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Mohini (2018 film)

2026-05-06T07:48:01Z

HwaNormanby23: started some data basic info - done

{{Short description|2018 film by Ramana Madhesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mohini 2018 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Madhesh]]
| writer = R. Madhesh
| producer = S. Lakshman Kumar
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Trisha Krishnan]]
* [[Jackky Bhagnani]]
}}
| cinematography = [[R. B. Gurudev]]
| editing = Dinesh Ponraj
| music = [[Vivek–Mervin]] '''(Songs)''' [[Aruldev]] '''(Background Score)'''
| studio = Prince Pictures Marvel Worth Productions
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|07|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mohini''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror]] film written and directed by [[R. Madhesh]], starring [[Trisha Krishnan]] and [[Jackky Bhagnani]]. The film, which was predominantly shot in London, was shot between June 2016 and April 2017. It was released on 27 July 2018. [[Yogi Babu]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedy Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016–2022 announced; see full list |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vaishnavi is a popular [[YouTuber]] and chef living in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Her friend Ambuja's fiancé Cotton is stuck in a situation that demands him to go to London to work as a chef, but he is unqualified and steals Vaishnavi's recipe to get a job. He asks Vaishnavi to accompany him to pose as an assistant and help him secure the job so that he can be financially stable. After Ambuja and Cotton's wedding, Vaishnavi agrees and travels to London with Cotton and a relative Balki. They stay with their friends Ganesh and his wife Madhu and work as chefs at a restaurant in the Park Grand Hotel in [[Hounslow]]. Vaishnavi meets Sandeep there, and they fall in love.

One day, on a boating trip in the [[River Thames]], Madhu loses her bracelet but Vaishnavi finds it and a [[shankha]] comes along with it. Vaishnavi accidentally injures herself and washes off her blood in the water. This drop of blood triggers the vengeful spirit of a dead woman at the bottom of the river. She possesses Vaishnavi, who goes on a killing spree. Her friends experience numerous paranormal occurrences soon after and consult with a priest to find that Vaishnavi is possessed. The spirit turns out to be Mohini, a [[doppelgänger]] of Vaishnavi. Meanwhile, Sandeep proposes to Vaishnavi, and they get engaged in the presence of his family. They meet Sandeep's mother Menaka and his estranged father Vicky/KVR. Mohini is enraged upon seeing him, and this reminds her of why she was killed. When Vicky/KVR announced Sandeep as heir to his Property, Mohini decides to kill Vicky/KVR and his goons who had killed her.

Mohini was an architect working for a construction company owned by KVR in London. She found out about the child sacrifice rituals ([[narabali]]) that KVR believes in and goes on to rescue children from a child trafficking gang owned by KVR. KVR and the gang are arrested, but they get released because of KVR's political influence. KVR and his men then capture Mohini, kill her, and throw her body into the Thames. Now that she has found a doppelgänger in Vaishnavi, Mohini returns for revenge. She goes after Vicky/KVR and kills him, but not before telling that all of his generation will be killed by her, and that includes Sandeep. Menaka, KVR's wife, learns of this and tries to protect Sandeep from Mohini with the help of a [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]]. She also contacts Mohini's mother, who agrees to help with the rituals that they are performing. The monk tells that in addition to the rituals, either Vaishnavi's body must be destroyed or a human sacrifice has to be done to appease Mohini. Meanwhile, when Sandeep and Vaishnavi move into their new home, Vaishnavi sees a picture of Vicky/KVR whom Mohini had killed. This triggers Mohini's anger and tries to kill Sandeep and chases him into a church. Mohini taunts Sandeep that she will kill Vaishnavi. The monk calls Sandeep and tells him that there is a waterfall behind the church which makes the water holy. Sandeep tries to swim through the river to reach the monastery, where his mother, the priest, Cotton, Madhu, Ganesh and Balki are waiting, but Mohini cannot follow him through the river and can only run on dry land. When the two reach, They all prevent Mohini from attacking Sandeep and try to save Vaishnavi from dying in the process. Mohini's mother finds that because of her daughter's vengeance, two innocent lives will be lost. She realises that Mohini's spirit needs just one human life in order to be satisfied, so she kills herself and offers as a sacrifice to Mohini in front of the Goddess. Mohini's spirit is finally at peace and leaves Vaishnavi and Sandeep alone.

Later on, it is shown that Mohini's spirit still lives on and hunts down anyone who tries to cause harm to children, She possesses Neha, a child who was groped by the school bus driver.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Trisha Krishnan]] in a dual role as:
** Mohini
** Vaishnavi
* [[Jackky Bhagnani]] as Sandeep
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Vicky (KVR)
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Cotton
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Menaka
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Mohini's mother
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Vaishnavi's mother
* [[Ganeshkar]] as Ganesh
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Madhu
* [[Swaminathan]] as Balki
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Monk
* [[Gayatri Rema]] as Ambuja, Cotton's fiancé
* Matt Townsend as Police Officer
* Dilyana Bouklieva as Police Officer
* Ashwani Chopra as Restaurant owner
* Elena Valdameri as News Reporter
* [[Manasvi Kottachi]] as Neha (uncredited role)
}}

==Production==
[[Trisha Krishnan]] signed on to play the titular role in an untitled horror film in early May 2016 and announced that she would collaborate with director [[R. Madhesh]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=Trisha to act in one more horror film? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-to-act-in-one-more-horror-film-news-tamil-qfmss0fgebgci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041859/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-to-act-in-one-more-horror-film-news-tamil-qfmss0fgebgci.html |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The title ''Mohini'' was unveiled later that month, and the film was announced as a production venture for Prince Pictures, with Dinesh Ponraj as the editor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Trisha's next horror thriller titled 'Mogini' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-next-horror-thriller-titled-mogini-news-tamil-qf2kjxfeejice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605102643/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-next-horror-thriller-titled-mogini-news-tamil-qf2kjxfeejice.html |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Madhesh said in one interview that the script was initially written as male-centric, but later changed to female-centric as he felt "mass appeal is no longer restricted to just heroes" and decided on Trisha as the lead actress as he felt she had both talent and the physique required.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=29 January 2018 |title=Mohini will redefine Trisha's on screen mass appeal, says director Ramana Madhesh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mohini-will-redefine-trishas-on-screen-mass-appeal-says-director-ramana-madhesh-4325167.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608205644/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mohini-will-redefine-trishas-on-screen-mass-appeal-says-director-ramana-madhesh-4325167.html |archive-date=8 June 2025 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> However, in another interview, he said the script was always intended to be female-centric. Madhesh added that he cast [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] actor [[Jackky Bhagnani]], rather than a well-known [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] actor, to avoid over expectations, and because Bhagnani had the look of a [[Indian diaspora|non-resident Indian]] as the plot required.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2018-07-29 |title=Director Madhesh: I made a film on sleeper cells much before Thuppakki |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Jul/29/director-madhesh-i-made-a-film-on-sleeper-cells-much-before-thuppakki-7193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327235913/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Jul/29/director-madhesh-i-made-a-film-on-sleeper-cells-much-before-thuppakki-7193.html |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Production began in London in June 2016 with scenes shot in areas including [[Leicester Square]], [[Piccadilly Circus]] and [[Tower Bridge]]. The makers held a month-long schedule there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Trisha's supernatural thriller Mohini progressing well in London |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trishas-supernatural-thriller-mohini-progressing-well-london-45024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619071518/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trishas-supernatural-thriller-mohini-progressing-well-london-45024 |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Trisha starts shooting for 'Mohini' in London |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-starts-shooting-mohini-london-44422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701231130/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-starts-shooting-mohini-london-44422 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saravana |first=Priya |date=29 June 2016 |title=Trisha's 'Mohini' Shooting Wrapped Up In London |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/trishas-mohini-shooting-wrapped-up-in-london/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131035212/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/trishas-mohini-shooting-wrapped-up-in-london/ |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> Overall filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Trisha on a roll, wraps three films at a time |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/trisha-roll-wraps-three-films-time-60801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131031713/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/trisha-roll-wraps-three-films-time-60801 |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack was released on 12 January 2018 through [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Mohini (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mohini-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1334532495 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/iS0or |archive-date=2 April 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MOHINI – Vivek Mervin Tamil Audio CD (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/mohini-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908125752/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/mohini-2/ |archive-date=8 September 2025 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{duration|m=15|s=29}}
| all_music = [[Vivek–Mervin]]
| title1 = Hey
| lyrics1 = {{hlist|[[Mohan Rajan]]|Balan Kashmir}}
| extra1 = {{hlist|[[Vivek–Mervin|Mervin Solomon]]|Balan Kashmir}}
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Bomb Figure Baby
| lyrics2 = {{hlist|Samuel Deepak|Switche}}
| extra2 = {{hlist|[[Benny Dayal]]|Sanjana|Switche}}
| length2 = 2:58
| title3 = YouTube La Melam
| lyrics3 = Vivek
| extra3 = {{hlist|Sanjana Kalmanje|[[Vivek–Mervin|Vivek Siva]]}}
| length3 = 3:49
| title4 = Mohini's Rage
| lyrics4 = Pa Vijay
| extra4 = {{hlist|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]|Prashanthi|Vignesh Natarajan}}
| length4 = 4:40
}}

==Release==
''Mohini'' was released on 27 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2018 |title=Trisha-starrer Mohini to release on July 27 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/trisha-starrer-mohini-to-release-on-july-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722074424/https://telanganatoday.com/trisha-starrer-mohini-to-release-on-july-27 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018 |work=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu theatrical rights were valued at {{INR}}6 crore.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXQLXYyQHc8 |title=ஜுங்கா, மோகினி - ஒரிஜினல் கலெக்‌ஷன் ரிப்போர்ட்! | #311 | Valai Pechu |language=ta |publisher=Valai Pechu |trans-title=Junga, Mohini – Original collection report |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428040618/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXQLXYyQHc8 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
Thinkal Menon wrote for ''[[The Times of India]]'', "''Mohini'' is another horror film that follows the tried-and-tested path. However, it falls short when it comes to the emotions and an engaging screenplay to hold the audiences' attention".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=27 July 2018 |title=Mohini Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mohini/movie-review/65162151.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728060351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mohini/movie-review/65162151.cms |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ashameera Aiyappan wrote for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', "The entire script suffers from the disease of superficiality, apart from the fact that it is woefully outdated".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=27 July 2018 |title=Mohini movie review: Save your money, skip this one |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mohini-movie-review-trisha-5279869/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609063100/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mohini-movie-review-trisha-5279869/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nithya Gnanapandithan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The story is a rehash of the old standard horror film plot [...] and it's all very predictable [...] There's very little that redeems this tremendous bore of a film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gnanapandithan |first=Nithya |date=27 July 2018 |title='Mohini' movie review: The real horror is that a film like this got made |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/27/mohini-movie-review-the-real-horror-is-that-a-film-like-this-got-made-1849592.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728073912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/27/mohini-movie-review-the-real-horror-is-that-a-film-like-this-got-made-1849592.html |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also gave the film a negative review, criticising it's reliance on horror clichés such as [[Jump scare|jump scares]] and "shrieking violins", along with the visual effects and post-production output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=27 July 2018 |title=Mohini movie review: Trisha's horror film is a tragedy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohini-movie-review-trisha-s-horror-film-is-a-tragedy/story-txBp0WOSBoZqzONlIlHdpM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009181331/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohini-movie-review-trisha-s-horror-film-is-a-tragedy/story-txBp0WOSBoZqzONlIlHdpM.html |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=11 August 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. Madhesh}}

[[Category:2010s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about chefs]]
[[Category:Films about child abuse]]
[[Category:Films about child trafficking]]
[[Category:Films about human sacrifice]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Madhesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek–Mervin]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bihar Sampark Kranti Express

2026-05-05T04:40:46Z

HwaNormanby23:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Bihar Sampark Kranti Express
| image = Bihar sampark kranti at sonpur.jpg
| caption = Bihar Sampark Kranti Express At [[Sonpur Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|03|31}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Darbhanga}} (DBG)
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|1168|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 20 hours 40
minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = decorated and non decorated [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| el =
| trainnumber = 12565 / 12566
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Bihar Samparkkranti Express (NDLS - DBG) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12565 / 12566 '''Bihar Sampark Kranti Express''' Is an daily superfast express train of [[Sampark Kranti|Sampark Kranti category]] service of Indian Railways, which runs between the Indian cities of [[Darbhanga]] and [[New Delhi]] via {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}, Siwan Junction, {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Aishbagh}}, [[Unnao Junction railway station|Unnao Junction]], {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}, India.

It operates as train number 12565 from Darbhanga Junction to New Delhi and as train number 12566 in the reverse direction. It is the most important train in North Bihar with [[Vaishali Express|Vaishali SF Express]] which runs from Saharsa in Bihar to New Delhi on daily basis.The other Superfast train which runs via Darbhanga to New Delhi is the 12561/12562 [[Swatantra Senani Superfast Express]].

==Coaches==

The 12565/12566 Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express presently has 1 AC 1st Class, 2 AC 2 tier, 6 AC 3 tier,1 AC 3E, 6 Sleeper class, 3 General Unreserved coaches & 1 Pantry car.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Aug 24th, the train coaches were painted in [[Maithils|Maithili]] art.<ref>{{Cite web|title=9 Coaches Of Bihar Sampark Kranti Express Painted With Maithili Art|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/9-coaches-of-bihar-sampark-kranti-express-painted-with-maithili-art-1904802|access-date=2021-10-30|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In April 2019 the train ran for the first time between Darbhanga and New Delhi with the new decorated [[LHB coach]] the coach can be decorated or non decorated. Earlier was decorated blue paint [[ICF coach]]

==Service==

The 12565 Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express covers the distance of 1164 kilometers in 21 hours (55.42  km/h) & 1164 kilometers in 21 hours 12566 Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express (55.42  km/h). As the average speed of the train is more than 55  km/h, a Superfast surcharge is applied. It reverses direction at {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}.

==Route & halts==

*'''{{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}}'''
*{{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Siwan Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Deoria Sadar}}
*{{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Badshahnagar}}
*{{stnlnk|Aishbagh}}
*{{stnlnk|Unnao Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
*'''{{stnlnk|New Delhi}}'''

==Traction==
earlier was [[WDP-4D]]. It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur|Kanpur Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] from New Delhi to Darbhanga and vice versa.

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
File:Bihar sampark kranti at delhi.jpg|Bihar Sampark Kranti Express At New Delhi
File:Bihar sampark kranti at hajipur.jpg|Bihar Sampark Kranti Express At Hajipur Junction
File:Bihar sampark kranti train dd.jpg|Bihar Sampark Kranti At Gonda Junction
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://indiarailinfo.com/train/202/664/1005 India Rail Info
* [https://archive.today/20130911141436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-13/india/27880985_1_ticketless-sampark-kranti-express-chapra] ''Times of India''
* [https://archive.today/20130911141427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-01/patna/27858916_1_railway-minister-superfast-train-railway-official] ''Times of India''
{{Sampark Kranti Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]

Deepak Chopra

2026-05-04T23:29:25Z

HwaNormanby23: creating initial article w/ refs

{{Short description|American alternative medicine advocate (born 1946)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{about|the author and alternative medicine advocate|the former director of Canada Post|Deepak Chopra (Canada Post)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepak Chopra
| image = Deepak Chopra by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chopra in 2019
| birth_place = New Delhi, British India<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2010 |date=2010|isbn=978-1615353293 |page=42 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd2bAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Deepak+Chopra%22+%22british+india%22&pg=PA42}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|10|22}}{{sfn|Chopra|Chopra|2013|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brotherhooddharm0000chop/page/5 5ff]}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Alternative medicine advocate|public speaker|writer}}
| title =
| spouse = {{marriage|Rita Chopra|1970}}
| relatives = [[Sanjiv Chopra]] (brother)
| children = {{Ubl
| [[Mallika Chopra]]
| [[Gotham Chopra]]
}}
| citizenship = United States<ref>{{cite news |author=Jeffrey Brown |title=Chopra Brothers Tell Story of How They Became Americans and Doctors in Memoir |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/chopra-brothers-talk-how-they-became-americans-and-doctors |newspaper=[[PBS NewsHour]] |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=January 7, 2015 }} {{harvnb|Chopra|Chopra|2013|page=[https://archive.org/details/brotherhooddharm0000chop/page/194 194]}} {{cite book|author=[[Boye Lafayette De Mente]]|title=Cultural Failures That Are Destroying the American Dream!{{Snd}} The Destructive Influence of Male Dominance & Religious Dogma!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-6WsEOi-7EC&pg=PA42|year=1976|publisher=Cultural-Insight Books|isbn=978-0-914778-17-2|page=42}}</ref>
| website = {{official website}}
}}

'''Deepak Chopra''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|p|ɑː|k|_|ˈ|tʃ|oʊ|p|r|ə}}; {{IPA|hi|diːpək tʃoːpɽa|lang}}; born October 22, 1946) is an [[America]]n author, [[New Age]] guru,<ref name="restless" /><ref name=baer2003 /> and [[alternative medicine]] advocate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deepak Chopra|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Kaufman2013/> A prominent figure in the New Age movement,<ref name=time261114>{{cite magazine|last1=Alter|first1=Charlotte|title=Deepak Chopra on Why Gratitude is Good For You|url=https://time.com/3606692/deepak-chopra-gratitude-wellbeing/|access-date=December 16, 2014|magazine=Time|date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> his books and videos have made him one of the best-known and wealthiest figures in alternative medicine.<ref name=Gamel2008/> In the 1990s, Chopra, a physician by education, became a popular proponent of a [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] approach to well-being that includes [[yoga]], meditation, and nutrition, among other New Age therapies.<ref name="restless" />


Chopra studied medicine in India before emigrating in 1970 to the United States, where he completed a residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in endocrinology. As a licensed physician, in 1980, he became chief of staff at the [[New England Memorial Hospital]] (NEMH).<ref name="restless" /> In 1985, he met [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and became involved in the [[Transcendental Meditation movement|Transcendental Meditation (TM) movement]]. Shortly thereafter, Chopra resigned from his position at NEMH to establish the [[Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health|Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center]].<ref name=baer2003 /> In 1993, Chopra gained a following after he was interviewed about his books on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]''.<ref name=dunkel2005>{{cite news|last=Dunkel|first=Tom|title=Inner Peacekeeper|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/04/29/inner-peacekeeper/|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|year=2005|access-date=April 25, 2016|archive-date=March 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123508/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-04-29/news/0504290067_1_deepak-chopra-chopra-and-dr-pillar-candles|url-status=live}}</ref> He then left the TM movement to become the executive director of [[Sharp HealthCare]]'s Center for Mind-Body Medicine. In 1996, he cofounded the Chopra Center for Wellbeing.<ref name="restless" /><ref name=baer2003 />

Chopra claims that a person may attain "perfect health", a condition "that is free from disease, that never feels pain", and "that cannot age or die".<ref name=baerp240/><ref name=perfect/> Seeing the human body as undergirded by a "quantum mechanical body" composed not of matter but energy and information, he believes that "human aging is fluid and changeable; it can speed up, slow down, stop for a time, and even reverse itself", as determined by one's state of mind.<ref name=baerp240/><ref name=ageless/> He claims that his practices can also treat chronic disease.<ref name=aids /><ref name=AshmanBarringer2005 />

The ideas Chopra promotes have regularly been criticized by medical and scientific professionals as pseudoscience.<ref name=Tompkins2008/><ref name=Nightline /><ref name=Kaminer /><ref name="Indie-Bullshit" /> The criticism has been described as ranging "from the dismissive to...damning".<ref name=Tompkins2008 /> Philosopher [[Robert Todd Carroll|Robert Carroll]] writes that Chopra, to justify his teachings, attempts to integrate [[Ayurveda]] with [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name="skepdic-web" /> Chopra says that what he calls "[[quantum healing]]" cures any manner of ailments, including cancer, through effects that he claims are literally based on the same principles as quantum mechanics.<ref name=AshmanBarringer2005/> This has led [[physicists]] to object to his use of the term "quantum" in reference to medical conditions and the human body.<ref name=AshmanBarringer2005/> His discussions of quantum healing have been characterized as [[technobabble]] – "incoherent babbling strewn with scientific terms"<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2015/05/15/scientist-why-deepak-chopra-is-driving-me-crazy/ |title= Scientist: Why Deepak Chopra is driving me crazy |last= Strauss |first= Valerie |date= May 15, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date= May 19, 2018}}</ref> by those proficient in physics.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2009/12/01/deepak_chopra_redefining_wrong.html |title= Deepak Chopra: redefining "wrong" |last= Plait |first= Phil |date= December 1, 2009 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date= May 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/nov/23/change-your-life-pseudoscience |title= This column will change your life: pseudoscience |last= Burkeman |first= Oliver |date= November 23, 2012 |access-date= May 19, 2018 |language= en | quote = [Chopra]'s the guy behind Ask The Kabala and 'quantum healing', which involves 'healing the bodymind from a quantum level' by a 'shift in the fields of energy information', and which drives people who actually understand physics crazy; his critics accuse him of selling false hope to the sick.}}</ref> Evolutionary biologist [[Richard Dawkins]] has said that Chopra uses "quantum jargon as plausible-sounding [[Hocus pocus (magic)|hocus pocus]]".<ref name=PlaysGod>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/richard-dawkins-plays-god_b_3467484.html|title=Richard Dawkins Plays God: The Video (Updated)|first= Deepak|last= Chopra|date=June 19, 2013|website=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date= October 7, 2017|ref=none}}</ref> Chopra's treatments generally elicit nothing but a [[placebo response]],<ref name=Gamel2008/> and they have drawn criticism that the unwarranted claims made for them may raise "false hope" and lure sick people away from legitimate [[medical treatment]]s.<ref name=Tompkins2008/>

==Biography==
=== Early life and education ===
Chopra was born in [[New Delhi]],<ref name=Chamberlain2015>{{cite news |url=http://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/backstage-a-lesson-in-concentration-from-deepak-chopra-1.2082540|title=Backstage: A lesson in concentration from Deepak Chopra|last=Chamberlain|first=Adrian|date=October 10, 2015|work=[[Times Colonist]]}}</ref> [[British Raj|British India]] to [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] parents Krishan Lal Chopra (1919–2001) and Pushpa Chopra.{{sfn|Chopra|Chopra|2013|pp=5, 161}} His paternal grandfather was a sergeant in the [[British Indian Army]]. His father was a prominent [[cardiologist]], head of the department of medicine and cardiology at New Delhi's Moolchand Khairati Ram Hospital for over 25 years, and was also a lieutenant in the British army, serving as an army doctor at the [[Burma Campaign|front at Burma]] and acting as a medical adviser to [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], [[Governor-General of India|viceroy of India]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chopra|2013|pp=5–6, 11–13}}; {{cite news|title=The Chopra Brothers|author=Michael Schulder|url=http://cnnradio.cnn.com/2013/05/24/the-chopra-brothers/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=May 24, 2013|access-date=May 13, 2014|archive-date=June 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628011050/http://cnnradio.cnn.com/2013/05/24/the-chopra-brothers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{as of |2014}}, Chopra's younger brother, [[Sanjiv Chopra]], was a professor of medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]] and on staff at [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]].<ref>[http://services.bidmc.org/Find_a_doc/doc_detail.asp?sid=41414643494642 "Chopra, Sanjiv, MD"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220044307/http://services.bidmc.org/Find_a_doc/doc_detail.asp?sid=41414643494642 |date=December 20, 2008 }}, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Retrieved May 15, 2014.</ref>

Chopra studied at [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] in New Delhi and graduated from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], in 1969. He spent his first months as a doctor working in rural India, including, he writes, six months in a village where the lights went out whenever it rained.<ref>Deepak Chopra, ''Return of the Rishi'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1991, p. 1.</ref> It was during his early career that he was drawn to study [[endocrinology]], particularly [[neuroendocrinology]], to find a biological basis for the influence of thoughts and emotions.<ref name="interviewww">{{cite web|author=Carl Lindgren |url=http://www.streeteditors.com/2010/03/31/international-dreamer-deepak-chopra/ |title=International Dreamer{{Snd}} Deepak Chopra |work=Map Magazine's Street Editors |date=March 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154106/http://www.streeteditors.com/2010/03/31/international-dreamer-deepak-chopra/ |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref>

He married in India in 1970 before emigrating, with his wife, to the United States that same year.<ref name=dunkel2005 /> The Indian government had banned its doctors from sitting for the exam needed to practice in the United States. Consequently, Chopra had to travel to Sri Lanka to take it. After passing, he arrived in the United States to take up a [[Internship (medicine)|clinical internship]] at [[Muhlenberg Hospital]] in [[Plainfield, New Jersey]], where doctors from overseas were being recruited to replace those serving [[Vietnam War|in Vietnam]].<ref>Chopra 1991, p. 57{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2023|reason=Which Chopra 1991?}}; Deepak Chopra, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-ijyqWzDrY "Special Keynote with Dr. Deepak Chopra"], November 2013, from 2:50 mins; Richard Knox, [https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/747826331.html "Foreign doctors: a US dilemma"], ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', June 30, 1974.</ref>

Between 1971 and 1977, he completed residencies in [[internal medicine]] at the [[Lahey Clinic]] in [[Burlington, Massachusetts]], the [[VA Boston Healthcare System|VA Medical Center]], [[St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston)|St Elizabeth's Medical Center]], and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.<ref>[http://health.usnews.com/doctors/deepak-chopra-707300 "Dr. Deepak K Chopra"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084707/http://health.usnews.com/doctors/deepak-chopra-707300 |date=May 29, 2014 }}, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.</ref> He earned his license to practice medicine in the state of Massachusetts in 1973, becoming [[Board certification|board certified]] in internal medicine, specializing in endocrinology.<ref>[http://profiles.ehs.state.ma.us/Profiles/Pages/PhysicianProfile.aspx?PhysicianID=6568 "Deepak K. Chopra, M.D."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032513/http://profiles.ehs.state.ma.us/Profiles/Pages/PhysicianProfile.aspx?PhysicianID=6568 |date=May 21, 2014 }}, Commonwealth of Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine; [http://www.abim.org/services/verify-a-physician.aspx "Verify a Physician's Certification"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213180934/http://www.abim.org/services/verify-a-physician.aspx |date=December 13, 2013}}, [[American Board of Internal Medicine]].</ref>

===East Coast years===
Chopra taught at the medical schools of [[Tufts University]], [[Boston University]], and [[Harvard University]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lambert|first=Craig A.|date=July 1989|title=Quantum Healing: An Interview with Deepak Chopra, M.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47|journal=[[Yoga Journal]]|issue=87|pages=47–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv30AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|title=Prophets, Gurus, and Pundits: Rhetorical Styles and Public Engagement|last=Young|first=Anna M.|publisher=SIU Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0809332953|pages=59–68|language=en|oclc=871781118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MRdDQAAQBAJ&q=Deepak+Chopra&pg=PT162|title=The Emerging Sensitive: A Guide for Finding Your Place in the World|last=Hill|first=Maria|publisher=BookBaby|year=2016|isbn=978-1682224755|language=en|oclc=953493840}}</ref> and became Chief of Staff at the New England Memorial Hospital (NEMH) (later known as the [[Boston Regional Medical Center]]) in [[Stoneham, Massachusetts]] before establishing a private practice in Boston in endocrinology.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGA3rfJt2iMC&pg=PA121|title=Toward an Integrative Medicine|page=121|access-date=April 25, 2016|isbn=978-0759103023|last=Baer|first=Hans A.|year=2004|publisher=Rowman Altamira }}</ref>

[[File:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi with NandkishoreC.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] was an influence on Chopra in the 1980s.]]
While visiting New Delhi in 1981, he met the [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] physician [[Brihaspati Dev Triguna]], head of the [[Central Council of Indian Medicine|Indian Council for Ayurvedic Medicine]], whose advice prompted him to begin investigating Ayurvedic practices.<ref>Chopra 1991, p. 105ff.{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2023|reason=Which Chopra 1991?}}</ref> Chopra was "drinking black coffee by the hour and smoking at least a pack of cigarettes a day".<ref>Chopra 1991, p. 125.{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2023|reason=Which Chopra 1991?}}</ref> He took up [[Transcendental Meditation]] to help him stop and, {{as of|lc=y|2006}}, he continued to meditate for two hours every morning and half an hour in the evening.<ref name=nova>{{cite web|author=Rosamund Burton |title=Peace Seeker |url=http://www.novamagazine.com.au/article_archive/2006/06_04_Peace%20seeker.htm |work=Nova Magazine |date=June 4, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105164338/http://www.novamagazine.com.au/article_archive/2006/06_04_Peace%20seeker.htm |archive-date=November 5, 2013 }}</ref>

Chopra's involvement with TM led to a meeting in 1985 with the leader of the TM movement, [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], who asked him to establish an Ayurvedic health center.<ref name=baer2003>{{harvnb|Baer|2003|p=237}}</ref><ref>Chopra 1991, p. 139ff{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2023|reason=Which Chopra 1991?}}</ref> He left his position at the NEMH. Chopra said that one of the reasons he left was his disenchantment at having to prescribe too many drugs: "[W]hen all you do is prescribe medication, you start to feel like a legalized drug pusher. That doesn't mean that all prescriptions are useless, but it is true that 80 percent of all drugs prescribed today are of optional or marginal benefit."<ref name=Ahmed>Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, [http://world.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/50186/ "The Crisis of Perception"], ''Media Monitors Network'', February 29, 2008.</ref>

He became the founding president of the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine, one of the founders of Maharishi Ayur-Veda Products International, and medical director of the Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Center in Lancaster, Massachusetts. The center charged between $2,850 and $3,950 per week for Ayurvedic cleansing rituals such as massages, [[enema]]s, and oil baths, and TM lessons cost an additional $1,000. Celebrity patients included [[Elizabeth Taylor]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Elise|last=Pettus|title=The Mind–Body Problems|magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=August 14, 1995|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 28–31], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA95 95], 30}} Also see Deepak Chopra, "Letters: Deepak responds", ''New York'', September 25, 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7eQCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 p. 16].</ref> Chopra also became one of the TM movement's spokespeople. In 1989, the Maharishi awarded him the title "Dhanvantari of Heaven and Earth" ([[Dhanvantari]] was the Hindu physician to the gods).<ref name=Humes2009p297>{{cite book|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|author-link=Cynthia Ann Humes|chapter=Schisms within Hindu guru groups: the Transcendental Meditation movement in North America|editor1=[[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James R. Lewis]]|editor2=Sarah M. Lewis|title=Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|page=297}}. Also see {{cite book|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|chapter=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the TM Technique|editor1=[[Thomas Forsthoefel|Thomas A. Forsthoefel]]|editor2=Cynthia Ann Humes|title=Gurus in America|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2005|pages=68–69}}</ref> That year Chopra's ''Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind/Body Medicine'' was published, followed by ''Perfect Health: The Complete Mind/Body Guide'' (1990).<ref name="restless" />

===West Coast years===
In June 1993, he moved to California as executive director of [[Sharp HealthCare]]'s Institute for Human Potential and Mind/Body Medicine, and head of their Center for Mind/Body Medicine, a clinic in an exclusive resort in [[Del Mar, California]], that charged $4,000 per week and included [[Michael Jackson]]'s family among its clients.<ref name=Pettus1995p31>{{harvnb|Pettus|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}}</ref> Chopra and Jackson first met in 1988 and remained friends for 20 years. When Jackson died in 2009 after being administered prescription drugs, Chopra said he hoped it would be a call to action against the "cult of drug-pushing doctors, with their co-dependent relationships with addicted celebrities".<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a-tribute-to-my-friend-mi_b_221268 "A Tribute to My Friend, Michael Jackson"] by Deepak Chopra, ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', June 26, 2009</ref><ref>[[Gerald Posner]], [http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-07-02/chopra-michael-jackson-could-have-been-saved/ "Deepak Chopra: How Michael Jackson Could Have Been Saved"], ''[[The Daily Beast]]'', July 2, 2009, p. 4.</ref>

Chopra left the Transcendental Meditation movement around the time he moved to California in January 1993.{{sfn|Pettus|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}}{{sfn|Baer|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XGA3rfJt2iMC&pg=PA129 129]}} Mahesh Yogi claimed that Chopra had competed for the Maharishi's position as [[guru]],<ref>Deepak Chopra, [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-maharishi-years-the-u_b_86412 "The Maharishi Years – The Untold Story: Recollections of a Former Disciple"], ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', February 13, 2008.</ref> although Chopra rejected this.<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-22/news/27378174_1_alternative-medicine-loyalty-employee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010716/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-22/news/27378174_1_alternative-medicine-loyalty-employee|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 7, 2014|title='Employee loyalty comes first, the rest will follow'{{Snd}} Economic Times|last=Nilanjana Bhaduri Jha|date=June 22, 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=June 4, 2014}}</ref> According to [[Robert Todd Carroll]], Chopra left the TM organization when it "became too stressful" and was a "hindrance to his success".<ref name=SkepDict>{{cite book|first=Robert Todd|last=Carroll|title=The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA48|year= 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-04563-3|page=48}}</ref> [[Cynthia Ann Humes]] writes that the Maharishi was concerned, and not only with regard to Chopra, that rival systems were being taught at lower prices.<ref>{{harvnb|Humes|2005|p=69}}; {{harvnb|Humes|2009|pp=299, 302}}</ref> Chopra, for his part, was worried that his close association with the TM movement might prevent Ayurvedic medicine from being accepted as legitimate, particularly after the problems with the [[Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health|''JAMA'' article]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|author-link=Cynthia Ann Humes|chapter=Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Perfect Health through Enlightened Marketing in America|editor1=Frederick M. Smith|editor2=Dagmar Wujastyk|title=Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2008|page=324}}</ref> He also stated that he had become uncomfortable with what seemed like a "cultish atmosphere around Maharishi".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]]| first = Claire | last = Hoffman|author-link=Claire Hoffman| date = February 22, 2013 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/magazine/david-lynch-transcendental-meditation.html | title = David Lynch Is Back ... as a Guru of Transcendental Meditation}}</ref>

In 1995, Chopra was not licensed to practice medicine in California where he had a clinic. However, he did not see patients at this clinic "as a doctor" during this time.<ref name=LLC1995 /> In 2004, he received his California medical license, and {{as of|lc=y|2014}} was affiliated with [[Scripps Health|Scripps Memorial Hospital]] in [[La Jolla, California]].<ref>[https://www.breeze.ca.gov/datamart/detailsCADCA.do?selector=false&selectorType=&selectorReturnUrl=&anchor=726a20a.0.0 "Chopra, Deepak"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521033720/https://www.breeze.ca.gov/datamart/detailsCADCA.do?selector=false&selectorType=&selectorReturnUrl=&anchor=726a20a.0.0 |date=May 21, 2014 }}, California Department of Consumer Affairs. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://health.usnews.com/doctors/deepak-chopra-707300 "Dr. Deepak K Chopra"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084707/http://health.usnews.com/doctors/deepak-chopra-707300 |date=May 29, 2014 }}, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ca/scripps-la-jolla-hospitals-and-clinics-6931130/doctors/endocrinologists "Endocrinologists, Scripps La Jolla Hospitals and Clinics"], ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529090535/http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ca/scripps-la-jolla-hospitals-and-clinics-6931130/doctors/endocrinologists |date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> Chopra is the owner and supervisor of the Mind-Body Medical Group within the Chopra Center, which in addition to standard medical treatment offers personalized advice about nutrition, [[Circadian rhythm|sleep-wake cycles]], and [[stress management]] based on mainstream medicine and Ayurveda.<ref>Deepak Chopra, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElAuKQx5_5w "The Mind–Body Medical Group at the Chopra Center"], The Chopra Well, May 26, 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Mind-Body Medical Group |url=http://www.chopra.com/our-services/medical-consultations/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085401/http://www.chopra.com/our-services/medical-consultations/overview |archive-date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=The Chopra Center |language=en}}</ref> He is a fellow of the [[American College of Physicians]] and member of the [[American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepak Chopra, M.D. |url=http://www.chopra.com/about-us/deepak-chopra-md |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515082423/http://www.chopra.com/about-us/deepak-chopra-md |archive-date=2014-05-15 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=The Chopra Center |language=en}}</ref>

===Alternative medicine business===
Chopra's book ''Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old'' was published in 1993.<ref name="restless">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-07-tm-29576-story.html|title=So Rich, So Restless|last=Perry|first=Tony|date=September 7, 1997|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> The book and his friendship with [[Michael Jackson]] gained him an interview on July 12 that year on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show|Oprah]]''. [[Paul Offit]] writes that within 24 hours Chopra had sold 137,000 copies of his book and 400,000 by the end of the week.<ref>[[Paul Offit|Paul A. Offit]], ''Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine'', HarperCollins, 2013, p. 39; [http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-your-call-with-dr-deepak-chopra-169389 "Full Transcript: Your Call with Dr Deepak Chopra"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521033251/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-your-call-with-dr-deepak-chopra-169389 |date=May 21, 2014 }}, NDTV, January 23, 2012; also see Craig Bromberg, "Doc of Ages", ''People'', November 15, 1993.</ref> Four days after the interview, the Maharishi National Council of the Age of Enlightenment wrote to TM centers in the United States, instructing them not to promote Chopra, and his name and books were removed from the movement's literature and health centers.<ref>For the National Council's letter, {{harvnb|Humes|2005|p=68}}; {{harvnb|Humes|2009|p=297}}; for the rest, {{harvnb|Pettus|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}}</ref> Neuroscientist [[Tony Nader]] became the movement's new "Dhanvantari of Heaven and Earth".{{sfn|Humes|2008|p=326}}

Sharp HealthCare changed ownership in 1996 and Chopra left to set up the Chopra Center for Wellbeing with [[neurologist]] David Simon, which was located at [[Omni La Costa Resort & Spa]] in [[Carlsbad, California]].<ref>{{cite news |title=David Simon, 61, mind-body medicine pioneer, opened Chopra Center for Wellbeing |date=February 9, 2012 |newspaper=U-T San Diego |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/Feb/09/david-simon-61-mind-body-medicine-pioneer-opened |author=David Ogul |page=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepak Chopra – Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics |url=https://www.worldbrainmapping.org/sbmt-leadership/deepak-chopra/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Chopra Center in Carlsbad, California has since closed after Chopra sold Chopra Global to the Healing Company in 2023, where he served as chief scientific adviser.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deepak Chopra wellness empire's sale comes amid post-pandemic focus on mental health |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/deepak-chopra-wellness-empires-sale-comes-amid-post-pandemic-focus-on-mental-health-173216885.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230527002857/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/deepak-chopra-wellness-empires-sale-comes-amid-post-pandemic-focus-on-mental-health-173216885.html |archive-date=2023-05-27 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref>

In his 2013 book, ''Do You Believe in Magic?'', [[Paul Offit]] writes that Chopra's business grossed approximately $20 million annually, and was built on the sale of various [[alternative medicine]] products such as herbal supplements, massage oils, books, videos and courses. A year's worth of products for "anti-aging" can cost up to $10,000, Offit wrote.<ref name=magic>{{cite book |title=Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine |first=Paul|last=Offit|author-link=Paul Offit|publisher=HarperCollins |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-06-222296-1 |pages=245–246}}</ref> Chopra himself was estimated to be worth over $80 million {{as of|lc=y|2014}}.<ref>Rowe 2014, [http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/may/03/truly-madly-deepak-chopra/ Truly, madly, deeply Deepak Chopra].</ref> {{As of|2005}}, according to [[Srinivas Aravamudan]], he was able to charge $25,000 to $30,000 per lecture five or six times a month.<ref>[[Srinivas Aravamudan]], ''Guru English: South Asian Religion in a Cosmopolitan Language'', Princeton University Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tusUlz2jb00C&pg=PA257 p. 257].</ref> [[Medical anthropologist]] Hans Baer said Chopra was an example of a successful entrepreneur, but that he focused too much on serving the upper-class through an alternative to medical [[hegemony]], rather than a truly [[Holism|holistic]] approach to health.<ref name="baerp240">{{cite journal|last1=Baer|first1=Hans A.|s2cid=28219719|title=The work of Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra—two holistic health/New Age gurus: a critique of the holistic health/New Age movements|journal=[[Medical Anthropology Quarterly]]|date=June 2003|volume=17|issue=2|pages=240–241|pmid=12846118|jstor=3655336|doi=10.1525/maq.2003.17.2.233}}</ref>

===Teaching and other roles===
Chopra serves as an [[adjunct professor]] in the marketing division at [[Columbia Business School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepak Chopra |url=http://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/cbs-directory/detail/dc2839 |website=Columbia Business School, Columbia University in the City of New York |access-date=December 12, 2015 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101736/http://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/cbs-directory/detail/dc2839 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He serves as adjunct professor of executive programs at the [[Kellogg School of Management]] at [[Northwestern University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepak Chopra{{Snd}} Faculty |url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/chopra_deepak.aspx |website=Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326120442/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/chopra_deepak.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He participates annually as a lecturer at the ''Update in Internal Medicine'' event sponsored by [[Harvard Medical School]] and the [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Update in Internal Medicine|url=http://www.updateinternalmedicine.com/faculty/|work=updateinternalmedicine.com/faculty|publisher=updateinternalmedicine.com|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Chopra was promoted from voluntary assistant clinical professor to voluntary full clinical professor at the [[University of California, San Diego]] in their Department of Family Medicine and Public Health.<ref name="Robbins2016">{{cite news |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/15/UCSD-Deepak-Chopra/|title=UCSD deepens ties with Deepak Chopra|last=Robbins|first=Gary|date=March 15, 2016|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317095212/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/15/UCSD-Deepak-Chopra/|archive-date=March 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Robert Todd Carroll|Robert Carroll]] writes of Chopra charging $25,000 per lecture, "giving spiritual advice while warning against the ill effects of materialism".<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Todd Carroll|chapter=Auyrvedic medicine|title=The Skeptic's Dictionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA48|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-04563-3|page=48}}</ref>

Chopra founded the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine (AAAM) and Maharishi AyurVeda Products International, though he later distanced himself from these organizations.<ref name=informed>{{cite book|first=J. Thomas|last=Butler|title=Consumer Health: Making Informed Decisions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjWc2CiAJYsC&pg=PA117|year= 2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-7543-1|pages=117–}}</ref> Since 2004, he has been a board member of [[Men's Wearhouse]], a men's clothing distributor.<ref name=USAToday2013>{{cite news|last=Belton|first=Beth|title=Men's Wearhouse fires back at George Zimmer|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/06/24/mens-wearhouse-zimmer/2454305/|access-date=July 10, 2013|newspaper=USA Today|date=June 25, 2013}}</ref> In 2005, Chopra was appointed as a senior scientist at [[The Gallup Organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/corporate/19318/Gallup-Senior-Scientists.aspx |title=Gallup Senior Scientists |publisher=Gallup.com |access-date=February 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216111128/http://www.gallup.com/corporate/19318/Gallup-Senior-Scientists.aspx |archive-date=February 16, 2011 }}</ref> In 2006, he launched [[Virgin Comics]] with his son [[Gotham Chopra]] and entrepreneur [[Richard Branson]].<ref>David Segal, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/02/AR2007030201862.html "Deepak Chopra And a New Age Of Comic Books"], ''The Washington Post'', March 3, 2007.</ref>

In 2009, Chopra founded the {{vanchor|Chopra Foundation}}, a tax-exempt [[501(c) organization]] that raises funds to promote and research alternative health.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/chopra-and-huffington-hold-public-meditation-lawn-oct-15|title=Chopra and Huffington to Hold a Public Meditation on the Lawn Oct. 15|work=UVAToday|date=October 9, 2013|author=Jane Kelly}}</ref> The Foundation sponsors annual ''Sages and Scientists'' conferences.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zapaday.com/event/362159/2/Sages+and+Scientists+Symposium.html|title=Sages and Scientists Symposium 2014 |publisher=Zapaday|date=January 22, 2014|author=Anne Cukier}}</ref> He sits on the board of advisors of the National Ayurvedic Medical Association, an organization based in the United States.<ref>[http://www.ayurvedanama.org/?page=Board_Advisors "NAMA's Board of Advisors"].</ref> In July 2023, Chopra and the Foundation co-hosted an event entitled "We the Future" alongside [[Kenneth Cole (designer)|Kenneth Cole]].<ref name=society/><ref name=brid>[https://peaceinnovationinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/WeTheFuture_PR_FINAL.docx.pdf "Peace Innovation: Bridging Futures & Minds at AI Forum, a collaboration by Chopra Foundation, We The Planet, the Peace Innovation Initiative, & Kenneth Cole,"] Peace Innovation Initiative.</ref> It explored the future of AI, and supported guiding AI from the outset to create positive disruption and to on a worldwide basis establish peace as the cornerstone of innovation.<ref name=society/><ref name=brid/> It featured as speakers real estate investor [[Craig Hatkoff]] on AI's application to innovation, disability rights activist [[Eddie Ndopu]] on AI and accessibility, astronaut [[Sian Proctor]] on AI and space, record producer [[Jerry Wonda ]] on AI and music, and model and actress [[Gabriella Wright]] on AI and well-being.<ref name=society>[https://www.sadrmedia.com/single-post/ai-for-peace-the-peace-innovation-initiative-a-collaboration-between-chopra-and-kenneth-cole ""AI for Peace" The Peace Innovation Initiative a collaboration between Chopra and Kenneth Cole,"] ''Society & Diplomatic Review''.</ref>

In 2012, Chopra joined the board of advisors for tech startup [[State (website)|State.com]], creating a browsable network of structured opinions.<ref name="state">{{cite web | title = State.com/about | url = https://state.com/about/people | access-date = September 9, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192300/https://state.com/about/people | archive-date = March 3, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In 2014, Chopra founded ISHAR (Integrative Studies Historical Archive and Repository).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maureen-seaberg/lets-raise-ishar_b_5824760.html|title=Let's Raise ISHAR! |work=[[The Huffington Post]]|author=Maureen Seaberg|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, Chopra partnered with businessman [[Paul Tudor Jones]] II to found JUST Capital, a non-profit firm which ranks companies in terms of just business practices in an effort to promote economic justice.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stanley|first=Alessandra|author-link=Alessandra Stanley|title=A Plan to Rank 'Just' Companies Aims to Close the Wealth Gap|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/21/business/a-plan-to-rank-just-companies-aims-to-close-the-wealth-gap.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 11, 2023|date=December 20, 2015}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Chopra and his wife have, {{as of|lc=y|2013}}, two adult children, ([[Gotham Chopra]] and [[Mallika Chopra]]) and three grandchildren.<ref name=Kaufman2013>Chopra 1991, pp. 54–57{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2023|reason=Which Chopra 1991?}}; Joanne Kaufman, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/20/realestate/deepak-chopra-an-inner-stillness-even-on-the-subway.html?smid=fb-share&_r=2& Deepak Chopra – An 'Inner Stillness,' Even on the Subway]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 17, 2013.</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Chopra lives in a "health-centric" condominium in [[Manhattan]].<ref name=ChopraWellnessManhattan>{{cite news|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/leonardo-dicaprio-and-deepak-chopra-wellness-focused-manhattan-building|title=Live Like Leonardo DiCaprio and Deepak Chopra in this Wellness-Focused Manhattan Building|author=Jordi Lippe-Mcgraw|newspaper=[[Architectural Digest]]|date=July 16, 2019|access-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref> He is a member of the inaugural class of the [[Great Immigrants Award]] named by [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] (July 2006)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2006 Great Immigrants: Deepak Chopra |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/deepak-chopra/ |access-date=February 21, 2024 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York}}</ref>

According to documents from the [[Epstein files]], Chopra had multiple meetings and [[List_of_people_named_in_the_Epstein_files#Deepak_Chopra|email exchanges]] with [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Miller |first=Lisa |date=February 17, 2026 |title=The Price of Admission to Epstein’s World: Silence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/17/well/epstein-files-associates.html |access-date=February 18, 2026}}</ref> Chopra has denied any wrongdoing.<ref name="Graun1">{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Boffey |first2=Daniel |last3=Luscombe |first3=Richard |last4=Sinmaz |first4=Emine |title=Woody Allen, a Florida mansion rulebook and a Paris 'wife hunt': stories you may have missed from the Epstein files |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/feb/05/woody-allen-a-florida-mansion-rulebook-and-a-paris-wife-hunt-stories-you-may-have-missed-from-the-epstein-files |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="BBCNews">{{cite news |last1=Drenon |first1=Brandon |title=Who is in the Epstein files? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqxynz2l0g2o |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

==Ideas and reception==
Chopra believes that a person may attain "perfect health", a condition "that is free from disease, that never feels pain", and "that cannot age or die".<ref name=baerp240/><ref name=perfect/> Seeing the human body as being undergirded by a "quantum mechanical body" comprised not of matter but energy and information, he believes that "human aging is fluid and changeable; it can speed up, slow down, stop for a time, and even reverse itself", as determined by one's state of mind.<ref name=baerp240/><ref name=ageless/> He claims that his practices can also treat chronic disease.<ref name=aids /><ref name=AshmanBarringer2005 />

===Consciousness===
Chopra speaks and writes regularly about [[metaphysics]], including the study of consciousness and [[Vedanta]] philosophy. He is a philosophical [[Idealism|idealist]], arguing for the primacy of consciousness over matter and for [[teleology]] and intelligence in nature{{Snd}} that mind, or "dynamically active consciousness", is a fundamental feature of the universe.<ref>Deepak Chopra, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scI9ZFImN8o "What Is Consciousness & Where Is It?"], discussion with [[Rudolph E. Tanzi|Rudolph Tanzi]], [[Menas Kafatos]] and Lothar Schäfer, Science and Nonduality Conference, 2013, 08:12 mins.
* Attila Grandpierre, Deepak Chopra, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Rudolph Tanzi, Menas C. Kafatos, [http://www.neuroquantology.com/index.php/journal/article/view/703/627 "A Multidisciplinary Approach to Mind and Consciousness"], ''[[NeuroQuantology]]'', 11(4), December 2013 (pp. 607–617), p. 609.</ref>

In this view, consciousness is both subject and object.<ref>Deepak Chopra, [[Stuart Hameroff]], "The 'Quantum Soul': A Scientific Hypothesis", in Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Franklin Santana Santos (eds.), ''Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship'', Springer, 2011 (pp. 79–93), p. 85.</ref> It is consciousness, he writes, that creates reality; we are not "physical machines that have somehow learned to think...[but] thoughts that have learned to create a physical machine".<ref name=quantum/> He argues that the evolution of species is the evolution of consciousness seeking to express itself as multiple observers; the universe experiences itself through our brains: "We are the eyes of the universe looking at itself".<ref>Deepak Chopra, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4c_CrQzUGw "Dangerous Ideas: Deepak Chopra & Richard Dawkins"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522014546/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4c_CrQzUGw |date=May 22, 2014 }} University of Puebla, November 9, 2013, 26:23 mins.
* Also see Deepak Chopra, [[Menas Kafatos]], [[Rudolph E. Tanzi]], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/from-quanta-to-qualia_b_1948416.html "From Quanta to Qualia: The Mystery of Reality (Part 1)"], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/from-quanta-to-qualia-wha_b_1966954.html "(Part 2)"], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/from-quanta-to-qualia-the_b_2038207.html "(Part 3)"], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/from-quanta-to-qualia-the-mystery-of-reality_b_2118820.html "(Part 4)"], ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', October 8, 15, 29 and November 12, 2012.</ref> He has been quoted as saying: "[[Charles Darwin]] was wrong. Consciousness is key to evolution and we will soon prove that."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-conclave-2015/story/india-today-conclave-2015-deepak-chopra-motivation-guru-author-darwin-244202-2015-03-13|title=India Today Conclave 2015: Darwin was wrong, says Deepak Chopra|date=March 13, 2015|work=India Today}} As quoted by {{cite web|url=http://ncse.com/blog/2015/04/why-does-deepak-chopra-hate-me-0016257|title=Why Does Deepak Chopra Hate Me?|date=April 8, 2015|author=Steve Newton|work=NCSE blog}} As quoted by {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2015/05/20/deepak-chopra-blasts-scientist-who-criticized-his-view-of-evolution-the-scientist-fires-back/|title=Deepak Chopra blasts scientist who criticized his view of evolution. The scientist fires back.|date=May 20, 2015|author=Valerie Strauss|work=The Washington Post (blog)}}</ref> He opposes [[Reductionism|reductionist]] thinking in science and medicine, arguing that we can trace the physical structure of the body down to the molecular level and still have no explanation for beliefs, desires, memory and creativity.<ref>Deepak Chopra and [[Leonard Mlodinow]], ''War of the Worldviews'', Random House, 2011, p. 123.</ref> In his book ''Quantum Healing'', Chopra stated the conclusion that [[quantum entanglement]] links everything in the universe, and therefore it must create consciousness.<ref name=dnews>{{cite news|last1=O'Neill|first1=Ian|title=Does Quantum Theory Explain Consciousness?|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/does-quantum-theory-explain-consciousness-110526.htm|access-date=August 11, 2014|work=Discovery News|publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC|date=May 26, 2011|archive-date=August 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813085440/http://news.discovery.com/space/does-quantum-theory-explain-consciousness-110526.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Claims of quantum consciousness are, however, disputed by scientists arguing that quantum effects have no effect in systems on the macro-level systems (i.e., the brain).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stenger|first=Victor|author-link=Victor J. Stenger|title=The Unconscious Quantum|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1995|isbn=978-1-57392-022-3|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shermer|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Shermer|title=The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies – How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths|publisher=Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8050-9125-0|pages=177–178}}</ref>

===Approach to health care {{anchor|Quantum healing}}===
[[File:Deepak Chopra 2006 C.jpg|thumb|Deepak Chopra at a book signing in 2006]]
Chopra argues that everything that happens in the mind and brain is physically represented elsewhere in the body, with mental states (thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memories) directly influencing [[Human body#Physiology|physiology]] through [[neurotransmitter]]s such as [[dopamine]], [[oxytocin]], and [[serotonin]]. He has stated, "Your mind, your body and your consciousness{{Snd}} which is your spirit{{Snd}} and your social interactions, your personal relationships, your environment, how you deal with the environment, and your biology are all inextricably woven into a single process ... By influencing one, you influence everything."<ref>Deepak Chopra, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0IOf08pTRc "Deepak Chopra Meditation"], YouTube, December 10, 2012.</ref>

Chopra and physicians at the Chopra Center practice [[integrative medicine]], combining the [[medical model]] of conventional Western medicine with alternative therapies such as [[yoga]], [[mindfulness meditation]], and [[Ayurveda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Deepak Chopra and the Chopra Center|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/deepak_chopra.htm|publisher=ReligionFacts.com|access-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Oprah Winfrey & Deepak Chopra Launch All-New Meditation Experience 'Expanding Your Happiness'|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Oprah-Winfrey-Deepak-Chopra-Launch-All-New-Meditation-Experience-Expanding-Your-Happiness-20140714|website=Broadway World|access-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref> According to Ayurveda, illness is caused by an imbalance in the patient's ''[[dosha]]s'', or [[Humorism|humors]], and is treated with diet, exercise, and meditative practices<ref>For imbalance, see {{harvnb|Baer|2004|p=128}}; for the rest, Chopra 2009 [1989], pp. 222–224, 234ff.</ref>{{Snd}} based on the [[evidence-based medicine|medical evidence]] there is, however, nothing in Ayurvedic medicine is known to be effective at treating disease, and some preparations may be actively harmful, although meditation may be useful in promoting general well-being.<ref name=cruk>{{cite web |title=Ayurvedic medicine |publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]] |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/ayurvedic-medicine |quote=There is no scientific evidence to prove that Ayurvedic medicine can treat or cure cancer or any other disease.|date=August 30, 2017 }}</ref>

