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Central Tibetan

2026-05-10T22:25:23Z

HungHay8926976:

{{Short description|Tibetic language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Central Tibetan
| altname = Ü-Tsang
| nativename = {{lang|bo|དབུས་སྐད་}}, {{Transliteration|bo|Dbus skad}} / {{Transliteration|bo|Ükä}} {{lang|bo|དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་}}, {{Transliteration|bo|Dbus-gtsang skad}} / {{Transliteration|bo|Ü-tsang kä}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bo|wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ|}}
| states = [[China]]
* [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
* [[Qinghai]]
* [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]]
* [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]]
| region = [[Tibet]] ([[Ü-Tsang]], [[Amdo]] and [[Kham]])
| speakers = {{sigfig|1.223400|2}} million
| date = 1990–2014
| ref = e26
| image = Tibetanirv.png
| imagecaption = The name of the language written in the Tibetan script
| script = [[Tibetan script]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam5 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| stand1 = Lasetian
| stand2 = [[Standard Tibetan]]
| lc1 = bod
| ld1 = [[Lhasa Tibetan]]
| lc2 = dre
| ld2 = Dolpo
| lc3 = hut
| ld3 = [[Humla Tibetan language|Humla]], Limi
| lc4 = lhm
| ld4 = Lhomi (Shing Saapa)
| lc5 = muk
| ld5 = [[Mugom dialect|Mugom]] (Mugu)
| lc6 = kte
| ld6 = [[Nubri language|Nubri]]
| lc8 = ola
| ld8 = Walungge (Gola)
| lc9 = loy
| ld9 = Lowa/Loke (Mustang)
| lc10 = tcn
| ld10 = [[Tichurong language|Tichurong]]
| glotto = tibe1272
| glottoname = Tibetan
| glotto2 = sout3216
| glottoname2 = South-Western Tibetic (partial match)
| glottorefname2 = South-Western Tibetic
| glotto3 = basu1243
| glottoname3 = Basum
| ELP = 4918
| ELPname = Walungge
| ELP2 = 4105
| ELPname2 = Dolpo
| ELP3 = 5642
| ELPname3 = Lhomi
| map = Tibetan_language_distributon.jpg
| mapcaption = {{center|Areas where Tibetan language is spoken}}
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|Shingsaba is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
}}

'''Central Tibetan language''', also known as '''Ü-Tsang dialect''',<ref>http://www.minwang.com.cn/cncr/mzyy70/mzyyjcz/634701/index.html 卫藏方言 U-Tsang dialect</ref> '''Dbus Tibetan''', or '''Ü Tibetan''', is the most widely spoken [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic language]] and the basis of [[Standard Tibetan]].

''Dbus'' is the Wylie spelling of the name in [[Tibetan script]], <big>{{lang|bo|དབུས་}}</big>, whereas ''Ü'' is the pronunciation of the same in Lhasa dialect, {{IPA|bo|wy˧˥˧ʔ|}} (or {{IPA|[y˧˥˧ʔ]}}). All of these names are frequently applied specifically to the [[prestige dialect]] of Lhasa.

== Varieties ==
;Dbus and Gtsang
There are many [[mutually intelligible]] Central Tibetan languages besides that of Lhasa, with particular diversity along the border and in Nepal:

: [[Limi]] (Limirong), [[Mugom dialect|Mugum]], [[Dolpo]] (Dolkha), [[Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]] (Lowa, Lokä), [[Humla Tibetan language|Humla]], [[Nubri (language)|Nubri]], Lhomi, Dhrogpai Gola, [[Walungchung Gola]] (Walungge/Halungge), [[Tseku language|Tseku]]
: [[Basum language|Basum]] (most divergent, possibly a separate language)

''Ethnologue'' reports that Walungge is highly intelligible with Thudam.

''Glottolog'' reports these South-Western Tibetic languages as forming a separate subgroup of languages within Central Tibetan languages, but that Thudam is not a distinct variety. On the opposite, ''Glottolog'' does not classify Basum within Central Tibetan but leaves it unclassified within Tibetic languages.

Tournadre (2013) classifies Tseku with [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]].<ref>N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." ''Lalies'', 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/2005-aire.pdf]</ref>

Central Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with [[Amdo Tibetan]] and 80% lexical similarity with [[Khams Tibetan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=China |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909075938/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |archive-date=2016-09-09 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition}}</ref>

Qu & Jing (2017), a comparative survey of Central Tibetan lects, documents the [[Lhasa]], [[Shigatse]], [[Gar County|Gar]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Basum language|Basum]], [[Gertse County|Gertse]], and [[Nagqu]] varieties.<ref>Qu, Aitang 瞿霭堂; Jing, Song 劲松. 2017. ''Zangyu Weizang fangyan yanjiu'' 藏语卫藏方言研究. Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe 中国藏学出版社. {{ISBN|9787802534230}}.</ref>

===Ngari Tibetan===
'''Ngari Tibetan''', more specifically '''Stöd Ngari''' (as opposed to the language of pre-1842 [[Maryul|Lower Ngari]] that is now an [[Ladakhi language|independent language]]), is the endonym for a topolect spoken around [[Ngari Prefecture]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|T.A.R.]] Traditionally, it is considered a divergent variety of Dbusgtsang but not Dbusgtsang proper, however, some Western Khams Tibetan varieties such as Gêrzê Tibetan and Nagqu Tibetan are now considered part of the Ngari Tibetan areal group as well.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=江荻 |title=西藏的语言多样性及其分类 |journal=中国藏学 |issue=Jun 2022}}</ref> In Indian-administrated [[Tibet]] since the 1846 British invasion of Spiti, a related topolect is now known under the exonym "[[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Lahuli and Spiti]]".

== Consonants ==
{|
|valign=top|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!![[Tibetan writing]]!![[Wade–Giles]]
![[Tibetan Pinyin]]
|-
|{{IPAblink|k}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཀ་]]}} || k
|g
|-
|{{IPAblink|kʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཁ་]] [[ག་]]}} || kh, g
|k
|-
|{{IPAblink|ŋ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ང་]]}} || ng
|ng
|-
|{{IPAblink|tɕ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཅ་]]}} || c
|j
|-
|{{IPAblink|tɕʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཆ་]] [[ཇ་]]}} || ch, j
|q
|-
|{{IPAblink|ɲ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཉ་]]}} || ny
|ny
|-
|{{IPAblink|t}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཏ་]]}} || t
|d
|-
|{{IPAblink|tʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཐ་]] [[ད་]]}} || th, d
|t
|-
|{{IPAblink|n}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ན་]]}} || n
|n
|-
|{{IPAblink|p}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[པ་]]}} || p
|b
|-
|{{IPAblink|pʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཕ་]] [[བ་]]}} || ph, b
|p
|-
|{{IPAblink|m}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[མ་]]}} || m
|m
|-
|{{IPAblink|ts}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཙ་]]}} || ts
|z
|-
|{{IPAblink|tsʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཚ་]] [[ཛ་]]}} || tsh, dz
|c
|-
|{{IPAblink|w}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཝ་]]}} || w
|w
|}
|valign=top|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!![[Tibetan writing]]!![[Wade–Giles]]
![[Tibetan Pinyin]]
|-
|{{IPAblink|ɕ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཞ་]] [[ཤ་]]}} || zh, sh
|x
|-
|{{IPAblink|s}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཟ་ ས་]]}} || z, s
|s
|-
|{{IPAblink|j}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཡ་]]}} || y
|y
|-
|{{IPAblink|ɹ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ར་]]}} || r
|r
|-
|{{IPAblink|l}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ལ་]]}} || l
|l
|-
|{{IPAblink|h}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཧ་]]}} || h
|h
|-
|{{IPAblink|c}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཀྱ་]]}} || gy
|gy
|-
|{{IPAblink|cʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཁྱ་]] [[གྱ་]]}} || ky
|ky
|-
|{{IPAblink|tʂ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཀྲ་]]}} || kr
|zh
|-
|{{IPAblink|tʂʰ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཁྲ་]] [[གྲ་]]}} || khr, gr
|ch
|-
|{{IPAblink|ʂ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ཧྲ་]]}} || hr
|sh
|-
|{{IPAblink|ɬ}}|| {{bo-textonly|[[ལྷ་]]}} || lh
|lh
|}
|}
* [[འ]] is not commonly transliterated to Roman, in the [[Wade–Giles]] system ' is used.

== Vowels ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[ཨ།]]|| [[ཨའུ།]]|| [[ཨག།]] [[ཨགས།]]
|[[ཨང༌།]] [[ཨངས།]]|| [[ཨབ།]] [[ཨབས།]]|| [[ཨམ།]] [[ཨམས།]]|| [[ཨར།]]
|[[ཨལ།]] [[ཨའི།]]|| [[ཨད།]] [[ཨས།]]|| [[ཨན།]]
|-
| a || au || ag
|aŋ|| ab || am || ar
|ai/ä|| ai/ä || ain/än
|-
| [[ཨི།]] [[ཨིལ།]] [[ཨའི།]]|| [[ཨིའུ།]] [[ཨེའུ།]]|| [[ཨིག།]] [[ཨིགས།]]
|[[ཨིང༌།]] [[ཨིངས།]]|| [[ཨིབ།]] [[ཨིབས།]]|| [[ཨིམ།]] [[ཨིམས།]]|| [[ཨིར།]]
| || [[ཨིད།]] [[ཨིས།]]||[[ཨིན།]]
|-
| i || iu || ig
|iŋ|| ib || im || ir
| || i ||in
|-
| [[ཨུ།]]|| || [[ཨུག།]] [[ཨུགས།]]
|[[ཨུང༌།]] [[ཨུངས།]]|| [[ཨུབ།]] [[ཨུབས།]]|| [[ཨུམ།]] [[ཨུམས།]]|| [[ཨུར།]]
|[[ཨུལ།]] [[ཨུའི།]]|| [[ཨུད།]] [[ཨུས།]]|| [[ཨུན།]]
|-
| u || || ug
|uŋ|| ub || um || ur
|ü|| ü ||ün
|-
| [[ཨེ།]] [[ཨེལ།]] [[ཨེའི།]]|| || [[ཨེག།]] [[ཨེགས།]]
|[[ཨེང༌།]] [[ཨེངས།]]|| [[ཨེབ།]] [[ཨེབས།]]|| [[ཨེམ།]] [[ཨེམས།]]|| [[ཨེར།]]
| || [[ཨེད།]] [[ཨེས།]]||[[ཨེན།]]
|-
| ê || || êg
|êŋ|| êb || êm || êr
| || ê ||ên
|-
| [[ཨོ།]]|| || [[ཨོག།]] [[ཨོགས།]]
|[[ཨོང༌།]] [[ཨོངས།]]|| [[ཨོབ།]] [[ཨོབས།]]|| [[ཨོམ།]] [[ཨོམས།]]|| [[ཨོར།]]
|[[ཨོལ།]] [[ཨོའི།]]|| [[ཨོད།]] [[ཨོས།]]||[[ཨོན།]]
|-
| o || || og
|oŋ|| ob || om || or
|oi/ö|| oi/ö ||oin/ön
|}

=== Pronunciation ===
{| class="wikitable"
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !![[Wade–Giles]]!! [[Tibetan Pinyin]]
! IPA !!Wade–Giles!! Tibetan Pinyin
|-----
| {{IPA|[a]}} || a || a
| colspan =3 |
|-----
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || al, a'i || ai/ä || {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} || an|| ain/än
|-----
| {{IPA|[i]}} || i, il, i'i || i || {{IPA|[ĩ]}} || in|| in
|-----
| {{IPA|[u]}} || u|| u
| colspan=3 |
|-----
| {{IPA|[y]}} || ul, u'i || ü || {{IPA|[ỹ]}} || un|| ün
|-----
| {{IPA|[e]}} || e, el, e'i || ê || {{IPA|[ẽ]}} || en|| ên
|-----
| {{IPA|[o]}} || o|| o
| colspan= 3 |
|-----
| {{IPA|[ø]}} || ol, o'i || oi/ö || {{IPA|[ø̃]}} || on|| oin/ön
|}
一"ai, ain, oi, oin" is also written to "ä, än, ö, ön".

==== Conjunct vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !![[Wade–Giles]]!! [[Tibetan Pinyin]]
|-----
| {{IPA|[au]}} || a'u || au
|-----
| {{IPA|[iu]}} || i'u, e'u|| iu
|}

=== Last consonant ===
{| class="wikitable"
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[Wade–Giles]]!! [[Tibetan Pinyin]]
|-----
| {{IPA|[ʔ]}} || d, s|| none
|-----
| {{IPA|[n]}} || || n
|-
| {{IPA|[k/ʔ]}} || g, gs|| g
|-----
| {{IPA|[ŋ]}} || ng, ngs|| ng
|-----
| {{IPA|[p]}} || b, bs|| b
|-----
| {{IPA|[m]}} || m, ms|| m
|-----
| {{IPA|[r]}} || r|| r
|}

==See also==
*[[Lhasa Tibetan]]
*[[Amdo Tibetan]]
*[[Ladakhi language]]
*[[Balti language]]
*[[Ü-Tsang]]
* [[Sound correspondences between Tibetic languages]]

==References==
{{interWiki|code=bo|Central Tibetan}}
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Central Bodish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tibet]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of China]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]

Uttarakhand Transport Corporation

2026-05-07T16:20:46Z

HungHay8926976:

{{Short description|Public transport operator in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{primary sources|date=May 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox bus company
| name = Uttarakhand Transport Corporation
| logo = Uttarakhand Transport Corporation Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| image = Tanakpur Depot bus.jpg
| image_size = 250
| parent = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| founded = 30 October 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://utc.uk.gov.in/|title=UTC Online Services Ver 3.0|website=utc.uk.gov.in}}</ref>
| headquarters = 2nd FLOOR PARIVAHAN BHAWAN, KULAHAN SAHASTRADHARA ROAD 248013, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, India
| locale = [[Uttarakhand]]
| service_area = [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://utc.uk.gov.in/pages/display/65-routes |title=Routes: Routes |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809193936/http://utc.uk.gov.in/pages/display/65-routes |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| service_type = Bus service
| routes = 400+
| depots = 19
| fleet = 1345+
| fuel_type = Diesel, Electric & CNG
| operator = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| website = https://utconline.uk.gov.in/
}}

'''Uttarakhand Transport Corporation (UTC)''' is the public sector passenger road transport corporation of the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India. Commonly referred to as '''Uttarakhand Roadways,''' it provides essential connectivity across the hilly terrain of the state and facilitates inter-state travel to neighboring regions.
 
The corporation operates an extensive network covering approximately 387,000 kilometers and catering to over 120,000 passengers daily. Its primary operations connect major towns within Uttarakhand while extending services to [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], and the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Rajasthan]].
 
The mission of UTC is to provide adequate, efficient, well-coordinated, and economical transportation services. As an autonomous body, it focuses on self-sustenance and modernizing its infrastructure to enhance passenger comfort and safety.

==History==

Following the formation of Uttarakhand on 9 November 2000, the '''Uttarakhand Transport Corporation (UTC)''' was established on 30 October 2003 under the Road Transport Act, 1950. At the time of its formation, the corporation inherited 957 buses along with the existing administrative structure from the '''Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC).'''

== Administrative Structure ==

The corporation is headquartered in '''Dehradun'''. To manage operations effectively across the state's diverse terrain, UTC is organized into three functional divisions: '''Dehradun, Haldwani (Nainital),''' and '''Tanakpur.''' Each division operates a regional workshop dedicated to maintenance, heavy repairs, and technical inspections to ensure the safety of the fleet.

== Divisions and bus depots ==
UTC has 3 divisions and 19 bus depots.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Divisions
!Depots
|-
|Tanakpur
|Lohaghat, Pithoragarh, Tanakpur
|-
|(Haldwani) Nainital
|Almora, Bageshwar, Bhawali, Haldwani, Kathgodam, Kashipur, Ramnagar, Ranikhet, Rudarpur
|-
|Dehradun
|Dehradun, Dehradun Gramin, Dehradun Hill, Haridwar, Kotdwar, Rishikesh, Roorkee, Srinagar
|}

==Fleet==

UTC operates a fleet of over 1,345 buses, including around 950 corporation-owned vehicles, while several others run under private contract. Contract-operated buses in the fleet include Volvo, Janrath (A.C.), CNG, and sleeper coaches.

'''Types of Buses Operated by UTC'''

* '''Volvo:''' Premium long-distance services.
* '''Janrath (A.C)''': High-speed, air-conditioned inter-city services.
* '''Ordinary:''' The primary mode of transport for hilly and rural areas.
* '''CNG:''' Eco-friendly buses primarily serving the NCR and plains.
* '''Sleeper:''' Long-distance overnight coaches.
* '''Low-Floor:''' Urban transit buses operated under the JNNURM scheme.
* '''Tempo Traveller:''' Specialized services operated primarily to connect popular tourist destinations across the state.

== Modes of service delivery ==

* Online booking portal
* Booking counters
* Pathik mobile app
* Authorised Agents
* Common Service Centre

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Type of Trophy Awarded
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008-09
|-
|Highest bus productivity in mountainous services.
|-
|Highest improvement in bus productivity in hilly areas.
|-
|Highest tire lifespan in mountainous areas.
|-
|Highest diesel average in hilly areas.
|-
|Highest improvement in diesel average in hilly areas.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009-10
|Highest bus productivity in mountainous services.
|-
|Highest tire lifespan in mountainous areas.
|-
|Highest diesel average in hilly areas
|-
|Minimum operating costs in hilly areas
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010-11
|Highest tire life span in mountainous areas
|-
|Highest diesel average in hilly areas
|-
|Minimum operating costs in hilly areas
|-
|Minimum accident rate in hilly areas.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011-12
|Award by Transport Minister, Government of India for best road safety in hilly areas.
|-
|Minimum accident rate in hilly areas.
|-
|Minimum Operating Cost
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012-13
|Highest utility on mountain roads.
|-
|Highest diesel utilization on mountain routes.
|-
|Highest diesel average on mountain routes.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013-14
|Bus productivity.
|-
|Highest tire life span.
|-
|Highest kilometer (bu).
|-
|Highest operating.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014-15
|Highest tire life span in mountainous areas
|-
|Highest tire life span in mountainous areas
|-
|Highest bus productivity in hilly areas.
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015-16
|Maximum improvement in bus productivity compared to last year.
|-
|Highest tire life span.
|-
|Minimum operating cost (tax free)
|-
|Maximum improvement in diesel average.
|-
|Highest performance in bus productivity.
|-
|Maximum diesel average.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016-17
|Highest productivity of mountain services.
|-
|Highest tire life span in mountain services.
|-
|Minimum operating costs on mountain routes.
|-
|2019-20
|Minimum accidents on mountain roads.
|-
|2020-21
|Minimum accidents on mountain roads.
|}

== Photo gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Pithoragarh_Pangla_Bus.jpg
File:Haldwani_Depot.jpg
File:Aerial_View_of_UTC_Bus – Pithoragarh_Depot.jpg
File:Hill_depo.jpg
File:Ranikhet_Depot.jpg
File:Pithoragarh_Munsiyari_Bus.jpg
File:Kotdwar_Depot.jpg
File:Bageshwar_Depot.jpg
File:DIDIHAT DELHI BUS.jpg
File:Dehradun_Depot.jpg
File:Lohaghat_depo.jpg
File:Bhowali_depot.jpg
File:Tanakpur_Depot.jpg
File:Ranikhet depot bus.jpg
File:UTC Sleeper bus.jpg
File:Utc ranikhet depo bus.jpg
File:UTC volvo bus.jpg
File:UTC mini.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.utconline.uk.gov.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620093307/https://www.utconline.uk.gov.in/ |date=20 June 2025 }} Official website]
*[http://www.asrtu.org/ Association of State Road Transport Undertakings (ASRTU)]

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|T]]
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2003]]

2006–07 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:28:37Z

HungHay8926976: stub

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2006–07 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| count = 37
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Robin Uthappa]] (Karnataka) (854)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2006/07 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/5/Ranji_Trophy_2006-07/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Ranadeb Bose]] (Bengal) (57)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2006/07 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/5/Ranji_Trophy_2006-07/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 2005–06
| previous_tournament = 2005–06 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2007–08
| next_tournament = 2007–08 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''2006–07 Ranji Trophy''' was the 73rd season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Mumbai defeated Bengal by 132 runs in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/254435.html |title=2006–07 Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/5/Ranji_Trophy_2006-07.html CricketArchive]

==Group Matches==

===Super League===
;Group A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-super-league-2006-07-254435/points-table-standings |title=Ranji Trophy, 2006/07 Super League Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Drawn}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 7 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''17'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 7 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''17'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 7 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]
| 7 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''12'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 7 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''9'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 7 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''9'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 7 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 7 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''7'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Baroda and Karnataka qualified for the [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].

;Group B
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-super-league-2006-07-254435/points-table-standings |title=Ranji Trophy, 2006/07 Super League Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Drawn}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Points|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 6 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''17'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 6 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''15'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 6 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''12'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 6 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 6 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''7'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 6 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''4'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 6 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''4'''
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Bengal and Mumbai qualified for the [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].

==Knockout Matches==

===Semifinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 January 2007
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 89 (38.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Thilak Naidu 33 (57)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ranadeb Bose]] 6/38 (16.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 238 (100.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arindam Das]] 88 (204)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Srinivasa Dhananjaya 3/45 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 455 (168.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Bharat Chipli]] 95 (138)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sourav Sarkar]] 4/87 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 307/4 (118 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer and politician)|Manoj Tiwary]] 151* (268)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Balachandra Akhil]] 2/75 (26.4 overs)

| result = Bengal won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-super-league-2006-07-254435/bengal-vs-karnataka-1st-semi-final-263124/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Sanjeeva Rao and [[Shashank Ranade]]
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Bengal qualified for the Ranji Trophy final
}}

===Semifinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–27 January 2007
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 233 (79.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Amol Mazumdar]] 97 (208)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/49 (22.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 142 (32.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 70 (72)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Wilkin Mota]] 3/15 (6 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 145 (59.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vinayak Samant]] 66 (136)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rakesh Patel]] 4/34 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 173 (51.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 27 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Wilkin Mota]] 3/36 (14.3 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by 63 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-super-league-2006-07-254435/baroda-vs-mumbai-2nd-semi-final-263125/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodra]]
| umpires = Sankara Dendapani and [[Shavir Tarapore]]
| motm =
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai qualified for the Ranji Trophy final
}}

===Final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 2–5 February 2007
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 320 (98.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 112 (243)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ranadeb Bose]] 4/77 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 143 (32.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer and politician)|Manoj Tiwary]] 42 (43)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 5/40 (11 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 294 (80.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 57 (85)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ranadeb Bose]] 5/71 (26.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 339 (92.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer and politician)|Manoj Tiwary]] 94 (171)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 4/119 (24 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by 132 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-super-league-2006-07-254435/mumbai-vs-bengal-final-263126/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = GA Pratapkumar and [[Krishna Hariharan]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2006-07}}
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2006–07]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Chengalath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon

2026-04-30T00:47:05Z

HungHay8926976: Created initial page added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian author and journalist (1882–1939)}}
{{Distinguish|Chengalath Valiya Kunhirama Menon}}
{{Given name hatnote|Cheriya Kunhirama Menon|Chengalath|lang=Malayali}}

'''Chengalath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon''' (1882–1939), also known by his nom de plume '''M. R. K. C.''', was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] author and journalist from [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |editor=[[Amaresh Datta]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc5jAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1987 |page=4054|isbn=9780836422832 }}</ref> He was associated with prominent newspapers and periodicals such as ''[[Kerala Pathrika]]'' and ''Mangalodayam''. Some of his famous books include ''Velluva Kammaran Allenkil Sardar Sheikh Ayaz Khan'' and ''M. R. K. C. yude Cherukathakal''. M. R. K. C. along with [[Moorkoth Kumaran]], [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]], [[Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon]], [[C. S. Gopala Panicker]] and [[Ambadi Narayana Poduval]] are regarded as the pioneers of the short story in [[Malayalam literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |publisher=National Books |date=1990 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ |quote=The pioneers of the short-story in Malayalam were Vengayil Kunju Raman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunjukrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panikkar, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chakulath Kunjirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Murkoth Kumaran.}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chengalath Kunhirama Menon was born in 1882 in [[Valapattanam]] near [[Cannanore]] in [[Malabar District|Malabar]].<ref name="Ulloor">{{Cite book |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram |author=[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] |chapter= 63.3 |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku |chapter-url= http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/ulloor-5-63.html |publisher=University of Travancore |date=1953 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Bio1">[http://keralamediaacademy.org/archives/?q=content/kunjirama-menon-chenkulath "KUNJIRAMA MENON, CHENKULATH"]. Kerala Media Academy. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</ref> His mother was Chengalath Narayani Amma. Kunhirama got his family name, ''Chengalath'', through [[matrilineal succession]]. His maternal uncle, is [[Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon|Chengalath Kunhirama Menon]] who founded one of the earliest Malayalam newspapers ''[[Kerala Pathrika]]'' in 1885. He was called Cheriya Kunhirama Menon to distinguish him from his uncle who was referred to as Valiya Kunhirama Menon, the equivalent of junior and senior generational titles in Malayalam. Menon assumed the nom de plume M. R. K. C., a combination of all four initials of his name written in English (Cheriya-Kunhi-Rama-Menon, C. K. R. M.) and reversed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Many Branched Tree: Perspectives of Indian Literary Tradition |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4tlAAAAMAAJ |page=221 |date=1991 |publisher=Ajanta|isbn=9788120203341 }}</ref>

Menon received his primary education from the Ezhuthupalli run by Kunhikannan Gurukkal at Puzhathi near his home. After passing 4th class, he studied Sanskrit for two years. At the age of 12, he started studying English at Cannanore Municipal School.<ref name="Ulloor"/> In 1899 he passed the Upper Secondary Examination from [[Madras]] and joined as a clerk in Malabar Birth Registration Office in 1900.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Then he worked in Revenue Department in Calicut for four years. During this time he learned shorthand, typewriting, bookkeeping, commercial correspondence, and land surveying. By that time he had also acquired the necessary skills to write articles in English and Malayalam.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

==Career==
In 1904, he became a head clerk for the land reforms work of the [[Punnathurkotta|local ruler of Punnathur]]. During this time, he published English articles in ''West Coast Spectator'', a newspaper based in Calicut. He also wrote essays on various topics in Malayalam newspapers. He adopted the pen name M. R. K. C.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

It was a time when the ''[[Kerala Pathrika]]'' newspaper, which was run by his uncle, was in financial trouble. Menon took leave from government service and took charge of ''Kerala Pathrika''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Later he resigned from government services and shifted to [[Trichur]], accepting the position of manager of Mangalodayam Company which run the ''Mangalodayam'' magazine. He married Rayirath Ammukkuttiyamma in 1913 when he was based in Trichur.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He was associated with ''Mangalodayam'' from 1912 to 1930. During this time, Menon was injured in an accident when a part of the Mangalodayam building which was under construction collapsed. One leg had to be amputated.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

He founded a literary association named Samastha Kerala Pusthakalaya Samithi in Trichur and was also instrumental in setting up the All Kerala Library Association also based in Trichur.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Library Movement and Library Development in Kerala and Lakshadweep |author= Pogula Sesha Giri Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cpLAQAAIAAJ |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |date=2008 |page=377|isbn= 9788176465564 }}</ref> He started a monthly magazine ''Bharathi'' in 1933 in Trichur. This was converted into a weekly called ''Kudumbapatrika'' in 1934. However, it stopped due to financial difficulties.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He also served as an editor in the Trichur-based ''Keralan'' newspaper.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He resigned from ''Keralan'' due to poor health but took up the editorship of the magazine ''Sahakaranaprabodhini'', published by Cochin Central Cooperative Society, for some time. After a while, he resigned from there too owing to poor health.<ref name="Ulloor"/> However, he wanted to continue writing and even the day before he died, he wrote an article for ''Sahakaranaprabodhini''. He died on 20 August 1939.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

==Writing==
Menon was a major writer during the early stages of short stories in [[Malayalam literature]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=[[Sukumar Azhikode]] |title=The Short Story in Malayalam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24157289 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |journal=Indian Literature |volume=20 |issue=2|date=1977|pages=5–22|doi=|jstor=24157289 }}</ref> His first published book was a collection of essays titled ''Malayalathile Janmikal''. This included the essays on estate administration which he published in [[Kottakkal]]-based magazines ''Janmi'' and ''Lakshmivilasam''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He wrote the book ''George Pattabhishekam'' at the behest of the then Malabar Collector C. A. Innes. The theme for this book was the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours|1911 Coronation of Emperor George in Delhi]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> ''Raghuvamsacharitram'' is a prose translation of the first six cantos of ''[[Raghuvamsa]]''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> ''Velluva Kammaran'' is a historical story and the translation of a story originally written by M. Othenamenon in English. This is perhaps one of Menon's most noted works. Appan Thampuran's play ''Munnattuveeran'' was based on this story.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Menon wrote several stories based on historical characters. Stories like ''[[Edachena Kunkan]]te Parakramam'', ''Machattumalayile Bhootham'' and ''Tiruvalayam'' are popular.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Menon was better known for his historical stories than his social stories.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He published a number of short stories in magazines such as ''Mangalodayam''. Many of them are compiled and published in two volumes of short stories.<ref name="Ulloor"/> His works also include ''Kambaramayana'' and ''Bhargavaraman''. He also wrote a biography of the Maharajah of Cochin [[Rama Varma XV]] (''Sir Rama Varma: Vazhchayozhinja Kochi Rajavu'' or ''Sir Ramavarma: The Abdicated Highness'').<ref name="Ulloor"/>

M. R. K. C.'s stories are similar in style to that of his contemporary [[Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon]] but M. R. K. C. based his stories on history rather than on contemporary society.<ref>{{cite book |title= A Survey of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |url= |year=1968 |location=[[Bombay]] |publisher=Asia Publishing House|page=183}}</ref> Though the background is history, the characters and events were mostly imaginary and the author was not concerned about the historical accuracy of the narrative.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Malayalam Literature|author=[[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]]|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1967|translator=E. M. J. Venniyoor|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000unse|page=141}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
!! style=width:20em | Notes
|-
| 1908 || ''Malayalathile Janmikal'' || Lakshmi Sahayam, Kottakkal || Collection of essays
|-
| 1912 || ''George Pattabhishekam'' || Vidya Vilasam, Calicut || Based on [[Coronation of George V and Mary]]
|-
| 1919 || ''Kochi Valiya Thampuran Thirumanassukondu'' || Mangalodayam, Trichur || Biography of [[Rama Varma XV]]
|-
| 1921 || ''M. R. K. C. yude Cherukathakal'' || Mangalodayam, Trichur || Collection of short stories in two volumes: 10 stories in Volume 1 and 4 stories in Volume 2
|-
| 1921 || ''Raghuvamsacharitram'' || Vidya Vilasam, Calicut || Stories from ''[[Raghuvamsa]]''
|-
| 1927 || ''Velluva Kammaran Allenkil Sardar Sheikh Ayaz Khan'' || Mangalodayam, Trichur || Historical novel
|-
| 1931 || ''Bhargavaraman'' || Bharatha Vilasa, Trichur || Mythological stories
|}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=M. R. K. C. |author-link= |date=1921 |title=M. R. K. C. yude Cherukathakal: Part 1 |url=https://ksaorg.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2022/04/34979.pdf |location=Trichur |publisher=Mangalodayam |page=238 |isbn=}}
* {{cite journal |author=V. T. Induchudan |date=1982 |title=A Note on M. R. K. C. |url=https://ksaorg.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2022/04/MLS1982.pdf |journal=Malayalam Literary Survey |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=30–32 |doi= |access-date=7 April 2024}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama}}
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Bawa Singh Walia

2026-04-24T19:57:25Z

HungHay8926976: done...

