bangalore, which was under the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]].

==People and culture==
The [[Bangalore Cantonment]] has a large [[Tamil People|Tamil]] population. They trace their ancestry to the large number of Tamil soldiers, suppliers and workers who were brought into the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, by the British Army, after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|fall of Tippu Sultan]].<ref name=Dasharathi>{{cite web|last1=Dasharathi|first1=Poornima|title=Cantonment: colonial past, multicultural present|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/295-bangalore-cantonment|publisher=Citizen Matters|access-date=23 December 2014|date=23 July 2008}}</ref><ref name=Srivatsa>{{cite news|last1=Srivatsa|first1=Sharath S|title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back…|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1939954.ece|access-date=3 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=Arul>{{cite web|last1=Steve|first1=Arul|title=Specialization On Social And Cultural Indifference Among Kgf Tamil Migrants|url=https://arulsteve736.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/specialization-on-social-and-cultural-indifference-among-kgf-tamil-migrants/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=17 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh3>{{cite web|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Greet.Meat.Eat.|url=https://aturquoisecloud.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/greet-meat-eat/|website=A Turquoise Cloud|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aam>{{cite web|last1=Aam AdMo|title=Right to be a Minority institution (and make majority profits)|url=https://aamadmo.wordpress.com/2012/07/07/right-to-be-a-minority-institution-and-make-majority-profits/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha2>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Mootocherry of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/the-mootocherry-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|publisher=Blogspot.com.au|access-date=4 January 2015|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> Cooke Town is also home to expats, foreign students from the [[Middle East]] and Africa. The suburb is home to Pentecostal Churches, and also includes a [[Koreans|Korean]] [[Jehovah’s Witnesses]] congregation. A wide range of cuisines such as [[French cuisine|French]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]], [[Lebanese cuisine|Lebanese]], [[Syrian cuisine|Syrian]], etc. are available in Cooke Town<ref name=Achal /> A study by [[Colliers International]] indicated that Cooke Town was the second costliest suburb in Bangalore, with an average apartment with 3 bedrooms (3BHK), costing between INR 30-60 million (USD 450,000 to 1 million).<ref name=Apurva-Mirror />

==Landmarks==

===Bangalore Pork Shop===
The Bangalore Pork Shop is one of the Bangalore Cantonment's oldest establishment, and is located on Hutchin's Road. Its branch called the 'Bangalore Ham Shop' at [[M G Road, Bangalore|M G Road]] at the [[Bangalore Central Business District|Bangalore CBD]] was established in 1928.<ref name=Achal>{{cite news|last1=Prabhala|first1=Achal|title=Local Geography: Cooke's corner|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pbCf3VUjduFWAA4VSMAlNL/Local-Geography--Cookes-corner.html|access-date=8 November 2015|publisher=Live Mint|date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

===Milton Street Park===
The Milton Street Park is located in Cooke Town. The Park is now being improved by the efforts of the Residents Welfare Association of Bangalore East (REWABE). Till a few years back, the park was badly maintained and used by miscreants for illegal activities. Repeated complaints to civic authorities, the local corporator and MLA did not yield any results. Finally, the Residents Welfare Association of Bangalore East (REWABE) took matters into their own hands, and raised funds by auctioning paintings by local children, which was used for improving the park. The Hand-in-Hand Flea Market held regularly at the park to raise funds has gained popularity in the city of Bangalore and gives the residents a platform to showcase and sell their handmade products, arts, crafts and homemade food.<ref name=Patel>{{cite news|last1=Patel|first1=Bharat A|title=The art of maintaining a park|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/The-art-of-maintaining-a-park/articleshow/46899840.cms|access-date=8 November 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

===Ascension Church===
The Ascension Church, located in Dacosta Layout, in Cooke Town, was established in 1966. Cardinal Lourdusamy and Archbishop Arokiaswamy helped build the present church, which was inaugurated on 21 December 1973. The church offers [[Mass (Catholic Church)|Mass]] services in English, [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil Language|Tamil]].<ref name=Ascension>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Ascension Parish|url=http://www.ascensionparish.in/content/welcome-ascension-parish|website=Ascension Parish|access-date=8 November 2015|date=2014}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Masjid-e-Munawara===
The Masjid-e-Munawara mosque is located on Hutchin's Road at Cooke Town. The mosque has a large multi-storey commercial complex. Attached to the mosque is the Centre for Islamic Studies consisting of an Islamic Library. The centre hosts debates on comparative religion.

===Banaswadi Railway Station===

===Fleetwood===

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Central Bengaluru]]