In discussing health care, Chopra has used the term "quantum healing", which he defined in ''Quantum Healing'' (1989) as the "ability of one mode of consciousness (the mind) to spontaneously correct the mistakes in another mode of consciousness (the body)".<ref>Chopra 2009 [1989], pp. 15, 241; Deepak Chopra, [https://www.chopra.com/ccl/healing-wisdom "Healing wisdom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041812/https://www.chopra.com/ccl/healing-wisdom |date=May 21, 2014 }}, The Chopra Center, June 12, 2013.
* That he uses the term "quantum healing" as a metaphor, see Richard Dawkins, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsH1U7zSp7k "Interview with Chopra"], ''The Enemies of Reason'', [http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-enemies-of-reason Channel 4 (UK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108064020/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-enemies-of-reason |date=January 8, 2017 }}, 2007, 01:16 mins.</ref> This attempted to wed the Maharishi's version of Ayurvedic medicine with concepts from physics, an example of what cultural historian Kenneth Zysk called "New Age Ayurveda".<ref>[[Suzanne Newcombe]], "Ayurvedic Medicine in Britain and the Epistemology of Practicing Medicine in Good Faith", in Smith and Wujastyk 2008, pp. 263–264; Kenneth Zysk, "New Age Ayurveda or what happens to Indian medicine when it comes to America", ''Traditional South Asian Medicine'', 6, 2001, pp. 10–26. Also see Francoise Jeannotat, "Maharishi Ayur-veda", in Smith and Wujastyk 2008, p. 285ff.</ref> The book introduces Chopra's view that a person's thoughts and feelings give rise to all cellular processes.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1056/NEJM198912143212426|title = Book Review ''Quantum'' Healing: Exploring the frontiers of mind/body medicine| journal=New England Journal of Medicine| volume=321| issue=24| pages=1688|year = 1989|last1 = Zamarra|first1 = John W.}}</ref>

Chopra coined the term ''quantum healing'' to invoke the idea of a process whereby a person's health "imbalance" is corrected by [[quantum mechanical]] means. Chopra said that quantum phenomena are responsible for health and well-being. He has attempted to integrate Ayurveda, a traditional Indian system of medicine, with quantum mechanics to justify his teachings. According to [[Robert Todd Carroll|Robert Carroll]], he "charges $25,000 per lecture performance, where he spouts a few platitudes and gives spiritual advice while warning against the ill effects of materialism".<ref name="skepdic-web" /> While early editions of Chopra's book ''Quantum Healing'' acknowledged the influence of Maharishi and recommended his books, later editions expunged any mention of Maharishi.<ref name=hassani/>

Chopra has equated [[spontaneous remission]] in cancer to a change in a quantum state, corresponding to a jump to "a new [[level of consciousness]] that prohibits the existence of cancer". Physics professor [[Robert L. Park]] has written that physicists "wince" at the "New Age quackery" in Chopra's cancer theories and characterizes them as a cruel fiction, since adopting them in place of effective treatment risks compounding the ill effects of the disease with guilt and might rule out the prospect of getting a genuine cure.<ref name=AshmanBarringer2005>{{cite book|editor1-first=Keith|editor1-last=Ashman|editor1-link=Keith M. Ashman|editor2-first=Phillip|editor2-last=Barringer|title=After the Science Wars: Science and the Study of Science|chapter=Chapter 9: Voodoo medicine in a scientific world|first=Robert L.|last=Park|author-link=Robert L. Park|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XImEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-61618-3|pages=137–}}</ref>

Chopra's claims of quantum healing have attracted controversy due to what has been described as a "systematic misinterpretation" of modern [[physics]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cox |first=Brian|author-link=Brian Cox (physicist)|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/02/20/why-quantum-theory-is-so-misunderstood/ |title=Why Quantum Theory Is So Misunderstood{{Snd}} Speakeasy |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=February 20, 2012 |access-date=December 15, 2012}}</ref> Chopra's connections between quantum mechanics and alternative medicine are widely regarded in the scientific community as being invalid. The main criticism revolves around the fact that [[macroscopic]] objects are too large to exhibit inherently quantum properties like [[quantum interference|interference]] and [[wave function collapse]]. Most literature on quantum healing is almost entirely [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophical]], omitting the rigorous mathematics that makes [[quantum electrodynamics]] possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aske-skeptics.org.uk/magic_of_quantum_physics.html |title='Magic' of Quantum Physics |publisher=Aske-skeptics.org.uk |access-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-date=April 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402081735/http://www.aske-skeptics.org.uk/magic_of_quantum_physics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Physicists have objected to Chopra's use of terms from quantum physics. For example, he was awarded the satirical [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in physics in 1998 for "his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness".{{sfn|Park|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XImEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}<ref name=Quackery>{{cite journal | author=Victor J. Stenger | author-link=Victor J. Stenger | title=Quantum Quackery | url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/quantum_quackery | journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]| year=2007 | volume=27 | issue=1 | page=37 | bibcode=2005SciAm.292a..34S | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0105-34 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize | url=http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1998 | work=Improbable Research | access-date=December 1, 2008 | archive-date=August 30, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830181439/http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1998 | url-status=dead }}
* [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]] says that "for some scientists, the unfortunate distortion and misappropriation of scientific ideas that often accompanies their integration into popular culture is an unacceptable price to pay". See {{harvnb|Cox|2012}}
* The main criticism revolves around the fact that [[macroscopic]] objects are too large to exhibit inherently quantum properties like [[quantum interference|interference]] and [[wave function collapse]]. Most literature on quantum healing is almost entirely [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophical]], omitting the rigorous mathematics that makes [[quantum electrodynamics]] possible. See {{cite web|url=http://www.aske-skeptics.org.uk/magic_of_quantum_physics.html|author=Doug Bramwell|title='Magic' of Quantum Physics|publisher=Association for Skeptical Enquiry|access-date=December 15, 2012|archive-date=April 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402081735/http://www.aske-skeptics.org.uk/magic_of_quantum_physics.html|url-status=dead|ref=none}}</ref> When Chopra and [[Jean Houston]] debated [[Sam Harris]] and [[Michael Shermer]] in 2010 on the question "Does God Have a Future?", Harris argued that Chopra's use of "spooky physics" merges two [[Language-game (philosophy)|language games]] in a "completely unprincipled way".<ref name=Nightline /> Interviewed in 2007 by [[Richard Dawkins]], Chopra said that he used the term ''quantum'' as a metaphor when discussing healing and that it had little to do with quantum theory in physics.<ref>[[Richard Dawkins]], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsH1U7zSp7k "Interview with Chopra"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509123910/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsH1U7zSp7k |date=May 9, 2014 }} ''[[The Enemies of Reason]]'', [[Channel 4]] (UK). {{Cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-enemies-of-reason |title=The Enemies of Reason - All 4 |access-date=September 3, 2013 |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108064020/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-enemies-of-reason |url-status=dead }}, 2007</ref><ref name=PlaysGod />

Chopra wrote in 2000 that his [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] patients were combining mainstream medicine with activities based on Ayurveda, including taking herbs, meditation, and yoga.<ref>Dann Dulin, [http://www.danndulin.com/deepakchopra.html "The Medicine Man"], interview with Deepak Chopra, ''A&U magazine'', 2000.</ref> He acknowledges that AIDS is caused by the [[HIV virus]] but says that "'hearing' the virus in its vicinity, the DNA mistakes it for a friendly or compatible sound". Ayurveda uses vibrations that are said to correct this supposed sound distortion.<ref>Chopra 2009 [1989], pp. 37, 237, 239–241.</ref> Medical professor Lawrence Schneiderman writes that Chopra's treatment has "to put it mildly...no supporting empirical data".<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=12964263|year=2003|author=Lawrence J. Schneiderman|s2cid=43786245|title=The (Alternative) Medicalization of Life|volume=31|issue=2|pages=191–7|journal=Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics |doi=10.1111/j.1748-720X.2003.tb00080.x}}</ref>

In 2001, [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] aired a show segment on the topic of [[distance healing]] and prayer.<ref name=Wanjek2003 /> In it, Chopra said, "There is a realm of reality that goes beyond the physical where in fact we can influence each other from a distance."<ref name=Wanjek2003 /> Chopra was shown using his claimed mental powers in an attempt to relax a person in another room, whose [[vital signs]] were recorded in charts that were said to show a correspondence between Chopra's periods of concentration and the subject's periods of relaxation.<ref name=Wanjek2003 /> After the show, a poll of its viewers found that 90% of them believed in distance healing.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Posner |first=Gary P |year=2001 |title=Hardly a Prayer on ABC's 20/20 Downtown |url=https://www.gpposner.com/downtown.html |url-status=live |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106053801/https://www.gpposner.com/downtown.html |archive-date=November 6, 2023}}</ref> Health and science journalist [[Christopher Wanjek]] has criticized the experiment, saying that any correspondence evident from the charts would prove nothing but that even so, freezing the frame of the video shows the correspondences are not so close as claimed. Wanjek characterized the broadcast as "an instructive example of how bad medicine is presented as exciting news" that has "a dependence on unusual or sensational science results that others in the scientific community renounce as unsound".<ref name=Wanjek2003>{{cite book|first=Christopher |last=Wanjek |title=Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O |series=Wiley Bad Science Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIJ5TKh7mPgC&pg=PA224|year=2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-46315-3 |pages=224– |author-link=Christopher Wanjek |access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref>

===Alternative medicine===
{{See also|Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health}}
[[File:Deepak Chopra at SXSW London June 2025.jpg|thumb|Chopra at [[South by Southwest London|SXSW London]] in June 2025]]
Chopra has been described as "America's most prominent spokesman for Ayurveda".<ref name=informed /> His treatments benefit from the [[placebo response]].<ref name=Gamel2008 /> Chopra states, "The placebo effect is real medicine, because it triggers the body's healing system."<ref name=Chopra2012SFC>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/chopra/article/I-Will-Not-Be-Pleased-Your-Health-and-the-3798901.php|title=I Will Not Be Pleased{{Snd}} Your Health and the Nocebo Effect|last=Deepak|first=Deepak|date=October 17, 2012 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> Physician and former [[Flight surgeon|U.S. Air Force flight surgeon]] [[Harriet A. Hall|Harriet Hall]] has criticized Chopra for his promotion of Ayurveda, stating, "It can be dangerous," referring to studies showing that 64% of Ayurvedic remedies sold in India are contaminated with significant amounts of heavy metals like mercury, arsenic, and cadmium and a 2015 study of users in the United States who found elevated blood lead levels in 40% of those tested.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hall|first1=Harriet|title=Ayurveda: Ancient Superstition, Not Ancient Wisdom|url=https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/ayurveda_ancient_superstition_not_ancient_wisdom|website=Skeptical Inquirer|access-date=February 1, 2018|date=December 14, 2017}}</ref>

Chopra has metaphorically described the AIDS virus as emitting "a sound that lures the DNA to its destruction". The condition can be treated, according to Chopra, with "Ayurveda's primordial sound".<ref name=aids /> Taking issue with this view, medical professor Lawrence Schneiderman has said that ethical issues are raised when alternative medicine is not based on empirical evidence and that, "to put it mildly, Dr. Chopra proposes a treatment and prevention program for AIDS that has no supporting empirical data".<ref name=aids>{{cite journal|pmid=12964263|year=2003|last1=Schneiderman|first1=LJ|s2cid=43786245|title=The (alternative) medicalization of life|volume=31|issue=2|pages=191–7|journal=Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics |doi=10.1111/j.1748-720X.2003.tb00080.x}}</ref>

He is placed by [[David Gorski]] among the "quacks", "cranks", and "purveyors of woo" and described as "arrogantly obstinate".<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepak Chopra tries his hand at a clinical trial. Woo ensues |author=[[David Gorski]]|url=http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2014/09/16/deepak-chopra-tries-his-hand-at-a-clinical-trial-woo-ensues/ |access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> In 2013, ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that Deepak Chopra is "the controversial New Age guru and booster of alternative medicine".<ref name=Kaufman2013 /> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine stated that he is "the poet-prophet of alternative medicine".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2016-mar-stephen-dare-interviews-deepak-chopra|title=Stephen Dare Interviews Deepak Chopra|last=Dare|first=Stephen|date=March 15, 2016|work=[[Metro Jacksonville]]}}</ref> He has become one of the best-known and wealthiest figures in the holistic-health movement.<ref name=Gamel2008>{{cite journal|last=Gamel|first=John W.|url=https://www.jwgamel.com/hokum-on-the-rise-the-seventy-percent-solution|title=Hokum on the Rise: The 70-Percent Solution|journal=The Antioch Review|volume=66|issue=1|year=2008|page=130|quote=It seems appropriate that Chopra and legions of his ilk should now populate the halls of academic medicine, since they carry on the placebo-dominated traditions long ago established in those very halls by their progenitors|access-date=June 14, 2023|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120014/http://jwgamel.com/p8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' argued that his publishers have used his medical degree on the covers of his books as a way to promote the books and buttress their claims.<ref name=LLC1995>{{cite magazine|title=The Mind–Body Problems|magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|author=Elise Pettus|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q-MCAAAAMBAJ|access-date=December 16, 2014|date=August 14, 1995|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q-MCAAAAMBAJ/page/n92 95ff]|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1999, ''Time'' magazine included Chopra on its list of the 20th century's heroes and icons.<ref>For ''Time'', Peter Rowe, "Truly, madly, deeply Deepak Chopra", ''[[U-T San Diego]]'', May 3, 2014, [http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/May/03/truly-madly-deepak-chopra p. 1] </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepak Chopra, Author at Integral Life |url=https://integrallife.com/author/deepak-chopra/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Integral Life |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cosmo Landesman]] wrote in 2005 that Chopra was "hardly a man now, more a lucrative new age brand{{Snd}} the [[David Beckham]] of personal/spiritual growth".<ref>{{cite news|last=Landesman|first=Cosmo|author-link=Cosmo Landesman|url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/celebrity/article/theres-an-easy-way-to-save-the-world-xq6mdc0wqs5|title=There's an easy way to save the world|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|location=London|date=May 8, 2005|access-date=November 10, 2017}} {{subscription required}}</ref> For [[Timothy Caulfield]], Chopra is an example of someone using scientific language to promote treatments that are not grounded in science: "[Chopra] legitimizes these ideas that have no scientific basis at all, and makes them sound scientific. He really is a fountain of meaningless jargon."<ref name=cbc1>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/deepak-chopra-timothy-caulfield-twitter-1.3953538|title=Deepak Chopra, Timothy Caulfield end Twitter feud|date=January 26, 2017|work=[[CBC News]]|access-date=November 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114220802/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/deepak-chopra-timothy-caulfield-twitter-1.3953538|archive-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> A 2008 ''Time'' magazine article by [[Ptolemy Tompkins]] commented that Chopra was a "magnet for criticism" for most of his career, and most of it was from the medical and scientific professionals.<ref name=Tompkins2008 /> Opinions ranged from the "dismissive" to the "outright damning".<ref name=Tompkins2008 /> Chopra's claims for the effectiveness of alternative medicine can, some have argued, lure sick people away from [[medical treatment]].<ref name=Tompkins2008 /> Tompkins, however, considered Chopra a "beloved" individual whose basic messages centered on "love, health and happiness" had made him rich because of their popular appeal.<ref name=Tompkins2008>{{cite magazine |last=Tompkins |first=Ptolemy |author-link=Ptolemy Tompkins |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,402038,00.html |title=New Age Supersage |date=November 14, 2008 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|quote=Ever since his early days as an advocate of alternative healing and nutrition, Chopra has been a magnet for criticism—most of it from the medical and scientific communities. Accusations have ranged from the dismissive—Chopra is just another huckster purveying watered-down Eastern wisdom mixed with pseudo science and pop psychology—to the outright damning. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412104650/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C402038%2C00.html |archive-date=April 12, 2009 }}</ref> English professor George O'Har argues that Chopra exemplifies the need of human beings for meaning and spirit in their lives, and places what he calls Chopra's "sophistries" alongside the emotivism of [[Oprah Winfrey]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/tech.2000.0174 |title=Magic in the Machine Age |year=2000 |author=George M. O'Har|s2cid=110355126 |journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=41 |issue=4 |page=864|jstor=25147641}}</ref> [[Paul Kurtz]] writes that Chopra's "regnant spirituality" is reinforced by [[Postmodern philosophy|postmodern]] criticism of the notion of objectivity in science, while [[Wendy Kaminer]] equates Chopra's views with irrational belief systems such as [[New Thought]], [[Christian Science]], and [[Scientology]].<ref>[[Paul Kurtz]], ''Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm'', Transaction Publishers, 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=q34zdaoq0xIC&pg=PA110 p. 110]</ref><ref name=Kaminer>{{cite journal| title=The Corrosion of the American Mind| author=Wendy Kaminer| author-link=Wendy Kaminer| journal=[[The Wilson Quarterly]]| volume=32| issue=2|date=Spring 2008|page=92 (91–94)|jstor=40262377|quote=Then came Scientology, the 'science' of positive thinking, and, more recently, New Age healer Deepak Chopra's nonsensical references to quantum physics.}} [https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/spring-2008-backbone-infrastructure-for-americas-future/the-corrosion-of-the-american-mind/ Text at ''Wilson Quarterly'']</ref>

===Aging===
Chopra believes that "ageing is simply learned behaviour" that can be slowed or prevented.<ref name=mumbo>{{cite news |title=Junk medicine; The triumph of mumbo jumbo |type=Book review |first=Mark |last=Henderson |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=February 7, 2004 |page=4}}</ref> Chopra has said that he expects "to live way beyond 100".<ref name="Wheen2005">{{cite book|author=Francis Wheen|title=How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered the World: A Short History of Modern Delusions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFjebcPiBdwC&pg=PA46|year= 2005|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-0-7867-2352-2|pages=46–}}</ref> He states that "by consciously using our awareness, we can influence the way we age biologically...You can tell your body not to age."<ref>[[Joe Schwarcz|Schwarcz, Joe]] (2009) ''Science, Sense & Nonsense'', Doubleday Canada. {{ISBN|978-0307374646}}. p153.</ref> Conversely, Chopra also says that aging can be accelerated, for example by a person engaging in "cynical mistrust".<ref name=LoI>{{cite journal |journal=Forbes |title=Lord of immortality |type=Book review |year=1994 |last=Moukheiber |first=Zina |volume=153 |issue=8 |page=132}}</ref> [[Robert Todd Carroll]] has characterized Chopra's promotion of lengthened life as a selling of "hope" that seems to be "a false hope based on an unscientific imagination steeped in mysticism and cheerily dispensed gibberish".<ref name="skepdic-web">{{citation |url=http://www.skepdic.com/chopra.html |work=[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]] |first=Robert Todd |last=Carroll |author-link=Robert Todd Carroll |title=Deepak Chopra |date=May 19, 2013 }}</ref>

===Spirituality and religion===
Chopra has likened the universe to a "reality sandwich" which has three layers: the "material" world, a "quantum" zone of matter and energy, and a "virtual" zone outside of time and space, which is the domain of God, and from which God can direct the other layers. Chopra has written that human beings' brains are "hardwired to know God" and that the functions of the [[human nervous system]] mirror divine experience.<ref name=god>{{cite journal |title=God as best seller: Deepak Chopra, Neal Walsch and New Age theology |author=Lois Malcolm |journal=The Christian Century |volume=120 |issue=19 |year=2003 |page=31}} ''commenting on'' {{cite book|author=Deepak Chopra|title=How To Know God|year= 2008|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4090-2220-6}}</ref> Chopra has written that his thinking has been inspired by [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], a 20th-century speaker and writer on philosophical and spiritual subjects.<ref>{{cite book | title=Krishnamurti: 100 Years | last=Blau | first=Evelyne | page=[https://archive.org/details/krishnamurti100y00blau/page/233 233] | publisher=Stewart, Tabori, & Chang | year= 1995 | isbn=978-1-55670-407-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/krishnamurti100y00blau/page/233 }}</ref>

In 2012, reviewing ''[[War of the Worldviews]]''{{snds}}a book co-authored by Chopra and [[Leonard Mlodinow]] – physics professor Mark Alford says that the work is set out as a debate between the two authors, "[covering] all the big questions: cosmology, life and evolution, the mind and brain, and God". Alford considers the two sides of the debate a false opposition and says that "the counterpoint to Chopra's speculations is not science, with its complicated structure of facts, theories, and hypotheses", but rather [[Occam's razor]].<ref name="Alford">{{cite journal|title=Is science the antidote to Deepak Chopra's spirituality? |first=Mark |last=Alford |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=2012 |page=54 |url=http://alford.fastmail.us/Chopra_Mlodinow_SI.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184137/http://alford.fastmail.us/Chopra_Mlodinow_SI.html |archive-date=November 5, 2012 }}</ref>

In August 2005, Chopra wrote a series of articles on the [[creation–evolution controversy]] and [[Intelligent design]], which were criticized by science writer [[Michael Shermer]], founder of [[The Skeptics Society]].<ref name="ChopEin">{{cite news | last=Chopra | first=Deepak | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/intelligent-design-withou_b_6105.html | title=Intelligent Design Without the Bible |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| date=August 23, 2005|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last= Shermer | first= Michael|author-link=Michael Shermer| url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-shermer/skyhooks-and-cranes-deep_b_6179.html | title=Skyhooks and Cranes: Deepak Chopra, George W. Bush, and Intelligent Design |work=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=November 30, 2008|date=March 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Chopra|first=Deepak|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/rescuing-intelligent-desi_b_6164.html|title=Rescuing Intelligent Design{{Snd}} But from Whom?|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=August 24, 2005|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> In 2010, Shermer said that Chopra is "the very definition of what we mean by pseudoscience".<ref name=Nightline />

===Position on skepticism===
[[Paul Kurtz]], an American [[Scientific skepticism|skeptic]] and [[Secular humanism|secular humanist]], has written that the popularity of Chopra's views is associated with increasing anti-scientific attitudes in society, and such popularity represents an assault on the objectivity of science itself by seeking new, alternative forms of validation for ideas. Kurtz says that medical claims must always be submitted to open-minded but proper scrutiny, and that skepticism "has its work cut out for it".<ref name=kurtz>{{cite book|author=Paul Kurtz|title=Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q34zdaoq0xIC&pg=PA110|year=2001|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3411-7|page=110|author-link=Paul Kurtz|access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, Chopra published an article on what he saw as "skepticism" at work in Wikipedia, arguing that a "stubborn band of militant skeptics" were editing articles to prevent what he believes would be a fair representation of the views of such figures as [[Rupert Sheldrake]], an author, lecturer, and researcher in [[parapsychology]]. The result, Chopra argued, was that the encyclopedia's readers were denied the opportunity to read of attempts to "expand science beyond its conventional boundaries".<ref name=coyne>{{cite magazine|first=Jerry A|last=Coyne|author-link=Jerry Coyne|title=Pseudoscientist Rupert Sheldrake Is Not Being Persecuted, And Is Not Like Galileo|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=November 8, 2013|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/115533/rupert-sheldrake-fools-bbc-deepak-chopra}}</ref> The biologist [[Jerry Coyne]] responded, saying that it was instead Chopra who was losing out as his views were being "exposed as a lot of scientifically-sounding [[psychobabble]]".<ref name=coyne />

More broadly, Chopra has attacked skepticism as a whole, writing in ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' that "No skeptic, to my knowledge, ever made a major scientific discovery or advanced the welfare of others."<ref name=perils>{{cite web |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |first=Deepak |last=Chopra |title=The Perils of Skepticism |date=November 30, 2009|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/the-perils-of-skepticism_b_373788.html |access-date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> Astronomer [[Phil Plait]] said this statement trembled "on the very edge of being a blatant and gross lie", listing [[Carl Sagan]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Stephen Jay Gould]], and [[Edward Jenner]] among the "thousands of scientists [who] are skeptics", who he said were counterexamples to Chopra's statement.<ref name=plait>{{cite journal |title=Deepak Chopra: redefining 'wrong' |author-link=Phil Plait |first=Phil |last=Plait |date=December 1, 2009 |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/12/01/deepak-chopra-redefining-wrong/ |journal=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |access-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303180324/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/12/01/deepak-chopra-redefining-wrong/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Misuse of scientific terminology===
{{See also|Quantum mysticism}}

Physicist Sadri Hassani writes that "few people have distorted and defaced quantum physics more" than Chopra. Hassani recounts how Chopra co-opts the language of quantum mechanics and uses nonsensical diagrams to advance absurd propositions about the relation between science and [[Ayurvedic medicine]].<ref name=hassani>{{cite book |vauthors=Hassani S |year=2024 |chapter=The 'Quantum' Healer |title=Quanta in Distress |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-65259-2_8}}</ref>

Reviewing [[Susan Jacoby]]'s book ''The Age of American Unreason'', [[Wendy Kaminer]] sees Chopra's popular reception in the US as symptomatic of many Americans' historical inability (as Jacoby puts it) "to distinguish between real scientists and those who peddled theories in the guise of science". Chopra's "nonsensical references to quantum physics" are placed in a lineage of American religious [[pseudoscience]], extending back through [[Scientology]] to [[Christian Science]].<ref name=Kaminer /> Physics professor [[Chad Orzel]] has written that "to a physicist, Chopra's babble about 'energy fields' and 'congealing quantum soup' presents as utter gibberish", but that Chopra makes enough references to [[technical terminology]] to convince non-scientists that he understands physics.<ref name="orzel">{{cite web|url=http://scienceblogs.com/principles/2013/10/11/malcolm-gladwell-is-deepak-chopra|title=Malcolm Gladwell Is Deepak Chopra|last=Orzel|first=Chad|date=October 11, 2013|publisher=[[ScienceBlogs]]|access-date=October 13, 2013}}</ref> English professor George O'Har writes that Chopra is an exemplification of the fact that human beings need "magic" in their lives, and places "the sophistries of Chopra" alongside the emotivism of [[Oprah Winfrey]], the special effects and logic of ''[[Star Trek]]'', and the magic of ''[[Harry Potter]]''.<ref name="OHar2000">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/tech.2000.0174 |title=Magic in the Machine Age |year=2000 |last1=O'Har |first1=George M |s2cid=110355126 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=862–864}}</ref>

Chopra has been criticized for his frequent references to the relationship of [[quantum mechanics]] to [[healing]] processes, a connection that has drawn skepticism from physicists who say it can be considered as contributing to the general confusion in the popular press regarding [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|quantum measurement]], [[decoherence]] and the [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] [[uncertainty principle]].<ref name=Quackery /> In 1998, Chopra was awarded the satirical [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in physics for "his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness".<ref>{{cite web | title=Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize | url=http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1998 | work=Improbable Research | access-date=December 1, 2008 | archive-date=August 30, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830181439/http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1998 | url-status=dead }}</ref> When interviewed by ethologist and evolutionary biologist [[Richard Dawkins]] in the [[Channel 4]] (UK) documentary ''[[The Enemies of Reason]]'', Chopra said that he used the term "quantum physics" as "a metaphor" and that it had little to do with quantum theory in physics.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Enemies of Reason |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-enemies-of-reason |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108064020/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-enemies-of-reason |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2010, Chopra and [[Jean Houston]] debated [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]] and [[Michael Shermer]] at the [[California Institute of Technology]] on the question "Does God Have a Future?" Shermer and Harris criticized Chopra's use of scientific terminology to expound unrelated spiritual concepts.<ref name=Nightline>{{cite episode|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/FaceOff/nightline-face-off-god-future/story?id=10170505 |title=Face-Off: Does God Have a Future|network=ABC|air-date=March 23, 2010|access-date=July 9, 2010|series=Nightline|season=30|number=58|transcript=Transcript from the Internet Archive|transcript-url=https://archive.org/details/WMAR_20100324_033500_Nightline}}</ref> A 2015 paper examining "the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit" used Chopra's Twitter feed as the canonical example, and compared this with fake Chopra quotes generated by a spoof website.<ref name="Indie-Bullshit">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/scientists-find-a-link-between-low-intelligence-and-acceptance-of-pseudo-profound-bulls-a6757731.html | title=Scientists find a link between low intelligence and acceptance of 'pseudo-profound bulls***' |work=[[The Independent]]| date=December 4, 2015 | access-date=December 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="HuffPo-Bullshit">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pseudo-intellectual-profound-bullshit-study_5661acb4e4b079b2818e4020 | title=Study Finds People Who Fall For Nonsense Inspirational Quotes Are Less Intelligent |work=[[The Huffington Post]]| date=December 4, 2015 | access-date=December 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Pennycook2015">{{cite journal |last=Pennycook |first=Gordon |author-link=Gordon Pennycook |display-authors=et al. |date=November 2015 |title=On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit |url=http://journal.sjdm.org/15/15923a/jdm15923a.html |journal=Judgment and Decision Making |location=Pennsylvania |publisher=Society for Judgment and Decision Making (SJDM) and the European Association for Decision Making (EADM) |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=549–563 |doi=10.1017/S1930297500006999 |s2cid=16505606 |access-date=December 3, 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Yoga===
In April 2010, [[Aseem Shukla]], co-founder of the [[Hindu American Foundation]], criticized Chopra for suggesting that [[yoga]] did not have its origins in [[Hinduism]] but in an older Indian spiritual tradition.<ref name="Honor thy heritage">{{cite news|last=Shukla|first=Aseem|author-link=Aseem Shukla|url=http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/aseem_shukla/2010/04/dr_chopra_honor_thy_heritage.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430212518/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/aseem_shukla/2010/04/dr_chopra_honor_thy_heritage.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 30, 2010|title=Dr. Chopra: Honor thy heritage|date=April 28, 2010|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 18, 2011}}</ref> Chopra later said that yoga was rooted in "consciousness alone" expounded by Vedic [[rishi]]s long before historic Hinduism ever arose. He said that Shukla had a "fundamentalist agenda". Shukla responded by saying Chopra was an exponent of the art of "How to Deconstruct, Repackage and Sell Hindu Philosophy Without Calling it Hindu!", and he said Chopra's mentioning of fundamentalism was an attempt to divert the debate.<ref name="Honor thy heritage" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Shukla |first=Aseem|author-link=Aseem Shukla|url=http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/aseem_shukla/2010/04/hinduism_and_sanatana_dharma_one_and_the_same.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503214936/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/aseem_shukla/2010/04/hinduism_and_sanatana_dharma_one_and_the_same.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 3, 2010 |title=On Faith Panelists Blog: Hinduism and Sanatana Dharma: One and the same |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=July 9, 2010}}</ref>

==Legal actions==
In May 1991, the ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]'' (''JAMA'') published an article by Chopra and two others on Ayurvedic medicine and TM.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1817464 |doi= 10.1001/jama.265.20.2633 | title=Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern insights into ancient medicine |date=May 22, 1991 |author=Hari M. Sharma | author2 = B. D. Triguna | author3 = Deepak Chopra |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=265 |issue=20 |pages=2633–4, 2637}}</ref> ''JAMA'' subsequently published an erratum stating that the lead author, Hari M. Sharma, had undisclosed financial interests, followed by an article by ''JAMA'' associate editor [[Andrew A. Skolnick]] which was highly critical of Chopra and the other authors for failing to disclose their financial connections to the article subject.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Financial Disclosure|journal=[[JAMA]]|volume=266 |issue=6 |page=798 |doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03470060060025 |date=August 14, 1991 }}; {{cite journal |pmid=1817475 |url=http://www.aaskolnick.com/mav.htm |date=October 2, 1991 |author=[[Andrew A. Skolnick]]|title=Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect health' |volume=266 |issue=13 |pages=1741–1750 |journal=[[JAMA]]|doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03470130017003 |access-date=August 10, 2013 |archive-date=May 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074455/http://www.aaskolnick.com/mav.htm |url-status=usurped |url-access=subscription }}.
* Also see {{cite journal |author=[[Andrew A. Skolnick]]|title=The Maharhish Caper: Or How to Hoodwink Top Medical Journals |url=http://www.aaskolnick.com/naswmav.htm |journal=[[ScienceWriters]]|date=Fall 1991 |access-date=December 15, 2005|ref=none|archive-date=July 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716041551/http://www.aaskolnick.com/naswmav.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Several experts on meditation and traditional Indian medicine criticized ''JAMA'' for accepting the "shoddy science" of the original article.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=1925571|date=October 11, 1991|author1=Robert Barnett |author2=Cathy Sears |title=JAMA gets into an Indian herbal jam|volume=254|issue=5029|pages=188–189|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.1925571|jstor=2885745|bibcode=1991Sci...254..188B}}</ref> Chopra and two TM groups sued Skolnick and ''JAMA'' for defamation, asking for $194 million in damages, but the case was dismissed in March 1993.<ref>{{harvnb|Pettus|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}}; {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/18/magazine/deepak-s-days-in-court.html |title=Deepak's Days in Court |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 18, 1996}}</ref>

After Chopra published his book, ''Ageless Body, Timeless Mind'' (1993), he was sued for [[copyright infringement]] by [[Robert Sapolsky]] for having used, without proper attribution, "five passages of text and one table" displaying information on the [[endocrinology]] of [[stress (biology)|stress]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazak |first=Don |url=http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/monthly/1997_Mar_5.book_talk.html |title=matDon Kazak, "Book Talk", ''Time'' (March 5, 1997) |publisher=paloaltoonline.com |date=March 5, 1997|access-date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> An out-of-court settlement resulted in Chopra correctly attributing material that was researched by Sapolsky.<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-mind-body/articleshow/37759314.cms|title=The Mind-Body|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=April 15, 2001|access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref>

==Select bibliography==
According to publishers [[HarperCollins]], Chopra has written more than 80 books which have been translated into more than 43 languages, including numerous [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' bestsellers]] in both fiction and nonfiction categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/deepak-chopra|title=Deepak Chopra|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> His book ''[[The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success]]'' was on ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list<ref>{{cite news|last=Presley Noble|first=Barbara|title=Spending it: off the Shelf; Habits of Highly Effective Authors|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/02/business/spending-it-off-the-shelf-habits-of-highly-effective-authors.html|access-date=December 15, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 2, 1995}}</ref> for 72 weeks.<ref>{{cite book|last=McGee|first=Micki|title=Self-Help, Inc.: Makeover Culture in American Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SntPAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|access-date=December 15, 2014|year= 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988368-4|pages=71–}}</ref>

'''Books'''
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Creating Health|year=1987|url=https://archive.org/details/creatinghealthbe00chop|url-access=registration|place=New York|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-42953-2|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Quantum Healing|year=1989|place=New York|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=978-0-553-05368-5|url=https://archive.org/details/quantumhealingex00chop_0|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Perfect Health|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=0517571951|year=1990|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Return of the Rishi: A Doctor's Story of Spiritual Transformation and Ayurvedic Healing|place=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-57420-1|year=1991|url=https://archive.org/details/returnofrishidoc00chop|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Ageless Body Timeless Mind|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-517-59257-1|year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/agelessboel00chop|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success|url=https://archive.org/details/sevenspiritualla00choprich|url-access=registration|place=San Rafael|publisher=Amber Allen Publishing and New World Library|isbn=978-1-878424-11-2|year=1994|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Return of Merlin|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-517-59849-8|year=1995|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Way of the Wizard|place=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-517-70434-9|year=1995|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Path to Love|year=1997|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-517-70622-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pathtoloverenewi0000chop|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Simon|first2=David|author2-link=David Simon|title=The Chopra Center Herbal Handbook|place=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-609-80390-5|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/chopracenterherb00davi|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Book of Secrets|year=2004|place=New York|publisher=Harmony|isbn=978-0-517-70624-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsecrets00deep|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Third Jesus|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-33831-0|year=2008|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Reinventing the Body, Resurrecting the Soul|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-45233-7|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307452337|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=The Soul of Leadership|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-40806-8|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofleadership0000chop|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Mlodinow|first2=Leonard|author2-link=Leonard Mlodinow|title=War of the Worldviews|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-88688-0|year=2011|url=https://archive.org/details/warofworldviewss00deep|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Chopra|first2=Gotham|author2-link=Gotham Chopra|title=The Seven Spiritual Laws of Superheroes: Harnessing Our Power to Change the World|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0-06-205966-6|title-link=The Seven Spiritual Laws of Superheroes|date=May 31, 2011|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=God: A Story of Revelation|place=New York|publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0-06-202069-7|date=October 8, 2013|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Tanzi|first2=Rudolph E.|author2-link=Rudolph E. Tanzi|title=Super Brain|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-307-95682-8|year=2012|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Chopra|first2=Sanjiv|author2-link=Sanjiv Chopra|title=Brotherhood: Dharma, Destiny, and the American Dream|place=New York|publisher=New Harvest|isbn=978-0-544-03210-1|year=2013|url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhooddharm0000chop}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=What Are You Hungry For?|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-7704-3721-3|year=2013}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Tanzi|first2=Rudolph E.|author2-link=Rudolph E. Tanzi|title=Super Genes|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0-8041-4013-3|year=2015|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Kafatos|first2=Menas|author2-link=Menas Kafatos|title=You Are the Universe|place=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|isbn=978-0307889164|title-link=You Are the Universe (book)|year=2017|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Deepak|author-mask=0|title=Metahuman|publisher=Harmony|year=2019|isbn=978-0307338334|location=New York|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=0|title=Total Meditation|publisher=Harmony|year=2020|isbn=9781984825315|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Tanzi|first2=Rudolph E.|author2-link=Rudolph E. Tanzi|title=The Healing Self|publisher=Harmony|year=2020|isbn=9780451495549|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chopra|first1=Deepak|author1-mask=with|last2=Platt-Finger|first2=Sarah|year=2023|title=Living in the Light: Yoga for Self-Realization|publisher=Random House|isbn= 9780593235423|ref=none}}
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Biography|Psychology}}
* [[Celebrity doctor]]
* [[Hard problem of consciousness]]
* [[Punjabi Americans]]
* [[Indian Americans]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[List of people in alternative medicine]]
* [[Panpsychism]]
* [[Spiritual naturalism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=perfect>{{cite book |first1=Deepak |last1=Chopra |title=Perfect Health—Revised and Updated: The Complete Mind Body Guide |publisher=Three Rivers Press |location=New York City|date=December 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hk8sFvZv-1oC |page=7|isbn=9780307421432 }}</ref>

<ref name=ageless>{{cite book |first1=Deepak |last1=Chopra |title=Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old |publisher=Random House |url=https://archive.org/details/agelessbodytimel0000chop |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/agelessbodytimel0000chop/page/6 6] |date=1997|isbn=9780679774495 }}</ref>

<ref name=quantum>{{cite book |first1=Deepak |last1=Chopra |title=Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind Body Medicine |publisher=Random House |year=2009 |orig-date=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SPiUOU_fIQC |pages=71–72, 74|isbn=9780307569950 }}</ref>

}} 

==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
*Butler, J. Thomas. "Ayurveda," in ''Consumer Health: Making Informed Decisions'', Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mjWc2CiAJYsC&pg=PA117 pp. 117–118].
*Butler, Kurt and [[Stephen Barrett|Barrett, Stephen]] (1992). ''A Consumer's Guide to "Alternative Medicine": A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-healing, and Other Unconventional Treatments''. Prometheus Books, pp. 110–116. {{ISBN|978-0-87975-733-5}}.
*{{cite journal |author=Kaeser, Eduard |s2cid=206607585 |title=Science kitsch and pop science: A reconnaissance |journal=[[Public Understanding of Science]] |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=559–69 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23833170 |doi=10.1177/0963662513489390 |author-link=:de:Eduard Kaeser |ref=none}}
*[[Menas Kafatos|Kafatos, Menas]], [[Robert Nadeau (science historian)|Nadeau, Robert]]. ''The Conscious Universe: Parts and Wholes in Physical Reality'', Springer, 2013.
*{{Cite book |title=Deepak Chopra: How to Live in a World of Infinite Possibilities |first=Leon |last=Nacson |publisher=Random House |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-09-183673-3 |ref=none}}
*Scherer, Jochen. "The 'scientific' presentation and legitimation of the teaching of synchronicity in New Age literature", in [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James R. Lewis]], [[Olav Hammer]] (eds.), ''Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2010.
{{div col end}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{New Age Movement}}
{{Pseudoscience}}
{{Transcendental Meditation}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Deepak}}
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Balochpura

2026-05-03T09:00:01Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting Initial Article Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Baloch people}}
'''Balochpura''', also known as '''Bilochpura''', is a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Yahoo2018" /> It is home to approximately 8,000 people of the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] ethnic group.<ref name="NI2018">{{cite web |title=India's Balochistan Freedom Movement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZBGYH1M3Fk |publisher=[[News18 India]] |accessdate=1 February 2019 |date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
Balochpura is home to approximately 8,000 people of the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] ethnic group.<ref name="NI2018"/> The ancestors of these individuals were from [[Baluchistan Agency|Balochistan]] and were employed as artillerymen in the army of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Indian]] [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|emperor]] [[Babur]] during the time of the [[First Battle of Panipat|first battle of Panipat]] in 1526.<ref name="Yahoo2018"/> They decided to remain in the area, which was named after their homeland, after: "the Balochs [''sic''] fell in love with the plush landscape of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] and chose to settle down on the banks of the [[Yamuna]]".<ref name="Yahoo2018">{{cite web |title=Living in Oblivion Since Independence, How a 'Baloch' Village Cropped up on India's Map |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/living-oblivion-since-independence-apos-071041221.html |publisher=[[Yahoo News]] |accessdate=1 February 2019 |language=English |date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

The city of Balochpura has been awarded the title of ''Kranti Gram'' by the [[government of India]] as its residents: "fought in the army of the last Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] against the British".<ref name="Rai2016">{{cite web |last1=Rai |first1=Sandeep |title=Baloch freedom activist meets members of his community in UP to drum up support - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Baloch-freedom-activist-meets-members-of-his-community-in-UP-to-drum-up-support/articleshow/54257136.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch separatist]] leader Mazdak Dilshad Baloch visited Balochpura with his wife to gather support from the [[Baloch people in India|Baloch-Indian]] residents of the village.<ref name="Rai2016"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India
}}
* [[Baloch diaspora]]
* [[Baloch people in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bagpat district]]
[[Category:Baloch diaspora in India]]

Sejo John

2026-05-01T11:06:39Z

HwaNormanby23: created basic bio basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = '''Sejo John'''
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|5|9}}
| birth_place = [[Athirappilly]], [[Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| origin =
| instrument = [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboard]], [[veena]], [[Pump organ|Harmonium]], Guitar
| genre = [[songs|film songs]], soundtrack
| occupation = Singer, composer, record producer, music director, instrumentalist
| years_active = 2009–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/sejo.john.m SEJO JOHN]
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Sejo John''' is an Indian [[music composer]], singer and instrumentalist. He works in [[Malayalam cinema]] and his songs have appeared in films like ''[[Mummy & Me]]'', ''[[My Boss]]'' and ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]''.

==Early life==
Sejo John born and grew up in [[Athirappilly]], located in [[Thrissur]] district of [[Kerala]]. After completing B.A.Music from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] [[Cochin]], he started his career as a music director by working in several Christian devotional albums. He spent one year in [[Dubai]] as a music tutor before venturing into film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deccanchronicle.com/121123/entertainment-tvmusic/article/sejo-takes-his-music-next-level|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926235618/https://deccanchronicle.com/121123/entertainment-tvmusic/article/sejo-takes-his-music-next-level|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2018|title=Sejo takes his music to next level |author=|date=23 November 2012|work=Deccan Chronicle|publisher=|accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Before entering into films, Sejo has composed music for numerous Christian devotional albums like 'Way to Cross', 'Creator', 'Karthavu' etc. and to a number of short films like 'Bandwagon', 'Koottukari' and 'Zero Waste 100 Mark' etc. Among his Christian devotional albums, 'Karthavu' gained wide acceptance. As a music director, Sejo had associated with veteran singers like [[M.G.Sreekumar]] and [[K.S.Chitra]]. It was film director [[K.Biju]], director of [[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]], who introduced Sejo to Jithu Joseph. Jithu Joseph offered him the opportunity to compose songs for his next movie. Thus he did his debut film as a music director. That movie was [[Mummy & Me]], directed by Jithu Joseph and released in the year 2010. His second venture is [[My Boss]] released in the year 2012., directed by Jithu Joseph again. Music of 'My Boss' have got much popularity and it topped the chart list for several weeks. The movie was also a superhit. Singers like [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[KS Chithra]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sayanora Philip]], [[Rimi Tomy]] sung for Sejo's Compositions in various movies. Sejo John's upcoming projects are [[Sir CP]], and [[Dafedar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1333497.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124084758/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1333497.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2012|title=Sejo John strikes the right chord in Malayalam|first=Parvathy|last=Nambidi|date=10 November 2012|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2012 || ''[[My Boss]]'' || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2013 || ''6B Paradise'' || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Manja (film)|''Manja'']] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sir C.P]]'' || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Vaathil]]'' || [[Malayalam]]
|}

==Short film==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Language
|-
| 2013 || ''Tatvamasi'' || [[Silent film|Silent]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Sejo}}
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Kalugumalai Jain Beds

2026-04-30T21:48:12Z

HwaNormanby23: stub

{{Short description|Jain temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Kalugumalai Jain Beds
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Kazhugumalai Jain beds (8).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| alt = Kalugumalai Jain Beds
| caption = Kalugumalai Jain Beds
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_size = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|9|09|02|N|77|42|15|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Kalugumalai]], [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| materials = Rock cut
| website = {{url|kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/}}
| established = 8th century
| creator = King Parantaka Nedunjadaiya
| architecture_style = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]]
}}
'''Kalugumalai Jain beds''' in [[Kalugumalai]], a panchayat town in [[Thoothukudi district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], are dedicated to the Jain religious figures. Constructed in rock cut architecture, the unfinished temple is believed to have been built during the reign of [[Pandya]]n king [[Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayan|Parantaka Nedunjadaiya]] (768-800 CE). The rock-cut architecture at Kalugumalai is an exemplary specimen of [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandyan art]]. The other portions of Kalugumalai houses the 8th century unfinished Shiva temple, [[Vettuvan Koil]] and [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]], a [[Murugan]] temple at the foothills.

There are approximately 150 niches in the bed, that includes images of [[Gomateshwara]], [[Parshvanatha]] and other [[Tirthankaras]] of the [[Jainism]]. The Jain beds are maintained and administered by Department of Archaeology of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as a protected monument.

==History==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 350
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| width2 = 3000| height2 = 4000
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Solitary Jina Kalugumalai.jpg
|image2=Pārśvanātha-Kalugumalai.JPG
|footer= [[Mahavira]] and [[Parshvanatha]], in two of the niches
| footer_align = center
}}
The earliest Kalugumalai Jain Beds are dated to the 8th century based on palaeographic and literary evidence, during the reign of [[Pandya]] king Parantaka Nedunjadaiya (768-800 CE).<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=Sthala Varalaru|url=http://www.kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/kalakumalai_history.html|publisher= Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

According to [[Paul Dundas]] – a scholar on Jainism studies and Sanskrit, the Kalugumalai is one of the oldest Jain sites in South India. He dates the earliest excavations and inscriptions to about 8th-century CE. All reliefs and inscriptions at Kalugumalai were complete by the late 1st-millennium, while Jainism thrived in this region till about the 14th-century.{{Sfn|p=125–6|Dundas|2003}} Like other South Indian Jain historic sites, this was also a [[Digambara]] tradition site. However, states Dundas, the word ''Kalugumalai'' means "Vulture peak" reminiscent of the legendary site in north India attributed to the Buddha for his sermons.{{Sfn|p=125–6|Dundas|2003}} The local traditions connect the history of this stone hillock with early but extinct Buddhism. Perhaps, the hillock was once related to Buddhism, was abandoned and later Jains and Hindus reused the site for their own monasteries and temples.{{Sfn|p=125–6|Dundas|2003}} Around the Jain beds hillock are several old Hindu temples from the [[Pandya dynasty|early Pandya]] era who also sponsored the Jain beds. These include one for Shiva, one for Murugan, and another for Aiyanar. In the local tradition, states Dundas, the Hindu god Aiyanar is believed to be the guardian deity for Jain temples. During modern times, some Digambara monks attempted replacing the idol of Murugan in the lower cave temple with that of [[Mahavira]], leading to religious disturbances.{{Sfn|p=125–6|Dundas|2003}}

[[File:Ambikā.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Ambika (Jainism)|Jain Yakshini Ambika]]]]
There are 98 inscriptions related to Jainism at the Kalugumalai Jain Beds site, the largest known concentration of Jain inscriptions in far south India at a single site.<ref name=cort1998b>{{cite book|title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History|section=Open boundaries|last=Orr|editor1-last=Cort|editor1-first=John E.|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC|pages=191–192|isbn=9780791437858|year=1998}}</ref> These are found below the reliefs of Tirthankaras and yakshis, as well as near the hollowed out beds. Most are records of donors and gifts.<ref name=cort1998b/> Some contain information and names of mendicants, both men and women. Of the 98, 21 inscriptions (20%) in Kalugumalai mention women mendicants. This is in contrast to 8th to 13th-century Jain inscriptions found elsewhere in Tamil Nadu, where the mention of women is relatively rare to a few (0 to 4%).<ref name=cort1998b/> According to [[John E. Cort|John Cort]] – a Jain studies scholar, Kalugumalai is an important Jain site in part because it stands out as an exception where Digambara tradition women rose to prominence over its early history.<ref name=cort1998/> The Digambara tradition teaches rejection of all possessiveness including clothes, which leads to its mendicants living, socially interacting and traveling in complete nudity. Historic evidence of major groups of Digambara Jain women mendicants is rare, except in Kalugumalai where the local culture allowed female monastic traditions to flourish for few centuries after around the 9th, before it disappeared.<ref name=cort1998/>

The inscriptions in Kalugumalai in combination with inscriptions found elsewhere in Tamil Nadu suggest that for these few centuries, the Tamil culture accepted and supported the female Digambara mendicants well beyond the Kalugumalai area. The female mendicants were not localized, and they traveled and preached far from Kalugumalai.<ref name=cort1998/> This phenomenon was not unique to Jainism, states Cort, but in parallel to Hindu women mendicants who are also named in numerous religious inscriptions found in South India in a manner similar to the Kalugumalai Jain beds.<ref name=cort1998/> However, adds Cort, the evidence suggests that female mendicants in the Hindu tradition were more regional while the female Jain mendicants traveled to more distant territories.<ref name=cort1998/> The Kalugumalai Jain beds mention twenty one religious places where Digamabara women mendicants travelled, out of which eleven have been tentatively identified - one being Kalugumalai itself, five in [[Ramanathapuram district]], one in Tirupanthuruthi in [[Kanchipuram district]], four in Tirucaranam (now Chitaral) in [[Kanyakumari district]].<ref name=cort1998>{{cite book|title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History|section=Open boundaries|last=Orr|editor1-last=Cort|editor1-first=John E.|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC|pages=197–199|isbn=9780791437858|year=1998}}</ref>

According to B.S. Chandrababu, the inscriptions on these Jain beds imply that Jains promoted education in what is now Kanyakumari district between 7th and 9th-century CE. The inscriptions also attest to a Jaina university for women at Thirusaaranath hillock, states Chandrababu.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. |last=B.S.|first=Chandrababu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&pg=PA70|page=70|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|isbn=9789380325910}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 350
| width1 = 5184| height1 = 3456
| width2 = 5184| height2 = 3456
|direction=horizontal
|image2=Kazhugachalamurthi temple (6).jpg
|footer= [[Vettuvan Koil]] and [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]], both in Kalugumalai, in the same hill
| footer_align = center
|image1=Vettuvan Kovil (3).jpg
}}

The Jain beds site is in [[Kalugumalai]], a rocky hill in [[Thoothukudi district]] in southern [[Tamil Nadu]]. The sculptures and the carvings are indicative of Pandyan art during the period.<ref name=official/> The granite rock looks like a blooming lotus, with hills surrounding it on three sides.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhugumalai deserves universal recognition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kazhugumalai-deserves-universal-recognition/article3740232.ece|work=The Hindu|date=8 August 2012|location=Tuticorin|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=பல்நோக்குப் பார்வையில் முருகத் தத்துவம் II: Proceedings of the International Conference on Murugabhakthi 2014|publisher=Thirumurugan Thiruvakku Thirupeedam|year=2014|editor1-last=Virupa|editor1-first=Kumaresan|page=1047}}</ref>

There are approximately 150 niches in the bed, that includes images of [[Gomateshwara]], [[Parshvanatha]] and other [[Tirthankaras]] of the [[Jainism]].<ref name=official/>

==Protection and tourism==
Kalugumalai Jain beds is maintained and administered by Department of Archaeology of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Monuments under the control of the Department |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/monument-list.htm#TUTICORIN_DISTRICT-_(4)|publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2011|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> Kalugumalai was chosen in the plan to be included as a rural tourism site in Incredible India campaign by the Tourism Ministry of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=14 more rural tourism sites to be ready|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1486464911.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409234949/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1486464911.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=29 May 2008|access-date=4 November 2015 }}</ref>

As a part of the campaign the ministry allocated {{INR}}10 million to develop the infrastructure around the region in 2008. The tourist inflow to the town increased to 3,000 persons per month during 2009 from 400 per month during the previous years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tourism shoots up in picturesque Tamil temple town|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1620483881.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018231131/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1620483881.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=1 January 2009|access-date=4 November 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:Jaina abode Kalugumalai.JPG|thumb|center|1000px|Jaina abode Kalugumalai]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Gommaṭeśvara.JPG|Gommaṭeśvara
File:Kalugumalai Temple 20.jpg|Jain reliefs
File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (5).jpg|Jain reliefs
File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (3).jpg|Jain reliefs
File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (14).jpg|Jain reliefs
File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (13).jpg|Jain reliefs
File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (12).jpg|Jain reliefs
File:Kazhugumalai Jain beds (10).jpg|Jain reliefs
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Jainism in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Bommalagutta]]

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book|title=The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|last=Dundas|first=Paul|year=2003|isbn=9781134501656}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}
{{Jain history}}
{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pandya dynasty]]
[[Category:Pandyan Empire]]
[[Category:Pandyan architecture]]

Battle of Visakhapatnam

2026-04-30T10:36:18Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting The Stub More To Come...

{{Short description|1804 battle of the Napoleonic Wars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Visakhapatnam
| partof = the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
| image = Vizagapatam, 1804 RCIN 735113 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Engraving of the battle
| date = 18 September 1804
| place = Off [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bay of Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17|41|N|83|19|E|display=title,inline}}
| result = See [[#Aftermath|''Aftermath'']]
| combatant1 = [[French First Republic|France]]
| combatant2 = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois|Charles-Alexandre Linois]]
| commander2 = [[James Lind (Royal Navy officer)|James Lind]]
| strength1 = 1 ship of the line 2 frigates
| strength2 = 1 ship of the line 2 merchant ships Unknown number of shore artillery
| casualties1 = 5 killed 6 wounded
| casualties2 = 1 killed 9 wounded 1 merchant ship destroyed 1 merchant ship captured
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean}}
}}

The '''Battle of Visakhapatnam''' was a minor naval engagement fought in the approaches to [[Visakhapatnam]] harbour in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[British India]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 18 September 1804 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. A French squadron under Counter-Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]] in the [[ship of the line]] [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']] attacked the [[Royal Navy]] [[fourth-rate]] [[HMS Centurion (1774)|HMS ''Centurion'']] and two [[East Indiaman]] merchant ships anchored in the [[roadstead]].

Linois was engaged in an extended raiding campaign, which had already involved operations in the [[South China Sea]], in the [[Mozambique Channel]], off [[Ceylon]] and along the Indian coast of the Bay of Bengal. The French squadron had fought one notable engagement, at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]] on 15 February 1804, in which Linois had attacked the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]'s (HEIC) China Fleet, a large convoy of well-armed merchant ships carrying cargo worth £8 million. Linois failed to press the attack and withdrew with the convoy at his mercy, invoking the anger of [[Napoleon]] when the news reached France.

Since his failure at Pulo Aura, Linois had been cruising the Indian Ocean, and during August and September 1804 had seized a number of valuable merchant ships as his squadron travelled north from Ceylon along the Indian coast of the Bay of Bengal. Linois already had experience in repelling an attack on an [[Coastal defence and fortification|armed port]] at the [[First Battle of Algeciras]]; in the battle of Visakhapatnam he himself was the one attacking an armed harbour. From a ship captured off [[Masulipatam]], Linois learned of the presence of the East Indiamen at Visakhapatnam and determined to attack, unaware that British Rear-Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]] had replaced the small frigate [[HMS Wilhelmina (1798)|HMS ''Wilhelmina'']] with the larger ''Centurion'' as the convoy's escort. Arriving off the port at 06:00, Linois advanced on the convoy, causing one of the East Indiamen to drive ashore in panic. The other merchant vessel failed to support the outnumbered ''Centurion'' and was captured, but ''Centurion'' continued fighting alone.