{{Short description|Former High Court Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bawa Singh Walia
| office = [[Judge]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2017
| appointer =
| nominator =
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 2017
| term_end2 = 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| alma_mater =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
}}

'''Bawa Singh Walia''' is a former Indian [[judge]]. He has served in the High Courts of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]] and [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]] as a judge. He also held the post of Additional Solicitor General of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-26 |title=HC gets 12 new judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hc-gets-12-new-judges/articleshow/43474101.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-25 |title=12 new judges to take oath in HC today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/12-new-judges-to-take-oath-in-hc-today/articleshow/43360707.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justice BS Walia transfer to parent High Court - The News Now |url=https://archive.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=39341 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=archive.thenewsnow.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Year, 2017 {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/year-2017-5/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Walia was born on 28 August in 1961 at [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=.gov.in |first=S3waas |date=2014-11-01 |title=Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.... |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2021/08/2021082341.pdf |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in |format=PDF}}</ref>

== Education ==
He completed the degree of B.A., LL.B. and became an advocate.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
He enrolled as an advocate on September 14, 1985 and practiced on the Constitutional, Service, Criminal and Arbitration side. On the behalf of the Punjab & Haryana High Court, he conducted cases and was also appointed the Additional Advocate General of Punjab on November 1, 2012. Besides that, he was also the Legal Advisor and Retainer for various organizations including Punjab State Industrial Development Corporation.<ref name=":2" />

In the High court, he was first appointed at the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] as an additional judge. Afterwards, he was posted as a [[judge]] at the [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] in 2015. Again, he was posted back to his parent High Court, the Punjab and Haryana High Court as a judge after 2017. He retired in 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=.nic.in |first=WBJA |title=List of Judges of India... |url=https://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/List%20of%20Judges%20of%20The%20High%20Courts%20in%20india%20%28Arranged%20according%20to%20initial%20date%20of%20appointment%29.pdf |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=West Bengal Journal Academy.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gambhir |first=Ashutosh |date=2017-09-03 |title=Justice Bawa Singh Walia of J&K HC moves back to Punjab and Haryana HC |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-bawa-singh-walia |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court |url=https://jkhighcourt.nic.in/formercj.php |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=jkhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court |url=https://jkhighcourt.nic.in/formerJudges.php |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=jkhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
* [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walia, Bawa Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yellapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:47Z

HungHay8926976: Creating The Entry W/ Infobox...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yellapur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 81
| map_image = 81-Yellapur constituency.svg
| mla = [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = V. S. Patil
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:182472}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Yellapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Uttara Kannada district]] and [[Uttara Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of 2023, [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is the representative of this constituency.{{update after|2028|7}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || V. S. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="4" | [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yellapur <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Yellapur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Yellapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1081.htm?ac=81 |access-date=25 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425174930/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1081.htm?ac=81 |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 74,699 |percentage = 49.69% |change = {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andalagi Veerabhadragouda Shivanagoud Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,695 |percentage = 47.02% |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagesh Honnayya Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,662 |percentage = 1.11% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 0.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,004 |percentage = 2.66% |change = {{decrease}}21.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,514 |percentage = 82.49% |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,338}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,472 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Yellapur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,442 |percentage = 60.88% |change = {{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimanna Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,034 |percentage = 37.11% |change = {{decrease}}10.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,444 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Chaitra |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 0.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,408 |percentage = 23.77% |change = {{increase}}22.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,581 |percentage = 77.49% |change = {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,139}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,394 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yellapur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,290 |percentage = 47.26% |change = {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andalagi Veerabhadragouda Shivanagoud Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,807 |percentage = 46.20% |change = {{increase}}22.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Ravindra. A |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,263 |percentage = 4.46% |change = {{decrease}}11.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,483 |percentage = 1.06% |change = {{decrease}}15.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,398 |percentage = 82.34% |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,271}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,510 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yellapur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,025 |percentage = 40.18% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Veerabhadragouda Shivanagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,533 |percentage = 23.22% |change = {{decrease}}14.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Kumar. D |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 22,361 |percentage = 15.49% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh M. Hoskoppa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maruti Nagappa Karande |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,637 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,492 |percentage = 16.96% |change = {{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,817 |percentage = 79.61% |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,395}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,757 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yellapur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,109 |percentage = 37.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,624 |percentage = 35.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Hegde |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,019 |percentage = 15.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh Hegde Unchalli |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,278 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaivanth Premanand Subraya |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,760 |percentage = 2.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanamantappa Guddappa Guddannanavar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,759 |percentage = 2.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Ningappa Pujar |party = Independent politician |votes = 810 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. D. Phakkirswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 799 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Phakkeerappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 788 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,485 |percentage = 2.38% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,476 |percentage = 75.63% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,402}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,132 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttara Kannada district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.96|74.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pindar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:45Z

HungHay8926976: new

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pindar
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| district = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
}}

'''Pindar Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref name="results2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pindar Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="results2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Govind Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Lal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,695 |percentage=32.06% |change={{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhupal Ram Tamta]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,562|percentage=23.47%|change={{decrease}}7.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Jeet Ram|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=7,090|percentage=19.43%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Magan Lal Shah|party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|votes=3,543|percentage=9.71%|change={{increase}}0.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Baliram|party=Samata Party|votes=1,692|percentage=4.64%|change={{increase}}0.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khem Ram|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,422|percentage=3.90%|change={{increase}}1.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harish Panchwal|party=Independent politician|votes=1,059|percentage=2.90%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prem Ram Arya|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=717|percentage=1.97%|change={{decrease}}1.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhumi Lal|party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti|votes=701|percentage=1.92%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,133 |percentage=8.59% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=36,481|percentage=54.29%|change={{increase}}2.81}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,484 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Lal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,647 |percentage=36.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal Bharti |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,849 |percentage=30.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Lal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,607 |percentage=9.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jas Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,543 |percentage=8.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,622 |percentage=5.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Shankar |party=Samata Party |votes=1,069 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. D. Kanyal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=927 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khem Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=705 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,798 |percentage=6.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,969 |percentage=51.40% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,521 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|28.90|79.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Joura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:36:43Z

HungHay8926976: New first post from scratch

{{short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Joura
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 4
| map_image = 4-Joura.svg
| map_alt = Joura
| mla = [[Pankaj Upadhyay]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| division = [[Chambal Division]]
| district = [[Morena district|Morena]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| established = 1951
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
}}

'''Joura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=31 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.

Joura (constituency number 4) is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Morena district]]. This constituency covers parts of Joura and Kailaras tehsils of Morena district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== Madhya Bharat Assembly ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Ram Chandra Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Assembly ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Indian National Congress]] is the most successful political party in [[Joura (Assembly constituency)|Joura]] Assembly elections.
| value1 = 31.25
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (5 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 18.75
| label2 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (3 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value3 = 12.50
| label3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (2 terms)
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value4 = 12.50
| label4 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']] (2 terms)
| color4 = #D3D3D3
| value5 = 6.25
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
| color5 = blue
| value6 = 6.25
| label6 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (1 term)
| color6 = #00FF00
| value7 = 6.25
| label7 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''']] (1 term)
| color7 = #C71585
| value8 = 6.25
| label8 = [[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''']] (1 term)
| color8 = #0ef4e1
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Chhetelal Kashiprasad
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pancham Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramcharan Lal Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Subedar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ramcharan Lal Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Mahesh Dutt Mishra
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Subedar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Soneram Kushwaha
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Ummed Singh Bana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=10 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|Maniram Dhakad
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="ceom" />
|[[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Banwari Lal Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2020^
|[[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2023<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here|last1=The Times of India|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|archivedate=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|archivedate=13 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Pankaj Upadhyay]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
^ bypolls

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Joura<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pankaj Upadhyay]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89253}}
|percentage = 46.71
|change = {{increase}}15.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58972}}
|percentage = 30.86
|change = {{decrease}}8.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Soneram Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:37038}}
|percentage = 19.38
|change = {{decrease}}8.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Bhagwati Dhakad Rajodha
|votes = {{formatnum:1966}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:853}}
|percentage = 0.04
|change = {{increase}}0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30281}}
|percentage = 15.85
|change = {{increase}}8.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191080}}
|percentage = 72.57
|change = {{increase}}1.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypolls ===

{{Election box begin |title = [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Joura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 67599
|percentage = 38.95
|change = +15.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pankaj Upadhyay]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54121
|percentage = 31.19
|change = -3.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Soneram Kushwaha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 48285
|percentage = 27.82
|change = +2.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 718
|percentage = 0.41
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13478
|percentage = 7.76
|change = -1.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 173540
|percentage = 70.9
|change = -1.28
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Joura<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Banwari Lal Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:56187}}
|percentage = 34.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Maniram Dhakad
|votes = {{formatnum:41014}}
|percentage = 25.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37988}}
|percentage = 23.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Atar Singh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:17167}}
|percentage = 10.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Soneram Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:2742}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:363}}
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15173}}
|percentage = 9.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163111}}
|percentage = 72.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Joura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|26.34|77.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Morena district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Nahoum & Sons

2026-04-18T21:55:32Z

HungHay8926976: added new data

{{Short description|Bakery in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Nahoum & Sons
| logo =
| image = Nahoum & Sons confectionary Calcutta Kolkata.JPG
| parent =
| type = [[Bakery]]
| formation = {{Start date|1902}}
| location = F-20, [[New Market, Kolkata|New Market]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5602866|88.3530294|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| Address =
}}
'''Nahoum & Sons Pvt. Limited''' ({{langx|bn|নাহুম অ্যান্ড সন্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড}}) is an Indian [[bakery]] shop situated in [[West Bengal]]. It is one of the oldest surviving shops in [[Kolkata]] owned by the Jewish family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/forbes-lifes/of-mishti-mughals-and-noodles-a-history-of-kolkatas-street-food/57195/1|title=Of Mishti, Mughals and Noodles: A history of Kolkata's street food|first=Kalpana|last=Sunder|date=18 January 2020|website=Forbes India}}</ref> The products of Nahoum & Sons at [[Christmas]] are a part of the culture of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/long-queues-back-at-nahoums-for-its-christmas-cakes/cid/1844679|title=Long queues back at Nahoum's for its Christmas cakes|date=24 December 2021|first=Lygeia|last=Gomes|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Various famous personalities of India have eaten from this bakery.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nahoum-s-kolkata-s-last-jewish-bakery-still-rules-foodies-hearts-foodie-tail-kolkata-115093000316_1.html|title=Nahoum's, Kolkata's last Jewish bakery, still rules foodies' hearts (Foodie Tail-Kolkata)|date=30 September 2015 |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>

==History==
Nahoum Israel Mordecai was a [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jew]] who was the founder of the shop. It was founded 26 years after the establishment of [[New Market, Kolkata|New Market]] in the city.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/the-last-jewish-bakery-of-kolkata/articleshow/82029754.cms|title=The last Jewish bakery of Kolkata|date=12 April 2021|newspaper=Indian Times}}</ref> The Hog Market could be seen from the front of the shop. He changed the location of the shop 14 years after the establishment of the bakery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/nahoum-s-loses-its-man-behind-the-till/cid/1286478|title=Nahoum's loses its man behind the till|date=8 April 2013|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> His son Elias took the responsibility of the shop from second generation. After his death in 1964 his son David Nahoum from the third generation of the family, took up the responsibility to manage the shop.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/o-calcutta-/599543/4|title=O Calcutta!|first=Mihir|last=S Sharma|date=3 April 2010|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=es>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/-/articleshow/17688783.cms|title=শয্যাশায়ী, কল্পনাতেই শহর দেখেন নাহুম|date=20 December 2012|website=Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|lang=bn}}</ref> His brothers Norman and Solomon had the responsibility of store at various times.<ref name=ti/> After the death of David in 2013, his brother Issac took the legacy forward. the bakery is still up and running up to date!<ref name=toi2>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nahoums-owner-dies-bakery-lives-on/articleshow/18857336.cms|title=Nahoum's owner dies, bakery lives on|date=8 March 2013|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

the bakery is 123 years old (1902 - 2025)

==Ownership==
* First generation: Nahoum Israel Mordecai<ref name=toi/>
* Second generation: Elias Nahoum<ref name=toi2/>
* Third generation: Norman Elias Nahoum, Solomon Elias Nahoum,<ref name=ti>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/this-118-year-old-jewish-bakery-in-india-is-a-hit-at-christmas-time/|title=This 118-year-old Jewish bakery in India is a hit at Christmas time|first=Christabel|last=Lobo|date=25 December 2020|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> David Elias Nahoum (1964–2013), Issac Elias Nahoum <ref name=toi2/>

==Products==
Nahoum & Sons offers:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/history-of-116-year-old-jewish-bakery-nahoum-and-sons-private-limited-confectioners-1.923373|title=নাহুমের সুগন্ধে বুঁদ বর্ষশেষ|first=Rriju|last=Basu|date=30 December 2018|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|lang=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/all-that-is-left-of-the-jewish-community-in-kolkata-two-synagogues-a-cemetery-two-schools-a-bakery/articleshow/62214357.cms|title=All that is left of the Jewish community in Kolkata: Two synagogues, a cemetery, two schools & a bakery|first=Kathakali|last=Nandi|date=23 December 2017|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* Biscuit
* Egg chap
* Pantras
* Macron cake
* Brownie cake
* Fragrant marzipan-fudge cake
* Plain cake Madeira
* Honey Light plum cake
* Royal special fruit cake
* Plum Pudding cake
* Rich plum cake
* Black forest cake
* Pizza
* Pizza puffs
* Minced pie tart
* Cheese Samosa
* Baklava
* Challah
* Rum balls
* Cheese puffs

==Legend==
It is said that [[Geoffrey Fisher]] once visited the bakery in Kolkata, India. The archbishop of Canterbury ate the fruit cake of the shop and praised it.<ref name=ti/> Although this story is considered as a legend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/94746/nahoums-bakery-new-market-kolkata/|title=A Jewish Bakery Has Been Making Kolkata's Favourite Cakes for Over 100 Years!|first=Sohini|last=Dey|date=6 April 2017|website=The Better India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bakeries of India]]
[[Category:Confectionery companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1902]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nahoum and Sons}}

Patamundai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:32Z

HungHay8926976: started

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patamundai
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Patamundai''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Kendrapara district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name=dpaco1951ac>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=3 (209)}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 1956.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1956 |title=1956 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1957}}</ref> It was revived in 1961<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]] & [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]].

== Elected members ==
Between 1967 & 2008, 12 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Patamundai constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Kumari Ramraj
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
! colspan="4" | 1957-1961: Constituency didn't exist
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Prahallad Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Biswanath Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Prahallad Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Biswanath Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Tapas Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Biswanath Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Ganeswar Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Radhakanta Sethy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Ganeswar Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Tapas Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Kishore Chandra Tarai
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendrapara district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Kendrapara-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Bijapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:12Z

HungHay8926976: Created new page more to come

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{For multi|the current constituency in Karnataka|Bijapur City Assembly constituency|the constituency in Chhattisgarh|Bijapur Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bijapur
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2008
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Bijapur Assembly constituency''' was one of 224 assembly constituencies of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] until 2008.<ref>[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]</ref> The constituency was readjusted in 2008 on the implementation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India#Delimitation Commission of 2002|Delimitation Commission of 2002]] as [[Bijapur City Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archives/delimitation-may-kick-off-with-karnataka/257699/ | title=Delimitation may kick off with Karnataka | newspaper=Financial Express | date=5 January 2008 | accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> The constituency was a part of [[Bombay State]] before the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|title=States Reorganization Act 1956|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|archive-date=16 May 2008|access-date=1 July 2008}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Mallangauda Ramangauda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 elections in India#Bombay|1952 By-election]] || B. R. Sidalingappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Dr. Sardar Basavraj Nagur || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Revansiddapa Sharanappa Navadagi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. B. Mallanagauda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. T. Rathod
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bakshi Sayyad Habibuddin Shamanasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Gachinmath Chandrashekar Gurupadaya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Ustad Mehboob Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Ustad Mehboob Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Appu Pattanshetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appu Pattanshetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,001 |percentage = 55.55% |change = {{increase}}18.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ustad Mehboob Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,968 |percentage = 36.48% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Farooqui Riyazahmed Gayasuddin |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,521 |percentage = 3.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmanna Shivayogappa Tontapur |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,912 |percentage = 2.31% |change = {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rajesh Yamanappa Walyapur |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhavi Vishwanath Satalingappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 787 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,033 |percentage = 19.07% |change = {{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,135 |percentage = 59.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,006}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,723 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ustad Mehboob Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,902 |percentage = 39.78% |change = {{increase}}30.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appu Pattanshetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,749 |percentage = 36.85% |change = {{decrease}}12.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kashiraya Gouda Devanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,518 |percentage = 13.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalebag Mainoddin Aminsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,100 |percentage = 3.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahishi Vamanrao Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,383 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Inamdar. S. S |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,301 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadechur Kallappa Revanasiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 956 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,153 |percentage = 2.92% |change = {{decrease}}14.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,213 |percentage = 59.96% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,861}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,345 |percentage = 4.72% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,822 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Ramanagouda Patil (yatnal) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,286 |percentage = 49.38% |change = {{increase}}48.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Habib Usman Maktumpatel |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,158 |percentage = 31.80% |change = {{decrease}}9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sutar Muniralias Jilani Magadumsab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,405 |percentage = 9.17% |change = {{decrease}}45.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chanchalakar Milind Layappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,962 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrishail Gurupadayya Gachhinamatyh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,955 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Toshniwal Ghanashyamadas Radhakishan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,546 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lahori Khalika-u-zama Abdul Rahaman |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,422 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiremath Shivayya Rachayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 599 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,128 |percentage = 17.59% |change = {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,453 |percentage = 58.23% |change = {{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,702}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,726 |percentage = 3.90% |change = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,926 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ustad Mehboob Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,623 |percentage = 54.33% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Avarangbad Rachappa Shivappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,355 |percentage = 40.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Siddayya Udaipikar |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,380 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Sanganbasappa Dundappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,004 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,268 |percentage = 13.42% |change = {{increase}}12.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,041 |percentage = 61.05% |change = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,967}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,074 |percentage = 4.63% |change = {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,221 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ustad Mehboob Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,488 |percentage = 47.86% |change = {{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indikar Gousmohiddin Mahammadsab |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,693 |percentage = 46.57% |change = {{increase}}43.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Matapathi Mallayya Gurabasayya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 3.00% |change = {{decrease}}47.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 795 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,765 |percentage = 54.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,613}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,152 |percentage = 1.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,487 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gachinmath Chandrashekar Gurupadaya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,795 |percentage = 50.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jahagirdar Sayed Khajahuseni Sayed Jeelanisaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,974 |percentage = 43.64% |change = {{increase}}41.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaladgi Abdul Razak Mangalsab |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,837 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{decrease}}46.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddiqui Abdul Hai Mahaboobsab |party = Independent politician |votes = 560 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hirandagi Rajashekhar Sharanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 518 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phatak Sudhabai Vishnupant |party = Independent politician |votes = 403 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,821 |percentage = 6.68% |change = {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,524 |percentage = 59.66% |change = {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,233}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 2.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,091 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bakshi Sayyad Habibuddin Shamanasaheb |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,191 |percentage = 49.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tathod Khubasing Teju |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,663 |percentage = 31.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagitdar Sayyad Aminpeer Sayyad Mainoddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,404 |percentage = 15.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Payappa Shivappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{decrease}}56.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidari Channabasappa Sayabanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 446 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,528 |percentage = 17.97% |change = {{decrease}}5.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,358 |percentage = 63.61% |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,024}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,334 |percentage = 2.45% |change = {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,453 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Rathod |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,205 |percentage = 58.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pantdit Vishnu Keshava |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,970 |percentage = 35.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Karibasappa Nagur |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,469 |percentage = 3.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Channappa Sayabanna |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 593 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,235 |percentage = 23.30% |change = {{decrease}}25.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,494 |percentage = 58.90% |change = {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,639}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,747 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. B. Mallanagauda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,818 |percentage = 67.82% |change = {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. D. S. B. Karabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,396 |percentage = 19.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Hasansab |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,534 |percentage = 12.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,422 |percentage = 48.37% |change = {{increase}}16.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,497 |percentage = 53.98% |change = {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,748}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,645 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Revansiddapa Sharanappa Navadagi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,828 |percentage = 49.71% |change = {{increase}}15.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nabisab Maktumsab Balasing |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,846 |percentage = 17.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sardar Basavaraj Karabasappa Nagur |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 3,654 |percentage = 13.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalachandra Vishnupant Parulekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 6.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khalilulha Abasaheb Janvekar |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,415 |percentage = 5.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Dhondiba Mahindrakar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 841 |percentage = 3.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Husen Sardarkhan Almel |party = Independent politician |votes = 732 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakkappa Laxmanna Poti |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 588 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,982 |percentage = 32.29% |change = {{increase}}15.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,462 |percentage = 60.49% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,820}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,357 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Sardar Basavraj Nagur |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,827 |percentage = 50.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaldar Gous Mohiddin Bandagi Saheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,995 |percentage = 34.38% |change = {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balsing Nabisa Muktumsa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,969 |percentage = 8.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahindrakar Manohar Dhondiba |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,206 |percentage = 5.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirivalmath Marulradhya Shastri Shantavirayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 255 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,832 |percentage = 16.48% |change = {{increase}}12.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,252 |percentage = 54.02% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,252}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,045 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 elections in India#Bombay|1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Sidalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,825 |percentage = 38.27% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. D. S. B. Karabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,916 |percentage = 34.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balsing Nabisa Muktumsa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,591 |percentage = 21.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Shiddangauda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,342 |percentage = 5.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 909 |percentage = 3.54% |change = {{decrease}}12.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,674}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mallangauda Ramangauda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,406 |percentage = 38.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balsing Nabisa Muktumsa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,069 |percentage = 22.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kowjalgi Krishnarao Shriniwasrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,390 |percentage = 16.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Basappa Dundappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 3,309 |percentage = 12.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagur Basaviraj Karabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,040 |percentage = 11.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,337 |percentage = 15.94% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,214 |percentage = 50.65% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,214}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,734 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|16.83|75.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Diocese of Quilon

2026-04-06T11:33:22Z

HungHay8926976: Created basic info initial version - done

{{Short description|Diocese in Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=July 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese

| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Quilon
| latin = Diœcesis Quilonensis
| local =  കൊല്ലം രൂപത
| caption =
| coat =Coat of Arms, Diocese of Quilon.png
| coat_size =200px
| coat_caption =
Revised [[Coat of arms]] of the Diocese 2020
| country = India
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]]
| headquarters =Bishop's House, [[Tangasseri]], Kollam
| area_km2 = 1950
| population = 5,309,000
| population_as_of = 2010
| catholics = 239,400
| catholics_percent = 4.5
| parishes = 105
| churches = 
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = 9 August 1329 (historical) 15 March 1853 (present diocese)
| dissolved =
| cathedral = [[Infant Jesus Cathedral]], [[Tangasseri]], [[Kollam]]
| patron = [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]
| priests = 129
| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop = [[Paul Antony Mullassery]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Thomas J. Netto]]
| vicar_general = Baiju Julian Joseph Sugun
Leon(Addl)
| episcopal_vicar = Joseph Detto Fernandez
| judicial_vicar = Christopher Henry
| emeritus_bishops = [[Stanley Roman]]
| website = {{Official website|http://www.quilondiocese.com/|quilondiocese.com}}
| footnotes =
|flag=|founded=|language=Malayalam|image=|territory=|metropolitan=|archdiocese=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum]]}}

[[File:Infant Jesus Church Thangassery.jpg|thumb|Infant Jesus Cathedral in Thangassery]]
The '''Diocese of Quilon''' is a '''[[Latin Church]] [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]]''' based in the southern [[India]]n city of [[Kollam]]. The diocese was create in 1329 but the Bishop did not take canonical possession and then Gregory XVI made Quilon as the new diocese suffragan of Verapoly on September 1, 1886. Then diocese was made as a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Trivandrum]]. The Diocese of Quilon covers an area of 1,950 km2 (753 square miles) that contains a population of some 4.8 million. At least 4.8% of the people in the area are [[Catholic Church in India|Catholic]].

[[File:Giovanni Marignolli JS.jpg|thumb|upright|John De Marignolli, Papal legate in Quilon, 1348–1349.]]

The history of the Roman Catholic Church in Quilon begins with the erection of a diocese on 9 August 1329.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89 |title=Maritime institute to come up at Neendakara |publisher=Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref> This diocese was later suppressed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollam (Quilon, Columbum) (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dk559.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> The present day Diocese of Quilon was established as an [[apostolic vicariate]] on 15 March 1853 by bifurcating the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Verapoly]]. It was elevated as a diocese on 1 September 1886.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quilon (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dquln.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>

{{As of|2018|04|18}}, [[Paul Antony Mullassery]] is the [[bishop]] of the Diocese of Quilon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/paul-antony-is-new-kollam-bishop/article23597650.ece |title=Paul Antony is new Kollam Bishop |work=The Hindu|date=19 April 2018 |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190418/paul-antony-mullassery-appointed-kollam-bishop.html |title=Paul Antony mullassery appointed kollam bishop |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 April 2018 |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
According to tradition, St. [[Thomas the Apostle]] established seven churches along the southern part of west coast of [[India]], and [[Quilon]] (pronounced Koy-lon<ref>{{citation | title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania | first1 = Trudy | last1 = Ring | first2 = Robert M. | last2 = Salkin | first3 = Paul E. | last3 = Schellinger | first4 = Sharon | last4 = La Boda | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 1996 | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | page = 710 | isbn = 978-1884964046 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA710}}</ref>) is the second in the list of the above seven churches. The official website of Kollam Diocese rejects the traditional claim that [[Thomas the Apostle]] founded churches in Kerala due to lack of historical proof, but accepts that he visited northwestern India near Taxila, was martyred there, and that his relics were later taken to [[Edessa]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>https://quilondiocese.com/about/</ref>

[[John of Monte Corvino]], a member of the Societas Peregrinantium Pro Christo on his way to [[China]], landed in [[Quilon]] in 1291 and ministered the Christian community. The Venetian traveller Marco Polo who visited [[India]] in 1292 testified to the presence of a Christian community in [[Quilon]].<ref>{{cite book|date=1957|title=Christian India |publisher=Felix Alfred Plattner }}</ref>

===Erection of the diocese its first bishop===

Since the latter half of the 13th century, [[Quilon]] became the chief centre of missionary expeditions. Franciscan and Dominican Missionaries in the 13th and 14th centuries visited [[Quilon]] and their letters confirm the existence of a vibrant Christian community in [[Quilon]].

In 1329 [[Pope John XXII]], from the Holy See then in Avignon (France), erected [[Quilon]] as the '''first Diocese in the whole of Indies''' as suffragan to the Archdiocese of [[Soltaniyeh]] in Persia through the decree '''"Romanus Pontifex"''' dated 9 August 1329 By a separate bull, "Venerabili Fratri Jordano", the same Pope, on 21 August 1329 appointed the French or Catalan Dominican friar [[Jordanus Catalani]] as the first Bishop of [[Quilon]].

(Copies of the Orders and the related letters issued by Pope John XXII to Bishop Jordanus Catalani and to the diocese of [[Quilon]] are documented and preserved in the diocesan archives. Also reprinted in the Indian Church History Classics, Vol.I, The Nazranies, South Asia Research Assistance Services, Ed. Prof. George Menachery, Ollur, 1998.)

The ancient diocese of [[Quilon]] had extensive jurisdiction over modern nations of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=73 |title=Milestones in the History of the Diocese of Quilon |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

[[Jordanus Catalani]] arrived in Surat in 1320. After his ministry in Gujarat he reached [[Quilon]] in 1323. He not only revived Christianity but also brought hundreds to the Christian fold. He might have come again to [[Quilon]] as the bishop in 1330 to build the church at [[Quilon]], known as St. George of the Latins. George happened to be the patron saint of the Catalans, besides being popular among other Christian communities on the Malabar coast. His book "Mirabilia Descripta" is a rare work on plants, animals and the people of India and of other countries in Asia and this is an authoritative work on India dating 700 years back. This book is considered to be a landmark chronicle of its time written around 1327.

The first Latin Bishop of [[Quilon]] was received with great jubilation by the faithful of [[Quilon]]. And this Makes the St. George Church he build at Kollam a Cathedral, the first Cathedral church in India. He brought a message of good wishes from the Pope to the local rulers. As the first Latin bishop in India, he was also entrusted with the duty of spiritual nourishment of the Christian community in [[Calicut]], [[Mangalore]], [[Thane]] and Baruch (Gujarat). According to Portuguese sources, written more than two centuries later, he was martyred by Muslims in [[Bombay]] in 1336, as much as the four Franciscan friars that he had to bury, fifteen years before, in the very same place (one of them, [[Thomas of Tolentino]], was beatified). In the year 1348 John De Marignoli, the Papal Legate to China on his way back to Rome sojourned here for 14 months. With the martyrdom of the first Latin Bishop, the See of [[Quilon]] remained vacant. There was a 'historic gap' with regard to ecclesiastical administration in India till the Portuguese landed here in 1498 AD.

It follows from the Friar Jordanus tradition that Catholicism – not just Christianity – is deep rooted in [[Quilon]]. It is now settled that Latin Catholicism was brought to Kerala in the early 14th century by this Catalan or Occitan speaking Dominican. It is now evident that while Bishop Jordanus introduced Latin Catholicism, the Portuguese popularized it. In the 1340s, an Italian friar called Marignolli called on Kollam and still found a Catholic church that he mentions as Saint George of the Latins, probably built by Jordanus (Saint George was popular among the Malabar Syrian Christians, but also happens to be the Patron Saint of Catalonia). The fact that '''[[Quilon]] is the founding seat of the Catholic Church in India''' is often found obscured in the midst of history.<ref>https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/DioceseDetails/20</ref>

===Franciscan missionary activity===
John De Marignolli ([[Giovanni de' Marignolli]]) of St. Lorenzo in Florence, joined the Franciscan order and was consecrated bishop in 1338 AD. He was chosen as legate to China by Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342). He preached in China and on his way back from China, he landed at [[Quilon]] and lived there for over a year, preaching in St. George's Church, which was founded by Jordanus.

In 1338 during the Pontificate of Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342) the great Khan of Peking in China sent a great delegation of ambassadors to the Pope at Avignon and were given a royal reception by the Pope. They requested the Pope to send a legate who would be wise, capable and virtuous to care for their souls. Responding to their request the Pope chose John De Marignolli as his legate to China and he accompanied the ambassadors of Great Khan on their homeward journey. Marignolli departed with a great number of friars and precious gifts for Khan, princes and sovereigns. They departed in March 1339 and after a long and perilous journey reached their destination, Khanbalique in 1342 and were received by the Great Khan, who was the last of the Mongol dynasty in China.

After three years of mission Marignolli decided to return to Europe. On his departure on 26 December 1345 he set out for [[Quilon]] where he arrived on 23 March 1346. The Christians of [[Quilon]] warmly welcomed him. He lived there for over a year, and preached in St. George's Church, founded by Jordanus.

He concentrated himself in the Latin Church of St. George founded by Bishop Jordanus. He preached in this Church and adorned the Church with paintings. He could not do much of missionary activity here since he became sick with dysentery during his stay at [[Quilon]]. When he recovered he visited Cape Comorin the extremity of Indian Peninsula where he erected a marble pillar mounted by a cross in full view of Ceylon. It seems that he was an ambitious man and was desirous that the good people of [[Quilon]] should never forget him and that was the intention of the erection of the marble pillar. The column, which was to endure till the world's end soon crumbled under the corroding influence of the elements and the inscriptions, were destroyed. Later a wrong tradition developed, attributing this column to St. Thomas. Marignolli set for Sumatra and Ceylon in July 1347. In September 1348 he came back to India. He left India in 1350 AD.

===Portuguese control===
The Portuguese missionaries made [[Quilon]] one of their most important centers of evangelization. [[Francis Xavier]] laboured here for several years. He established a seminary in [[Quilon]], and his letters to Rome give testimony of a dynamic Christian community there.

The history of [[Quilon]] Diocese from the 16th century to the 20th century was linked to the battle of European empires for the control of the Malabar Coast. The Portuguese who arrived in [[Quilon]] in 1503 revived and strengthened the Christian community. They built several churches and monasteries and established new centers of Christianity. [[Quilon]] remained a territory under the Franciscans until 1533 AD, when the Diocese of Goa was established and [[Quilon]] became part of the new diocese. However, in the year 1557 AD, when Cochin was erected as a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Goa, [[Quilon]] became part of Cochin Diocese.

The Portuguese tenure in [[Quilon]] has contributed much to its growth and development. Their primary concern was the abolition of the caste system. They made education available to all communities. They started presses, which made books available more cheaply, and thus people began to read and acquire knowledge. One of the oldest presses in India was established at Tangasseri. The press was attached to the San Salvador Seminary of the diocese established by a Jesuit Priest, Jao de Faria. The first book in Kerala, ''Doctrina Christa'', was published from [[Quilon]] on 20 October 1578. The Harvard University library possesses a surviving copy of this book. It was printed in the neo-Tamil script of the time in Kerala. The one printed at [[Quilon]], ''Doctrina Christs en Lingua Malabar Tamil'', is a translation of Francis Xavier's work in Portuguese, translated by Henrique and Manual de San Pedro. The second page of the book mentions that it was printed on 20 October 1578 at the press of the "Saviour." Till today that place of the press is known in [[Tangasseri]] (near the Bishop's House) as "Achukuddom Parambu" (Press Place).

===Suppression and reestablishment===
In 1661 the Portuguese who tasted defeat from the Dutch, left [[Quilon]]. The Dutch who took control over [[Quilon]], destroyed Catholic churches and persecuted Catholics. The Christians of [[Quilon]] went through a dark period till 1741. The Dutch, defeated by Marthandavarma, the King of Travancore, had to leave [[Quilon]]. Yet another dark period for the Church in [[Quilon]] was in 1808 when [[Velu Thampi Dalava]] unleashed a fierce persecution on Christians. The British accused him of having put to death three thousand native Christians, charged with no crime but their religion during the [[Travancore rebellion]] along with the brutal murder of a British Surgeon named Dr. Hume.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kaye | first = John William | title = History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58 | volume = 1 | publisher = W. H. Allen & Co. | year = 1878 | page = 257 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45768/page/n275/mode/2up | access-date = 19 December 2025 }}</ref>

The Christian community of [[Quilon]] after remaining a long period without bishops became a part of the diocese of Goa in 1534, when Goa was made an Episcopal see, suffragan to Funchal in the Madeiras. When Goa was raised to an archbishopric on 4 February 1557, Cochin was made suffragan diocese to the Arch-diocese of Goa and [[Quilon]] became part of the Cochin diocese. [[Pope Gregory XVI]] created the [[Vicariate of Malabar]] by his bull ''Multa Praeclare'' of 24 April 1838 and suppressed the [[diocese of Cochin]]; and attached that territory along with [[Quilon]] to the Vicariate of Malabar (Verapoly). Later the Vicariate of Malabar was divided into three vicariates, Verapoly, Mangalore and [[Quilon]] by the Holy See on 12 May 1845. The apostolic vicariate of [[Quilon]] was extended from Arabian Sea to the 'Sahyan' Mountains and from Cape Comorin to Pamba River, which was provisionally entrusted to the Belgian discalced Carmelite missionaries.

The separation of [[Quilon]], as a new Vicariate Apostolic, suffragan to Verapoly was decreed and was provisionally executed on 12 May 1845, entrusting it to the Belgian Carmelite Missionaries, and finally confirmed as a separate Vicariate Apostolic on 15 March 1853.

On 24 April 1838 the Holy See established the Vicariate of Malabar with headquarters at Verapoly and [[Quilon]] became part of the new vicariate. The separation of [[Quilon]], as a new Vicariate Apostolic, suffragan to Verapoly was decreed and was provisionally executed on 12 May 1845, entrusting it to the Belgian Carmelite Missionaries, and finally confirmed as a separate Vicariate Apostolic on 15 March 1853. With the establishment of the Hierarchy in India, [[Quilon]] again became a Diocese on 1 September 1886 with jurisdiction over the territory from Cape Comerin to Pampa River, in the north.

This arrangement was effected in 1853, and on the establishment of the hierarchy in 1886 it was finally elevated into an episcopal see, suffragan to Verapoly.

==Parishes==
===Tangasseri Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| St. George Church || Aravila || Fr. Lazar S Pattakadavu ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Chapel, Valavilthoppe || Sakthikulangara || Fr. Rajesh Martin || Fr. Akhil B T ||
|-
| St. Peter's Church || Moothakara || Fr. Joseph Detto Fernandez ||
|-
| Holy Family Church || Mukkad || Fr. John Paul C || Fr. Emmanuel Antony
|-
| [[Port Kollam Church|Our Lady of Purification Church]] || Port Kollam || Fr. Franklin Francis ||
|-
| St. John de Britto's Church || Sakthikulangara || Fr. Rajesh Martin || Fr. Akhil B T
|-
| Holy Cross Church || Tangasseri || Fr. Joseph Daniel ||
|-
| [[Infant Jesus Cathedral]] || Tangasseri || Fr. Christopher Henry ||
|-
| St. John the Baptist's Church || Thirumullavaram || Fr. Jolly Abraham ||
|-
| St. Antony's Church || Vaddy || Fr. Jose Sebastian || Fr. John Samson
|-
|Our Lady of Assumption Church, Puthenthuruth|| Sakthikulangara || Fr. Rajesh Martin || Fr. Akhil B T
|}

===Tuet Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| Holy Family Church || Asramam || Msgr. Ferdinand Peter ||
|-
| Viswa Rani Church || Ayathil || Fr. Joseph John ||
|-
| St. Francis Xavier's Church || Chinnakada || Fr. Arun J Aradan ||
|-
| St. John the Baptist's Church || Eravipuram || Fr. Benson Ben || Fr. Rijo Paul Fr. Romario Jose
|-
| Bharatha Rajni Church || Pattathanam || Fr. Vinod Selastin ||
|-
| St. Stephen's Church || Thope || Fr. Varghese Painadath ||
|-
| St. Michael's Church || Thanni || Fr. Benet M V ||
|-
| St. Sebastian's Church || Tuet || Fr. Leju Isaac || Fr. Aneesh Ansel
|}

===Kadavoor Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| St. Elizabeth's Church || Aipuzha (Prakulam) || Fr. Joe Antony Alex ||
|-
| Ashtajalarani Church || Ashtamudi || Fr. Saiju Simon ||
|-
| St. Sebastian's Church || Chemmakkad || Fr. Isac Ouseph ||
|-
| St. Antony's Church || Cherumood || ||
|-
| St. Mary's Church || Edachal || ||
|-
| St. Casmir's Church || Kadavoor || Fr. Anil Jose ||
|-
| St. Thomas's Church || Kandachira || Fr. John Paul ||
|-
| Little Flower Church || Kizhakkekara || Fr. George Rebeiro ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Kureepuzha || Fr. George Robbinson ||
|-
| Holy Cross Church || Mangad || Fr. Binu Thomas ||
|-
| Divine Hearts Chapel || Neeravil || ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Perumon Mundackal || Fr. Libin C T ||
|-
| Little Flower Church || Vellimon || Fr. Daiju Thoppil ||
|}

===Kottiyam Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Alummoodu || ||
|-
| St. Teresa of Avila Church || Chathanoor || ||
|-
| Sacred Heart Church || Kakkottumoola || Fr. Romance Antony ||
|-
| Little Flower Church || Kalakode || Fr. Bibin J ||
|-
| Our Lady of Dolourl's Church || Kannanalloor || Fr. Dixon Antony ||
|-
| Nithyasahaya Matha Church || Kottiyam || Fr. Amal Raj F ||
|-
| Good Shephered Church || Kureeppally || Fr. Shajan Varghese ||
|-
| St. Jude Church || Kurumandal || ||
|-
| St. Jacob's Church || Mayyanad || Fr. Alphonse S ||
|-
| St. George's Church || Mylakkad || Fr. Sanu Francis ||
|-
| Christ the King Church || Parippally || ||
|-
| Karmalarani Church || Pazhangalam || ||
|-
| Holy Redeemer Church || Perumpuzha || ||
|-
| Immaculate Conception Church || Pullichira || Fr. Joyson Joseph ||
|-
| St. Paul's Church || Thazhuthala || ||
|}

===Kanjiracode Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| Blessed Virgin Mary's Church || Eruthanagad || ||
|-
| St. George's Church || Kaithakody || Fr. Bose A Fernandez ||
|-
| [[St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode|St. Antony's Church]] || Kanjiracode || ||
|-
| Carmel Giri Church || Karikuzhy || Fr. Tomy Kamans ||
|-
| Mary Rani Church || Keralapuram || Fr. Pravees Mathias C. M.||
|-
| St. Francis Xavier's Church || Koduvila || Fr. Jijo Jose || Fr. Joby Philip
|-
| Christ the King Church || Kottappuram || Fr. Terry Thankachan ||
|-
| St. Michael's Church || Kumbalam || Fr. Mary John ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Mandrothuruthu || ||
|-
| St. Rita's Church || Nanthirickal || Fr. Vimal Kumar N ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Padappakkara || Fr. Francis John ||
|-
| St. Antony's Church || Thekkemuri || ||
|}

===Neendakara Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| St. Sebastian's Church || Azheekal || Fr. Prasanth George ||
|-
| St. George's Church || Clappana || Fr. Xavier Lazar ||
|-
| St. Francis Assisi Church || Karithura || Fr. Paul Antony ||
|-
| St. Josephs Church || Kochuthuruthu || Fr. Filson Francis ||
|-
| [[St. Andrew's Church, Kovilthottam|St. Andrew's Church]] || Kovilthottam || Dr. Milton G || Dr. Francis Prem Henry
|-
| Velamkanni Matha Church || Kulangarabhagam || Dr. Augustin Saviour ||
|-
| Three King's Church || Maruthoorkulangara || ||
|-
| [[St. Sebastian's Roman Catholic Church, Neendakara|St. Sebastian's Church]] || Neendakara || Dr. Rolden Jacob ||
|-
| Sreyas || Pannackalthuruthu || ||
|-
| Three King's Church || Vadakkumthala || Fr. Saju Vincent ||
|}

===Chavara Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| St. George's Church || Arinalloor || Fr. Dixon ||
|-
| St. Antony's Church || Koivila || Dr. Francis George ||
|-
| Church of Our Lady of Lourdes || Lourdepuram || Fr. Bibin C T ||
|-
| St. Mary's Church || Mariapuram || Fr. Jaison Joseph ||
|-
| St. Andrew's Church || Pattakadavu || Fr. Manoj Antony F ||
|-
| St. Francis Xavier's Church || Pavumba || Fr. Joseph S Kadavil ||
|-
| Our Lady of Assumption Church || Perungalam || || Fr. Tomy Thomas
|-
| St. Sebastian's Church || Rajagiri || Fr. Jaison Joseph ||
|-
| St. Thomas Church || Sasthamkotta || Fr. Biju ||
|-
| St. Augustine's Church || Thalamukil || ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Thekkumbhagam || Fr. George Sebastian ||
|-
| St. Jerome's Church || Vadakkumbhagom || Fr. Regison Richard ||
|}

===Mavelikkara Forane===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Parish Church !! Parish !! Parish Priest !! Assistant Parish Priests
|-
| Our Lady of Fathima Church || Chennithala || ||
|-
| St. Mary's Church || Cherukole || Fr. Shani C F ||
|-
| St. Michael's Church || Ennakkad || ||
|-
| St. Antony's Church || Eramathur || ||
|-
| St. Sebastian's Church || Kallikkad || ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Kallumpuram || ||
|-
| Holy Family Church || Karichal || Fr. Lenin Leon ||
|-
| Sagaramatha Church || Karuvatta || ||
|-
| St. Antony's Church || Kayamkulam || Fr. Sepherin K B ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Krishnapuram || ||
|-
| Holy Family Church || Kuttamperoor || ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Muthukulam || Fr. Prince S ||
|-
| Christ the King Church || Muttam || ||
|-
| St. Joseph's Church || Pallippad || ||
|-
| St. Francis Xavier's Church || Parumala || Fr. Nidhin Francy ||
|-
| St. Peter's Church || Pavukkara || Fr. Joy Louis Fernandez ||
|-
| St. Anne's Church || Ulunthy || Fr. Saiju George ||
|-
| St. Sebastian's Church || Valiaperumpuzha || Fr. Sajan Walter ||
|-
| St. Thomas Church || Vempuzha || Fr. Prince S ||
|}

==List of bishops==
[[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
* [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus Catalani]] (1329–1336)
* Bernardino Baccinelli of St. Teresa, (pro-vicar Apostolic, 1845–1853)
* Bernardino Pontanova of St. Agnes (1853)
* Maurice of St. Albert (1854)
* Charles Hyacinth Valerga (1854–1864)
* Ephrem-Edouard-Lucien-Théoponte Garrelon (20 June 1868 - 3 June 1870)
* Ferdinand Maria Ossi (23 September 1883 - 16 August 1905)
* [[Aloysius Maria Benziger]] (16 August 1905 - 23 July 1931)
* Vincent Victor Dereere (10 February 1936 - 1 July 1937)
* [[Jerome M. Fernandez|Jerome Maria Fernandez]] (25 September 1937 - 30 January 1978)
* [[Joseph Gabriel Fernandez]] (30 January 1978 - 16 October 2001)
* [[Stanley Roman]] (16 October 2001 - 18 April 2018)<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 18 April 2018 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | date= 18 April 2018 | title =Resignations and Appointments, 18.04.2018 | url = http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/04/18/180418b.html }}</ref>
* [[Paul Antony Mullassery]] (18 April 2018 – present)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* [[Servant of God]] [[Aloysius Maria Benziger]]<ref name="Benziger Adeodatus DC">{{cite news |title=Bishop Maria Benziger, Adeodatus made Servants of God |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/211018/bishop-maria-benziger-adeodatus-made-servants-of-god.html
|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Servant of God]] [[Jerome M. Fernandez|Jerome Maria Fernandez]]<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[John of Montecorvino]], (Giovanni Da/di Montecorvino, Monte Corvino) (1246, Montecorvino, Italy – 1328, Peking),
*[[Odoric of Pordenone]] (real name Odoric Mattiussi or Mattiuzzi) (1286–1331)
* [[St. Andrew's Church, Kovilthottam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon}}
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/quil1.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dquln.html Catholic hierarchy ] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
{{Catholic|wstitle=Diocese of Quilon}}
{{Kollam|state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{coord|8.8843|N|76.5660|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Kollam]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India|Quilon]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1320s]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1886]]
[[Category:1329 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Churches in Kollam district]]

Akram Nadwi

2026-04-02T13:22:42Z

HungHay8926976:

{{Short description|British Islamic scholar (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| image = Dr Akram Nadwi.jpg
| caption =
| occupation = Author, Professor, Islamic scholar, Former Research Fellow at the University of Oxford
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place = [[Jamdahan Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] [[University of Lucknow]]
| teacher = [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]<ref>Timol, Riyaz. "Shaykh Abu al-Hasan Ali Nadwi: His Life & Works." (2014): 538-540.</ref>
| students = [[Mohammed Hijab]]
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Ibn Hazm]], [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], [[Shah Waliullah]], [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]], [[Ijtihad]]
| movement = [[Nadwi]]<ref name="carla"/>-[[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Razavian |first=Christopher Pooya |title=Deoband's Conservatism: The Dār al-Iftā', Nadwatul Ulamā and Muftī Muhammad Taqi Usmani |date=2018 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/modern-islamic-authority-and-social-change-volume-1/deobands-conservatism-the-dar-alifta-nadwatul-ulama-and-mufti-muhammad-taqi-usmani/FB564A11A892ADC865A2295BB727694B |work=Modern Islamic Authority and Social Change, Volume 1: Evolving Debates in Muslim Majority Countries |pages=259 |editor-last=Bano |editor-first=Masooda |access-date=23 December 2023 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-3324-2}}</ref>
| notable works = ''[[Al-Muhaddithat]]''
| website = {{URL|https://www.akramnadwi.com/}}
}}
[[File:Shaykh Akram talk Markfield 2017.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Shaykh Nadwi lecturing at the [[Markfield Institute of Higher Education|Markfield Institute]]]]
'''Mohammad Akram Nadwi''' (born {{c.|1963}})<ref name=Power>{{cite news | first=Carla | last=Power | author-link=Carla Power | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/magazine/25wwlnEssay.t.html | title=A Secret History | newspaper=New York Times Magazine | date=25 February 2007 | accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref> is a British [[List of Islamic studies scholars|Islamic scholar]] and the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Cambridge Islamic College, principal of Al-Salam Institute,<ref>[https://alsalam.ac.uk Al-Salam Institute]</ref> and an Honorary Visiting Fellow at the [[Markfield Institute of Higher Education]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeislamiccollege.org/about/college-dean/|title=College Dean {{!}} Cambridge Islamic College|website=www.cambridgeislamiccollege.org|language=en-US|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809160717/http://www.cambridgeislamiccollege.org/about/college-dean/|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alsalam.ac.uk/personnel/dr-akram-nadwi|title=Dr. Akram Nadwi {{!}} Al-Salam Institute|website=alsalam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=1 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mihe.ac.uk/personnel/honorary-visiting-fellows|title=Personnel {{!}} Markfield Institute of Higher Education|website=www.mihe.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811182928/https://www.mihe.ac.uk/personnel/honorary-visiting-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the author of the 43 volume biographical dictionary called ''[[Al-Wafa bi Asma al-Nisa]]'' (Biographical Dictionary of Women Narrators of Hadith), which chronicles the lives of 10,000 female hadith scholars and narrators.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Rushda Fathima|date=18 March 2021|title=Rediscovering The Role Of Muslim Women Scholars In Islamic History: 43 Volume Work With 10,000 Biographies Published|url=https://thecognate.com/rediscovering-the-role-of-muslim-women-scholars-in-islamic-history-43-volume-work-with-10000-biographies-published/|access-date=19 March 2021|website=The Cognate|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=The Cognate News |date=12 January 2023 |title=Mohammad Akram Nadwi - Biography, Age, Facts, Books |url=https://thecognate.com/mohammad-akram-nadwi/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=The Cognate |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Education==
Nadwi was educated at the [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow, India.<ref name="carla">{{Cite news|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/koran-carla-power/|title=What the Koran really says about women|last=Power|first=Carla|date=15 September 2015|access-date=22 April 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Writings==
He has written over 60 books in Arabic, English and Urdu in the fields of [[hadith]], [[fiqh]], biography, [[Arabic grammar]] and [[syntax]]. In 2021, his 43-volume [[biographical dictionary]] of the ''muhaddithat'', the female scholars and narrators of hadith was published by Dar al-Minhaj (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia).

Nadwi is the subject of the 2015 book ''If The Oceans Were Ink'' by journalist [[Carla Power]]. Power spent a year studying Islam and the Qur'an with Nadwi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Author of "If the Oceans Were Ink" {{!}} Carla Power|url=https://www.carlapower.com/|access-date=22 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Publications==

=== English ===

# ''Madrasah Life A student’s day at Nadwat al-‘Ulamā’'' (Turath Publishing London, 2007)
# ''Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī According to the Hanafi Madhab'' ''Rites of Purification, Prayers and Funerals'' Vol 1 (Angelwing Media London, 2007, 2012)
# ''Al-Muhaddithat: the woman scholars in Islam'' (Interface Publications Oxford 2007, 2013)
# ''The Garden of The Ḥadīth Scholars Bustān al-Muḥaddithin'' - Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi from Persian to Arabic (Turath Publishing London 2007, 2018)
# ''Abū Ḥanīfah His Life, Legal Method & Legacy.'' (Kube Publishing Ltd Leicester, Interface Publications Ltd Oxford, 2010)
# ''Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī According to the Hanafi Madhab Rites of Zakah, Fasting and Hajj'' Vol 2 (Angelwing Media London, 2012)
# ''Shaykh ‘Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī Nadwī His Life & Works'' (Nadwi Foundation West Yorkshire, 2013)
# ''Ibn Ḥazm on the lawfulness of women attending prayers in the mosque'' (Interface Publications Ltd Oxford, Cambridge Islamic College Cambridge 2015, 2018)
# ''Al-Muḥaddithāt women scholars of hadith'' (Ibn Haldun University Press Istanbul, 2019)
# ''Journey to Andalus'' - Translated and edited by Dr. Abu Zayd. (Angelwing Media London, 2019)
# ''Lessons Learned Treasures from Nadwah's Sages'' (Quran Literacy Press Somerset, 2019)
# ''Remembering Beautiful Days In Jerusalem'' (Al Buruj Press London, 2020)
# ''Foundation To Ḥadīh Science A primer on understanding & Studying Hadith'' - Translated and edited by Dr. Abu Zayd. (Quran Literacy Press New Jersey 2021, Al-Salam Institute Press 2021)
# ''Bangabandhu memorial lecture The Hadith: Preservation and Development'' (Bangabandhu Research Centre for Islam and Interreligious Dialogue Chittagong, 2023
# ''An excellent introduction to ṣaḥīḥ al-bukhārī and its hidden gems and methodologies'' - Translated and edited by Shaykh Umer Khan (United States of America 2024)
# ''Journey to America'' Vol 1 - Translated by Shaykh Umer Khan (United States of America 2024)
# ''Riḥlat al-Ḥijāz'' - Translated by Dilwar Ali (Gripper Mark Publication Dhaka, 2025)

=== Urdu ===

# ''‘Iraq aur Sa‘ūdī ‘Arab'' (Muslim Intellectual Forum Lucknow, 1990)
# ''‘Iraq aur Īrān'' (Muslim Intellectual Forum Lucknow, 1990)
# ''‘Iraq ki jāriḣiyyat aur tawsī‘ pasandi'' (Muslim Intellectual Forum Lucknow, 1990)
# ''Armughāne farang peghām briṭāniya ke musalmāno ke nām'' (Allamah Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Academy London, 2004)
# ''Armughāne ḥajj ḥadīth ke ek tālibe ‘ilm ka safarnāmah'' (Anjuman khuddam al-Islam Lahore, 2004)
# ''Nadwe ka ek din'' (Majlis Nashriyyat Islam Karachi, 2006, Dar al-Rashid Lucknow, 2007, reprint 2012)
# ''Safarnāmah Hind'' (Dar al-Rashid Lucknow, 2018)
# ''Maghribī UP ka ek yādgār safar'' (Dar al-Buhuth wa al-Nashr Saharanpur, 2018)
# ''Armughāne ḥajj ḥadith ke ek tālibe ilm ka safarnāmah'' (Maktaba Ahsan Lucknow, 2018)
# ''Fikr Yunus'' (Dar al-Buhuth wa al-Nashr Saharanpur, 2019, Majlis nashriyyat islam Karachi, 2023)
# ''Ek haftah Hindustān mein'' (Maktabah Ihsan Lucknow, 2019)
# ''Maqāme ṣaḥāba ishkālāt wa jawābāt'' (Dar al-Rashid Lucknow, 2021)
# ''Dhikr nadwah'' (Mahad Imam Hasan ul Banna Bhatkal, 2022)
# ''Muḥaddithāt ‘ilm ḥādīth ke irtiqā' me khawātīn ki khidmat'' (Hidayat publishers and distributors New Delhi, 2022)
# ''Umm al-mu'minīn ḥaḍrat ‘aishah ṣiddīqa raḍiya allah ‘anha ki ‘umr biwaqt rukhṣati'' (Majlis tahqiqat wa nashriyat islam Lucknow, 2022, Majlis nashriyyat islam Karachi, 2022, Maktaba khatm nubuwwah Gujranwala, 2023)
# ''Iṣlāḥ kī tadbīr'' (QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# ''Taalib Ilmi'' (QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# ''Watn ke Phere'' (QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# Gaun Ka Larka (QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2025)

=== Arabic ===

# ''Al-tarbiyatu wa al-mujtama‘'' - Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi. (Al-dar al-shamiyyah Beirut, Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 1991)
# ''Shaykh al-islām ibn taymiyyah wa ta’thīrhi fī āsiya al-janūbiyah'' - Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi. (Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies Oxford, 1992)
# ''Nafaḥāt al-hind wa al-yaman bi’asānīd al-shaykh abī al-ḥasan'' (Maktabat al-imam al-shafi‘i Riyadh,1998
# ''Uṣūl al-shāshī mukhtaṣar fī uṣūl al-fiqh al-islāmi'' - Edited and annotated by Mohammad Akram Nadwi. (Nadwat al-‘ulama Lucknow, 1998, Dar al-gharb al-islami Beirut, 2000, QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# ''Al-sayyid sulaymān al-nadwī amīru ‘ulamā al-hind fī ‘asrihi wa shaykh al-nadwiyyīn'' (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2001)
# ''Shiblī al-nu‘mānī ‘allāmat al-hind al-adīb wa al-mu’arrikh al-nāqid al-arīb'' (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2001)
# ''Kifāyat al-rāwī ‘an al-‘allāmat al-shaykh Yusuf al-Qardāwī'' (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2001)
# ''Bughyat al-matābi‘ li asānīd al-‘allāmat al-sharīf muḥammad al-rabi‘'' (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2001. Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2022)
# ''Bustān al-muḥaddithīn'' -Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi (Dar al-gharb al-islami Beirut, 2002, Dar al-kutub Peshawar nd)
# ''Al-’iqd al-lujayni fi asānīd al-shaykh Salmān al-Ḥusaynī'' (Dar al-gharb al-Islami, 2004. Dar al-sunnah al-Hind, nd)
# ''Mabadi’ al-naḥw.'' (Dar al-tarbiyah, 2006. Maktabat Ihsan Lucknow, nd. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019)
# ''Mabadi’ al-taṣrīf'' (Dar al-tarbiyah, 2006. Maktabat Ihsan Lucknow, 2019. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019)
# ''Abu al-ḥasan al-nadwī al-‘ālim al-murabbi wa al-dā‘iyat al-ḥakīm'' (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2006)
# ''Ayyāmun fī bilād al-shām'' (Dar al-tarbiyah Damascus, 2007. Complete edition Dar al-hadith al-kattaniya Tangier, 2021)
# ''Mabadi’ fī ‘Ilm uṣūl al-fiqh'' (Dar al-tarbiyah, 2007. Al-maktabat al-nadwiyyah Lucknow, 2018. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019)
# ''Mabadi’ fī uṣūl al-ḥadīth wa al-isnād'' (Dar al-tarbiyah, 2007. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019. Maktabat Ihsan Lucknow, nd)
# ''Mabadi’ fī ‘Ilm uṣūl al-tafsīr'' (Dar al-tarbiyah, 2007. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019)
# ''Riḥlat shiblī al-nu‘mānī ila al-qusṭanṭīniyyah wa bayrūt wa al-quds wa al-qāhirah'' - Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi. (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2011)
# ''Ayyāmun zāhiratun fī miṣr wa al-qāhirah'' (Dar al-Qalam Damascus 2011)
# ''Al-shaykh al-muḥaddith ‘abd al-haqq al-dahlawiyyu'' ḥ''ayātuhu wa āthāruh'' -Translated by Mohammad Akram Nadwi (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2013)
# ''Al-farāid fī ‘awālī al-asānīdi wa ghawālī al-fawāid (Thabatu al-shaykh yūnus jaunfūrī)'' (Dar al-bashair al-islamiyyah Beirut, 2015)
# ''Tārīkhu ard al-qur’ān'' - Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi (Dar al-Qalam Damascus, 2016)
# ''Al-Dhikr al-jamīl li’ayyāmin fī al-quds wa al-khalīl'' (Dar al-bashair al-islamiyyah Beirut, Markaz al-warraq Kuwait 2018)
# ''Man ‘allamanī?'' (Dar al-Rashid Lucknow, 2018, Maktabat al-manhal al-safi, 2019)
# ''Riḥlat al-andalus'' (Dar al muqtabas Damascus, 2018)
# ''Juz’un fī al-aḥādīth al-‘awālī al-thumāniyyāt wa al-tusā‘iyyāt'' (Dar al-bashair al-islamiyyah Beirut, 2018)
# ''Riḥlatu Amrīkā'' (Wizarat al-awqafi wa al-shu’un al-Islamiyyah, 2019)
# ''Mabadi’ al-manṭiq'' (Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019)
# ''Mabadi’ al-balāghah'' (Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2019)
# ''Al-‘allāmat al-sharīf muḥammad wāḑiḥ rashīd al-ḥasanī al-nadwī ḥayātuhu wa fikruhu wa a‘maluhu'' (Maktabat salma al-thaqafiyyah Tetouan, 2019)
# ''Al-imām ibn taymiyyah al-ḥarrānī mujaddidan liqarnih'' - Translated and edited by Mohammad Akram Nadwi (Dar al-bashair al-islamiyyah Beirut, 2019)
# ''Al-iḥkām lilmujma‘ ‘alayhi min aḥādīth al-iḥkām'' (Dar al-samman Istanbul, 2019)
# ''Al-kanz al-farīd fi tarjamat al-‘allāmat muḥammad mutī‘al-ḥāfiẓ wa a‘malihi wa mā lahu min al-ittiṣālāti wa al-asānīd '' (Dar al-bashair al-islamiyyah Beirut, 2019)
# ''Al-Tahrīr al-sadīd limā li al-shaykh muḥammad ma‘sūd al-‘azīzī al-nadwī min ittiṣālāt wa asānīd'' (Markaz ihya al-fikr al-islami Saharanpur, 2020)
# ''Al-durr al-farīd fī ikhtiṣār ‘awālī al-asānīd'' (Markaz ihya al-fikr al-islami Saharanpur, 2020)
# ''Qurrat al-‘ayn fī ḥajj al-bayti wa ziyārat al-ḥaramayn'' (Al-firdaws Alexandria, 2021)
# ''Tamhīd ‘ilm al-ḥadīth'' (Dar al-samman Istanbul, 2021)
# ''Al-wafā’u bi asmā al-nisāi mawsu‘atu tarājimi a‘lām al-nisāi fī al-ḥadīth al-nabawiyy al-sharīf'' ''43 vols'' (Dar al-minhaj Jeddah, 2021)
# ''Ḥikmat al-ṣalāt majmū‘at al-ifādāt ‘an al-ṣalāt li al-imām ‘abd al-ḥamīd al-farāhī'' (Dar Ammar, Amman, 2021) Compiled and annotated by Mohammad Akram Nadwi
# ''Madkhal rāi‘ ila ṣaḥīḥ al-bukhārī wa mā fīhi min asrāri wa ṣanāi‘'' (Dar Ammar Amman, 2021. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2021. QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# ''Riḥlat turkiyā'' (Dar al-asalah Istanbul, 2021)
# ''Naẓarāt īmāniyya majmū‘at maqālāt tata‘allaq bi uṣūl al-dīn mustanidat ila al-fiṭrat wa al-‘aql wa al-waḥyi'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2022. QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# ''Imlāu al-khāṭir majmū‘at maqālāt mutafarriqa nushirat fī mawāqi‘ al-tawāsul al-ijtimā‘I'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2022. QuranWaHadith.com Madhya Pradesh, 2024)
# ''Riḥlat al-‘umrah riḥlat sanat 1441h, wa riḥlat sanat 1443h, (''Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2022)
# ''Tārīkh nadwat al-‘ulamā' 2 vols.'' (Dar al-bashaer Beirut, 2022)
# ''Al-jāmi‘ al-mu‘īn fī ṭabaqāt al-shuyukh al-mutqinīn wa al-mujīzīn al-musnidīn 7 vols'' (Dar al-kotob al-ilmiyah Beirut, 2023)
# ''Ittiḥāf al-kibār bi asānīd al-shaykh al-muḥaddith abī ‘ammār thabat al-rāshidī'' (Maktabat khatm al-nubuwwah Gujranwala, 2023)
# ''Fatāwā wa abḥāth fiqhiyyah mu‘āṣirah'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2024. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2024)
# ''Al-mufaṣṣal fī al-sīrah al-nabawiyyah'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2024. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2024)
# ''Riḥlat al-hind'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2024)
# ''Al-mu‘tamad fī uṣūl al-fatwā'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2024. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2024)
# ''Riḥlat uzbikistān'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2024)
# ''Ṡafwat al-‘aqāid'' (Dar al-muqtabas Beirut, 2024. Al-Salam Institute Press London, 2024)
# ''Iskāt al-mu‘tadī ‘alā inṣāt al-muqtadī'' - edited and annotated by Mohammad Akram Nadwi (Dar al-bashair al-islamiyyah Beirut, 2024)

=== Bosnian ===

# ''Muhaddise učenjakinje u islamu'' - Translated by Naida Hota-Muminović and Nermina Baljević (Centar za napredne studije, 2018)

=== Malayalam ===
# Muhaddithat, Malayalam- Translated by Muhammad Anees (Book plus publishers Malappuram, 2021)

=== Indonesian ===
# ''Al-Muhadditsat Ulama perempuan dalam bidang hadits -'' Translated by Fahmy Yamani (Gema Insani Jakarta, 2022)

=== Bangla ===
Two different translations:

# ''Muhaddithat'', Bangla (2022)
# ''Muhaddithat'', Bangla (2022)

=== Malay ===

# Muhaddisat Wanita Periwayat Hadis - Translated by Faiq Sharin and Syazani Satri (Siri Pencerahan Selangor, 2025)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |language=ar |pages=292–293 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}

==External links==
* [http://www.alsalam.ac.uk Al-Salam Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028004617/https://alsalam.ac.uk/ |date=28 October 2021 }}
* [http://www.cambridgeislamiccollege.org Cambridge Islamic College]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadwi, Akram}}
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:British Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Persian–Arabic translators]]
[[Category:Islam and women]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:English Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:British Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]

Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T15:55:05Z

HungHay8926976: fixed issues

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Krishnanagar Uttar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Krishnanagar Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = ''Vacant''
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| constituency_no = 83
| established = 1911
| electors = 238,220
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 83 Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] municipality, and Bhandar Khola, Bhimpur, Asannagar, Dogachhi and Pora Gachha [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Krishnanagar I (Community development block)|Krishnanagar I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency is part of No. 12 [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||rowspan=4|Krishnanagar Uttar||rowspan=2|[[Abani Mohan Joardar]]||rowspan=2|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Mukul Roy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnanagar Uttar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Avinabha Bhattacharya|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Adwaita Biswas|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Arghya Gon|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnanagar Uttar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mukul Roy]]
|votes = 1,09,357
|percentage = 54.19
|change = {{increase}}39.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
|votes = 74,268
|percentage = 36.8
|change = {{decrease}}7.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Silvi Saha
|votes = 11,407
|percentage = 5.65
|change = {{decrease}}31.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,851
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Krishnanagar Uttar constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abani Mohan Joardar]]
|votes = 82,864
|percentage = 44.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asim Kumar Saha
|votes = 69,949
|percentage = 37.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chanchal Kumar Biswas
|votes = 26,796
|percentage = 14.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,175
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,87,738
|percentage = 85.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Abani Mohan Joardar of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Subinay Ghosh of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Krishnanagar Uttar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=83| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190859/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=83| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Krishnanagar Uttar| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abani Mohan Joardar]]
|votes = 96,677
|percentage = 56.69
|change = +10.90#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subinay Ghosh
|votes = 61,567
|percentage = 36.10
|change = -12.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramen Biswas
|votes = 5,967
|percentage = 3.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagannath Guha
|votes = 2,980
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Amal Tarafdar
|votes = 1,830
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Birendra Nath Mondal
|votes = 1,508
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,529
|percentage = 85.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +23.60#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006 for the Krishnanagar East. seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Mahira Khan

2026-03-27T00:09:28Z

HungHay8926976: general corrected references as per guidelines and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|Pakistani actress (born 1984)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahira Khan
| image = Mahira Khan 2024 (1).png
| caption = Khan in 2024
| native_name = {{nq|ماہرہ خان}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1984|12|21}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
| birth_name = Mahira Hafeez Khan
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Santa Monica College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006–present
| party =
| spouse = {{ubl|
{{marriage|Ali Askari|2007|2015|end=divorce}} 
{{marriage|Salim Karim|2023}}
}}
| children = 1
| awards =
}}

'''Mahira Hafeez Khan''' ({{IPA|hns|maɦiːraː hafiːz kʰan|pron}}; born 21 December 1984) is a Pakistani actress known for her work in films and television. One of the highest-paid actresses in Pakistan, she has received [[Mahira Khan#Awards and nominations|several accolades]], including seven [[Lux Style Awards]] and eight [[Hum Awards]].<ref name="india.com">{{cite news|title=Mahira Khan: 7 things to know about Humsafar's pretty Khirad Hussain|url=http://www.india.com/top-n/mahira-khan-7-things-to-know-about-humsafars-pretty-khirad-hussain-172850/|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=India.com|date=15 October 2014|ref=india.com}}</ref>

After working as a video jockey for various television shows, Khan made her acting debut in 2011 with a supporting role in [[Shoaib Mansoor]]'s [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] social drama ''[[Bol (film)|Bol]]'' (2011). She then played a troubled wife in the highly successful romantic television drama ''[[Humsafar]]'' (2011), which won her the [[Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Award for Best Television Actress]]. She gained wider recognition for portraying a range of unconventional characters in several [[Pakistani dramas|top-rated television series]], including the religious drama ''[[Shehr-e-Zaat]]'' (2012), the biographical romance ''[[Sadqay Tumhare]]'' (2014), and the romantic drama ''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]'' (2016), all of which earned her multiple Best Actress awards and nominations.

Khan established herself by starring as the female lead in two of [[List of highest-grossing Pakistani films|Pakistan's highest-grossing productions]]—the 2015 romantic drama ''[[Bin Roye]]'' and the 2016 coming-of-age musical drama ''[[Ho Mann Jahan]]''. Her first project in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] came with the crime thriller ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017), which ranks among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]] of 2017. She received critical acclaim for her portrayal of a rape victim in the revenge drama ''[[Verna (film)|Verna]]'' (2017), and an aspiring actress in the musical drama ''[[Superstar (2019 film)|Superstar]]'' (2019). After a short break, she appeared in the 2022 action films ''[[Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]'', both of which became major box-office successes. She produced the sports-based web series ''[[Baarwan Khiladi]]'' (2022).

Outside of acting, Khan supports social causes related to women's rights and the refugee crisis. She has worked with [[UNICEF]] since 2019 and was appointed as the national and global [[UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]] for [[Afghan refugees in Pakistan]] the same year. She has also co-hosted several award ceremonies and is a prominent celebrity endorser for major brands and products. Khan is known to be private about her personal life, which often attracts media attention.