Initially supported by the fire of gun batteries on shore, ''Centurion'' later moved out of their range while engaging the French flagship [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']], which remained well offshore to avoid the coastal [[shoal]]s. After an engagement lasting four hours ''Marengo'' withdrew, the badly damaged ''Centurion'' attempting to pursue but without success. Linois's squadron was forced to return to [[Mauritius|Île de France]] in the aftermath of the engagement, where ''Marengo'' required six months of repairs.

==Background==
{{further|Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean}}

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the British economy depended on the movement of trade from the [[British Empire]], particularly the trading posts and colonies in [[British India]], managed by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] (HEIC). This company transported goods from India to Europe using a fleet of large and well-armed merchant ships named [[East Indiamen]], which travelled in convoys for protection, and were escorted during wartime by ships provided by the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="RG102">''The Victory of Seapower'', Gardiner, p. 102</ref> The main Royal Navy base in the [[Bay of Bengal]] was at the city of [[Madras]], but East Indiamen sailed from ports all around the Bay. As a result, the force in Madras was often dispersed to provide escorts to smaller convoys travelling to Madras or [[Calcutta]] to merge with other ships to form the large oceanic convoys. At the outbreak of the [[Napoleonic War]], the commander of British forces in the [[Indian Ocean]] was Rear-Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]]. The principal threat to British control of the region was a squadron sent from France shortly before war broke out, led by Counter-Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]] in the [[ship of the line]] [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']].<ref name="RW172">Woodman, p. 172</ref>

Rainier and Linois had clashed in June 1803, before news of the outbreak of war had reached India. Linois had anchored at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], a [[French India]]n port, and Rainier had led a powerful squadron to anchor off the harbour in anticipation of the declaration of war. Concerned that Rainier's numerically superior force would overwhelm his squadron before they could operate against the British merchant convoys in the region, Linois slipped away under cover of darkness and eventually reached [[Mauritius|Île de France]], where he learned that the [[Napoleonic Wars]] had begun on 16 May.<ref name="WJ3:212">James, Vol. 3, p. 212</ref> Sailing to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]], Linois resupplied and then departed for a cruise in the [[South China Sea]] on 28 December, seeking the large annual convoy of HEIC merchant ships from [[Canton (Guangzhou)|Canton]], known as the China Fleet. This convoy was normally escorted from Canton by several Royal Navy ships of the line, but in 1804 the escort had been delayed.<ref name="RW194">Woodman, p. 194</ref> Linois discovered the convoy near the island of [[Pulau Aur|Pulo Aura]] at the eastern entrance to the [[Strait of Malacca]] at 08:00 on 14 February and advanced. The convoy commander Commodore [[Nathaniel Dance]] had disguised several of the East Indiamen as ships of the line in the hope of convincing Linois that the convoy was well protected.<ref name="NR546">Rodger, p. 546</ref> Linois hesitated for over a day, eventually attacking on the morning of 15 February. Dance resisted and Linois withdrew without contesting the engagement. Dance's merchant ships chased Linois's squadron away before resuming their course and meeting their escorts several days later. Linois's failure to engage and defeat the China Fleet infuriated a number of his officers and provoked an angry letter from Napoleon, who accused Linois of believing "that war can be made without running risks".<ref name=WLC339>Clowes, p. 339</ref>

In the aftermath of the engagement, Linois returned to Batavia and then to Île de France, arriving on 2 April. There he was criticised by the governor, General [[Charles Decaen]], who wrote a letter to Napoleon complaining of Linois's conduct at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]].<ref name="WJ3:277">James, Vol. 3, p. 277</ref> In mid-June 1804, Linois departed Île de France with ''Marengo'' and the [[frigate]]s [[French frigate Atalante (1802)|''Atalante'']] under [[Captain Camille-Charles-Alexis Gaudin-Beauchène]] and [[French frigate Sémillante (1791)|''Sémillante'']] under Captain [[Léonard-Bernard Motard]], cruising off [[Madagascar]] in stormy weather before sailing to the coast of [[Ceylon]]. He enjoyed some success against individual merchant vessels, and gradually moved northwards during the late summer. The squadron passed Madras {{convert|60|nmi|km}} off the coast to avoid encountering Rainier's squadron and raided along the [[Coastal Andhra]] region, visiting [[Masulipatam]] and Coasanguay.<ref name="WJ3:277"/> On 14 September 1804 off Masulipatam, Linois captured a country ship and learned from the crew that a small convoy was anchored at [[Visakhapatnam]] to the north. The convoy was reported to consist of two East Indiamen with the 36-gun frigate [[HMS Wilhelmina (1798)|HMS ''Wilhelmina'']], a former Dutch vessel captured in 1798, as their escort.<ref name="RG1115">''Fleet Battle and Blockade'', Gardiner, p. 115</ref> Linois immediately sailed for Visakhapatnam, expecting an easy victory over the convoy.<ref name=WLC349>Clowes, p. 349</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:Linois-Antoine Maurin-3.png|thumb|[[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]], the French commander during the battle]]

At Madras Admiral Rainier had become increasingly concerned during September by Linois's depredations, and had decided to strengthen his convoy escorts. He replaced ''Wilhelmina'' with the 50-gun [[HMS Centurion (1774)|HMS ''Centurion'']].<ref name="WJ3:276">James, Vol. 3, p. 276</ref> ''Centurion'' was under the nominal command of Captain [[John Spratt Rainier]], who was seriously ill at Madras, so Captain [[James Lind (Royal Navy officer)|James Lind]] assumed temporary command. Lind sailed from Madras to Visakhapatnam earlier in the month with the Indiamen ''Barnaby'' and [[Princess Charlotte (1796 EIC ship)|''Princess Charlotte'']] and anchored in the roads, while the Indiamen loaded cargo ready for the return journey to Madras.<ref name="WJ3:276"/>

The ships were still anchored in the roads at 06:00 on 18 September when Linois's squadron appeared on the horizon to the south-west, approximately {{convert|12|nmi|km}} away. The only flag visible on the strange ships was on board one of the [[frigates]], which displayed the [[St George's Cross]]. Lieutenant James Robert Phillips, in command of ''Centurion'' while Lind was ashore, was not convinced by this ensign: he was aware that a French squadron was in the region, and positioned his ship so that his [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] faced the approaching vessels. At 09:45 the French came within range and Phillips opened fire, cautiously at first until he could be sure of the identity of the strangers.<ref name="WJ3:277"/>

The ship of the line exchanged signals with the frigates as ''Centurion'' began to fire, and as the signals were different from those used by the Royal Navy, Phillips was certain he was facing an overwhelming enemy squadron. ''Centurion'' made urgent signals to the Indiamen, warning them of the approaching threat. The crew of ''Barnaby'' panicked and cut her anchor cables, causing her to drift on shore where she was wrecked.<ref name=WLC349/> Captain John Logan on ''Princess Charlotte'' was calmer and remained at anchor, although he ignored requests from Phillips for assistance from his ship's [[gun battery]]. Linois's ships spread out, ''Atalante'' closing to within {{convert|0.5|nmi|m|-2}} of ''Centurion'', with ''Sémillante'' close behind. ''Marengo'' remained out of range, as Linois was unwilling to risk his flagship in shallow coastal waters for which he did not have accurate [[Nautical chart|charts]]: the approaches to Visakhapatnam were protected by a series of sandbars and if ''Marengo'' grounded during the engagement then his flagship could have been wrecked.<ref name="WJ3:279">James, Vol. 3, p. 279</ref>

When the French frigates came within {{convert|200|yd|m}}, Phillips opened fire on ''Atalante'' as ''Sémillante'' attempted to reach the other side of the British ship to batter from the other side. The French frigates also came under long range fire from the three-gun battery at Visakhapatnam, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[Sir Alexander Campbell, 1st Baronet|Alexander Campbell]], on detached service from the [[74th Regiment of Foot]]. Campbell despatched 50 [[sepoy]]s in small boats to assist the crew of ''Princess Charlotte'', whose armament of 24 guns continued to remain silent.<ref name="WJ3:278">James, Vol. 3, p. 278</ref>

By 10:00, all three French ships were within range of ''Centurion'' and a heavy exchange of fire began. Within 15 minutes, both ''Centurion'' and ''Marengo'' had their [[Colours, standards and guidons|colours]] shot away and at 10:45 the ship of the line turned away for open water, followed by the frigates, her [[rigging]] in disarray. Damage had rendered ''Centurion'' unable to manoeuvre rapidly and she began slowly limping inshore to shelter from ''Marengo'' among the coastal [[shoal]]s.<ref name="RG28">''The Campaign of Trafalgar'', Gardiner, p. 28</ref> Captain Lind rejoined his ship by boat, hailing the ''Princess Charlotte'', which had still not participated in the battle, to cut her anchor cables and go ashore to avoid being captured.<ref name="WJ3:278"/> Logan refused and at 11:15 surrendered without a fight as the whole French squadron moved back towards the harbour. ''Marengo'' again remained beyond the sandbars that marked the entrance. The boatloads of sepoys, who were still ''en route'' to ''Princess Charlotte'', turned about and rowed back to shore to avoid capture. ''Sémillante'' took possession of the merchant ship while ''Marengo'' and ''Atalante'' engaged ''Centurion'', which had moved out of range of support from the shore batteries.<ref name="WJ3:278"/>

Despite her 50 guns, ''Centurion''{{'}}s armament left her vulnerable as most were [[carronades]], short-range heavy cannon that were useless in the face of the long-range gunnery from ''Marengo''.<ref name="WJ3:278"/> ''Centurion'' consequently suffered severe damage and by 13:15 had been holed, with her rigging wrecked and her anchor cable shot through, which caused her to slowly drift away from the shore, out of control.<ref name=WLC349/> Seeing that his opponent was disabled, Linois decided not to press the attack and issued orders for his squadron, accompanied by their prize, to sail away. Lind gradually regained control of his ship and even managed to raise some sail in pursuit, but the French were too far ahead. After some final parting shots, ''Centurion'' anchored as her crew set about repairing the damage. Linois remained within sight for the rest of the day, but showed no sign of renewing the action; he disappeared on the north-east horizon at dusk.<ref name="WJ3:279"/>

==Aftermath==
Despite the destruction of ''Barnaby'' and the capture of ''Princess Charlotte'', British losses were mild, ''Centurion'' having one man killed and nine wounded. The ship was very badly damaged, however, with a number of holes shot in her hull and badly torn rigging and masts. There were no recorded casualties among the troops onshore.<ref name="WJ3:279"/> The French suffered slightly heavier losses, ''Marengo'' having two men killed and an officer wounded and ''Atalante'' with three killed and five wounded. ''Sémillante'', which had not been closely engaged in the battle, suffered no casualties. Damage to the French ships was severe, and Linois was forced to abandon further operations and slowly make his way back to Île de France, arriving in November. There ''Marengo'' underwent a full refit, lasting six months.<ref name="WJ4:150">James, Vol. 4, p. 150</ref>

Both nations claimed the encounter as a victory, the French for the capture of ''Princess Charlotte'' and the British for the survival of ''Centurion'' in the face of overwhelming French numerical superiority.<ref name="WJ3:280">James, Vol. 3, p. 280</ref> Linois justified his withdrawal in a letter, explaining that risking irreparable damage his squadron in a close engagement with ''Centurion'' would have curtailed his raiding operations.<ref name="RG28"/> Privately however, Napoleon was angered by the survival of ''Centurion'' and wrote in response that "France cared for honour, not for a few pieces of wood."<ref name=WLC350/> British historians have echoed Napoleon's criticism, judging that ''Centurion'' was at Linois's mercy and that he had failed to destroy her, in words of [[William Laird Clowes]], because of his "half-hearted and timid action . . . [that] cannot but provoke censure."<ref name=WLC350>Clowes, p. 350</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Clowes
| first = William Laird
| author-link = William Laird Clowes
| year = 1997 |orig-year=1900
| title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V
| publisher = Chatham Publishing
| isbn = 1-86176-014-0
}}
* {{cite book
| editor =Gardiner, Robert
| year = 2001
| orig-year = 1996
| title = Fleet Battle and Blockade
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-363-X
| oclc = 50264868
}}
* {{cite book
| editor =Gardiner, Robert
| year = 2001
| orig-year = 1998
| title = The Campaign of Trafalgar
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-358-3
}}
* {{cite book
| editor =Gardiner, Robert
| year = 2001
| orig-year = 1998
| title = The Victory of Seapower
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-359-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = James
| first = William
| author-link = William James (naval historian)
| year = 2002 |orig-year=1827
| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800–1805
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| isbn = 0-85177-907-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = James
| first = William
| author-link = William James (naval historian)
| year = 2002 |orig-year=1827
| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 4, 1805–1807
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| isbn = 0-85177-908-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rodger
| first = N.A.M.
| author-link = Nicholas Rodger
| year = 2004
| title = The Command of the Ocean
| publisher = Allan Lane
| isbn = 0-7139-9411-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Woodman
| first = Richard
| author-link = Richard Woodman
| year = 2001
| title = The Sea Warriors
| publisher = Constable Publishers
| isbn = 1-84119-183-3
}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vizagapatam}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1804]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:September 1804]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1804 in India]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam]]

Purnananda Burhagohain

2026-04-24T09:30:25Z

HwaNormanby23: Made Entry!

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Purnananda Burhagohain
| death_date = 1817
| allegiance = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| service_years = 1782-1817
| rank = [[Burhagohain]]/Prime minister
| children = Ruchinath Burhagohain
| successor = Ruchinath Burhagohain
| predecessor = Ghanashyam Burhagohain
| monarch = [[Gaurinath Singha]] [[Suklingphaa|Kamaleshwar Singha]] [[Chandrakanta Singha]]
}}

'''Purnananda Burhagohain''' was the [[Burhagohain]] (elder councilman) as well as Prime Minister of the [[Ahom Kingdom]] from 1782 until his death in 1817. He was appointed as the [[Burhagohain]] in April 1782 after the death of his father Rajmantri Ghanashyam [[Burhagohain]].{{sfn|Baruah|1985|p=319}}

==Premiership==
As premier, he advised the king to follow a conciliatory policy towards the Moamariyas, but was overruled by the other nobles. However, at his recommendation, the king permitted the Moamariya's to have their Guru, as the Moamariya had been without one since Ashtabhujdeva and Deka Mahanta Bayan (alias Gagini) were executed by the Ahom government after the reinstallation of [[Lakshmi Singha]] in 1770.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mataks and their Kingdom |pages=116 |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/72269.pdf}}</ref> Accordingly, they made Pitambardeva, a member of the last Mahanta's line, the head of their [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satra]] in February 1785.

In 1786 a rebellion broke out led by common weaver Harihar Tanti. They took over [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]]. Many failed attempts were made to recapture the city.

Purnananda spent most of his premiership in suppressing rebellions, forging diplomatic ties and fighting over the Barkandazes.

[[Gaurinath Singha]] died in August 1795 without male issue. Purnanada installed Kinaram, a minor son of Charing Raja Kadam Dighala Gohain, on the throne. At his accession, Kinaram was given the Hindu name [[Suklingphaa|Kamaleshwar Singha]] and the Ahom name of Suklengpha.

Impressed by the [[East India Company|Company]] army's discipline and organization during Captain Welsh's expedition, and finding it difficult to recruit soldiers through ''kheldars'', Purnananda undertook measures to create a regular standing army. He retained Dina and Fakirchand, two Hindustani ''[[sepoy]]s''. The troops were given a uniform and armed with [[Flintlock|flint-lock]] guns, purchased in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Later the strength of the army was increased, divided into 18 companies of 100 ''sepoys'' each, and stationed at both [[Guwahati|Guahati]] and [[Jorhat]]. Chandra Gohain, related to the Burhagohain, was appointed Captain. With the aid of this force, the Burhagohain quelled the Moamariyas and other forces.{{sfn|Baruah|1985|p=349}}<ref>{{cite journal |pages=555 |jstor=44141994 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141994|title=A Few Aspects of the Ahom Military System |last1=Sen |first1=Debasis |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1979 |volume=40 }}</ref>

In 1803 under the command of Bhadari Barbarua, Burhagohain attacked [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari]] king Krishna Chandra because he refused to send back some fugitives.{{sfn|Baruah|1985|p=352}} Purnananda entered into an agreement with [[Sarbananda Singha]], the chief of the Moamariyas of Bengmara (present-day [[Tinisukia]]), by which he ceded to the latter territory between the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and the [[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] and accepted his title ''Barsenapati'' (Great General). This territory was called [[Matak rajya]] or the Matak Kingdom. In return Sarbananda agreed to pay the Ahom government an annual tribute.{{sfn|Baruah|1985|p=353}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=S. L. |title=Last days of Ahom monarchy : a history of Assam from 1769-1826|year=1993|oclc=31777697 |quote= Accordingly, an agreement was made in 1805 ... The Moamariya chief, in his turn, agreed to pay the Ahom Government an annual tribute, consisting of ivory, muga silk, and such other articles produced in his territory.}}</ref>

==Death==
Purnananda had a rivalry with [[Badan Chandra Borphukan]]. In 1817 Badanchandra brought the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese]] into Assam. The Burmese army numbered 16,000 troops and arrived in [[Namrup]] in early 1817. On hearing of the enemy's advance, the premier sent 7 companies of ''sepoys'' to stop them. The two parties entered into an encounter at Ghiladhari, where the enemy overcame the resistance. Burhagohain learned that the enemy was accompanied by [[Badan Chandra Borphukan]]. This enraged the Burhagohain so much that he collapsed and died.{{sfn|Baruah|1985|p=364}} Purnananda was succeeded by his son Ruchinath. Ruchinath lacked his father's qualities. Meanwhile, the invaders continued their advance, defeating the Assamese army. Ruchinath failed to induce [[Chandrakanta Singha]] to retreat and was left alone with his adherents for [[Guwahati]]. Badan Chandra reached the capital. He let [[Chandrakanta Singha]] remain as the king, but became the de facto ruler with the title of Mantri Phukan. Badan Chandra immediately satisfied his grudge by ruthlessly killing and plundering Purnananda's relatives and supporters.{{sfn|Baruah|1985|p=364}}

==See also==
* [[Ahom dynasty]]
* [[Kuranganayani]]
* [[Moamoria rebellion]]
* [[Burmese invasions of Assam]]
* [[Badan Chandra Borphukan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Swarna Lata |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=_Ni3PAAACAAJ}}|title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0015-9 |language=en}}
*Mataks and their Kingdom

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burhagohain, Purnanada}}
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century births]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]

Rajula and Malushahi

2026-04-19T16:24:43Z

HwaNormanby23: Made Pg!

{{short description|Medieval folk tale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Rajula-Malushahi''' is an old medieval period love story and folklore of [[Uttarakhand]]. It describes love between Rajula, a young girl of [[Shauka]] family and Malushahi, a prince belonging to [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri dynasty]] of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiol|first=Stefan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80&dq=rajula+malushahi#q=rajula%20malushahi|title=Recasting Folk in the Himalayas: Indian Music, Media, and Social Mobility|date=2017-09-11|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09978-6|language=en}}</ref>

==Story==
Based on local folk tales, songs of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], King Dola Shah of Bairath (present day [[Chaukhutia]]). He did not have children. He was advised that if he worshiped Lord Shiva at Bagnath (present-day [[Bageshwar]]), he would get children. There, Dola Shah finds a childless couple, Sunapati Shauk-Ganguly. Both decide that if one has a boy and the other has a girl, then they will marry both. Later, a son was born to Shah and a daughter to Sunapati.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oihkAAAAMAAJ&q=rajula+malushahi&dq=rajula+malushahi|title=Re-searching Indian Women|date=2003|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-496-0|language=en}}</ref>
Astrologers tell King Dola Shah to sum up the son's short death, and recommend him to marry a young girl. However, Dola Shah remembering the promise. goes to Sunapati and makes a symbolic marriage of Rajula-Malushahi. Meanwhile, the king dies. The courtiers curse Rajula for this. Rumors spread that if this girl child enters the state then it will be disastrous. On the other hand, Rajula grows up seeing the dream of Malushahi. Meanwhile, Vikhipal the king of Hun sends a marriage proposal to Sunapati after hearing about the beauty of Rajula and threatens her family to accept the proposal or else he will burn their home and imprison them. However, Rajula does not accept the proposal. as her family continuously forces her, She escapes at night taking the symbolic wedding ring, travelling through [[Munsiari]] and crossing the river, drain, mountain and reaches Bairath via Bageshwar. But Malushahi's mother remembers the court. She uses the sleeping herb and makes Malushahi unconscious. Malushahi does not wake up even after awakening Rajula's lacquer. Rajula gets back crying. Here the parents get Hun Raja married to her under pressure. On the other hand, Malushahi is free from the influence of the herb. He dreams of Rajula, who begs him to save her from the Vikhipal. Malushahi remembers childhood marriage. When he decides to go to Rajula, the mother protests. On this, Malushahi Renounce the kingdom and becomes a Sanyasi. he then continues his journey and Wandering from time to time he meets Baba gorakhnath. With his guidance, he reaches the kingdom of Hun. Rajula becomes very happy to see Malushahi, but the Vikhipal hearing the story of Malushahi, feeds him poisonous meal causing the death of Malushahi.

However, some cultures refer to a different ending suggesting that Malushahi did not die. In those cultures, it is believed that neither Rajula nor Malushahi dies. Rather, it is suggested that they both elope in the end.

<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Deepa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sD7QsRyUAgC&pg=PT89&dq=rajula+malushahi#q=rajula%20malushahi|title=Rajula and the Web of Danger|date=2012-08-07|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5009-464-8|language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
it is considered one of the most popular folklore of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]. it has been performed in Kumaon for about thousand years and passed down orally from generation to generation in family of traditional bards, [[Mohan Upreti]] brought the epic ballad on the regional and national theaters, in 1980 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] of [[India]] published book on the epic ballad of Rajula-Malushahi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Upreti|first=Mohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia0NAAAAIAAJ&q=malushahi+the+ballad+of+kumaon&dq=malushahi+the+ballad+of+kumaon|title=Malushahi: The Ballad of Kumaon|date=1980|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [https://www.ekumaon.com/2023/02/an-immortal-love-story-of-uttarakhand-rajula-malushahi.html The Immortal Love Folk Tale of Rajula and Malushahi.]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:History of Kumaon]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]

Burdwan Medical College

2026-04-19T07:29:53Z

HwaNormanby23: creating new info from scratch

{{Short description|Medical college in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Burdwan Medical College and Hospital
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1910|11|9}} (as Frazer Hospital) {{start date and age|1969}} (as Burdwan Medical College and Hospital)
| founder = Nani Bhattacharya
| city = Baburbag, Rajbati, [[Purba Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]]
| postalcode = 713104
| country = India
| native_name_lang =
| image = Burdwan_Medical_College_Logo.png
| image_size = 150px
| other_name = BMC
| former_name = Frazer Hospital (1910) and Ronaldshay Medical School
| motto = {{langx|la|Salutem et Educationem}}
| mottoeng = Health and Education
| coor = {{coord|23|14|54.18|N|87|51|10.07|E|display=title, inline}}
| campus = Urban, {{convert|253|acre}}
| colours = {{color box|skyblue}}{{color box|gold}} Sky blue and gold
| type = [[Public]] [[Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| principal = Dr. Mousumi Bandopadhyay ''(acting)''
| dean =
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]]|[[National Medical Commission|NMC]]|West Bengal Medical Council}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|650|c}} (2023-24)
| faculty = 761
| total_staff = 3000+
| undergrad = 200/year seat intake MBBS<ref name=nmc_seats>{{cite web |title=NMC Seats |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search|publisher=National Medical Commission}}</ref> Allied Health Science Courses : DMLT: 35 , DRD : 12 , DRT: 9 , D.OPT: 6 , DCLT: 16 , DCCT: 20
| postgrad = 143/year seat intake MD/MS<ref name=nmc_seats>{{cite web |title=NMC Seats |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search|publisher=National Medical Commission}}</ref>
| doctoral = 6/year seat intake DM/MCh<ref name=nmc_seats>{{cite web |title=NMC Seats |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search|publisher=National Medical Commission}}</ref> 6/year seat intake Diploma<ref name=nmc_seats>{{cite web |title=NMC Seats |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search|publisher=National Medical Commission}}</ref>
| affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| logo = Burdwan Medical College athlete logo.jpg
| website = {{URL|https://www.bmcgov.com/}}
}}
'''Burdwan Medical College'''<ref name="akashgov1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aakash.ac.in/government-medical-colleges-list |title=Burdwan Medical College |publisher=aakash.ac.in |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127200955/http://www.aakash.ac.in/government-medical-colleges-list |archive-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mciindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=17 |title=List of Colleges Teaching MBBS |publisher=Mciindia.org |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023219/http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="wbgov1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/burdwan_medical_college.asp |title=List of Teaching Colleges |publisher=wbhealth.gov.in |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235415/http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/burdwan_medical_college.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[public hospital]] and medical college located in the town of [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]]. On 13 July 1907, the decision was made to build a hospital in Burdwan. Burdwan Medical College was established on 9 November 1910 by the then [[Governor of Bengal]] and was undertaken by the [[University of Burdwan]] in 1969 as Burdwan University Medical College. Later, it was and rechristened as Burdwan Medical College on 4 August 1976. The campus is spread over approximately {{convert|253|acre}}.
[[File:Burdwan Medical College Hospital.jpg|thumb|Burdwan Medical College
Hospital campus view from Shyam Sayer]]

It is one of the oldest medical college to teach Western medicine in Asia and the first institute to teach in English language in Burdwan. [[Bijay Chand Mahtab|Bijay Chand]] Hospital (currently as Burdwan Medical College & Hospital) associated with the college is the largest hospital in [[Purba Bardhaman]].

==History==
On 13 July 1907, the decision was made to build a hospital in Burdwan. On 9 November 1910, the Frazer Hospital was inaugurated with 127 indoor beds. In 1921, this hospital was converted into a medical school and named Ronaldshay Medical School. Later, the proposal of renaming the medical college was again put forward, and the then [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]], agreed to the proposal.<ref name=hist_burd>{{cite web|title=History of Burdwan Medical College|url=https://www.bmcgov.com|access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

Finally, in 1969, this college was renamed as Burdwan University Medical College and was affiliated to [[University of Burdwan]]. The then honorable health minister of West Bengal, Nani Bhattacharya, laid the foundation stone of this new college. This college actually started its journey from a primary school building. The first batch of this college suffered tremendously because of the inadequate infrastructure and shifted to different medical colleges in Kolkata. The second batch of this college, enrolled in 1970, remained at Burdwan and completed their MBBS. However, the second batch took almost eight years to complete their degree. So, the official first batch of students, unofficially the second batch, came out as doctors only in 1978. Later it was taken over by the [[Government of West Bengal]] on 4 August 1976, and renamed as Burdwan Medical College. But the College remained as the sole Medical College under the academic jurisdiction of Burdwan University until it was taken up by the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] in 2003.

==Courses and admission==
Burdwan Medical College and Hospital undertakes the education and training of students in MBBS & postgraduate courses. The yearly undergraduate student intake is 200 from the year 2019. Presently, other than medical undergraduates, the institution is also the knowledge hub for nearly 186 post-graduates and 3 super-specialties per batch.

This college is affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref> The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]] (NEET-UG).

==See also==
* [[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023219/http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=17 Details of Burdwan Medical College] on [[Medical Council of India|MCI]]'s Web Portal
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120511193206/http://www.mciindia.org/Assessment_Reports/171_722012173127.pdf Report] by MCI
*[http://burdwanmedicalcollege.org/] the official website of Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan
*[http://alumnibmc.org] the official website of the Ex students of Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan

{{Bardhaman topics}}
{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1969]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bardhaman]]

Danny Avula

2026-04-17T13:43:03Z

HwaNormanby23: creating basic article and citations

{{Short description|American politician (born 1978)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Danny Avula
| image = Danny Avula - Mayo Island, Richmond - 9-9-25 (25) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Avula in 2025
| office = 81st [[List of mayors of Richmond, Virginia|Mayor of Richmond]]
| term_start = January 1, 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Levar Stoney]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1978}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| education = [[University of Virginia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Virginia Commonwealth University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]) [[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Master of Public Health|MPH]])
}}
'''Danny Avula''' (born 1978)<ref>https://richmondfamilymagazine.com/community/profiles/essential-leader-danny-avula</ref> is an Indian-American public health professional and politician who is the [[mayor]] of [[Richmond, Virginia]], following his victory in the [[2024 Richmond, Virginia mayoral election|2024 election]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], and as an Indian-American, is the city's first Asian-American mayor.

== Early life and education ==
Avula was born in [[Hyderabad, India]], and immigrated with his family to the United States a year after he was born. His father joined the U.S. Navy and his family lived in California until Avula's late elementary school years. After his father retired from active duty, both his parents spent their careers working for the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].<ref name="mw-2024">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Meet Dr. Danny Avula - Dr. Danny Avula for Richmond Mayor |url=https://dannyformayor.com/bio/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3qmf0b3f9pvK2_Vjcxb2LDISPg8_jC58CueAcurnNkirgpJ2pk2DtaDHY_aem_ZmFrZWR1bW15MTZieXRlcw |access-date=November 7, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> He grew up in [[Northern Virginia]].<ref name="Roop-2020">{{Cite web |last=Roop |first=Jason |date=December 29, 2020 |title=Richmonder of the Year |url=https://www.styleweekly.com/richmonder-of-the-year/ |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=Style Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref>

Avula attended the [[University of Virginia]] studying biology for his undergrad, graduating when he was 19.<ref name="Roop-2020" /> He then attended medical school at [[Virginia Commonwealth University]] to become a pediatrician.<ref name="McNamee-2024">{{Cite web |last=McNamee |first=Madison |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Meet Richmond mayoral candidate Danny Avula |url=https://www.12onyourside.com/2024/09/24/meet-richmond-mayoral-candidate-danny-avula/ |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=WWBT |language=en}}</ref> Later, he earned a [[Masters of Public Health]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref name="mw-2024" />

== Career ==
Avula gained prominence during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia|COVID-19 pandemic]] earning the nickname "Richmond's Dr. Fauci" and led vaccination efforts in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreno |first=Sabrina |date=February 6, 2021 |title=One month in: How Danny Avula became Richmond's 'Dr. Fauci' and went on to lead the state's vaccination efforts |url=https://richmond.com/special-report/coronavirus/one-month-in-how-danny-avula-became-richmonds-dr-fauci-and-went-on-to-lead/article_f41c0891-05bd-5d5e-a6fb-5c73ac776cf0.html |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as director of the Health District covering [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] and [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2024 |title=A look at Richmond's projected mayoral winner, Dr. Danny Avula |url=https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/richmond/a-look-at-richmonds-projected-mayoral-winner-dr-danny-avula/ |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=WRIC ABC 8News |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, he was named [[Style Weekly]]'s Richmonder of the Year.<ref name="Roop-2020" /> He went on to be appointed Commissioner of Social Services for the Commonwealth of Virginia by Governors [[Ralph Northam]] and [[Glenn Youngkin]].<ref name="McNamee-2024" />

Avula announced his campaign for [[mayor of Richmond, Virginia]], on April 10, 2024.<ref name="Moreno-2024">{{Cite news |last=Moreno |first=Sabrina |date=April 10, 2024 |title=Danny Avula announces run for Richmond mayor |url=https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/04/10/danny-avula-richmond-va-mayor |work=Axios}}</ref> On November 5, 2024, Avula won the [[2024 Richmond, Virginia mayoral election|2024 Richmond mayoral election]] becoming mayor-elect of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Richmond mayor-elect Danny Avula shares his outlook for the city |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/richmond-mayor-elect-danny-avula-012302113.html |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Avula was sworn in on January 1, 2025, making him the city's first immigrant mayor.<ref name="Moreno-2024" />

== Personal life ==
Avula is married to Mary Kay, a [[Richmond Public Schools]] elementary school teacher. He and his wife have five children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Essential Leader Danny Avula – Richmond Family Magazine |url=https://richmondfamilymagazine.com/community/profiles/essential-leader-danny-avula/ |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=richmondfamilymagazine.com |language=en-US}}</ref> One of their children is adopted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2020 |title=Why children in Virginia's foster care system need a loving family more than ever |url=https://www.wtvr.com/community/why-children-in-virginias-foster-care-system-need-a-loving-family-more-than-ever |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR |language=en}}</ref>

He serves on the board of the [[Medical College of Virginia|Medical College of Virginia Foundation]] and previously chaired the Richmond Memorial Health Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Avula, M.D. {{!}} Medical College of Virginia Foundation |url=https://www.mcvfoundation.org/about/board/danny-avula-md |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=www.mcvfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Levar Stoney]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of mayors of Richmond, Virginia|Mayor of Richmond]]|years=2025–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mayors of US State Capitals}}
{{Mayors of Richmond, Virginia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avula, Danny}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in Virginia]]
[[Category:American mayors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:Virginia Commonwealth University alumni]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]

Baghra Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:06Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting New Article V1

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Baghra
| type = SLA
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|established = 1974
|abolished = 2012
|district = [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
| loksabha_cons =
|reservation =
}}
'''Baghra Assembly constituency'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baghra-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |title=Baghra Assembly Constituency Election Result|date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> was one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It was a part of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] and one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Baghra Assembly constituency was demolished in 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[6th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Virendra Verma]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Babu Singh || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[8th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Nakli Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Babu Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" |[[Harendra Singh Malik]] || rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Pradeep Baliyan|Pradeep Balyan]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |09 || rowspan="2" |[[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Anuradha Choudhary]] || rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] || Feb-2002 || May-2004 || 828 || Elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]] in May 2004 || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|Paramjeet Malik || Oct-2004 || May-2007 || 1,074 || Elected during [[by-election]] ||
|-
| 10 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Pankaj Kumar Malik]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2004===

{{Election box begin|title=2004 Assembly Election: Baghra}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate='''Paramjeet Malik'''|votes='''42,705'''|percentage='''32.18'''|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pankaj Kumar Malik]]|votes=39,004|percentage=29.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chatar Singh |votes=35,278|percentage=26.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pradeep]]|votes=7097|percentage=5.35|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3701|percentage=2.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,717|percentage=58.74|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link | winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal| loser = Indian National Congress| swing =}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===

{{Election box begin | title=2002 General Elections:Baghra}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate='''[[Anuradha Choudhary]]'''|votes='''48,509'''|percentage='''40.91'''|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party |candidate=Udaipal|votes=30,680|percentage=25.87|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Yogesh |votes=17,065|percentage=14.39|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vedpal Singh|votes=12,234|percentage=10.32|change=–}}
{{Election box majority|votes=17,829|percentage=15.04|change=–}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=118,574|percentage=59.58|change=–}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
| swing = –
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Baghra]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coords|29.47|77.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Peranamallur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:25Z

HwaNormanby23: Made New Entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peranamallur
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Thiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency|Vandavasi]]
| electors= 170,898
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Peranamallur''' is a former state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]] in present-day [[Tiruvanamalai district]] since 1989. Prior to that, it was part of [[North Arcot district]]. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[P. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| [[V. D. Annamalai Mudaliyar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[P. Ettiappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[P. Chandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[P. M. Venkatesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[R. Hari Kumar (politician)|R. Hari Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[R. Ettiyappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[A. K. Srinivasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[N. Pandurangan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[A. K. S. Anbalagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[G. Edirolimanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|46.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.50}}

}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ediroli Manian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=56,331 |percentage=46.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. S. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,643 |percentage=40.95% |change=-4.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gopinathan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,149 |percentage=7.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. K. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,105 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anbukannan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,163 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Vengatesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,071 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhanusu |party=Independent politician |votes=790 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,688 |percentage=5.52% |change=-1.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=121,231 |percentage=70.94% |change= 4.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,898 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. S. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,625 |percentage=45.62% |change=18.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Bose |party=Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi |votes=44,266 |percentage=38.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. S. Shanmugasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=9,054 |percentage=7.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Venugobalan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,721 |percentage=2.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,846 |percentage=1.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Jayakaran Joseph |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,590 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=902 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=759 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thiyagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Dharanendira Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=306 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,359 |percentage=7.25% |change=-17.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,355 |percentage=66.13% |change= -3.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,454 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Pandurangan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,907 |percentage=52.17% |change=23.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Srinivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,114 |percentage=27.13% |change=-27.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Durai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=20,143 |percentage=18.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramanujalu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,379 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Aruldoss |party=Independent politician |votes=467 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Rajamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anbudoss |party=Independent politician |votes=230 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=163 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,793 |percentage=25.04% |change=-1.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,005 |percentage=69.78% |change= 1.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,984 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Srinivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,653 |percentage=54.55% |change=27.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Subramaniyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,481 |percentage=28.39% |change=-17.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Anandan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,712 |percentage=17.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,172 |percentage=26.17% |change=7.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,846 |percentage=68.58% |change= 3.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,084 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ettiyappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,908 |percentage=45.86% |change=4.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jacob Jaison |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,588 |percentage=26.90% |change=-27.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Natarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,972 |percentage=16.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Hari Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,585 |percentage=6.11% |change=-48.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,270 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=646 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayamary |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Aruldass |party=Independent politician |votes=306 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Punithavathi |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Sriramulu |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. S. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,320 |percentage=18.95% |change=5.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,392 |percentage=65.36% |change= -10.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,908 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Hari Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,591 |percentage=54.39% |change=10.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,599 |percentage=41.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thellu Dharumarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,674 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Balaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,445 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramania Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narayanasami |party=Independent politician |votes=297 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Loganatha Achari |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,992 |percentage=13.15% |change=11.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,180 |percentage=76.00% |change= 13.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,862 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Venkitesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,645 |percentage=44.09% |change=3.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Margabandu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,767 |percentage=42.90% |change=32.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Parswanathan |party=Janata Party |votes=8,275 |percentage=11.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. V. Ilango |party=Independent politician |votes=1,356 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=878 |percentage=1.19% |change=-10.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,043 |percentage=62.23% |change= 2.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,318 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,860 |percentage=40.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ettappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,822 |percentage=28.79% |change=-35.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Subramanian |party=Janata Party |votes=11,685 |percentage=16.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Krishnaswamy Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,495 |percentage=10.89% |change=-24.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. John Xavier |party=Independent politician |votes=1,813 |percentage=2.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. S. Padmanabhan |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,038 |percentage=11.68% |change=-17.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,840 |percentage=59.35% |change= -13.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,644 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ettiappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,160 |percentage=64.50% |change=18.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Boopalan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,557 |percentage=35.50% |change=3.70% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,603 |percentage=28.99% |change=14.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,717 |percentage=73.20% |change= -6.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,345 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. Anamalai Mudaliar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,413 |percentage=46.25% |change=13.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,225 |percentage=31.80% |change=-17.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ettiappan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,714 |percentage=16.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. K. Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,480 |percentage=3.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=769 |percentage=1.21% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,188 |percentage=14.45% |change=-2.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,601 |percentage=79.66% |change= 8.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,233 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Peranamallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,817 |percentage=49.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. Anamalai Mudaliar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,252 |percentage=32.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.Ettiyappa Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,670 |percentage=13.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Adikesava Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,400 |percentage=4.79% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,565 |percentage=17.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,139 |percentage=71.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,329 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.57|79.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Binka Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:08Z

HwaNormanby23: creating the details added tags

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Binka
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Binka''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Subarnapur district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=1951 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Statewise) Order of India |date=1951}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1956 |title=1956 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1957}}</ref> It was revived in 1961<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
Between 1951 & 2008, 11 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Binka constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Baikunthanath Nepak
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
! colspan="4" |''1957-1961: Constituency didn't exist''
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Anantaram Nanda
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Narasimha Charan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Radhamohan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Parikhit Karna
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Pradeep Hota
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Chittaranjan Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Panchanana Mishra
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Narasingha Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Niranjan Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Subarnapur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Subarnapur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Swami Satchidananda Saraswati

2026-04-15T18:35:49Z

HwaNormanby23: created initial stub initial version

{{short description|Indian religious teacher (1914–2002)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Swami Satchidananda
|image = Swami Satchidananda in Yogaville 2.jpg
|alt = Satchidananda giving an informal talk to students in Yogaville (1982)
|caption = Satchidananda giving an informal talk to students in [[Yogaville]] (1982)
|religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Interfaith dialogue|Interfaith]] [[universalism]]
|lineage = [[Sivananda]]
|order = Saraswati order
|institute = Integral Yoga Institute
|church = Integral Yoga Ministry
|philosophy = [[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)|Integral Yoga]]
|nationality = Indian-American (naturalized, 1976)
|birth_name = C. K. Ramaswamy Gounder
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|12|22}}
|birth_place = [[Chettipalayam]],<ref name=MartinNYTobit/> [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|8|19|1914|12|22}}
|death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
|resting_place = [[Yogaville]], [[Buckingham, Virginia]]
|honors = U Thant Peace Award; Juliet Hollister Award
}}
'''Satchidananda Saraswati''' ({{IAST3|Saccidānanda Sarasvatī}}; 22 December 1914 – 19 August 2002),<ref name=MartinNYTobit/> born '''C. K. Ramaswamy Gounder''' and known as '''Swami Satchidananda''', was an Indian [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]] and religious teacher, who gained following in the West. He founded [[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)|his own brand of Integral Yoga]], and its [[Yogaville]] headquarters in Virginia. He was the author of philosophical and spiritual books and had a core of founding disciples who compiled his translations and updated commentaries on traditional handbooks of yoga such as the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'' and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' for modern readers.

==Early life and education==

Satchidananda Saraswati was born C. K. Ramaswamy Gounder on 22 December 1914,<ref name=MartinNYTobit>{{cite news |author=Martin, Douglas |date=August 21, 2002 |title=Swami Satchidananda, Woodstock's Guru, Dies at 87 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/21/world/swami-satchidananda-woodstock-s-guru-dies-at-87.html |access-date=February 3, 2022 | quote=...born in Chettipalayamm to a family of wealthy landowners on Dec. 22, 1914... According to the reference book ''Religious Leaders of America,'' he worked in his family's automobile import business as a young man, learning the welding trade... He married and had two sons; one, C. R. Nanjappan...}} Note, the publication date of the obituary was Wednesday, August 21, 2002, wherein it was noted that the subject died "on Monday".</ref> in [[Chettipalayam]],<ref name=MartinNYTobit/> a suburb of [[Coimbatore]] city in [[Tamil Nadu, India]] to "a family of wealthy landowners".<ref name=MartinNYTobit/>

According to his authorized biography (published by his existing U.S. organization, Integral Yoga), his father, Sri Kalyanasundaram was a landowner and poet; his mother, Srimati Velammai was spiritual.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=4}} It further states that his parents called him ''Ramu'', that their home was a meeting place for poets, musicians, and philosophers, that wandering ascetics and holy men received free food and lodging at their home, and that their presence influenced Satchidananda.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=4}} He studied at an agricultural college.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=34}}

==Early career pursuits and marriage==

Satchidananda began working in his family's automobile import business, learning how to weld.<ref name=MartinNYTobit/>{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=34}} At age 23, he became a manager at India's National Electric Works.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=34}} He was a temporary manager of Perur Temple, and met his wife there.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=34}} He married and had two sons; his wife died suddenly 5 years into their marriage.<ref name=MartinNYTobit/><ref name="WRSP 2011"/>

==Spiritual pursuits==
[[File:Sw.Satchidananda&Sw.Sivananda.jpg|thumb|upright|Satchidananda (standing) with his Guru, [[Sivananda Saraswati]], [[Rishikesh]], India, 1951]]

After the death of his wife, Ramaswamy travelled throughout India, meditating at [[shrine]]s and studying with spiritual teachers including a brief period with [[Sri Aurobindo]].<ref name="WRSP 2011"/> He was initiated into pre-[[sannyasa]] in the Ramakrishna Thapovanam and given the name Sambasiva Chaitanya. While at the [[ashram]], he cared for orphaned young boys and studied along with [[Ramana Maharshi]]. He left the [[Sri Ramana Ashram]] when he could not bear the suffering of Ramana's arm cancer and treatment procedures. He travelled to [[Rishikesh]], a town in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] on the banks of the [[Ganges]]. There, he discovered his [[guru]], [[Sivananda Saraswati]], founder of the [[Divine Life Society]], who ordained him into the sannyasa in 1949 and gave him the name Swami Satchidananda Saraswati.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=239}} The name [[Satcitananda]] ({{langx|sa|Saccidānanda}}) is a compound of three Sanskrit words, {{Transliteration|sa|[[Satya|sat]]}}, {{Transliteration|sa|[[Cit (consciousness)|cit]]}} and {{Transliteration|sa|[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ānanda]]}}, meaning essence, consciousness and bliss, respectively. The expression describes the nature of [[Brahman]].<ref name="Devadutta Kali 2005 page 365">Devadutta Kali (2005), Devimahatmyam: In Praise of the Goddess, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120829534}}, page 365, Quote: "Saccidananda, being-consciousness-bliss, a threefold epithet attempting to describe the unitary, indescribable Brahman".</ref> In all, he studied under Sivananda for 17 years.<ref name="WRSP 2011">{{cite web |title=Integral Yoga International (IYI) |url=https://www.wrldrels.org/SpecialProjects/SpiritualAndVisionaryGroups/International%20Integral%20Yoga.htm |publisher=World Religions and Spiritualities Project, Virginia Commonwealth University |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=22 November 2011}}</ref> Along with [[Vishnudevananda Saraswati|Vishnudevananda]], he became one of Sivananda's known missionaries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |title=[[The Path of Modern Yoga|The Path of Modern Yoga: the history of an embodied spiritual practice]] |publisher=Inner Traditions |location=Rochester, Vermont |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 |oclc=926062252 |page=387}}</ref>

During the early 1950s and into the 1960s, Satchidananda and his fellow Sivananda devotee Satchidananda Saraswati Mataji jointly headed the Trincomalee Thapovanam, one of Sivananda's ashrams in the hill country of [[Sri Lanka]].{{sfn|Bordow|2014|pp=135-137}} In October 1955, his devotees opened Satchidananda Thapovanam in Kandy. Here, Satchidananda taught yoga, conceived and implemented interfaith approaches to traditional Hindu festivals, and modernised the ancient mode of living that renunciates had followed for many years. For instance, he drove a car to teach throughout Sri Lanka, wore a watch to be on time, and engaged the questions of seekers. These modernisations were ridiculed by some in the orthodoxy, but he felt the changes to be necessary natural extensions and serving tools for betterment in his spiritual yogic work.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|p=137}} He loved flying airplanes and helicopters.<ref name="Woo LA Times 2002"/>

==Coming to America and Woodstock==

[[File:Swami opening.jpg|thumb|Swami Satchidananda on stage as he opens the 1969 [[Woodstock Festival]]]]

Filmmaker [[Conrad Rooks]] paid for Satchidananda to fly to New York in 1966,{{sfn|Syman|2010|page=239}}{{sfn|Bordow|2014|pp=203, 207}} and artist [[Peter Max]], who had been working with Rooks, introduced him to his many friends;{{sfn|Syman|2010|page=239}}<ref name=SatchidanandaWoodstockGuru>{{cite book |author=Satchidananda, Sri Swami |date=2019 |title=The Woodstock Guru |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-0932040039 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIG5yAEACAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|p.20}} Satchidananda stayed for five months.{{sfn|Syman|2010|page=239}} In August 1969, Satchidananda flew in to the [[Woodstock]] music festival by helicopter directly to the stage, arriving in orange robes, long hair, and flowing beard, and sitting down in [[lotus position]] to speak.{{sfn|Syman|2010|pages=232–233}}{{sfn|Shearer|2020|pp=209–210}} He gave the opening address, giving a nod to [[Vivekananda]]'s 1893 speech in Chicago by greeting the crowd with "Brothers and Sisters of America",{{sfn|Shearer|2020|pp=209–210}} telling the crowd that music was "the celestial sound that controls the whole universe",<ref name="Telegraph Obituary"/> and leading chanting of "[[Hari Om]] ... Rama Rama".{{sfn|Syman|2010|pages=232–233}} He was well received by the crowd.{{sfn|Shearer|2020|pp=209–210}}

In 1970, he opened a branch of his Integral Yoga Institute, on 770 Dolores Street, San Francisco.<ref name="Lattin SFGate 2002"/>
In 1973, Columbia Records produced a vinyl double LP ''Swami Satchidananda'' that featured a kirtan and a talk (not at Woodstock) by Satchidananda based on questions asked by students. The back cover illustration showed a photograph of the swami at Woodstock. The album was re-released in digital format as: ''Swami Satchidananda: The Woodstock Years''.<ref>{{cite AV media |author=Swami Satchidananda |title=Swami Satchidananda |type=LP |publisher=[[Columbia Records 1958–1986|Columbia Records]] |date=1970 |id=G-30477}} The album does not contain a recording of his Woodstock speech. An extract of the speech is printed in the inside gatefold.</ref> Satchidananda became a US citizen in 1976,<ref name="Lattin SFGate 2002"/> having arrived on a visa stating that he was a "Minister of Divine Words".<ref name="Woo LA Times 2002"/>

American jazz pianist and harpist [[Alice Coltrane]], the wife of [[John Coltrane]], released ''[[Journey in Satchidananda]]'' in February 1971. The album's title and title track reflect the influence of Swami Satchidananda Saraswati, whom Coltrane had studied under and become close to.<ref name="pitchfork">{{cite web |last1=Livingstone |first1=Josephine |title=Alice Coltrane: Journey in Satchidananda |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/alice-coltrane-journey-in-satchidananda |publisher=Pitchfork |accessdate=7 March 2019 |date=3 February 2019}}</ref> The composition "Shiva-Loka", or "realm of [[Shiva]]", refers to Shiva's role as the third member of the [[Trimurti|Hindu trinity]], the "dissolver of creation". The presence of the [[tanpura]] reflects Coltrane's interest in [[Indian classical music]] and religion.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=Journey in Satchidananda |others=Alice Coltrane |type=liner notes |year=1971 |publisher=Impulse! Records |id=AS 9203 |last=Coltrane |first=Alice}}</ref>

== Global travels ==
[[File:Sw.Satchidananda in Australia.jpg|thumb|Swami Satchidananda, with [[Sydney Opera House]] in background, during a speaking tour of Australia, 1981]]

In over fifty years of public service, Satchidananda made eight world tours and logged two million miles of travel around the globe. "I don't belong to any one country or organization", he often said.<ref name=UnknownAuthorBoundlessGiving>{{cite book |editor=Chaitanya, Karuna |date=2003 |orig-date= |title=Boundless Giving: The Life and Service of Sri Swami Satchidananda—A Commemorative |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=9780932040558 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0p7KAAAACAAJ |access-date=February 3, 2022 |quote=}}</ref>{{rp|p.86}} In 1971, he made the first of several visits to Australia and New Zealand, as part of his second world tour. In late 1979, he opened the first Nambassa Festival in New Zealand, inspired by the Woodstock Festival.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Broadley |first1=Colin |last2=Jones |first2=Judith |date=1979 |title=Nambassa: A New Direction |page= |publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed |isbn=978-0589012168}}</ref> In 1975, he made his first South American trip, visiting Venezuela including giving a lecture at the [[Central University of Venezuela]].<ref name=AnjaliSSSPortrait>{{cite book |last=Anjali |first=Prem |date=1996 |title=Sri Swami Satchidananda, Portrait of a Modern Sage |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=9780932040497 |page=184}}</ref>

In Europe, Satchidananda was a guest speaker at programs sponsored by institutions such as the [[British Wheel of Yoga]] and the Italian and German Yoga Federations. From the late 1970s, for fifteen years, he spoke at the annual European Union of National Yoga Federations conference in [[Zinal]], Switzerland. He traveled to Eastern Europe twice, as part of a citizen-diplomacy delegation. In 1985 and 1986, he went to Finland and the Soviet Union for 10-day tours by two peace organizations.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|pp=384-389}} He made yearly tours of India and Sri Lanka, and traveled in Asia and the Middle East to speak at yoga, peace, health, and other conferences.{{sfn|Bordow|2014|pp=300, 317}}

== Integral Yoga ==
{{main|Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)}}

[[File:Yogaville - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The grounds of Satchidananda's [[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)|Integral Yoga]] headquarters, [[Yogaville]], with its LOTUS shrine]]
[[File:Sw.Satchidananda&Drs.jpg|thumb|"The Mind-Body Connection: Stress, Attitude, Diet, and Your Health" with Satchidananda and Michael Lerner, [[Dean Ornish]], and Sandra McLanahan, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1987]]

Satchidananda taught a blend of [[hatha yoga]] and yoga philosophy which he named [[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)|Integral Yoga]].{{sfn|Shearer|2020|pp=209–210}} In 1971, he began training students to teach yoga in prisons and drug rehabilitation centers.<ref name=deSachyiBound>{{cite book |author=de Sachy, Sandra Kumari |date=2010 |title=Bound to be Free: The Liberating Power of Prison Yoga |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-1938477683 |page= }}{{page needed|date=February 2022}}</ref> In 1976, Sandra McLanahan founded one of the first integrative health clinics in the US, offering [[yoga therapy]], at that time new to America.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bosco |first=Dominick |date=November 1977 |title=The Clinic Where Love and Medicine Go Hand in Hand |journal=Prevention Magazine |issue=November 1977 |url=https://integralyogamagazine.org/the-clinic-where-love-and-medicine-go-hand-in-hand/ |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Branches were opened in many places around the world.<ref name="Woo LA Times 2002"/>

The Integral Yoga headquarters at Satchidananda Ashram–[[Yogaville]] was founded in 1986.<ref name="Lattin SFGate 2002">{{cite web |last=Lattin |first=Don |date=August 20, 2002 |title=[Obituary:] Rev. Sri Swami Satchidananda—The Woodstock Guru |website=[[SFGate.com]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Rev-Sri-Swami-Satchidananda-the-Woodstock-guru-2808012.php |access-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref> The LOTUS shrine cost $2 million, and Satchidananda blessed it on its opening by flying his helicopter to sprinkle holy water over it. The opening parade included a "flame-tossing juggler"<ref name="Woo LA Times 2002"/> and a baby elephant as well as religious figures.<ref name="Woo LA Times 2002"/>

[[File:Sw. Satchidananda&Interfaith Ceremony.jpg|thumb|Interfaith service organized by Swami Satchidananda in 1975, Connecticut. Clockwise from the swami are Br. David, Fr. Beh, Taj Inayat, Roshi Prabhasa Dharma, Rabbi Gelberman.]]

Satchidananda was an early advocate of the interfaith movement in America.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/guru-centennial-celebrating-satchidanandas-vision-world-peace |title=Celebrating Satchidananda's Vision of World Peace |author=Anon |website=[[Yoga Journal]] (YJ)|date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> In the early 1950s, when the [[Divine Life Society]] was preparing for Guru Poornima Day, where each separate lineage honors its own Guru, Satchidananda suggested that the focus be on Sivananda and spiritual masters of other faiths. That tradition continues today in all Integral Yoga centers.<ref name=deSachyiVision>{{cite book |last=de Sachy |first=Sandra Kumari |date=2014 |title=A Vision of Peace: The Interfaith Teachings of Sri Swami Satchidananda |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-1938477225 |page=31}}</ref> In later decades, Satchidananda collaborated with other interfaith advocates, including the Very Rev. James P. Morton of the Interfaith Center of New York, Rabbi Joseph Gelberman, Brother [[David Steindl-Rast]] OSB, and Pir [[Vilayat Inayat Khan|Vilayat Khan]], holding monthly meetings. In 1968, Satchidananda co-founded the Center for Spiritual Studies in New York with Rabbi Gelberman, Br. David, and Eido Tai Shimano.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vedicilluminations.com/downloads/Philosophy/Blue%20God/Rabbi%20Robert%20dos%20Santos%20Teixeira%20biography.html |title=About Rabbi Robert}}</ref>

Over the years, he received many honors for his humanitarian service, including the Juliet Hollister Award presented at the United Nations in 1996. In 2002, he received the [[U Thant Peace Award]].<ref name="U Thant Peace Award">{{cite web |title=Heart of Gold Award |url=https://www.srichinmoy-reflections.com/april-17-t |website=Sri Chinmoy Reflections |access-date=24 February 2022 |date=2002 |quote=Photo by Pulak Viscardi. Sri Chinmoy presents the U Thant Peace Award to Swami Satchidananda, founder of the worldwide Integral Yoga Institute, at the 87-year-old yoga teacher’s institute in New York.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pettinger |first=Richard |title=Swami Satchidananda |url=https://www.poetseers.org/spiritual-and-devotional-poets/india/swami-satchidananda/ |website=Poet Seers |accessdate=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph Obituary">{{cite news |title=[Obituary] Swami Satchidananda |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1405024/Swami-Satchidananda.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 August 2002}}</ref> In 2014, he was posthumously honored as an "interfaith visionary", with the James Parks Morton Interfaith Award by the Interfaith Center of New York. He was named a "Fellow of World Thanksgiving" by the World Thanksgiving Council in 1981 and named "Hindu of the Year" by ''[[Hinduism Today]]'' magazine in 1994.

In 2009, Nalanie Chellaram founded a non-profit international collective of charities established in honor of Satchidananda and based on his core teaching of selfless service. Service in Satchidananda (SIS) exists to serve children and families in need around the globe through various [[Seva (Indian religions)|seva]] (selfless service) projects. Currently, SIS operates charities in Spain, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, India and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sisproject.org |title=Service in Satchidananda - SIS Project}}</ref>

==Vegetarianism==

Satchidananda advocated a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet for its health, ecological, and spiritual benefits.<ref>[https://integralyogamagazine.org/yoga-and-diet-questions-and-answers/ "Questions and Answers with Swami Satchidananda: Yoga and Diet"]. integralyogamagazine.org. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref> In 1972, he established the first vegetarian health food store in New York City, which remained the only vegetarian store in Manhattan, until its closure in late 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://westviewnews.org/2019/01/06/integral-yoga-natural-foods-closes-doors-after-45-years/web-admin/|title=Integral Yoga Natural Foods Closes Doors After 45 Years|author=Anon |date=6 January 2019}}</ref> In 1986, Satchidananda authored ''The Healthy Vegetarian'', a vegetarian cookbook with a foreword by [[Dean Ornish]].<ref>Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. (2022). ''History of Vegetarianism and Veganism Worldwide (1970-2022): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook''. Soyinfo Center. p. 435. {{ISBN |978-1948436748}}</ref> Satchidananda inspired Ornish's dietary research.<ref>Miller, Timothy. (1995). ''America's Alternative Religions''. State University of New York Press. p. 201. {{ISBN |9781438413112}}</ref>

== Sexual misconduct allegations ==
{{further|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus}}

In 1991, about a decade before his death, protesters accused Satchidananda of molesting his students, and carried signs outside a hotel where he was staying in Virginia that read "Stop the Abuse".<ref name=GriswoldNewYorker190723>{{cite magazine |last=Griswold |first=Eliza |date=July 23, 2019 |title=Yoga Reconsiders the Role of the Guru in the Age of #MeToo |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/yoga-reconsiders-the-role-of-the-guru-in-the-age-of-metoo/amp |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref><ref name=BroadNYT120227 >{{cite journal |author= Broad, William J. Broad |date=February 27, 2012 |title=Yoga and Sex Scandals: No Surprise Here |journal=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/health/nutrition/yoga-fans-sexual-flames-and-predictably-plenty-of-scandal.html |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> Several former disciples claimed he used his spiritual authority to coerce them into sexual relationships.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=261}}<ref name="Indian Express 2018">{{cite news |title=International Yoga Day: 5 yoga gurus who were accused of sexual assault |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/international-yoga-day-yoga-gurus-who-were-accused-of-sexual-assault-5226474/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 June 2018}}</ref> After those first allegations, several more women made similar allegations of sexual manipulation and abuse.<ref name="WRSP 2011"/> Satchidananda denied all the alleged abuses but refused to be interviewed about them.<ref name="WRSP 2011"/>{{sfn|Shearer|2020|p=296}}

In response to the controversy, 12 board members of various branches of the Integral Yoga Institute stepped down. Ex-members formed a support group, the Healing Through Truth Network, to support his alleged victims and to raise awareness of the misconduct claims. None of the alleged victims filed criminal charges.<ref name="Hammond Cushman 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Holly |last2=Cushman |first2=Anne |author2-link=Anne Cushman |title=Satchidadanda Controversy Heats Up |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=January 1992 |issue=102 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOkDAAAAMBAJ&q=richmond-times+dispatch+swami+satchidananda&pg=PA11}}</ref>

Despite these events, followers remained loyal; Meryl Davids Landau wrote in the ''Elephant Journal'' in 2012 that the question for her was whether the teachings had served her, and she concluded that even though men like Swami Satchidananda and [[John Friend (yogi)|John Friend]] were "imperfect messenger[s]", one can appreciate what one gets from them.<ref>{{cite web |last=Landau |first=Meryl Davids |date=February 21, 2012 |title=In Times of Scandal |website=Elephant Journal |url=https://www.elephantjournal.com/2012/02/in-times-of-scandal-meryl-davids-landau/ |publisher=Waylon H. Lewis Enterprises |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref>

== Death ==

On 19 August 2002, Swami Satchidananda died after speaking at a peace conference in [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="Lattin SFGate 2002"/><ref name="Woo LA Times 2002"/> His funeral took place in Yogaville on 22 August 2002.<ref name="Woo LA Times 2002">{{cite news |last=Woo |first=Elaine |title=Swami Satchidananda, 87; Yoga Master and Guru Preached and Practiced a Life of Spiritual Unity |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-25-me-swami25-story.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 25, 2002}}</ref>

== Books ==


* {{cite book |author=Satchidananda, Swami |date=2017 |orig-date=1978 |title=Yoga Sutras of Patanjali |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-1938477072 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=Satchidananda, Swami |author-mask1=——— |date=1977 |title=Beyond Words |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-0932040374 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author=Satchidananda, Swami |author-mask1=——— |date=2014|title=Integral Yoga Hatha |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |oclc=992976366 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=Satchidananda, Swami |author-mask1=——— |date=2017 |title=The Yoga Way: Food for Body, Mind & Spirit |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-0932040015 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=Satchidananda, Swami |author-mask1=——— |date=2019 |title=The Woodstock Guru |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-0932040039 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIG5yAEACAAJ |ref=none }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Bordow |first=Sita |date=2014 |orig-date=1984 |title=Sri Swami Satchidananda: Apostle of Peace |location=Buckingham, Virginia |publisher=Integral Yoga Publications |isbn=978-0932040312 |url=https://issuu.com/yogaville/docs/apostle_of_peace }}
* {{cite book |last=Shearer |first=Alistair |title=[[The Story of Yoga|The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West]] |date=2020 |publisher=[[Hurst Publishers]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78738-192-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Syman |first=Stefanie |chapter=How to be a Guru Without Really Trying |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |year=2010 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 |pages=233–255 |url=https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma |url-access=registration }}

== External links ==

{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Swami Satchidananda}}
* [https://www.swamisatchidananda.org/ Swami Satchidananda.org]
* [https://www.yogaville.org/ Satchidananda Ashram Yogaville]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/21/world/swami-satchidananda-woodstock-s-guru-dies-at-87.html Swami Satchidananda at ''New York Times'']

{{Yoga}}
{{Woodstock}}
{{Modern yoga}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{People in veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satchidananda Saraswati, Swami}}
[[Category:Swami Satchidananda Saraswati|Swami Satchidananda Saraswati]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]

Immanuel Higher Secondary School, Zünheboto

2026-04-11T18:12:36Z

HwaNormanby23: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Immanuel Higher Secondary School
| image = Immanuel_Higher_Secondary_School,_Zünheboto.png
| caption =
| motto = ''‘Higher Heights’''
| location = Below Post Office, Project colony
| city = [[Zünheboto]]
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.015669|N|94.526113|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[High School]]
| established = 2010
| principal = Vihuto Assumi
| gender = Boys and Girls
| enrollment = 800
| area = {{convert|26|acre|abbr=on}}
| website = https://ihss.business.site
}}

'''Immanuel Higher Secondary School'''<ref>{{cite web|title= Immanuel Higher Secondary School, Zunheboto |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/immanuel-school-8q1v6l/|website=ICBSE|date=20 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> is a Christian educational institution located at Project Colony, [[Zünheboto]]. The school is registered with the Department of school Education, [[Kohima|Nagaland]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Christian schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Private schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]

{{Nagaland-school-stub}}

Balupu

2026-04-07T19:16:15Z

HwaNormanby23:

{{short description|2013 film by Gopichand Malineni}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balupu
| image = Balupu poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Gopichand Malineni]]
| producer = [[Prasad Vara Potluri]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Gopichand Malineni
| story = [[Kona Venkat]] [[K. S. Ravindra]]
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Shruti Haasan]] [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[PVP cinema]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|28}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Balupu''''' ({{translation|Arrogance}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Gopichand Malineni]]. The film is produced by [[Prasad Vara Potluri]] under his [[PVP cinema]] banner. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], and [[Prakash Raj]] along with [[Adivi Sesh]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], and [[Brahmanandam]] in supporting roles.

Released on 28 June 2013, the film went on to become a major commercial success at the [[box office]], grossing over ₹61 crore with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹30 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-07|title=Back with a bang at the box-office|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/373286/back-bang-box-office.html|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206011255/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/373286/back-bang-box-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the [[List of Telugu films of 2013|seventh highest-grossing Telugu film of 2013]] and became Ravi Teja's highest-grossing movie up until that point until the release of ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]'', which was also directed by [[Gopichand Malineni|Mallineni]] and also had [[Shruti Haasan|Haasan]] alongside Teja. [[Thaman S|S. Thaman]] also returned to compose the music.

Balupu was remade in Bengali as [[Herogiri]] (2015). ''Balupu'' is currently set to be remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Trishulam.<ref name="ravi" />''

== Plot ==
Ravi works as a collection agent of [[ICICI Bank|ICICI bank]] in [[Bangalore]] and leads a happy life along with his friends and his father Mohan Rao. Mohan Rao wishes to see Ravi married soon although Ravi is against it. One day, Ravi is informed that one of his friends, Seenu has attempted suicide. Upon inquiring, Ravi finds out that his friend fell in love with a girl named Shruti. Shruti and her uncle Crazy Mohan, have a habit of cheating gullible young men in the name of love - including Seenu. Ravi decides to teach them a lesson.

Ravi enters their life as a gullible youngster after Shruti "falls in love with him", he starts torturing them. Crazy Mohan's attempts to make Ravi go away prove in vain. Crazy Mohan hatches a plan, telling Shruti to ask Ravi to marry her, thinking that Ravi will get cold feet and they would be rid of him. Ravi, guessing their next move, also comes with a marriage proposal to Shruti. The pair, then, approach Mohan Rao and tell him that Ravi is in love with Shruti and that he has proposed to her. They assume that this would enrage Mohan Rao, but Mohan Rao accepts the proposal heartily. However, Shruti was already engaged to Rohit by her father sometime in the past. Their entire act of "cheating gullible young men" was just so that Shruti could have fun spending the last few days before getting married while Crazy Mohan can profit from it. One day, Ravi saves Shruti from some goons and finally comes clean to Shruti as he believes that things have gone too far. He advises her not to play with people's feelings in future. Shruti finds herself falling in love with Ravi and informs Ravi's father Mohan Rao.

Mohan Rao leaves the final decision to Shruti's father and guarantees that they would not face any problem in the future from Ravi, whatever the decision on their proposal. On the other hand, Rohit's mother, in a fit of anger warns Shruti that she would torture her after the marriage. Listening to both of them, Shruti's father, realizes his mistake and fixes Shruti's marriage with Ravi. A humiliated Rohit's mother calls her brother Poorna, a dreaded don in [[Vizag]]. After arriving at the wedding venue with his henchmen, Poorna recognises that Ravi and Mohan Rao are his former nemesis Shankar and Nanaji. While Ravi is fighting with the goons, Poorna stabs Mohan Rao, kidnaps Shruti and flees away to Vizag. After admitting Mohan Rao to the hospital, Ravi starts narrating his past.

'''Past''': Nanaji was a dreaded gangster with an established crime empire in Vizag, while Poorna was still trying to establish his own regime. In view to destroying Nanaji's empire, Poorna takes the help of Shankar, a young upstart, and makes him a partner-in-crime. Shankar, with his aggressiveness and cleverness, starts destroying the empire of Nanaji. Meanwhile, he falls in love with Dr. Anjali, without knowing the fact that she was Nanaji's daughter. Shankar lies to her that he is a struggling musician and soon Anjali reciprocates his love. Knowing this, Poorna's elder son Babji, who always had a grudge against Shankar, attempts an attack on Anjali, only to be killed by Nanaji. At this point, she learns about Shankar's true identity. She pleads to both Shankar and Nanaji to leave the syndicate, and Shankar agrees.

Enraged by his son's death, Poorna instructs Shankar to kill Nanaji and Anjali. However, Shankar refuses and informs him that he has decided to quit. Kaasi, Poorna's younger son, advises Poorna to inform Nanaji that Shankar has kidnapped Anjali and will kill her. Nanaji, angered by this news, gathers his men and rushes to kill Shankar. Meanwhile, Shankar, having truly given up crime and wishing to marry Anjali, decides to approach Nanaji along with Anjali to seek his blessings. Nanaji on spotting them both, rushes to meet them head on. Kaasi too arrives at the same spot with his own men and attacks Nanaji's men. Thinking that they are all in league with Shankar, Nanaji retaliates and soon a feud takes place. In the ensuing chaos, Kaasi shoots Anjali, fatally wounding her. Enraged, Shankar promptly kills Kaasi and rushes to the hospital with Anjali. Anjali with a few moments left, reveals the truth to her father and requests him to leave the life of crime. Nanaji and Shankar, overcome with grief at the loss of Anjali's death, decide to leave Vizag for Bangalore to lead a normal life as Ravi and Mohan Rao.

'''Present''': Shruti's father rushes to the hospital and tells Ravi/Shankar that Shruti is kidnapped by Rohit. Ravi reaches Vizag and orchestrates a plan and with the help of Shruti, Mohan Rao/Nanaji, Dr. Savitri and his friends, Ravi manages to kidnap Rohit. Poorna along with Shruti, reaches the spot where they are to make an exchange of Rohit for Shruti. However, after the exchange, Poorna reveals that he never believed in Ravi's act and he just went along with his story to trap Ravi and Mohan Rao. A final fight ensues and Ravi finally defeats Poorna, and tells him to leave the life of crime, and marries Shruti.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Ravi / Shankar alias Balupu Shankar
* [[Shruti Haasan]] as Shruti
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Dr. Anjali
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Mohan Rao / Nanaji (Ravi's adopted father and Anjali's father)
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Rohit (Shruti's fiancé) and Poorna's Nephew
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]<ref name="Rana">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-22/news-interviews/35968416_1_kannada-films-ravi-teja-ashutosh-rana|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216071847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-22/news-interviews/35968416_1_kannada-films-ravi-teja-ashutosh-rana|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=My kids don't watch my films: Ashutosh Rana|access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> as Vizag Poorna
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Crazy Mohan alias Fulka
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dr. Savitri
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Shruti's father
* [[Brahmaji]] as Suri
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Rohit's mother
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya Menon]] as Ranga, Nanaji's brother
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Nanaji's henchman
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as A. R. Naidu
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Ravi's friend
* Venu as Ravi's friend
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as CI Basava
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Babji
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Kaasi
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Shekhar
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Seenu, Ravi's friend
* [[Supreeth]] as Poorna's henchman
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Rohit's henchman
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Poorna's henchmen
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Poorna's henchmen
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]]
* Surekha Vani
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Ravi's friend
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Mohan Rao's friend
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Shankar 's Die heart Fan
* [[Archana Shastry]] as herself
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] as herself (special appearance in song "Lucky Rai")
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Gopichand Malineni]] and [[Ravi Teja]] together announced that their collaboration is set for a new film whose name was revealed later. In August 2012, it was announced that the filming would begin from October 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=A S|first=Sashidhar|title=Ravi Teja's Balupu starts in Oct|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Balupu-starts-in-Oct/articleshow/16062060.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904041644/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news-interviews/33520556_1_prasad-v-potluri-balupu-gopichand-mallineni|url-status=live|archive-date=4 September 2012|access-date=31 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2012}}</ref> The film's muhurtam was held on 26 October 2012 in a quiet ceremony held at producer Potluri's office.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
A few of the film's songs were canned in [[Lisbon]], Portugal thus making it the first Telugu film shot in Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupumovie-portugalnews.html|title=Balupu movie is the first Indian film to be shot in Portugal|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421002235/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupumovie-portugalnews.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview to the Portugal media, Ravi Teja, Shruti Haasan and Gopichand Malineni thanked the Portugal tourism board and the local crew for their support.{{cn|date=October 2024}} In May, Gopichand Malineni responded about the delay in the film's shooting, stating "Balupu has been delayed due to fight masters and fighters union problems. Now Ram-Laxman masters have got Hyderabad union card and we are on the way."{{cn|date=October 2024}} For the first time in his career, Ravi Teja sang a song, thus making this film his debut as a singer, adding yet another feather in his cap.{{cn|date=October 2024}} As on 4 June, The post-production works were reported to be running in full-swing at breakneck speed.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

=== Casting ===
[[Ravi Teja]] was signed to play the protagonist and his role was said to be a highly energetic one with a rugged look sporting a beard, similar to his look in his previous film ''[[Venky]]''. This film was the next film of Ravi Teja with PVP Cinemas after the 2003 film ''[[Veede]]''.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Shruti Haasan has been recruited to play one of the female leads opposite Ravi Teja. She told IndiaGlitz that she would be playing a comedy role in the film and this will be her first attempt at comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/balupu-is-my-first-attempt-at-comedy-shruti/269597-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707045731/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/balupu-is-my-first-attempt-at-comedy-shruti/269597-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|title='Balupu' is my first attempt at comedy: Shruti Haasan|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref> For the first time in her career in Tollywood, she will be seen in a glamorous role.{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[S. Thaman]], who previously worked with Gopichand Malineni for ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'', was recruited as the music director for this project. [[Kona Venkat]] penned the script for the film.{{cn|date=October 2024}} In October, [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] was recruited as the second female lead, after signing for ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''.{{cn|date=October 2024}} After impressing everyone as a spoilt-brat in ''[[Panjaa]]'', [[Adivi Sesh]] was recruited for a pivotal role in this film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sesh to play a crucial role in next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Adivi-Sesh-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-Balupu/articleshow/17336257.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703162523/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-interviews/35318198_1_balupu-gopichand-malineni-starrer |url-status=live |archive-date=3 July 2013 |date=23 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> Apparently, It was reported that Anjali is playing the role of a medical student in this film.{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Ashutosh Rana]], who previously worked with Ravi Teja for Venky, was recruited to play one of the antagonists.<ref name="Rana"/> Brahmaji was also recruited to play a vital role in the film.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Meanwhile, Brahmanandam's character name was revealed to be "Crazy Mohan" and his role was said to be one of the biggest assets of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-bfactor.html|title=Balupu's B factor : B for Box Office – B for Balupu|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=12 April 2013|archive-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415074053/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-bfactor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May, it was reported that [[Lakshmi Rai]] would make a special appearance in the film.{{cn|date=October 2024}} In June, it was reported that prominent Telugu comedian [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] would essay the role of Dr. Savitri, a male/female doctor, which was said to be one of the highlights of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-ali.html|title=Meet Dr Savithri, The Male/Female Doctor|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621230617/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-ali.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film shooting started on 13 November 2012 and had a silent shoot and in December, the film has completed its first schedule in which the scenes between Ravi Teja, Bramhanandam and Sruthi Hassan were shot.{{cn|date=October 2024}} In the end of December, it was reported that shooting is currently progressing near [[Simhachalam]] and it was reported that the film is reportedly set in the backdrop of [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]] and some important scenes are being shot right now on Ravi Teja and Anjali.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Later, it was told that the film has completed about 50% of the shoot and the work is going on at a good pace.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The next schedule started in [[Hyderabad]] in January 2013 where scenes featuring Ravi Teja and Shruti Haasan were shot, which was confirmed by the actress on Twitter.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film's shooting was put on hold temporarily due to Gopichand Malineni's wedding and after a brief gap, the film's next schedule began in the end of February at Hyderabad, where some important scenes were canned between Ravi Teja and Shruti Haasan.{{cn|date=October 2024}} In March, the song "Patikella Chinnadi" was shot on Ravi Teja and Shruti Haasan in [[Ramoji Film City]] and sources reported that Shruti Haasan will be seen in glamorous attire in that song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Haasan-sizzles-for-a-mass-song-in-Balupu/articleshow/19062170.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105070648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/news-interviews/37842460_1_balupu-gopichand-malineni-pvp-cinemas-banner|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Shruti Haasan sizzles for a mass song in Balupu|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> After the song's completion, the unit had its shoot at Appa Junction in Hyderabad for some crucial scenes at a very fast pace.{{cn|date=October 2024}} After the completion of the major schedules, The film unit proceeded for the shooting of the remaining songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Balupu-progressing-briskly/articleshow/19415634.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616025313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/news-interviews/38326435_1_gopichand-malineni-balupu-pvp-cinemas-banner|url-status=live|archive-date=16 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ravi Teja's Balupu progressing briskly|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> Later it was known that few songs would be canned in [[Lisbon]], the capital city of Portugal.{{cn|date=October 2024}} After a shoot of ten days in Lisbon, the unit moved to [[Algarve]], a region in the southern part of [[Portugal]], to shoot a couple of songs on Ravi Teja and Shruti Haasan.{{cn|date=October 2024}} After completing 2 songs under the choreography of [[Raju Sundaram]], The unit returned from Portugal nearly on 20 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ravi-Teja-starrer-Balupu-wraps-up-Portugal-schedule/articleshow/19647858.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426051212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-20/news-interviews/38692931_1_shruti-haasan-ravi-teja-starrer-balupu-portugal|url-status=live|archive-date=26 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ravi Teja-starrer Balupu wraps up Portugal schedule|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>

The final schedule began at Hyderabad in the month of May.{{cn|date=October 2024}} On 18 May, Some scenes were canned at Lingampally railway station in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradeshs-rail-stations-most-sought-after-for-film-shoots/articleshow/20128724.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610101258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-19/hyderabad/39369083_1_railway-station-film-shoots-south-central-railway|url-status=live|archive-date=10 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Andhra Pradesh's rail stations most sought-after for film shoots|date=19 May 2013 |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> After completion of the schedule nearly on 18 May, the unit proceeded to [[Bangkok]] for canning some crucial scenes.{{cn|date=October 2024}} After completing a long schedule in Bangkok, the unit resumed its shooting in [[Nanakramguda]], where some crucial scenes on Ravi Teja and Shruti Haasan were shot.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film unit then canned the song "Lucky Lucky Rai" on Ravi Teja and Lakshmi Rai at Bangkok. It was informed that Sekhar master is choreographing that song and shooting will go on till 15 June, with which the shooting of the film will be complete.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Finally, shooting came to an end on 15 June.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Balupu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 June 2013
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:53
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Tadakha]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Pattathu Yaanai]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]]. This film marks Thaman's second venture with [[Gopichand Malineni]] after ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' and also his sixth venture with [[Ravi Teja]]. [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] and Bhaskarabhatla penned the lyrics for the songs.<ref name="launch"/> [[Ravi Teja]] also sung a song in this film.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film had its audio launch in [[Hyderabad International Convention Centre]] at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 1 June 2013.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 19:53
| title1 = Kajal Chellivaa
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Ravi Teja]], [[S. Thaman]]
| length1 = 3:54
| title2 = Evaindho
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Lucky Lucky Rai
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra3 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Simha
| length3 = 3:52
| title4 = Padipoyanila
| lyrics4 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| extra4 = [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], [[Suchith Suresan]]
| length4 = 3:07
| title5 = Pathikella Chinnadi
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra5 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
| length5 = 4:00
| title6 = Hello Boys and Girls
| lyrics6 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra6 = Ravi Teja
| length6 = 0:57
}}

=== Reception ===
The audio got a positive response. APHerald.com gave a review stating "Over all Balupu audio sounded as a mix of a new and old track from Thaman’s previous movies."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/23344/Balupu-Music-Review/|title=Balupu Music Review|publisher=APHerald.com|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-date=8 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608023606/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/23344/Balupu-Music-Review|url-status=live}}</ref> Telugucinema.com gave a review stating "All in all, Balupu is different in Thaman's repertoire and has songs that are easy to like. Thaman has come up with songs that would help the film. Has mass numbers as well as a melody number. The right mix of songs. Best album in Ravi Teja's career in the recent times."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/audioreviews/musicreview_balupu.php|title=Music Review: Thaman's Balupu|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014183804/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/audioreviews/musicreview_balupu.php|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Release ==
Initially, the film was slated for a worldwide released on 302 screens on 21 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ravi-teja-starrer-telugu-film-balupu-to-be-released-on-june-21/394728-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630215102/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ravi-teja-starrer-telugu-film-balupu-to-be-released-on-june-21/394728-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|title=Ravi Teja starrer Telugu film 'Balupu' to be released on June 21|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> But due to delays in post-production of the film, the release date was shifted to 28 June 2013.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film would have a premiere on 27 June 2013 in all the overseas countries.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Though it was rumoured that the film would be delayed further, the unit confirmed its release on 28 June 2013.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] on 24 June 2013.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film was awarded an A certificate by the Board after the objectionable dialogue was removed.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film released in 70 screens across USA, making it the biggest release of Ravi Teja there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/balupu1.html|title=Balupu Biggest Release in US|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=28 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628234510/http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/balupu1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> With a massive release in AP, the film was also released in and around Chennai on 16 Screens.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

=== Marketing ===
It was reported in the first week of January that the first look posters and stills would be released on 26 January 2013, thus coinciding with Ravi Teja's birthday,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36431699_1_balupu-prasad-v-potluri-ravi-teja|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36431699_1_balupu-prasad-v-potluri-ravi-teja|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=Balupu's first look on Ravi Teja's birthday|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> but the logo and teaser of ''Balupu'' were launched at a function organized in Marigold Hotel at Greenlands, Hyderabad on 25 January 2013. Ravi Teja launched the teaser, while PVP's executive director Rajeev Kamineni launched the logo.<ref name="launch">{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/teaser-balupu.html|title=Ravi Teja's Balupu logo and teaser launch|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=25 January 2013|archive-date=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128050616/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/teaser-balupu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 1 June 2013 at HICC Novotel in Hyderabad. It was organised by ''Shreyas Media'', a popular event organizing company. The cost of organizing was {{INR}} 3.5 million, which was well-received, both in terms of TRP's and public response, making it one of the successful events organized by them. For the first time ever, Ravi Teja and Shruti Hassan performed live on stage along with S. Thaman, which elevated the event to Bollywood and Hollywood standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupumusiclaunch-hugesuccess.html|title=Balupu music launch is a huge success - Rs 35 lacs was spent well on the event|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2 June 2013|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607175234/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupumusiclaunch-hugesuccess.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The theatrical trailer, which was released on the same day generated an unusually positive response from the public.{{cn|date=October 2024}} From 18 June 2013, the character sketches of Ali,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-ali.html|title=Meet Dr Savithri, The Male/Female Doctor : Balupu countdown - 10 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621230617/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-ali.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srinivasa Reddy, Satyam Rajesh, Pradeep, Thagubothu Ramesh,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-comedians.html|title=With Friends like these you need a lot of Balupu : Balupu countdown - 9 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=19 June 2013|archive-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624103806/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-comedians.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ashutosh Rana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-ashutoshrana.html|title=Ashutosh Rana plays the role of Poorna in Balupu : Balupu countdown - 8 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=20 June 2013|archive-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624103801/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-ashutoshrana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lakshmi Rai,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-lakshmirai.html|title=Date with Laxmi Rai, heroine in Real Life and Reel Life : Balupu countdown - 7 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624103811/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-lakshmirai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Adivi Sesh,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-adivishesh.html|title=Adivi Shesh plays the role of Rohit in Balupu : Balupu countdown - 6 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626163819/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-adivishesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anjali,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-anjali.html|title=Anjali plays the role of a Doctor in Balupu : Balupu countdown - 5 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=23 June 2013|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626163824/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-anjali.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Prakash Raj,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-prakashraj.html|title=Prakash Raj: Witness the Good, Bad and Ugly side of one person : Balupu countdown - 4 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=24 June 2013|archive-date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627081356/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-prakashraj.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shruti Haasan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-shrutihaasan.html|title=Sizzling Shruti: Charming, Curvaceous and Cute, happy go lucky with an aim to have maximum fun before settling down : Balupu countdown - 3 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-date=28 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628231036/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-shrutihaasan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Brahmanandam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-crazybrahmam.html|title=Crazzy Mohan: His life is crazy, his attitude is crazy and he makes people around him crazy : Balupu countdown - 2 days to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629200139/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-crazybrahmam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ravi Teja<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-raviteja.html|title=Mass Maharaj: Double or Single, rough or soft, lover boy or angry man, wait and watch : Balupu countdown - 1 day to go|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=27 June 2013|archive-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630192130/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/balupu-countdown-raviteja.html|url-status=live}}</ref> were displayed at ''idlebrain.com'', the official web partners of the film in images with a countdown till 28 June 2013 which was told as a unique promotion. Moreover, the posters of the film were decorated on 3 trains, covering all parts of Andhra Pradesh nearly on 26 June 2013, which was also a unique promotion activity.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

=== Pre-release revenues ===
Noted producer and distributor [[Dil Raju]] bought the Nizam area rights of the film for a reported fancy prize.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The overseas rights were secured by BlueSky for a fancy price.{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Zee Telugu]] bought the satellite rights of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/balupureleasedate_june082013.php|title='Balupu' releases on June 28|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=8 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101161145/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/balupureleasedate_june082013.php|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Australian distribution rights of this film, along with ''[[Sahasam (2013 film)|Sahasam]]'', were secured by Sai Manali and Lorgan Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/abroad/balupu-sahasam-australia.html|title=Balupu and Sahasam for Australia|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620171911/http://www.idlebrain.com/abroad/balupu-sahasam-australia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film had a great pre-release business in USA, with 33 centers in USA were closed within 48 to 72 hours of press note and remaining in final stages of closing, with all Non USA centers closed as on 21 June 2013.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

=== Controversy ===
On 20 June 2013 Mr. Dronamraju Ravikumar, representative of the [[Andhra Pradesh|A. P.]] Brahmana Seva Sangha Samakhya, alleged that the trailer of the film contained derogatory remarks against [[Brahmin|Brahmins]]. The representatives of Brahmin organizations demanded the removal of trailers from all TV channels, thus submitting a formal complaint to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] and the Film Chamber with an intention of necessary action by the Censor Board since the film was not censored by that time.{{cn|date=October 2024}} On the other hand, Gopichand Malineni stated that his intention was not to hurt anyone's feelings but just to conclude the controversy in a positive manner in this film and concluded saying that the Brahmin organizations are invited to watch the film before it gets censored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/16839/balupu-stuck-with-controversial-content.aspx|title=Balupu stuck with controversial content|date=21 June 2013 |publisher=raagalahari.com|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101204138/http://www.raagalahari.com/news/16839/balupu-stuck-with-controversial-content.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> After showing the film to the irked community, the producer of the film sent a letter to Regional Censor Board Officer stating that he is going to delete the entire scene from the film to avoid controversies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Offending-Dialogue-from-Balupu-removed/articleshow/20715321.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627020409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-22/news-interviews/40133485_1_balupu-ravi-teja-starrer-scene|url-status=live|archive-date=27 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Offending Dialogue from Balupu removed|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
Jeevi of idlebrain.com gave a review of rating 3.25/5 stating "Ravi Teja whose previous hit was released in January 2011 didn't find success at the box office despite having seven films in a span of 2 and half years. Balupu will provide oxygen to his career. Balupu has all ingredients with a dominating portion of entertainment to become a decent hit. You can watch it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/balupu.html|title=Balupu review - Telugu cinema - Ravi Teja, Shruti Haasan, Anjali, Lakshmi Rai, Prakash Raj, Brahmanandam & Ali|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701032236/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/balupu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Times of India gave a review stating "The first half of the film looks pretty entertaining with good comedy, emotions and interval bang. Kona Venkat's comic drama style coupled with Gopichand Malineni's well-shot action sequences hogged the limelight in the second half, where the story gets into the flash back. Powerful dialogues, emotions and nice comedy might engage the audience."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Balupu-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/20812060.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033203/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news-interviews/40254938_1_gopichand-malineni-ravi-teja-don-seenu|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Balupu Telugu movie review highlights|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> APHerald gave a review of rating 2.25/5 stating "Balupu is not a complete action entertainer, but watchable once for Ravi Teja-Brahmi comedy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/17083/Balupu-Movie-Review-Rating/|title=Balupu Movie Review, Rating|publisher=APHerald.com|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629060554/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/17083/Balupu-Movie-Review-Rating/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== India ===
The film had a good start at the domestic box office, collecting {{INRConvert|38.9|m}} on its first day. The film collected a share of {{INRConvert|93.1|m}} in 3 days, with a collection of {{INRConvert|26|m}} on the second day and {{INRConvert|28|m}} on the third day in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Day 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/balupu-boxoffice.html|title=Balupu strikes big at Box office, collects 99.31 cr share in AP and 300k USD n USA by sunday|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704064838/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/balupu-boxoffice.html|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}} 4025,000 in 3 days in Tamil Nadu, which is the highest collection for a Ravi Teja film in Tamil Nadu till date, hence being declared a Super Hit at both Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Box offices respectively, breaking Ravi Teja's previous records held by ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'', ''[[Don Seenu]]'' and ''[[Mirapakay]]''. The film continued its pace by collecting {{INRConvert|150|m}} at the end of the first week and with steady collections in the second week even after finding a stiff competition from ''Singam'', the successful dubbed version of [[Suriya]]'s ''[[Singam II]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Balupu-collections-are-rock-steady/articleshow/20942274.cms|title=Balupu collections are rock steady|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125065817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/balupu-collections-are-rock-steady/articleshow/20942274.cms?|url-status=live}}</ref> The film completed a successful 50 day run in 85 direct centers, collecting a gross of over {{INRConvert|550|m}} all over the state.

=== Overseas ===
At the US box office, the film collected {{INRConvert|05.6|m}} in three days, entering the list of the top 20 grossers in the US at 18th position, minting more than ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]'', which was released on more screens and collected {{INRConvert|03.1|m}}. The film collected {{INRConvert|17.6|m}} in its first weekend, which was more than the closing businesses of his previous hits; ''Kick'' (with {{INRConvert|11.9|m}}), ''Don Seenu'' (with {{INRConvert|12.6|m}}) and ''Mirapakay'' (with {{INRConvert|14.8|m}}) respectively. The film continued its pace in spite of heavy competition from other big releases by collecting {{INRConvert|26|m}} at the end of the second week, however failing to beat the record set by ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'', which collected {{INRConvert|40|m}} at that point of time, however subjected to the number of screens it was released. The film collected a total of {{INRConvert|26.9|m}} at the end of its third week.

== Remake ==
The film which was being remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Ravichandra'' starring Upendra and Ravichandran was shelved after partial completion of shooting. However, the movie was re-launched with title ''Trishulam''.<ref name="ravi">{{Cite news |title=Upendra and Ravichandran's upcoming film gets a new title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/upendra-and-ravichandrans-upcoming-film-gets-a-new-title/articleshow/77738377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125065812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/upendra-and-ravichandrans-upcoming-film-gets-a-new-title/articleshow/77738377.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2015, the film was remade in Bengali as [[Herogiri]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=2654480}}

{{Gopichand Malineni}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lisbon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gopichand Malineni]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Sangeeth Prathap

2026-04-01T23:22:30Z

HwaNormanby23: created basic pg v1.

{{Short description|Indian actor and editor}}
{{Indian name|Sangeeth| Prathap}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeeth Prathap
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|editor}}
| years_active = 2020{{Endash}}present
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
}}

'''Sangeeth Prathap''' is an Indian actor and [[Film editing|film editor]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He made his film debut with ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' (2022) as an actor, and is best known for playing Amal Davis in ''[[Premalu]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രേമലുവിന് ശേഷം ബസിലേട്ട്ൻ്റെയും ആ താരങ്ങളുടെയും കോളുകൾ വന്നു; ഞാൻ അവർ പറഞ്ഞത് എക്സൈറ്റിംഗ് ആയി കേട്ടിരുന്നു:സംഗീത് പ്രതാപ്|url=https://www.doolnews.com/sangeeth-prathap-talks-about-phone-calls-after-premalu-movie-138-64.html|website=Dool News|date=June 2024}}</ref> In 2023, he won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] for ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''.

==Career==
He started his career as an editor. In 2022, He made his debut in acting through ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തീയേറ്ററിൽ ഇരിക്കുമ്പോഴാണ് വിനീതേട്ടൻ വിളിക്കുന്നത്; ഹൃദയത്തിൻ്റെ സ്പൂഫ് പറഞ്ഞപ്പോൾ അതായിരുന്നു മറുപടി: സംഗീത് പ്രതാപ് |url=https://www.doolnews.com/sangeeth-prathap-about-vineeth-sreenivasan-s-call-64-134.html|website=Dool News}}</ref> His breakthrough role was Amal Davis in ''[[Premalu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ഇവിടെ അമൽ ഡേവിസ്, അവിടെ അമൂൽ ബേബി'; സന്തോഷം പങ്കുവച്ച് സംഗീതും ശ്യാം മോഹനും|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/03/13/sangeeth-prathap-about-ss-rajamouli.html|website=[[Manorama News]]|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SS Rajamouli Declares THIS Character As His Favorite In 'Premalu'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-declares-this-character-as-his-favorite-in-premalu/articleshow/108467025.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, he was honored with the Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor for his work on the film ''Little Miss Rawther''.

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
*All films are in Malayalam
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes!!class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]'' || Uncredited ||Also assistant editor||<ref name=film></ref>
|-
|Rowspan=4| 2022 || ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' || Baiju|| ||<ref name=film>{{Cite web |title=ഇൻ്റർവ്യൂവിന് വേണ്ടി റേഡിയോ സ്റ്റേഷനിൽ പോകുമ്പോൾ എനിക്ക് അതാണ് ഓർമ്മ വരുന്നത്: സംഗീത് പ്രതാപ്|url=https://www.doolnews.com/sangeeth-prathap-about-his-college-life-144-64.html|website=Dool News|date=June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]'' || Tattoo artist ||Also editor||<ref name=film></ref>
|-
| ''[[4 Years (film)|4 Years]]'' || {{n/a}} || Editor||
|-
| ''[[Super Sharanya]]'' ||Delso || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=സൂപ്പർ ശരണ്യക്ക് ശേഷം സോനരെയുടെ സ്പിൻ ഓഫ്, ചെറിയ റോൾ എനിക്കും കിട്ടുമെന്ന് കരുതി: സംഗീത് പ്രതാപ്|url=https://www.doolnews.com/sangeeth-prathap-talks-about-super-saranya-spin-off-138-64.html|website=Dool News|date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]'' || Shine ||Also editor||<ref name=film></ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2| 2024 || ''[[Premalu]]'' || Amal Davis|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രണവിന്റെ വില്ലൻ, നസ്‍ലിന്റെ ചങ്ക്; 'പ്രേമലു'വിലെ അമൽ ഡേവിസ്: അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/02/12/chat-with-sangeeth-prathap.html|access-date=2023-12-02 |website=[[Manorama News]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]'' ||{{n/a}}||Editor||<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രണവിന് വില്ലൻ, നസ്ലിന് ചങ്ക്; എഡിറ്ററാണ് ആക്ടറും, സംഗീത് ഇനി 'ജയ് ഗണേഷി'നൊപ്പം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/sangeeth-prathap-actor-interview-premalu-1.9369399|access-date=2023-12-02 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |date=June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]'' || Hariharasudhan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathew Thomas - Arjun Ashokan Starrer 'Bromance' Starts Rolling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mathew-thomas-arjun-ashokan-starrer-bromance-starts-rolling/articleshow/111980061.cms|access-date=27 July 2024|website=[[The Times Of India]] |date=24 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thudarum]]'' || Kiran|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Give me a chance too'; Jude Anthany Joseph's request to Mohanlal after watching Thudarum|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1523769|access-date=8 May 2025 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarkeet]]'' || {{n/a}} ||Editor ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarkeet Movie starring Asif Ali first Look Poster Released|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/sarkeet-movie-starring-asif-ali-first-look-poster-released-218941|access-date=12 January 2024|website=[[Zee News]] |date=11 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'' || Jerry Thomas || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Hridayapoorvam’: Sangeeth Prathap joins Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-sangeeth-prathap-joins-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-film/article68840170.ece|access-date=18 November 2024|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeeth Prathap joins Mohanlal, Sathyan Anthikad’s next movie titled 'Hridayapoorvam'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Nov/07/sangeeth-prathap-joins-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikads-next-movie-titled-hridayapoorvam|access-date=18 November 2024|website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Baby Girl (film)|Baby Girl]]'' || Rishi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-05 |title=Nivin Pauly's Baby Girl gets an intense first look and motion poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/05/nivin-paulys-baby-girl-gets-an-intense-first-look-and-motion-poster |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|It's a Medical Miracle}} || {{TBA}} ||Filming ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Medical Miracle’ first look out! ‘Premalu’s Sangeeth Prathap to make his debut as lead|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainmentmalayalam/movies/news/medical-miracle-first-look-out-premalus-sangeeth-prathap-to-make-his-debut-as-lead/articleshow/118676741.cms|access-date=9 March 2025|website=[[The Times Of India]] |date=3 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award !! Category !! Film
!Ref
|-
| 2023
|[[54th Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] || ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list-aadujeevitham-wins-big-prithviraj-urvashi-beena-chandran-take-top-honours-9517307/|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024 winners list: Aadujeevitham wins big; Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena Chandran take top honours |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12207182/ Sangeeth Prathap -IMDb]
*{{Instagram|sangeeth.prathap}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prathap, Sangeeth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:2000s births]]

A. Kalaiarasan

2026-04-01T02:15:14Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting New Data Added Tags...

{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Kalaiarasan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|4|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = P. Santhanapuram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1984
| predecessor1 = [[M. Manimaran]]
| successor1 = [[M. Manimaran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''A. Kalaiarasan''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. He hails from P. Santhanapuram village in [[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur district]]. He studied at the Government School in Panthanallur. Belonging to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he contested and won the [[Nannilam Assembly constituency]] in the [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1980. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். ஏப்ரல் 1981. p. 132-133</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nannilam Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nannilam-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kalaiarasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,829 |percentage=52.73% |change=+30.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manimaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,689 |percentage=46.69% |change=+4.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=495 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,140 |percentage=6.05% |change= -5.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,013 |percentage=74.47% |change= 2.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,349 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalaiarasan, A.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

1977 Indian general election in Kerala

2026-03-26T15:42:41Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting Basic Stub From Scratch.

{{Short description|none}}
{{no footnotes|date=June 2024}}
{{For|State Assembly election|1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Indian general election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1971 Indian general election in Kerala
| previous_year = 1971
| next_election = 1980 Indian general election in Kerala
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = March 1977
| seats_for_election = 20 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Karunakaran, Indian politician.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=14}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| alliance1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| leaders_seat1 = -
| leader2 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
| leaders_seat2 = -
| seats1 = 20
| seats2 = 0
| last_election1 = 18
| last_election2 = 2
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 2
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 2
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| percentage1 = 54.2%
| percentage2 = 43.2%
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Morarji Desai]]
| after_party = Janata Party
}}

The [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Parliamentary Election]] was held in the aftermath of the Emergency which was declared nationwide. At the national level, the [[Indian National Congress]] lost power for the first time in independent India, with Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] losing from her own constituency and the Janata Party under [[Morarji Desai]] coming to power.

However, the trend was the reverse in Kerala with the INC-led United Front winning a landslide by registering victories in all 20 constituencies. It is the only election in Kerala where a coalition has whitewashed all the seats. In the concurrently held assembly election, the United Front won a colossal 111 out of 140 seats, the only state to elect a Congress-led government in that year. This seemingly unusual result was attributed to the good governance as well as performance of the outgoing Achutha Menon Ministry. Congress leaders [[K. Karunakaran]] and [[A.K. Antony]] would go on to assume the office of Chief Minister for the first time.

For the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], this election remains its worst performance in a Lok Sabha election in Kerala. It also came at a time when the party came into power in West Bengal, marking the beginning of a 3 and a half decade long rule.

The two coalitions comprised the following parties-

'''United Front'''- [[Indian National Congress]], [[Communist Party of India]], Indian Union Muslim League, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Kerala Congress

'''Marxist Front'''- [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], Bharatiya Lok Dal, Kerala Congress (Pillai), Muslim League (Opposition)

==Parties and alliances==

=== United Front ===
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width:4px;" |No.
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats contested
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |'''1.'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |11
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |'''2.'''
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|center|45x45px|Star]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" |'''3.'''
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|47x47px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}};color:white" |'''4.'''
|[[Kerala Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white" |'''5.'''
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|-
|}

=== Marxist Front ===
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width:4px;" |No.
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats contested
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |'''1.'''
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|center|45x45px|Key]]
| style="text-align:center;" |9
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}};color:white" |'''2.'''
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}};color:white" |'''3.'''
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|Kerala Congress (Pillai)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" |'''4.'''
|[[Muslim League (Opposition)]]
|style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};color:black" |'''5.'''
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|}
==List of Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|-
!colspan="3"|United Front
!colspan="3"|Marxist Front
|-
!1
|[[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Ramanna Rai]]
|-
!2
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Cannanore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| C. K. Chandrappan
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| O. Bharathan
|-
!3
|[[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Badagara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| K. P. Unnikrishnan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
| Arangil Sreedharan
|-
!4
|[[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Calicut]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| V. A. Seyid Muhammad
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
| M. Kamalam
|-
!5
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Manjeri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|{{Party name with colour|Muslim League (Opposition)}}
| B. M. Hussain
|-
!6
|[[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| G. M. Banatwala
|{{Party name with colour|Muslim League (Opposition)}}
| M. Moideen Kutty Haji
|-
!7
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palghat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Sunnasahib
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| T. Sivadasa Menon
|-
!8
|[[Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency|Ottapalam (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Kunhambu
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| C. K. Chakrapani
|-
!9
|[[Trichur Lok Sabha constituency|Trichur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| K. A. Rajan
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Aravindakshan
|-
!10
|[[Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Mukundapuram]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| A. C. George
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| S. C. S. Menon
|-
!11
|[[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Henry Austin
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. N. Raveendranath
|-
!12
|[[Muvattupuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Muvattupuzha]]
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| George J. Mathew
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (B)|shortname=KC(P)}}
| K. M. Joseph Kuruppamadham
|-
!13
|[[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| Skariah Thomas
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (B)|shortname=KC(P)}}
| Varkey George
|-
!14
|[[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| C. M. Stephen
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (B)|shortname=KC(P)}}
| M. M. Joseph
|-
!15
|[[Alleppey Lok Sabha constituency|Alleppey]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| V. M. Sudheeran
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| E. Balanandan
|-
!16
|[[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| B. K. Nair
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| B. G. Verghese
|-
!17
|[[Adoor Lok Sabha constituency|Adoor (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| P. K. Kodiyan
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Chandrasekharan Shastri
|-
!18
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Quilon]]
|{{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| N. Rajagopalan
|-
!19
|[[Chirayinkil Lok Sabha constituency|Chirayinkil]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Vayalar Ravi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Anirudhan
|-
!20
|[[Trivandrum Lok Sabha constituency|Trivandrum]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
| P. Viswambharan
|-
|}

== Results ==
===Results by Party/Alliance===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
!rowspan="6" style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UF]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,79,745
|29.13
|
|11
|11
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|9,19,359
|10.38
|
|4
|4
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|5,33,726
|6.03
|
|2
|2
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress|KEC]]
|4,91,674
|5.55
|
|2
|2
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|2,72,378
|3.08
|
|1
|1
|
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 47,96,882
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 54.17
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 20
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 20
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
!rowspan="6" style="background:#FFE6E6"|[[Left Democratic Front|MF]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 18,00,193
| 20.33
|
| 9
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
| [[Bharatiya Lok Dal|BLD]]
| 6,37,206
| 7.20
|
| 3
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Kerala Congress (B)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (B)|KC(P)]]
| 5,26,937
| 5.95
|
| 3
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Muslim League (Opposition)}}
| [[Muslim League (Opposition)|MLO]]
| 3,18,979
| 3.60
|
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 5,61,709
| 6.34
|
| 3
| 0
|
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#FFE6E6" | Total
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 38,45,024
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 43.42
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 20
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | 0
! style="background:#FFE6E6" | {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 8,305
| 0.09
| {{steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 2,05,962
| 2.33
|
| 22
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 88,56,173
! 100%
! -
! 63
! 20
! -
|}

===Summary Results===
{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=54.2|label1=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|color1={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value2=43.2|label2=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|color2={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
!Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" |Party
!Majority
!Alliance
|-
|1
|[[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
|[[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,042
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|2
|[[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
|[[C.K. Chandrappan]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|12,877
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|3
|[[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
|[[K.P. Unnikrishnan|K. P. Unnikrishnan]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|8,070
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|4
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
|V. A. Seyid Muhammad
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13,704
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|5
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|97,201
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|6
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
|[[G. M. Banatwala]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|1,17,546
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|7
|[[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
|A. Sunnasahib
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|44,820
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|8
|[[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]]
|K. Kunhambu
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35,721
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|9
|[[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
|[[K. A. Rajan]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|37,506
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|10
|[[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]]
|A. C. George
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,220
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|11
|[[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|Henry Austin
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7,285
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|12
|[[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
|George J. Matthew
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|44,820
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|13
|[[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
|Skaria Thomas
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|68,695
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|14
|[[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
|[[C. M. Stephen]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|79,257
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|15
|[[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|[[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|64,016
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|16
|[[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara]]
|B. K. Nair
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|56,552
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|17
|[[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]]
|[[P.K. Kodiyan]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|40,567
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|18
|[[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
|[[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
|{{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1,13,161
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|19
|[[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayankil]]
|[[Vayalar Ravi]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|60,925
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|-
|20
|[[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|69,822
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UF
|}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1977/kerala/6/28 PC: KERALA 1977]
* [http://webfile.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/LOKSABHA-HISTORY/1977-LS.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA]

{{Kerala elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:1977 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

IPhone 15

2026-03-25T03:55:22Z

HwaNormanby23: add formatting for clarity also and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|2023 smartphone by Apple}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Lowercase title}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox mobile phone
| name = iPhone 15 iPhone 15 Plus
| logo = {{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = vertical
| image_style = border: none;background-color: transparent;
| background color = none; border: none;
| image1 = IPhone 15 (logo).svg
| class1 = bg-transparent skin-invert
| width1 = 162
| image2 = IPhone 15 Plus (logo).svg
| class2 = bg-transparent skin-invert
| width2 = 230
}}
| logosize =
| image = IPhone 15 Vector.svg
| alt =
| caption = iPhone 15 in Blue
| developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| colors = {{plainlist|
* {{Color sample|#D5DDE0}} Blue
* {{Color sample|#EBD0D2}} Pink
* {{Color sample|#ECE6C6}} Yellow
* {{Color sample|#CFD9C9}} Green
* {{Color sample|#3C4042}} Black
}}
| series = [[iPhone]]
| networks = [[2G]], [[3G]], [[4G]], [[4G LTE]], [[5G NR]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|09|22}}
| discontinued = {{End date|2025|09|09}}
| predecessor = [[iPhone 14|iPhone 14 and 14 Plus]]
| successor = [[iPhone 16|iPhone 16 and 16 Plus]]
| related = [[iPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max]]
| type = [[Smartphone]]
| form = [[Mobile phone form factors#Slate|Slate]]
| available = {{Collapsible list|title=September 22, 2023
| [[Australia]]
| [[Austria]]
| [[Belgium]]
| [[Canada]]
| [[China]]
| [[Cyprus]]
| [[Czech Republic]]
| [[Denmark]]
| [[Finland]]
| [[France]]
| [[Germany]]
| [[Greece]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
| [[Hungary]]
| [[India]]
| [[Italy]]
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Japan]]
| [[Luxembourg]]
| [[Mexico]]
| [[Netherlands]]
| [[New Zealand]]
| [[Norway]]
| [[Poland]]
| [[Portugal]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[Qatar]]
| [[Saudi Arabia]]
| [[Singapore]]
| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Spain]]
| [[Sweden]]
| [[Switzerland]]
| [[Taiwan]]
| [[Thailand]]
| [[United Arab Emirates]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| [[United States]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=September 29, 2023
| [[Bahrain]]
| [[Brazil]]
| [[Kuwait]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| [[Oman]]
| [[Turkey]]
| [[Vietnam]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=October 13, 2023
| [[South Korea]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=October 20, 2023
| [[Philippines]]
| [[Nigeria]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=October 26, 2023
| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[Chile]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Peru]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=November 3, 2023
| [[Colombia]]
| [[Israel]]
| [[Laos]]
| [[Macau]]
| [[Myanmar]]
| [[Pakistan]]
| [[Panama]]
}}
| size = {{ubl|'''15''': H: {{convert|147.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W: {{convert|71.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D: {{convert|7.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|'''15 Plus''': H: {{convert|160.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} W: {{convert|77.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} D: {{convert|7.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="CNNInfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/electronics/should-you-upgrade-iphone-15 |title=The iPhone 15 is coming – here's who should (and shouldn't) upgrade |date=September 12, 2023 |last=Casey |first=Henry |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915144400/https://www.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/electronics/should-you-upgrade-iphone-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| weight = {{ubl |'''15''': {{convert|171|g|oz|abbr=on}} |'''15 Plus''': {{convert|201|g|oz|abbr=on}}<ref name="CNNInfo"/>}}
| os = '''Original''': [[iOS 17]] {{Current iOS}}
| soc = [[Apple A16|Apple A16 Bionic]]
| modem = [[List of Qualcomm Snapdragon modems#Snapdragon X70 5G|Qualcomm Snapdragon X70 5G]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Chance |date=October 9, 2023 |title=iPhone 15 uses new Qualcomm modem for upgraded 5G performance |url=https://9to5mac.com/2023/10/08/iphone-15-upgraded-5g-performance/ |access-date=October 9, 2023 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009083935/https://9to5mac.com/2023/10/08/iphone-15-upgraded-5g-performance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| memory = 6{{nbsp}}GB [[LPDDR5]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Rossignol |first=Joe |date=September 12, 2023 |title=iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max Feature Increased 8GB of RAM |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2023/09/12/iphone-15-pro-models-have-8gb-ram/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913021423/https://www.macrumors.com/2023/09/12/iphone-15-pro-models-have-8gb-ram/ |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=MacRumors |language=en}}</ref>
| storage = 128 GB, 256 GB or 512{{nbsp}}GB [[NVMe]]
| battery = {{ubl
|'''15:''' {{nowrap|12.98 Wh}} ({{nowrap|3349 mAh}}) [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion]]
|'''15 Plus:''' {{nowrap|16.95 Wh}} ({{nowrap|4383 mAh}}) Li-ion<ref>{{cite web |last=Lovejoy |first=Ben |date=September 15, 2023 |title=iPhone 15 battery capacity slightly higher across all models, compared to iPhone 14 |url=https://9to5mac.com/2023/09/15/iphone-15-battery-capacity/ |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=9to5Mac |language=en |archive-date=September 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916193213/https://9to5mac.com/2023/09/15/iphone-15-battery-capacity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| charging = {{ubl
| [[MagSafe (wireless charger)|MagSafe]] and [[Qi2]] wireless charging<ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Chance |date=September 13, 2023 |title=iPhone 15 supports Qi2 for wireless charging... but no one knows what that means |url=https://9to5mac.com/2023/09/13/iphone-15-qi-2-wireless-charging/ |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[USB-C]]
| (fast-charge capable: up to 50% charge in 30 minutes with 20W adaptor or higher)
|
(Up to 50% charge in 20 minutes with 40W adaptor or higher)
}}
| sim = {{ubl
|Dual eSIM (US)
|Dual nano-SIM (Hong Kong, Macau and mainland China)
|nano-SIM and eSIM (elsewhere)
}}
| input = {{Collapsible list|title=List of inputs:
| [[Multi-touch screen]]
| 3 microphones
| [[Apple motion coprocessors|Motion coprocessor]]
| 3-axis [[gyroscope]]
| 3-axis [[accelerometer]]
| [[iBeacon]]
| [[Barometer]]
| [[Magnetometer|Digital compass]]
| [[Proximity sensor]]
| [[Ambient light sensor]]
| [[Face ID]]
}}
| display = '''15:''' {{Convert|6.1|in|mm|abbr=on}} {{resx|2556|1179}} resolution, 19.5:9 [[aspect ratio]] (~460 ppi density) Super Retina XDR OLED, 60Hz, [[HDR10]], 1000 nits (typ), 2000 nits (peak) supplied by [[Samsung Display]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung Fulfilling Nearly All of Apple's iPhone 15 OLED Display Orders |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2023/09/12/iphone-15-oled-display-orders-dominated-by-samsung/ |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=MacRumors |date=September 12, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913054312/https://www.macrumors.com/2023/09/12/iphone-15-oled-display-orders-dominated-by-samsung/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''15 Plus:''' {{Convert|6.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} {{resx|2796|1290}} resolution, 19.5:9 aspect ratio, (~460 ppi density) Super Retina XDR OLED, 60Hz, HDR10, 1000 nits (typ), 2000 nits (peak) supplied by Samsung Display
| rear_camera = {{Ubl
| 48 MP, {{f/}}1.6, 26 mm equiv.<ref group="A">[[Full-frame DSLR|full-frame]] equivalent</ref> (wide)
| 12 MP, {{f/}}2.4, 13 mm, equiv. (ultrawide)
}}
| front_camera = {{Ubl
| 12 MP, {{f/}}1.9, 23 mm equiv. (wide)
| SL 3D (depth/biometrics)
}}
| sound =
| connectivity = [[Bluetooth 5.3]] ([[A2DP]], [[Bluetooth LE|LE]]), [[Ultra-wideband]] (UWB), USB-C (with [[DisplayPort]] support<ref>{{cite web |title=Charge and connect with the USB-C connector on your iPhone 15 |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/105099 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |access-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107002424/https://support.apple.com/en-us/105099 |url-status=live }}</ref>), [[Wi-Fi 6]] (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax) dual-band, [[Near-field communication|NFC]] (reader mode, Express Cards) [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[GLONASS]], [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]], [[Quasi-Zenith Satellite System|QZSS]], [[BeiDou]]
| water_resist = [[IP Code|IP68]] dust/water resistant (up to 6m for 30 minutes)
| other = [[FaceTime]] Audio or Video at [[1080p]] over Wi-Fi and 5G, [[Voice over NR|Voice over 5G Standalone]] (if supported by the carrier)
| hac = M3, T4
| website = {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240829095120/https://www.apple.com/iphone-15/ |title= iPhone 15 |date= August 29, 2024}}
| references = <ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus – Technical Specifications |url=https://www.apple.com/iphone-15/specs/ |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Apple |language=en-US |archive-date=September 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914035455/https://www.apple.com/iphone-15/specs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="official">{{cite web|url= https://www.apple.com/iphone-15|title= iPhone 15|date= |website= Apple|publisher= |access-date= |quote= |archive-date= September 7, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220907184306/https://www.apple.com/iphone-14/|url-status= usurped}}</ref>
}}
{{iPhone models}}

The '''iPhone 15''' and '''iPhone 15 Plus''' are [[smartphone]]s developed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. They are the [[List of iPhone models|seventeenth]] generation of [[iPhone]]s, succeeding the [[iPhone 14|iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus]]. The devices were announced on September 12, 2023, during the [[List of Apple Inc. media events|Apple Event]] at [[Apple Park]] in [[Cupertino, California]], alongside the higher-priced flagship [[iPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max]]. Pre-orders began on September 15, 2023, and the devices were made available on September 22, 2023.