==Early life and education==
Mahira Khan was born on 21 December 1984 into a [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]] family in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan.<ref name="India.comDOB">{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/top-n/mahira-khan-7-things-to-know-about-humsafars-pretty-khirad-hussain-172850/|title=Mahira Khan: 7 things to know about Humsafar's pretty Khirad Hussain|quote=The chirpy and bubbly Mahira was born on December 21, 1982, in a Muslim family and did her early schooling from Foundation Public School before leaving for California at the age of 17.}}</ref> In an [[The Reham Khan Show|online interview]] with [[Reham Khan]], she said that her parents are [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Pashtun|Pathans]]. Her father, Hafeez Khan, was born in [[Delhi]] during the [[British Raj]] and migrated to Pakistan after the [[partition of India]].<ref name="india.com/12dec2016">{{cite news|title=Mahira Khan: 8 things to know about Shah Rukh Khan's beautiful Raees actress from Pakistan|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/mahira-khan-8-things-to-know-about-shah-rukh-khans-beautiful-raees-actress-from-pakistan-1702407/|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=India.com|date=12 December 2016}}</ref> She has a younger brother, Hissan Khan, who is a journalist and entrepreneur.<ref name="Brother">{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan pens heartfelt wish for brother Hissan as she celebrates his birthday |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/952454-mahira-khan-pens-heartfelt-wish-for-brother-hissan-as-she-celebrates-his-birthday |work=The News |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

She received her early education at [[Foundation Public School]], where she completed her [[A'Level|A-Levels]].<ref name=mahirabio>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/01-Nov-2015/mahira-khan-what-you-may-not-know-about-her|title=Mahira Khan — what you may not know about her|newspaper=Daily Times|date=1 November 2015}}</ref> At the age of seventeen, she moved to [[California]] in the [[United States]] for higher education and enrolled at [[Santa Monica College]]. Mahira was the first woman in her family to travel abroad alone.<ref name="newsline/march2012">{{cite news|title=Profile: Mahira Khan {{!}} Newsline|url=http://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/profile-mahira-khan/|accessdate=14 December 2016|work=Newsline|date=March 2012}}</ref> She later said that living in the United States on her own helped her become "strong and independent."<ref name="The News on Sunday">{{cite web|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/unusual-shining-star/|title=Mahira Khan: the unusual, shining star|work=The News on Sunday|accessdate=15 October 2014}}</ref> She then enrolled at the [[University of Southern California]] for a master's degree in English literature. During this period, she worked part-time as a cashier at [[Rite Aid]]. Reflecting on the experience, she said: "I used to mop floors, clean floors, run the till and shut the store at night."<ref name="India.comDOB"/> After completing her first year, Khan decided to pursue her interest in acting and left her studies, returning to Pakistan.<ref name=mahirabio/>

==Career==
=== Early work (2006–2011) ===
Khan began her career in 2006 as a [[VJ (media personality)|video jockey]] at [[MTV Pakistan]], where she hosted the live show ''Most Wanted'' five days a week.<ref name="dawn.com/22Oct2013">{{cite news |title=In conversation with Mahira Khan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1050749 |newspaper=Dawn |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> She later hosted ''Weekend with Mahira'' on [[AAG TV]] in 2008, which featured interviews with celebrities.<ref name="tribune.com/14Jan2012">{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan: From VJ to TV actor |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/321294/mahira-khan-from-vj-to-tv-actor |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=14 January 2012 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2011, she made her film debut with a supporting role in [[Bol (film)|''Bol'']], directed by [[Shoaib Mansoor]]. She played Ayesha, a friend of the lead character, and the film became one of Pakistan's highest-grossing films at the time.<ref name="BolBoxOffice">{{cite news |title='Bol' smashes Pakistani box office records |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/618088-bol-smashes-pakistani-box-office-records |work=The News |date=11 June 2011 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> The success of the film marked her transition from television presenter to actor.<ref name="tribune.com/14Jan2012" />

=== Breakthrough and television success (2011–2016) ===
[[File:Mahira Khan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Khan at an event for [[Zindagi TV]] in 2016]]
Khan gained nationwide fame with the television drama ''[[Humsafar]]'' (2011), in which she played Khirad Ehsan opposite [[Fawad Khan]]. The serial, based on [[Farhat Ishtiaq]]'s novel, became a cultural phenomenon in Pakistan and among South Asian audiences abroad.<ref name="tribune.com/14Jan2012" /> Her performance earned her the [[Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Award for Best Television Actress]] and established her as a leading name in Pakistani television.<ref name="dawn.com/22Oct2013" />

Following the success of ''Humsafar'', she starred in the spiritual romance ''[[Shehr-e-Zaat]]'' (2012), portraying Falak, a woman on a journey of self-discovery and faith. The serial received critical acclaim and earned her the [[Hum Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shehr-e-Zaat: Mahira Khan shines in a story of self-realisation |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/425997/shehr-e-zaat-mahira-khan-shines-in-a-story-of-self-realisation |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=27 August 2012 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2014, she appeared in the biographical romance ''[[Sadqay Tumhare]]'', written by [[Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar]], playing Shano. The drama, based on Qamar's real-life love story, was another success and earned her the [[Hum Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan wins Best Actress for Sadqay Tumhare |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/858414/hum-awards-2015-mahira-khan-wins-best-actress-for-sadqay-tumhare |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

Her next major television appearance was ''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]'' (2016), adapted from Farhat Ishtiaq's novel of the same name. She reprised her film role for the serial version, which became a commercial success and reinforced her reputation as one of Pakistan's leading actresses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bin Roye: Mahira Khan lights up the screen once again |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1194483 |newspaper=Dawn |date=18 July 2015 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Film career (2015–present) ===
Khan made her return to cinema with ''[[Bin Roye]]'' (2015), opposite [[Humayun Saeed]] and [[Armeena Khan]]. The film was both critically and commercially successful, earning her the [[Lux Style Award]] for Best Actress (Film).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bin Roye makes box office history in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/924788/bin-roye-makes-box-office-history-in-pakistan |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

She next appeared in ''[[Ho Mann Jahaan]]'' (2016), a coming-of-age musical drama, alongside [[Adeel Hussain]], [[Sheheryar Munawar]], and [[Sonya Jehan]]. The film performed well at the box office and earned her another Lux Style Award nomination.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ho Mann Jahaan opens to positive reviews |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1020858/ho-mann-jahaan-opens-to-positive-reviews |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=1 January 2016 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2017, she made her [[Bollywood]] debut in ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. The film was a moderate commercial success, nonetheless, ranking among the highest-grossing Indian films of the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan shines in Bollywood debut Raees |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1310762 |newspaper=Dawn |date=27 January 2017 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> Due to political tensions between India and Pakistan, she was unable to participate in the film’s promotional activities in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan banned from promoting Raees in India |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1308994/mahira-khan-banned-promoting-raees-india |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

Later that year, she starred in the social-drama ''[[Verna (film)|Verna]]'', directed by [[Shoaib Mansoor]], playing a rape survivor seeking justice. Her performance received widespread praise and a nomination for the [[Lux Style Awards]] for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan's fearless performance in Verna wins praise |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1562824/4-mahira-khans-fearless-performance-verna-wins-praise |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=18 November 2017 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2019, she appeared in the romantic musical ''[[Superstar (2019 film)|Superstar]]'' opposite [[Bilal Ashraf]]. The film was commercially successful and her performance was positively reviewed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan's Superstar reigns at the box office |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2048823/4-mahira-khans-superstar-reigns-box-office |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=17 August 2019 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

After a brief hiatus, she returned to the screen in 2022 with ''[[Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad]]'', an action-comedy film opposite [[Fahad Mustafa]], which became one of the year's highest-grossing Pakistani films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad scores big at box office |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2369107/quaid-e-azam-zindabad-scores-big-at-box-office |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=25 July 2022 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

The same year, she starred in the epic action film ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]'' alongside [[Fawad Khan]], [[Hamza Ali Abbasi]], and [[Humaima Malick]]. The film became the [[List of highest-grossing Pakistani films|highest-grossing Pakistani film of all time]] and was lauded for its production, direction, and performances.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Legend of Maula Jatt becomes Pakistan's highest-grossing film |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1715960 |newspaper=Dawn |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> Khan's portrayal of Mukkho received widespread praise from both critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan delivers strong performance in The Legend of Maula Jatt |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2382829/mahira-khan-delivers-strong-performance-in-the-legend-of-maula-jatt |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Other work ===
Apart from acting, Khan has also worked as a singer and producer. She once mentioned that director Shoaib Mansoor encouraged her to sing for his film ''[[Verna (film)|Verna]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |title=Shoaib Mansoor feels I'm better at singing than acting: Mahira Khan |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177070/shoaib-mansoor-feels-im-better-at-singing-than-acting-mahira-khan |work=Images (Dawn) |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2021, she started her own company, Soul Fry Films, and produced the web series ''[[Baarwan Khiladi]]'' (2022) with Nina Kashif.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan turns producer with Baarwan Khiladi |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/785510-mahira-khan-turns-producer-with-baarwan-khiladi |work=The News |date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan's production debut "Baarwan Khiladi" to premiere on Tapmad TV |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/720096/mahiras-production-debut-baarwan-khiladi-to-premiere-on-tapmad-tv/ |work=Daily Times |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

She has also appeared in brand campaigns and spoken about the importance of Pakistan–India collaborations in film and local digital content.<ref>{{cite news |title=Collaborations between India and Pakistan are extremely important: Mahira Khan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1557054/think-collaborations-india-pakistan-extremely-important-mahira-khan |work=The Express Tribune |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life and off-screen work==
While studying in the United States, Khan met businessman Ali Askari in 2005.<ref name="The News on Sunday"/> She moved back to Pakistan the following year and married him in 2007.<ref name=mahirabio/> The couple have a son, Azlaan, who was born in 2010. Khan and Askari divorced in 2016 and share custody of their son.<ref name=mahirabio/> In 2019, she began dating entrepreneur Salim Karim, which she confirmed in an [[Tonite with HSY|online interview]] with [[Hassan Sheheryar Yasin]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raees actress Mahira Khan feels her boyfriend Salim Karim is a blessing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/raees-actress-mahira-khan-feels-her-boyfriend-salim-karim-is-a-blessing-1688829-2020-14-6 |accessdate=14 June 2020 |date=14 June 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> She married Karim in an intimate ceremony on 2 October 2023 in [[Bhurban]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani actor Mahira Khan looks ethereal as she marries businessman Salim Karim; watch video |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/pakistani-actor-mahira-khan-looks-ethereal-as-she-marries-businessman-salim-karim-video-11696242142116.html |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=Live Mint |date=2 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani Actress Mahira Khan Marries Businessman Salim Karim In An Intimate Ceremony. Video Inside |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pakistani-actress-mahira-khan-marries-businessman-salim-karim-in-an-intimate-ceremony-video-inside-4441944 |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=NDTV |date=2 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Khan has also taken part in charitable work. She visited Dubai (along with [[Maya Ali]] and then Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]]) and Los Angeles to raise funds for the [[Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital]] in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reviewit.pk/mahira-khan-in-la-for-shaukat-khanum-fund-raiser/|title=Mahira Khan In LA For Shaukat Khanum Fund Raiser|author=|work=Reviewit.pk|date=29 October 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> She has worked with the [[United Nations Children's Fund|UNICEF]] since 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahira among top 10 'Sexiest Asian Women' along with Priyanka, Sonam |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1008215/mahira-among-top-10-sexiest-asian-women-along-with-priyanka-sonam/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=11 December 2015 |accessdate=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213181418/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1008215/mahira-among-top-10-sexiest-asian-women-along-with-priyanka-sonam/ |archive-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was appointed as a national and global [[UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]] for [[Afghan refugees in Pakistan]] in the same year. Her work was praised by the UN Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] during his visit to Pakistan in February 2020. Khan often speaks on issues such as women's rights, child safety, and gender-based violence. On [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]] in 2020, she collaborated with [[Shoaib Mansoor]] on the music video "Dua-e-Reem".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/mahira-khan-and-shoaib-mansoor-reunite-for-dua-e-reem/|title= Mahira Khan and Shoaib Mansoor reunite for 'Dua-e-Reem'|author=|work=Something Haute|date= 3 March 2020|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref> The song, a modern take on [[Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua]] by [[Allama Iqbal]], was set in the [[British Raj|pre-partition era]] and featured her as a young woman reflecting on justice and equality after marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/276288-dua-e-reem-shoaib-mansoor-releases-song-featuring-mahira-khan-on-womens-day|title= Dua-e-Reem: Shoaib Mansoor releases song featuring Mahira Khan on Women's Day|author=|work=Geo News|date= 8 March 2020|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> The song was widely praised and became popular across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fuchsiamagazine.com/2020/03/09/shoaib-mansoor-dua-e-reem-the-dua-every-woman-holds-in-her-heart/|title=Dua-e-Reem: The Dua Every Woman Holds In Her Heart!|author=Naheed Nazir|work=Fuchsia Magazine|date=9 March 2020 |accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sabeen |first1=Laiba |url=https://www.oyeyeah.com/music/mahira-khan-is-the-voice-of-all-young-brides-in-dua-e-reem/|title=Mahira Khan is the voice of all young brides in Dua E Reem|work=Oye Yeah!|date=9 March 2020 |accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/a-womans-dua-rises-against-domestic-violence-marital-rape-6451224/|title= A Pakistan woman's 'dua' against domestic violence, marital rape, echoes in India|author=|work=Indian Express|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Khan and her brother Hissan<ref name="Brother" /> launched a clothing line, Mashion!.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1155475|title=Mahira Khan is Launching Her Own Clothing Line, Mashion! |author=|work=HIP Pakistan|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> Later that year, the two founded a media platform of the same name that focuses on empowering women and spreading awareness about mental health in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://startupguide.com.pk/mahira-khan-hassaan-khan-on-changing-the-game-with-mashion/|title=Mahira Khan & Hassaan Khan On Changing the Game with Mashion |author=|work=Startup Guide|date=21 January 2019 |accessdate=21 January 2019}}</ref> In 2020, she hosted ''Khandani Kitchen'', a [[YouTube]] show by Mashion featuring male celebrities cooking traditional dishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashion.pk/adnan-siddiqui-teaches-mahira-khan-how-to-cook-the-perfect-eid-meal/|title=Adnan Siddiqui Teaches Mahira Khan How To Cook The Perfect Eid Meal|author=|work=Mashion|date=2 August 2020 |accessdate=2 August 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, she joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] campaign "No More", raising awareness about sexual and domestic violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/563554-Mahira-Khan-joins-Commonwealth-saying-no-more-sexual-domestic-violence|title=Mahira Khan joins Commonwealth in saying no more to sexual, domestic violence|author=|work=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 |accessdate=12 September 2020}}</ref>

On 6 November 2024, Khan received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[UK Parliament]] for her work as a cultural ambassador and her contributions to women's empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Mahira Khan wins Lifetime Achievement Award by UK Parliament |url=https://jang.com.pk/en/24618-mahira-khan-wins-lifetime-achievement-award-by-uk-parliament-news#:~:text=Mahira%20Khan%20wins%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award%20by%20UK%20Parliament,-The%20prestigious%20award&text=Pakistani%20actress%20Mahira%20Khan%20won,work%20as%20a%20cultural%20ambassador. |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Daily Jang |language=en}}</ref>

==Media image==
[[File:Mahira Khan grace Vogue Beauty Awards 2016 (01).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Khan at the ''Vogue'' Beauty Awards in 2016]]
Khan is considered as one of Pakistan's most popular and highest-paid actresses.<ref name=maula>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1634543/4 |title=Mahira Khan replaces Humaima Malick as Peshawar Zalmi's brand ambassador |work=The Express Tribune |accessdate=28 June 2018 |date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629054617/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1634543/4/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1180339 |title=Mahira Khan is no longer the female lead of Asim Raza's Parey Hat Luv |work=Dawn Images |date=26 June 2018 |accessdate=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628233735/https://images.dawn.com/news/1180339 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178690 |title=Sarmad Khoosat's Manto is coming to television screens as a drama |author=Images Staff |date=26 October 2017 |work=Images |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223115/https://images.dawn.com/news/1178690 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has received several awards and nominations for her acting and fashion work. In 2012, Khan was named the Most Beautiful Woman in Pakistan, and in 2020, she was listed as the 18th "Most Beautiful Woman in the World" by ''Stylecraze'' magazine.<ref name="dailytimes/1nov2015">{{cite news |title=Your Right To Know |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/01-Nov-2015/mahira-khan-what-you-may-not-know-about-her |access-date=13 November 2016 |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201001709/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/01-Nov-2015/mahira-khan-what-you-may-not-know-about-her |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://arynews.tv/en/mahira-khan-ranks-world-most-beautiful-women/ |title=Mahira Khan ranks 18 in world's most beautiful women list |date=11 February 2020 |accessdate=11 February 2020 |publisher=ARY News}}</ref> In ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' magazine's annual "Sexiest Asian Women" poll, she ranked tenth in 2015, ninth in 2016, fifth in 2017, fourth in 2018, and ninth in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan holds onto sexiest Pakistani woman crown |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/253378-mahira-khan-holds-onto-sexiest-pakistani-woman-crown |accessdate=7 December 2017 |work=The News |date=7 December 2017 |author=Murtaza Ali Shah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207071524/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/253378-mahira-khan-holds-onto-sexiest-pakistani-woman-crown |archive-date=7 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan ranks ninth among sexiest Asian woman |url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/366414-Mahira-Khan-ranks-ninth-among-sexiest-Asian-woman |accessdate=26 December 2016 |publisher=Dunya News |date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226132501/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/366414-Mahira-Khan-ranks-ninth-among-sexiest-Asian-woman |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/582858-mehwish-hayat-mahira-khan-ranked-among-asias-sexiest-women-of-2019|title=Mehwish Hayat, Mahira Khan ranked among 'Asia's Sexiest Women of 2019'|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=13 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/387836-Mahira-Khan-to-charge-Rs3-lac-for-each-drama-episo |title=Mahira Khan to charge Rs 3 lac for each drama episode |date=11 May 2017 |accessdate=13 May 2017 |publisher=Dunya News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511112141/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/387836-Mahira-Khan-to-charge-Rs3-lac-for-each-drama-episo |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is among the most followed Pakistani celebrities on [[Instagram]] and [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2207450/4-aiman-khan-pakistans-followed-celebrity-instagram |title=Aiman Khan is Pakistan's most followed celebrity on Instagram |date=26 April 2020 |accessdate=26 April 2020 |publisher=The Express Tribune}}</ref>
Khan has hosted several major award shows, including the [[Lux Style Awards]] in 2010 and 2015, and the [[1st Hum Awards|Hum Awards]] in 2013.<ref name="images/30sept2015">{{cite news |title=What to expect from tonight's star-studded LSAs |url=http://images.dawn.com/news/1173928 |accessdate=21 March 2017 |work=Images |date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005021325/http://images.dawn.com/news/1173928 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tribune/17sept2011">{{cite news |title=Lux Style Awards 2011: Glamour's night out |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/254420/lux-style-awards-2011-glamours-night-out/ |accessdate=21 March 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014828/https://tribune.com.pk/story/254420/lux-style-awards-2011-glamours-night-out/ |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dawn/24march2013">{{cite news |title=Hum Awards: Starry, starry night |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/797619 |accessdate=14 December 2016 |newspaper=DAWN |date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141313/http://www.dawn.com/news/797619 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2016, she became the subject of false online reports after fabricated anti-India comments were circulated ahead of the release of her Bollywood film ''Raees''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan becomes the latest victim of false online 'news' |url=http://images.dawn.com/news/1176837/mahira-khan-becomes-the-latest-victim-of-false-online-news |accessdate=7 January 2017 |work=Images |date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108001704/http://images.dawn.com/news/1176837/mahira-khan-becomes-the-latest-victim-of-false-online-news |archive-date=8 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan has served as an ambassador for several national and international brands, including [[Lux (soap)|Lux]], [[QMobile]], Gai Power Wash, [[TUC (cracker)|TUC]], [[Huawei]], [[Sunsilk]], [[Veet]], and [[L'Oréal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan to endorse Huawei mobiles |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/02/01/mahira-khan-to-endorse-huawei-mobiles/ |accessdate=21 March 2017 |date=1 February 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014745/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/02/01/mahira-khan-to-endorse-huawei-mobiles/ |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aamna Haider Isani |title=The upcoming Q Mobile Hum Style Awards |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/159469-The-upcoming-Q-Mobile-Hum-Style-Awards |accessdate=21 March 2017 |work=The News |date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321092101/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/159469-The-upcoming-Q-Mobile-Hum-Style-Awards |archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week ends on a high note |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/04/17/pfdc-sunsilk-fashion-week-ends-on-a-high-note/ |accessdate=21 March 2017 |date=17 April 2012 |work=Pakistan Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322020949/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/04/17/pfdc-sunsilk-fashion-week-ends-on-a-high-note/ |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="veetgirl">{{cite news |author=Aamna Haider Isani |title=There's something about Mahira |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/202038-Theres-something-about-Mahira |date=3 May 2017 |work=The News |accessdate=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714100303/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/202038-Theres-something-about-Mahira |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is also known for representing Pakistan at major international platforms.<ref name="india.com"/><ref name="indianexpress/26september2014">{{cite news |title=Humsafar made me popular |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/humsafar-made-me-popular/ |accessdate=13 November 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2014 |ref=indianexpress/26september2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311201631/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/humsafar-made-me-popular/ |archive-date=11 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she represented Pakistan at the [[2018 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]], and the following year became the first Pakistani actor to walk at the [[Paris Fashion Week]].<ref name="loreal">{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan becomes Pakistan's first Ambassador for L'Oreal Paris |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/237887-Mahira-Khan-becomes-Pakistans-first-Ambassador-for-LOreal-Paris |date=18 October 2017 |accessdate=22 November 2017 |work=The News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040625/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/237887-Mahira-Khan-becomes-Pakistans-first-Ambassador-for-LOreal-Paris |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="luxgirl">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/216675-Were-actors-our-will-last-Mahira-Khan |title="We're actors; our work will last." – Mahira Khan |date=15 July 2017 |accessdate=16 July 2017 |work=The News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716011400/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/216675-Were-actors-our-work-will-last-Mahira-Khan |archive-date=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From dancing cow to Mahira Khan – Gai washing powder features the beautiful super star as brand ambassador in new TVC |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/01/05/gai-power-wash-launches-mahira-khan-as-brand-ambassador-in-new-tvc/ |accessdate=21 March 2017 |date=5 January 2017 |work=[[Pakistan Today]]}}</ref> In 2019, she was appointed the brand ambassador of [[Peshawar Zalmi]], a cricket franchise in the [[Pakistan Super League]] (PSL).<ref>{{cite news |author= |title= Mahira Khan appointed Peshawar Zalmi's Ambassador |url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/mahira-khan-appointed-peshawar-zalmi-s-ambassador |date=3 May 2017 |work=The Nation |accessdate=3 February 2019}}</ref> That same year, she received the Best International Icon Award at the [[Dubai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title= Mahira Khan honoured at the DIAFA awards in Dubai |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/430494-mahira-khan-honoured-at-the-diafa-awards-in-dubai |date=3 May 2019 |work=The News International |accessdate=3 May 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Director
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref(s)
|-
|2011
| ''[[Bol (film)|Bol]]''
| Ayesha Khan
| [[Shoaib Mansoor]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Usman |title=Shoaib Mansoor's Bol to focus on women's issues |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/76401/s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216095652/https://tribune.com.pk/story/76401/shoaib-mansoors-bol-to-focus-on-womens-issues/ |archive-date=16 February 2019 |access-date=30 January 2020 |newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
| ''[[Bin Roye]]''
|Saba Shafiq
| [[Shahzad Kashmiri]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2015 |title=Mahira Khan to clash with Salman Khan at the box office |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahira-Khan-to-clash-with-Salman-Khan-at-the-box-office/articleshow/47971082.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manto (2015 film)|Manto]]''
|Madaran
| [[Sarmad Khoosat]]
| Special appearance in song "Kya Hoga"
|<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2015 |title=Must watch: Literary genius Manto comes to life in much-awaited biopic |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1198981/must-watch-literary-genius-manto-comes-to-life-in-much-awaited-biopic |access-date=24 August 2015 |work=Mehreen Hassan}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
| ''[[Ho Mann Jahaan]]''
| Manizeh
| [[Asim Raza]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahira Khan's "Ho Mann Jahaan" to be released on January 1, 2016 |url=http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/mahira-khans-ho-mann-jahaan-to-be-released-on-january-1-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707131308/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/mahira-khans-ho-mann-jahaan-to-be-released-on-january-1-2016/ |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=7 October 2015 |newspaper=Daily Pakistan Global |publisher=Ali Zain}}</ref>
|-
| {{no wrap|''[[Actor in Law]]''}}
| Herself
| [[Nabeel Qureshi (director)|Nabeel Qureshi]]
| Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jawaid |first1=Wajiha |date=11 January 2016 |title=Urdu 1 ventures into film distribution with 'Actor in Law' |url=http://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1148782 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=hip |publisher=Wajiha Jawaid}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
| Aasiya Qazi
| [[Rahul Dholakia]]
| [[Hindi Cinema|Hindi film]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2015 |title=For Mahira Khan, a Pre-Bin Roye Photoshoot Before Leaving Pakistan For Mumbai |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/for-mahira-khan-a-pre-raees-photoshoot-before-leaving-pakistan-for-mumbai-756658 |access-date=22 April 2015 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Verna (film)|Verna]]''
|Sara
| Shoaib Mansoor
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2016 |title=Mahira Khan to play lead role in Shoaib Mansoor's 'Verna' |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/10/13/entertainment/mahira-khan-to-play-lead-role-in-shoaib-mansoors-verna/ |access-date=29 October 2016 |work=[[Pakistan Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[7 Din Mohabbat In]]''
| Neeli
| [[Farjad Nabi|Farjad]]–[[Meenu Gaur|Meenu]]
|
|<ref name="SDMI1">{{cite news |date=1 March 2017 |title=Mahira Khan and Sheheryar Munawar will star together in 'Saat Din Mohabbat In' |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301143530/https://images.dawn.com/news/1177183/mahira-khan-and-sheheryar-munawar-will-star-together-in-saat-din-mohabbat-in |archive-date=1 March 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=Dawn Images}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
| ''[[Parey Hut Love]]''
| Zeena
| Asim Raza
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Mahira Khan will have a special appearance in Paray Hut Love |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/337828- |accessdate=30 March 2019 |work=[[The News International|The News]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Superstar (2019 film)|Superstar]]''
|Noor
| [[Mohammed Ehteshamuddin]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gul |first=Jan |date=7 August 2019 |title='Superstar' review: Another film, another misstep for Mahira Khan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2030067/s |website=tribune.com.pk/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad]]''
| Jia
| Nabeel Qureshi
|
|<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1555510067151405056 |user=FilmwalaP |title=What happens jab film bhi achi ho aur numbers bhi? Ji haan, another biggg achievement, thanks to our fans 25 Crore worldwide |last=Filmwala Pictures |date=5 August 2022 |accessdate=8 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]''
| Mukhoo Jatti
| [[Bilal Lashari]]
|[[Lollywood|Punjabi Film]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sumiya |date=2022-07-28 |title=The Legend Of Maula Jatt Cast, Crew, and Release Date |url=https://www.magpakistan.com/the-legend-of-maula-jatt-cast-crew-release-date/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Mag Pakistan |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Love Guru (2025 film)|Love Guru]]''
|Sophia Khan
|[[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Mohammad Kamran Jawaid |date=1 June 2025 |title=Spotlight: In The Name of Love |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1914700 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=Dawn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Neelofar (film)|Neelofar]]''
|Neelofar
|Ammar Rasool
|
|<ref name="image">{{Cite news |date=9 December 2020 |title=It's a wrap! Behind the scenes of Fawad and Mahira's highly anticipated Neelofar |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1186154 |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=Images by [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Aag Lagay Basti Mein]]}}
|Almaas
|Bilal Atif Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=jamil |first=hania |date=2025-12-25 |title=Fahad Mustafa wraps 'ALBM', hints at release plans |url=https://jang.com.pk/en/55750-fahad-mustafa-wraps-albm-hints-at-release-plans-news |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=jang.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Mirza Jatt}}
|{{TBA}}
|[[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Will Mahira Khan star in Khalilur Rehman Qamar's upcoming film 'Mirza Jatt'? |url=https://jang.com.pk/en/12804-will-mahira-khan-star-in-khalilur-rehman-qamars-upcoming-film-mirza-jatt-news |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=jang.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
!Network
! scope="col" |Director
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
| ''[[Neeyat (TV series)|Neeyat]]''
| Ayla
|[[ARY Digital]]
| [[Mehreen Jabbar]]
| Television Debut
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/163092/drama-serial-neeyat-mahira-proved-mettle/|title=Drama serial 'Neeyat' — when Mahira proved her mettle|website=Daily Times|date=20 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Humsafar]]''
| Khirad Ehsan
| rowspan="2" |[[Hum TV]]
| rowspan="2" | Sarmad Khoosat
|
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Drama Serials:Golden Age?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/699862/drama-serials-golden-age |first=Sbahat |last=Zakariya|work=DAWN.COM|date=29 November 2015|access-date= 3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Shehr-e-Zaat]]''
| Falak
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/925619/mahira-khan-returns-to-indian-tv-with-hit-drama-shehr-e-zaat/|title=Mahira Khan returns to Indian TV with hit drama Shehr-e-Zaat {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=25 July 2015|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=3 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Coke Kahani]]''
| Herself
|[[Broadcast syndication|Broadcast Syndication]]
| Mehreen Jabbar
| Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mehreen's new serial shows the lives of Pakistani people|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/483415/with-coke-kahani-mehreen-jabbar-highlights-the-lives-of-pakistanis/|accessdate=23 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=23 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[TUC The Lighter Side of Life|The Lighter Side of Life]]''
| Host
| rowspan="3" |[[Hum TV]]
| [[Sabiha Sumar]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|author=Mariam Shafiq|title=Lighter side of life - first look at celebrities|date=11 December 2013 |url=http://reviewit.pk/tuc-the-lighter-side-of-life-first-look-at-the-celebrities/|publisher=Reviewit|accessdate=26 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sadqay Tumhare]]''
| Rukhsana "Shano" Amin
| Mohammed Ehteshamuddin
|
|<ref name="Dawn/18oct2014">{{cite news |title='Sadqay Tumhare' was about personal growth: Adnan Malik |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1138596 |access-date=14 December 2016 |newspaper=DAWN |date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113231529/http://www.dawn.com/news/1138596 |archive-date=13 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]''
| Saba Shafiq
| [[Haissam Hussain]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176847 |title=TV drama Bin Roye proves we're way too obsessed with our susraal |last=Khan |first=Sheeba |date=2 January 2017 |work=Images |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220355/https://images.dawn.com/news/1176847 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| ''[[Main Manto]]''
| Madari
|[[Geo Entertainment]]
| Sarmad Khoosat
| Cameo
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178690 |title=Sarmad Khoosat's Manto is coming to television screens as a drama |author=Images Staff |date=26 October 2017 |work=Images |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223115/https://images.dawn.com/news/1178690 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Hum Kahan Ke Sachay Thay]]''
| Mehreen Mansoor
|[[Hum TV]]
| [[Farooq Rind]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |first=Irfan Ul |last=Haq |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1187972 |title=Mahira Khan returns to our television screens after five-year hiatus with Hum Kahan Kai Sachey Thay |date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Dawn News|Dawn Images]] |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Baarwan Khiladi]]''
| {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Express Entertainment]]
| Adnan Sarwar
| Web-series; Producer only
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2346191/passion-over-profit-mahira-khan-talks-production-debut-baarwan-khiladi|title=Passion over profit: Mahira Khan talks production debut 'Baarwan Khiladi'|date=3 March 2022|website=Express Tribune|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Razia (TV series)|Razia]]''
| Razia
| Mohsin Ali
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2430827/i-said-yes-in-a-heartbeat-mahira-khan-grateful-to-be-part-of-razia|title=I said yes in a heartbeat: Mahira Khan grateful to be part of faroo'Razia'|date=15 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023|work=Express Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Mitti De Baway}}
|{{Tba}}
|Green Entertainment
|Haissam Hussain
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=News |date=2025-09-18 |title=Wahaj Ali & Mahira Khan's Mitti De Baawe Update – Drama Details |url=https://bridesandyou.com/2025/09/18/wahaj-ali-mahira-khans-mitti-de-baawe-update-drama-details/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Brides & You |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Telefilms ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
!Network
! scope="col" |Director
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref(s)
|-
|2021
| ''[[Aik Hai Nigar]]''
| [[Nigar Johar]]
|[[ARY Digital]]
| [[Adnan Sarwar]]
| Biopic
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Images Staff |date=14 October 2021 |title=Mahira Khan's Aik Hai Nigar to release on October 23 |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188591 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Woh Ek Raat}}
| {{TBA}}
|[[Hum TV]]
| [[Shahzad Kashmiri|Shehzad Kashmiri]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amena |first=Rasti |date=2025-10-09 |title=Top 3 Mahira Khan's upcoming Pakistani films with Wahaj, Fawad and Fahad |url=https://www.siasat.com/three-upcoming-films-of-pakistani-actress-mahira-khan-2025-2026-3281451/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Director
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2020
|''[[Churails]]''
|Shagufta
|[[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|[[Asim Abbasi]]
|Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Till there are more woman filmmakers telling stories, men need to be allies: Pakistani filmmaker Asim Abbasi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/till-there-are-more-woman-filmmakers-telling-stories-men-need-to-be-allies-says-pakistani-filmmaker-churails-asim-abbasi-6548577/ |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Jo Bachay Hain Sang Samait Lo|Jo Bachay Hain Sang Samait Lo]]}}
|Rahat
|[[Netflix]]
|[[Momina Duraid]]
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jo Bachay Hain Sang Samait Lo |type=Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28756872/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |others=Fawad Khan, Mahira Khan, Sanam Saeed |publisher=Momina Duraid Productions}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|[[12th Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Television Actress - Satellite
| rowspan="3" |''[[Humsafar]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=12th LUX Style Awards: Pakistan entertainment industry's big night – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/572494/12th-lux-style-awards-live-updates/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006133932/http://tribune.com.pk/story/572494/12th-lux-style-awards-live-updates/ |archive-date=2014-10-06 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=tribune.com.pk |date=4 July 2013 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pakistan Media Awards]]
|Best Actress - Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1st Hum Awards]]
|Best On-screen Couple (with [[Fawad Khan]])
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quraishi |first=Faisal |date=2013-03-14 |title=Awards celebrate showbiz achievements |url=https://www.dawn.com/2013/03/14/awards-celebrate-showbiz-achievements/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
| rowspan="3" |''[[Shehr-e-Zaat]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple (with [[Mikaal Zulfiqar|Mikaal Zulfikar]])
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2014
|[[Pakistan Media Awards]]
|Best Actress - Drama
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-02 |title=Media awards honour fashion, entertainment stars |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1084340 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220140946/http://www.dawn.com/news/1084340 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
| rowspan="3" |[[3rd Hum Awards]]
|Best Actress - Jury
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sadqay Tumhare]]''
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2015-04-10 |title=HUM TV Awards 2015: 'Sadqay Tumhare' a clear winner |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1175086 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522104744/http://www.dawn.com/news/1175086 |archive-date=2016-05-22 |access-date=2025-12-30 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress - Popular
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple (with [[Adnan Malik]])
|{{Won}}
|-
|Masala! Awards
|Best Actress
|''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
| rowspan="2" |[[15th Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Television Actress
|''[[Sadqay Tumhare]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-29 |title=LSA 2016 winners: The complete list {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1151857/l/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803165058/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1151857/l/ |archive-date=2018-08-03 |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
| rowspan="3" |''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2016-04-24 |title=10 best and worst moments of Hum TV awards 2016 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1090800/10-best-and-worst-moments-of-humtv-awards-2016 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Hum Awards]]
|Recognition Award - Films (with [[Humayun Saeed]])
|{{Won}}
|-
|1st Hum Style Awards
|Most Stylish Actress (Film)
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-29 |title=Here are the winners from the first ever Hum Style Awards |url=http://images.dawn.com/news/1176496 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105112348/http://images.dawn.com/news/1176496 |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Vogue Beauty Awards
|Face to Watch Out For
|{{N/a}}
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2016-07-28 |title=Mahira Khan wins big at Vogue Beauty Awards in India |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1150937/mahira-khan-wins-big-vogue-beauty-awards-india |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2017
| rowspan="4" |[[5th Hum Awards]]
|Best Actress - Jury
| rowspan="4" |''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]''
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-09 |title=Hum Awards 2017 reveals nominations |url=https://nation.com.pk/09-Apr-2017/hum-awards-2017-reveals-nominations |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Images |date=2017-04-30 |title=Sang-e-Mar Mar and Udaari win big at the Hum Awards 2017 |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177515 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress - Popular
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple - Jury (with [[Humayun Saeed]])
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple - Popular (with [[Humayun Saeed]])
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[16th Lux Style Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ho Mann Jahaan]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Images |date=2017-04-19 |title=Here's what went down at the Lux Style Awards 2017 |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177454 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nigar Awards]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Images |date=2017-02-20 |title=Here are the nominations for the 47th Nigar Awards |url=http://images.dawn.com/news/1177131 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2nd Hum Style Awards
|Most Stylish Actress (Television)
|''[[Bin Roye (TV series)|Bin Roye]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=Images |date=2017-10-07 |title=Hum Style Awards 2017 nominations are out. Did your favourite make the cut? |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178573 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183852/https://images.dawn.com/news/1178573 |archive-date=2018-07-17 |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=Images |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Masala! Awards
|Asian Woman of Substance
|{{N/a}}
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Beirut International Film Festival
|Best International Star
|{{N/a}}
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|[[6th Hum Awards]]
|Recognition Award - Films
| rowspan="3" |''[[Verna (film)|Verna]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[17th Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-21 |title='Baaghi' and 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' stole the show at Lux Style Awards 2018 - The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1639834/4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223055103/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1639834/4/ |archive-date=2018-02-23 |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |3rd Hum Style Awards
|Most Stylish Actress (Film)
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=tabloid! |first=Usman Ghafoor, Special to |date=2020-02-03 |title=Hum Style Awards 2020 brings out Pakistan's most glamorous |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/hum-style-awards-2020-brings-out-pakistans-most-glamorous-1.69460893 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Style Icon of the Year
|{{N/a}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|Bollywood Film Journalist Awards
|Best Female Debut
|''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|2019
|[[Distinctive International Arab Festivals Awards|DIAFA Awards]]
|International Icon Award
|''For contribution to Film and Television''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Images |date=2019-02-09 |title=Mahira Khan honoured at the Distinctive International Arab Festivals Awards |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1181837 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| rowspan="2" |[[19th Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Film Actress (Viewers' Choice)
| rowspan="3" |''[[Superstar (2019 film)|Superstar]]''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Images |date=2019-03-30 |title=Lux Style Awards 2019 nominations are out! |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1182224 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film Actress (Critics' Choice)
|{{Won}}
|-
|4th Hum Style Awards
|Most Stylish Actress (Film)
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
| rowspan="4" |[[8th Hum Awards]]
|Best Actress - Jury
| rowspan="6" |''[[Hum Kahan Ke Sachay Thay]]''
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|Best Actress - Popular
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple - Jury (with [[Usman Mukhtar]])
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best On-screen Couple - Popular (with [[Usman Mukhtar]])
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[21st Lux Style Awards|21th Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Television Actress (Viewers' Choice)
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Style |first=BR Life & |date=2022-11-28 |title=Winners of the 21st Lux Style Awards |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40211310 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Television Actress (Critics' Choice)
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Septimius Award
|Best Asian Actress
|''[[Aik Hai Nigar]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAST NOMINEES 2022 – Septimius Awards |url=https://septimiusawards.com/nominees2022/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[22nd Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Film Actress
|''[[Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|1st Kya Drama Hai Icon Awards
|Best Supporting Actress (Mini-Series)
|''[[Razia (TV series)|Razia]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Watch out the winners of 'Kya Drama Hai' 1st Drama Icon Awards 2023 |url=https://www.24newshd.tv/02-Jan-2024/watch-out-the-winners-of-kya-drama-hai-1st-drama-icon-awards-2023 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=24 News HD}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|EMIGALA Fashion & Beauty Awards
|Artist in Fashion
|{{N/a}}
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Style |first=BR Life & |date=2024-04-29 |title=Mahira Khan honoured at Dubai's EMIGALA Fashion & Beauty Awards |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40300913 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|UK Parliament
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|''For contribution to Film and Television''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pakistani-star-mahira-khan-honoured-with-award-of-recognition-at-uk-parliament-6973286}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|10th Hum Awards
|Recognition Award - Films (with [[Humayun Saeed]])
|''[[Love Guru (2025 film)|Love Guru]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Web |date=2025-10-13 |title=10th Hum Awards: complete list of winners and highlights from Houston |url=https://humenglish.com/entertainment/ishq-murshid-dominates-2025-hum-awards/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=HUM News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|4493060}}
* {{Instagram|mahirahkhan|Mahira Khan}}

{{Hum Award Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mahira}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani film actresses]]
[[Category:Pakistani television actresses]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pashtun actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Santa Monica College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani actresses]]
[[Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees goodwill ambassadors]]

Indian Medical Council Act

2026-03-25T19:07:47Z

HungHay8926976: general updated references as per guidelines and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Indian Medical Council Act, 1956]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Menaka Guruswamy

2026-03-17T12:59:36Z

HungHay8926976: quick add structure per standard format and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Menaka Guruswamy
| image =
| caption = Menaka Guruswamy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1974|11|27}}|
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200917/hyderabads-menaka-guruswamy-gets-rare-honour-at-rhodes.html|title=Hyderabad's Menaka Guruswamy gets rare honour at Rhodes|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 September 2017|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>
| office = Member Elect, [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mausam Noor]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] [[Harvard Law School]] [[National Law School of India University|National Law School]]
| partner = [[Arundhati Katju]] (2018–present)
| occupation = [[Senior Counsel|Senior Advocate]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2026–present)
}}
Dr. '''Menaka Guruswamy''' (born 27 November 1974) is an Indian lawyer and politician. Since 2026, she has served as a [[member of Parliament (India)|member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], representing [[West Bengal]]. Guruswamy is also a senior advocate at the [[Supreme Court of India]] and was the B.R. Ambedkar Research Scholar and lecturer at [[Columbia Law School]], New York, from 2017 to 2019.<ref name="law.columbia.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/menaka-guruswamy|title=Menaka Guruswamy, Research Scholar and Lecturer in Law|last=|first=|date=25 June 2021|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Guruswamy has also been visiting faculty at [[Yale Law School]], [[New York University School of Law]] and [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.utoronto.ca/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/menaka-guruswamy|title=Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Faculty Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> She is known for having played a significant role in many landmark cases before the Supreme Court, including the [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Section 377 case]], [[T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India|the bureaucratic reforms case]], [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal|the Augusta Westland bribery case]], the [[Salwa Judum]] case, and the Right to Education case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/supreme-court-upholds-25-reservation-private-schools|title=Supreme Court upholds 25% reservation in private schools|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> She is assisting the Supreme Court as Amicus Curie in the case pertaining to the alleged extrajudicial killings of 1,528 persons in [[Manipur]] by members of the military and the security forces .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/human-rights-and-the-military/|title=Human rights and the military|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

Guruswamy has advised the [[United Nations Development Fund]], New York and [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF), New York and UNICEF South Sudan on various aspects of International Human Rights Law and has also supported the constitution-making process in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainnewyork.gov.in/pdf/Dr.%20Menaka%20Guruswamy.pdf|title=Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Research Scholar and Lecturer in Law|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> A member of the [[Trinamool Congress]], she is the first openly [[LGBTQ+]] parliamentarian at the national level in India's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-menaka-guruswamy-set-to-become-india-first-openly-lgbtq-parliamentarian/article70687017.ece|title=Menaka Guruswamy, TMC’s pick for Rajya Sabha, could become India’s first LGBTQ+ parliamentarian|publisher=The Hindu|date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Guruswamy is the daughter of Mohan Guruswamy, a former [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] strategist and Special Advisor to Union Finance Minister [[Yashwant Sinha]], and Meera Guruswamy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/2019-wpower-trailblazers/menaka-guruswamy-taking-the-law-into-her-hands/52721/1|title=Menaka Guruswamy: Taking the law into her hands|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Today, People|url=https://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/22081998/people.html|access-date=2020-11-05|website=archives.digitaltoday.in}}</ref>

Guruswamy has advanced degrees in law from the [[University of Oxford]], [[Harvard Law School]] and the [[National Law School of India University]]. Her primary education was Hyderabad Public School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150730/lifestyle-health-and-wellbeing/article/top-legal-honour-oxford-harvard-and-now-yale|title=A top legal honour: Oxford, Harvard and now Yale|last=|first=|date=31 July 2015|website=|access-date=}}</ref> after which she finished High School at Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi. This was followed by B.A.LL.B. (Hons) from National Law School of India University, Bangalore (1997). Subsequently, she was awarded a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to read for the BCL at the University of Oxford (2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rhodesproject.com/menaka-guruswamy-profile|title=Profile with Menaka Guruswamy|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> and the Gammon Fellowship to pursue the LL.M at Harvard Law School (2001). She obtained her D.Phil from the University of Oxford in 2015 with a thesis on 'Constitutionalism in India, Pakistan and Nepal'.

In the year 2019, in an interview with [[CNN]]'s [[Fareed Zakaria]], Guruswamy revealed that she was in a relationship with lawyer [[Arundhati Katju]], with whom she convinced the Supreme Court in 2018 to decriminalise Section 377, saying that the victory was not just a professional benchmark but also a personal win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/section-377-lawyers-menaka-guruswamy-and-arundhati-katju-come-out-as-a-couple-2237281.html|title=Section 377 Lawyers Menaka Guruswamy and Arundhati Katju Come Out as a Couple|last=|first=|date=21 July 2019|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Legal career ==
Guruswamy joined the bar in 1997 and started working with the then Attorney General of India, [[Ashok Desai]]. After completing her BCL at Oxford (2000) and LL.M. at Harvard (2001), she practiced law at [[Davis Polk & Wardwell]], New York, as an Associate.

Her practice at the Supreme Court of India covers areas of White Collar Defense, Constitutional Law, Corporate Law and Arbitration. She has represented the Union of India and National Capital Territory of Delhi in various matters.

===Decriminalisation of Homosexuality===
In April 2016, Guruswamy along with a team of lawyers including Arundhati Katju and Saurabh Kripal filed a petition on behalf of five LGBT petitioners led by Navtej Singh Johar challenging the constitutionality of [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], 1860. The petition was the first instance that LGBT Indians actually filed writ petitions alleging violation of their fundamental rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/24/our-lives-should-be-lived-in-the-sun-the-couple-fighting-to-legalise-gay-sex-in-india|title=Our lives should be lived in the sun': the couple fighting to legalise gay sex in India – The Guardian|last=|first=|date=24 July 2018|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|access-date=}}</ref> Guruswamy also appeared on behalf of petitioners from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and in the landmark judgment, the 5-judge Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court read down Section 377 as not applicable to consenting adults.

She had also appeared for [[Shyam Benegal]] the film maker in the Supreme Court in the case of Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation (2013).

===Bureaucratic Reforms Case===
In the case of [[T. S. R. Subramanian v. Union of India|T.S.R. Subramanium & Others v. Union of India]], Guruswamy represented former cabinet secretary T.S.R. Subramanian and 80 other retired high ranking bureaucrats to seek the implementation of various bureaucratic reforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5Tsc7stKrVFzqnqZoWFLXO/The-Supreme-Court-has-sent-a-message-Menaka-Guruswamy.html|title=The Supreme Court has sent a message: Menaka Guruswamy|last=|first=|date=November 2013|website=|access-date=}}</ref> In a significant decision, the Supreme Court held, ''inter alia'', that bureaucrats are not bound to follow oral orders from Government officials and must rely on written orders, that a Civil Services Board consisting of senior bureaucrats must be formed at the Centre and State level to look into matters of postings and transfers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/40943.pdf|title=T.S.R. Subramanium & Others v. Union of India, Supreme Court of India|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

===Right to Education Case===
Guruswamy represented an intervenor, the Azim Premji Foundation, in the case of Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India pertaining to the constitutionality of Section 12(1)(c) of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/independence-day-special/story/20160822-maneka-guruswamy-amartya-sen-right-to-education-act-azim-premji-extra-judicial-killings-829381-2016-08-10|title=My Freedom to Argue|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Section 12(1)(c) mandated private unaided schools to admit 25% of their Class strength with children from weaker and disadvantaged sections and provide them with free education. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Constitutionality of the provision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/v8XGnE7Bw4zVJofReOjvlI/SC-upholds-25-reservation-for-poor-in-schools-through-RTE.html|title=SC upholds 25% reservation for poor in schools through RTE|last=|first=|date=12 April 2012|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

===Salwa Judum Case===
Guruswamy was a part of the team of lawyers that successfully litigated against Salwa Judum in the landmark case of [[Nandini Sundar]] v. State of Chhattisgarh [(2011) 7 SCC 547].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/920448/|title=Nandini Sundar v. State of Chattisgarh, (2011) 7 SCC 547|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Salwa Judam was the practice of deploying tribal youths as Special Police Officers in the fight against the Maoist insurgency and ordered their immediate disarming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/893|title=Supreme Court For Relief Of Victims Of Salwa Judum, Security Forces Or Naxalites|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

===August Westland VVIP Chopper Scam===
In the Augusta Westland corruption case, wherein middlemen and Indian officials received kickbacks in a deal to purchase helicopters, Guruswamy represented former Air Chief Marshal S.P. Tyagi before a Special CBI Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/agustawestland-european-middleman-discloses-percentage-of-bribe-paid-to-tyagi-brothers-says-cbi-to-court/articleshow/55983893.cms|title=AgustaWestland: 'European middleman discloses percentage of bribe paid to Tyagi brothers', says CBI to court|last=|first=|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=|website=|access-date=|last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir }}</ref> She successfully argued for his bail after his arrest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/former-iaf-chief-s-p-tyagi-granted-bail-in-agustawestland-chopper-scam/articleshow/56178713.cms?from=mdr|title=CBI failed to state amount of money paid to former IAF Chief SP Tyagi in AgustaWestland case: court; grants him bail|last=|first=|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=|website=|access-date=|last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir }}</ref> In 2018, a charge sheet was filed against Tyagi and the case is currently pending.

===Amicus Curiae===
In 2012, a bench of Justice Aftab Alam and Justice Ranjana Desai appointed Guruswamy as the Amicus Curie in the case of alleged 1528 extrajudicial killings by the armed forces in Manipur, India. Among other contributions, Guruswamy proposed to the bench that a Special Investigation Team be set up to investigate the killings of persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/supreme-court/scoi-report-amicus-guruswamy-in-fake-encounter-case-proposes-sit-to-probe-mysterious-manipur-killings-20151006-6713|title=SCOI Report: Amicus Guruswamy, in fake encounter case, proposes SIT to probe mysterious Manipur killings|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2016, accepting the submissions of the Amicus and the Petitioners, the Supreme Court ordered that the use of excessive force by Police or the Armed Forces must be thoroughly enquired into. The Court held that there is no concept of absolute immunity from trial by the criminal court constituted under the Cr.P.C., even if the offence is alleged to have been committed by army personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/manipur-extra-judicial-killings-allegation-excessive-force-police-armed-forces-must-thoroughly-enquired-sc/|title=Manipur Extra Judicial Killings: Allegation of excessive force by Police or Armed Forces must be thoroughly enquired into: SC|last=|first=|date=8 July 2016|website=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2017, the Court directed the CBI to constitute a Special Investigation Team to complete investigations in the matter, lodge FIRs in the matter and file chargesheets wherever necessary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/manipur-extra-judicial-killings-sc-orders-cbi-investigation-62-cases/|title=Manipur Extra Judicial Killings: SC Orders CBI To Constitute SIT|last=|first=|date=14 July 2017|website=|access-date=}}</ref> The case is ongoing in the Supreme Court.

===Senior Advocate===
On 29 March 2019, Guruswamy was designated Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/six-women-senior-advocates-supreme-court/|title=Six women lawyers designated Senior Advocates by Supreme Court, 14 women Senior Advocates till date|last=|first=|date=29 March 2019|website=|access-date=}}</ref> The designation is conferred on merit to exceptional lawyers by the Supreme Court of India or of High Courts in the States. The designation is conferred by a permanent committee consisting of the Chief Justice of India as its Chairperson, along with two-senior-most Supreme Court judges, Attorney general for India, and a member of the Bar as nominated by the Chairperson and other members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/sc-finally-notifies-guidelines-to-regulate-designation-of-senior-advocates-read-the-guidelines|title=SC Finally Notifies Guidelines To Regulate Designation Of Senior Advocates|last=|first=|date=6 August 2018|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Each application is then sent to all the justices of the Supreme Court who consider the list of advocates who have applied and review the marks allotted.

== Academic career ==
Guruswamy was the B.R. Ambedkar Research Scholar and Lecturer at Columbia Law School, New York from 2017-2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/menaka-guruswamy|title=Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Research Scholar and Lecturer in Law|last=|first=|date=28 July 2022|website=|access-date=}}</ref> She has also been visiting faculty at Yale Law School, University of Toronto Faculty of Law<ref name=":0" /> and New York University School of Law. She has taught courses on South Asian Constitutionalism, Comparative Constitutional Law, Constitutional Design in Post-Conflict Democracies and others.

== Political career ==
On 27 February 2026, Guruswamy was announced as the Trinamool Congress party candidate from West Bengal for the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]], held on 16 March. She was elected, becoming the first openly [[LGBTQ+]] person to serve as a member of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Bengal DGP, SC advocate, actor among 4 TMC nominees for RS polls |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ex-bengal-dgp-sc-advocate-actor-among-4-tmc-nominees-for-rs-polls/3420691 |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=27 February 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TMC fields Senior Advocate Menaka Guruswamy for Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/tmc-fields-senior-advocate-menaka-guruswamy-for-rajya-sabha |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=27 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Menaka Guruswamy, TMC’s pick for Rajya Sabha, could become India’s first LGBTQ+ parliamentarian">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Menaka Guruswamy, TMC’s pick for Rajya Sabha, could become India’s first LGBTQ+ parliamentarian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-menaka-guruswamy-set-to-become-india-first-openly-lgbtq-parliamentarian/article70687017.ece |access-date=28 February 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228073743/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-menaka-guruswamy-set-to-become-india-first-openly-lgbtq-parliamentarian/article70687017.ece |archive-date=28 February 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Honors and awards ==
Guruswamy is the first Indian and second woman to have her portrait hung at the Milner Hall in [[Rhodes House]] at the University of Oxford.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/09/19/possibly-for-the-first-time-an-indian-woman-scholars-portrait-will-hang-at-rhodes-house-in-oxford_a_23214329/|title=For The First Time, An Indian Woman Scholar's Portrait Hangs At Rhodes House In Oxford|last=|first=|date=19 September 2017|website=|access-date=}}</ref> In January 2019, her name featured in Foreign Policy's 100 Global Thinkers List, along with other prominent personalities such as Michelle Obama, Kofi Annan and Jeff Bezos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/|title=A Decade of Global Thinkers|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> On International Women's Day in March 2019, Guruswamy was honored by Harvard Law School as Women Inspiring Change in a portrait exhibition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/sudha-bharadwaj-menaka-guruswamy-harvard-international-womens-day-portrait-exhibit-2019/|title=Sudha, Menaka feature in Harvard Int'national Women's Day Portrait|last=|first=|date=8 March 2019|website=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2019, she was included on the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s list of the 100 most influential people in the world alongside [[Arundhati Katju]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567711/arundhati-katju-menaka-guruswamy/|title=Arundhati Katju and Menaka Guruswamy, Time 100|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> She has also been featured in Forbes India's List of Women-Power Trailblazer, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-w-power-trailblazers/1759/1|title=Menaka Guruswamy: Taking the law into her hands|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Guruswamy has co-edited Founding Moments in Constitutionalism to be published on October 19, 2019, by Hart/Bloomsbury Publications, UK. Her most recent publications include essays on Constitution-Making in South Asia, in Handbook on Comparative Constitutional Law (Edward Elgar, Forthcoming (2019), short piece on the Aadhar decision in the ''American Journal of International Law'' (2018) and 'Crafting Constitutional Values: An Essay on the Supreme Court of India', (An Inquiry into the Existence Of Global Values, Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury (2015).<ref name="law.columbia.edu"/>

Guruswamy writes widely for print and online publications such as the New York Times, the Indian Express,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-16 |title=Menaka Guruswamy |url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/menaka-guruswamy/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Scroll.in and the Hindu.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guruswamy, Menaka}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:Indian lesbians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:LGBTQ members of the Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ lawyers]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history in India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Lesbian politicians]]

Liaquat Ali Khan

2026-03-16T08:54:59Z

HungHay8926976: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1947 to 1951}}
{{Redirect|Liaqat Ali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ''Shaheed-e-Millatt''
| name = Liaquat Ali Khan
| native_name = لیاقت علی خان
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Liaquat Ali Khan 1945.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1945}}
| order = 1st
| office = Prime Minister of Pakistan
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 16 October 1951
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| governor-general = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (1947–1948) [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] (1948–1951)
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
| order2 = 1st [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 15 August 1947
| term_end2 = 27 December 1949
| deputy2 = [[Mohammed Ikramullah]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]
| order4 = [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)|Minister for Kashmir and Frontier Affairs]]
| office4 =
| term_start4 = 15 August 1947
| term_end4 = 16 October 1951
| governor4 =
| predecessor4 = ''Office established''
| successor4 = [[Mahmud Hussain]]
| order5 = [[British Raj|Minister of Finance of British India]]
| office5 =
| term_start5 = 29 October 1946
| term_end5 = 14 August 1947
| monarch5 = [[George VI]]
| governor_general5 = [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]] (1943–1947) [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] (1947)
| vicepresident5 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
| successor5 = ''Office abolished''
| order6 = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|President of the Pakistan Muslim League]]
| office6 =
| term_start6 = 11 September 1948
| term_end6 = 17 October 1951
| predecessor6 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| successor6 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=no|1895|10|01}}
| birth_place = [[Karnal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1951|10|16|1895|10|01}}
| death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[West Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| death_cause = [[#Assassination|Assassination]]
| resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Quaid]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[British Raj|British Indian]] (1895–1947) [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] (1947–1951)
| party = [[All-India Muslim League]] (1921–1947) [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (1947–1951)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]]|1932|1951}}
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in [[Political science|Polysci]])}} [[Oxford University]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] in [[Jurisprudence]])}}
| office1 = 1st [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| termstart1 = 15 August 1947
| termend1 = 16 October 1951
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
| children = {{hlist|Wilayat|Akbar|Ashraf}}
}}
{{Liaquat Ali Khan sidebar}}
'''Liaquat Ali Khan'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|لیاقت علی خان}}}} (1 October 1895{{Snd}}16 October 1951) was a Pakistani lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the first [[prime minister of Pakistan]] from 1947 until [[assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan|his assassination in 1951]]. He played a key role in consolidating the state of Pakistan, much as [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] did in founding it. A leading figure in the [[Pakistan Movement]], he is revered as '''Quaid-e-Millat''' ("Leader of the Nation") and '''Shaheed-e-Millat''' ("Martyr of the Nation").

Khan was born in [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]], to a wealthy family. His grandfather, Nawab Ahmad Ali, provided significant support to the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Mutiny uprising of 1857–1858]], earning him substantial rewards in the form of prestigious honours and complete remission of rent. Khan was educated at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[University of Oxford]]. After first being invited to the [[Indian National Congress]], he later opted to join the [[All-India Muslim League]] led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]] who later advocated for [[India–Pakistan relations|a separate Muslim nation-state out of Hindu-majority India]]. Khan assisted Jinnah in the campaign for what would become known as the [[Pakistan Movement]] and was known as his 'right hand'. He was a [[Islam and democracy|democratic political theorist]] who promoted [[Parliamentary sovereignty|parliamentarism]] in [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Liyāḳat ʿAlī K̲h̲ān |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English) |date=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_4678 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4678 |publisher=Brill |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Khan's premiership oversaw the beginning of the [[Cold War]], in which Khan's foreign policy sided with the [[United States]]-led [[Western Bloc]] over the [[Soviet Union]]-led [[Eastern Bloc]]. He promulgated the [[Objectives Resolution]] in 1949, which stipulated Pakistan to be an [[Islam and democracy|Islamic democracy]]. He also held [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet portfolio]] as the first [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|foreign minister]], [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|defence minister]], and [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)|frontier regions minister]] from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the part, Khan briefly tenured as [[Minister of Finance|Finance minister of British India]] in the [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government]] that undertook independence of [[Independence of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Independence of India|India]], led by [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], the then-[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]]. In March 1951, he survived [[Rawalpindi conspiracy|an attempted coup]] by [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-wing political opponents]] and segments of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]]. While delivering a speech in the [[Liaqat National Bagh|Company Bagh]] of [[Rawalpindi]], Khan was shot dead by an Afghan militant [[Said Akbar Babrak|Said Akbar]] for unknown reasons.

==Early life and education==
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan was born on 1 October 1895 into a Muslim Jat family in the [[Karnal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] with root in Talera village of [[Jansath]] Tehsil in [[Muzaffarnagar District]] of present day-[[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Lentz1995>{{cite book |last1=Lentz |first1=Harris M. |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |date=1995 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=1884964443 |page=1968 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1968 |language=en |chapter=Pakistan, Islamic Republic of}}</ref><ref name="Kazmi 2003 xv">{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work|year=2003|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-579788-6|page=xv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He was the second of four sons of the wealthy land owner Rukn-ud-Daulah Shamsher Jung Nawab Bahadur Rustam Ali Khan of Karnal and his wife, Mahmoodah Begum, the daughter of Nawab Quaher Ali Khan of Rajpur in [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]].<ref name="Kazmi 2003 xv"/><ref name=Long1984>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |title=The Early Life of the Quaid-i-Millat Liquat Ali Khan |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |date=1 October 1984 |volume=32 |issue=4 |page=269 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c7d96ed788056cbe891db4d81c9dc6f1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375 |publisher=[[Pakistan Historical Society]] |location=[[Karachi]] |language=en|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Allana1969>{{cite book |last1=Allana |first1=G. |title=Eminent Muslim freedom fighters 1562–1947: Twenty one great lives |date=1969 |publisher=[[Neeraj Publishing House]]|location=Delhi |pages=281–294|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12691/page/n295/mode/2up}}</ref> He received his early education at home before attending school in Karnal.<ref name=Allana1969/><ref name=Burki2011>{{cite ODNB |last1=Burki |first1=Shahid Javed |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biographies|chapter=Liaqat Ali Khan (1895–1951), prime minister of Pakistan |date=2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34527 |chapter-url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-34527 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqvi |first=Jawed |date=13 October 2020 |title=Partition short-changed the poor |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1584812 |access-date=24 January 2022 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/381360-remembering-nawabzada-liaquat-ali-khan |access-date=24 January 2022 |website=The News |date=16 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Khan was instructed in the [[Quran|Qur’an]] and [[hadith]] and was also given music lessons, learning to play the [[Pump organ|harmonium]] and [[flute]]; in addition, he developed an interest in singing and theatre.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Liaquat Ali |title="Dear Mr. Jinnah": selected correspondence and speeches of Liaquat Ali Khan, 1937-1947 |last2=Long |first2=Roger D. |last3= |first3= |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597709-7 |location=Karachi |pages=XV}}</ref> From an early age he showed strong religious devotion, choosing to observe the [[Ramadan]] fast at the age of four and participating in [[tazia]] processions during [[Muharram]], even organizing and leading his own ''tazia'' at a young age.<ref name=":2" />

Despite being "courteous, affable and socially popular" and coming from an aristocratic family known for its philanthropy, his biographer Muhammad Reza Kazimi notes that little is known of his early life and that which has to be pieced together from snippets of mostly hagiographic writings. The family claimed a Persian origin going back to [[Khosrow I|Nausherwan the Just]], the Sasanian king of Persia, although this may be apocryphal, and were settled in Uttar Pradesh by the time of the birth of his grandfather, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan.<ref name=Kazmi2003>{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-579788-6|pages=3–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref> They had adopted the [[Urdu|Urdu language]].<ref name=Shah1997>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&pg=PA51|title=The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971–1994|last=Shah|first=Mehtab Ali|publisher=I.B. TAURUS|year=1997|isbn=978-1860641695|page=51}}</ref> Khan identified as a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]].<ref name=":1" />

According to his family, Khan gained sufficient prestige that the British [[East India Company]] recognised him with titles such as ''Rukun-al-Daulah'', ''Shamsher Jang'' and ''Nawab Bahadur'', which they say were later inherited by his sons. The validity of those titles has been questioned because the family estates in Uttar Pradesh were diminished as a result of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], after which Uttar Pradesh itself ceased to be an autonomous area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-579788-6|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4}}</ref> His family had deep respect for the Indian Muslim thinker and philosopher [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan|Syed Ahmad Khan]], and his father had a desire for young Liaquat Ali Khan to be educated in the British educational system. He was sent to [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU), where he earned degrees in law and political science.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Feisal |title=Islamic banking in Pakistan: Shariah-compliant finance and the quest to make Pakistan more Islamic |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-36652-2 |location=New York |oclc=933433178}}</ref>

In 1913, Khan attended the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] (now [[Aligarh Muslim University]]), graduating with a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree in [[Political science]] and [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] in 1918, and married his cousin, Jehangira Begum, also in 1918, however the couple later separated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=VERMA |first=RAJ GOPAL SINGH |title=LADY OF TWO NATIONS : life and times of raana liaqat ali khan. |date=2022 |publisher=GLOBAL COLLECTIVE PUB |isbn=978-1-954021-87-7 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1266643358}}</ref> At Aligarh, he expanded his range of interests, captaining the cricket team and learning to play [[chess]]; he also continued his musical education by studying [[Hindustani classical music|classical Hindustani]] vocal music and taking [[piano]] lessons.<ref name=":2" /> After the death of his father in 1919, he attended [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]'s [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]] to pursue his higher education.<ref name=Lentz1995/> In 1921, Khan was awarded the [[Master of Law]] in Law and Justice, by the college faculty who also conferred on him a [[Bronze Medallion (United Kingdom)|Bronze Medallion]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} While a graduate student at Oxford, Khan actively participated in student unions and was elected Treasurer of the [[Oxford Majlis|Majlis Society]]—a student union founded by Indian students to promote the Indian students' rights at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liaquat Ali Khan {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://university.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/liaquat-ali-khan |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=university.open.ac.uk}}</ref> He was [[called to the Bar]] at the [[Inner Temple]] of [[London]] in 1922 but never practised.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-579788-6|pages=7–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8}}</ref>

==Political activism in British India==
Khan returned to India in 1923, entering in [[Politics of India|national politics]], determined to eradicate what he viewed as the injustice and ill-treatment of Indian Muslims under the [[British Indian Department]] and by the [[British government]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Amales |title=Indian National Congress and the struggle for freedom, 1885–1947 |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809055-7 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=893721656}}</ref> His political philosophy strongly emphasised a [[India–Pakistan Confederation|united India]], first gradually believing in [[Indian nationalism]]. The Congress leadership approached Khan to become a part of the party, but after attending the meeting with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Khan's political views and ambitions gradually changed. Khan refused, informing the Congress Party about his decision, and instead joining the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1923, led under another lawyer [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] who called for an annual session meeting in May 1924 in Lahore where the goals, boundaries, party programs, vision, and revival of the League, was an initial party agenda and was carefully discussed at the Lahore caucus. At this meeting, Khan was among those who attended this conference, and recommending the new goals for the party.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===United Province legislation===
Khan was elected to the provisional legislative council in the [[1926 Indian general election|1926 elections]] from the rural Muslim [[constituency]] of [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]. Khan embarked his parliamentary career, representing the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] at the [[Legislative Council]] in 1926. In 1932, he was unanimously elected Deputy President of UP Legislative Council.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=Liaquat Ali Khan and the freedom movement (1997 edition)|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1759224W/Liaquat_Ali_Khan_and_the_freedom_movement |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Open Library |language=en}}</ref>

During this time, Khan intensified his support for Muslim-dominated populations, often raising the problems and challenges faced by the Muslim communities in the United Province. Khan joined academician [[Ziauddin Ahmed|Sir Ziauddin Ahmed]], taking to organise the Muslim students' communities into one student union, advocating for the provisional rights of the Muslim state. His strong advocacy for Muslims' rights had brought him into national prominence and significant respect was also gained from Hindu communities whom he fought for at higher levels of the government. Khan remained the elected member of the UP Legislative Council until 1940, when he was elected to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]; he participated actively, and was the influential member in legislative affairs, where his recommendations would also be noted by other members.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