Like the iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max, the 15 and 15 Plus are the first iPhones to replace the proprietary [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] connector with [[USB-C]] to comply with [[Radio Equipment Directive (2022)|European Union mandates]]. They are also the last iPhones to feature the diagonal rear cameras first introduced in the [[iPhone 13]].

The iPhone 15 and 15 Plus are the last iPhones to feature 6 GB of RAM and the mute switch, as they do not feature the Action Button, unlike the 15 Pro series and subsequent models.

The iPhone 15 and 15 Plus were discontinued on September 9, 2025, following the announcement of the [[iPhone 17]].

== History ==
In September 2021, the [[European Commission]] began considering a proposal to mandate [[USB-C]] on all devices in the [[European Union]], including iPhones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/23/22626723/eu-commission-universal-charger-usb-c-micro-lightning-connector-smartphones |title=EU proposes mandatory USB-C on all devices, including iPhones |date=September 23, 2021 |last=Porter |first=Jon |work=[[The Verge]] |access-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107100241/https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/23/22626723/eu-commission-universal-charger-usb-c-micro-lightning-connector-smartphones |url-status=live }}</ref> Apple analyst Ming-Chi Kuo claimed that Apple would drop its proprietary [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] connector by 2023. At the time of those claims, Apple was considering switching to USB-C due to the likelihood that the EU proposal would pass.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/11/23066661/apple-iphone-15-drop-lightning-port-usb-c-2023-prediction-rumor |title=Apple will drop iPhone Lightning port in favor of USB-C in 2023, claims analyst |date=May 11, 2022 |last=Vincent |first=James |work=[[The Verge]] |access-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911100551/https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/11/23066661/apple-iphone-15-drop-lightning-port-usb-c-2023-prediction-rumor |url-status=live }}</ref> The proposal was passed into law in October 2022, becoming the [[Radio Equipment Directive (2022)|Radio Equipment Directive]]. Apple confirmed it would comply with the regulations later that month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/26/23423977/iphone-usb-c-eu-law-joswiak-confirms-compliance-lightning |title=Apple confirms the iPhone is getting USB-C |date=October 26, 2022 |last=Clark |first=Mitchell |work=[[The Verge]] |access-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912101814/https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/26/23423977/iphone-usb-c-eu-law-joswiak-confirms-compliance-lightning |url-status=live }}</ref>

Two weeks prior to the formal introduction of the iPhone 15, it was announced that some of the devices which were made in India would for the first time be sold around the world on the launch day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weatherbed |first1=Jess |title=Apple's India-made iPhones to be available at launch for the first time |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23869727/apple-iphone-15-india-production-supply-launch-china |agency=The Verge |date=September 12, 2023 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924203650/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23869727/apple-iphone-15-india-production-supply-launch-china |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:IPhone Series.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Face and back of iPhone 15 series]]
The iPhone 15 is the first major redesign since the iPhone 12, featuring rounder edges and a slightly curved display, and back glass. Both models are available in five colors: blue, pink, yellow, green and black.<ref name="CNNInfo"/> This makes it the first entry level iPhone since the [[iPhone XR]] to not ship with a [[Product Red]] variant at launch.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Color !! Name
|-
| class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #D5DDE0;" | || Blue
|-
| class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #EBD0D2;" | || Pink
|-
| class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #ECE6C6;" | || Yellow
|-
| class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #CFD9C9;" | || Green
|-
| class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #3C4042;" | || Black
|}

==Hardware==
=== Display ===
The iPhone 15 features a {{convert|6.1|in|mm|0|adj=on}} display with Super Retina XDR [[OLED]] technology at a [[Display resolution|resolution]] of 2556×1179 pixels and a [[pixel density]] of about 460 PPI with a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The iPhone 15 Plus features a {{convert|6.7|in|mm|0|adj=on}} display with the same technology at a resolution of 2796×1290 pixels and a pixel density of about 460 PPI. Both models have an improved typical brightness of up to 1,000 [[Candela per square metre|nits]], a peak HDR brightness of up to 1,600 nits, and a peak outdoor brightness of up to 2,000 nits.<ref name=":1"/> The Dynamic Island feature, previously exclusive to [[iPhone 14 Pro]], is now standard on iPhone 15, replacing the notch that was introduced in the iPhone X.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perry |first=Alex |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Apple adds the Dynamic Island to every iPhone 15 |url=https://mashable.com/article/apple-iphone-15-dynamic-island-standard |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Mashable |language=en |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912175929/https://mashable.com/article/apple-iphone-15-dynamic-island-standard |url-status=live }}</ref>

<Gallery>
File:IPhone 15.jpeg|iPhone 15 with 6.1-inch display
File:IPhone 15 Plus.jpeg|iPhone 15 Plus with 6.7-inch display
</Gallery>

=== Charging and transfer speeds ===
The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus use USB-C with [[USB 2.0]] transfer speeds (up to 480 Mb/s or 60 MB/s),<ref name="TheVergeInfo">{{cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Apple announces iPhone 15 with USB-C, a camera upgrade, and the Dynamic Island |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23859779/iphone-15-plus-usb-c-price-release-date-apple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915134045/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23859779/iphone-15-plus-usb-c-price-release-date-apple |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |access-date=September 12, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref> compared to the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max which have faster [[USB 10Gbps]] transfer speeds (up to 10 Gb/s or 1.25 GB/s).<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/story/apple-iphone-15-usb-c/ |title=The iPhone 15 Is Finally Getting USB-C. Here's What That Means – WIRED |magazine=Wired |date=September 13, 2023 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915020651/https://www.wired.com/story/apple-iphone-15-usb-c/ |url-status=live |last1=Chokkattu |first1=Julian }}</ref> The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus, as well as the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max, are the first iPhone models to use USB-C, as well as the first iPhones since the [[iPhone 5]] to switch to a new charging port.

=== Video output ===
All iPhone 15 models have support for [[DisplayPort#Support for DisplayPort Alternate Mode over USB-C|DisplayPort Alternate Mode over USB-C]] video output with [[High-dynamic-range video|HDR]] up to [[4K resolution]].<ref name=":1"/>

Previous iPhone models (from [[iPhone 5]] until [[iPhone 14]]) had a maximum supported resolution of 1600 x 900 (slightly less than [[1080p]] FHD) with the Lightning Digital AV Adapter due to technical constraints of the Lightning connector.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 1, 2013 |title=The Lightning Digital AV Adapter Surprise |url=https://panic.com/blog/the-lightning-digital-av-adapter-surprise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122180502/https://panic.com/blog/the-lightning-digital-av-adapter-surprise/ |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Panic Blog}}</ref>

=== Battery ===
The iPhone 15 offers users up to 20 hours of video playback and up to 80 hours of audio playback, and the iPhone 15 Plus offers around 25 to 30% more, with up to 26 hours of video playback and up to 100 hours of audio playback.<ref>{{cite web |last=Potuck |first=Michael |date=September 12, 2023 |title=iPhone 15 battery specs: Official ratings |url=https://9to5mac.com/2023/09/12/iphone-15-battery-specs-life/ |access-date=September 12, 2023 |website=9to5Mac |language=en-US |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913080510/https://9to5mac.com/2023/09/12/iphone-15-battery-specs-life/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Consumer Reports]] noted a battery life of 53 hours for the 15Plus version based on a robotic testing paradigm, placing as the longest battery life out of seventy-three smartphones tested (including newer iPhone models).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= |date=2026 |title=6 Picks With the Longest Battery Life |department=CRInsights |magazine=[[Consumer Reports]] |page=18 |volume=91 |issue=1 (January-February)}} ''Paper copy consulted.''</ref> Starting with iPhone 15, iPhone allows users to limit the battery charge level, in order to help with natural battery aging over time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Charge Limit and Optimized Battery Charging on iPhone |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/108055 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Apple Support |language=en |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326191313/https://support.apple.com/en-us/108055 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Software ==
{{See also|iOS|iOS 17|iOS 18|iOS 26}}
The iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus launched with [[iOS 17]] and is compatible with [[iOS 18]]. They are also compatible with [[iOS 26]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Get ready for a repositioned end call button in iOS 17 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/10/23827002/ios-17-end-call-button-moved |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906065726/https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/10/23827002/ios-17-end-call-button-moved |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=September 11, 2023 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref name="TheVergeInfo" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=iOS 18 Preview |url=https://www.apple.com/ios/ios-18-preview/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Apple |language=en-US |archive-date=June 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610182101/https://www.apple.com/ios/ios-18-preview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apple announced that the iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus as well as its predecessors especially the [[iPhone 14]], [[IPhone 14|iPhone 14 Plus]], [[iPhone 14 Pro]] and [[iPhone 14 Pro Max]] are not compatible with [[Apple Intelligence]] released with iOS 18.1 in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Nield |date=2024-06-11 |title=Apple Intelligence: here's a full list of the iPhones, iPads and Macs that'll get Apple's new AI powers |url=https://www.techradar.com/tech/apple-intelligence-heres-a-full-list-of-the-iphones-ipads-and-macs-thatll-get-apples-new-ai-powers |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=TechRadar |language=en |archive-date=June 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611112905/https://www.techradar.com/tech/apple-intelligence-heres-a-full-list-of-the-iphones-ipads-and-macs-thatll-get-apples-new-ai-powers |url-status=live }}</ref>

iOS 17 brought many new features, including Contact Posters to personalize specific contacts and satellite Emergency SOS for emergency situations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendri |date=2025-03-09 |title=Spesifikasi iPhone 15 Plus Lengkap & Review Fitur |url=https://tentanghp.com/iphone-15-plus/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Media Online Special Smartphone |language=en-US |archive-date=April 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411031621/https://tentanghp.com/iphone-15-plus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Consistent with the UK Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure regulation, it will continue to receive major software updates for a minimum of five years to at least 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Apple Inc. |date=29 April 2024 |title=A3106 Connectable Devices Statement of Compliance |url=https://regulatoryinfo.apple.com/cwt/api/ext/file?fileId=securityTelecommunication%2FiPhone%2015%20Pro%20Max%20%28Model%20A3106%29_V0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610173133/https://regulatoryinfo.apple.com/cwt/api/ext/file?fileId=securityTelecommunication%2FiPhone%2015%20Pro%20Max%20%28Model%20A3106%29_V0.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Apple Regulatory Info}}</ref>

== Specifications ==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center%; font-size: 85%"
! colspan="2" style="background:#silver;" |Model
! style="background:#ffdead;" |iPhone 15 Plus
! style="background:#ffdead;" |iPhone 15
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Picture
|[[File:IPhone 15 Plus Vector.svg|238x238px]]
|[[File:IPhone 15 Vector.svg|221x221px]]
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Initial release [[operating system]]
| colspan="2" |[[IOS 17|iOS 17.0]]
|-
! rowspan="23" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Display
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Screen Size
|{{convert|6.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} (diagonal)
{{convert|6.33|by|3.06|in|abbr=on|mm}}
|{{convert|6.1|in|mm|abbr=on}} (diagonal)
{{convert|5.81|by|2.82|in|abbr=on|mm}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Backlight
|colspan=2 {{N/A}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Multi-touch
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Technology
| colspan="2" |[[Retina Display|Super Retina XDR Display]] all-screen [[AMOLED|OLED]]
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Resolution
|2796 x 1290
|2556 x 1179
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Pixel Density (ppi)
|460
|460
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |[[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect Ratio]]
| colspan="2" |~19.5:9
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Typical Max brightness ( {{frac|cd|m2}})
| colspan="2" |1,000
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |HDR Max brightness ( {{frac|cd|m2}})
| colspan="2" |1,600
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Outdoor Max brightness ( {{frac|cd|m2}})
| colspan="2" |2,000
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Contrast ratio (typical)
| colspan="2" |2,000,000:1
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Fingerprint-resistant [[Lipophobicity|oleophobic coating]]
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |[[SRGB|Full sRGB Display]]
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Wide Color Display ([[DCI-P3#DCI-P3+ and Cinema Gamut|Display P3]])
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |True Tone Display
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Night Shift
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |{{tooltip|2=An adaptive refresh rate technology that supports up to 120 Hz and automatically adjusts the refresh rate based on the display content|ProMotion Display}}
|colspan=2 {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Always-On Display
|colspan=2 {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |HDR Display
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |HDR 10 Content
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Dolby Vision
|colspan=2 {{Yes|With HDR}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Dynamic Island
| colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Taptic
| colspan="2" |Haptic Touch
|-
! rowspan="11" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Processor
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Chip
| colspan="2" |[[Apple A16|Apple A16 Bionic]]
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Technology Node
| colspan="2" |4 nm (N4P)
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Total Cores
| colspan="2" |6
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |High-Performance Cores
| colspan="2" |2 x Everest
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Energy-Efficiency Cores
| colspan="2" |4 x Sawtooth
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Clock Speed
| colspan="2" |3.46 GHz
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Bit
| colspan="2" |64-bit
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Motion Coprocessor
| colspan="2" |Embedded in SoC
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Bus width
| colspan="2" |64-bit
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Graphics Processor
| colspan="2" |Fifth generation Apple designed 5-core GPU
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Neural Engine
| colspan="2" |Fifth generation Apple designed 16-core Neural Engine
(15.8 TOPS)
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Storage
| colspan="2" |128 GB, 256 GB, 512 GB
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Storage Type
| colspan="2" |NAND Flash driven by NVMe-based controller that communicates over a PCIe connection
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |RAM
| colspan="2" |6 GB
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |RAM Type
| colspan="2" |LPDDR4X 2133 MHz (34.1 GB/s)
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Connector
| colspan="2" |[[USB-C]] (with [[DisplayPort]] support)
|-
! rowspan="13" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Connectivity
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Wi-Fi (802.11)
| colspan="2" |Wi-Fi 6 ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax]])
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |MIMO
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |NFC
|colspan=2 {{Yes|With Reader Mode in background}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Express Cards
|colspan=2 {{Yes|With Power Reserve}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Bluetooth
| colspan="2" |[[Bluetooth#Bluetooth 5|Bluetooth 5.3]]
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Ultra Wideband chip for spatial awareness
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Cellular
| colspan="2" |GSM/EDGE/UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA/Gigabit-class LTE/5G (sub-6 GHz and mmWave (some models))
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |VoLTE
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Assisted GPS
|colspan=2 {{Yes|Precision Dual-frequency}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |GLONASS/GNSS
|colspan=2 {{Yes|Precision Dual-frequency}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |BeiDou
|colspan=2 {{Yes|Precision Dual-frequency}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" rowspan="2" |[[Subscriber identity module|SIM card]] form-factor
| colspan="2" |Dual SIM with one [[Subscriber identity module#Nano-SIM|Nano-SIM]] and one [[eSIM]], supports dual eSIM 
No physical SIM card form factor in U.S. models
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Dual SIM|Dual]] [[Subscriber identity module#Nano-SIM|Nano-SIM]] in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau
|-
! rowspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Secure Authentication
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Touch ID
|colspan=2 {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Face ID
|colspan=2 {{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Safety
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Emergency SOS
|colspan="4" {{Yes|Via Satellite (U.S., Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, U.K., Australia, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal only)}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Crash Detection
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan="6" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Sensors
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |LiDAR sensor
|colspan="2" {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Proximity sensor
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Three-axis gyro
|colspan="2" {{Yes|High dynamic range gyro}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Accelerometer
|colspan="2" {{Yes|High-g accelerometer}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Ambient Light Sensor
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Barometer
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan="40" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Rear Camera
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Camera
| colspan="2" |48 MP Main
12 MP Ultra Wide
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Aperture
| colspan="2" |f/1.6 (Wide)
f/2.4 (Ultra Wide)
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Pixel Size for Main camera
| colspan="2" |1 μm (48 MP)
2 μm (quad pixel 12 MP)
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Sensor Size for Main camera
| colspan="2" |1/1.56"
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Optical Image Stabilization
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Sensor-shift optical image stabilization for main camera}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Auto Image Stabilization
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Element Lens
| colspan="2" |Seven-element lens (Main)
Six-element lens (Ultra Wide)
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Night Mode
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Ultra Wide, Main, and Night Mode Portrait}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Deep Fusion
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Ultra Wide, Main}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Photonic Engine
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Apple ProRAW
|colspan="2" {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Macro mode
|colspan="2" {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Photographic Styles
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Optical Zoom
| colspan="2" |0.5x, 1x, 2x
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Digital Zoom
| colspan="2" |Up to 10x
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Autofocus
|colspan="2" {{Yes|100% Focus Pixels (only Main)}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Panorama
| colspan="2" |Up to 63 MP
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Portrait Mode
|colspan="2" {{Yes|With advanced bokeh and Depth Control}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Portrait Lighting
|colspan="2" {{Yes|With six effects (Natural, Studio, Contour, Stage, Stage Mono, High‑Key Mono)}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Lens Cover
| colspan="2" |Sapphire crystal lens cover
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Burst Mode
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Flash
| colspan="2" |Adaptive True Tone flash
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Live Photos
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Wide Color Capture
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |HDR for photos
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Smart HDR 4}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Video Recording
| colspan="2" |4K at 24 fps, 25 fps, 30 fps or 60 fps
1080p HD at 25 fps, 30 fps or 60 fps
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Cinematic video recording with shallow depth of field
|colspan="2" {{Yes|4K at 25 fps or 30 fps}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Extended Dynamic Range Video
|colspan="2" {{Yes|60 fps}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Dolby Vision HDR Video
|colspan="2" {{Yes|60 fps}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |ProRes Video
|colspan="2" {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Optical Image Stabilization for Video
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Sensor-shift optical image stabilization for main camera}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Action Mode
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Optical Video Zoom
| colspan="2" |0.5x, 1x, 2x
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Digital Video Zoom
| colspan="2" |Up to 6x
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Slow-motion video
| colspan="2" |1080p at 120 fps or 240 fps
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Audio Zoom
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |QuickTake Video
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Time-lapse video with stabilization
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Cinematic video stabilization
|colspan="2" {{Yes|4K, 1080p and 720p}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Stereo Recording
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan=22 {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Front Camera
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Camera
| colspan="2" |12 MP TrueDepth
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Aperture
| colspan="2" |f/1.9
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Autofocus
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Portrait Mode
|colspan="2" {{Yes|With advanced bokeh and Depth Control}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Portrait Lighting
|colspan="2" {{Yes|With six effects (Natural, Studio, Contour, Stage, Stage Mono, High‑Key Mono)}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Night mode
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Deep Fusion
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Photonic Engine
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Photographic Styles
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Animoji and Memoji
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Live Photos
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Wide color capture
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Retina Flash
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Video Recording
| colspan="2" |4K at 24 fps, 25 fps, 30 fps or 60 fps
1080p HD at 25 fps, 30 fps or 60 fps
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Slow-motion video
|colspan="2" {{Yes|1080p at 120 fps}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Extended Dynamic Range Video
|colspan="2" {{Yes|30 fps}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Dolby Vision HDR Video
|colspan="2" {{Yes|4K at 60 fps}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |ProRes Video
|colspan=2 {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |HDR for photos
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Smart HDR 4}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Cinematic video stabilization
|colspan="2" {{Yes|4K, 1080p and 720p}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Auto Image Stabilization
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |FaceTime
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan="3" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Audio
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Playback
| colspan="2" |Spatial Audio
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Dolby Atmos
|colspan="2" {{Yes|Built-in speakers and headphones with Spatial Audio}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |3.5 mm Jack
|colspan="2" {{No}}
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |HAC Rating
| colspan="2" |M3, T4<ref name="support-HAC-old">{{cite web |date=November 23, 2014 |title=iPhone: Hearing Aid Compatibility (HAC) |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123064138/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202186 |archive-date=November 23, 2014 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |work=Apple Support |publisher=Apple Inc.}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Compatible with Made for iPhone [[Hearing aid|Hearing Aids]]
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}<ref name="support-HAC-old"/>
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Live Listen
|colspan="2" {{Yes}}<ref name="support-HAC-old"/>
|-
! rowspan=3 {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Materials
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Front
| colspan="2" |All models have black glass front
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Back
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Glass back
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Side
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Aluminum
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Colors
| colspan="2" class="mw-no-invert" |{{Color box|#D5DDE0|border=midnight}} {{Color box|#EBD0D2|border=starlight}} {{Color box|#ECE6C6|border=product red}} {{Color box|#CFD9C9}} {{Color box|#3C4042}}
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Fast Charging
|colspan="2" {{Yes|20 W, up to 50% charge in 30 minutes (20 W adapter sold separately)}}
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Wireless Charging
|colspan="2" {{Yes|[[MagSafe (iPhone)|MagSafe]] and [[Qi (standard)|Qi 2 wireless charging]]}}
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Resistant
|colspan="2" {{Yes|IP68 (Maximum depth of 6 meters up to 30 minutes)}}
|-
! rowspan="3" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Dimensions
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Height
|{{convert|160.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|147.6|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Width
|{{convert|77.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|71.6|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
! {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Depth
| colspan="2" |{{convert|7.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Weight
|{{convert|201|g|oz|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|171|g|oz|abbr=on}}
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Announced Date
| colspan="2" |September 12, 2023
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Released Date
| colspan="2" |September 22, 2023
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Discontinued Date
| colspan="2" |September 9, 2025
|-
! colspan="2" {{rh}} class="table-rh" |Unsupported Date
| colspan="2" style="background:#ffdead;" |Supported
|-
|}

== Criticism ==
=== Overheating ===
Some owners claimed that their iPhone 15s were experiencing overheating issues,<ref>{{cite web |last=Phelan |first=David |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Apple iPhone 15 Pro Overheating Reports: Insider Addresses Issue |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidphelan/2023/09/26/apple-iphone-15-pro-overheating-reports-insider-addresses-issue/?sh=243caa4474a0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928013618/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidphelan/2023/09/26/apple-iphone-15-pro-overheating-reports-insider-addresses-issue/?sh=243caa4474a0 |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |access-date=September 28, 2023 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> reportedly reaching temperatures as high as {{cvt|47|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cuthbertson |first=Anthony |date=September 27, 2023 |title=iPhone 15 overheating issue makes it 'too hot to touch', owners say |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/iphone-15-overheating-charging-apple-b2419316.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927134904/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/iphone-15-overheating-charging-apple-b2419316.html |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |access-date=September 28, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Apple later stated that there were several reasons why the phones heat up, mainly hinting at a software issue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=October 2, 2023 |title=Apple confirms that a bug and some apps are causing iPhone 15 models to overheat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/02/tech/iphone-15-overheating-issues-apple/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006131036/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/02/tech/iphone-15-overheating-issues-apple/index.html |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |access-date=October 3, 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> It was stated that it would be fixed with an update to iOS 17.0.3.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leswing |first=Kif |date=October 4, 2023 |title=Apple releases fix for overheating iPhone 15 bug in iOS 17.0.3 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/04/apple-iphone-15-overheating-fix-released-in-ios-update.html |access-date=October 7, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007140827/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/04/apple-iphone-15-overheating-fix-released-in-ios-update.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The overheating issues were reported to persist after the update.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hiner |first=Jason |date=October 11, 2023 |title=New iPhone 15 Pro overheating reports: Still too hot after iOS 17.0.3 and fresh issues arise after the update |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/new-iphone-15-pro-overheating-reports-still-too-hot-after-ios-17-0-3-and-fresh-issues-arise-after-the-update/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015162110/https://www.zdnet.com/article/new-iphone-15-pro-overheating-reports-still-too-hot-after-ios-17-0-3-and-fresh-issues-arise-after-the-update/ |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=zdnet |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of iPhone models]]
* [[History of the iPhone]]
* [[IPhone#Models|Timeline of iPhone models]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=A}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.apple.com/iphone-15|iPhone 15}} – official website

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[iPhone 14]] / 14 Plus
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[iPhone]]
| years = 17th generation alongside [[iPhone 15 Pro]] / 15 Pro Max
}}

{{S-aft
| after = [[iPhone 16]] / 16 Plus
}}
{{S-end}}
{{iOS}}
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}
{{Apple hardware}}
{{Apple}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:IPhone|*15]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2023]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2023]]
[[Category:Mobile phones with 4K video recording]]
[[Category:Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras]]
[[Category:Discontinued iPhones| ]]
[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 2025]]
[[Category:Discontinued flagship smartphones]]

Invest Kerala Global Summit

2026-03-22T20:03:21Z

HwaNormanby23: creating

{{Short description|Economy of Kerala}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = Invest Kerala Global Summit
| other_titles =
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Nature. People. Industry
| chairperson = [[Government of Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| date = 21–22 February 2025
| venues = Lulu Bolgatty International Convention Centre, Kochi
| cities = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| participants =
| follows =
| precedes =
| website = {{URL|https://invest.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Invest Kerala Global Summit''' is a major event organized by the [[Government of Kerala]] in India to attract domestic and international investments across various sectors, aiming to showcase the state's potential as a business hub and promote economic growth; it is hosted by the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC). The event brings together business leaders, investors, corporations, policy makers, and thought leaders. The summit serves as a platform to discuss and explore business opportunities in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/21/invest-kerala-global-summit-getting-bizzy-with-the-future | title=Invest Kerala Global Summit: Getting bizzy with the future | publisher= New Indian Express | date=21 February 2025 | accessdate=21 February 2025}}</ref>

==Event==
The Invest Kerala Global Summit 2025 commenced on February 21, 2025, at the Lulu International Convention Centre in [[Kochi]]. The event was inaugurated by [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], who emphasized the state's commitment to creating an investor-friendly environment by simplifying procedures and eliminating bureaucratic hurdles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/investors-will-not-face-red-tapes-vijayan-at-summit-101740164257712.html | title=Investors will not face red tapes: Vijayan at summit | publisher= Hindustan Times | date=21 February 2025 | accessdate=21 February 2025}}</ref> In a notable display of political unity, Leader of Opposition V D Satheesan expressed the opposition's support for the state's investment initiatives, highlighting a collective goal of propelling Kerala toward economic prosperity and industrial excellence. The [[Government of India|Union government]] also extended its support, with Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] announcing 31 upcoming road projects in Kerala, totaling 896 kilometers and costing ₹50,000 crore. These infrastructure developments aim to enhance connectivity and attract further investments to the state. The summit has attracted over 3,000 delegates from various sectors, underscoring Kerala's potential as a prime investment destination.

==Sessions==
* Nurturing the Future of Startups and Innovation<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/21/focus-on-22-sectors-at-invest-kerala-summit| title=Focus on 22 sectors at Invest Kerala summit | publisher= New Indian Express | date=21 February 2025 | accessdate=21 February 2025}}</ref>
* Future of Talent
* Global Gateway to Medical Excellence, Ayurveda and Wellness Tourism
* Harnessing Marine Sector for Future Growth
* Powering the Future of Automotive Technology Innovation
* Catalyzing Growth: Port-Led Development as a Bridge to Global Trade
* Kerala Towards $1 Trillion Economy
* Navigating the Future: Shipbuilding Potential in India’s Maritime Growth
* Roots of Prosperity: Nurturing Kerala’s Traditional Sectors for a Brighter Future
* Empowering Kerala’s Future: Unleashing Opportunities in Clean, Sustainable Energy
* Value-added Plantation Sector Including Rubber

==Key Sectors==
The Invest Kerala Global Summit 2025 focuses on 22 key sectors for investment and development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/21/focus-on-22-sectors-at-invest-kerala-summit | title=Focus on 22 sectors at Invest Kerala summit | publisher= New Indian Express | date=21 February 2025 | accessdate=21 February 2025}}</ref>
* Aerospace & Defence
* Agri & Food Processing
* Animation, Gaming & Entertainment
* Automobile & Electric Vehicles
* Banking, Financial Services & Insurance (BFSI)
* Biotechnology & Life Sciences
* Chemical & Petrochemicals
* E-commerce & Retail
* Education & Skill Development
* Electronics & Semiconductors
* Energy & Green Hydrogen
* Environment & Sustainability
* Healthcare & Medical Devices
* Industrial & Engineering Manufacturing
* Infrastructure & Real Estate
* IT & Emerging Technologies
* Logistics & Warehousing
* Media & Film Production
* Pharmaceuticals
* Ports & Shipping
* Textiles & Apparel
* Tourism & Hospitality

==Outcome==
The Invest Kerala Global Summit 2025, held on February 21 and 22 at the Lulu International Convention Centre in Kochi, was a significant event aimed at attracting both domestic and international investments to the state. Organized by the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC) under the [[Department of Industries (Kerala)|Department of Industry and Commerce]], the summit focused on fostering economic growth while preserving Kerala's natural and cultural heritage. The event witnessed participation from over 3,000 delegates, including global industry leaders, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and prospective investors from 26 countries. Key sessions covered topics such as startup innovation, talent development, wellness tourism, marine sector growth, automotive technology, and sustainable energy.

A notable outcome of the summit was the receipt of investment proposals totaling approximately ₹1.53 lakh crore across various sectors. Significant commitments included ₹30,000 crore from [[Adani Group|Karan Adani]], ₹10,000 crore from [[HiLITE Business Park|HiLITE Group]], and ₹5,000 crore each from [[LuLu Group International]], Monarch Surveyors and Engineering Consultants Ltd, Sharaf Group, and Tofl Pathanamthitta Infra Ltd. Additionally, 24 IT companies expressed interest in expanding operations in Kerala, proposing an investment of nearly ₹8,500 crore and the creation of 60,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/23/proposals-worth-l15l-crore-in-keralas-kitty-as-summit-ends?utm_source=chatgpt.com | title=Proposals worth L1.5L crore in Kerala's kitty as summit ends | publisher=[[Indian Express]] | date=23 February 2015 | accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref>

To ensure the swift realization of these investments, the Kerala government announced the establishment of a fast-track mechanism, including a dashboard-based online system, a dedicated toll-free number for investors, and periodic reviews by a committee chaired by the chief secretary. Furthermore, the Invest Kerala Global Summit is set to become a triennial event, with the next edition scheduled for 2028.
==See also==
* [[Economy of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Startup Mission]]
* [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]

{{India-stub}}

Himachal Football League

2026-03-22T17:06:59Z

HwaNormanby23: brief fix lead based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Men's professional football league in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Himachal Pradesh Football League
| image = Himachal Football League.svg
| pixels = 300
| country = India
| organiser = [[Himachal Pradesh Football Association]] (HPFA)
| founded = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation =
| teams = [[#Current teams|10]]
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| domest_cup =
| champions = [[Techtro Swades United FC]] (1st title)
| tv = SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])
| website =
| current =
}}

The '''Himachal Pradesh Football League''' is founded by [[Himachal Pradesh Football Association]] (HPFA) in 2020 as the top [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] league in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the 5th tier in [[Indian football league system]].

A total of 10 teams compete in the league, which are divided into two groups of 5, with the table-toppers from each group advancing into the final. The inaugural edition commenced on 25 November 2020.<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/state-football-tourney-in-una-from-tomorrow-174780|website=m.tribuneindia.com|title=State football tourney in Una from tomorrow : The Tribune India|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref>

==Current teams==
A total of 10 teams participated in the [[2020 Himachal Football League|Inaugural season]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Club
!City/Town
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Himachal FC
|Shimla
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Khad FC
|Khad
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Paonta United FC
|Paonta
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Sai Kangra FA
|Kangra
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Shahpur FC
|Shahpur
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Shimla FC]]
|Shimla
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Shiva FC
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Summer Hill United FC
|Shimla
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Techtro Swades United FC]]
|Una
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Venga Boys Kullu FC
|Kullu
|}

==League champions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Champions
! Final score
! Runners-up
! Leading goalscorer(s)
! Goals
|-
| align=center|[[2020 Himachal Football League|2020]]
| '''Himachal FC'''
| align=center|2–0
| Techtro Swades United
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Himanshu Jangra]] (Techtro Swades United)
| align=center|5
|-
| align=center|[[2022 Himachal Football League|2022]]
| '''Techtro Swades United'''
| align=center|RR
| Khad FC
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Emmanuel Sambo (Techtro Swades United)
| align=center|10
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://theawayend.co/himachal-football-league/ Himachal Football League] at The Away End

{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Chimnabai Clock Tower

2026-03-16T02:43:01Z

HwaNormanby23: creating first post added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Chimnabai Clock Tower
| image = File:Raopura Tower Vadodara.jpg
| caption = Chimnabai Clock Tower
| location_town = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|18|14.3|N|73|12|02.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| completion_date = 1896<ref name="The British Library">{{cite web |title=Chimnabai Tower [Vadodara] |url=https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/2059209/item_92037__http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_c_zoomify63711_html |website=europeana |publisher=The British Library |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621162140/https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/2059209/item_92037__http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_c_zoomify63711_html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| architect = unknown
| cost = {{INR|25000}}<ref name="NEWS18 GUJARATI"/>
| pushpin_map = Gujarat
| structural_system = [[Red brick]] and [[Sandstone|Yellow sandstone]]
| client = [[Baroda State]]
| engineer =
| construction_start_date =
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]
| size = {{cvt|108|ft|m}}<ref name="NEWS18 GUJARATI"/>
}}

The '''Chimnabai Clock Tower''', also known as the '''Raopura Tower''', is a [[clock tower]] situated in the [[Raopura]] area of [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It was completed in 1896 and named in memory of [[Maharani Chimnabai I|Chimnabai I]] (1864–1885), a [[Maharani|queen]] and the first wife of [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of [[Baroda State]]. It was built in [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] style.

==History==
Chimnabai Clock Tower was built in 1896.<ref name="The British Library"/> The tower was named after Chimnabai I (1864–1885), a queen and the first wife of Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State.<ref name="ToI 2017-05-24">{{cite news |last1=Rupera |first1=Prashant |date=24 May 2017 |title=Raopura tower to start chiming again |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/raopura-tower-to-start-chiming-again/articleshow/58814361.cms |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/raopura-tower-to-start-chiming-again/articleshow/58814361.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gazetteer Volume II">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II, Administration |date=1923 |publisher=G. H. Desai |location=Baroda |page=465 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94278/page/n481/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chimnabai Tower, Baroda – 1895 |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10150207889496675 |website=rarebooksocietyofindia |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163856/https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10150207889496675 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Tourism" /> It was inaugurated by Mir Kamaluddin Hussainkhan, the last Nawab of Baroda.<ref name="HoV">{{cite web |title=Clock Tower |url=https://historyofvadodara.in/raopura-tower/ |website=History of Vadodara |date=25 August 2009 |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621170144/https://historyofvadodara.in/raopura-tower/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the rule of Gaekwad, it was a stoppage for [[Horsecar|horse-drawn trams]]. The clock tower was erected at the cost of {{INRconvert|25000|year=1896}}.<ref name="NEWS18 GUJARATI">{{cite news |last1=Samrat Bauddh |first1=Nidhi Dave |title=World Heritage Day: વડોદરાના હેરિટેજ સ્થળોને જોતા જ લોકો અભિભૂત થઈ જાય છે, જુઓ તસ્વીર |trans-title=People are overwhelmed to see the heritage sites of Vadodara, see the picture |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/photo-story/madhya-gujarat/vadodara-world-heritage-day-2023-vadodara-historical-place-tourism-vnd-sb-local18-1384356-page-9.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=NEWS18 GUJARATI |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622171651/https://gujarati.news18.com/photo-story/madhya-gujarat/vadodara-world-heritage-day-2023-vadodara-historical-place-tourism-vnd-sb-local18-1384356-page-9.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was constructed from the funds raised by the citizens of Baroda State.<ref name="Gazetteer Volume II"/><ref name="Gujarat Tourism"/>

The premises of the tower were rented by the [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] for the last three decades. In 2017, the municipal commissioner, Vinod Rao, ordered to vacate the tower to conserve it as a heritage monument.<ref name="TNN 2017-05-04" /> The mechanical system of the tower clock was replaced by DC motor.<ref name="ToI 2017-05-24" /> The tower is lit up in the evening.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Chimnabai Tower, Baroda in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|The tower in the 1890s|left]]
The tower was built in [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] style.<ref name="ToI 2017-05-24" /> The five storied tower is built with red bricks. The ground floor has a narrow spiral staircase that leads to upper floors. The first three floors have cusped arched openings decorated with fine stucco work on each side.<ref name="HoV"/> A huge clock made by [[John Taylor & Co]]<ref name="ToI 2017-05-24"/> was brought from [[London]] by Sayajirao and fitted to fourth floor.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism"/> The clock is six feet in diameter<ref name="TNN 2017-05-04">{{cite news |title=Shop in Maharani Chimnabai Tower to be vacated |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 May 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/shop-in-maharani-chimnabai-tower-to-be-vacated/articleshow/57457405.cms |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/shop-in-maharani-chimnabai-tower-to-be-vacated/articleshow/57457405.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and its minute hand is of 3 feet in length.<ref name="HoV"/> The top floor is octagonal. It has the [[jharokha]] with [[jali]]-work on all eight sides of the parapet. A steeple stands at the top.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism">{{cite web |title=Raopura Tower |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/vadodara/raopura-tower.html |website=gujarattourism.com |publisher=Gujarat Tourism |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621163857/https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/vadodara/raopura-tower.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Chimes==
During the Gaekwad rule, the mechanical system was used to play tunes every 15 minutes, which later changed to every hour. Later, the mechanical system was replaced by an electric connection and now the chimes are muted.<ref name="TNN 2017-05-04"/>

==See also==
*[[Chimnabai Lake]]
*[[Nyay Mandir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Raopura Clock Tower|Chimnabai Clock Tower}}

==External links==
*[https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/vadodara/raopura-tower.html Raopura Tower], Gujarat Tourism
*[https://historyofvadodara.in/raopura-tower/ History of Vadodara]
{{Vadodara topics}}

[[Category:Towers completed in 1896]]
[[Category:Clock towers in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]

Shakuntala Kulkarni

2026-03-14T05:25:33Z

HwaNormanby23: created a stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian contemporary artist}}
{{COI|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| alma_mater = [[Sir JJ School of Art]]
| known_for = [[Sculpture]], [[Painting]] [[Video]] [[Performance Art]]
| style =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]]
| image =
| notable_works = 'Of Bodies, Armor, and Cages', 2012
| website = [https://www.shakuntalakulkarni.com www.shakuntalakulkarni.com]
| caption = Shakuntala Kulkarni
}}
'''Shakuntala Kulkarni''' (born in Karnataka, 1950) is an Indian contemporary artist whose work highlights the plight of urban women<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Shirin |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Shakuntala Kulkarni's Work Pays Attention To Women's Experiences And Spaces |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/art-and-design/shakuntala-kulkarnis-work-pays-attention-to-womens-experiences-and-spaces |work=[[Verve Magazine]]}}</ref> and their spaces.

== Career ==
Trained at [[Sir J. J. School of Art|Sir JJ School of Art]], MSU Baroda & [[Santiniketan|SantiNiketan]], Shakuntala Kulkarni explores sculpture, performance, new media and textiles. Working across mediums like glass, acrylic, cane and using video and photography to create installations, her most well known body of work is '‘Of Bodies, Armor, and Cages'<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Chinki |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Of cane armour and disruption |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/of-cane-armour-and-disruption-1520576-2019-05-08 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> created in 2012. This work has also been created as limited edition headgear for raising funds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Gayatri Rangachari |date=November 17, 2019 |title=The Mumbai Art Room highlights works by multidisciplinary, contemporary artist Shakuntala Kulkarni |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-art-room-contemporary-artist-shakuntala-kulkarni/ |work=[[Architectural Digest]]}}</ref>

Her recent<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chavan |first=Aditi |date=March 9, 2023 |title=This new Mumbai art exhibition showcases Shakuntala Kulkarni's lockdown discoveries |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/confined-in-charcoal-23274252 |work=[[Mid-day]]}}</ref> solo exhibition, 'Quieter than Silence'<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bailey |first=Stephanie |date=July 13, 2023 |title=Shakuntala Kulkarni's Furious Studies of the Female Body |url=https://artreview.com/shakuntala-kulkarni-quieter-than-silence-compilation-of-short-stories-chemould-prescott-road-mumbai-9-march-6-may/ |work=[[Art Review]]}}</ref> was shown at [[Chemould Prescott Road]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=March 19, 2023 |title=Drawing is an act of protest for Shakuntala Kulkarni |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/drawing-is-an-act-of-protest-for-shakuntala-kulkarni-111679156886041.html |work=[[Mint Lounge]]}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
Her work has been shown at the Indian Pavilion<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maddox |first=Georgina |date=May 10, 2019 |title="India's big splash at the Venice Biennale 2019" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/indias-big-splash-at-the-venice-biennale-2019/article27095966.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> at [[Venice Biennale]], Art Unlimited at [[Art Basel]], [[Dhaka Art Summit]], [[Art Dubai]], NGV Triennial<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Bhavya |date=May 5, 2023 |title=NGV Triennial 2023 selects Indian artist Kulkarni's work on violence against women |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/shakuntala-kulkarni-and-her-artwork-armour-of-the-brides-to-be-presented-at-the-ngv-triennial-2023/lsjp4urjf |website=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]}}</ref> and [[India Art Fair]]. She has been a part of several other solo and group exhibitions in India and abroad.

== Collaborations ==
Her recent collaboration<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Swareena |title=Shakuntala Kulkarni's Armours for Brides dazzles at Dior's Autumn/Winter show |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/shakuntala-kulkarnis-armours-for-brides-dazzles-at-diors-autumn-winter-show/ |work=[[Architectural Digest India]]}}</ref> with [[Dior]] for their recent ATW collection<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rishika |date=March 1, 2024 |title="Paris Fashion Week: This Indian artist found a place of honour at the Dior show" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/indian-artist-dior-paris-fashion-week-9185615/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> featured installations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshmukh |first=Sakshi |date=February 28, 2024 |title=Shakuntala Kulkarni's cane-sculpted installation echoes a bold message at the Dior show at Paris Fashion Week 2024 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/fashion/story/shakuntala-kulkarnis-cane-sculpted-installation-echoes-a-bold-message-at-diors-fall-winter-2024-collection-901509-2024-02-28 |website=[Bazaar India]}}</ref> from her notable work -'Of Bodies, Armour and Cages'

== Public collections ==
Shakuntala Kulkarni's works are a part of the collections<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalra |first=Vandana |date=September 30, 2019 |title=There is a need for art education in India: Kiran Nadar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/need-to-educate-myself-contemporary-artists-kiran-nadar-venice-biennale-knma-6010809/ |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> at [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art|KNMA]], New Delhi; [[Chemould Prescott Road|Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]] in Mumbai, [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai and Sarmaya [https://sarmaya.in/objects/modern-contemporary-art/from-and-when-she-roared-the-universe-quaked-2/ Foundation], Mumbai

== Books ==
Her art work is a part of the Art for Baby book<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shroff |first=Rudritara |title=Art For Baby |date=April 8, 2024 |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |isbn=9781738503513}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Shakuntala}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Indian performance artists]]

Shawl

2026-03-05T06:11:15Z

HwaNormanby23: add structure for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}
[[File:Young girl in shawl.jpg|thumb|right|A young girl wearing a shawl as a head covering]]
[[File:Maxida Märak at Riddu Riđđu 2019 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maxida Märak]] wearing a traditional Saami wool shawl onstage at [[Riddu Riđđu]] 2019]]

A '''shawl''' (from {{langx|fa|شال}} ''shāl''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=shawl&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Shawl |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>) is a simple item of [[clothing]], loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, and sometimes also over the head. It is usually a [[rectangular]] piece of [[Textile|cloth]], but can also be [[Square (geometry)|square]] or [[triangular]] in shape. Other shapes include oblong shawls.{{sfn|Bhatnagar|2005|p=42-55}}

==History==
[[Kashmir]] was a pivotal point in the history of the shawl, serving as the birthplace of one of the most coveted garments in the world. Perhaps the most widely known woven textiles are the famed Kashmir shawls. The ''Kanikar'', for instance, has intricately woven designs that are formalized imitations of nature. The ''Chinar'' leaf ([[plane tree]] leaf), ''apple and cherry blossoms'', the ''rose and tulip'', the ''almond and pear'', the ''nightingale''—these are done in deep mellow tones of maroon, dark red, gold yellow and browns. Yet another type of Kashmir shawl is the ''Jamia Vr'', which is a brocaded woollen fabric sometimes in pure wool and sometimes with a little cotton added.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jksheephusbandrykashmir.nic.in/Pashmina_Wool.html|title=Directorate of Sheep Husbandry, Kashmir Division, Government of Jammu & Kashmir|website=j&k sheep husbandry kashmir.nic.in|access-date=2019-01-09|archive-date=2018-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104122655/http://jksheephusbandrykashmir.nic.in/pashmina_wool.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File: Brooklyn Museum - Doña Josefa de la Cotera y Calvo de la Puerta - Mexican - overall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Brooklyn Museum]] - Doña Josefa de la Cotera y Calvo de la Puerta - Mexican overall]]

The floral design appears in a heavy, close embroidery-like weave in dull silk or soft ''pashmina'' (Persian, meaning "woolen"), and usually comprises small or large flowers delicately sprayed and combined; some shawls have net-like patterns with floral ensemble motifs in them. Still another type of Kashmir shawl is the double-sided ''Dourukha'' (Persian, meaning "having two faces"), a woven shawl that is so done as to produce the same effect on both sides. This is a unique piece of craftsmanship, in which a multi-coloured schematic pattern is woven all over the surface, and after the shawl is completed, the ''rafugar'' (expert embroiderer) works the outlines of the motifs in darker shades to bring into relief the beauty of design. This mode of craftsmanship not only produces a shawl which is reversible because of the perfect workmanship on both sides, but it combines the crafts of both weaving and embroidery and religious beliefs expressed in different shawls.

The most expensive shawls, called [[shahtoosh]], are made from the under-fleece of the Tibetan antelope or [[Chiru]].

The ''naksha'', a [[Persia]]n device like the [[Jacquard loom]] invented centuries later, enabled Indian weavers to create sinuous floral patterns and creeper designs in brocade to rival any painted by a brush. The Kashmir shawl that evolved from this expertise in its heyday had greater fame than any other Indian textile. Always a luxury commodity, the intricate, tapestry-woven, fine wool shawl had become a fashionable wrap for the ladies of the English and French elite by the 18th century. Supply fell short of demand and manufacturers pressed to produce more, created convincing embroidered versions of the woven shawls that could be produced in half the time. As early as 1803, Kashmiri needlework production was established to increase and hasten output of these shawls, which had been imitated in England since 1784 and even in France. By 1870, the advent of the ''Jacquard'' loom in Europe destroyed the exclusivity of the original Kashmir shawl, which began to be produced in [[Paisley, Scotland]]. Even the characteristic Kashmiri motif, the ''mango-shape'', began to be known simply as the ''paisley''.

[[File:Ucidlhd5.png|thumb|[[Somali people|Somali]] women wearing traditional shawls.]]

The paisley motif is so ubiquitous to Indian fabrics that it is not easy to know that it is only about 250 years old. It evolved from 1600s floral and tree-of-life designs that were created in expensive, tapestry-woven Mughal textiles. The design in India originated from Persian motif called ''butta-jeghgha'' which represents a stylized cypress tree, the symbol of Iranians. Early designs depicted single plants with large flowers and thin wavy stems, small leaves and roots. As the designs became denser over time, more flowers and leaves were compacted within the shape of the tree, or issuing from vases or a pair of leaves. By the late 18th century, the archetypal curved point at the top of an elliptical outline had evolved. The elaborate paisley created on Kashmir shawls became the vogue in Europe for over a century, and it was imitations of these shawls woven in factories at Paisley, Scotland, that gave it the name ''paisley'' still commonly used in the United States and Europe. In the late 18th century and 19th century, the paisley became an important motif in a wide range of Indian textiles, perhaps because it was associated with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court. It also caught the attention of poorer and non-Muslim Indians because it resembles a [[mango]]. The Kashmir shawl is an evergreen shawl all over India and the wider world. "Rural Indians called an ''aam'' or mango a symbol of fertility".{{sfn|Bhatnagar|2005|p=43}}{{sfn|Bhatnagar |2005|pp=42–56}}{{sfn|Bhatnagar|2004|pp=30–34}}

Shawls were also part of the traditional male costume in Kashmir.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} They were woven in extremely fine woollen [[twill]], some such as the [[Orenburg shawl]], were even said to be as fine as the Shatoosh.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} They could be in one colour only, woven in different colours (called ''tilikar''), ornately [[woven]] or [[embroidery|embroidered]] (called ''ameli'').

[[File:Ethfashmod5.jpg|thumb|[[Ethiopia]]n model and filmmaker [[Amleset Muchie]] wearing a traditional shawl.]]

[[Kashmiri shawl]]s were high-fashion garments in [[Western Europe]] in the early- to mid-19th century. Shawls in the Indian style were manufactured in the city of [[Norwich]], [[Norfolk]] from the late 18th century. The "Norwich shawl" was produced by hand weavers using silk and [[worsted]] and supplied the high end of the market.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hoyte |first=Helen |date=2016 |title=The Story Of Norwich Shawls |url=https://www.ctacostume.org.uk/norwich-shawls.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Costume & Textile Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>A Norwich shawl sold locally in mid-19th century for 7 pounds (approximately £700 in 2016)</ref> [[Paisley shawls]], imitation Kashmiri shawls woven in [[Paisley, Renfrewshire]], are the origin of the name of the traditional [[paisley pattern]]. Decline in market for expensive shawls, due to changes in fashion and the mass market competition from industrial production led to the ending of Norwich shawl making in the 1870s.<ref name=":0" />

Silk shawls with fringes, made in [[China]], were available by the first decade of the 19th century. Ones with [[embroidery]] and fringes were available in Europe and the Americas by 1820. These were called ''China crêpe shawls'' or ''China shawls'', and in [[Spain]] ''[[Mantón de Manila|mantones de Manila]]'' because they were shipped to Spain from China via the port of [[Manila]]. The importance of these shawls in fashionable women's wardrobes declined between 1865 and 1870 in Western culture. However, they became part of folk dress in a number of places including Germany, the Near East, various parts of Latin America, and Spain where they became a part of [[Romani people|Romani]] (''[[Gitanos|gitana]]'') dress especially in [[Andalusia]] and [[Madrid]]. These embroidered items were revived in the 1920s under the name of Spanish shawls. Their use as part of the costume of the lead in the opera ''[[Carmen]]'' contributed to the association of the shawls with Spain rather than China.

Some cultures incorporate shawls of various types into their [[Folk costume|national folk dress]], mainly because the relatively unstructured shawls were much more commonly used in earlier times.

==Usage==
[[File:Racinet-regency-empire-shawls-1888.jpg|thumb|The wearing of shawls in early 19th-century [[France]].]]