During his parliamentary career, Khan established his reputation as "eloquent, principled and honest spokesman" who would never compromise on his principles even in the face of severe odds. Khan, on several occasions, used his influence and good offices for the resolution of communal tension.<ref name="Directorate-Press of the Story of Pakistan">{{cite web|title=Liaquat Ali Khan (Part II)|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P010&Pg=2|work=Story of Pakistan|publisher=Directorate-Press of the Story of Pakistan|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061910/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P010&Pg=2|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Joining the Muslim League===
Khan rose to become one of the influential members of the Muslim League and was one of the central figures in the Muslim League delegation that attended the National Convention held at [[Calcutta]]. Earlier, the British Government had formed the ''[[Simon Commission]]'' to recommend the constitutional and territorial reforms to the British Government. The commission, compromising seven British Members of Parliament, headed under its Chairman [[Sir John Simon]], met briefly with the Congress Party and Muslim League leaders. The commission had introduced the system of [[dyarchy]] to govern the provinces of British India, but these revisions met with harsh criticism and clamour by the Indian public. [[Motilal Nehru]] presented his [[Nehru Report]] to counter British charges.<ref name="Atlantic Publisher and Distributors">{{cite book|last=Ikram|first=S. M. |author-link=S. M. Ikram|title=Indian Muslims and Partition of India|year=1992|publisher=Atlantic Publisher and Distributors|location=New Delhi|pages=432|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&q=liaquat+ali+khan+Simon+commission&pg=PA473|isbn=9788171563746}}</ref>

In December 1928, Khan and Jinnah decided to discuss the [[Nehru Report]]. In 1930, Khan and Jinnah attended the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|First Round Table Conference]] which ended in disaster, leading Jinnah to depart from British India to the UK.<ref name="political career">{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P010&Pg=3|title=Liaquat Ali Khan [1895–1951]: Political career|access-date=16 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118032402/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P010&Pg=3|archive-date=18 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1932, Khan married for a second time to [[Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan|Begum Ra'ana]] who was a prominent economist and academic who became an influential figure in the Pakistan movement.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fatima Jinnah |first=M. Reza |last=Pirbhai |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=68 |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-10813-172-8}}</ref>

In his party presidential address delivered at the Provisional Muslim Education Conference at AMU in 1932, Khan expressed the view that Muslims had "distinct [c]ulture of their own and had the (every) right to persevere it".<ref name="Atlantic Publisher and Distributors"/> At this conference, Khan announced that:{{blockquote|"But, days of rapid communalism, in this country (British India) are numbered.., and we shall ere witnessed long the united Hindu-Muslim India anxious to persevere and maintain all that rich and valuable heritage which the contact of two great cultures bequeathed us. We all believe in the great destiny of our common motherland to achieve which common assets are but invaluable."<ref name="Atlantic Publisher and Distributors"/>}}

Soon, he and his new wife departed to England but did not terminate his connections with the Muslim League. With Khan departing, the Muslim League's parliamentary wing disintegrated, with many Muslim members joining the either Democratic Party, originally organised by Khan in 1930, and the Congress Party. At the deputation in England, Khan made close study of organising the political parties and would soon return to his country with Jinnah.<ref name="Atlantic Publisher and Distributors"/>

In 1930, Jinnah urged Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] and his [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Lord Irwin]] to convene a [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)|Round Table Conferences]] in London. In spite of what Jinnah was expecting, the conference was a complete failure, forcing Jinnah to retire from national politics and permanently settle in London and practise law before the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].<ref name="thenews">[http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/liaqat_ali_khan/page4.htm.html Liaquat Ali Khan: A worthy successor to the Quaid, Prof Dr M Yakub Mughal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231102749/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/liaqat_ali_khan/page4.htm.html |date=31 December 2007 }}, [[The News International]] Special Edition. Retrieved on 31 December 2006.</ref><ref name="Oriental Academy, 1970">{{cite book|last=Ziauddin Ahmad|title=Liaquat Ali Khan, leader and statesman|year=1970|publisher=Oriental Academy, 1970|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zsuAAAAMAAJ&q=liaquat+ali+khan+round+table}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2018}}

During this time, Khan and his wife joined Jinnah, with Khan practising economic law and his wife joining the faculty of economics at the local college. The couple spent most of their time convincing Jinnah to return to British India to unite the scattered Muslim League mass into one full force. Meanwhile, [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] coined the term ''Pakistan'' in his famous pamphlet ''[[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?]]''<ref name="Oriental Academy, 1970"/>{{page needed|date=April 2018}}

=== Pakistan Movement ===
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2025}}
{{Main|Pakistan Movement|Indian independence movement|Pakistan Resolution}}

In 1930, Jinnah, along with his sister Fatima and daughter Dina, decided to settle in London. When the Muslim India and the All India Muslim League became a divided house, Liaquat and his wife Ra'na went to England and met with Jinnah and his family in July 1933 at their Hampstead residence in London. There they convinced him to return to India to save the Muslims from further division. Jinnah returned to India in December 1934 and started to reorganize the [[All-India Muslim League]]. In 1936, the annual session of the League met in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]). In the open session on 12 April 1936, Jinnah moved a resolution proposing Khan as the Honorary General Secretary. The resolution was unanimously adopted and he held the office until the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. In 1940, Khan was made the deputy leader of the Muslim League Parliamentary party. Jinnah was not able to take active part in the proceedings of the Assembly due to his heavy political workload. Khan stood in his place.

During this period, Khan was also the Honorary General Secretary of the Muslim League, the deputy leader of their party, Convenor of the Action Committee of the Muslim League, Chairman of the Central Parliamentary Board and the managing director of the newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''. The [[Pakistan Resolution]] was adopted in 1940 at the Lahore session of the Muslim League. The same year elections were held for the central legislative assembly which were contested by Khan from the [[Bareilly|Barielly]] constituency. He was elected without contest. When the twenty-eighth session of the League met in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) on 12 April 1941, Jinnah told party members that the ultimate aim was to obtain Pakistan. In this session, Khan moved a resolution incorporating the objectives of the Pakistan Resolution in the aims and objectives of the Muslim League. The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously.
[[File:Darband 1948, Governer frontier and PM.jpg|right|thumb|Khan (second left, first row) and his wife, [[Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan|Ra'ana]] (far right, first row), meeting with Nawab [[Muhammad Farid Khan]] of [[Amb State|Amb]], 1948.]]
In 1945–46, mass elections were held in India and Khan won the Central Legislature election from the [[Meerut]] Constituency in the United Provinces. He was also elected Chairman of the League's Central Parliamentary Board. The Muslim League won 87% of seats reserved for Muslims of British India.<ref name="Bajwa130">{{cite book |first=Farooq Naseem |last=Bajwa |title=Pakistan: A Historical and Contemporary Look |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=130 |isbn=0-19-579843-0 |year=2002}}</ref> He assisted Jinnah in his negotiations with the members of the Cabinet Mission and the leaders of the Congress during the final phases of the Freedom Movement and it was decided that an interim government would be formed consisting of members of the Congress, the Muslim League and minority leaders. When the Government asked the Muslim League to send five nominees for representation in the interim government, Khan was asked to lead the League group in the cabinet. He was given the portfolio of finance.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} The other four men nominated by the League were [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar]], [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], and [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]].<ref>[http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm The Leader – Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226144123/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm |date=26 December 2008 }}</ref> By this point, the British government and the Indian National Congress had both accepted the idea of Pakistan, which came into existence on 14 August 1947.<ref name="political career"/>

==Prime Minister of Pakistan (1947–1951)==
{{See also|Ali Khan administration}}After independence, Khan was appointed the first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] by the founding fathers of Pakistan. The country was born during the initial beginning of the [[Cold War (1947–1953)|extensive competition]] between the two world superpowers, the United States and [[Soviet Union]]. Khan faced with mounted challenges and difficulties while trying to administer the country. Khan and the Muslim League faced dual competitions with socialists in West-Pakistan and, the communists in East Pakistan. The Muslim League found it difficult to compete with socialists in West Pakistan, and lost considerable support in favor of socialists led by Marxist leader [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]. In East Pakistan, the Muslim League's political base was eliminated by both the newly-formed [[All-Pakistan Awami League]] led by [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] led by [[Sajjad Zaheer]]. On the internal front, Khan, faced with socialist nationalist challenges and different religious ideologies saw the country fall into more unrest. Problems with Soviet Union and Soviet bloc further escalated after Khan failed to make a visit to Soviet Union, despite his intentions. Khan envisioned a non-aligned foreign policy, however despite some initiatives, the country became more dependent on the United States and this ultimately influenced Khan's policy towards the Western bloc.<ref name="Oxford University Press, 2003"/>

His government faced serious challenges including the dispute over [[Kashmir]] with India, forcing Khan to approach his counterpart the Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. A [[Liaquat-Nehru Pact|settlement]] was reached to end the fighting, while Nehru also referred the issue to the [[United Nations]]. Ali Khan sent the recommendation to Jinnah to appoint [[Abdul Rashid (Chief Justice)|Abdul Rashid]] as the country's first [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]], and Justice [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Abdur Rahim]] as President of the Constitutional Assembly, both of them were also founding fathers of Pakistan. Some of the earliest reforms Khan took were to centralise the Muslim League, and he planned and prepared the Muslim League to become the leading authority of Pakistan.<ref name="Oxford University Press, 2003">{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: his life and work|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2003|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-579788-6|pages=354|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&q=liaquat+ali+khan}}</ref>

The ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', a leading English-language newspaper, held Khan responsible for [[Religion and politics|mixing]] religion and politics, pointing out, ''"Liaquat Ali Khan had no constituency in the country, his hometown was left behind in India. Bengalis were a majority in the newly created state of Pakistan and this was a painful reality for him"''. According to the ''Daily Times'', Khan and his legal team restrained from writing down the constitution, the reason being simple: The Bengali demographic majority would have been granted political power and, Liaquat Ali Khan would have been sent out of the prime minister's office. The [[Secularism in Pakistan|Secularists]] also held him responsible for promoting the [[Islam in Pakistan|Right-wing]] political forces controlling the country in the name of Islam and further politicised the Islam, despite its true nature.<ref name="The Daily Times, 2010">{{cite news|last=Shahid|first=Riaz|title=Reassessing Liaquat Ali Khan's role|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\02\15\story_15-2-2010_pg3_6|access-date=31 January 2012|newspaper=The Daily Times|date=15 February 2010}}</ref>

===Economy===
{{Main|Five-Year Plans of Pakistan}}

[[File:Begum Liaquat Ali Meets President of MIT.jpg|thumb|right|Prime minister Ali Khan meeting with President and faculty of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in May 1950.]]In 1947, Khan and his Finance minister [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malick Ghulam]] proposed the idea of [[Five-Year Plans of Pakistan|Five-Year Plans]], by putting the country's economic system on investment and [[capitalism]] grounds. Focusing on an initial [[Planned economy|planned economic]] system under the directives of private sector and consortium industries in 1948, economic planning began to take place during his time in office, but soon collapsed partly because of unsystematic and inadequate staffing. Khan's economic policies were soon heavily dependent on United States [[U.S. aid to Pakistan|aid]] to the country. In spite of planning an independent economic policy, Khan's economic policies focused on the United States' aid programme, on the other hand, Nehru focused on socialism and went on to be a part of [[Non Aligned Movement]].<ref name="United States Government">{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Problems at Independence|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+pk0024%29|work=April 1994|publisher=United States Government|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> An important event during his premiership was the establishment of a [[National Bank of Pakistan|National Bank]] in November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi.<ref name="Prime minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A134&Pg=2|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: The Prime minister 2, Story of Pakistan|access-date=16 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511193229/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A134&Pg=2|archive-date=11 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike his [[Indian Prime Minister|Indian counterpart]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], under Khan Pakistan's economy was planned, but also an open free market economy.<ref name="United States Government" />

=== Education ===
Khan took initiatives to develop educational infrastructure, [[Science in Pakistan|science and technology]] in the country, with the intention of carrying the vision of successful development of science and technology to aid the essential foreign policy of Pakistan. In 1947, with Jinnah inviting physicist [[Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry]] to Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan called upon chemist [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]], awarding him citizenship, and appointing him as his first [[Government of Pakistan|government]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)|science adviser]] in 1950. Khan called physicist and mathematician [[Raziuddin Siddiqui]], asking him to plan and establish educational research institutes in the country. Khan asked [[Ziauddin Ahmed]] to draft the national educational policy, which was submitted to his office in November 1947, and a road map to establishing education in the country was quickly adopted by Khan's government.<ref name="The Dawn Newspapers">{{cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Arun |date=20 November 2011 |title=A leaf from history: Pioneers in science |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/20/a-leaf-from-history-pioneers-in-science.html |access-date=30 January 2012 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Khan's government authorised the establishment of the [[University of Sindh|Sindh University]]. Under his government, science infrastructure was slowly built but he continued inviting Muslim scientists and engineers from India to Pakistan, believing it essential for Pakistan's future progress.<ref name="The Dawn Newspapers" />

=== Constitutional reforms ===
{{Main|Annex to the Constitution of Pakistan}}

During his early days in office, Khan first adopted the [[Government of India Act 1935]] to administer the country, although his lawmakers and legislators continued to work on a different document of governance. Finally in 1949 after Jinnah's death, Prime Minister Khan intensified his vision to establish an Islamic-based system in the country, presenting the [[Objectives Resolution]]—a prelude to future constitutions, in the [[Pakistan Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]].<ref name="Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history">{{cite web|title=Objectives Resolution is passed [1949]|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A054&Pg=1|work=Story of Pakistan Foundation|publisher=Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history|access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219104102/http://storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A054&Pg=1|archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> The house passed it on 12 March 1949, but it was met with criticism from his [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law Minister]] [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]] who argued against it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Tai Yong|last2=Kudaisya |first2=Gyanesh|title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-17297-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_06RhhECfeQC}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2020}} Severe criticism were also raised by MP [[Ayaz Amir]] On the other hand, Liquat Ali Khan described as this bill as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history.<ref name="1df">{{cite web|url=http://www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/bp23pakistan.pdf|title=Pakistan at fifty-five: From Jinnah to Musharraf|access-date=25 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207231234/http://www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/bp23pakistan.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khan called it "the most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance, only to the achievement of independence". Under his leadership, a team of legislators also drafted the first report of the Basic Principle Committee and work began on the second report.<ref name="Press Directorate of the Story of Pakistan, Constitutional history"/>

=== Foreign policy ===

==== Kashmir dispute ====
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947}}

[[File:Liaquat Ali Khan RPAF 1950.jpg|thumb|Khan inspecting the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]]'s fleet at the [[PAF Base Masroor|RPAF Station Mauripur]] in [[Karachi]]—accompanied by RPAF Commander-in-Chief [[Richard Atcherley]] and Wing Commander [[Nur Khan]]—during [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Independence Day]] celebrations, 1950]]
At a meeting of the [[Partition of India|Partition]] Council, Khan had rejected an offer from [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] regarding [[Kashmir]] and [[Hyderabad State]]. Patel had offered Kashmir to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistan relinquishing its claim to Hyderabad. Ali rejected this offer, preferring to keep Hyderabad, ignoring that the distance between the two would prevent Hyderabad's accession to Pakistan in any case. Pakistani statesman [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] resigned in protest of this folly; Hyderabad went to India anyway after the two nations went to war over Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/book-extract/when-neither-indian-nor-pakistan-wanted-kashmir|title=When neither India nor Pakistan wanted Kashmir|website=The National Herald|date=July 2018|language=en|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/884176/patel-wanted-hyderabad-for-india-not-kashmir-but-junagadh-was-the-wild-card-that-changed-the-game|title=Patel wanted Hyderabad for India, not Kashmir – but Junagadh was the wild card that changed the game|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|website=Scroll.in|date=27 June 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>

Soon after appointing a new government, Pakistan entered a war with India over Kashmir. The British commander of the [[Pakistan Army]] General [[Frank Messervy|Sir Frank Walter Messervy]] refused to attack the Indian army units. When General [[Douglas Gracey]] was appointed the commander in chief of the Pakistan Army, Liaquat Ali Khan ordered the independent units of the Pakistan Army to intervene in the conflict. On the Kashmir issue, Khan and Jinnah's policy reflected "Pakistan's alliance with [the] U.S and United Kingdom" against "Indian imperialism" and "Soviet expansion". However, it is revealed by historians that differences and disagreement with Jinnah arose over the Kashmir issue. Jinnah's strategy to liberate Kashmir was to use military force. Thus, Jinnah's strategy was to "kill two birds with one stone", namely decapitate India by controlling Kashmir, and to find a domestic solution through foreign and military intervention.<ref name="Routeledge Publications">{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=Ashok|title=Pakistan in Crisis|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-19287-7|pages=1–10, 24–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S153oESj08C&pg=PA1}}</ref>

Regarding Khan's personal accounts and views, the prime minister preferred a "harder diplomatic" and "less military stance".<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/> The prime minister sought a dialogue with his counterpart, and agreed to resolve the dispute of [[Kashmir]] in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the [[United Nations]]. According to this agreement a ceasefire was effected in Kashmir on 1 January 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN.<ref name="gf">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmiri-cc.ca/un/sc21apr48.htm|title=RESOLUTION 47 (1948) ON THE INDIA-PAKISTAN QUESTION|access-date=25 January 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218165219/http://www.kashmiri-cc.ca/un/sc21apr48.htm|archive-date=18 February 2007}}</ref> The prime minister's diplomatic stance was met with hostility by the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] and the socialists and communists, notably the mid-higher level command who would later sponsor an alleged coup led by the communists and socialists against his government.<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/>

==== Cold War ====
{{Main|Pakistan–Soviet Union relations|United States-Pakistan relations|China–Pakistan relations|Pakistan-Poland relations|Non-Aligned Movement}}

In 1949, the Soviet Union's leader, [[Joseph Stalin]], sent an invitation to Khan to visit the country, followed by a U.S. invitation after they learned of the Soviet move. In May 1950, Khan paid a state visit to the United States after being persuaded to snap ties with the Soviet Union, and set the course of Pakistan's foreign policy toward closer ties with the West, despite it being the Soviet Union who sent its invitation of Khan to visit the country first.<ref name="Cambridge University">{{cite book|title=The Truman Presidency|last=Lacey|first=Michael James|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-40773-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/trumanpresidency0000unse/page/358 358]|url=https://archive.org/details/trumanpresidency0000unse/page/358}}</ref> The visit further cemented strong ties between the two countries and brought them closer.<ref name="Syed Mohammad Zulqarnain Ziad">{{cite journal|last=Zaidi|first=Syed Mohammad Zulqarnain|title=The Assassination of Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan: The Fateful Journey|url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/4.%20THE%20ASSASSINATION.pdf|journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |volume=XXXI |issue=1 |year=2010}}</ref>[[File:Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan President Truman.jpg|right|thumb|Khan with U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], May 1950]]According to many sources, Khan's formulated policies were focused on [[Movement of Non-Aligned Countries]], and his trip to U.S. in 1950, Khan had made clear that Pakistan's foreign policy was neutrality.<ref name="Cambridge University" /> As a newly born nation with trouble in planning the economy, Khan asked the U.S. for economic and moral support to enable it to stand on its feet. The United States gladly accepted the offer and continued its aid throughout the years. But ties deteriorated after the United States asked Khan to send two combat divisions to support U.S. military operations in the Korean War. Khan wanted to send the divisions but asked the U.S. for assurances on Kashmir, which the U.S. declined to give. Khan decided not to send Pakistani forces to Korea, a clear indication that Pakistan was working towards the Non-Aligned Movement. The United States began work on a policy to keep Pakistan impartial, and India on the other hand, remained a keystone to bringing stability in South Asia. By June and July 1951, Pakistan's relations with U.S. deteriorated further, with Nehru visiting the United States, pressuring Pakistan to recall her troops from Kashmir.<ref name="Syed Mohammad Zulqarnain Ziad" />

{{Rquote|left|Pakistan cannot afford to wait. She must take her friends where she finds them...!|Liaquat Ali Khan calling the Soviet Union and China.|<ref name="The Dawn Newspaper, 17 October 2010">{{cite news|last=Aminv|first=Shahid M. |title=The foreign policy of Liaquat Ali Khan|url=http://www.dawn.com/2010/10/17/the-foreign-policy-of-liaquat-ali-khan-2.html|access-date=31 January 2012|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=17 October 2010}}</ref> }}

Khan began to develop tighter relations with the Soviet Union, [[China]], [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]] under its Prime Minister [[Mohammed Mossadegh]] as well. Khan sent invitations to Stalin and the Polish Communist leader [[Władysław Gomułka]] to visit the country. However, the visits never happened after Khan was assassinated and Stalin died. In 1948, Pakistan established relations with the Soviet Union, and an agreement was announced a month later. The offing of U.S. trade had frustrated Khan who sent career [[Foreign Service of Pakistan|FSO]] [[Jamsheed Marker]] as [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to the Soviet Union|Pakistan Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], a few months later, a Soviet ambasaddor, arrived in Pakistan, with her large staff and accompanied military attaches. In 1950, Khan established relations with China by sending his ambassador, making Pakistan to become first Muslim country to establish relations with China, a move which further dismayed the United States. While in Iran, Khan spoke with the Soviet Ambassador. Moscow promptly extended an invitation to him to visit the Soviet Union.<ref name="The Dawn Newspaper, 17 October 2010"/>

==== The Commonwealth ====
[[File:Minister presidenten Attlee, Ali Khan, Chifley en Malan op bezoek bij koning George VI, RP-F-F01480.jpg|thumb|Khan with [[George VI]] of the [[United Kingdom]], British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]], Australian Prime Minister [[Ben Chifley]], and South African Prime Minister [[D. F. Malan]] at the [[1951 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]] in London]]
Khan was initially apathetic about Pakistan's membership in the [[British Commonwealth|British Commonwealth of Nations]] due to the attitude of other Commonwealth leaders to the [[Partition of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=K. Sarwar |date=2008 |title=The Foreign Policy of Liaquat Ali Khan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726004 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=61 |issue=1/2 |pages=37–52 |jstor=23726004 |issn=0030-980X}}</ref> However, he was hopeful that Pakistan's membership would produce benefits, particularly regarding a resolution to the Kashmir dispute with India. For this reason, Khan refused to attend the [[1951 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]] in [[London]] unless the conference would discuss Kashmir.<ref name=":0" />

==== Muslim world ====
Khan was a major supporter of unity within the [[Islamic world]], advocating for the independence of Muslim nations from [[European colonialism]].<ref name=":0" /> He provided diplomatic support to [[Indonesia]] during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], declaring a public holiday in Pakistan on the occasion of Indonesia's independence. Furthermore, he visited several countries such as [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]], [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]], and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], alongside inviting [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] to Pakistan in 1950 on an extensive state visit.<ref name=":0" />

During Khan's premiership, Pakistan's relationship with neighbouring [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] was tense due to the latter's opposition to Pakistan's entry into the [[United Nations]]. Afghanistan also supported the [[Faqir of Ipi]], a Pashtun tribal leader who revolted in [[Waziristan]], with the goal of seizing [[Pashtunistan]] from Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leake |first=Elisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUulDQAAQBAJ |title=The Defiant Border: The Afghan-Pakistan Borderlands in the Era of Decolonization, 1936–65 |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-12602-2 |language=en}}</ref> In 1951, Khan was assassinated by [[Sayyid Akbar Babrak]], an Afghan national.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-APAAAAIAAJ |title=Collier's ... Year Book Covering the Year ... |date=1952 |publisher=P.F. Collier & Son. |language=en}}</ref>

=== Domestic struggles ===
Khan's ability to run the country was put in doubt and great questions were raised by the [[Pakistan Communist Party|communists]] and [[Pakistan Socialist Party|socialists]] active in the country.<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/> In 1947–48 period, Ali Khan-Jinnah relations was contentious, and the senior military leadership and Jinnah himself became critical of Khan's government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=Ashok|title=Pakistan in Crisis|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-19287-7|pages=1–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S153oESj08C&pg=PA1}}</ref> In his last months, Jinnah came to believe that his Prime Minister Khan was a weak prime minister—highly ambitious—and not loyal to Jinnah and his vision in his dying days.<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/>

The death of Jinnah was announced in 1948, as a new cabinet was also re-established. Ali Khan faced the problem of religious minorities during late 1949 and early 1950, and observers feared that India and Pakistan were about to fight their second war in the first three years of their independence. At this time, Ali Khan met Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to sign the [[Liaquat-Nehru Pact]] in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the border.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Khan did not take over the office of [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]], instead appointing [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], a Bengali statesman from [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]]. When Jinnah died, he had held three major positions: Governor-General; President of Muslim League; and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]] of which he served both its president and legal adviser. Although Ali Khan was a legislator and lawyer, he lacked Jinnah's political stature.<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/>

Differences and problems also leveled up with the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], and a local and native section of Pakistan Army was completely hostile towards Ali Khan's diplomatic approach with India. The existence of high level opposition was revealed in the [[Rawalpindi conspiracy]], sponsored by Chief of General Staff [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], and headed by communist leader [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]. Another difference came when Khan also intensified policies to make the country a parliamentary democracy and federal republic. During his tenure, Khan supervised the promulgation of the ''October Objectives'' in 1949 which passed by the Constituent Assembly. The document was aimed as an Islamic, democratic and federal constitution and government. Disagreement existed about the approach and methods to realise these aims.<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/>

The third major difference was itself in the Muslim League; the party had weak political structure with no public base ground or support. Its activities reveled in high factionalism, low commitment to resolve public problems, corruption and incompetency of planning social and economic programs. In East Pakistan, Ali Khan's lack of attention for the development of the Bengali section of the state brought about a bad juncture for the prime minister and his party, where its ideology was vague. In terms of its political base, it was both weak and narrow, and could not compete in [[West Pakistan|West-Pakistan]] as well as in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] where traditional families were endowed with enormous political power. In West Pakistan, the Muslim League failed to compete against the [[Pakistan Socialist Party|socialists]], and in East Pakistan the [[Pakistan Communist Party|communists]].<ref name="Routeledge Publications"/>

==== 1951 military scandal ====
Khan's relation with [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] Sir [[Douglas Gracey]] deteriorated, prompting General Gracey to retire soon after the conflict. In January 1951, Khan approved the appointment of General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] to succeed Gracey as the first native [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]. During this time the socialists gained a significant amount of support. Senior military leaders and prominent socialists plotted to overthrow the government of Ali Khan. Those involved reportedly included [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] Major General [[Akbar Khan (Pakistan)|Akbar Khan]] and Marxist-socialist politician [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], the leaders of the coup plot. The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] arrested many in the military services; more than 14 officers were charged for plotting the coup. The [[Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case|Rawalpindi Conspiracy]], as it became known, was the first attempted coup in Pakistan's history. The arrested conspirators were tried in secret and given lengthy jail sentences.<ref name="Bajwa154-155">{{cite book|first=Farooq Naseem |last=Bajwa |title=Pakistan: A Historical and Contemporary Look |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=154–155 |isbn=0-19-579843-0 |year=2002}}</ref>

==Assassination==
{{Main|Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan}}

On 16 October 1951, Khan was shot twice in the chest while he was addressing a gathering of 100,000 at Company Bagh (Company Gardens), [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/93713/unexplained-assassinations/|title=Unexplained assassinations, Benazir's assassination changed Pakistan's future, but there are others that have altered the course of history |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |first1=Zarrar |last1=Khuhro |date=27 December 2010|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/281990|title=Liaquat Bagh adds to its gory history|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2007|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> The police immediately shot the presumed murderer who was later identified as professional assassin [[Said Akbar Babrak|Said Akbar]].<ref name="dawn" /> Khan was rushed to a hospital and given a blood transfusion, but he succumbed to his injuries. Said Akbar Babrak was an Afghan national from the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[Zadran (Pashtun tribe)|Zadran tribe]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-9-2004_pg7_47 |title=Did govt pay for Liaqat Ali Khan's casket? |date=28 September 2004 |first1=Shahzad |last1=Raza |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |access-date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607031908/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-9-2004_pg7_47 |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> He was known to Pakistani police prior to the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan. The exact motive behind the assassination has never been fully revealed and much speculation surrounds it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/opinion/columns/world/10329078.html|title=Key moment for Pakistan|last=Ahmed|first=Ashfaq|date=7 July 2009|access-date=18 July 2009 |work=Gulfnews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707233740/http://www.gulfnews.com/opinion/columns/world/10329078.html|archive-date=7 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A major overseas newspaper and an Urdu daily published in [[Bhopal]], India, saw a US hand behind the assassination.<ref name=ArabNews>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/287940|title=Declassified Papers Shed Light on US Role in Liaquat's Murder|last=Husain|first=Syed|date=18 July 2006|work=Arab News newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519070912/https://www.arabnews.com/node/287940|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2012|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

Upon his death, Khan was given the honorific title of '''Shaheed-e-Millat''' ("Martyr of the Nation"). He is buried at [[Mazar-e-Quaid]], the mausoleum built for Jinnah in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=SHUKLA |first=RAJEEV |title=SCARS OF 1947 : real partition stories. |date=2021 |publisher=INDIA VIKING |isbn=978-0-670-09567-4 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1292470044}}</ref> The Municipal Park, where he was assassinated, was renamed [[Liaquat Bagh]] (''Bagh'' means Garden) in his honor. It is the same location where ex-Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] was [[Assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinated]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Doctor relives father's fate after Bhutto attack |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31172420071230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231195112/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31172420071230 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2007 |publisher=Reuters |date=30 December 2007 |access-date=18 July 2009}}</ref>

==First cabinet and appointments==
{{Main|Liaquat Ali Khan government}}

{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #aaa; float:left;"
|-
! style="background:#dcdcdc;" colspan="3"|The Ali Khan Cabinet
|-
|align="left"|'''Ministerial office'''||align="left"|'''Officer holder'''||align="left"|'''Term'''
|-
! style="background:black;" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]]||align="left"|'''Liaquat Ali Khan'''||align="left"|1947–1951
|-
! style="background:black;" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Affairs]]||align="left"|[[Muhammad Zafrulla Khan|Sir Zafrullah Khan]]||align="left"|1947–1954
|-
|align="left"|[[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Treasury]], [[Economic Coordination Committee|Economic]]||align="left"|[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malik Ghulam]]||align="left"|1947–1954
|-
|align="left"|[[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law]], [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]], [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Labour]]||align="left"|[[Jogendra Nath Mandal]]||align="left"|1947–1951
|-
|align="left"|[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior]]||[[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]||align="left"|1948–1951 
|-
|align="left"|[[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence]]||align="left"|[[Iskander Mirza]]||align="left"|1947–1954
|-
|align="left"|[[Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)|Science advisor]]||align="left"|[[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]]||align="left"|1951–1959
|-
|align="left"|[[Minister for Education (Pakistan)|Education]], [[Ministry of Health (Pakistan)|Health]]||align="left"|[[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]||align="left"|1947–1956
|-
|align="left"|[[Finance Secretary of Pakistan|Finance]], [[Federal Bureau of Statistics|Statistics]]||align="left"|[[Victor Turner (civil servant)|Sir Victor Turner]]||align="left"|1947–1951
|-
|align="left"|[[List of Federal Government Ministries of Pakistan|Minorities]], [[List of Federal Government Ministries of Pakistan|Women]]||align="left"|[[Sheila Irene Pant]]||align="left"|1947–1951
|-
|align="left"|[[Ministry of Communications of Pakistan|Communications]]||align="left"|[[Abdur Rab Nishtar]]||align="left"|1947–1951
|}
{{Clear}}

==Legacy==
[[File:LAKhan with family.jpg|thumb|right|Khan with his family, 1949]]
Khan is Pakistan's longest serving [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] spending 1,524 days in power.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dawn.com/2012/06/20/gilani-loses-record-of-longest-serving-pakistan-pm/ |title=Gilani loses record of longest-serving Pakistan PM] |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=19 June 2012 |first1=Khawar |last1=Ghumman |access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> His legacy was built up as a man who was the "martyr for [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]]" in the newly founded country. Many in Pakistan saw him as a man who sacrificed his life to preserve the parliamentary system of government. After his death, his wife remained an influential figure in the Pakistani foreign service and was [[Governor of Sindh]] Province in the 1970s. Khan's assassination remains unsolved. Popularly, he is known as '''Quaid-i-Millat''' (''Leader of the Nation'') and '''Shaheed-i-Millat''' (''Martyr of the Nation''), by his supporters. His assassination was a first political murder of any civilian leader in Pakistan, and Liaqat Ali Khan is remembered fondly by most Pakistanis. In an editorial written by ''[[Daily Jang]]'', the media summed up that "his name will remain shining forever on the horizon of Pakistan".<ref name="thenews"/>

In Pakistan, Khan is regarded as [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah's]] "right hand man" and heir apparent. His role in filling in the vacuum created by Jinnah's death is seen as decisive in tackling critical problems during Pakistan's fledgling years and in devising measures for the consolidation of Pakistan. After his death, the government of Pakistan released a commemorative stamp and his face is printed on postage stamps across the country.<ref name="thenews"/> His former personal residence is located at Jansath Tehsil of [[Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh]] about 80&nbsp;km from his ancestral estate and is now being considered by the Uttar Pradesh government to be opened as a tourist destination.<ref name=bungalow>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/former-pak-pm-liaquat-ali-khan-indian-heritage-muzaffarnagar-118045-2012-10-07|work=India Today|date=8 October 2012|title=Former Pak PMs Liaquat Ali Khans bungalow discovered in Muzaffarnagar, UP govt wants it as tourist destination|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>

==Eponyms==
*[[Liaquat National Memorial Library|Liaquat National Library]], Pakistan's largest library and open-source library, named after him.
*[[Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences]], medical university established in the memory of Liaquat Ali Khan.
*[[Liaquat National Hospital]], government hospital named after Liaquat Ali Khan.
*[[Liaquat National Bagh|Liaquat National Garden]], government-owned garden where Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated.
*[[Liaqauatpur|Liaquat Pur]], census-designated town-city named after Liaquat Ali Khan.
*[[Liaquat Pur railway station|Liaquat Pur Railway Station]], a railway station in Liaquatpur also named after Liaquat Ali Khan.
*[[Liaquatabad Town]], a populated town in Karachi named after Liaquat Ali Khan.

==Assessment of foreign policy==

Others argue that Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the [[Cold War]], as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in the conflict of ideologies between the nations.<ref name="Burke147">''New York Times 18 August 1947'', cited by S.M. Burke, pg. 147.</ref> Former serviceman Shahid M. Amin has argued that the Soviets themselves could not settle convenient dates for a visit, and that, even during his visit to the United States, Liaquat had declared his intention to visit the [[Soviet Union]]. Amin also notes that "Failure to visit a country in response to its invitations has hardly ever become the cause of long-term estrangement".<ref>{{cite book |first=Shahid M. |last=Amin |title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy: A Reappraisal |date=February 2003 |pages=41–42 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-579801-5}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In Pakistan, many documentaries, stage and television dramas have been produced to enlighten Liaqat Ali Khan's struggle. Internationally, Ali Khan's character was portrayed by actor [[Shakeel|Yousuf "Shakeel" Kamal]] in the 1998 film ''[[Jinnah (film)|Jinnah]]''.<ref name="Film Jinnah">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0183306/|title=Jinnah (1998)|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=25 January 2007}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Conservatism|Biography|Pakistan|Punjab}}
* [[Conservatism in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[List of unsolved murders (1900–1979)]]
* [[Cold War (1947–53)|History of Cold War (1947–1953)]]
* [[State within a state]]
* [[Pakistani political families]]
* [[Sack of Pakistani consulates in Afghanistan 1955]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1362909|title=The much misunderstood Premier|work=Dr. Muhammad Reza Kazimi|publisher=[[Dawn News]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan and the freedom movement|location=Lahore|publisher= Pakistan Study Centre|year=1997|asin=B0006FBFSA}}
*{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|title=Dear Mr. Jinnah': Selected Correspondence and Speeches of Liaquat Ali Khan, 1937 – 1947 |location=United Kingdom|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-597709-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Hay|first=Stephen|title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan |location=United States|publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1988|isbn=0-231-06415-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Jone|first=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan: An eye of storm|location=Yale University, U.S.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-300-09760-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/ Pictures of Liaquat Ali Khan's Visit to the USA]—type Pakistan in the search bar.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-new|rows=4|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance of India]]|years=1946–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty|Shanmukham Chetty]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1947–1951}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence of Pakistan]]|years=1947–1951}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan]]|years=1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Liaquat Ali Khan}}
{{PakistaniPMs}}
{{Foreign Minister of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Conservatism in Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Liaquat Ali}}
[[Category:Liaquat Ali Khan| ]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Indian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of India]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Haryanvi descent]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:First Pakistani Cabinet]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-communists]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Assassinated prime ministers]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People murdered in Punjab, Pakistan]]

Liaquat Ali Khan

2026-03-16T08:54:59Z

HungHay8926976: Updated and refined page content

Manasi Sinha

2026-03-08T08:07:55Z

HungHay8926976:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manasi Sinha
| image = Manashi Sinha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sinha in Bharat Lakshmi Studio
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| spouse = Sankha Sinha
| other_names = Mishtu
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress, film director
| website = [http://www.manasisinha.com Manasi Sinha]
}}
'''Manasi Sinha''' is an Indian actress and director in [[Bengali language]] film and television. She is the daughter of Manideepa Roy, a noted actress of [[Bengali theatre]].

== Filmography ==
===As a director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Cast !! Notes
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
||''[[Eta Amader Golpo]]''
|[[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Aparajita Auddy]]
||Directorial debut
|<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রথম ছবিই কোটির ক্লাবে! মানসীর আফসোস, 'এটা আমাদের গল্প' দেড় কেজি ওজন ঝরিয়ে দিয়েছে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/eta-amader-golpo-directed-by-manasi-sinha-has-done-1-5-crore-business-dgtlx/cid/1518925 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=23 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
||''5 no Swapnamoy Lane''||[[Aparajita Auddy]], Anwesha Hazra, Arjun Chakraborty, Soma Banerjee, Kharaj Mukherjee, Payel Mukherjee
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=হারিয়ে যাওয়া ঠিকানার খোঁজ, সম্পর্কের নতুন রসায়ন নিয়ে মানসীর আগামী ছবি |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/manashi-sinha-upcoming-movie-name-announced-5-number-swapnamoy-lane-along-with-star-cast/articleshow/111106688.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Eisamay |date=19 June 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Begni Ronger Alo''
|[[Sohini Sarkar]], Anujoy Chattopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=সোহিনী সরকারের সঙ্গে জুটিতে অনুজয়! মানসী সিনহার হাত ধরে কোন গল্প ফুটে উঠবে ছবিতে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-anujoy-chattopadhyay-joins-the-cast-of-manashi-sinha-s-directorial-movie-ayna-manush-103978 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=30 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

=== As an actor ===
{{Update|section|date=September 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Alo (film)]]'' || <ref name="a">{{cite news |last1=নাথ |first1=ঊর্মি |title='ঠিক বলায় মার খেয়েছিলাম' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-manasi-sinha-speaks-about-her-acting-family-and-direction-of-films-1.850699 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || ''Rashta'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Break Fail'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Krishnakanter Will'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''Chha-e Chhuti'' || Kharaj's wife
|-
| ''Lakshyabhed'' ||
|-
| ''Fantush'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''Ogo Bodhu Sundari'' || Mokkhoda
|-
| ''Prem by Chance'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011|| ''Aami Montri Hobo'' || Jadu's wife
|-
| ''Private Practice'' || Sankar's Mother
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012 || ''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]'' || Smritikona
|-
| ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' || Annapurna
|-
| ''Abosheshey'' || Piyali
|-
| ''Dutta Vs Dutta'' || Jethima
|-
| ''Chhutir Phande'' ||
|-
| ''Ektuku Chhoan Lage'' || Malati
|-
| ''Goray Gandogol'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''[[Sujon Bandhu Re]]'' || Lali Di
|-
| ''[[Ebong Bhalobahsar Golpo]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chupi Chupi]]'' ||
|-
|2014
|''[[Chotushkone]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]''
|Kangsho's Wife
|-
|''[[Jamai 420]]''
|Priyamvada Chowdhury
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Kelor Kirti]]''
|
|-
|''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]''
|Jeetu's Elder Sister
|-
|2017
|''[[Chal Kuntal]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Kusumitar Gappo]]''
|Kusumita's Mother
|-
|2019
|''[[Teko (film)|Teko]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020|| ''Nimki Fulki 2'' || Ranjan's mother<ref>{{cite news |title=আগে আস্তে সুস্থে ফ্লোরে যেতাম, এখন মেকআপ শেষ করেই বউ তাগাদা দেয়: অভিমন্যু |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nimki-fulki-2-is-coming-soon-dgtl-1.1195984 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=29 August 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]'' ||
|-
| ''Cheeni'' || Misti Pishi
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022|| ''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]''|| Rama Devi
|-
| ''Ogo Bideshini''
|
|-
||2023||''[[Ektu Sore Bosun]]''||
|-
|2025
|pataliganjer putul khela
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
* ''[[Checkmate (Indian TV series)]]''
* ''[[Maa (TV series)|Maa]]''
* ''[[Saat Paake Bandha (2010 TV series)|Saat Pake Bandha]] (later replaced by Namita Chakraborty)''
* ''[[Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe]]''
* ''[[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|Agnipariksha]]''
* ''Bhasha''
* ''[[Raage Anuraage]]''
* ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]''
* ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''
* ''[[Bhootu]]''
* ''[[I Laugh U]]''
* ''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]''<ref name="a"/>
* ''[[Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy]]''
* ''[[Kanyadaan (Bengali TV series)|Kanyadaan]]'' (later replaced by Swagata Mukherjee)
* ''[[Ranga Bou]]''
* ''[[Mittir Bari]]'' (later replaced by [[Soma Banerjee]])

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! Year !! Web series !! Role !! Director !! Platform !! Notes !! {{Refh}}
|-
|2022{{ndash}}present
|''[[Indu (TV series)|Indu]]''
|Annada Dasgupta
|
* [[Sayantan Ghosal]] - Season 1
* Abhimanyu Mukherjee - Season 2
|Hoichoi
|Season 1, 2
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Indu 2 review: It's official! Ishaa Saha's thriller banks on manufactured suspense due to a lack of content |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/indu-2-review-its-official-ishaa-sahas-thriller-banks-on-manufactured-suspense-due-to-a-lack-of-content/92a9a83100316 |access-date=14 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=20 January 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
|-
|2022{{ndash}}present
|''[[Sampurna (TV series)|Sampurna]]''
|Sampurna's mother
|Sayantan Ghosal
|Hoichoi
|Season 2
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Sampurna Season 1 Review : Sohini Sarkar shines in this dark yet relevant series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/sampurna/season-1/seasonreview/93240808.cms |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[Zee Bangla]] Gaurav Samman 2012- Best Supporting Actress as Rohini in ''[[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|Agnipariksha]]''
* [[Zee Bangla]] Sonar Sansar 2015- Priyo Sashuri-Bouma Juti as Meera in ''Raage Anurage''
* [[Zee Bangla]] Sonar Sansar 2015- Priyo Pishi as Meera in ''Raage Anurage''
* [[Zee Bangla]] Sonar Sansar 2022- Best Supporting Actress as Mrinalini in ''[[Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy]]''
* 21st Tele Cine Awards 2024- Best Promising Director for ''[[Eta Amader Golpo]]''
* FTPC INDIA BENGAL STAR ICON AWARDS-2024- Best Debutant Director for ''[[Eta Amader Golpo]]''
*[[5th WBFJA Award]]- Best Actor in a Comic Role in ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.manasisinha.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|4110994}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Manasi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rohini (film)

2026-03-04T05:04:45Z

HungHay8926976: article

{{Short description|1953 film by Kamal Ghosh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rohini 1953.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| screenplay = S. D. Sundaram
| based_on = {{Based on|''Krishnakanter Uil''|[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]}}
| producer = S. Mukherjee
| starring = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] Madhuri Devi
| cinematography = P. L. Rai H. S. Venu
| editing = T. N. Vijaykumar<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]] [[K. V. Mahadevan]] T. C. Dutt
| studio = Madras Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1953|11|2}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rohini''''' is a 1953 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Kamal Ghosh]] and produced by S. Mukherjee. It is an adaptation of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''Krishnakanter Uil'' ({{Translation|Krishnakant's [[Will and testament|Will]]}}) by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]. The film was released on 5 November 1953 and failed commercially.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2025}}
A wealthy ''[[zamindar]]'' writes a [[Will and testament|will]] disposing of his property. He does not want to give the entire estate to his son who despises his father. The ''zamindar'' wants to give a major portion of the estate to one of his close relatives and he has a sister named Rohini, who is a widow. The ''zamindar''{{'s}} son persuades Rohini to steal the will and substitute it with a counterfeit. She promptly does so, but after learning of the intentions of the ''zamindar''{{'s}} son, she changes her decision and tries to replace the counterfeit with the original. She is then caught in the act, leading to a chain of events which includes kidnap and murder.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from ''[[The Hindu]]'':<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* [[Madhuri Devi]]
* [[S. A. Natarajan]]
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
* [[Rajasulochana]]
*[[G. Varalakshmi]]
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]]
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
* Lanka Satyam

== Production ==
''Rohini'' was adapted from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''Krishnakanter Uil'' by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]. It was directed by [[Kamal Ghosh]] and produced by S. Mukherjee under Madras Art Productions.<ref name="thehindu" /> The screenplay was written by S. D. Sundaram. The cinematography was handled by P. L. Rai and H. S. Venu under the supervision of Ghosh. Hiralal choreographed the dances.<ref name="thehindu" /> The final length of the film was {{convert|16835|feet|metres}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1953 – ரோஹினி – மதறாஸ் ஆர்ட் புரொடக்சன்ஸ் (த-தெ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails32.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170415083941/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails32.asp |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack has three music composers: [[G. Ramanathan]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and T. C. Dutt, while [[A. Maruthakasi]] wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=62 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pirandhadhum Enge
| music1 = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| title2 = Inaiyilla Evvanam
| music2 = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| title3 = Thanimaiyile Nee Enna
| music3 = K. V. Mahadevan
| title4 = Idhudhaane Ulagam
| music4 = G. Ramanathan
| title5 = Perum Sumaiyanen
| music5 = G. Ramanathan
| title6 = Ennaiyen Marandhayo
| music6 = K. V. Mahadevan, T. C. Dutt
| title7 = Izhandhein Ellame Vazhvile
| music7 = K. V. Mahadevan
| title8 = Thendral Veesa Kanden
| music8 = K. V. Mahadevan
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rohini'' was released on 5 November 1953.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 1953 |title=Rohini |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19531105&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |access-date=15 April 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film was not a commercial success because of "alleged financial problems". However, he praised the storyline, the cinematography, the direction and the cast performances.<ref name="thehindu" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rohini-1953/article4322990.ece |title=Rohini 1953 |date=19 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170415060137/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rohini-1953/article4322990.ece |archive-date=15 April 2017 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Siddhu +2

2026-03-03T02:59:47Z

HungHay8926976: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Siddhu +2 poster.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| producer = K. Bhagyaraj
| writer = Krishna Da Vinci [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| starring = [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
| music = [[Dharan]] [[S. Thaman]] (1 song)
| cinematography = Rasamathi
| editing = Subash
| studio = KBR Medias
| distributor = [[Moser Baer]] Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Siddhu +2''''' is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] written and directed by [[K. Bhagyaraj]], starring his son [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj|Shanthanu]] and newcomer [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] in lead roles. The film released on 10 December 2010 and performed averagely at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 Nov 2010 |title=Siddu postponed to Pongal! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siddu-postponed-to-pongal-news-tamil-klqlJUcbbfg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103051753/http://www.sify.com/movies/siddu-postponed-to-pongal-news-tamil-klqlJUcbbfg.html |archive-date=2012-11-03 |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=Sify}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Siddharth, the son of a school principal, runs away from home after failing in his higher secondary exams. He meets Pavithra, who has likewise failed, and the two travel to Chennai, with Siddu planning to commit suicide. They eventually fall in love and decide to start a new life. After a host of misadventures, including one where Siddu crosses paths with a brutal policeman, they discover that Pavithra has passed her exams. When she realizes that Siddu had initially tried to hide this fact from her, she runs back to her house and joins a medical course. Siddu attempts to win her back, staying in a barbershop owned by a local. There, he has to contend with Pavithra's murderous father, her eccentric uncle who is determined to marry her and a Gujarati woman who falls in love with him. These elements, along with the policeman attempting to kill him in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]], come together in the final act to threaten Siddu and his love life. How Siddu triumphs forms the rest of story.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]] as Siddharth (Siddhu)
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as Pavithra
* [[Kausha Rach]] as Kausha
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Barbershop Owner
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Siddhu's mother
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Siddhu's father
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Pavithra's father
* [[Saiju Kurup|Anirudh]] as Police Officer
* [[Manobala]] as Police Officer
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Police Officer
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Beggar / Godman
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] (Cameo appearance)
* [[Senthil]] (Cameo appearance)
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] (Cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Puthiya Vaarpugal'' ({{Translation|New Mouldings}}), but later retitled to avoid the misconception that it was a remake of the 1979 film of [[Puthiya Vaarpugal|the same name]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kingston |first1=Daya |title=Interview |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/bhagyaraj.html |website=Behindwoods |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=விருது பெறும் கனவு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2009/nov/08/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-101443.html |website=[[Dinamani]] |access-date=14 December 2022 |language=ta |date=8 November 2009}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music is composed by [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]], teaming up with [[K. Bhagyaraj]] for the second time following a successful collaboration in ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' (2006). The soundtrack album, which released on 31 October 2010, features six songs, with two of them being composed by [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]] and Babu Shankar, and another two being a remix from Bhagyaraj's ''Idhu Namma Aalu'' (1988) and "En Sogakathaiyai" from ''Thooral Ninnu Pochu''. Notably, music composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and film director [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s had lent their voices for each a song. "Poove Poove" in particular became popular and a chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddu gets ready for release on Nov 26 |url=http://sify.com/movies/siddu-gets-ready-for-release-on-nov-26-news-tamil-klkkXvedcge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20101113074725/http://sify.com/movies/siddu-gets-ready-for-release-on-nov-26-news-tamil-klkkXvedcge.html |archive-date=2010-11-13 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lyrics were penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]], Babu Shankar and Amudhamani.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]], except where noted
| title1 = Poove Poove
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] & [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length1 = 04:33
| title2 = Money Money
| note2 = Babu Shankar
| lyrics2 = Babu Shankar
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]] & Reshmi
| length2 = 03:47
| title3 = Kelu Kelu
| lyrics3 = Amudhamani
| extra3 = Haricharan, Ganja Karuppu, Maniyan, CA. Raja
| length3 = 05:23
| title4 = Gundu Chattikkule
| note4 = [[Thaman]]
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen, [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length4 = 04:49
| title5 = Naan Alana Thamarai
| lyrics5 = Amudhamani
| extra5 = [[Suchitra]], [[Srimathumitha]] & [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| length5 = 04:25
| title6 = Poove Poove
| note6 = remix
| lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra6 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length6 = 04:23
| total_length = 27:20
}}

== Release ==
The film remained unreleased for one year, it was initially slated to release in January 2011 but eventually got preponed and released in December 2010. The film was made simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Love in Hyderabad'', starring Kannada actress [[Aindrita Ray]] as the female lead and was directed by [[Chandra Mahesh]]. However the film did not face a theatrical release, owing to the failure of the original version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2011 |title=Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj is no more a chocolate boy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jun/29/shanthnoo-bhagyaraj-is-no-more-a-chocolate-boy-267761.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''Sify'' wrote "the film is painfully predictable, and offers nothing original in its writing or treatment. It just doesn't work because it's hard to empathize with any of the characters and the actors fail to rise above the flawed script".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siddu-plus-2-review-tamil-pclxMoabidhhb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826134749/http://www.sify.com/movies/siddu-plus-2-review-tamil-pclxMoabidhhb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2016 |title=Review : Siddu Plus 2 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2010 |title=Siddhu Plus 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Dec/14/siddhu-plus-2-210731.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidhu +2 1st Attempt Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Sidhu +2 1st Attempt by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sidhu-2-1st-attempt/movie-review/12146727.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |title=Siddhu +2 falls flat |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-siddhu/20101210.htm |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=4324048}}

{{K. Bhagyaraj}}

[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla

2026-02-27T00:19:58Z

HungHay8926976: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla''', née '''Piloo Nanavaty''', is an Indian [[Parsi]] educationist from Delhi and a member of the Executive council of Parzor Foundation, The [[UNESCO]] [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] Project.<ref name="Parzor">{{cite web | url=http://www.unescoparzor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:13th-north-american-zoroastrian-congress&catid=31:general&Itemid=46 | title=Parzor | publisher=Parzor | date=2014 | access-date=31 December 2014 | archive-date=31 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231180205/http://www.unescoparzor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:13th-north-american-zoroastrian-congress&catid=31:general&Itemid=46 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A former member of faculty of [[Wilson College, Mumbai]], she was married to Nowshir Jungalwalla, a renowned gynecologist<ref name="Johns Hopkins School of Public Health">{{cite web | url=http://www.jhsph.edu/about/history/heroes-of-public-health/nowshir-jungalwalla.html | title=Johns Hopkins School of Public Health | publisher=Johns Hopkins School of Public Health | date=2014 | access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Obituaries">{{cite journal | url=http://nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-8/issue-6/obituaries.pdf | title=Obituaries | journal=The National Medical Journal of India | year=1995 | volume=8 | issue=6 | pages=293 | archive-date=31 December 2014 | access-date=31 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231175954/http://nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-8/issue-6/obituaries.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians of London]].<ref name="Royal College of Physicians">{{cite web | url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/2495 | title=Royal College of Physicians | publisher=Royal College of Physicians | date=2014 | access-date=31 December 2014 | archive-date=31 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231175557/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/2495 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She retired from service as the principal of the Memorial College, [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="Parsi - Piloo Jungalwalla - New Delhi - India - 2006 ">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9TIyHQL0fk | title=Parsi - Piloo Jungalwalla - New Delhi - India - 2006 | publisher=luca de mata | work=YouTube video | date=5 February 2009 | access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> She was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2000, with the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9TIyHQL0fk | title=Parsi - Piloo Jungalwalla - New Delhi - India - 2006 | publisher=luca de mata | work=YouTube video | date=5 February 2009 | access-date=31 December 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Portal|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jungalwalla, Piloo Nowshir}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash

2026-02-25T12:26:33Z

HungHay8926976: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Helicopter crash in India with 14 fatalities}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = 2021 Indian Air Force Mi-17 crash
| image = Indian Mil Mi-17 V5.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| caption = An Indian Mil Mi-17V-5, similar to the one involved
| date = {{start date|df=y|2021|12|08}}
| summary = [[Controlled flight into terrain]], due to weather-related [[spatial disorientation]]<ref name="disorientation">{{cite news |author= |date=15 January 2022 |title=Pilot disorientation due to weather change led to CDS chopper crash: Court of Inquiry|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pilot-disorientation-weather-change-cds-chopper-crash-court-inquiry-7723284/ |work=The Indian Express |location= |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="CDS_chopper">{{cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=9 December 2021 |title=CDS chopper crash: No distress call, ATC contacted to confirm landing in 7 minutes |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/no-distress-call-atc-contacted-to-confirm-landing-in-7-minutes-348377 |work=The Tribune |location= |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref>
| occurrence_type = Accident
| site = Nanjappachatiram, [[Bandishola]] panchayat, [[Coonoor]] taluk, [[Nilgiris district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|19|57|N|76|48|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| origin = [[Sulur Air Force Station]], Tamil Nadu, India
| destination = [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupants = 14<ref name=cds>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat, wife among 13 killed in chopper crash|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-chopper-crashes-in-tamil-nadu-bipin-rawat-was-reportedly-on-board/articleshow/88161974.cms |access-date=8 December 2021|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref>
| passengers = 10
| crew = 4
| fatalities = 14
| survivors = 0
| missing =
| aircraft_type = [[Mi-17|Mil Mi-17V-5]]
| operator = {{Air force|IND}}
| tail_number = ZP 5164
}}
On 8 December 2021, a [[Mil Mi-17|Mil Mi-17V-5]] transport helicopter operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) crashed between [[Coimbatore]] and [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] after departing from [[Sulur Air Force Station]]. The helicopter was carrying [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] and 13 others, including his wife and staff. Everyone on board was killed in the immediate aftermath, except [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Varun Singh, who died from his injuries at a hospital a week later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Group Captain Varun Singh, Injured In Chopper Crash, Dies In Hospital|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/helicopter-crash-group-captain-varun-singh-dies-of-injuries-in-hospital-2652184|access-date=15 December 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Aircraft ===
The Russian-built<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=India: Military chief, 12 others die in helicopter crash|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-military-chief-12-others-die-in-helicopter-crash/a-60053608|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208132524/https://www.dw.com/en/india-military-chief-12-others-die-in-helicopter-crash/a-60053608 |archive-date=8 December 2021 }}</ref> [[Mil Mi-17]] medium-lift helicopter was one of the first batch of 80 of its type built for the IAF under the terms of a 2008 contract.<ref>{{cite news |last= Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=9 December 2021 |title=Explained: The helicopter CDS Bipin Rawat was in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/cds-bipin-rawat-mi-17-v5-helicopter-crash-7663146/ |work=The Indian Express |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Delivered to the IAF in 2011 and inducted into service in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=8 December 2021 |title=CDS Rawat chopper crash: Mi17V5 is advanced transport helicopter with IAF since 2012 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/cds-rawat-chopper-crash-mi17v5-is-advanced-transport-helicopter-with-iaf-since-2012-347918 |work=The Tribune |location= |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> the helicopter had flown over 26 hours without incident since its most recent servicing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukul |first1=Pranav|last2= Chhina |first2=Man Aman Singh |date=9 December 2021 |title=Advanced and robust chopper; weather could have been crash factor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/cds-bipin-rawat-mi-17-v5-helicopter-crash-7663146/ |work=The Indian Express |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Crew ===
[[Wing commander|Wing Commander]] Prithvi Singh Chauhan, the commanding officer of [[No. 109 Helicopter Unit, IAF|109 Helicopter Unit]], was the [[pilot in command]],<ref name="TNIE_chopper_crash" /> with co-pilot [[Squadron leader|Squadron Leader]] Kuldeep Singh and two junior warrant officers comprising the rest of the crew.<ref name="CDS_India_Today">{{cite news |author= |date=8 December 2021 |title=India's top military officer, CDS Gen Bipin Rawat, dies in Tamil Nadu helicopter crash|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cds-gen-bipin-rawat-no-more-dead-iaf-helicopter-crash-tamil-nadu-coonoor-1885554-2021-12-08 |work=India Today |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>

== Accident ==
The passengers had boarded the flight around 11:45 a.m. local time ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). At 11:48 a.m. local time, the helicopter took off with ten passengers and four crew members from [[Sulur Air Force Station]], headed roughly {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} to the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC) in Wellington, Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Rajnath Parliament" /><ref name="TNIE_chopper_crash">{{cite news |first1=M. |last1=Saravanan|last2=Sundar|first2=P. S. |date=8 December 2021 |title=First Chief of Defence Bipin Rawat, 12 others killed in chopper crash in Tamil Nadu's Coonoor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/08/first-chief-of-defence-bipin-rawat-12-others-killed-in-chopper-crash-in-tamil-nadus-coonoor-2393293.html |work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> General Rawat, his wife, and his staff were traveling to the DSSC, where Rawat was to address the college's faculty and student officers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rahul |title=General Rawat, his wife and 11 others killed in IAF chopper crash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/general-rawat-his-wife-and-11-others-killed-in-iaf-chopper-crash-101638969201110.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |agency=Hindustan Times |ref=Hindustan_Times_singh}}</ref> The flight was scheduled to arrive at Wellington by 12:15 p.m. Shortly before losing contact with the Sulur Air force base at 12:08 p.m.,<ref name="Rajnath Parliament" /> the pilots had radioed air traffic control to confirm their imminent landing at the Wellington [[helipad]].<ref name="CDS_chopper" /> The aircraft then crashed near a residential colony of private tea estate employees on the outskirts of the hamlet of Nanjappachatiram, [[Bandishola]] panchayat, in the Katteri-Nanchappanchathram area of [[Coonoor]] taluk, [[Nilgiris district]].<ref name="TNIE_chopper_crash" /><ref>{{cite news |first=M. |last=Saravanan|date=8 December 2021 |title=Coonoor helicopter mishap: 'One of the injured men asked for water', recount eyewitnesses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/08/coonoor-helicopter-mishap-one-of-the-injured-men-asked-for-water-recount-eyewitnesses-2393307.html|work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sulur_tragedy">{{cite news |last=Saravanan |first=M.|date=8 December 2021 |title=Sulur chopper tragedy: 'Never seen anything this tragic', say Coonoor fire and rescue personnel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/08/sulur-chopper-tragedy-never-seen-anything-this-tragic-say-coonoor-fire-and-rescue-personnel-2393297.html|work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> The crash site was {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from the flight's intended destination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhav|first=Pramod |date=8 December 2021|title=CDS General Bipin Rawat's chopper crashes in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-chopper-crash-tamil-nadu-coonoor-1885464-2021-12-08|access-date=8 December 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=cds2>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=IAF copter goes down: From crash location to where Gen Bipin Rawat was heading, here's what we know|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-copter-goes-down-from-crash-location-to-where-gen-bipin-rawat-was-heading-heres-what-we-know-10195471.html|access-date=8 December 2021|website=[[Firstpost]]|language=en}}</ref>

According to an eyewitness, he saw "the helicopter coming down... it hit one tree and was on fire. There were plumes of smoke" when he ran over. "In minutes, the fire was higher" than his house.<ref>{{Cite web|author=News9 Staff|date=8 December 2021|title=CDS Bipin Rawat's death: 'Chopper was flying low and hit trees,' say eyewitnesses|url=https://www.news9live.com/india/chopper-was-flying-low-and-hit-trees-eyewitnesses-recall-chopper-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-139200|access-date=10 December 2021|website=NEWS9LIVE|language=en|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210090350/https://www.news9live.com/india/chopper-was-flying-low-and-hit-trees-eyewitnesses-recall-chopper-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-139200|url-status=dead}}</ref> Villagers threw water over the fire in an attempt to put it out.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 December 2021|title=Bipin Rawat: India's top general dies in helicopter crash|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59576082|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Initial reports of the crash emerged around 12:20 p.m., with a search-and-rescue operation launched at 12:25 p.m. The IAF officially confirmed General Rawat's presence on the flight in a tweet sent at 1:53 p.m.<ref name="timeline_India_Today">{{cite news |author= |date=8 December 2021 |title=CDS Gen Bipin Rawat, wife, 11 others die in IAF chopper crash: Timeline of events|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-coonoor-iaf-chopper-crash-gen-bipin-rawat-dead-timeline-1885625-2021-12-08 |work=India Today |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Rescue operations continued until 3:25 p.m.<ref name="TNIE_chopper_crash" /> Fire and Rescue Services personnel who managed to reach the crash site after some difficulty, as the site was 500 meters from a major road, reported the crash victims had been burnt beyond recognition.<ref name="Sulur_tragedy" />

== Casualties ==
[[File:General Bipin Rawat, India's 1st Chief of Defence Staff.jpg|thumbnail|upright|alt=India's first Chief of Defence Staff General [[Bipin Rawat]] died in the crash.|India's first [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] General [[Bipin Rawat]] died in the crash.]]