Shawls are used in order to keep warm, to complement a costume, and for symbolic reasons. In [[Christianity]], women have used shawls as a [[Christian headcovering|headcovering]].<ref name="Zuck2006">{{cite book |last1=Zuck |first1=RoyCheck B. |title=Vital New Testament Issues: Examining New Testament Passages and Problems |date=5 September 2006 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-59752-684-5 |page=105 |language=English}}</ref> In addition to these aforementioned religious uses of shawls, they are worn for added warmth (and fashion) at outdoor or indoor evening affairs, where the temperature is warm enough for men in [[Suit (clothes)|suit]]s, but not for women in [[dress]]es and where a jacket might be inappropriate.{{sfn|Bhatnagar|2004|pp=30–34}}

==Types==
===The Kashmir shawls===
{{Main|Kashmir shawl}}

The Kashmir shawl is a type of shawl distinctive for its Kashmiri weave, and traditionally made of ''shahtoosh'' or ''pashmina'' wool. Known for its warmth, light weight and characteristic buta design, the Kashmir shawl was originally used by Mughal royalty and nobility. In the late 18th century, it arrived in Europe, where its use by Queen Victoria and Empress Joséphine popularised it as a symbol of exotic luxury and status. It became a toponym for the Kashmir region itself (as cashmere), inspiring mass-produced imitation industries in India and Europe, and popularising the buta, today known as the Paisley motif.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Irwin|first=John|title=The kashmir shawl.|date=1973|publisher=H.M. Stationery Off|isbn=0-11-290164-6|location=London|oclc=3241655|quote=Although a garment so simple in shape and form undoubtedly has a long history in the Near East, the finest shawls of the modern era are synonymous with the name of Kashmir.}}</ref>
Kashmiri Pashmina is protected under the Geographical Indication (GI) Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Pashmina Is Considered a Protected Geographical Craft |url=https://pashmsutra.com/blogs/news/why-pashmina-is-considered-a-protected-geographical-craft |website=pashmsutra |language=en |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>

"The shawls made in Kashmir occupy a pre-eminent place among textile products; and it is to them and to their imitations from Western looms that specific importance attaches. The Kashmir shawl is characterized by the elaboration of its design, in which the "cone" pattern is a prominent feature, and by the glowing harmony, brilliance, depth, and enduring qualities of its colours. The basis of these excellences is found in the very fine, soft, short, flossy under-wool, called pashm or pashmina, found on the shawl-goat, a variety of ''[[Capra hircus]]'' inhabiting the elevated regions of [[Tibet]]. There are several varieties of pashm, but the finest is a strict monopoly of the [[maharaja]] of Kashmir. Inferior pashm and Kerman wool — a fine soft Persian sheep's wool — are used for shawl weaving at [[Amritsar]] and other places in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], where colonies of Kashmiri weavers are established. Of shawls, apart from shape and pattern, there are only two principal classes: (1) loom-woven shawls called tiliwalla, tilikar or kani kar — sometimes woven in one piece, but more often in small segments which are sewn together with such precision that the sewing is quite imperceptible; and (2) embroidered shawls — amlikar — in which over a ground of plain pashmina is worked by needle a minute and elaborate pattern." from ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 1911{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=814}}

===Pashmina or kar Amir===
[[File:Humble shawl-weavers in Kashmir.jpg|thumb|right|Shawl weavers in [[Kashmir]] circa 1903.]]

The majority of the woollen fabrics of Kashmir, and particularly the best quality shawls, were and are still made of ''Pashm'' or ''Pashmina'', which is the wool of ''[[Capra hircus]]'', a species of the wild Asian mountain goat. Hence the shawls came to be called Pashmina. The fine fleece used for the shawls is that which grows under the rough, woolly, outer coat of the animal; that from the under-belly, which is shed on the approach of hot weather. Materials of an inferior grade were of the wool of the wild Himalayan mountain sheep or the [[Himalayan ibex]]. However, the best fleece wool is soft, silky and warm is of the wild goats, and painstakingly gathered from shrubs and rough rocks against which the animals rub off their fleece on the approach of summer. This was undoubtedly the soft fleece wool from which were made the famous and much coveted 'ring shawls' in Mughal times. Unfortunately very inferior and second rate wool taken from domesticated sheep and goats provide most of the wool used today on the looms of Kashmir.

The needle-worked ''Amlikar'' or ''Amli'', made from Pashmina wool is a shawl embroidered almost all over with the needle on a plain woven ground. The colours most commonly seen on pashmina shawls are yellow, white, black, blue, green, purple, crimson and scarlet. The design motifs are usually formalised imitations of nature like the leaf, flower and tree designs mentioned above; they are always done in rich colours.

The embroidery stitch employed is rather like the parallel darning stitch and is rarely allowed to penetrate the entire fabric.

The outlines of the design are further touched up and emphasized with silk or woollen thread of different colours run round the finer details; the stitch used for this is at an angle overlapping darn stitch, all the stitches used are so minute and fine that individually they can be seen with the unaided eye only with difficulty. When Pashmina wool is used for the embroidery work, it is made to blend so intimately with the texture of the basic shawl material that it would be difficult to insert even a fine needle between the embroidery stitches and the basic fabric.

===Do-Shalla===
The [[Emperor Akbar]] was a great admirer of the shawls of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg_rAAAAMAAJ|title=The Art of Asian Costume: An Exhibition Presented at the University of Hawaii Art Gallery, November 13 to December 23, 1988|date=1989|publisher=The Gallery|isbn=9780824813802|location=|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> It was he who began the fashion of wearing them in duplicate, sewn back to back, so that the under surfaces of the shawls were never seen. During that time the most desired shawls were those worked in gold and silver thread or shawls with border ornamented with fringes of gold, silver and silk thread.

The ''Do-shala'', as the name designates ("two-shawl"), are always sold in pairs, there being many varieties of them. In the ''Khali-matan'' the central field is quite plain and without any ornamentation. The ''Char-bagan'' is made up of four pieces in different colours neatly joined together; the central fluid of the shawl is embellished with a medallion of flowers. However, when the field is ornamented with flowers in the four corners we have the Kunj.

Perhaps the most characteristic of the Kashmir shawls is the one made like patchwork. The patterns are woven on the looms in long strips, about twelve to eighteen inches in length and from one half to two inches in width. These design strips, made on very simple and primitive looms, are then cut to the required lengths and very neatly and expertly hand sewn together with almost invisible stitches and finally joined by sewing to a plain central field piece. As a variation, pieces may be separately woven, cut up in various shapes of differing sizes and expertly sewn together and then further elaborated with embroidery. But there is a difference between these two types: while the patchwork loom shawls are made up from separate narrow strips, the patchwork embroidered shawls consists of a certain number of irregularly shaped pieces joined together, each one balancing the predominant colour scheme of the shawl.

===Namda and gabba===
The basic material for a ''gubba'' is milled blanket dyed in plain colour. Embroidery is bold and vivid in designing and done with woollen or cotton threads. Gubbas have more of a folk flavour blankets cut and patched into geometric patterns, with limited, embroidery on joining and open space. It is more like appliqué work. Colours are bright and attractive. They are cheap and used for ''dewan'' covering or as floor covering—''[[namda]]s''.

===Knit shawls===
[[File:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 052.jpg|thumb|[[Hesquiat]] woman wrapped in a shawl.]]

Triangular knit [[lace]] shawls are usually knitted from the neck down, and may or may not be shaped. In contrast, [[Faroese lace shawls]] are knitted bottom up and contain a centre back [[gusset]]. Each shawl consists of two triangular side panels, a trapezoid-shaped back gusset, an edge treatment, and usually also shoulder shaping.

=== Shalli ===
Shalli is a handwoven [[twill]] weaved shawl made of [[angora goat]] hairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wingate|first=Isabel Barnum|url=https://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio00wing|title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles|date=1979|publisher=New York : Fairchild Publications|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-87005-198-2|pages=547}}</ref>

===Stole===
A stole is a woman's shawl, especially a formal shawl of expensive [[textile|fabric]], used around the shoulders over a [[party dress]] or [[ball gown]]. A stole is narrower than a typical shawl and of simpler construction than a [[cape]]; it is a length of a quality material, wrapped and carried about the shoulders or arms. Lighter materials such as [[silk]] and [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]] are simply ''finished'', that is, cropped, [[hem]]med, and [[binding (sewing)|bound]]; heavier materials such as fur and [[brocade]] are often lined as well. There are different types of stoles including Academic Stoles, Honor Stoles, Graduation Stoles and custom stoles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Space Coast |date=2025-02-21 |title=Celebrate Your Achievements with Style: Top Graduation Stole Trends for 2025 |url=https://spacecoastdaily.com/2025/02/celebrate-your-achievements-with-style-top-graduation-stole-trends-for-2025/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Space Coast Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Cords and Stoles at Commencement {{!}} Dartmouth |url=https://home.dartmouth.edu/news/2023/06/cords-and-stoles-commencement |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=home.dartmouth.edu |language=en}}</ref>

A stole can also be a [[fur]] or set of furs, usually [[fox]], worn as a stole with a [[suit (clothing)|suit]] or [[gown]]; the [[pelage]] or skin, of a single animal (head included) is generally used with street dress while for [[formal wear]] a finished length of fur using the skins of more than one animal is used; the word stole stands alone or is used in combination: ''fur stole'', ''mink stole'', the namesake of [[Dreamlander]] [[Mink Stole]].

<gallery widths="160px" heights="200px">
File:Stole, designed by Mme. Jeanne Paquin (French, 1869–1936).jpg|Stole, designed by Mme. [[Jeanne Paquin]] (French, 1869–1936)
File:Dorota Rabczewska (cropped).jpg|[[Doda (singer)|Dorota Rabczewska]] with a fur collar
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Boa (clothing accessory)]]
* [[Cape]]
* [[Chapan]]
* [[Cloak]]
* [[Haapsalu shawl]]
* [[Pañuelo]]
* [[Poncho]]
* [[Ruana]]
* [[Serape]]
* [[Tallit]]

==References==
{{Reflist|[https://www.yiwuscarf.com scarf]}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Bhatnagar |first=Parul |title=Traditional Indian costumes & textiless|year=2004|publisher=abhishek |location=Chandigarh |isbn=81-8247-002-1 |pages=30–34, 95}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhatnagar |first=Parul |title=Decorative Design History In Indian Textiles and Costumes |year=2005 |publisher=Abhishekh |location=Chandigarh |isbn=978-81-8247-087-3 |pages=42–56, 185|url=https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/33213551?access_key=key-15vve76eznrs7cqwji02 |access-date=September 19, 2011}}

;Attribution
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Shawl|volume=24|page=814}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Irwin |first=John |title=The Kashmir Shawl |location=London |publisher= [[HMSO]] |year=1973}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Kax |title=Kashmir Shawls from Europe and Asia |journal=Art & Antiques |date=January–February 1981 |pages=69–73}}
* {{cite journal |last=Worth |first=Susannah |title=Early 20th Century Embroidered Shawls |journal=Needle Arts |date=December 1995 |volume=26 |number=4 |pages=38–41}}
* {{cite journal |last=Worth |first=Susannah |title=Embroidered China Crepe Shawls: 1800–1870 |journal=Dress |year=1986 |volume=12 |pages=43–51|doi=10.1179/036121186803657490 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|shawl}}

{{Historical clothing|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Shawls and wraps| ]]
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Jaali Note

2026-03-04T04:00:46Z

HwaNormanby23: improved formatting per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1960 film by Shakti Samanta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaali Note
| image = Jaali Note.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| producer = Sant Singh and Pachhi was brother of Om Prakash
| writer =
| screenplay = Ranjan Bose
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Madhubala]]
| narrator =
| music = [[O. P. Nayyar]] [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]] (lyrics)
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1960|11|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jaali Note''''' ({{Translation|"Fake Currency"}}) is a 1960 [[Hindi]]-language [[crime film]] directed by [[Shakti Samanta]], based on the theme of [[counterfeit money]]. It stars [[Dev Anand]] and [[Madhubala]], along with [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Om Prakash]].

The film was unsuccessful with critics but emerged as one of the biggest commercial successes of the year. Its popularity was further escalated by its soundtrack (composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]]), of which many songs turned out to be chartbusters.

==Plot==
Dinesh ([[Dev Anand]]) lives a middle-class lifestyle with his mother in Bombay. On his fifth birthday, his father left them never to return.

Now, Inspector Dinesh has grown up, is working for the Criminal Investigations Department, and has been assigned to stop the circulation of fake currency notes. His investigations take him to Sunderdas, who is killed. He then masquerades as social worker Abdul Rashid to try to get some information from a jailed convict, Banwarilal, to no avail. Finally, he dons the disguise of wealthy Kunver Vijay Bahadur, rents a suite in Hotel Paris and befriends Manohar ([[Madan Puri]]) and several other gangsters. He gets arrested and lodged in the same cell as Banwarilal. From there, the men break out and join Manohar and the rest of the gang.

It is here that Dinesh will find out the king-pin behind the racket. But before he can do anything, he finds himself confronting his past and will be trapped in an underwater fortress with his sweetheart, press reporter Renu ([[Madhubala]]).

==Cast==
* [[Dev Anand]] as C.I.D. Inspector Dinesh / Prince Vijay Bahadur / Abdul Rashid
* [[Madhubala]] as Renu / Beena
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Lily
* [[Madan Puri]] as Manohar
* [[Om Prakash]] as C.I.D. Constable Pandu / Nandlal
* [[Tun Tun]] as Mrs. Malik
* [[Bipin Gupta]] as Rai Bahadur / Boss (Dinesh's Father)
* [[Mridula Rani]] as Shobha (Dinesh's Mother)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Barsaat Ki Raat
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| released = {{Start date|1960}}<ref name="Apple Music">{{Cite web |date=1960|title=Jaali Note |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jaali-note-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1285309013|publisher=Apple Music|access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=26|s=}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
}}
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Raja  Mehdi Ali Khan]]
| all_music = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mister Dil Badi Mushkil Men Tune Aaj Dala
| length1 = 3:31
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| title2 = Gustakh Nazar Chehre Se Hata
| length2 = 2:50
| extra2 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title3 = Chhuri Ban Kanta Ban O My Son
| length3 = 3:19
| extra3 = Mohammed Rafi
| title4 = Dil Hai Aapka Huzoor Lijiye
| length4 = 3:09
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title5 = Idhar Dekho Mera Dil
| length5 = 3:21
| extra5 = Asha Bhosle and [[Shamshad Begum]]
| title6 = Nigahon Ne Phenka Panje Pe Chhakka
| length6 = 3:18
| extra6 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title7 = Raat Sard Sard Hain
| length7 = 3:18
| extra7 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| title8 = Sach Kehta Hoon Bahut Hasin Ho
| length8 = 3:32
| extra8 = Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
| total_length = {{Duration|m=26|s=00}}
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Jaali Note'' was sharply criticised by the critic Karan Bali. Bali referred to the film as "yet another urban crime thriller that Hindi cinema churned out regularly through the 1950s and early '60s." He stated that the film is poorly written and the script lacks realism and logic. The only aspect of the film praised by him was its score by [[O. P. Nayyar]], but here also he found the song's picturisations to be only satisfying.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bali|first=Karan|date=2019-06-18|title=Jaali Note|url=https://upperstall.com/film/jaali-note/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Upperstall.com}}</ref>
=== Box office ===
Despite negative reviews, ''Jaali Note'' was a big box office success.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Box Office Hits of Dev Anand|url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls006522384/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=IMDb|language=en}}</ref> In Samanta's words, the film "did quite well" and was financially profitable.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakti Samanta and his films |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=Web Archive |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152817/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854|archive-date = 15 February 2009|language=en}}</ref> The film's music was also well-received by audience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Yu|first=Sabrina Qiong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDVYDwAAQBAJ|title=Revisiting Star Studies: Cultures, Themes and Methods|date=2017-04-13|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0433-4|language=en}}</ref> Overall, the year 1960 was an important year in Madhubala's career, as she starred in three back-to-back hits—''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', ''Jaali Note'' and ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deep|first=Mohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCVlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala|publisher=Magna Books|year=1996|pages=94|language=en}}</ref>

== Trivia ==
* Like in many other films, in this also you can see Dev Anand playing cards in bar.
* The car in which Madhubala is kidnapped and taken to Manohar's den, has old 'J&K' number plate, very rarely seen.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0130797|Jaali Note}}

[[Category:Films scored by O. P. Nayyar]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Do Ustad (1982 film)

2026-03-03T23:52:49Z

HwaNormanby23: creating a data initial version

{{For|the 1959 film|Do Ustad (1959 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Do Ustad
| director = S. D. Narang
| producer = S. D. Narang
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Reena Roy]] [[Danny Denzongpa]]
| released = {{Film date|1982}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Do Ustad''''' is a 1982 [[Bollywood]] [[Action film|action]]-film directed and produced by [[Sonarang Twin Temples|S. D. Narang]]. The film stars [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] in lead roles. The music of the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].

== Cast ==
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Suraj
*[[Reena Roy]] as Roopa
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Daku Badal Singh
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Dharamdas
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Aslam
*[[Nirupa Roy]] as Aslam's Mother
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shaka

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Verma Malik]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Radhe Shyam Radhe Shyam"
| [[Usha Uthup]]
|-
| "Kitne Hi Saalon Se Main Tere Khayalon Se Main"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|-
| "Meri Choli Pe Chameli"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Us Raat Ki Subah"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Ae Dil Tu Kya Jane"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0247297}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Putra (film)

2026-03-03T21:32:11Z

HwaNormanby23: Made New Details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Putra
| image = Putra (film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = V. Umakanth
| producer = Antony Paul
| writer = V. Umakanth (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Em Magan]]'' (Tamil) by [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]]}}
| starring = [[Diganth]] Supreetha Roopasri [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs''': Raja Ramesh [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}}) '''Score:''' Cajetan Dias
| released = {{Film date|2011|10|14|df=y|ref1=}}
| cinematography = Naveen Suvarna
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Rose Productions
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 144 minutes
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Putra''''' (or '''''Puthra''''') ({{translation|Son}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[family drama film]] directed by V. Umakanth. A remake of the Tamil film ''[[Em Magan]]'' (2006), the film stars [[Diganth]], Supreetha, Roopasri and [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]. The film was released after a two-year delay.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Diganth]] as Krishna
*Supreetha as Thulasi
*Roopasri as Madhu
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Narasimha
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]] as Krishna's uncle
*[[Sudha Belawadi]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]

== Production ==
The film began production in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/diganths-off-to-bollywood/articleshow/9223377.cms|title=Diganth's off to Bollywood|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2011|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> Supreetha, who was cast as the main heroine, initially left the film due to date issues and a leg fracture. [[Shubha Poonja]] was brought in as her replacement but after a few days of shoot, Supreetha rejoined the film.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]] was reported to be the film's second heroine,<ref name="W">{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.webdunia.com/kannada-cinema-news/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-109062200061_1.htm|title=ಶುಭಾ, ದಿಗಂತ್‌ರ ಪುತ್ರ|language=kn|date=22 June 2009|work=Webdunia|last=ಇಳಯರಾಜ|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016053214/https://kannada.webdunia.com/kannada-cinema-news/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0-109062200061_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but she was replaced by Roopasri.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The film was ready for release at the end of 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannadas-best-actors-of-2010/20101215.htm|title=Top Kannada Actors of 2010|date=15 December 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234643/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannadas-best-actors-of-2010/20101215.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Raja Ramesh. The songs "College Generation", "Gundu Goli Kanne", and "Badalavaneyu Nirantharavilli" were reused from "Kalluri Generation", "Goligundu Kanu" and "Maatram Ondre" from the original, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Putra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Raja Ramesh |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/putra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1161627740 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=16 October 2023 |date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016053219/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/putra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1161627740 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Ramnarayan.
| title1 = College Generation
| music1 = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| length1 = 4:40
| extra1 = Badri Prasad, [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| title2 = Gundu Goli Kanne
| music2 = Vidyasagar ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| length2 = 4:49
| extra2 = Badri Prasad, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title3 = Enayitho Enayitho
| music3 = Raja Ramesh
| length3 = 4:24
| extra3 = Hemanth
| title4 = Rathanana Padaana
| music4 = Raja Ramesh
| length4 = 5:19
| extra4 = Vishnu, [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| title5 = Aaha Aaha Mutti Bitte - Bit
| music5 = Raja Ramesh
| length5 = 1:19
| extra5 = Badri Prasad
| title6 = Ninnondige Naa Ninnondige
| music6 = Raja Ramesh
| length6 = 2:49
| extra6 = Badri Prasad, Anuradha Bhat
| title7 = Badalavaneyu Nirantharavilli
| music7 = Vidyasagar ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| length7 = 2:24
| extra7 = Badri Prasad
| title8 = Mella Mella Hoo Vaadavo Ella
| music8 = Raja Ramesh
| length8 = 4:45
| extra8 = Anirudha, Hiranmayi
| total_length = 30:29
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' wrote that "''Puthra'' is an ordinary film despite a good story and neat performances from the two lead male actors".<ref>{{cite web |date=16 October 2011 |title=Review: Kannada film Puthra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/review-kannada-film-puthra-602085 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016053214/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/review-kannada-film-puthra-602085 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|via=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Diganthh finally has a good film to his credit that had not originated from the Yograj Bhat camp. ''Putra'' is directed by veteran V Umakanth who manages to extract good performances from at least half-a-dozen actors".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/putra-familial-plot/articleshow/21500150.cms|title=Putra:Familial plot|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=14 October 2011|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234645/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/putra-familial-plot/articleshow/21500150.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13906460}}

[[Category:2011 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]

Kochu Kochu Thettukal

2026-03-03T21:03:07Z

HwaNormanby23: updated layout further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kochu Kochu Thettukal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]
| producer =
| writer = [[P. Padmarajan]]
| screenplay = P. Padmarajan
| starring = [[Sukumaran]] [[Sukumari]] [[Hema Choudhary]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] Beena [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[U. Rajagopal]]
| editing = [[G. Venkittaraman]]
| studio = Apoorva Arts
| distributor = Apoorva Arts
| released = {{Film date|1980|02|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kochu Kochu Thettukal''''' is a 1980 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]. The film stars [[Sukumaran]], [[Hema Choudhary]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], Beena and [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1155|title=Kochu Kochu Thettukal|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4466 |title=Kochu Kochu Thettukal |accessdate=2014-10-11 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016081124/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4466 |archivedate=16 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Sukumaran]]
*[[Hema Chaudhary]]
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
*[[Sathyakala]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Santhakumari]]
*[[Kalasala Babu]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Prabhaatha Gaanangal" || [[S. Janaki]], Chorus || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Thulaabharamallo Jeevitham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Latha Raju]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0244024}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Thanga Magan (1983 film)

2026-03-03T05:16:59Z

HwaNormanby23: General cleanup and improvements

{{short description|1983 film by A. Jagannathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thanga Magan
| image = Thanga Magan 1983 poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. Jagannathan]]
| writer = S. Jagadeesan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sathya Movies Story Dept.
| story = Sathya Movies Story Dept.
| producer = V. Thamizhazhagan G. Thyagarajan
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]]
| cinematography = Viswam Nataraj
| editing = K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{Film date|1983|11|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thanga Magan''''' ({{translation|Golden son}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[A. Jagannathan]], starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]]. The film was released on 4 November 1983 and became a success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2022}}
Arun is the haughty and belligerent son of rich parents Chidambaram and Annapoorani. Arun runs into constant tiffs with a pretty but combative hotel dancer, Chitra and eventually they both fall in love. One night, when a hit man Kali, sent by his rivals attempts to murder Arun in his house and Chidambaram seems to recognise the hitman and lets him escape, Arun confronts his father to know the truth. Chidambaram reveals to Arun that he is not his real son and years ago he and Kali had been deputed to kill the infant Arun and his mother by Arun's own father. But the kind-hearted Chidambaram had decided to adopt and raise Arun as his son.

In another twist, Arun finds out that his real mother is Laxmi, an abandoned woman who had been living in Chitra's house. Arun is distraught when Chidambaram's version of the events of yore raise questions and doubts about a reticent Laxmi's past and morality. Laxmi later reveals to all how she had been deceived to lie in court of being immoral and later ordered to be killed by her criminal husband Velliangiri as a part of his nefarious designs to save his associate Rajalingam. Velliangiri and Rajalingam who had in fact sent Kali to eliminate Arun, now aim to kill Laxmi as well when they learn she is alive. Once the truth about her witness statement is known in the case of the murder, Laxmi is arrested. While Arun tries to bail her out, Chidambaram is forced to take her from jail due to the threat to Annapoorani's life. Laxmi is then captured by Velliangiri and is tied up in his bungalow. Arun enters the bungalow as Reddy garu for the sake of espionage and to inform the police of Laxmi's whereabouts. Arun battles to protect his mother and bring his criminal father and Rajalingam to justice in the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Arun
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]] as Chithra
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Rajalingam
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Velliangiri
* [[Silk Smitha]] as Rekha
* [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Ravi ([[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ravi's voiceover)
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Laxmi
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Annapoorani
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chidambaram
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Captain Raghuram
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Kali
* [[C. R. Parthiban]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Judge
* [[Neelu]]
* [[Loose Mohan]]
*[[Gundu Kalyanam]]
* Thayir Vadai Desigan
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] (Special appearance in Machaana Paaradi)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanga Magan (1983) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000167 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111103137/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000167 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thangamagan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thangamagan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104060533/https://mossymart.com/product/thangamagan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Vaa Vaa Pakkam Vaa" was recomposed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] as "Coolie Disco" for the 2025 film [[Coolie (2025 film)|''Coolie'']] also starring Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மை.பாரதிராஜா |date=2024-04-23 |title=Coolie: `டிஸ்கோ டிஸ்கோ' ரீமிக்ஸ் தெரியும்; இதன் ஒரிஜினல் `தங்க மகன்' வெர்ஷன் தெரியுமா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/coolie-kavignar-muthulingam-about-the-original-thanga-magan-song |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!Song !!Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
|"Adukku Malligai"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|[[Na. Kamarasan]]
|4:15
|-
|"Machaana Paaradi"
|S. Janaki, [[Vani Jairam]]
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|4:28
|-
|"Poomaalai"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|6:13
|-
|"Raathiriyil Poothirukum"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|[[Pulamaipithan]]
|4:07
|-
|"Vaa Vaa Pakkam Vaa"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
|[[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|5:02
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Thanga Magan'' was released on 4 November 1983 on the day of [[Diwali]]. Jagannathan's other film ''[[Vellai Roja]]'' was also released on the same day. Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]'', ''[[Apoorva Sahodarigal]]'' and ''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]'', both the films by Jagannathan became very successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Before Annaatthe, five successful Deepavali releases of Rajinikanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-deepavali-releases/photostory/87512897.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103153643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-deepavali-releases/photostory/87512897.cms |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2019 |title=தீபாவளி ரிலீஸ்! |language=ta |work=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026142021/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |archive-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt Manohar was better among the list of antagonists who are otherwise funny while also praising the music, sets, stunts, flashback and scenes of Rajinikanth in Reddiar's look.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=4 December 1983 |title=தங்க மகன் |url=https://ibb.co/mhW6CfW |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428041133/https://ibb.co/mhW6CfW |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, Ilaiyaraaja's music, Natraj's cinematography and Jagannathan's direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=6 November 1983 |title=தங்கமகன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_21/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621012414/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_21/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The song "Vaa Vaa Pakkam Vaa" was used in the teaser of another Rajinikanth film titled ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jesudoss |first=Sylvian Patrick |date=1 June 2024 |title=Why Ilaiyaraaja Is A Misunderstood Activist |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/why-ilaiyaraaja-is-a-misunderstood-activist-manjummel-boys-coolie-lokesh-kanagaraj-rajinikanth-tamil-songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729091528/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/why-ilaiyaraaja-is-a-misunderstood-activist-manjummel-boys-coolie-lokesh-kanagaraj-rajinikanth-tamil-songs |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Jagannathan}}

[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 action films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Jagannathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thanga Magan (1983 film)

2026-03-03T05:16:59Z

HwaNormanby23: General cleanup and improvements

Kanni (2024 Tamil-language film)

2026-03-03T02:27:03Z

HwaNormanby23: details

{{For|Marathi-language film|Kanni (2024 Marathi-language film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Kanni (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mayon Siva Thorapadi
| writer = Mayon Siva Thorapadi
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = M. Selvaraj
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Ashwini Chandrashekar
* Manimaran
}}
| cinematography = Rajkumar
| editing = Sam Rdx
| music = Sebastian Sathish
| studio = Sun Life Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|05|17|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kanni''''' is a 2024 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by Mayon Siva Thorapadi and produced by M. Selvaraj under the banner of Sun Life Creations. The film stars Ashwini Chandrashekar and Manimaran Ramasamy in lead roles along with Tharra Krish and Ram Barathan in supporting roles.

== Cast ==

* Ashwini Chandrashekar as Sembi
* Manimaran Ramasamy as Vedan
* Tharra Krish as Neelima
* Ram Barathan as Machalagan
* Jahnavi B as Raangi
* Sarika Selvaraj as Mayamma
* Mathamma Velmurugan as Sengantiyama
* Baby Danvika as Baby

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated the film with 2.5 stars out of five and stated that "Ashwini Chandrasekhar, who is playing the heroine, has given a brilliant performance. The whole story revolves around him."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-05-17 |title=Kanni |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kanni-158814 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>'' [[Thinaboomi]]'' wrote that "Ashwini Chandrasekhar, who is playing the role of Champi, has become a hillbilly woman character in terms of looks, acting, clothes and body language."<ref>{{Cite web |title=கன்னி விமர்சனம் |url=https://thinaboomi.com/2024/05/20/227067.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32316129}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike

2026-03-01T01:45:55Z

HwaNormanby23: cleanup layout per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Former Administrative body for the city of Bengaluru}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
| native_name = Br̥hat Beṅgaḷūru Mahānagara Pālike
| native_name_lang = [[Kannada]]
| coa_pic = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike logo.jpg
| coa_res =
| coa_alt = The logo of the BBMP
| coa_caption=[[Emblem|Emblem of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = * {{start date and years ago|1862|03|27|df=y|p=y}} as Bangalore Municipality Board and Bangalore Cantonment Municipal Board
* Legalized in 1881 as Bangalore City Municipality and Bangalore Civil and Municipal Station Municipality
* Merged in 1949 to form Corporation of the City of Bangalore
* Renamed in 1950 to Bangalore City Municipal Corporation
* Renamed in 1989 to Bangalore Mahanagara Palike
* Renamed in 2007 to Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
| disbanded = * {{End date and age|2025|05|15|df=y}} (Establishment of [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] and start of power transfer)
* {{End date and age|2025|09|02|df=y}} (Ceased to exist)
|preceded_by=[[Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] (2007)
|succeeded_by = *[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru Central City Corporation]]
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru North City Corporation]]
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru South City Corporation]]
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru East City Corporation]] and
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru West City Corporation]] 
under the apex body [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] (2025) <ref>{{cite web | title=BBMP's era ends, Greater Bengaluru Authority to begin from May 15 | date=14 May 2025 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bbmps-era-ends-greater-bengaluru-authority-to-begin-from-may-15 }}</ref>
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Maheshwar Rao M., [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader3_type = [[List of mayors of Bangalore|Mayor]]
| leader3 = [[M Goutham Kumar|M. Goutham Kumar]], Last Mayor
| party3 =
| leader4_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader4 = ''Vacant'', since 10 September 2020
| party4 =
| leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = ''Vacant'', since 10 September 2020
| party5 =
| leader1_type = Administrator {{small|(In Absence of Mayor)}}
| leader1 = S. R. Umashankar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| seats = 243
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2015 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election|2015]]
| next_election1 = (Ceases to exist)
| session_room = Bbmp..jpg
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Kempegowda Civic Hall, Hudson Circle (Corporation Circle), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560002
| motto = ''Kannada is our breath; Kannada is indeed, evergreen''
| website = [https://bbmp.gov.in/ BBMP]
| footnotes = Governed by: '''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act, 2020'''

}}

[[File:BBMP Tower.JPG|thumb|BBMP
Tower near Corporation Circle, Bangalore]]

'''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike''' ('''BBMP''') {{IPA|kn|ˈbɾ͜ɯhɐt̪ bengɐˈɭuːru mɐˈhɑːnɐgɐɾɐ 'pɑːlike|pron|audio=Bbmp kn.ogg}} was the municipal body responsible for maintaining civic amenities and some infrastructural assets of [[Bengaluru|Greater Bengaluru]].<ref>[https://bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]. Official website. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> It was the fourth [[List of municipal corporations in India|largest Municipal Corporation in India]] and was responsible for a population of 8.4 million in an area of 712 km2. The boundaries of the corporation were expanded more than 10 times since the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/who-decides-where-your-city-ends-6994|title=Who decides where your city ends?|last=Prasad Idiculla|first=Matthew|date=8 December 2014|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref> From September 2025 it was replaced by five independent municipal corporations under an apex body called the [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Greater Bengaluru Authority replaces BBMP as city's governing body | date=15 May 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/greater-bengaluru-authority-replaces-bbmp-as-city-s-governing-body-101747249617284.html }}</ref>

Its roles and responsibilities included [[zoning]] and building regulations, health, [[hygiene]], licensing, trade and education, as well as [[quality of life]] issues such as public open space, [[water body|water bodies]], parks and [[Foliage|greenery]].

The BBMP represented the [[Municipal government|third level of government]] (the Central Government and [[State Government]] being the first two levels). BBMP was run by a unelected IAS officer selected by state government during its last stages when city council composed of elected [[Legislator|representatives]], called "corporators" was suspended indefinitely, one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. A range of other statutory authorities exercise certain municipal responsibilities (eg: the [[Bangalore Development Authority]], and [[BESCOM]]).

The elections to the council were held once every five years, with results being decided by [[Direct election|popular vote]]. The members contesting elections to the council represented one or more of the state's [[List of political parties in India|political parties]].

== History ==
The history of municipal governance of Bangalore dates back to 27 March 1862, when nine leading citizens of the old city formed a Municipal Board under the Improvement of Towns Act of 1850 with a similar Municipal Board formed for the newer [[Cantonment]] area.<ref name=":1" /> The two boards were legalised in 1881, and functioned as two independent bodies called Bangalore City Municipality and Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality (Cantonment). The following year, half of the municipal councillors were permitted to be elected, [[property tax]] was introduced and greater powers given over police and local improvement.<ref name=":1">Ashwini Roy, AS (2015) ''Urban governance in Karnataka'' (Thesis) [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38495/6/chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2: Evolution of the Bangalore Municipal Corporation]. University of Mysore.</ref>

In 1913 an honorary president was introduced, and seven years later made an elected position. An appointed Municipal Commissioner was introduced in 1926 on the Cantonment board as the executive authority.

After [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian independence]], the two Municipal Boards were merged to form the Corporation of the City of Bangalore in 1949, under the Bangalore City Corporation Act. The corporation then consisted of 70 elected representatives and 50 electoral divisions and the office of Mayor introduced for the first time. The first elections were held in 1950.

The name of the council changed — first to Bangalore City Corporation (BCC) and then to Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BMP) in the year 1989.<ref>https://www.bbmpgov.in/historyofbbmp.html History on BBMP</ref><ref>http://218.248.45.172:81/web/guest/about-us;jsessionid=9A469D4416E82C08B0D9929612A48120{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} History on Bangalore and BBMP Draft</ref><ref>https://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/history-bbmp.html History</ref><ref>https://ijesc.org/upload/1e7b316ea21a50911682ed2d7134fa52.A%20Study%20on%20Implementation%20of%20Good%20Corporate%20Governance%20by%20Bbmp%20(Bruhath%20Bengaluru%20Mahanagara%20Palike).pdf A Study on Implementation of Good Corporate Governance by BBMP (Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike)</ref>

In 1989, the BMP expanded to include 87 wards and further increased to 100 wards in 1995, covering an extra area of 75 sq. km. The council also included 40 additional members drawn from the parliament and the state legislature.<ref>https://data.opencity.in/Documents/DocumentCloud/bbmp-restructuring-fullreport.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224120858/http://data.opencity.in/Documents/DocumentCloud/bbmp-restructuring-fullreport.pdf |date=24 December 2020 }} BBMP restructuring full report</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Functioning of Wards Committees in Bangalore: A Case Study|url=https://civicspace.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Study-of-the-Functioning-of-Ward-Committees-in-Bangalore-2003-1-f-1.pdf|publisher=Citizens’ Voluntary Initiative for the City of Bangalore|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

Around the same time, the BMP council passed a resolution that only BDA layouts should be included in its limits and not revenue pockets{{clarify|date=July 2022}}, because of the cost of developing the latter. Around 50 per cent of the expanded BMP areas (meaning at least 40 wards among 100) were revenue pockets at that time. At that time, the BMP proposed betterment charges of Rs.215/sq. yard based on costs of developing those areas. But after the BMP elections of 1996, the council took a decision to reduce betterment charges to Rs.100/sq. yard. The state government (the [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[Deve Gowda ministry (Karnataka)|led administration]]) then issued a notice to the city council demanding why the latter reduced the rates. Subsequently, the state government agreed to the BMP rates.<ref>Enter equity – demands from revenue pockets ‘development’ https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/702-bbmp-layouts-702</ref>

In November 2006, the BMP Council was dissolved by the state government upon the completion of its five-year term. In January 2007, the [[Karnataka Government]] issued a notification to merge 100 wards of the erstwhile Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike with seven [[Nagar palika|City Municipal Councils (CMC)]]s, one [[Nagar palika|Town Municipal Council (TMC)]] and 110 villages around the city to form a single administrative area <ref>{{cite news|title= constitute the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (Greater Bangalore Municipal Body)|url=https://www.electronic-city.in/about/bbmp-110-villages.php|date=2007-10-20}}</ref> (111 villages mentioned in initial Notification. Later 2 villages omitted from the list and another village added before final Notification).<ref>{{cite news |title=Notification at BMP website - DRAFT |date=16 January 2007 |url=http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater_Notification1.PDF |access-date=17 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020081154/http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater_Notification1.PDF |archive-date=20 October 2007 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The process was completed by April 2007 and the body was renamed 'Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation).

The first elections to the newly created BBMP body were held on 28 March 2010, after the delays due to the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of wards and finalising voter lists.

The second elections were held on 22 August 2015 with the BJP winning the majority with 101 Corporators (Congress won 76, Janatha Dal S 14 and Independents 7). The results were declared on 25 August 2015. With none of the parties touching the required number, the Congress and JDS with the help of independents won the mayor election. The BJP with the majority number of corporators in the BBMP council was forced to sit in the Opposition.
On 11 September 2015, B.N. Manjunatha Reddy of the INC was elected Mayor, Hemalatha Gopalaiah of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] was elected Deputy Mayor and Padmanabha Reddy of the BJP was elected the Leader of Opposition.

Elections were held in Mar–April 2010 after a period of Commissioner's rule<ref>{{citation|title=BBMP Elections|url=http://bbmpelections.in/|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=BBMP Election Results|date=5 April 2010|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> for the BBMP corporators and a Mayor S. K. Nataraj was chosen. Fresh elections were held in August 2015. In 2015 the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] passed a legislation in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|the state parliament]]<ref>Karnataka Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2015</ref> requiring the abolition of the BBMP, and its reconstitution as multiple, separate municipal bodies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/stormy-start-to-special-session-on-trifurcation-of-bbmp/article7122081.ece|title=Legislative Assembly passes bill splitting BBMP|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh|date=20 April 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The government's rationale, as stated in the bill itself, was that the population of Bangalore was too large for a single corporation to administer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article7607390.ece|title=Who gains from the proposed trifurcation of Bengaluru Municipal Corporation?|last=Rajendran|first=S.|date=2 September 2015|work=The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy}}</ref> The bill recommended that the BBMP be split into three separate municipal corporations ("trifurcation"), but stated the actual number was to be specified by government notification at a later date. The bill was strongly opposed by the opposition in the state parliament<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150718/nation-current-affairs/article/opposition-opposes-bbmp-trifurcation|title=Opposition opposes BBMP trifurcation|date=18 July 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and a majority of the BBMP councillors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/BBMP-corporators-dont-want-London-Boroughs/articleshow/38331514.cms|title=BBMP Corporators Don't Want 'London Boroughs'|last=Chaturvedi|first=Atul|date=14 July 2014|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> It was also debated in the media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens/articleshow/47008175.cms|title=BBMP trifurcation: What will it mean for citizens?|last=Parthasarathy|first=Balaji|date=22 April 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens-Will-it-work|title=BBMP trifurcation: What will it mean for citizens? Will it work?|date=23 April 2015|work=News Karnataka}}</ref> Commentators noted that the bill takes place against the failure of municipal trifurcation in Delhi three years earlier.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/469178/trifurcation-goes-wrong-demand-mcd.html#|title=Trifurcation goes wrong, demand for MCD merger grows|last=Singh Sudan|first=Avinash|date=2 April 2015|work=The Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BBMP-trifurcation-Delhifailed-Can-we-pull-it-off/articleshow/47008163.cms|title=BBMP trifurcation – Delhi failed. Can we pull it off?|last=Lakshmi|first=Seetha|date=22 April 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In July 2016, the Union Government's [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] raised 13 objections to the bill, and sent a request for further explanation to [[Government of Karnataka|the Karnataka Government]], in particular raising the point that an elected body cannot be dissolved before its term ends, leaving the BBMP intact until at least 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/no-bbmp-split-till-2019-centre/articleshow/55607373.cms|title=No BBMP Split till 2019: Centre|last=Chaturvedi|first=Atul|date=25 November 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> It also advised Karnataka to study the consequences of the Delhi trifurcation as it may relate to Bangalore. After holding off on implementing the split for several years, in October 2017, Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah reaffirmed his objective of carrying out the trifurcation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bangalore/civic/cms-latest-statement-on-trifurcating-bbmp-reignites-a-heated-debate/articleshow/60903848.cms|title=CM's Latest Statement on Trifurcating BBMP Reignites a Heated Debate|date=2 October 2017|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

The [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] passed the Karnataka Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill to increase the number of civic wards in Bengaluru to 250.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/assembly-passes-amendment-bill-to-increase-bbmp-wards/articleshow/78286473.cms|title = Assembly passes amendment bill to increase BBMP wards | Bengaluru News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]] | date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> On 6 October 2020 a legislative select committee led by BJP MLA S Raghu decided to increase the number of civic wards from 198 to 243, Chief Minister [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] approved creating 243 wards. Delimitation Commission, headed by BBMP Commissioner Manjunath Prasad, was set up to decide on how to divide the city into 243 wards. The Delimitation Commission consists of Bengaluru Urban Deputy Commissioner, BDA (Bangalore Development Authority) Chairman and BBMP Special Commissioner Revenue (all IAS officers) as its members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/bengaluru-gets-45-new-bbmp-wards-ymn-qhteov|title=Bengaluru gets 45 new BBMP wards}}</ref>

On 10 December 2020, the [[Third B. S. Yeddyurappa ministry|B. S. Yediyurappa government]] passed the ''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Bill, 2020'' in the [[Karnataka legislature]]. The BBMP Act will govern the municipal corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-assembly-clears-bbmp-bill-proposing-changes-in-city-administration/articleshow/79674937.cms|title=Karnataka assembly clears BBMP bill proposing changes in city administration|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=M|first1=Akshatha}}</ref> Various changes to the BBMP’s structure was incorporated in the new Act. The BBMP Act increased the term length for the mayor and the deputy mayor to five years from one year. It also increased the number of zones from eight to fifteen. All fifteen zones would be headed by a ''zonal commissioner'' who reports to the BBMP’s chief commissioner. The Act also forms ''constituency consultative committees'' (headed by the local MLA, consisting of councillors and resident association members) and ''zonal committees'' to monitor the implementation of projects and address public grievances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-fine-print-of-bengaluru-civic-body-bill-passed-by-karnataka-7099951/|title = Explained: The fine print of Bengaluru civic body Bill passed by Karnataka|date = 11 December 2020}}</ref>

== History of electoral results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
!Seats won (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/38.html|title=Elections to Bangalore Mahanagara Palike – 2001 Page – 1, Date of Election 11-11-2001, List of Elected Candidates|website=State Election Commission, Karnataka|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010043440/http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/38.html|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/ELECTIONS%20TO%20BANGALORE%20MAHANAGARA%20PALIKE%20-38-part2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506114135/http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/ELECTIONS%20TO%20BANGALORE%20MAHANAGARA%20PALIKE%20-38-part2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-06|title=Elections to Bangalore Mahanagara Palike – 2001 Page – 2, Date of Election 11-11-2001, List of Elected Candidates|website=State Election Commission, Karnataka}}</ref>
! Seats won (2010)
! Seats won (2015)
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|15
|{{won|111}}
|{{won|100}}
|-
|2
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{won|57}}
|65
|76
|-
|3
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|13
|15
|14
|-
|4
|Others
|15
|7
|8
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|'''100'''
|'''198'''
| '''198'''
|}

== Structure ==

{{update|date=December 2020}}

A mayor and deputy mayor of the council are also elected for a period of 30 months, though not by popular vote. The post of the mayor and deputy mayor are filled through a [[Racial quota|quota]] system to a [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] candidate or to an [[Other Backward Class]] female candidate from among the elected Councillors [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov302004/i2.asp].
However, in the absence of an elected body, the BBMP is at present run by an Administrator and a Commissioner, who is appointed by the State Government. The Additional Commissioner is a specially appointed IRS officer. The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike is responsible for the civic and infrastructural requirements of the city. It often works in conjunction with other civic bodies such as the Agenda for Bangalore Infrastructure Development Task Force (ABIDE) and the [[Bangalore Development Authority|Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)]] to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.

== Zones ==

{{update|date=December 2020}}

BBMP is divided into 8 zones, for the ease of administration each administered by a Zonal Commissioner:

# [[Yelahanka|Yelahaṅka]] Zone
# [[Dasarahalli|Dasarahal̥l̥i]] Zone
# [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rājarājēśvarinagara]] Zone
# [[Bommanahalli|Bommanahal̥l̥i]] Zone
# [[South]] Zone
# [[West]] Zone
# [[East]] Zone
# [[Mahadevapura|Mahādēvapura]] Zone

As per the BS Patil headed BBMP Restructuring Committee, BBMP is poised to be restructured into 5 smaller palikes functioning under Greater Bengaluru Authority.
The present Gandhinagar zone as Central BMP, Dasarahalli, RR Nagar & Vijaynagar zones as West BMP, Yelahanka and Malleshwaram zones as North BMP, Sarvagnanagar & Mahadevapura as East BMP and finally Jayanagar & Bommanahalli zones as South BMP.
Every zone has a Joint Commissioner, who is answerable to the BBMP commissioner. The decentralization hasn't been very effective in addressing the problems in administration. The end of 2013 saw discussions in various circles about dividing BBMP into more parts.
Therefore, once President's approval to the BBMP Restructuring is accorded, BBMP is to be split into 5 municipal corporations with 400 wards (80 each) and the current BBMP headquarters at NR Square becoming headquarters for the Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) with five Mahanagara Palikes under it.
The GBA will have a Metropolitan Commissioner (IAS rank – higher administrative grade) and a directly elected Metropolitan Mayor (on the likes of London) with 5-year term.
Each palikes too will have a Mayor for 5 years. As per Urban Development Department,
Yalahanka and Malleshwara zones will form North Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Gandhinagara zone into Central Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Dasarahalli, Rajarajeshwari Nagara & Vijayanagara as West Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Jayanagara & Bommanahalli as South Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike and Sarvagnanagara & Mahadevapura as East Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike.
This move will lead to better civic management, higher power and accountability, greater accessibility to citizens, solve logistical issues, higher tax compliance etc.

== Income and expenditure ==

The BBMP raises more than half if its annual income from the collection of property tax, a third from State government grants and the remainder received in Central government grants, direct service fees, licences (advertising hoardings) and rent from municipal owned property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=Renuka |date=20 April 2021 |title=BBMP is dead; Long live BBMP |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bbmp-budget-2021-59443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626064341/https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bbmp-budget-2021-59443 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Citizen Matters}}</ref>

== Role of the BBMP ==

=== Property tax collection ===
A shift to a unit area self assessment method of property tax collection in Bangalore was successful, leading to a sharp rise in tax collection revenues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Simanti|date=30 September 2013|title=Property Taxation in Indian Cities: A Comparison of Delhi and Bangalore|url=http://icrier.org/Urbanisation/events/Simanti_Sept_30_2013.pdf|publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations}}</ref> Phase one of the reforms starting in 2000 led to a 33 per cent increase in tax revenues, whilst a second phase initiated in 2007 led to a 74 per cent increase the following year.

=== Roads and infrastructure ===
Bangalore contains approximately 1,920 km of arterial and sub-arterial roads. Roads are badly constructed, full of potholes and frequently dug up and re-laid. The Deccan Herald describes an "unholy nexus of corporators and contractors [...] benefiting from the lucrative business of filling potholes, relaying and asphalting roads annually".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2017 |title=Killer potholes proof of BBMP corruption |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/633781/killer-potholes-proof-bbmp-corruption.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924135648/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/633781/killer-potholes-proof-bbmp-corruption.html |archive-date=2017-09-24 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The BBMP came under criticism in 2005 from Information Technology companies for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of the city.

In July 2005, the [[Karnataka High Court]] castigated the BBMP for failing to maintain roads in good condition.

The BBMP's contracting system for the city's roads are reported to operate under a corrupt commission system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/tendersure-bbmp-contractors-feeder-filler-boxes-cables/articleshow/45062828.cms?|title=Tendersure battles begin as graft loopholes begin to close|last=S|first=Kushala|date=7 November 2014|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> When work is tendered and the bid won by a contractor, a percentage (perhaps up to 20%) is paid to the area corporator, MLA and BBMP council.

In 2015, artist Nanjundaswamy installed a life-size crocodile as a form of protest against 'killer' potholes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-artist-crocodile-swim-giant-pothole-258468-2015-06-19|title=Bangalore artist makes crocodile swim in giant pothole|last=Pandya|first=Nihar|date=19 June 2015|work=India Today|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/seeing-is-believing-when-a-crocodile-popped-up-from-bengaluru-pothole/story-K2a67702xvAaWi7Hyv7dsM.html|title=Seeing is believing? When a crocodile popped up from Bengaluru pothole|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Vignesh|date=20 June 2015|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> This was followed a month later with the installation of a giant anaconda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/11/anaconda-bangalore_n_7969322.html|title=Giant, Fake Anaconda in Muddy Pothole Greets Bengaluru Commuters|last=Bose|first=Adrija|date=11 August 2015|work=Huff Post}}</ref>

==== TenderSURE ====
[[File:TenderSURE urban road project for Church Street in progress.jpg|alt=workers paving church street|thumb|The redevelopment of Church Street under TenderSURE. This is the first road to be paved with granite cobblestones in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/church-street-being-covered-with-cobblestones-may-be-ready-by-dec/articleshow/60851090.cms|title=Church Street being covered with cobblestones, may be ready by December|last=Raji|first=Arpita|date=27 September 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>|315x315px]]
In 2011, the [[Janaagraha|Jana Urban Space Foundation]] published a document called TenderSURE (Specification for Urban Roads Execution)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janausp.org/tendersure.php|title=TENDER S.U.R.E|website=Jana Urban Space Foundation}}</ref> which contained detailed guidelines for the design, specifications and procurement contracts needed to bring India's road infrastructure up to an international standard within the Indian context. The purpose of these guidelines was to enable the construction of urban roads that were designed for all road users (cars, buses, autos, bikes, pedestrians, street carts), that integrated all existing networked services (water, sewerage, power, OFC, gas and drainage) with provision for the future, and that would integrate the civic agencies to prevent roads being repeatedly re-dug and relaid. The ultimate objective was to give roads a lifespan of 10 years, instead of the existing one or two.

In 2012, the Government of Karnataka made budget allocations for 20 pilot roads to be implemented by the BBMP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/all-about-tendersure-bangalore-7206|title=What's this Tender SURE all about?|last=Joseph|first=Josephine|date=16 March 2015|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bbmp.gov.in/tendersure-roads|title=BBMP Tendersure Roads|website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike}}</ref> The first of these roads, including St Marks and Museum Road, where completed in June 2015. Another 50 roads were sanctioned by the Government in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/New-TenderSure-roads-still-on-paper/articleshow/55464250.cms|title=New Tender Sure roads still on paper|date=17 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, St Marks Road became a case study for the Global Designing Cities Initiative's Global Urban Streets Guide,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/streets/neighborhood-streets/neighborhood-main-streets/case-study-st-marks-rd-bangalore-india/|title=Case Study: St. Marks Rd.; Bangalore, India|website=Global Designing Cities Initiative}}</ref> making it the only model street selected from India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/global-cities-will-now-emulate-blurus-tendersure-roads/articleshow/59259669.cms|title=Global cities will now emulate Bengaluru's TenderSure roads|last=Rayi|first=Aparajita|date=22 June 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Stormwater drains ===
The BBMP reports that it administers 741 kilometres of storm water drains and another 1,500 km of secondary drains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/YYcre6DZBtdWJI77wabPzM/Bengaluru-demolition-drive-A-lesson-for-how-to-govern-land.html|title=Bengaluru demolition drive: A lesson for how to govern land in India|last=Chandran|first=Rahul|date=13 August 2016|work=Live Mint}}</ref> A large percentage of the Rs 600 crores allocated to the BBMP under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JnNURM]] scheme for repairs and upgrades of the city's storm water drains is reported to have been siphoned off, leading to a reduction in such funding from the central government.<ref name=":0" />
=== Garbage disposal ===
[[File:Bangalore trash problem - panoramio.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Rubbish is routinely dumped on the street in Bangalore.]]
Bangalore's waste volumes have grown strongly since 1990 and the BBMP has come under ongoing criticism for its mismanagement of the city's garbage disposal system,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/garbage-menace-all-over-bangalore-disgusting-what-happened-to-sundara-bengaluru-campaign-7546|title=Is BBMP's apathy responsible for Bengaluru's garbage crisis?|author=Anuradha|date=12 September 2015|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref> particularly throughout 2012–13<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bangalores-garbage-plan-where-incompetence-meets-bad-faith-470394.html|title=Bangalore's garbage plan: Where incompetence meets bad faith|last=Chaudhry|first=Lakshmi|date=27 September 2012|work=First Post}}</ref> when Bangalore was routinely referred to as "Garbage City".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengaluru-how-india-s-garden-city-became-garbage-city/story-wkY96bgDnWx6gCWphczRMM.html|title=Bengaluru: How India's 'Garden City' became garbage city|last=AFP|date=27 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Following the closure of Bangalore's two landfill sites in mid-2012 by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, the BBMP was left without any plan or alternative strategy for disposing of city's 3-4000 tons of daily waste.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pfUFqPUHBQVk3jLjgzjCSM/Bangalores-mounting-garbage-crisis.html|title=Garbage disposal: Finding a way out of the mess|last=Yousaf|first=Shamsheer|date=19 November 2012|work=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/in-bangalore-crisis-in-waste-management-forces-change/article5016622.ece|title=In Bangalore, crisis in waste management forces change|last=Anantharam|first=Manisha|date=13 August 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Garbage worker strikes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/confessions-of-a-trash-tourist-india/373118/|title=Garbage Everywhere|last=Sachs|first=Noah|date=20 June 2014|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> and High Court rulings requiring the implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules 2001 exacerbated the crisis whilst garbage accumulated on every street. The crisis abated somewhat from 2014.

A 2017 enquiry found no serious scrutiny of waste contractors, with the BBMP reimbursing contractors for around 200 crore in fake bills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/elections-in-the-city-where-garbage-trucks-run-on-two-wheels/story-c9B5dxTKAxuAFvR9BmaLVL.html|title=Elections in the city where garbage trucks run on two wheels|last=Mondal|first=Sudipto|date=25 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

As of 2018, seven waste processing plants are reported to be operating at only one third of their capacity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160118/segregation-hurdles-leave-bengaluru-down-in-dumps.html|title=Segregation hurdles leave Bengaluru down in dumps|last=Karthik|first=Aknisree|date=16 January 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In April 2025, BBMP implemented a "garbage cess" under which the residents of Bengaluru had to pay a solid waste management user fee.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengaluru-residents-faces-garbage-cess-bjp-criticizes-congress-government-8060701 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>

=== Public open space ===

Bangalore contains more than 416 neighbourhood parks. Current Karnataka legislation requires 15% of residential layouts to be retained for public open space, and an additional 10% for civic amenities. However, within the area of the BBMP one study estimated that only 8.4% of the urban area is parkland whilst the 2003 Bangalore Master Plan allocated only 2.01 sq m of green space per citizen, 6.99 sq m less than the minimum recommendation of the World Health Organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citizenmatters.in/how-green-is-my-city-1604|title=How green is my city?|last=P K|first=Navya|date=17 November 2016|website=Citizen Matters}}</ref> By way of comparison, the 'Urban Green Guidelines, 2014' issued by the Government of India calculates the average green space for cities worldwide at 18.6% and Bangalore's area of green space at less than 5%.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/urban%20green%20guidelines%202014.pdf|title=Urban Greening Guidelines, 2014|website=Town and Country Planning Organisation|publisher=Government of India|date=February 2014|pages=8–10}}</ref> Bangalore compares unfavourably with [[New Delhi]], which has retained 20% of its urban area as public open space. It also demonstrates a significant deterioration since the 1960, when open space represented 17.2% of the total area.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Open space in delhi: trends and correlates|last=Gandhi|first=Nadhi|work=INFLIBNET |publisher=University of Delhi|year=2013|pages=43|hdl = 10603/27659}}</ref>

=== Tree planting ===
[[File:Gulmohar gate.jpg|alt=shady gulmohar tree overhanging path in lalbagh garden|thumb|333x333px|A Gulmohar tree in Lalbagh Garden, Bangalore. Widely planted in the 1980s these trees are no longer used in the BBMP's [[tree planting]] schemes.]]
The BBMP's responsibilities include planting and maintaining street trees. The BBMP has embarked upon numerous tree planting schemes over many decades and with varying levels of success. The most notable period of planting is held to be the period of 1982 and 1987 when Chief Minister [[R. Gundu Rao|R Gundu Rao]] appointed forest officer S G Neginahal to green the streets of Bangalore with more than 15 lakh trees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Trees-to-be-axed-for-steel-bridge-were-planted-in-1980s/articleshow/54636507.cms|title=Trees to be axed for steel bridge were planted in 1980s|last=Rohith|first=B R|date=21 October 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/No-more-Gulmohars-says-BBMP/articleshow/35081677.cms|title=No more Gulmohars, says BBMP|last=Mukherjee|first=Saswati|date=14 May 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2018|quote=Although large-scale urban horticultural plantations were carried out in the early 20th century, most of the trees seen on our streets today date back to the early 1980s when an extensive tree plantation drive was conducted.}}</ref> His systematic plantation program involved the establishment of new nurseries, the installation of tree guards, a five-year monitoring program and the replacement of any failed plantings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Man-of-the-forests-who-made-Bangalore-green/articleshow/30536482.cms|title=Man of the forests who made Bangalore green|last=Rohith|first=BR|date=17 February 2014|work=The Time of India|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> The reported success rate was 97%<ref name=":2" /> and most of the mature trees along Bangalore's major avenues date to this era.

More recently the BBMP has reported that between 2007 and 2013 more than 10 lakh trees have been planted with a survival rate of 64.5%.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Citizens-volunteer-to-count-trees-debunk-BBMPs-growth-story/articleshow/34985182.cms?|title=Citizens volunteer to count trees, debunk BBMP's growth story|last=Kaggere|first=Niranjan|date=12 May 2004|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> These numbers have been contested by civic agencies and citizen groups as inaccurate. The Bangalore-based Environmental Support Group did a ground survey to calculate a survival rate of 20 – 25%, assuming the trees were even planted at all<ref name=":2" /> whilst urban conservationist Vijay Nishanth estimates a survival rate of 10%.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/contractors-lack-experience-to-plant-saplings-says-bbmp/article18518029.ece|title=Contractors lack experience to plant saplings, says BBMP|last=Ramani|first=Chitra|date=21 May 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The BBMP places responsibility for this with the lack experience of their contractors. Contractors in turn blame the BBMP for failure to release funds and allocating sapling locations in places with no water or suitable growing conditions.

In 2017 the High Court of Karnataka directed the BBMP to plant an additional 10 lakh street trees and to form greening committees comprising activists and experts, and tree wardens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bbmp-to-plant-10-lakh-saplings-and-hope-for-the-best/article19119758.ece|title=BBMP to plant 10 lakh saplings, and hope for the best|date=21 June 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> To comply with this directive the BBMP launched an app called 'BBMP Green'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whitesuntech.bbmpsaplings&hl=en|title=BBMP Green|date=28 July 2017|website=Google Play}}</ref> allowing residents to collect free saplings and plant them on their own streets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengaluru-green-city-bbmp-app-free-saplings-978391-2017-05-21|title=BBMP plans to make Bengaluru green again, launches app to give free saplings to citizens|last=Pinto|first=Nolan|date=21 May 2017|work=India Today}}</ref> Activists criticised the program for essentially absolving the BBMP of the responsibility to maintain street trees within the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/this-is-why-bbmps-green-app-gives-us-no-hope|title=This is why BBMP's 'Green app' gives us no hope|last=Yacoob|first=Mohammed|date=22 May 2017|work=Asianet Newsable}}</ref>

The BBMP's tree planting activities contrast unfavourably with the Forestry Department who plants half the number of trees per year at a lower cost and a reportedly 95% survival rate.<ref name=":3" />

None of the BBMP's replanting schemes have compensated for the ongoing removal of existing trees within the city, both from private property and the destruction of previously planted street trees for street widening purposes. A 2010 study found the density of trees in Bangalore to be lower than many other Asian cities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nagendra|first=Harini|date=December 2010|title=Street trees in Bangalore: Density, diversity, composition and distribution|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223411963|journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening|volume=9|issue=2|pages=129–137|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2009.12.005|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> with an estimated 50,000 trees lost between the date of publication and 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/811581/the-dying-of-gulmohars-heralds-bangalores-demise-and-is-a-sign-of-urban-indias-forbidding-future|title=The dying of gulmohars heralds Bangalore's demise – and is a sign of urban India's forbidding future|last=Halarnkar|first=Samar|date=14 July 2016|work=Scroll.in}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kempegowda Award]]
* [[Municipal corporation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike}}
*[https://bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]
*[http://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens-Will-it-work/ BBMP trifurcation: What will it mean for citizens? Will it work?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201838/https://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens-Will-it-work |date=7 July 2018 }}
*[https://bangalorenewstoday.com/local-news/bbmp-schools-and-colleges-see-record-rise-in-admissions/ BBMP schools and colleges see record rise in admissions]
*[https://bangalorenewstoday.com/https://kushiservices.com/home-deep-cleanings/ Deep cleaning services in bangalore]

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]

Sharmila Bhattacharya

2026-02-28T10:29:02Z

HwaNormanby23: created initial stub more to come.

{{short description|Indian-American scientist}}
{{Other uses|Sharmila (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Sharmila Bhattacharya''' is an Indian-American scientist who works as the chief scientist for astrobionics and head of the Biomodel Performance and Behavior laboratory at [[NASA Ames Research Center]].<ref name="ambz" >{{cite web |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2017/11/26/top-five-indian-american-women-in-nasa-430744/ |title=Top five Indian American women in NASA |date=26 November 2017 |publisher=The American Bazar }}</ref> She is the subject matter expert of the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation and the principal investigator for Biomodel Performance Laboratory of Space Biosciences Division of NASA Ames Research Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/top-5-scientists-of-indian-origin-at-nasa/slidelist/45068420.cms |title=Top 5 Scientists Of Indian Origin At NASA |date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604130455/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/top-5-scientists-of-indian-origin-at-nasa/slidelist/45068420.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/sharmila-bhattacharya|title=Sharmila Bhattacharya|last=Kovo|first=Yael|date=2015-12-15|website=NASA|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202035201/https://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-biosciences/sharmila-bhattacharya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was part of a project which sent fruit flies into space to study human illnesses and to study the effects of space radiation, both which will help space explorers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/open-minds-2018/sharmila-bhattacharya-scientist/|title=Sharmila Bhattacharya, Scientist|date=2018-05-24|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> She has received the Ames Honor Award the successful launch of the MVP-Fly-01 experiment, 2018, NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, 2018, etc.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Sharmila Bhattacharya was born in [[Lagos, Nigeria]], to [[Bengalis|Bengali]] Indian parents and grew up [[Kolkata]].<ref name="ambz" /> She lived on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]]. Her father, Sukhdeb Bhattacharya, was an [[Indian Airlines]] pilot.<ref name=flies>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/before-tesla-spacex-took-city-scientists-flies-to-space/articleshow/62827718.cms|title=Before Tesla, SpaceX took Kolkata scientis's to space ..|first=Subhro|last=Niyogi|date=February 8, 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

Sharmila Bhattacharya did her schooling from La Martiniere for Girls and Loreto House.<ref name=flies /> After getting a bachelor's degree in Human Physiology in Presidency College, Kolkata<ref name=":0" /> and Biological Chemistry from [[Wellesley College]], she started her career out as an undergraduate research assistant in the [[biochemistry]] lab at [[Princeton University]].<ref name="NASA">[http://quest.nasa.gov/people/bios/space/bhattacharya.html Meet:Sharmila Bhattacharya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930080024/http://quest.nasa.gov/people/bios/space/bhattacharya.html |date=2006-09-30 }} NASA</ref> After that she earned her [[master's degree]] and Ph.D. at [[Princeton University]] for her research in [[Molecular Biology]], where she studied the [[signal transduction]] pathway for the ras [[oncogene]] in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''. She then went on to do her post-doctoral research at [[Stanford University]] in [[Neurobiology]].

==Career==
Soon after completing her research at Stanford, she was awarded a job by [[Lockheed Martin]] to work at the [[NASA]] [[NASA Ames Research Center|Ames Research Center]]. She was the principal investigator for the space shuttle flight experiment, Fungal Pathogenesis, Tumorigenesis, and Effects of Host Immunity in Space (FIT),<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/199.html|title=NASA - Fungal Pathogenesis, Tumorigenesis, and Effects of Host Immunity in Space|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> which flew on [[STS-121]] on July 4, 2006.

She was later promoted to the spot of chief scientist for astrobionics at the [[Ames Research Center|NASA Ames Research Center]].<ref name="NASA" /> Her research at NASA has involved studying immune system changes during spaceflight and the effects of radiation and altered gravity on living systems.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>

Sharmila was also the lecturer of neurobiology in [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] in 1998. She was the lead scientist on several projects of NASA Ames Research Center.

==Selected papers==
*S. Bhattacharya, Heavner ME, Ramroop J, Gueguen G, Ramrattan G, Dolios G, Scarpati M, Kwiat J, Wang R, Singh S, Govind S (2017). Novel Organelles with Elements of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Secretion Systems Weaponize Parasites of Drosophila. Current Biology. 2017 Sep 7.
*Straume T, Slaba T, Bhattacharya S, Braby LA. Radiation Information for Designing and Interpreting Biological Experiments Onboard Missions Beyond Low Earth Orbit (2017).
*Hosamani R, Leib R, Bhardwaj SR, Adams CM, Bhattacharya S (2016). Elucidating the “Gravome”: Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of the Response to Chronic Hypergravity in Drosophila. Journal of proteome research. 2016 Oct 10;15(12):4165-75.
*''Developing New Habitats for Life Science Experiments on the International Space Station''<ref>[http://www.ou.edu/journals/dis/DIS85/Reports/Bhattacharya.htm Directory] Stanford University</ref>
* T.Fahlen, M. Sanchez, M.Lera, E.Blazevic, J.Chang, and S.Bhattacharya (2006). A Study of the Effects of Spaceflight on the Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster. Gravitational and Space Biol. 19(2):133
* S. Bhattacharya, B.A. Stewart, B.A. Niemeyer, R.W. Burgess, B.D.McCabe, P.Lin, G.Boulianne, C.J. O’Kane, & T.L. Schwarz (2002). Members of the Synaptobrevin/VAMP family in Drosophila are functionally interchangeable in vivo for neurotransmitter release and cell viability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99(21):13867-13872.
* S. Bhattacharya, R.Bowman, F.Donovan, B.Girten, E.Hill, M.Kirven-Brooks, O.Santos (2001). The Space Station Biological Research Project: Habitat Development and Capabilities. Publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, #2001-4984: 1-11.
* F.S. Neumann-Silberberg, S. Bhattacharya, & J.R. Broach (1995). Nutrient Availability and RAS/cAMP Both Induce Expression of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Saccharomyces but by Different Mechanisms. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15: 3187-3196.
* S. Bhattacharya, L. Chen, J.R. Broach, & S. Powers (1995). Ras Membrane Targeting is Essential for Glucose Signaling but not for Viability in Yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92: 2984-2988

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Sharmila}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian women biochemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American biochemists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women biochemists]]

Srikanta Acharya

2026-02-10T20:05:16Z

HwaNormanby23: further fixed structure for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian singer-songwriter}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=January 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Rewrite|date=February 2026}} }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Srikanta Acharya
| native_name = শ্রীকান্ত আচার্য
| image = Srikanta Acharya KM.jpg
| caption = Acharya in 2015
| alias = Srikanta Da, Acharya Babu
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = Adhunik Bengali Songs, [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = {{hlist| Vocal | [[Tabla]] | [[Harmonium]] | [[Bongos]] }}
| years_active = 1996–present
| label = Sagarika
}}

'''Srikanta Acharya''' is an Indian singer-songwriter and music director. Acharya primarily sings contemporary Bengali songs and is one of the most prominent exponents of [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Srikanto Acharya Biography, Filmography & Movie List|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/srikanto-acharya/32668|access-date=2021-02-21|website=BookMyShow|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=September 02|first1=নিজস্ব প্রতিবেদক|last2=PM|first2=2013 at 2:30|title=বোকারা যেমন দুঃসাহস দেখায় চাকরি ছেড়ে, আমিও তা-ই করলাম - শ্রীকান্ত আচার্য|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/বোকারা-যেমন-দুঃসাহস-দেখায়-চাকরী-ছেড়ে-আমিও-তাই|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.prothomalo.com|date=2 September 2013 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Srikanto Acharya on Moviebuff.com|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/srikanto-acharya|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=যে তারা নিভেছে! পুজোয় নতুন গান উপহার শ্রীকান্ত আচার্যের, শুনুন|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/durga-puja-2020-srikanta-acharya-new-bengali-song-je-tara-nibheche-for-pujas/articleshow/78446361.cms|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>

==Early life==
Srikanta Acharya was born in [[Kolkata]], India and is the son of Rohini Nandan Acharya and Kana Acharya. He received formal training in [[Rabindrasangeet]] from [[Dakshinee]]. He also received training in tabla from Ustad Ali Ahmed Khan. He quit his job as a sales professional and then Utpal Chakravarty, proprietor of an old music store, convinced him to send his cassettes to Sagarika Music.

== Music career ==
He is a qualitative songs-tan of Bengal music.{{clarify | date = October 2015 | reason = What does this mean?}}
He made many music albums which contains various types of Bangla songs...'ak jhank pakhi' is one of the popular albums of Srikanta Acharya.

== Discography ==
=== Bengali albums ===

* ''Ek Jhank Pakhi'' (1998, Sagarika)
* ''Swapno Dekhao Tumi'' (1999, Sagarika)
* ''Brishti Tomake Dilam'' (2000, Sagarika )
* ''Nadir Chhobi Aanki'' (2001, Sagarika)
* ''Mone Pore'' (2002, Sagarika)
* ''Sudhu Valo Theko'' (2003, Atlantis Music)
* ''Kachhei Achhi'' (2003, Sagarika)
* ''Ghuri'' (2004, Sagarika)
* ''Sonar Meye'' (2005, Prime Music)
* ''Roddur'' (2006, Sa Re Ga Ma)
* ''Aami Noi'' (2008, Srikanta Acharya Productions)
* ''Ghum Nei Raat'' (2008, Saregama, with Kavita Krishnamurty, Rupankar)
* ''Musafirana'' (2011, Orion Entertainment)
* ''Musafirana 2'' (2016, Srikanta Acharya Productions)

=== Rabindrasangeet albums ===

* ''Hey Bandhu Hey Priyo'' (1996, Sagarika)
* ''Anubhabe Jenechhilem'' (1997, Sagarika)
* ''Nivrito Praner Debota'' (1998, Sagarika )
* ''Nirabo Nirjane'' (1999, Sagarika)
* ''Prem Esechhilo'' (2000, Sagarika)
* ''Hridoy Aamar'' (2001, Sagarika)
* ''Roudro Chhayay'' (2002, Sagarika)
* ''Pather Dhare'' (2006, Bhavna Records)
* ''Chirosakha'' (2009, Sagarika)
* ''Bajao Tumi Kabi'' (2010, T-Series)
* ''Anek Diner Gaan'' (2014, Picasso Entertainment)
* ''Ei Niralai'' (2014, Bhavna Records)

=== Rabindrasangeet Duet albums ===

* ''Valobasi'' (2001, Sagarika, With Sriradha Bandyopadhyay)
* ''Milechho Mor Prane'' (2002, Sagarika, With Lopamudra Mitra)

=== Rabindrasangeet Other albums ===

* ''Aapon Gaan, Vol – 1'' (2000, Bhavana, With Soumitra Chatterjee)
* ''Aapon Gaan, Vol – 2'' (Bhavana, With Soumitra Chatterjee)
* ''Chitrangada'' (2002, Sagarika, Geeti Natya)
* ''Pather Sathi'' (2003, Sagarika, With Dr. Rajib Chakraborty)
* ''Uttaran'' (2011, Srikanta Acharya Productions, With Sraboni Sen & Ratna Mitra)

=== Cover albums ===

* ''Moner Janala'' (1996, Sagarika)
* ''Neel Dhrubatara'' (1997, Sagarika)
* ''Kono Ekdin'' (1998, Sagarika)
* ''Uttaradhikar '' (2003, Sagarika)

=== Cover Duet albums ===

* ''Sudhu Dujone '' (1998, Sagarika, With Sadhana Sargam)
* ''Enkechi Dujone '' (1999, Sagarika, With Sadhana Sargam)

=== Devotional albums ===

* ''Ma Aamar'' (1999, Sagarika)
* ''Sri Sri Ramkrishnayan'' (2000, Sagarika)
* ''Sadhananjali'' (2001, Sagarika)
* ''Amar Prem'' (1998, Sagarika)
* ''Offering'' (2001, Rhyme Records)

=== Films ===
{| Class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Film !! Director
|-
| 2001 || Megh Piyon || ''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|-
| 2002 || Momo Chittey Niti Nritye || ''[[Aamar Bhuvan]]'' || [[Mrinal Sen]]
|-
| 2004 || Jobono Moroner Simana Chharaye || ''[[Waarish]]'' || [[Koushik Ganguly]]
|-
| 2005 || Jokhon Porbe Na Mor || ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'' || [[Probhat Roy]]
|-
| 2007 || Jadi Tare Nai Chini Go, Ei Aamar Pitribhumi || ''Pitribhumi'' || [[Probhat Roy]]
|-
| 2008 || Na Na Na Na Tomake Charte Parbo Na || ''Priyojon'' || Dinen Gupta
|-
| 2008 || Khela Khela Diye Shuru || ''[[Khela]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|-
| 2008 || Amaro Porano, Keteche Ekela, Purano Sei, Dure Kothao || ''[[Mon Amour: Shesher Kobita Revisited]]'' || [[Subhrajit Mitra]]
|-
| 2014 || Ki Rongo, Pran Tumi, Khriste Aar Krishte, Preme Klanto, Joy Jogendra || ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2014 || Chirosokha He || ''[[Chotushkone]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2016 || Ami Moner, Shoi Amar, Emon Mohono, Tomra Dyekho Go, Purbo Paschim, Mon Pakhi || ''Maya Mridanga'' || [[Raja Sen]]
|-
| 2018 || Abar Bhorer Por notun shokal || ''[[Shankar Mudi]]'' || [[Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|}

==Awards==
* Outstanding Young Person's Award for his achievements in Music awarded by the North Calcutta Junior Chamber <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nabc2009.com/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=272 |title=North American Bengali Conference}}</ref>

===2000===
* Anandabazar Award for Best Puja Album of the Year - Brishti Tomake Dilam

===2001===
* Anandabazar Award for Best Puja Album of the Year - Nodir Chhobi Anki
* Anandalok Award for Best Male Vocal - Nodir Chhobi Anki

===2003===
* Anandalok Award: Best Male Playback Singer - "Momo Chitte Niti Nritye" in ''[[Aamar Bhuvan]]''
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Male Playback Award]] - "Megh Pion-er Bag-er Bhitor" in ''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]''

===2004===
* Anandabazar Award for Best Puja Album of the Year - ''Ghuri''
* Alpha Music Award for Best Rabindrasangeet Album - ''Jibon Chhobi''

===2006===
* Anandabazar Award for Best Puja Album of the Year - ''Roddur''

== See also ==
* [[Prabhat Samgiita]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|3212824}}

{{Srikanta Acharya}}
{{Bengal Film Journalists' Association Best Male Playback Award}}
{{Notable singers of Rabindra Sangeet}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Srikanta}}
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anusandhan (TV series)

2026-02-06T02:04:33Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting Initial Article Needs Work...

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Anusandhan poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Psychological thriller]]|[[Crime (genre)|Crime thriller]]}}
| creator = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
| developer =
| based_on =
| story = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay}}
| writer = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
| screenplay = Ayan Chakraborti
| director = Aditi Roy
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]]
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Nabarun Bose
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Nabarun Bose
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor = Subhajit Singha
| location =
| cinematography = Ramyadeep Saha
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 21-28 minutes
| company = Soma Pictures Production
| released = {{Start date|2025|11|07|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Anusandhan''''' ({{translation|Investigation}}) is a 2025 Indian Bengali [[Psychological thriller|psychological crime thriller]] Bengali web series directed by Aditi Roy. Written by Samragnee Bandyopadhyay along with Ayan Chakraborti, the series has been produced by Mahendra Soni and Aditi Roy under the banner of Soma Pictures Production. The series stars [[Subhashree Ganguly]] in the lead role while [[Saheb Chatterjee]], Swagata Mukherjee, Arijita Mukhopadhyay and [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Subhashree Ganguly exudes determination, dignity and courage in the teaser of Anusandhan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/subhashree-ganguly-exudes-determination--dignity-and-courage-in-the-teaser-of-anusandhan/2001735 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

Nabarun Bose has composed the music and background score for the series. Ramyadeep Saha did the cinematography while Subhajit Singha handled the editing. The series is about an investigative journalist who goes undercover in a women's prison to expose a sinister conspiracy involving mysterious pregnancies and corruption, only to be framed for murder and forced to fight for her survival. The series was streamed on 7 November 2025, on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhashree Ganguly set to play a fierce journalist in Hoichoi thriller ‘Anusandhan’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bengali-actress-subhashree-ganguly-set-to-play-a-fierce-journalist-in-anusandhan/cid/2128701 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Anusandhan is centralized on Anumita Sen, an investigative journalist who is known for her honest reporting without succumbing to political pressure. The narrative unfolds across two timelines. The present timeline shows a pregnant and physically weakened Anumita, serving her court sentence at the Rooppur Women's Correctional Home. There she is caught in a violent feud between two rival inmate factions led by Ammi Jaan and Bilkis Begum. Additionally, she also faces the wrath and inhuman torture of the corrupt jailer, Victor Pakrashi.

Through flashbacks, it is revealed that Anumita was sent to the home to interview an influential politician Narayan Sanyal. During her visit, she chanced upon a sinister conspiracy which included the forced abortion of a pregnant inmate. Despite subtle threats from Sanyal, Anumita and her assistant Bhombol begin an unofficial probe to discover the prison's internal rot. The situation escalates when her fiancé, Arnab uncovers an incriminating video evidence. But it is followed by a suspicious accident that leaves him in a coma and Anumita framed for a crime she didn't commit. The series further follows Anumita’s journey to survive the harsh prison environment while attempting to expose the nexus of political and administrative corruption.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The trailer of Anusandhan promises fast-paced action with thrilling moments |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-anusandhan-promises-fast-paced-action-with-thrilling-moments/2001829 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite news |title=Anusandhan Web Series: Review, Trailer, Star Cast, Songs, Actress Name, Actor Name, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/anusandhan/seriesreview/125244656.cms |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Anumita Sen, an investigative journalist turned inmate at Rooppur Women’s Correctional Home
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]] as Narayan Sanyal, an influential political leader
* Swagata Mukherjee as Bilkis Begum, an inmate leader
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] as Mili Mitra, a journalist in the same office as Anumita
* Arijita Mukhopadhyay as Ammi Jaan, an inmate leader
* Aritra Dutta Banik Bhombol, Anumita’s assistant
* [[Honey Bafna]] as Arnab, Anumita's fiancé
* Sagnik Chatterjee as Victor Pakrashi, jail superintendent

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The World of Insanity
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = New truth
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Threat
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Trapped
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Same Shade
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Clue
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Endgame
|DirectedBy = Aditi Roy
|WrittenBy = Samragnee Bandyopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|11|07}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "I did not try to copy or follow any real-life journalist. In fact, for any of the characters that I play, I never try to emulate anyone but give the character its own new face. As an actor, remaining on the same page with the director is of utmost importance. The director’s vision and route map for the character became my guide in further embellishing the role with nuances. So rereading the script and sitting with the maker multiple times are important exercises that I follow strictly."
| source = — [[Subhashree Ganguly]], regarding her experience about how she prepared for the series<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=Sharmistha |title=Actress Subhashree Ganguly takes us through playing an investigative journalist in her latest web series Anusandhan |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Nov/17/actress-subhashree-ganguly-takes-us-through-playing-an-investigative-journalist-in-her-latest-web-series-anusandhan |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=17 November 2025}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 50%
}}

''Anusandhan'' was announced by Hoichoi as a part of its 2025 festive season releases, titled as "#UtshoberNotunGolpo", on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja Special: New Bengali shows to add thrill to your festive evenings |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/durga-puja-special-new-bengali-shows-to-add-thrill-to-your-festive-evenings-626912 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=11 September 2025}}</ref> It marked Subhasree Gangluy's second collaboration with Hoichoi after ''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]'' (2023). On 10 October 2025, Subhasree joined [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] during his "Infinity Tour 2025" concert in [[Kolkata]], during which the date-announcement poster of ''Anusandhan'' was launched.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poster of Subhashree Ganguly-starrer ‘Anusandhan’ unveiled at Shaan’s Kolkata concert |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/poster-of-subhashree-ganguly-starrer-anusandhan-unveiled-at-shaans-infinity-tour-2025-in-kolkata/cid/2127283 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 October 2025}}</ref> The series was separately announced with an announcement video teaser on 17 October 2025. The first character poster of Subhasree from the series was also released along with it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Subhashree Ganguly plays a journalist in the upcoming Hoichoi series Anusandhan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/subhashree-ganguly-plays-a-journalist-in-the-upcoming-hoichoi-series-anusandhan/2001667 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]] |date=19 October 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The teaser of ''Anusandhan'' was released on 20 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Teaser - Anusandhan (অনুসন্ধান) {{!}} Subhashree Ganguly {{!}} Aditi Roy {{!}} 7 NOV {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm5XOnRe2HE |website=Youtube |publisher=Hoichoi |access-date=11 January 2026 |date=20 October 2025}}</ref> The trailer of the series was unveiled on 28 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Trailer - Anusandhan (অনুসন্ধান) {{!}} Subhashree Ganguly {{!}} Aditi Roy {{!}} 7 NOV {{!}} hoichoi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9ZOhDMeZ4g |website=Youtube |publisher=Hoichoi |access-date=11 January 2026 |date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "Anusandhan has a solid premise— an investigative journalist pursuing a story inside a correctional home — and the performances pack enough punch to pull viewers in. But the execution doesn’t always live up to the promise." He appreciated the thriller elements in the first half, Subhashree Ganguly's "terrific" performance, Swagata and Arijita's performances in their respective roles, Ramyadip Saha’s mute tonal cinematography and the subdued but effective sound design that maintains a sense of danger throughout the series but criticized the writing, aggregating a lot of content within each episode, rushed arcs, appearance of unnecessary characters, the convenient timing of major twists, weak logic in certain scenes and the hurried pace.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=‘Anusandhan’: Hoichoi thriller starring Subhashree Ganguly packs more than it can punch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/hoichoi-thriller-starring-subhashree-ganguly-packs-more-than-it-can-punch/cid/2133183 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=16 November 2025}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and opined "Told largely from Anumita’s perspective, the narrative unfolds across shifting timelines as she pieces together clues to reveal the dark reality beneath." She praised measured pace of the initial episodes, the tension and atmosphere maintained throughout the series, Ramyadip Saha’s damp and claustrophobic cinematography, the blue green colour palette used to represent decay of Rooppur's world, the portrayal of the villain, Subhasree Ganguly's "heartbreakingly convincing" performance, Shaheb's restrained acting, Sohini and Swagata's performance, background score and the strong direction but bemoaned the lack of enough backstory for most of the characters, the relentless heaviness in the prison sequences and the lack of emotional relief.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Anusandhan Season 1 Review : A dark thriller with strong performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/anusandhan/anusandhan-season-1/seasonreview/125244701.cms |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

Parama Dasgupta of ''[[Aajkal]]'' reviewed the series and noted "Anusandhan depicts the web of conspiracy and corruption, where is the snake's hole and what the consequences can be if you dig into that snake's hole." She praised Aditi Roy's direction, Samragnee Bandyopadhyay's screenplay, Subhasree's magnetic performance, her non-commercial de-glam appearance, Shaheb's cold portrayal of a ruthless politician, Sagnik, Arijita and Swagata in their respective roles, Sohini's seasoned and expressive acting but bemoaned the hurried episodes, lack of details in certain parts, lack of backstory of certain characters, few illogical scenes, the easy availability of the clues and predictable twists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Parama |title=সত্যি খোঁজার সাহসে ভর, কেমন কাটল শুভশ্রী গাঙ্গুলির 'অনুসন্ধান'-পর্ব? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-hoichoi-series-anusandhan-starring-subhashree-ganguly-saheb-chattopadhyay-sohini-sengupta-177404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112040200/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-hoichoi-series-anusandhan-starring-subhashree-ganguly-saheb-chattopadhyay-sohini-sengupta-177404 |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=14 November 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] reviewed the series on behalf of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]]'' and wrote "The show has dollops of drama — and ironically, that drama stems from the very sensibilities that Aditi Roy and Samragnee Bandyopadhyay have honed while creating some of hoichoi’s biggest hits." He praised the intent, the pace of the series, Subhasree's committed performance, Arijita and Swagata's supporting roles, aesthetic and gloomy cinematography and the merging of the protagonist's personal and professional arcs, and Shaheb's suave portrayal of his character but criticized the underwritten character for Aritra Dutta Banik, weak performance by the peripheral cast, city-bred voices which disrupt the authenticity of its world, reliance on background music, the lack of casual brutality, the occasionally faltering non-linear screenplay which leads to confusion and the stereotypical and too literal dialogues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Parambrata |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay writes about Anusandhan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/parambrata-chattopadhyay-writes-about-anusandhan-/2002212 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=t2Online |date=19 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|38745313}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-anusandhan-bengali-web-series Anusandhan] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Anusandhan-Bengali/0OLVPX9APBP4CVLBFM9DIGZQZY Anusandhan] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:Crime web series]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller web series]]

Buddhisagarsuri

2026-02-05T07:46:41Z

HwaNormanby23: adjust article per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian Jain monk and philosopher (1874–1925)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Buddhisagarsuri
| image = Pujya Shri BuddhiSagar GuruDev.1.jpg
| caption = Buddhisagar Suri
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = ''[[Śvetāmbara]]''
| birth_name = Bechardas Patel
| birth_date = {{birth year|1874}}
| birth_place = [[Vijapur]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1925|1874}}
| death_place = [[Vijapur]]
| signature= Buddhisagar Suri signature.jpg
}}
[[File:Handwritten Text of Buddhisagar Suri.jpg|thumb|Handwritten Text of Buddhisagar Suri. It lists rules to be followed by Jain lay men. [[Gujarati language]] script. Samvat 1972 (1915 AD approx.)]]
'''Buddhisagarsuri''' (1874 – 1925) was a [[Jainism|Jain]] ascetic, philosopher and author from British India. Born in a Hindu family, he was influenced by a Jain monk and later was initiated in asceticism, and later elevated to the title of ''[[Acharya]]''. He wrote more than a hundred books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=इतिहास के महापुरुष पूज्य बुद्धिसागरसूरिजी के जीवन का एक नज़ारा, जिनके वर्षों पूर्व के विचारों से वर्तमान प्रधान मंत्री नरेंद्रभाई मोदी भी प्रभावित है! - Veer Shasan Sevak |url=https://veershasansevak.com/2020/06/18/the-jain-saint-w%E2%80%A6gar-maharajsaheb/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Vijapur Derasar.jpg|200px|thumb|The Jain temple and a memorial shrine where Buddhisagarsuri was cremated in Vijapur.|left]]
[[File:Buddhisagar Suri Jain monk Guru Mandir Dadawadi Mehsana Gujarat India 4.jpg|thumb|Statue of Buddhisagarsuri in a shrine at Dadawadi Jain temple in [[Mehsana]]]]
{{Jainism}}
Buddhisagarsuri was born Bechardas Patel in a Hindu family of Shivabhai and Ambaben in 1874 at [[Vijapur]] in north Gujarat. He studied till sixth standard. He met Muni Ravisagar, a Jain monk, and became his disciple. He studied at the Yashovijayji Jain Sanskrit Pathshala, a school for religious studies, in [[Mehsana]]. He took a job of religious teacher in [[Ajol]]. Following the death of Ravisagar in 1898, his spiritual quest intensified. Ravisagar's disciple, Sukhsagar initiated him as a Jain monk in 1901. He was given a new name, Muni Buddhisagar. He was conferred with an informal title of ''Yoga-nishtha'', literally "firm in [[Yoga]]". He was elevated to the title of ''Acharya'' in 1914 in [[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa]].<ref name="Cort2009">{{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC&pg=PA250|date=16 November 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|pages=250–251}}</ref><ref name=hnu>{{cite web|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=84508|title=Acharya Shri Buddhi Sagarji►Biography|work=herenow4u.com|date=31 January 2012|access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He established the [[Mahudi]] Jain temple in 1917.<ref name=kc>{{cite news| last= Dave| first = Pranav| date= 2 November 2013| title= Kali Chaudas havan revered by all faiths| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Kali-Chaudas-havan-revered-by-all-faiths/articleshow/25078317.cms
| work= The Times of India|location= Ahmedabad| access-date = 2 November 2013}}</ref> He was invited by the royals of [[Baroda state|Baroda]], [[Idar State|Idar]] and [[Pethapur State|Pethapur]] to preach there. He died at Vijapur in 1925.<ref name="Cort2009"/><ref name=hnu/><ref name=":0" /> The Jain temple and a memorial shrine were built where Buddhisagarsuri was later cremated in Vijapur.

==Works==
He wrote more than a hundred books.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Cort2009" /> He wrote about 2,000 poems, including a large number of poems about [[Sabarmati River]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2019-08-16|title=पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं|language=hi|work=BBC News Hindi|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49361515|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref> His first book was ''Jain Dharma Khristi Dharmano Mukablo'', a comparison between [[Jainism]] and [[Christianity]]. He criticised Christianity and its missionary activities in Gujarat.<ref name="Cort2009"/>

He was involved in several debates regarding icon worship during those time. He defended it and authored a booklet ''Jain Sutroma Murtipuja'' (Icon Worship in Jain Scriptures). He termed icons as a form of love and devotion.<ref name="Cort2009"/>

===Selected works===
* ''Samadhi Shatak'', a hundred stanzas on meditation
* ''Yog Deepak'', the guide on [[yoga]]
* ''Dhyan Vichar'', a book on meditation
* ''Adhyatma Shanti'', a work on spiritual peace
* ''Karmayog'', a theory of [[karma]]
* ''Adhyatma Geeta''
* ''Atma Shakti Prakash''
* ''Atma Darshan''
* ''Shuddhopayog''
* ''Samya Shatak''
* ''Shishyopanishad''
* ''Atmana Shasan''
* ''Anandghan Pad Bhavarth Sangrah'', a collection of hymns of [[Anandghan]], a Jain mystic poet, and its meaning
* ''Shrimad Devchandraji'', a biography of Devchandra
* ''Kumarapala Charitra'', a biography of [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]], ruler of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
* ''Yashovijay Charitra'', a biography of [[Yashovijay]]
* ''Adhyatma Bhajan Sangrah 1–14'', a collection of songs

== Commemoration ==
The Union Home Minister, [[Amit Shah]], released a ₹150 commemorative coin to mark the 150th Birth Anniversary of Buddhisagar Suri at Auda Auditorium, Shela, [[Ahmedabad]], on 9 March 2025.

== See also ==
* [[Swayamprabhasuri]]
* [[Vimalsuri]]
* [[Kalapurnasuri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat}}
{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

Mather Dighi

2026-01-26T15:44:31Z

HwaNormanby23: started initial pg w/ sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mather Dighi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3784|N|88.7449|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Canning II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 13524
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743329
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Canning Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Purba]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mather Dighi''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Jibantala]] police station in the [[Canning II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Canning subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|15|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Canning subdivision (Canning I & II, Basanti, Gosaba CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' R: rural/ urban centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|23|7|N|88|31|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kalaria| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Kalaria]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Gaur Daha| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Gaur Daha]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|32|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Banshra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Banshra, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|20|0|N|88|36|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Rajapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajapur, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|45|N|88|36|23|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Taldi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Taldi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|20|10|N|88|37|17|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bayarsing| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bayarsing]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|19|24|N|88|38|52|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Matla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Matla, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|40|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Dighirpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dighirpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|18|37|N|88|39|28|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Canning| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|39|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Jibantala| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Jibantala]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|18|33|N|88|37|18|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tengra Khali| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tengra Khali]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|22|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Makhal Tala| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Makhal Tala]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|28|1|N|88|41|46|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Deuli| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Deuli, Canning]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|53|N|88|42|50|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Basanti| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|12|45|N|88|42|47|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Sonakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Sonakhali, Basanti]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|16|52|N|88|41|3|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Bhangonkhali| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Bhangonkhali]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|1|34|N|88|41|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jharkhali| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jharkhali]] (R) |shape-color17=#0048BA
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|9|54|N|88|48|28|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Gosaba| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Gosaba]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|29|N|88|45|6|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Pathankhali| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Pathankhali]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|13|19|N|88|53|50|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chhota Molla Khali| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chhota Molla Khali]] (R)|shape-color20=#0048BA
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|22|42|N|88|44|41|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Mather Dighi| numbered21=R| mark-title21= Mather Dighi (R) |shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|22.0482 |N|88.7552|E}}| label22=Sundarbans National Park| label-color22 = Black| label-angle22=-0| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.0882 |N|88.7068|E}}| label23=Bidyadhari River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-50| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22.1182|N|88.6282|E}}| label24=Matla River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-60| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Area overview===
Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 [[census town]]s in Canning I CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map alongside) borders on the [[Sundarbans National Park]] and a major portion of it is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]]. It is a flat low lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The [[Matla River]] is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as ''khals''. A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with a special coastal force.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 19, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Mather Dighi is located at {{coord|22.3784|N|88.7449|E|}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mather Dighi had a total population of 13,524, of which 6,836 (51%) were males and 6,688 (49%) were females. There were 2,247 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Mather Dighi was 8,258 (73.22% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
A stretch of a local road links Mather Dighi to the [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]] (locally popular as the Basanti Highway).<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Mather Dighi High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1948. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/motherdighi-high-school-417060 | title = Motherdighi High School | publisher = CBSE | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Mather Dighi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Canning II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Bengali Rock music (India)

2026-01-19T16:51:28Z

HwaNormanby23:

{{Short description|none}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Bengali Rock music
| native_name = বাংলা রক
| etymology =
| other_names =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| stylistic_origins = [[Classical music]], [[Rock and roll]], [[electric blues]], [[folk music]], [[country music|country]], [[blues]]
| cultural_origins = 1970s; [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]] (India)
| instruments = Vocals, electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, synthesizer, keyboards
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| subgenrelist =
| fusiongenres = {{hlist|[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra rock]]|[[indorock]]|[[raga rock]]|[[raï rock]]|[[sufi rock]]}}
| regional_scenes = West Bengal
| local_scenes =
| other_topics = * [[Backbeat (music)|Backbeat]]
* [[Bengali band]]
* [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|hall of fame]]
* [[Social impact of rock and roll|social impact]]
| footnotes =
| current_year = yes
}}
{{Music of West Bengal}}
'''Rock music of West Bengal''' originated in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. The first Bengali rock band in West Bengal and India was [[Moheener Ghoraguli]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A five man musical journey of countless Miles|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/A-five-man-musical-journey-of-countless-Miles/articleshow/36460.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122160518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-22/kolkata/27210016_1_rock-music-band-bangla|url-status=live|archive-date=22 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When music feeds a city's soul|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/When-music-feeds-a-citys-soul/articleshow/8944506.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905112544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-22/kolkata/29689038_1_world-music-day-music-lovers-concert|url-status=live|archive-date=5 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Song of the stallion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Song-of-the-stallion/articleshow/4681928.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-21/kolkata/28166934_1_composers-song-author-and-friend |url-status=live |archive-date=22 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2011}}</ref> In modern times, in this type of music [[Distortion (music)|distorted]] electric guitars, bass guitar, and drums are used, sometimes accompanied with pianos and keyboards. In early times the instruments used in modern times were also accompanied by saxophone, flute, violin and [[bass violin]].

== History ==

=== Origin (1960s–1970s) ===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
[[Arunendu Das]] is widely credited with pioneering Modern Bengali music, introducing a fresh style of lyricism and a Western-influenced approach to songwriting, often crafted on the guitar. His innovative work laid the foundation for what would later evolve into Bengali Rock music. This musical revolution reached its pinnacle with Moheener Ghoraguli (also spelled Mohiner Ghoraguli), Kolkata's iconic band, which is hailed as the first true Bengali Rock band. They are also recognized as India's first Rock band, having pioneered the creation of original songs in vernacular languages, setting a groundbreaking precedent in the Indian music scene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakravarty |first=Devpriya |date=2024-01-02 |title=Exploring the Socio-Musical Legacy of Moheener Ghoraguli, the Progressive Rock Pioneers of Bengal |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19401159.2024.2346996 |journal=Rock Music Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |doi=10.1080/19401159.2024.2346996 |issn=1940-1159 |via=Taylor & Francis Online|hdl=10072/430773 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Moheener Ghoraguli]] was formed in 1975 and played in many concerts. The band was inspired by [[Bob Dylan]] and many other [[Western music (North America)|western]] artists. Their music was a mixture of a wide variety of influences, including the Baul and [[Folk music|folk]] traditions of Bengali and rock.

Along with them, the Kolkata based rock group called [[High (musical group)|High]] (formed 1974) consisting of late Dilip Balakrishnan (who was also part of the Great Bear rock band), Nondon Bagchi, Lew Hilt, Subhendu Chatterjee and Adi Irani started composing and performing original songs. A collection of the band's recordings were released on the [[Saregama]] label in 2009.

=== Emergence (1990s) ===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
Most of the Bengali rock bands in Kolkata were formed after the 1990s. The bands in this era started using many types of [[Sound effect|effects]] like [[Distortion (music)|distortion]], [[Wah-wah pedal|wah wah]], [[flanger]], [[Phaser (effect)|phaser]], and [[Delay (audio effect)|delay]] in their music.

[[Krosswindz]], a Bengali rock band based in [[Kolkata]], India, was formed in 1990, and have played all over India and abroad, helping to urbanize and popularize the rock music of Bengal. Krosswindz have recorded ten albums, the highest number ever recorded by a Kolkatan rock band. The legendary Bengali rock band Abhilasha was also formed during this period. Their first album, a mixture of delightful rock and melody, was released by the original band members in 1997. Many bands like [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]], [[Cactus (Indian band)|Cactus]], [[Parash Pathar (band)|Parash Pathar]], [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]], Hip Pocket, Kalpurush, [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]], and [[Lakkhichhara (band)|Lakkhichhara]] were formed later in this era. Fossils and Cactus have also brought Bengali metal into this era. Both Fossils and Cactus are regarded as the best Bengali hard rock bands, and they have toured all over India and abroad. All their albums and singles have been successful. This era also saw emergence of new bands like Udaan, Agantuk and others.

In 1994, the opening of Someplace Else (a pub which also hosts live music) changed the rock scene in Kolkata. Now it hosts live music for approximately nine hours every night.

=== New millennium (2000s) ===
Many bands formed in the 2000s were influenced by guitar-heavy music. As metal became popular in the 2000s, many bands like [[Insomnia (band)|Insomnia]] and [[Underground Authority]] started playing [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and alternative music.

[[Chronic Xorn]] was the first band from Kolkata to record a heavy metal album. ''Death Destruction Sermon'' is their latest album, released in 2010, it consists of six tracks, and the full-length version of the album is 25 minutes 45 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronic Xorn – Death Destruction Sermon|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/chronic-xorn/381858722|publisher=iTunes|date=27 July 2010}}</ref>

As computer technology became more accessible and music software advanced in the 2000s, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer. This resulted in a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the expanding internet. Many underground metal bands like Nitric Dreams and Crystal and the Witches from Kolkata also started recording and releasing singles on their blogs.

To encourage the Bengali rock scene, the ''Bangla Rock Magazine'' was started on 3 July 2013, covering exclusively Bengali rock.

=== Mid millennium (2020s) ===
Since 2018, a new wave of Classic Rock Bangla bands has revitalized the genre, bringing fresh energy and diverse perspectives. Bands like Probaho, Sayatya & Friends, Mohanogor - The Mohanogor, and Bisher Doshok have each carved their own distinct niches within the evolving landscape of Bengali rock. While groups like Probaho and Sayatya & Friends delve into themes of friendship, nostalgia, love, and the complexities of urban life, Mohanogor - The Mohanogor uses satirical undertones to comment on the political climate of India and Bengal, with their thought-provoking music video/s. In stark contrast, Bisher Doshok ventures into darker, more unsettling territories, offering a raw and unflinching reflection of the harsh realities of contemporary society.

These modern bands aim to transcend traditional rock by weaving deeply meaningful, thought-provoking lyrics with organic, evocative songwriting. Their approach not only enriches the Bangla rock scene but also creates a powerful resonance, one that speaks to the struggles, triumphs, and contradictions of our time. Through their innovation and artistic integrity, they are reshaping the future of Bengali rock, bringing new depth and relevance to the genre.

==See also==

* [[Bangladeshi rock]]
* [[Indian rock]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite news
|title=Mass Funeral-Meet ATMAHATYA, a bi-lingual death metal band in the city making some serious noise
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1071027/asp/entertainment/story_8480530.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102053719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071027/asp/entertainment/story_8480530.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 November 2007
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=27 October 2007}}
* {{cite news
|title= School of rock-t2 Rising Rockers Atmahatya emerged as the zonal winners of Campus Rock Idols 07
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1071127/asp/entertainment/story_8598605.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102130133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071127/asp/entertainment/story_8598605.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 November 2012
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=27 November 2007}}
* {{cite news
|title = Kolkata rockers turn to jazz tunes
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/music/Kolkata-rockers-turn-to-jazz-tunes/Article1-635874.aspx
|publisher = Hindustan Times
|date = 8 December 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022095002/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/music/Kolkata-rockers-turn-to-jazz-tunes/Article1-635874.aspx
|archive-date = 22 October 2012
}}
* {{cite news
|title = Bangla band music getting global recognition
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/123607.aspx#
|publisher = Hindustan Times
|date = 21 July 2006
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203142240/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/123607.aspx
|archive-date = 3 December 2013
}}
* {{cite news
|title=Bengali music bands rock in India and abroad
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Bengali-music-bands-rock-in-India-abroad/articleshow/7131828.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902080157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-20/news-and-interviews/28259646_1_bands-rock-baul
|url-status=live
|archive-date=2 September 2012
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=20 December 2010}}
* {{cite news
|title=Let's rock 'n roll
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Lets-rock-n-roll/articleshow/1578873926.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122162940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-19/kolkata/27228596_1_music-revival-boy-bands-rock
|url-status=live
|archive-date=22 November 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=19 August 2001}}
* {{cite news
|title=Rock along, Kolkata
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/Rock-along-Kolkata/articleshow/3142418.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122161133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-19/kolkata/27777403_1_kolkata-grand-finale-pub-rock-fest
|url-status=live
|archive-date=22 November 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=19 June 2008}}
* {{cite news
|title=Rockilution reaches Kolkata
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/Rockilution-reaches-Kolkata/articleshow/2414646.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101015/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-30/kolkata/27971129_1_fun-and-high-energy-consumers-avenues-dsp-black-rockilution
|url-status=live
|archive-date=11 August 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=30 September 2007}}
* {{cite news
|title=Five musketeers in Kolkata
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/Five-musketeers-in-Kolkata/articleshow/6219586.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122161854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-27/kolkata/28301272_1_band-rock-kolkata
|url-status=live
|archive-date=22 November 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=27 July 2010}}
* {{cite news
|title=We will... we will 'rock' Kolkata!
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/We-will-we-will-rock-Kolkata/articleshow/5473444.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-19/kolkata/28138720_1_bands-rock-judges
|url-status=live
|archive-date=22 November 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=19 January 2010}}
* {{cite news
|title=Rock-er-thek entertain Kolkata
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/Rock-er-thek-entertain-Kolkata/articleshow/7246677.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/kolkata/28358395_1_cell-phones-rock-kolkata
|url-status=live
|archive-date=22 November 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=10 January 2011}}
* {{cite news
|title=Rock mela
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080309/jsp/entertainment/story_8996130.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526034241/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080309/jsp/entertainment/story_8996130.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=26 May 2011
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=9 March 2008}}
* {{cite news
|title=TAKE FIVE
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100717/jsp/entertainment/story_12691865.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720044853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100717/jsp/entertainment/story_12691865.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 July 2010
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=17 July 2010}}
* {{cite news
|title=Ready to rock
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/entertainment/story_9292994.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102132041/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/entertainment/story_9292994.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 November 2012
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=20 May 2008}}
* {{cite news
|title=Rock on hold
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070819/asp/calcutta/story_8206406.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205152224/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070819/asp/calcutta/story_8206406.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=5 February 2010
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=19 August 2007}}
* {{cite news
|title=CAMPUS ROCK
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110129/jsp/entertainment/story_13504352.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203035317/http://telegraphindia.com/1110129/jsp/entertainment/story_13504352.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2011
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=29 January 2011}}
* {{cite news
|title=Kolkata Autumn Music Festival 2010
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100923/jsp/entertainment/story_12968759.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927205447/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100923/jsp/entertainment/story_12968759.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 September 2010
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=23 September 2010}}
* {{cite news
|title=Banks back on Broadway
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100811/jsp/entertainment/story_12795522.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102132139/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100811/jsp/entertainment/story_12795522.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 November 2012
|publisher=The Telegraph
|date=11 August 2010}}
{{Refend}}
{{World rock}}

[[Category:20th-century music genres]]
[[Category:21st-century music genres]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Rock music genres]]
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]

Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line

2026-01-17T14:38:18Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting Initial Data Needs Work

{{short description|Train line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Jabalpur jnn.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = [[Jabalpur Junction railway station]] is an important railway station on Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line
| type =
| system = Fully electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}}
| end = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CST]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1870
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]], [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]], [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot = [[Kalyan Junction railway station]], {{stnlnk|Bhusawal}}, [[Itarsi Junction railway station]], {{stnlnk|Katni}}
| stock =
| linelength = Since 2004 {{convert|2160|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. Before 2004 {{convert|2146|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 4 in [[Bardhaman–Asansol section]] & [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Kalyan–Mumbai CST section]]
 3 in [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]], [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]], [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction-Prayagraj section]] & [[Bhusawal–Kalyan section]] 2 in [[Asansol–Gaya section]], [[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section]] & [[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Fully electrified
| speed = up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation = Lowest at {{stnlnk|Howrah}} {{convert|8|m|ft}} (approx). Highest at Thull Ghats {{convert|1849|ft|m}} (approx)
| website = [http://www.indianrail.gov.in/enquiry/StaticPages/StaticEnquiry.jsp?StaticPage=index.html]
| map = {{Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line''', (formerly known as '''Howrah–Allahabad–Bombay line)''' {{Importance inline|date=July 2023}} is a railway line connecting [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]] via [[Prayagraj]] (formerly Allahabad). The {{convert|2160|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} railway line was opened to traffic in 1870. This railway line was {{convert|2146|km|mi}} long until 2004. In 2004 the construction of [[Indira Sagar Dam]] submerged the old alignment near [[Khandwa]] and a new alignment of {{convert|14|km|mi}} long was relaid.

==Sections==
For more detailed study the cross-country line has been divided into smaller sections:
# [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]]
# [[Grand Chord]]
# [[Bardhaman–Asansol section]]
# [[Asansol–Gaya section]]
# [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]
# [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction–Prayagraj section]]
# [[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section]]
# [[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section]]
# [[Bhusawal–Kalyan section]]
# [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Kalyan–Mumbai CST section]]

==History==
The first train in India traveled from Bombay to [[Thane]] on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s Bombay–Thane line was extended to [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]. It was extended to [[Khopoli]] via Palasdhari in 1855. {{stnlnk|Bhusawal}} station was set up in 1860 and [[Pune]] connected in 1863. In Eastern India, construction of the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] was completed and through connection between Delhi and Kolkata was established in 1865. The last link was the bridge across the [[Yamuna]] at [[Prayagraj]]. In 1866 Bhusawal-Khandwa section was opened and GIPR also extended its operations to [[Nagpur]]. [[East Indian Railway]], which had established the Howrah–Allahabad–Delhi line, opened the Allahabad–[[Jabalpur]] branch line in June 1867. GIPR connection over the Thull Ghat reached Jabalpur from [[Itarsi]] on 7 March 1870, linking up with EIR track there from Allahabad, and establishing connectivity between Mumbai and Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title=IR History: Early Days – I| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| access-date = 27 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early Days – II| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| access-date = 27 October 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was formed in 1887 for the purpose of upgrading the [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]] and then extending it via [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] to [[Asansol Junction|Asansol]], in order to develop a shorter Howrah–Mumbai route than the one via Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://railwaysofraj.blogspot.in/2011/08/number-1-down-mail.html| title=Number 1 Down Mail| publisher=Railways of the Raj| access-date= 19 February 2012 }}</ref> The Bengal Nagpur Railway main line from Nagpur to Asansol, on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], was opened for goods traffic on 1 February 1891.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was only after [[Kharagpur Junction|Kharagpur]] was linked from the west and the south that it was connected to Howrah in 1900.

The opening of this track was part of the inspiration for the French writer [[Jules Verne]]'s book ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]''. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system."

==Electrification==
In August 1976, the New Delhi–Howrah route (via [[Grand Chord]]), and that includes the Howrah–Allahabad section of the Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line, was the first trunk route in the country to be completely electrified with AC traction. Electrification of Itarsi - Jabalpur - Allahabad was proposed in Railway Budget of 2011. The entire route was divided into sections and electrification was completed in parts. In March 2020, electrification of last remaining stretch betweek Katni Jn. and Satna was also done, thereby the Howrah Allahabad Mumbai route became completely electrified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/now-mumbai-howrah-train-route-via-prayagraj-fully-electrified/articleshow/76696820.cms|title = Now Mumbai-Howrah train route via Prayagraj fully electrified | Allahabad News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Speed limits==
Most of the [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]] and [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] (the line is common with this line up to Allahabad) is classified as 'A' class line where trains can run up to {{convert|160|km/h}} but in certain sections speeds may be limited to {{convert|120|–|130|km/h}}. The line from Bhusawal to Mumbai is also classified as 'A' class. The Allahabad–Bhusawal sector is classified as 'B' class where trains can run up to 130 km/h.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html| title=Permanent Way| work=Track Classifications| access-date=15 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Calcutta Mail==
The ''[[Imperial Indian Mail]]'' (now called 12321 up /12322 down Howrah–Mumbai Mail via Jabalpur), running on this route, was possibly the first [[List of named passenger trains in India|named train of Indian Railways]]. The Mumbai–Howrah Mail via Allahabad is called ''Calcutta Mail'' between Mumbai and Allahabad, and ''Mumbai Mail'' (some still call it by its old name, ''Bombay Mail'') between Allahabad(Now Prayagraj) and Howrah. It is still running for 151 years as the oldest active train on this route covering {{convert|2160|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} distance in 37 hours and 30 mins with an average running speed of {{convert|57.6|kph|mph}} .<ref>{{cite news| url=http://irfca.org/articles/isrs/fnrm2-fame-name.html| title=Trains of fame and locos with a name – Part 1| last=Dutta| first=Joydeep| publisher= IRFCA| access-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://thelonelywanderer.wordpress.com/tag/indian-railways/ | title= In the footsteps of the Imperial Mail| publisher= The Lonely Wanderer| access-date= 27 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Inspiration for writing==
The Kolkata–Mumbai linkage, along with other events, inspired the French writer [[Jules Verne]] to write his book [[Around the World in Eighty Days]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway |title = Great Indian Peninsula Railway | publisher= Grace's Guide|work=British Industrial History | access-date = 2013-03-28 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
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Dilraj Kaur

2026-01-08T00:43:44Z

HwaNormanby23: creating the pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Dilraj Kaur
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Dilraj Kaur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|05|21}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| genre = [[Playback singing|Playback]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1975–present
}}

'''Dilraj Kaur''' (born 21 May 1960), is an Indian [[playback singer]]. She is most known for singing in films such as ''Galiyon Ka Badshah'' (2001), ''[[Me and Mr. Canadian]]'' (2019) etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/dilraj-kaur-70259 |title=Dilraj Kaur ar Cinestaan |access-date=2022-10-04 |archive-date=2022-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004171028/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/dilraj-kaur-70259 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has sung 286 songs in Hindi films.

==Career==
Dilraj Kaur started to play the [[tabla]] and taking musical training at the age of seven. Her first movie was in the 1975 film ''Jaan Hazir Hai''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/dilraj-kaur-1 |title=Dilraj Kaur|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref >

In 1980, she released the song "Gaddi Jaandi e" along with singers [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]] and [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]] composed by [[Usha Khanna]] which became a hit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/dada-run-of-the-mill-fare-but-vinod-mehra-shines/59573.html |title=Dada: Run of the Mill Fare but Vinod Mehra Shines |access-date=2022-10-04 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925234513/https://www.moneylife.in/article/dada-run-of-the-mill-fare-but-vinod-mehra-shines/59573.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her most famous song was "Mausam Mastana", a duet with [[Asha Bhosle]], from the 1982 film ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. This song has been recreated by Indian Idol Junior contestant Ananya Sritam Nanda in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/indian-idol-junior-ananya-releases-her-debut-single-mausam-mastana/story-GCVqbnJdrfSYvROvWDFKxH_amp.html |title=Indian Idol Junior Ananya releases her debut single, Mausam Mastana |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701211800/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/indian-idol-junior-ananya-releases-her-debut-single-mausam-mastana/story-GCVqbnJdrfSYvROvWDFKxH_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

She went on to sing "Mausam Mastana" for the 1982 film ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]''. She has sung under the baton of all top music directors including [[R. D. Burman]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Usha Khanna]], and [[Ravindra Jain]].{{fact|date=December 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0442442|name=Dilraj Kaur}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Dilraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Abhishek Dhar

2025-12-18T07:22:10Z

HwaNormanby23: Starting Initial Page With Sources...

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Abhishek Dhar
|native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Professor Dhar in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|8|31}}
| birth_place = [[Sarbhang]], [[Bhutan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| ethnicity =
| fields = [[Physics]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raman Research Institute]]
* International Centre for Theoretical Sciences
}}
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] (BSc) [[Rajabazar Science College]], Kolkata (MSc) [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai (PhD)
| doctoral_advisor = [[Deepak Dhar]]
| thesis_title = Studies of Nonequilibrium Steady States
| thesis_year = 1998
| thesis_url =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[ICTP Prize]] (2008)
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (2009)
}}
| signature =
| footnotes =
|spouse = Ranjini Bandyopadhyay
|website = {{URL|https://www.icts.res.in/people/abhishek-dhar}}
}}

'''Abhishek Dhar''' (born 31 August 1970) is an Indian physicist specialising in [[statistical physics]] and [[condensed matter physics]]. He is a professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, [[Bangalore]].<ref name="people">{{cite web|title=People|url=https://www.icts.res.in/people/1/details/90/|publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Dhar obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in 1998 from the Department of Theoretical Physics at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]. His doctoral advisor was [[Deepak Dhar]]. He did post-doctoral research at [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Raman Research Institute]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Dhar then became a faculty member of the Raman Research Institute and later joined the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences.<ref name="report">{{cite web|url=https://www.icts.res.in/sites/default/files/ICTS-Activity-Report-2015-2017.pdf|title=ICTS Activity Report 2015-17|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

==Research==
Dhar works on the theory and applications of statistical physics to study non-equilibrium problems. His research areas include anomalous heat transport in low dimensional systems<ref>{{cite journal|title=Anomalous heat transport in one dimensional systems|doi=10.3389/fphy.2019.00159|doi-access=free|arxiv=1911.04457}}</ref> and [[open quantum system]]s where he made significant contributions in developing an approach using quantum Langevin equations. Dhar also studies large deviations and fluctuation theorems in transport, foundational aspects of statistical mechanics, the measurement problem in quantum mechanics and models of [[active matter]].

==Awards==
For his results in classical and quantum transport in low dimensional systems and contributions to non-equilibrium [[fluctuation theorem]]s, Dhar was awarded the [[ICTP Prize|ICTP prize]] in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-ictp-prize/the-prize-winners/ictp-prize-winners-2008.aspx|title=ICTP Prize Winners 2008}}</ref> and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award]] for Physical Sciences in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=127|title=Brief Profile of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize Awardee}}</ref> He is a fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2012),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2012005|title=Prof. Abhishek Dhar elected as IAS fellow}}</ref> the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]] (2018) <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.icts.res.in/news/abhishek-dhar-elected-fellow-national-academy-sciences-india| title=Abhishek Dhar elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2020).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icts.res.in/news/prof-abhishek-dhar-awarded-insa-fellowship|title=Abhishek Dhar awarded INSA Fellowship}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhar, Abhishek}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]

Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church

2025-11-28T09:15:41Z

HwaNormanby23: creating the info w/ sources

{{Short description|Protestant denomination in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|name =
|image =
|caption =
|congregations = 71
|main_classification = [[Lutheran]]
|headquarters = [[Udalguri district]], Assam
|members = 11,510
|ministers = 11 Ordained Ministers
|leader = Rt. Rev. Bishop Ichahak Mochahary
|area = [[India]]
}}

The '''Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church''' is a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church made up of [[Bodo people]], one of the ethnic groups of [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is headquartered in [[Udalguri district]] in Assam.<ref>[http://belc.org.in/about_us.php Denominational website]</ref> The church has 72 congregations in 6 pastorates and membership of 11,712<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belc.org.in/view_activities.php?id=19|title=BELC Organization Statistics|date=9 July 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520210651/http://belc.org.in/view_activities.php?id=19|url-status=dead}}</ref> with 72 native workers and 3 schools.

It is one of the three major Lutheran denominations of northeast India along with the [[Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam|Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church]] and the [[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church]].

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Lutheran denominations]]
[[Category:Evangelical denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Christianity in Assam]]

{{Lutheran-denomination-stub}}

Intact forest landscape

2025-11-26T19:55:11Z

HwaNormanby23: add details for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Unbroken natural landscape of a forest ecosystem}}
An '''intact forest landscape''' ('''IFL''') is an unbroken [[natural landscape]] of a [[forest]] [[ecosystem]] and its [[habitat]]–[[plant community]] components, in an extant forest zone. An IFL is a [[natural environment]] with no signs of significant human activity or [[habitat fragmentation]], and of sufficient size to contain, support, and maintain the complex of indigenous [[biodiversity]] of viable populations of a wide range of [[genus|genera]] and [[species]], and their [[Ecological effects of biodiversity|ecological effects]].<ref name="SA-201701">{{cite journal|last1=Potapov|first1=Peter|last2=Hansen|first2=Matthew C|last3=Laestadius|first3=Lars|title=The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013|journal=Science Advances|date=January 2017|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600821|url= |pmc=5235335|pmid=28097216|article-number=e1600821|bibcode=2017SciA....3E0821P}}</ref>

IFLs are estimated to cover 23 percent of forest ecosystems (13.1 million km2). Two [[biomes]] hold almost all of these IFLs: dense tropical and subtropical forests (45 percent) and boreal forests (44 percent), while the proportion of IFLs in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests is very small. IFLs remain in 66 of the 149 countries that could potentially have them. Three of these countries, [[Canada]], [[Russia]], and [[Brazil]], contain 64 percent of the total IFL area in the world. Nineteen percent of the global IFL area is under some form of protection, but only 10 percent is strictly protected, i.e., belongs to [[IUCN]] protected areas categories I–III. It is estimated that the planet has lost seven percent of its IFLs since 2000.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Chelsea|title=Humans have destroyed 7% of Earth's pristine forest landscapes just since 2000|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/13/humans-have-destroyed-7-percent-of-earths-pristine-forest-landscapes-just-since-2000/|access-date=18 January 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|date=2017-01-13}}</ref>

==History==
The term "intact forest landscape" was developed by a group of [[Non-governmental organization|environmental non-governmental organizations]] including [[Greenpeace]], the [[World Resources Institute]], Biodiversity Conservation Center, International Socio-Ecological Union, and Transparent World. IFL has been used in regional and global forest monitoring projects such as Intact-Forests.org, and in scientific [[forest ecology]] research.
==Definition==
The concept of an intact forest landscape and its technical definition were developed to help create, implement, and monitor policies concerning the human impact on forest landscapes at the regional or country levels.

Technically, an IFL is defined as an area which contains forest and non-forest ecosystems minimally influenced by human economic activity, with an area of at least 500 km2 (50,000 ha) and a minimal width of 10 km (measured as the diameter of a circle that is entirely inscribed within the boundaries of the territory).

Areas with evidence of certain types of human influence are considered "disturbed" and not eligible for inclusion in an IFL:
* Settlements (including a buffer zone of one kilometer)
* Infrastructure used for transportation between settlements or for industrial development of natural resources, including roads (except unpaved trails), railways, navigable waterways (including seashore), pipelines, and power transmission lines (including in all cases a buffer zone of one kilometer on either side)
* Agriculture and [[timber]] production
* Industrial activities during the last 30–70 years, such as [[logging]], [[mining]], oil and [[gas exploration]] and extraction, [[peat extraction]]

Areas with evidence of low intensity and old disturbances are treated as subject to "background" influence and are eligible for inclusion in an IFL. Sources of background influence include local shifting cultivation activities, diffuse grazing by domesticated animals, low-intensity selective logging and hunting.

This definition builds on and refines the concept of a frontier forest as has been used by the [[World Resources Institute]].<ref name="Bryant">{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/pdfs/Last_Frontier_Forests.pdf |title=Bryant D., Nielsen D., Tangley L. (1997) "The last frontier forests: ecosystems and economies on the edge". World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-date=2011-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101082209/http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/pdfs/Last_Frontier_Forests.pdf }}</ref>

==Conservation value==
{{See also|High conservation value areas}}

Most of the world's original [[forests]] have either been lost to conversion or altered by logging and forest management. Forests that still combine large size with insignificant human influence are becoming increasingly important as their global extent continues to shrink.

[[Ecosystems]] are generally better able to support their natural biological diversity and ecological processes the lower their exposure to humans and the greater their area. They are also better able to absorb and recover from disturbance (resistance and resilience).

Fragmentation and loss of natural habitats are the main factors threatening plant and animal species with [[extinction]]. Forest [[biodiversity]] largely depends on intact forest landscapes. Large roaming animals (such as forest elephants, great apes, bears, wolves, tigers, jaguars, eagles, deer, etc.) especially require that intact forest landscapes be preserved. Loss of natural habitat can occur through introduction of forest [[monoculture]] or by [[even aged timber management]], which are also destructive of biodiversity<ref>Philip Joseph Burton. 2003. ''Towards sustainable management of the [[boreal forest]]'' 1039 pages</ref> and wildlife abundance. For example, many wildlife species such as the [[wild turkey]] depend upon variegation of tree ages and sizes for its optimal sub-canopy flight;<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2008. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=2199 ''Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]</ref> forests that have been managed for even aged composition fail to achieve abundance values of the wild turkey and many other organisms.

Large natural forest areas are also important for maintaining ecological processes and supplying [[ecosystem services]] like water and air purification, [[nutrient cycling]], [[carbon sequestration]], [[erosion]] and [[flood control]].

The conservation value of forest landscapes that are free from human disturbance is therefore high, although it varies among regions. At the same time the cost of conserving large unpopulated areas is often low. The same factors that have kept them from being developed, such as remoteness and low economic value, also help to reduce the cost of protecting them.<ref name="Yaroshenko">{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/russia/pdf/GFW_Russia_Report_en.pdf |title=Yaroshenko A., Potapov P., Turubanova S. (2001) The Last Intact Forest Landscapes of Northern European Russia. Greenpeace Russia and Global Forest Watch, Moscow. |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-date=2012-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807012158/http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/russia/pdf/GFW_Russia_report_en.pdf }}</ref>

Several international initiatives to protect forest biodiversity ([[Convention on Biological Diversity|CBD]]), to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and [[forest degradation]] ([[IGBP]], [[REDD]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un-redd.net/ |title=Family Health Care |publisher=Un-redd.net |date= |access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref>), and to stimulate use of sustainable forest management practices ([[Forest Stewardship Council|FSC]]) require that large natural forest areas be preserved. Mapping, conservation and monitoring of intact forest landscapes is a therefore a task of global importance.

==IFL mapping initiatives==
[[Image:Map of The World's Intact Forest Landscapes (IFL).png|thumb|400px|right|The world's IFLs<ref name="Potapov">{{cite journal | last1 = Potapov | first1 = P. | last2 = Yaroshenko | first2 = A. | last3 = Turubanova | first3 = S. | last4 = Dubinin | first4 = M. | last5 = Laestadius | first5 = L. | last6 = Thies | first6 = C. | last7 = Aksenov | first7 = D. | last8 = Egorov | first8 = A. | last9 = Yesipova | first9 = Y. | last10 = Glushkov | first10 = I. | last11 = Karpachevskiy | first11 = M. | last12 = Kostikova | first12 = A. | last13 = Manisha | first13 = A. | last14 = Tsybikova | first14 = E. | last15 = Zhuravleva | first15 = I. | year = 2008 | title = Mapping the World's Intact Forest Landscapes by Remote Sensing | url = http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art51/ | journal = Ecology and Society | volume = 13 | issue = 2| page = 51 | doi=10.5751/es-02670-130251| doi-access = free | hdl = 10535/2817 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>]]

Several attempts have been made since the 1990s to map the remaining extent of large natural forests. At the global level, these include: wilderness area maps by McCloskey and Spalding;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McCloskey | first1 = J.M. | last2 = Spalding | first2 = H. | year = 1989 | title = A reconnaissance level inventory of the amount of wilderness remaining in the world | journal = Ambio | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 221–227 }}</ref> human footprint map by Sanderson, et al.;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sanderson | first1 = E.W. | last2 = Jaiteh | first2 = M. | last3 = Levy | first3 = M.A. | last4 = Redford | first4 = K.H. | last5 = Wannebo | first5 = A.V. | last6 = Woolmer | first6 = G. | year = 2002 | title = The human footprint and the last of the wild | journal = BioScience | volume = 52 | issue = 10 | pages = 891–904 | doi = 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:thfatl]2.0.co;2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and frontier forests map by Bryant, et al.<ref name="Bryant" /> These efforts have generally combined already existing maps and information to identify areas of low human impact at a coarse scale, typically no finer than 1:16 million.

The IFL mapping initiatives differ from these by using the IFL definition mentioned above, by using information from satellites in addition to other sources, and by producing results at a much finer scale, approximately 1:1 million.

The first regional IFL map was presented by Greenpeace Russia in 2001, covering northern European Russia.<ref name="Yaroshenko" /> The report also contains a complete description of the IFL concept and the mapping algorithm.

A number of regional IFL maps were presented in 2002–2006, using similar methods, by a group of scientists and environmental non-governmental organizations under the framework of [[Global Forest Watch]], an initiative of the [[World Resources Institute]].<ref>[http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/global-forest-watch Global Forest watch reports]</ref>

Using the same method, a global IFL map was prepared in 2005–2006 under the leadership of Greenpeace, with contributions from the Biodiversity Conservation Center, International Socio-Ecological Union, Transparent World (Russia), Finnish Nature League, Forest Watch Indonesia, and [[Global Forest Watch]].<ref name="Potapov" /><ref>[http://www.intactforests.org/publications/forestmapreport_preview.pdf Greenpeace (2006) Roadmap to Recovery: The World's Last Intact Forest Landscapes]</ref>

The global IFL map relies on publicly available high spatial resolution [[satellite imagery]] provided by Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) and [[USGS]] and on a simple and consistent set of criteria.

==Implementation of the IFL concept==
The IFL concept is a useful tool for making, implementing, and monitoring policy in the realms of sustainable forest management, conservation and climate, as shown by the following examples.

===Forest degradation assessed by IFL monitoring===

The distinction between intact and non-intact forest landscapes can be used to account for losses of carbon from forest degradation, as proposed by Mollicone, et al.<ref>
{{cite journal | year=2007 | title=An incentive mechanism for reducing emissions from conversion of intact and non-intact forests. | journal=Climatic Change | volume=83 | issue=4 | pages=477–493
|author1=Mollicone D. |author2=Achard F. |author3=Federici S. |author4=Eva H.D. |author5=Grassi G. |author6=Belward A. |author7=Raes F. |author8=Seufert G. |author9=Stibig H.-J. |author10=Matteucci G. |author11=Schulze E.-D. | doi=10.1007/s10584-006-9231-2| bibcode=2007ClCh...83..477M | s2cid=153442957 }}</ref> The global '''IFL''' map<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art51/ | year=2008 | title=Mapping the World's Intact Forest Landscapes by Remote Sensing.
| journal=Ecology and Society | volume=13 | issue=2 | page=51 |author1=Potapov P. |author2=Yaroshenko A. |author3=Turubanova S. |author4=Dubinin M. |author5=Laestadius L. |author6=Thies C. |author7=Aksenov D. |author8=Egorov A. |author9=Yesipova Y. |author10=Glushkov I. |author11=Karpachevskiy M. |author12=Kostikova A. |author13=Manisha A. |author14=Tsybikova E. |author15=Zhuravleva I. | doi=10.5751/es-02670-130251|doi-access=free |hdl=10535/2817 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> provides a geographically explicit baseline with several advantages:
* it provides a globally consistent and highly detailed snapshot of the ecological integrity of the world's forest biomes at the beginning of the new millennium (approximately year 2000)
* the method that was used to create the map can easily be adapted into a monitoring method that uses high spatial resolution satellite images
* its high precision and fine scale make it a meaningful baseline for assessment of small-scale disturbances that can be detected by remotely sensed data

===Nature conservation strategies formulated using IFL maps===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
Conservation of large IFLs is a robust and cost-effective way to protect biodiversity and maintain ecological integrity and should therefore be an important component of a global conservation strategy. The remoteness and large size of these areas provide the best guarantee for their continued intactness. Withdrawing remaining intact areas from the production base would lead to small or negligible economic loss.

Russian NGOs have, for example, used IFL maps to argue that the most valuable of the remaining intact natural landscapes of northern European Russia and Far East be preserved, and to propose several new national parks: Kutsa and Hibiny (Murmansk Region), Kalevalsky (Karelia Republic) and Onezhskoye Pomorye (Arkhangelsk Region).

===Sustainable forest management underpinned by IFL maps===
Several boreal countries are using the IFL concept in the context of forest certification. One of the categories of High Conservation Value Forest used by the [[Forest Stewardship Council]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fsc.org/keepout/en/content_areas/77/134/files/FSC_STD_01_001_V4_0_EN_FSC_Principles_and_Criteria.pdf |title=Forest Stewardship Council (2004) FSC International standard. FSC principles and criteria for forest stewardship (FSC-STD-01-001). Bonn, Germany |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043318/http://www.fsc.org/keepout/en/content_areas/77/134/files/FSC_STD_01_001_V4_0_EN_FSC_Principles_and_Criteria.pdf }}</ref> is analogous to that of IFLs. The formulation used in the Canadian and Russian national [[Forest Stewardship Council|FSC]] standards—globally, nationally, or regionally significant forest landscapes, un-fragmented by permanent infrastructure and of a size to maintain viable populations of most species—calls for IFL maps for implementation. IFLs are directly mentioned among other categories of High Conservation Value Forest in the [[Forest Stewardship Council|FSC]] Controlled Wood standard.<ref>[http://www.fsc.org/keepout/en/content_areas/77/134/files/FSC_STD_40_005_V2_1_EN_Company_Evaluation_of_Controlled_Wood.pdf Forest Stewardship Council (2006) FSC standard for company evaluation of FSC Controlled Wood (FSC-STD-40-005). Bonn, Germany]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Several retailers, including [[IKEA]]<ref>[http://www.ikea-group.ikea.com/repository/documents/917.pdf IKEA Trading und Design AG (2005) IWAY Standard]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Lowe's,<ref>[http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=pg&p=PressReleases/wood_policy.html Lowe's (2008) Lowe's Policy on the Wood Contained in its Products]</ref> have committed not to use wood from IFLs unless intactness values are preserved. Others, such as [[Bank of America]], invest only in companies that maintain such values.<ref>[http://www.bankofamerica.com/environment/index.cfm?template=env_workrel Bank of America Corporation (2008) Bank of America forests practices - global corporate investment bank policy]</ref> These companies use regional IFL maps to implement their policies.

==See also==
{{portal|Environment}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Biodiversity]]
* [[Ecology]]
* [[Ecological effects of biodiversity]]
* [[Forest ecology]]
* [[Natural environment]]
* [[Natural landscape]]
* [[Old-growth forest]]
* [[Wilderness]]
* [[High Conservation Value Areas]]
* [[High conservation value forest]]
* [[List of biodiversity databases]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.intactforests.org Intactforests.org]
* [http://www.intactforests.org/publications/publications.htm World Intact Forest map and publications]
* [http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/about/publications.htm Global Forest Watch publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613024204/http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/about/publications.htm |date=2012-06-13 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517030550/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/21 A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Intact Forest Landscapes]
* [http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/16/ A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: High Conservation Value Areas]
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/forests/our-disappearing-forests Greenpeace: Our disappearing forests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228182055/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/forests/our-disappearing-forests |date=2008-12-28 }}

{{Deforestation and desertification}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Intact Forest Landscape}}
[[Category:Biodiversity]]
[[Category:Sustainable forest management]]
[[Category:Environmental terminology]]
[[Category:Habitat]]
[[Category:Habitats]]
[[Category:Types of formally designated forests]]
[[Category:Forest certification]]
[[Category:Forest conservation]]

Tirukkural translations into Korean

2025-11-25T07:43:07Z

HwaNormanby23: rework information additionally and fixed typos

{{Translation sidebar}}[[Korean language|Korean]] has at least two translations of the '''[[Tirukkural]]''' available as of 2017.

==History of translations==
When [[Shuzo Matsunaga]] made the first Japanese translation of the Kural text in 1981,<ref name="Hindu_FriendshipWithstoodTime">{{cite news
| last = Kannadasan
| first = Akila
| title = Friendship that has withstood time
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Coimbatore
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 24 June 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/friendship-that-has-withstood-time/article3564823.ece
| access-date = 4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_ScholarPassesAway">{{cite news
| last = Saqaf
| first = Syed Muthahar
| title = Tamil scholar passes away
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Salem
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 31 March 2016
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tamil-scholar-passes-away/article8415656.ece
| access-date = 4 January 2018}}</ref> he also translated it into [[Korean language|Korean]], thus making it the first translation of the Kural literature into Korean.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Padmanabhan
| first = S.
| title = Thiruvalluvar, a universal poet (Released on the occasion of unveiling of the 133-feet high statue of the immortal bard Thiruvalluvar)
| publisher = Kanyakumari Historical and Cultural Research Centre
| date = 2000
| location = Nagecoil, India
| pages = 60 pages
}}</ref> In 2015, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[J. Jayalalithaa]], announced the allocation of {{INR}} 3.6 million towards translating the Kural text into Korean.<ref>{{cite news
| last = PTI
| first =
| title = Thirukkural to be translated in Korean: Jaya
| newspaper = India Today Online
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = IndiaToday.in
| date = 29 September 2015
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/thirukkural-to-be-translated-in-korean-jaya-474401-2015-09-29
| access-date = 15 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Tirukkural to be translated into Korean, says Jayalalithaa
| newspaper = The Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Deccan Chronicle
| date = 30 September 2015
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150930/nation-current-affairs/article/tirukkural-be-translated-korean-says-jayalalithaa
| access-date = 9 January 2025}}</ref> The translation was released by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[K. Palaniswami]] on 23 May 2017.<ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= |page=686}}</ref> The first copy of the translation was received by [[Consulate General of South Korea, Chennai|Consul General of the Republic of Korea in Chennai]] Kim Hyung Tae.<ref>{{cite news
| last = PTI
| first =
| title = TN CM releases Korean version of 'Thirukkural'
| newspaper = Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 23 May 2017
| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tn-cm-releases-korean-version-of-thirukkural-4670236/
| access-date = 15 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2024, another translation of the Kural was made by P. Sahaya Darcius, a philosophy student and the secretary of the Korea Tamil Sangam (KTS) in [[South Korea]], who has also translated the [[Manimekalai]] into Korean.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Thirukkural Goes Korean
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 24 November 2024
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speaking-tree/daily-ecstasy/thirukkural-goes-korean/articleshow/115625455.cms
| access-date = 9 January 2025}}</ref>

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, 육식을 피함
|-
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''2017''||생물을 죽이지 않는 것은 친절함의 행위이다. 살육하고 그 고기를 먹는 것은 불친절함이다. || 맑은 정신을 가진 현명한 사람은 죽은 동물의 고기를 먹는 것을 삼가하리라.
|}

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]

== References ==
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
{{reflist}}

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Korean]]
[[Category:Translations into Korean]]

List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir

2025-11-19T15:01:41Z

HwaNormanby23: minor expand details for consistency further

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Jammu & Kashmir Districts (2019).svg|450 px|thumbnail|{{center|Districts of Jammu and Kashmir}}]]

The Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] consists of two divisions: [[Jammu Division]] and [[Kashmir Division]], and is further divided into 20 [[District (India)|districts]]:<ref name="Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir ===
{{Main|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}
Prior to 1947, [[Kashmir]] was a [[princely state]] under the [[British Paramountcy|paramountcy]] of the [[British Indian Empire]]. The central part of the princely state was administratively divided into the provinces Jammu and Kashmir. In addition there were frontier districts and semi-autonomous ''jagirs'' (principalities). They were subdivided as follows:{{sfn|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013|p=31}}

* Kashmir province: Districts of [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]], [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] and [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]]. (Muzzafarabad later became part of [[Azad Kashmir]].)
* Internal ''jagirs'': [[Poonch jagir|Poonch]] (half of it later became part of Azad Kashmir), [[Chenani]] and [[Bhaderwah]]
*Jammu province: Districts of [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] and [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] (later became part of Azad Kashmir)
* Frontier districts:
:*[[Ladakh district]] with three sub-districts: [[Leh district|Leh]], [[Kargil district|Kargil]] and [[Baltistan|Skardu]] (Skardu later became part of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].)
:* [[Gilgit|Gilgit district]] with two sub-districts: [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]] and [[Astore District|Astore]]. (Both later became part of Gilgit-Baltistan.)
:* Frontier ''ilaqas'' comprising [[Punial]], [[Ishkoman]], Yasin, [[Koh-i-Ghizer|Kuh Ghizar]], [[Hunza, Pakistan|Hunza]], [[Nagar, Pakistan|Nagar]] and [[Chilas]]. (All of these regions later became part of Gilgit-Baltistan.)

The Gilgit district and the frontier ''ilaqas'' were administered by the British administration as the [[Gilgit Agency]], which were returned to the princely state prior to the [[Partition of India]].

=== Partition ===
{{Main|Kashmir conflict}}
After the [[partition of India]] and subsequent independence of India and Pakistan, in October 1947, following a [[1947 Poonch rebellion|rebellion]] coupled with a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|tribal invasion]] from newly independent [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]] acceded to India in return for armed assistance. India and Pakistan fought the [[First Kashmir War]] that lasted through 1948, at the end of which large parts of the three western districts of Mirpur, Poonch and Muzaffarabad, the whole of the Gilgit Agency and the Skardu sub-district of Ladakh came under Pakistani control. The remainder of the princely state had been organised as a [[States and union territories of India|state of India]] under the name [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

=== Inside India ===
{{Main|Jammu and Kashmir (state)}}
[[File:Jammu & Kashmir Districts (2019).svg|450 px|thumbnail|{{center|Districts of Jammu and Kashmir}}]]{{left|District map of Jammu and Kashmir in 2025, also showing territories of the former Jammu and Kashmir controlled by other countries: 
A. Gilgit 
B. Aksai Chin 
C. Gilgit Wazarat 
D. Chilas 
E. Tribal territory 
F. Muzaffarabad 
G. Punch (western portion) 
H. Mirpur}}
The territory under Indian control include:{{sfn|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013|p=29–32}}{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=15}}
*[[Jammu Division]]: districts of [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Kathua district|Kathua]], [[Vijaypur, Jammu and Kashmir|Vijaypur]], [[Bari Brahmana]], [[Chak Dayala]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[Batote]], [[Birpur, Jammu and Kashmir|Birpur]], [[Doda district|Doda]], [[Batote]], [[Lakhanpur, Jammu|Lakhanpur]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], [[Reasi district|Reasi]]; the jagirs of [[Chenani]] and [[Bhaderwah]]; 11 per cent of the [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] district and 40 per cent of the [[Poonch jagir]].{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}
* [[Kashmir Division]]: Kashmir South ([[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]) and Kashmir North ([[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]); 13 per cent of the [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] district.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}

The districts were reorganised by 1968, breaking up some of the larger districts.{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=28}} In 2006, eight new districts were created: [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Reasi district|Reasi]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]], [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]], [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]] and [[Shopian district|Shopian]].<ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2006/kashmir20060706a.html Jammu and Kashmir to have eight new districts], Indo-Asian News Service, 6 July 2006.</ref>

In August 2019, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]] was passed by both houses of the [[Indian Parliament]]. The provisions contained in the bill reorganised the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]] and [[Ladakh]] with effect from 31 October 2019.

== Administration ==
The [[Deputy commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] (DC) is the head of the district administration. They are responsible for overall administration and development activities in the district. The DC functions as [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] (DM) for maintenance of law and order and as Collector for revenue administration. In the capacity of Collector, the DC oversees revenue administration, managing tasks such as revenue collection, land records maintenance, and implementation of government fiscal policies. The DC is usually an Indian Administrative Service ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]) officer. The Deputy commissioner is assisted by Additional Deputy Commissioners, Assistant Commissioners and Sub-divisional magistrates. The districts are further divided into sub-districts and tehsils.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department Of Revenue |url=https://jkrevenue.nic.in/Jammudivision.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=jkrevenue.nic.in}}</ref>

==Districts==


=== [[Jammu Division]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!rowspan=2| Name
!rowspan=2 class=unsortable| [[Kashmir Conflict|Region claimed by India]]
!rowspan=2 class=unsortable| Headquarters
!| Before 2007<ref name="Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal-2012">{{citation |url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |title=Divisions & Districts |work=Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal |date=2012 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
!colspan=3| After 2007
!rowspan=2| Population 2001 Census<ref name="Census of India 2011"/>
!rowspan=2| Population 2011 Census<ref name="Census of India 2011">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_J&K.html |title=Census of India 2011, Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Jammu & Kashmir |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/J&K/Annexure%20V.xls |title=Annexure V, Ranking of Districts by Population Size, 2001 - 2011}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!| Area (km2)
!| Area (km2)
!class=unsortable| Area (sq miles)
!class=unsortable|

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kathua district]]
||[[File:Kathua.png|100px|thumb|alt=Kathua District]]
|| [[Kathua]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2651|0}}
| {{convert|2502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|| <ref>{{cite report
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |page=8 |work=Census of India 2011, Part A |title=District Census Handbook Kathua |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|550084|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|615711|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Jammu district]]
||[[File:Jammu dis.png|100px|thumb|alt=Jammu District]]
|| [[Jammu]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3097|0}}
| {{convert|2342|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 51, 116 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1343756|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1526406|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Samba district]]
||[[File:Samba J&K.png|100px|thumb|alt=Samba District]]
|| [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|904|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=9, 34, 36, 100 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|245016|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|318611|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Udhampur district]]
|| [[File:Udhampur J&K.png|100px|thumb]]
|| [[Udhampur]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4550|0}}
| {{convert|2367|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Udhampur |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|475068|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|555357|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Reasi district]]
|| [[File:Reasi.png|100px|thumb]]
|| [[Reasi]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|1719|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 37, 88 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|268441|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|314714|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Rajouri district]]
|| [[File:Rajouri district.png|100px|thumb]]
|| [[Rajouri]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2630|0}}
| {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=11, 107 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=9, 10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|483284|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|619266|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]]
|| [[File:Poonch.png|100px|thumb]]
|| [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1674|0}}
| {{convert|1674|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=9, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=11, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|372613|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|476820|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|| [[Doda district]]
|| [[File:Doda district.png|100px|thumb]]
|| [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|11691|0}}
| {{convert|2625.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |pages=9, 12, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Doda, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|320256|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|409576|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ramban district]]
|| [[File:Ramban district.png|100px|thumb]]
|| [[Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)|Ramban]]
|style="text-align:center"| new district
| {{convert|1329.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |pages=10, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|180830|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|283313|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|[[Kishtwar district]]
|| [[File:Kishtwar district.png|100px|thumb]]
| [[Kishtwar]]
|style="text-align:center| new district
| {{convert|7737.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |pages=9, 10, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;" |{{round|190843|0}}
|style="text-align:right;" |{{round|231037|0}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;" class=sortbottom
||[[Jammu Division|Total for division]]
||
|| [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|26293|0}}
| {{convert|26293|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|4430191|0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|5350811|0}}
|-
|}

=== [[Kashmir Division]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!rowspan=2| Name
!rowspan=2 class=unsortable| Headquarters
!| Before 2007<ref name="Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal-2012"/>
!colspan=3| After 2007
!rowspan=2| Population 2001 Census<ref name="Census of India 2011"/>
!rowspan=2| Population 2011 Census<ref name="Census of India 2011"/>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!| Area (km2)
!| Area (km2)
!class=unsortable| Area (sq miles)
!class=unsortable|
|-style="vertical-align:top;"

||[[Anantnag district]]
|| [[Anantnag]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3984|0}}
| {{convert|3574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=9 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|778408|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1070144|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kulgam district]]
|| [[Kulgam]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|410|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 sq km, but page 22 says 410 sq km.</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|394026|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|422786|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Pulwama district]]
|| [[Pulwama]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1398|0}}
| {{convert|1086.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|441275|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|570060|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Shopian district]]
|| [[Shopian]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|312.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}} Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 sq km, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 sq km.</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|211332|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|265960|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Budgam district]]
|| [[Budgam]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1371|0}}
| {{convert|1361|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=10, 46 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014|access-date=21 November 2020}} Part A says the district area is 1371 sq km, Part B says 1371 sq km (page 11) and 1361 sq km (page 12s and 22).</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|607181|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|735753|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Srinagar district]]
|| [[Srinagar]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2228|0}}
| {{convert|1978.95|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |pages=11, 48 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 sq km in 2001 and 1978.95 sq km in 2011.</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1027670|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1269751|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ganderbal district]]
|| [[Ganderbal]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|1,045|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dmrrr.jk.gov.in/pdf/plans/Ganderbal.pdf |title=Ganderbal District Development Plan |website=Jammu and Kashmir Directorate of Information and Public Relations |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|217907|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|297003|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Bandipore district]]
|| [[Bandipore]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|345|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=10, 47 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=11, 20 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|304886|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|385099|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Baramulla district]]
|| [[Baramulla]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4588|0}}
| {{convert|4243|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |pages=11 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf|pages=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|843892|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1015503|0}}

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kupwara district]]
|| [[Kupwara]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2379|0}}
| {{convert|2379|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |pages=7 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf|pages=11, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|650393|0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|875564|0}}

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;" class=sortbottom
||[[Kashmir Division|Total for division]]
|| [[Srinagar]]
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15948|0}}
| {{convert|15,948.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
||
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|5476970|0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|6907623|0}}
|-
|}

==New demands==

===New state ===
{{anchor | NewState}}

* Jammu State: Demand for the new Jammu state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IkkJutt Jammu blows the bugle, begins Separate Jammu State Yatra. |url=https://www.firemediatv.in/2023/01/ikkjutt-jammu-blows-bugle-begins.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Firemedia TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-02-12 |title=IJ starts Yatra for separate Jammu State |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ij-starts-yatra-for-separate-jammu-state/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

===New union territory===
{{anchor | NewUT}}

* [[Panun Kashmir]] Union Territory: meaning "our own Kashmir", is a proposed union territory of India in the [[Kashmir Valley]], which is intended to be a homeland for [[Kashmiri Hindus]]. The demand arose after the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/involve-panun-kashmir-in-talks-on-return-of-kps-ambardar/ |title=Involve 'Panun Kashmir' in talks on return of KPs: Ambardar |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2017-01-09 |access-date=2019-03-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9lIvr3q9JwC&pg=PA149 |title=Kashmir in the Shadow of War: Regional Rivalries in a Nuclear Age |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |date=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765610898 |page=149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/carve-out-separate-union-territory-kashmiri-pandits-jhelum-1574559-2019-07-28|title=Carve out separate state within India for Kashmiri Pandits along Jhelum river: Panun Kashmir|last=PTI|first=([[Press Trust of India]])|date=July 28, 2019|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/700-eminent-kashmiri-pandits-support-centre-s-decision-on-article-370-panun-kashmir-119082200778_1.html|title=700 eminent Kashmiri Pandits support Centre's decision on Article 370: Panun Kashmir|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-08-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/post-370-kashmiri-pandits-wait-return-homes|title=Post 370, Kashmiri Hindus wait to return to their homes|date=2019-10-19|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025042137/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/post-370-kashmiri-pandits-wait-return-homes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Demand for new divisions===
{{anchor | NewDiv }}

* [[Chenab Valley]] Division from Jammu division: encompassing the existing 3 districts of Doda, Kishtwar, and Ramban in easternmost part of Jammu DIvision. Chief Minister [[Omar Abdullah]], in 2019, stated that if his party came to power, it would grant divisional status to both the Chenab Valley and the Pir Panjal region.<ref name="Separate division for Ladakh">"Separate division for Ladakh: Omar promises two more for Chenab valley, Pir Panjal if voted to power." (The Times of India, February 8, 2019).</ref><ref>"The fate of Chenab Valley’s Plea for Divisional Status, Hill Council." (Kashmir Images, September 8, 2024).</ref><ref>"Chenab Valley (Jammu Division)." (Bharatpedia, accessed August 8, 2025).</ref>

* [[Pir Panjal Region (Jammu Division)|Pir Panjal Division]] from Jammu Division: encompassing the existing 2 districts of Poonch and Rajouri in northwestern part of Jammu Division, which are also part of the Jammu division. The advocates for this division highlight the need for a governance structure that can effectively address the specific developmental needs of the region's diverse population, which includes a significant number of Pahari and Gujjar communities with distinct terrain, culture, and economic activities. Omar Abdullah's political agenda has included granting divisional status to this region as well.<ref name="Separate division for Ladakh"/><ref>"Pir Panjal Region (Jammu Division)." (Bharatpedia, accessed August 8, 2025).</ref>

===Demand for new districts===
{{anchor | NewDist }}

====Jammu division====

In 2018, BJP repeated it's old demand of creating 4 to 5 new districts in Jammu division which has 70% more area than Kashmir Division yet presently both have same number of districts, 10 each.<ref>[https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/bjp-wants-creation-of-new-districts-pdp-says-no-nee BJP wants creation of new districts, PDP says no need], The Kashmir Monitor, 2 Apr 2018.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! New District Name !! Status (As of 2025) !! References
|-
| [[Bhaderwah]] || Pending || <ref name="Daily Excelsior-2025">{{cite news | title=Create Bhaderwah, Thathri two districts: Rao | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=2025-01-15 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/create-bhaderwah-thathri-two-districts-rao/ | access-date=2025-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scoopnews.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=136511 |title=J&K administration declines immediate creation of Thathri and Bhaderwah districts |publisher=Scoop News |date=2025-03-11}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thathri]] || Pending || <ref name="Ayoob-2020">{{Cite web|last=Ayoob|first=Anzer|title=Why Thathri needs district status?|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2020/09/07/why-thathri-needs-district-status/|date=7 September 2020|publisher=The Chenab Times|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Daily Excelsior-2025"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scoopnews.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=136511 |title=J&K administration declines immediate creation of Thathri and Bhaderwah districts |publisher=Scoop News |date=2025-03-11}}</ref>
|-
| [[Billawar]] || Pending || <ref>{{cite web | title=Former Minister demands grant of district status to Billawar | website=Daily Excelsior | date=21 August 2020 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/former-minister-demands-grant-of-district-status-to-billawar/ | access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akhnoor]] || Pending || <ref>{{cite web | title=Youth demands district status for Akhnoor | website=Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir | date=19 September 2025 | url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=226873 | access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]] || Pending || <ref>{{cite web | last1=Masoodi | first1=Nazir | last2=Chatterjee | first2=Debjani | title=Demand For Separate District, Over 30 Injured In Clashes In Nowshera | website=www.ndtv.com | date=25 March 2018 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/demand-for-separate-district-over-30-injured-in-clashes-in-nowshera-1828376 | access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==

* [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir]]
* [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* [[List of districts of Ladakh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=30– |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}
*Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245

== External links ==
{{commons category|Districts of Jammu and Kashmir}}
*[https://jammukashmir.s3waas.gov.in/ Jammu and Kashmir district portal]
*{{citation |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1590112 |title=Maps of newly formed Union Territories of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh, with the map of India |date=2 November 2019 |work=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}

{{Districts of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Districts Of Jammu And Kashmir}}
[[Category:Districts of Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Jammu And Kashmir]]

Victor Lyngdoh

2025-11-18T05:16:51Z

HwaNormanby23: fix structure after review for consistency

{{Short description|Indian bishop}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = The Most Reverend
| name = Victor Lyngdoh
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Metropolitan Archbishop of Shillong]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]]
| diocese =
| appointed = 28 December 2020
| enthroned =
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Dominic Jala]]
| successor = ''Incumbent''
| other_post = Chairman of the Bible Commission in North East Bishops council of India
| ordination = 25 January 1987
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 2 April 2006
| consecrated_by = [[Pedro López Quintana]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Wahlang, [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| previous_post = Bishop of Jowai, Bishop of Nongstoin
| motto = FOR LIFE, I OBEY GOD
}}

'''Victor Lyngdoh''' is, since 2020, the Metropolitan Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archdiocese of Shillong, India|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/shil0.htm|access-date=2020-12-29|website=GCatholic}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-28|title=Bishop Victor Lyngdoh appointed as Archbishop of Shillong|url=https://www.syllad.com/bishop-victor-lyngdoh-appointed-as-archbishop-of-shillong/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Syllad|language=en-US}}</ref> He served as the Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jowai]], India, until December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/36192-victor-lyngdoh-named-new-bishop-of-jowai|title=Victor Lyngdoh named new Bishop of Jowai|work=Meghalaya Times|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-lyngdoh/842|title=Bishop Victor Lyngdoh {{!}} Bishop of Jowai Diocese Victor Lyngdoh {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2018-08-29|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905145620/http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-lyngdoh/842|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jowa0.htm|title=Diocese of Jowai, India|work=GCatholic|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Victor was born in Wahlang, [[Meghalaya]], India on 14 January 1956.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

== Priesthood ==
He was ordained a Catholic priest on 25 January 1987.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

== Episcopate ==
He was appointed Bishop of [[Nongstoin]], India on 28 January 2006 and ordained on 2 April 2006. [[Pope Francis]] appointed Lyngdoh Bishop of [[Jowai]] on 15 October 2016 and he was installed on 20 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/ongstoin-bishop-victor-lyngdoh-transferred-to-jowai-diocese/|title=Nongstoin Bishop Victor Lyngdoh Transferred to Jowai Diocese {{!}} CCBI|website=ccbi.in|date=16 October 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blyng.html|title=Bishop Victor Lyngdoh [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catholicsindia.in/?p=17734|title=Appointment of Bishop Victor Lyngdoh of Nongstoin as Bishop of Jowai (15-10-2016) – Catholics Indian|website=catholicsindia.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-11|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111135223/http://catholicsindia.in/?p=17734|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also chairs the Bible Commission in North East Bishops council of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-lyngdoh/842|title=Bishop Victor Lyngdoh {{!}} Bishop of Jowai Diocese Victor Lyngdoh {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2018-08-30|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905145620/http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-lyngdoh/842|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lyngdoh was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong]] on 28 December 2020.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}



{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyngdoh, Victor}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]

Vasant Desai

2025-10-29T12:18:33Z

HwaNormanby23: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Indian composer (1912-1975)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vasant Desai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|06|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sonawade village, [[Sindhudurg]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|12|22|1912|06|09|df=y}}
| website = {{url|www.soundsofsonawade.com}}
| death_place = Bombay
| known_for =
| occupation = [[film song composer]]
}}
'''Vasant Desai''' (1912–1975) was an Indian film music composer, most remembered for his score in [[V. Shantaram]] films like ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]'' (1955), ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957), [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s ''[[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]]'' (1959), ''Sampoorna Ramayan'' (1961), ''Ashirwad'' (1968) and [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'' (1971).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=Vasant+Desai+-inauthor%3A%22Vasant+Desai%22&pg=PT562 Vasant Desai] ''Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema'', by [[Gulzar]], [[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee. (Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd,) Publisher: Popular Prakashan, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}. ''p. 544''.</ref>

==Early life==
Desai was born in 1912 into a wealthy family in Sonawade village, [[Maharashtra]] state, ruled by the [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsale]] clan, and grew up in [[Kudal]] area, also in [[Konkan]] belt, [[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]] in western India.<ref>http://village.kokansearch.com/show-village-details.php/sonawade+tarf+kalsuli/kudal/sindhudurg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918190633/http://village.kokansearch.com/show-village-details.php/sonawade+tarf+kalsuli/kudal/sindhudurg |date=18 September 2016 }}
[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&dq=Vasant+Desai+-inauthor%3A%22Vasant+Desai%22&pg=PA229 Vasant Desai] ''Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries'', by Ashok Da. Ranade. Bibliophile South Asia, 2006. {{ISBN|81-85002-64-9}}. ''p. 229''.</ref>

==Career==
Desai was with the famous [[Prabhat Film Company]] since it started making talkies. He acted, sang, and sometimes composed songs in Prabhat's films like ''Dharmatma'' and ''Sant Dnyaneshwar''. After learning the craft of music composition, he stuck solely to it since the 1940s.

Desai scored music for a majority of [[V. Shantaram]]'s films when the latter broke away from Prabhat to form his own film studio. Their relations soured in late 1950s after which Vasant(rao) Desai never worked for his former mentor again.

Desai's memorable songs are, [[Filmi Devotional songs|Hindi Filmi Devotional song]], ''[[Filmi Devotional songs#Ae Malik Tere Bande Ham .28film Do Aankhen Barah Haath.2C 1957.29 by Vasant Desai and Bharat Vyas|Ae malik tere bande hum]]'' from [[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]], 1957, and play back singer, [[Vani Jairam|Vani Jairam's]] debut song, ''Bol re papihara'' from [[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]] (1971).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080420071424/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/02/stories/2005120200770300.htm Nostalgia unlimited: Vani Jairam's songs in Malayalam continue to enchant a new generation of music lovers] [[The Hindu]], 2 December 2005.</ref>

''[[Maithreem Bhajata]]'' is a benediction composed in Sanskrit by Sant Jagadguru Shri [[Chandrasekharendra Saraswati]] of the Kanchi Mutt. The song was set to a Ragamalika by composer Shri Vasant Desai. It was rendered at the United Nations on 23 October 1966, UN day, by Bharat Ratna Smt. [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]].

In Marathi, some of Desai's memorable songs are ''Sanga mukund kuni ha pahila'', ''Uthi uthi Gopala'' from [[Amar Bhoopali]] (1951), ''Manuskichya shatrusange yuddha amuche suru'' from Chota Jawan (1963), ''Deh devache mandir'' from Preeti Sangam (1972), ''Ramya hi swargahuni Lanka'' from Swayamwar Zale Siteche (1974).<ref name=":0" />

==Last recording==
Vasant Desai went back home on 22 December 1975 after a full-day recording of a special musical programme at the studios of [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], attended by high-profile musicians as it was in praise of [[Indira Gandhi]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}. He stepped into the elevator of his apartment building and due to a technical glitch, the lift began to move, crushing him to death.<ref name=":0">http://www.bookganga.com/Preview/Preview.aspx?BookId=170912115720&PreviewType=ebooks (p. 23)</ref>

==Partial filmography==

=== Hindi Films ===

* Shobha (1942)
* [[Shakuntala (1943 film)|Shakuntala]] (1943)
* Aankh Ki Sharm (1943)
* Mouj (1943)
* Subhadra (1946)
* Jeevan Yatra (1946)
* [[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]] (1946)
* Parbat Pe Apna Dera (1946)
* Matwala Shair Ram Joshi (1947)
* Andhon Ki Duniya (1947)
* Sona (1948)
* Mandir (1948)
* Uddhaar (1949)
* [[Narasinha Avatar]] (1949)
* Nai Taleem (1949)
* [[Dahej (film)|Dahej]] (1950)
* [[Sheesh Mahal (1950 film)|Sheesh Mahal]] (1950)
* Hindustan Hamara (1950)
* Jeevan Taara (1951)
* Hyderabad Ki Nazneen (1952)
* Jhansi Ki Rani (1953)
* Dhuaan (1953)
* Anand Bhavan (1953)
* Savdhan (1954)
* [[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]] (1955)
* [[Toofan Aur Deeya]] (1956)
* [[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]] (1957)
* Mausi (1958)
* Do Phool (1958)
* Do Behnen (1959)
* Ardhangini (1959)
* [[Goonj Uthi Shehnai|Goonj Utthi Shehnai]] (1959)
* School Master (1959)
* Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan (1959)
* Amar Shaheed (1959)
* [[Sampoorna Ramayana]] (1961)
* Pyar Ki Pyas (1961)
* [[Yaadein (1964 film)|Yaadein]] (1964)
* Rahul (1964)
* Bharat Milap (1965)
* Ladki Sahyadri Ki (1966)
* Amar Jyoti (1967)
* Ram Rajya (1967)
* Ashirwad (1968)
* [[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]] (1971)
* [[Achanak (1973 film)|Achanak]] (1973)
* Jai Radhakrishna (1974)
* Rani Aur Laal Pari (1975)
* Grahan (1976)
* Shaque (1977)

=== Marathi Films and Plays ===

*[[Amar Bhoopali]] (Marathi)
* ''[[Shyamchi Aai (film)|Shyamchi Aai]]'' (1953) (Marathi)
* Molkarin (Marathi)
* Swayamwar Zale Siteche (Marathi)
* Laxmanrekha (Marathi)
* Tooch Mazi Rani (Marathi)
* Kanchanganga (Marathi)
* Chota Jawan (Marathi)
* Dev Deenaghari Dhavala (Marathi Drama)
* Panditraj Jagganath (Marathi musical drama)
* Jai Jai GauriShankar (Marathi musical drama)
* Sangeet Mandarmala (Marathi musical drama)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0220848}}
* [http://www.vasantdesai.com Vasant Desai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921191705/http://vasantdesai.com/ |date=21 September 2017 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Vasant}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Mahmud Shah II of Bengal

2025-10-09T22:26:22Z

HwaNormanby23:

{{short description|Sultan of Bengal from 1489 to 1490}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Mahmud Shah II
|title =
|image =
|caption =
|succession = 16th [[Sultan of Bengal]]
|reign = 1489–1490
|coronation =
|full name =
|predecessor = [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah III]]
|successor = [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah|Muzaffar Shah]]
|house = [[Habshi dynasty|Habshi]]
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 1490
|death_place = [[Bengal Sultanate]]
|date of burial =
|place of burial =
|regent = Habsh Khan
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Nasir al-Dunya wa'l-Din Abu'l-Mujahid Mahmud Shah''' ({{Langx|Bn|নাসির আল-দুনিয়া ওয়াল-দীন আবুল মুজাহিদ মাহমুদ শাহ}}) better known as '''Mahmud Shah II''', was a [[Sultans of Bengal|Sultan of Bengal]], who briefly ruled Bengal during the late 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/History |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Far East Kingdoms - South Asia |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |website=The History Files}}</ref> Ascending to the throne as a young child, he was unable to exercise real power during his short reign, with effective control of the Sultanate held by his [[regent]], the [[Abyssinia|Abyssinian]] slave Habash Khan. His reign marked a period of political instability in the Bengal Sultanate, characterized by the dominance of Abyssinian slaves (Habshis).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=July 5, 2021 |title=Habshi rule in Bengal (1487-94) |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/habshi-rule-bengal-1487-94-2123496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524011603/https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/habshi-rule-bengal-1487-94-2123496 |archive-date=May 24, 2025 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

== Early life and succession ==
Mahmud Shah ascended the throne following the death of Sultan [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]. There is scholarly debate regarding his parentage, with historical sources such ''[[Riyaz-us-Salatin]]'' and ''[[Tarikh-i-Firishta]]'' providing some conflicting accounts.

According to recently discovered numismatic evidence studied by historian Syed Ejaz Hussain, coins from Mahmud Shah's reign suggest he was the son of Firuz Shah.<ref name=":0" />

However, some historical accounts, including those by Muhammad Qandahari, identify him as the son of Sultan [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]].<ref name=":1">[[#Ferishta|Ferishta]], p. 202</ref> It has been suggested that Firuz Shah may have treated his master's infant son as his own and possibly adopted him, which could explain the conflicting genealogical claims on the coins.<ref name=":0" />

== Reign under regency ==
Due to his young age at the time of succession, Mahmud Shah was unable to govern the sultanate by himself. Real power was exercised by '''Habash Khan''', an Abyssinian slave who became the regent.<ref name=":1" /> According to Qandahari, he had been entrusted by Firuz Shah to place Mahmud on the throne, but took power for himself within a few months.<ref name=":1" /> Habash Khan's influence was so extensive that, according to Ghulam's ''Riyaz-us-Salatin'', "except a bare title, nothing of sovereignty was left to Mahmud Shah."<ref name=":2">[[#Ghulam|Ghulam]],
p. 126</ref> Habash Khan effectively controlled all financial and administrative affairs as an "Administrator-General", reducing the young Sultan to a figurehead.<ref name=":2" />

== Assassination ==
Mahmud Shah's brief reign came to a violent end through palace conspiracy. '''Sidi Badr''' '''Diwana''', another Abyssinian described as a slave, grew jealous of Habash Khan's power and murdered him. After eliminating his rival, Sidi Badr consolidated control over the government.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Subsequently, Sidi Badr conspired with the Paiks (palace guards) and their commandant. One night, he gained unauthorized access to the palace and assassinated the young Sultan Mahmud. The following morning, with the presence of palace nobles who had been complicit in the conspiracy, Sidi Badr ascended the throne, taking the title Sultan [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]
|title=[[Sultanate of Bengal|Habshi dynasty of Bengal]]
|years=1489–1490
|after=[[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Bengal]]
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[History of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sultans of Bengal]]
[[Category:1490 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Ferishta |first=Mahomed Kasim |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-rise-of-the-mahomedan-power-in-india-vol.-1 |title=History of the rise of the Mahomedan power in India, translated from the original Persian by John Briggs |volume=IV |publisher=ORIENTAL BOOKS REPRINT CORPORATION|ref=Ferishta}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghulam |first=Husain Salim |url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft |title=The Riyazu-s-Salatin, a history of Bengal, translated from the original Persian by Maulavi Abdus Salam |year=1902 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta|ref=Ghulam}}
{{refend}}