The ten passengers on board the flight included [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]], his wife Madhulika Rawat, liaison officer [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Varun Singh, SC and the general's personal staff, including his defense assistant [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] [[Lakhbinder Singh Lidder]], [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Harjinder Singh, [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] Prithvi Singh Chauhan, [[Squadron Leader]] Kuldeep Singh, Junior Warrant Officer Rana Pratap Das, Junior Warrant Officer Arakkal Pradeep, [[Lance naik|Lance Naik]] Vivek Kumar, Lance Naik B. Sai Teja, [[Havildar]] Satpal Rai, [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Gursewak Singh and Naik Jitendra Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=8 December 2021 |title=General Rawat, his wife and 11 others killed in IAF chopper crash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/general-rawat-his-wife-and-11-others-killed-in-iaf-chopper-crash-101638969201110.html |work=The Hindustan Times |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> Following the crash, the IAF released statements at 6:03 p.m. confirming the death of 13 of the 14 people on board, including General Rawat and his wife.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Indian Air Force |author-link= Indian Air Force |user=IAF_MCC |number=1468559355868028936|title=With deep regret, it has now been ascertained that Gen Bipin Rawat, Mrs Madhulika Rawat and 11 other persons on board have died in the unfortunate accident.}}</ref><ref name="brmil">{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|access-date =8 December 2021|title=CDS chopper crash: 13 of 14 personnel on-board confirmed dead|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cds-chopper-crash-13-of-14-personnel-on-board-confirmed-dead20211208175410/|website=[[ANI News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chopper Crash: IAF confirms the death of CDS Bipin Rawat, wife and 11 others |url=https://theprobe.in/iaf-confirms-the-death-of-cds-bipin-rawat-wife-and-11-others// |website=The Probe|access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> As of 9:30 p.m. local time, all 13 of the bodies had been recovered from the crash site.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Indian Air Force |author-link= Indian Air Force |user=IAF_MCC |number=1468496444063576065|title=An IAF Mi-17V5 helicopter, with CDS Gen Bipin Rawat on board, met with an accident today near Coonoor, Tamil Nadu. An Inquiry has been ordered to ascertain the cause of the accident.}}</ref>

An instructor at the DSSC, Group Captain Varun Singh, was the initial survivor of the crash, and was taken to the military hospital in [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], Tamil Nadu, for surgery.<ref name="Sole_Survivor_India_Today">{{cite news |last=Noronha |first=Rehul |date=8 December 2021 |title=Sole survivor of IAF chopper crash has family serving in all three services of armed forces|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-coonor-iaf-chopper-crash-group-captain-varun-singh-family-armed-forces-1885696-2021-12-08|work=India Today |location= |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Indian Air Force |author-link= Indian Air Force |user=IAF_MCC |number=1468559358275436550|title=Gp Capt Varun Singh SC, Directing Staff at DSSC with injuries is currently under treatment at Military Hospital, Wellington.}}</ref> Having sustained burns over 45% of his body, he was transferred to the [[Command Hospital]] in Bengaluru for further treatment on [[life support]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek |date=9 December 2021 |title=Chopper crash survivor Varun Singh airlifted to Bengaluru |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/group-captain-varun-singh-iaf-chopper-crash-tamil-nadu-bengaluru-treatment-1886032-2021-12-09 |work=India Today |location= |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> He died from his injuries on 15 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 December 2021 |title=Lone survivor of chopper crash, Group Captain Varun Singh succumbs to injuries |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lone-survivor-of-iaf-chopper-crash-group-captain-varun-singh-passes-away/article37959391.ece |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS), headed by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], met on the evening of the disaster to decide on a further course of action. The [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Rajnath Singh]] made a formal announcement in [[Parliament of India]] on 9 December regarding the incident.<ref name="Rajnath Parliament">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Shreya|date=9 December 2021|title=Read full statement of Rajnath Singh in Parliament on IAF chopper crash|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-chopper-crash-cds-bipin-rawat-death-rajnath-singh-parliament-live-updates-breaking-news-1885743-2021-12-09#181105|website=India Today}}</ref> The Opposition suspended its protests in Parliament for one day as a tribute to those who lost their lives in the crash.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Shreya|date=9 December 2021|title=Opposition suspends protest in Parliament for the day in tribute to CDS Gen Rawat, others|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-chopper-crash-cds-bipin-rawat-death-rajnath-singh-parliament-live-updates-breaking-news-1885743-2021-12-09#181110|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
The [[Flight recorder|flight data recorder]] was recovered on the morning of 9 December.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=9 December 2021|title=Black box of crashed helicopter recovered|work=The Tribune|location=|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/data-recorder-of-crashed-m-17-helicopter-recovered-348196|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209035519/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/data-recorder-of-crashed-m-17-helicopter-recovered-348196|url-status=dead}}</ref> A tri-service court of inquiry was established by the [[Indian Air Force]], headed by [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Manavendra Singh]], the AOC-in-C [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]].<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=9 December 2021|title=Air Marshal Manvendra Singh to head tri-service inquiry into IAF chopper crash: Rajnath Singh|work=India Today|location=|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-marshal-manvendra-singh-tri-service-inquiry-iaf-chopper-crash-bipin-rawat-rajnath-lok-sabha-1885829-2021-12-09|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> Early in January 2022, anonymous defense officials attached to the team indicated that the inquiry was complete and the probable cause of the accident was [[Controlled flight into terrain|Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)]], which occurs when the pilot is in full control of the aircraft but due to faulty situational awareness the aircraft strikes the [[terrain]]. The chopper was reportedly flying at a low altitude when it entered a rolling cloud cover that drastically reduced visibility. In the process of trying to fly out of the cloud cover, it hit a cliff and crashed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=1 January 2022|title=Disorientation of crew in poor weather likely cause of crash|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chopper-crash-inquiry-complete-cfit-probable-cause/article38084094.ece|access-date=1 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times News Network|date=6 January 2022|title=CDS crash inquiry: 'Loss of situational awareness' by pilots|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cds-crash-inquiry-loss-of-situational-awareness-by-pilots/articleshow/88721500.cms|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

On 14 January 2022, the court of inquiry's preliminary findings were officially made public. It termed the accident "a result of entry into clouds due to unexpected change in weather conditions", which "led to [[spatial disorientation]] of the pilot resulting in Controlled Flight into Terrain". The court ruled out any mechanical failure, [[sabotage]] or negligence to be a cause of the accident.<ref>{{Cite web|last=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|date=14 January 2022|title=PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF COI: HELICOPTER ACCIDENT ON 08 DEC 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789972|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2022|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114133459/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789972 |archive-date=14 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Pilot 'disorientation' caused Bipin Rawat's helicopter to crash, says inquiry panel|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1015083/bipin-rawats-chopper-crashed-as-it-entered-into-clouds-due-to-change-in-weather-says-inquiry-panel|access-date=14 January 2022|website=Scroll.in|date=14 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=14 January 2022|title=Pilot's disorientation in bad weather led to CDS Bipin Rawat chopper crash: IAF|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pilots-disorientation-in-bad-weather-led-to-cds-bipin-rawat-chopper-crash-iaf-101642170909017.html|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

In December 2024, a Standing Committee on defense report tabled in [[Lok Sabha]] stated that the Mi-17 crash, which took place on December 8, 2021, occurred because of "Human Error (Aircrew)".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Human Error" Caused Chopper Crash That Killed CDS Bipin Rawat: Panel Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/human-error-caused-chopper-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-panel-report-7287739 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-19 |title=Human error behind chopper crash that killed CDS Bipin Rawat: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/human-error-behind-chopper-crash-that-killed-cds-bipin-rawat-report/articleshow/116478559.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (2020–present)]]
* [[Smolensk air disaster]]
* [[1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2021}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Air Force Mi-17 crash, 2021}}
[[Category:2021 disasters in India|Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Mil Mi-17]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2021]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India|2021 Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash]]
[[Category:Coonoor]]
[[Category:December 2021 in India|Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving military helicopters]]

Bhag Singh wala

2026-02-07T05:15:09Z

HungHay8926976: created redirect

#redirect [[Bhag Singh Wala]]

Sanjauli Mosque

2026-02-05T04:46:52Z

HungHay8926976: Creating Basic Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Mosque in Sanjauli, Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Sanjauli Mosque
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| location = [[Sanjauli]], [[Shimla district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coords|31.102384|77.192625|region:IN_type:building|format=dms|display=it}}
| map_type = India Himachal Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| ownership = [[Central Waqf Council|Waqf Board]]
| established = {{nowrap|1907 {{small|(as a community)}}}}
| year_completed = {{ubl|1947 {{small|(as a building)}};|{{nowrap|{{circa|2007}}–2018 {{small|(expansion)}}}}}}
| minaret_quantity = One {{small|(maybe more)}}
| footnotes = <ref name=IndiaTV>{{cite news |author=Sharma, Sheenu |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/shimla-mosque-protest-how-single-floor-masjid-expanded-into-five-storey-structure-in-himachal-pradesh-sanjauli-row-explained-latest-updates-2024-09-12-951772 |title=Shimla mosque row: How a single-floor mosque expanded into a 5-storey structure in Himachal's Sanjauli? |work=India TV News |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025 }}</ref>
}}

The '''Sanjauli Mosque''' is a [[mosque]], located in [[Sanjauli]], in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is one of the prominent mosques in the [[Shimla district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Sanjauli mosque row: Muslim panel asks municipal corporation to seal illegal portion; offers to demolish it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/sanjauli-mosque-row-muslim-panel-asks-municipal-corporation-to-seal-illegal-portion-offers-to-demolish-it/article68633589.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
Established in 1907, the mosque built on temple has been modified many times since, especially in since 2007, when multiple storeys were added, without development approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chouhan |first=Nirmanyu |date=2024-09-14 |title=Himachal Pradesh: With Sanjauli mosque, BJP once again uses urban planning as a Hindutva weapon |url=https://scroll.in/article/1073225/himachal-pradesh-with-sanjauli-mosque-bjp-once-again-uses-urban-planning-as-a-hindutva-weapon |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjauli mosque row: Muslim body cites 1915 revenue record, claims mosque not illegal, only upper floors in violation |url=https://www.indianeconomicobserver.com//news/sanjauli-mosque-row-muslim-body-cites-1915-revenue-record-claims-mosque-not-illegal-only-upper-floors-in-violation20251208210841// |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Breaking news, top new, latest news, world news {{!}} Indian Economic Observer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=All-party meet over Sanjauli mosque dispute ends, policy for street vendors on the cards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-party-meet-sanjauli-mosque-dispute-ends-policy-street-vendors-9565987/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjauli Mosque: लटक सकता है संजौली मस्जिद का फैसला, जमीन की नहीं हुई पैमाइश; पिछली सुनवाई में दिए थे निर्देश |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/sanjauli-mosque-decision-on-sanjauli-mosque-may-be-put-on-hold-tland-has-not-been-measured-2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Muslim panel offers Shimla civic body to demolish 'illegal' portion of Sanjauli mosque |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/muslim-panel-offers-shimla-civic-body-demolish-illegal-portion-sanjauli-mosque-2598552-2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 controversy ===
During 2024 Hindu groups and local residents raised concerns over the mosque's expansion, claiming that it was illegal and that the land belongs to the Revenue Department, not the [[Central Waqf Council|Waqf Board]]. While the Waqf Board acknowledged the original single-floor mosque structure,<ref name=Daiji/> they were uncertain about the legality of the four floors<ref name=IndiaTV/> that were added by 2018, without approval.<ref name=Daiji/> On 30 August 2024, a group linked to the mosque allegedly attacked local traders, which intensified tensions in relation to the mosque's development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Mosque Protest: क्या है संजौली मस्जिद विवाद? हिंदू संगठन क्यों कर रहे हैं गिराने की मांग; जानें सब कुछ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-masjid-case-what-is-shimla-masjid-controversy-hindu-organizations-protest-against-sanjauli-mosque-2024-09-11 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Media reports claimed that there was an incident where a Hindu man was allegedly assaulted by six individuals who reportedly sought refuge in the mosque.<ref name=Daiji/> The alleged assault sparked protests by [[Hindutva|Hindu right-wing organizations]], who argued that the mosque is being used to harbour "outsiders," raising communal tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Sanjauli Masjid Row: Why Locals Are Protesting In Shimla? What Led To Waqf Board's Intervention {{!}} Explained |url=https://english.jagran.com/india/sanjauli-masjid-controversy-shimla-mosque-protest-illegal-construction-news-himachal-pradesh-waqf-board-10185848 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906094407/https://english.jagran.com/india/sanjauli-masjid-controversy-shimla-mosque-protest-illegal-construction-news-himachal-pradesh-waqf-board-10185848 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> It was also alleged that the complaints were driven by [[Islamophobia]] and anti-minority sentiment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Singh Panwar, Tikender |title=Sanjauli mosque row rooted in anti-minority sentiment |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/editor-picks/sanjauli-mosque-row-rooted-in-anti-minority-sentiment/ |work=[[The Tribune India]] |date=17 September 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025 }}</ref> The situation garnered political attention, with some local leaders advocating for the mosque's demolition, while the state government emphasized equal rights for all citizens and vowed to maintain peace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Begam |first=Amana |date=2024-09-13 |title=Reality behind Shimla mosque protest Indians ignore—Hindu fears over ‘changing demography’ |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/reality-behind-shimla-mosque-protest-indians-ignore-hindu-fears-over-changing-demography/2265617/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2024-09-06 |title=Hindutva groups protest outside Sanjauli Masjid in Shimla, calls for demolition of "illegal mosque" |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/hindutva-groups-protest-outside-sanjauli-masjid-in-shimla-calls-for-demolition-of-illegal-mosque/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> In September, it was reported that the matter had been ongoing for 14 years and that 45 [[Hearing (law)|hearings]] had been held since 2020.<ref name="Rajta2024"/> In order to quell the dispute, the Waqf Board requested the Municipal Court to not order the demolition of the mosque while they sought approval for the construction from the local Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Protesters demanding demolition break through barricades, clash with police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sanjauli-mosque-himachal-pradesh-lathicharge-9561902/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, on 5 October, the Municipal Court ordered the demolition of illegal three floors.<ref name=Daiji/> The mosque committee voluntarily offered to carry out the demolition of three floors;<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Himachal Waqf Board Presents 2006 Document In Sanjauli Mosque Case, Confirms Latif Mohammad As President |url=https://theobserverpost.com/himachal-waqf-board-presents-document-in-sanjauli-mosque-case-confirms-latif-mohammad-as-president/ |work=The Observer Post |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025 }}</ref> and a two-month timeframe was given for completion of the demolition works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Ravi |date=2024-10-06 |title=Sanjauli Mosque: संजौली मस्जिद पर चलेगा बुलडोजर, गिराए जाएंगे तीन फ्लोर, मस्जिद कमेटी अपने खर्च पर तोड़ेगी |url=https://lalluram.com/himachal-pradesh-bulldozer-will-run-on-sanjauli-mosque-three-floors-will-be-demolished-mosque-committee-will-demolish-at-its-own-expense/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Lalluram |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Rajta2024">{{cite news |author=Rajta, Subhash |title=Muslims offer to demolish illegal part of Sanjauli mosque, submit memo to MC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/muslims-offer-to-demolish-illegal-part-of-sanjauli-mosque-submit-memo-to-mc/ |work=[[The Tribune India]] |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025 }}</ref> In November, an [[appeal (law)|appeal]] by the Waqf Board against the order of the Municipal Court was dismissed by the Shimla District Court.<ref name=Daiji>{{cite news |author= |title=Sanjauli mosque dispute: District court upholds Municipal Court order, dismisses Mosque Committee’s
|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1249209 |work=Daiji World.com |date=30 November 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque exhibits a traditional Islamic architectural style, with a clean and modest design. It typically has features like arches and a [[minaret]], common in many Indian mosques.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Sanjauli Mosque Row: Heavy police force deployed in Shimla ahead of protest march |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/sanjauli-mosque-row-heavy-police-force-deployed-in-shimla-ahead-of-protest-march/article68628756.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Given its location in a hilly area, the structure blends harmoniously with the local landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Shimla mosque row: As stir intensifies, police use water canons on protesters, resort to lathi-charge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/sanjauli-mosque-row-protest-erupts-in-shimla-again-amid-prohibitory-orders/articleshow/113248137.cms |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Additional reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Accumulation by Segregation: Muslim Localities in Delhi |author=Jamil, Ghazala |year=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New Delhi |pages=240 |isbn=9780199470655 }}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimla district]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1947]]
[[Category:Mosques in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mosque-related controversies in Asia]]

Radhika Roy

2026-01-26T08:11:40Z

HungHay8926976: update

{{Short description|Indian journalist (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radhika Roy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Radhika Das
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|05|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Welham Girls' School]] Oldrey Fleming School (SLP) [[Miranda House]] (BA) [[The New School]] (MA) [[New York University]]
| occupation = [[Journalist]]
| known_for = Former Executive co-chairperson, [[NDTV]]
| alias =
| title =
| spouse = [[Prannoy Roy]]
| credits =
| agent =
| URL =
| relatives = [[Brinda Karat]] (sister)
}}
'''Radhika Roy''' (''[[née]]'' '''Das'''; born 7 May 1949) is an Indian journalist who is the founder and former executive co-chairperson of [[NDTV]]. She was the managing director of the company between 1998 and 2011. The company started as a news production house and became the first independent news broadcaster in India. Roy began her career in journalism at ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and worked for a period of time at the ''[[India Today]]'' magazine before becoming the founder of [[NDTV]].

==Biography==

=== 1949–1984: Early life and career ===
Radhika was born in [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]] on 7 May 1949,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kinjal|date=2021-06-11|title=False message makes claims about NDTV and its founders Prannoy and Radhika Roy|url=https://www.altnews.in/old-fake-message-about-ndtv-prannoy-roy-and-his-wife-viral-again/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[Alt News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> at 5/1B Belvedre Road to Ashrukona Basu Mallick, a grandniece of Raja Subodh Chandra Basu Mallick and Sooraj Lal Dass, who had migrated to the city during the [[partition of India]]. In the 1960s, Radhika was sent to study at [[Welham Girls' School|Welham Girls']] boarding school in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Kathuria|first=Charvi|date=28 November 2020|title=Who is Radhika Roy, the woman who built India's NDTV from behind-the-scenes?|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/who-is-radhika-roy-ndtv/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[SheThePeople.TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Radhika met [[Prannoy Roy]] during her teenage years. Prannoy was also from Calcutta, and attending [[The Doon School]], a boys' boarding school in Dehradun.<ref name="caravan_120115">{{cite web|last1=Kaushik|first1=Krishn|date=1 December 2015|title=The Tempest|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[The Caravan]]|page=2}}</ref><ref name=":5"/> Radhika and Prannoy moved to [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] for higher education, where they got married and then returned to India, settling down in [[Delhi]].<ref name="caravan_120115" /> In London, she studied at the Oldrey Fleming School and became a qualified [[speech pathologist]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2007-12-30|title=Power Women|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/power-women/255634/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|publisher=[[The Indian Express Group]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She also graduated with a degree in English literature from [[Miranda House]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of English|url=https://www.mirandahouse.ac.in/academics/departments/english/englishoverview.php|access-date=2021-06-24|website=Miranda House - University College for Women}}</ref><ref name="Bansal">{{cite web|last1=Bansal|first1=Shuchi|date=21 April 2003|title=Radhika Roy: NDTV's heart and soul|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/apr/21spec1.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref>

Radhika Roy began her career as a journalist at ''[[The Indian Express]]'' where she worked for the editing desk. She joined the ''[[India Today]]'' magazine, where she was a new coordinator. Roy quit her job at the magazine to join [[The New School For Social Research]] for a post-graduate degree in [[broadcast journalism]] in New York, United States.<ref name="Bansal" /> She also applied for and completed a course in [[television production]] at the [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1984, Radhika Roy along with her economist husband Prannoy Roy founded [[New Delhi Television Ltd]] (NDTV).<ref name="Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia71_">{{Cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Usha M.|title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant|last2=Ranganathan|first2=Maya|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2014|isbn=978-93-5150-464-1|page=71|language=en|ref=Indian News Media 2014}}</ref> Both the Roys are considered to be the founders of company, but according to Prannoy, Radhika was the original founder of the company and that he joined afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|title=The Tempest|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[The Caravan]]|page=1|language=en}}</ref> The company began as a production house for the public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shrivastava|first=K M|title=Broadcast Journalism in the 21st Century|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|year=2010|isbn=978-81-207-3597-2|pages=36–37|language=en}}</ref> and became the first independent news broadcaster in India.<ref name="caravan_120115" /> NDTV is considered to be a legacy brand,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aneez|first1=Zeenab|last2=Neyazi|first2=Taberez Ahmed|last3=Kalogeropoulos|first3=Antonis|last4=Kleis Nielsen|first4=Rasmus|author-link4=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen|date=March 2019|title=Indian Digital News Report|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/India_DNR_FINAL.pdf|journal=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> which set the template for broadcast journalism in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wintour|first=Anna|date=19 October 2012|title=A week inside India's media boom|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0eb44760-1907-11e2-af88-00144feabdc0|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>

=== 1984–2022: Co-Chairperson of NDTV ===
Radhika Roy was the [[managing director]] of NDTV between 1998 and 2011, before which she was the chairman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=27 September 2012|title=Notice|url=https://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/corporatepage/images/NDTV12pagesnotice-proxy.pdf|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name="Forbes08Sep06_">{{Cite news|last=Karmali|first=Naazneen|date=8 September 2006|title=News Delhi TV|language=en|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211071033if_/https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html?sh=4e73284a44d0|archive-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> She also held the position of chief executive producer.<ref name=":5" /> Prannoy Roy became the public face of the network, while Radhika Roy managed the editorial and backend processes.<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_" /> She grew a reputation for demanded high standards for editorial integrity and impartiality.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_">{{Cite book|last1=Kaushik|first1=Kshama|title=India Means Business: How the elephant earned its stripes|last2=Dutta|first2=Kaushik|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-908851-5|pages=277–281|language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> Radhika had instituted a legally binding code of conducts for journalistic ethics in the company at a time when other broadcasters had none.<ref name=":3" /> She has also been described as having a sense of social justice and integrity,<ref name="Bansal" /> Roy had implemented measures such as arrangement of sanitary napkins in NDTV offices during a time when the debate over [[Social stigma|destigmatisation]] of periods in workplaces had not yet enter public discourse.<ref name=":5" /> According to a senior executive at the company, "[I]f Prannoy Roy is the face of the organisation, Radhika Roy is its heart and soul."<ref name="Bansal" />

NDTV launched India's first 24x7 independent news channel in a 5-year partnership with [[Star India]]''.''<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia48_">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure|date=25 July 2019|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-93-5305-598-1|pages=48–50|language=en}}</ref> In the partnership, NDTV managed the editorial and production aspects in exchange for a fee with an [[escalation clause]], while Star managed the infrastructure and retained the profits.<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia77_">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure|date=25 July 2019|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-93-5305-598-1|pages=77–81|language=en}}</ref> The partnership was ended in 2003 over disagreement in providing complete editorial control to NDTV.<ref name="SouthAsianMediaCultures123_">{{Cite book|last=Banaji|first=Shakuntala|title=South Asian Media Cultures: Audiences, Representations, Contexts|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-85728-409-9|pages=123–124|language=en}}</ref> Following the split, NDTV became an independent news broadcaster after launched its owns news channels [[NDTV 24x7]] and [[NDTV India]].<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /> The company went public in May 2004 and became the leading media company in terms of [[market capitalisation]] by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Shirsat|first1=B. G.|last2=Krishnakumar|first2=Aparna|date=2005-08-13|title=Media industry valuations hit the roof|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/media-industry-valuations-hit-the-roof-105081301005_1.html|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>

Radhika Roy along with her husband Prannoy Roy were designated as the executive co-chairpersons of NDTV after 2011.<ref name=":2" /> Radhika continued to act as a steward for the editorial end of the company.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Joseph|first=Ammu|title=India: What You See Is Not What You Get|date=2013|work=The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism|pages=384–403|editor-last=Byerly|editor-first=Carolyn M.|place=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137273246_28|isbn=978-1-137-27324-6}}</ref> She was reportedly well liked by her employees and remained heavily involved in the company's day-to-day operations to the point that she was recognised as the de facto CEO, one former employee described her working style to be sometimes controlling as there was no effective decentralisation in the company.<ref name="Bansal" /> The company began facing government pressure through litigations and intimidation of advertisers on the network after [[Narendra Modi]] became the Prime Minister, which was described as part of a process of cratering [[media freedom]] in the country.<ref name="NewYorkTimes02Apr20_">{{Cite news|last1=Goel|first1=Vindu|last2=Gettleman|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Khandelwal|first3=Saumya|date=2 April 2020|title=Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html|access-date=16 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The government attempted to ban the Hindi news channel NDTV India in 2016 and retracted following widespread protests.<ref name="DeutscheWelle07Nov16_">{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=7 November 2016|title='Ridiculous and arbitrary' – Indian journalists slam NDTV ban|language=en-GB|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=https://www.dw.com/en/ridiculous-and-arbitrary-indian-journalists-slam-ndtv-ban/a-36293627|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Venu|first=M. K.|date=8 November 2016|title=The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression|url=https://thewire.in/politics/creeping-erosion-free-expression|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> In 2017, the offices of the company and the residence of the Roys were raided by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) after a NDTV news presenter had questioned statements made by a ruling party spokesperson.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 June 2017|title=Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/06/24/indias-raucous-democracy-is-becoming-more-subdued|access-date=16 December 2020|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=Business and Politics in India|last2=Kohli|first2=Atul|last3=Murali|first3=Kanta|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-091246-8|pages=186|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref>

In June 2019, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) barred Radhika and Prannoy Roy from holding managerial or board positions in the company for a period of 2 years over alleged withholding of information in loan agreements.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 June 2019|title=SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/sebi-bars-prannoy-radhika-roy-from-ndtv-board/article27943165.ece|access-date=17 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The order was appealed against and stayed by the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Modak|first=Samie|date=2019-06-18|title=SAT stays Sebi's order asking Prannoy, Radhika to step down from NDTV|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sat-stays-sebi-s-order-asking-prannoy-radhika-to-step-down-from-ndtv-119061801169_1.html|access-date=2021-06-25}}</ref> In December 2020, SEBI imposed a fine on the Roys worth {{INRConvert|27|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2020|title=SEBI fines NDTV's Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy Rs 27 crore for 'violating regulatory norms'|url=https://scroll.in/latest/982267/sebi-fines-ndtvs-prannoy-roy-and-radhika-roy-rs-27-crore-for-violating-regulatory-norms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> SAT directed the Roys to deposit 50% of the sum as conditional to a second hearing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 2021|title=SAT directs NDTV's Prannoy and Radhika Roy to deposit ₹8.5 crore before it hears them further|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sat-directs-ndvts-prannoy-and-radhika-roy-to-deposit-85-crore-before-it-hears-them-further/article33551661.ece|access-date=2021-06-25|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en}}</ref> The company moved to the [[Supreme Court of India]] (SCI) which exempted them from the deposits.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=NDTV's Prannoy, Radhika Roy exempted from making deposit for hearing appeals against SEBI penalty|url=https://scroll.in/latest/986987/ndtvs-prannoy-radhika-roy-exempted-from-making-deposit-for-hearing-appeals-against-sebi-penalty|access-date=2021-06-25|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] remarked that it was "brash" for the tribunal to have demanded it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2021|title=Supreme Court stays recovery of Rs 27 crore penalty imposed by SEBI on Radhika Roy, Prannoy Roy|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/03/26/supreme-court-stays-recovery-of-rs-27-crore-penalty-imposed-by-sebi-on-radhika-roy-prannoy-roy|access-date=2021-06-25|website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref>

Doubts had also begun emerging by 2015 over how much control the Roys had over their company after it had become involved in a debt agreement with the billionaire [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s conglomerate [[Reliance Industries]] following a series of loan transactions necessitated by the NDTV's downturn due to the [[Great Recession]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|title=The Tempest|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[The Caravan]]|page=4|language=en}}</ref> In late 2019, the international news organisation ''[[Reporters sans frontières]]'' released a report, according to which, Radhika Roy directly held 16.32% of the stake in the company while her husband held 15.95% of the stake. The two held an additional 29.18% stake through a 50:50 holding company called RRPR Holding Pvt Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=December 2019|title=The Roy Family|url=https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-roy-family/|website=Media Ownership Monitor - India|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref>

In December 2022, Radhika and Prannoy Roy sold 27.26 per cent out of their 32.26 per cent shareholding in the news network to [[Adani Group]], who till then had over a 37% stake in NDTV, making the conglomerate, the single largest shareholder with over 64.71 per cent stake.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Prannoy Roy - NDTV: ‘Constructive’ deal with Gautam Adani for Roys - Telegraph India | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/ndtv-constructive-deal-with-gautam-adani-for-roys/cid/1905575 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013525/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/ndtv-constructive-deal-with-gautam-adani-for-roys/cid/1905575 | access-date=2025-02-12 | archive-date=2022-12-24}}</ref>

== Public image and recognition ==

Radhika Roy has a reputation of being a private person who stays away from fame and keeps a low profile.<ref name="Bansal" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|year=2016|title=Radhika Roy - Most Powerful Women in 2016 - Fortune India|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/radhika-roy?year=2016|access-date=2021-06-24|website=[[Fortune India]]|language=en}}</ref> She has been described as being "quiet and behind the scenes."<ref name=":5" />

Roy along with her husband were awarded the [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award]] for Information, Communication and Entertainment in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 October 2003|title=E&Y; picks Ratan Tata for entrepreneurship award|work=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/10/30/stories/2003103002490100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026200923/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/10/30/stories/2003103002490100.htm|archive-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> In 2007, she was featured by the museum on broadcasting history, [[Paley Center for Media]] as one of 50 major women figures in the history of television and radio broadcasting. She was also listed in ''[[Fortune India]]''<nowiki/>'s list of 50 most powerful woman in business in India.<ref name=":0" /> In its 2016 list, the magazine remarked that she remains on the list due to her "sheer staying power in the face of adversity" and because NDTV remained one of the most trusted news brands in the country.<ref name=":4" />

In 2023, Securities Appellate Tribunal overturned a 2020 order that held Radhika Roy guilty of insider trading which barred her from engaging in the securities market for two years.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=2023-10-06 |title=SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/10/06/sat-quashes-sebis-insider-trading-order-against-prannoy-and-radhika-roy |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref> In addition, it also compelled her to pay money made through the alleged insider trading between 2006 and 2008.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{NDTV Personnel}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Radhika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:NDTV Group]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]

IMTEX

2026-01-25T04:26:49Z

HungHay8926976: New the entry basic info!

{{Infobox exhibition
|name = IMTEX
|image = IMTEX 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 38.jpg
|caption = IMTEX 2025 signboard
|country = India
|location = [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]], Bangalore
|start_point =
|organiser =
|official website = {{url|https://www.imtex.in}}
}}
'''IMTEX''' (International Machine Tool & Manufacturing Technology Exhibition) is [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]]'s largest [[machine tool]] and manufacturing show <ref>{{Cite web |title=IMTEX 2027 is officially announced! |url=https://www.imtex.in/assets/images/IMTEX-2027-Announcement.webp |website=imtex.in |publisher=IMTEX |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-date=2025-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105040941/https://www.imtex.in/assets/images/IMTEX-2027-Announcement.webp |url-status=live }}</ref> held annually at [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]].<ref name="one">{{Cite web |title=IMTEX, Tooltech & Digital Manufacturing 2025 |url=https://www.biec.in/Calendar_event/2k25/imtex-2025 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.biec.in |publisher=[[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]] |archive-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810162213/https://biec.in/Calendar_event/2k25/imtex-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IMTEX 2025 |url=https://www.siemens.com/in/en/company/fairs-events/imtex.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Siemens India Website |publisher=[[Siemens]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911205240/https://www.siemens.com/in/en/company/fairs-events/imtex.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth |date=March 28, 2025 |title=IMTEX 2025: BFW in Action – Innovation, Precision, Impact |url=https://bfwindia.com/blog/bfw-at-imtex-2025/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=bfwindia.com |publisher=Bharat Fritz Werner Ltd. (BFW) |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207002051/https://bfwindia.com/blog/bfw-at-imtex-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IMTEX 2025–International Machine Tool and Manufacturing Technology Exhibition » Forkardt Hardinge - India / Asia |url=https://forkardthardinge.in/event/imtex-2025-international-machine-tool-and-manufacturing-technology-exhibition/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=forkardthardinge.in |publisher=Forkardt [[Hardinge, Inc.|Hardinge]] - India / Asia}}</ref> It is organized by [[Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers' Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers' Association {{!}} IMTMA :: |url=https://www.imtma.in/page/542/imtex-2025 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.imtma.in |publisher=[[Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers' Association]] |archive-date=2025-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807224941/https://www.imtma.in/page/542/imtex-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:IMTEX logo.jpg|thumb|right|Logo of IMTEX]]

==Event(s)==
* IMTEX, Tooltech & Digital Manufacturing 2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: IMTEX 2027 :: |url=https://www.imtex.in/imtex2027.php |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.imtex.in |archive-date=2025-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207044334/https://www.imtex.in/imtex2027.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* IMTEX FORMING 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: IMTEX - International Machine Tool and Manufacturing Technology Exhibition :: |url=https://www.imtex.in/imtex.php |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.imtex.in |archive-date=2025-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117160409/https://www.imtex.in/imtex.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* IMTEX (Retrospect) Tooltech & Digital Manufacturing 2025<ref name="one"/>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=IMTEX 2025
|width=160 | height=160 |mode=nolines |align=center
|File:IMTEX 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 119.jpg
|File:IMTEX 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 95.jpg
|File:IMTEX 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 126.jpg
|File:IMTEX 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 62.jpg
|File:IMTEX 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 100.jpg
}}

==See also==
*[[EXCON]], South Asia's largest trade fair

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.imtex.in/ IMTEX Official website]

[[Category:Economy of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Trade fairs in India]]
[[Category:Machine tools]]

John Muir (Indologist)

2026-01-22T20:25:59Z

HungHay8926976: New the biography added tags!

{{short description|British judge and linguist in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}

[[File:10 Merchiston Avenue, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|300px|10 Merchiston Avenue, Edinburgh]]
[[File:The grave of John Muir, Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh.jpg|300px|thumb|The grave of John Muir, Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh]]
'''John Muir''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] [[FRSE]] [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]] [[LLD]] (5 February 1810 – 7 March 1882) was a British [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] scholar, [[Indologist]] and judge in [[British India]].

==Biography==
Muir was born in [[Glasgow]], the son of William Muir (1783–1820), a merchant of Kilmarnock and magistrate of Glasgow, and Helen Macfie (1784–1866). He was the elder brother of the Indian administrator and principal of the [[University of Edinburgh]], [[William Muir|Sir William Muir]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19497|title=Muir, John (1810–1882), Sanskritist|last=Powell|first=Avril A.|date=2004-09-23|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19497}}</ref>

He was educated at [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]] Grammar School in [[Ayrshire]], then studied in the [[University of Glasgow]], and the [[East India Company College]] near [[Hertford]]. He arrived in [[Colonial India]] with the [[East India Company]] in 1829 as a civil servant, working first in [[Bengal]], and served in various offices, as assistant secretary to the board of revenue, [[Allahabad]], as collector at Azamgarh and as civil and session judge at [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]. In 1844, he was appointed to be the first principal of Victoria College, [[Benaras]], that later evolved into the [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120429105357/http://ssvv.up.nic.in/historyweb.htm History of Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]</ref> From 1842 to 1853 he was a Session Judge in the court at [[Futtehpore]]. During this period he was awarded an honorary doctorate in civil law (DCL) by the [[University of Oxford]] a second honorary doctorate (LLD) from the [[University of Edinburgh]] and a third from the [[University of Bonn]] (PhD).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He left the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1853 and returned to [[Edinburgh]]. In 1861 he was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] his proposer being [[John Hutton Balfour]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1862 he endowed the chair of Sanskrit in the [[University of Edinburgh]], and was the main agent in founding the Shaw fellowship in moral philosophy. He was a [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]] of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]] of Edinburgh and PhD of [[University of Bonn|Bonn]], and was one of the first to receive the distinction of [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Indian Empire]].<ref name=":0" />

Muir died unmarried, on 7 March 1882, at 10 Merchiston Avenue, Edinburgh.{{sfn|Bendall|1894}}

He is buried in the [[Grange, Edinburgh|Grange Cemetery]] against the western wall of the original cemetery, adjacent to the entrance to the 20th century extension.

==Work==
Muir's main work is ''Original Sanskrit texts on the origin and history of the people of India, their religion and institutions'' (1852–1870), a study of the most important source texts of Indian cultural and religious history, with English language translation. In 1858 the first volume of his Original Sanskrit Texts (2nd ed., 1868) was published; it was on the origin of [[Indian caste system|caste]], an inquiry intended to show that it did not exist in the [[Vedic age]]. The second volume (1st ed., 1860; 2nd, 1871) was concerned with the origin and racial affinities of the Hindus, exhibiting all the then available evidences of their connection, their linguistic, social and political kinship, with the other branches of the Indo-European stock. The third volume (1st ed., 1861; 2nd, 1868) was on the [[Vedas]], a full inquiry as to the ideas of their origin, authority and inspiration held both by the Vedic and later Indian writers. Volume four (1st ed., 1863; 2nd, 1873) was a comparison of the Vedic with the later representations of the principal Indian deities, an exhibition of the process by which three gods hardly known to the Vedic hymns became the deities of the former Hindu [[Trimurti]]. The fifth and final volume was published in 1870 and was on the Vedic mythology. Muir was also the author of a volume of metrical translations from the Sanskrit, an anonymous work on inspiration, several works in Sanskrit, and many essays in the Journal of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Muir, John|first=Cecil|last=Bendall|volume=39}}</ref>

In 1839, Muir published ''[[Mataparīkṣā|Matapariksa: Sketch of the Argument for Christianity and against Hinduism]]'', a work that, in contrast to the vitriolic missionary tracts prevalent at that time, presented Hinduism in empathetic tone and depicted Christianity and Hinduism as more or less compatible, although Christianity was clearly depicted as superior. However while sensitive to "Hindu genius" Muir advanced miracles, moral excellence, and universality as three basic arguments in favour of Christianity. The work was controversial in India and helped launch a counter-[[apologetics|apologetic]] movement among Hindu scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Podgorski |first1=Frank R. |date=October 1983 |title= review of 'Resistant Hinduism: Sanskrit Sources on Anti-Christian Apologetics in Early Nineteenth-Century India' by Richard Fox Young|journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=417–418 |doi= 10.2307/1398604 |publisher= Philosophy East and West, Vol. 33, No. 4 |last2= Young |first2= Richard Fox |jstor=1398604}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Muir |first=John |title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India |year=1861 |publisher= Williams and Norgate|url=https://archive.org/details/originalsanskri04muirgoog }}

==References==
<references />
;Attribution
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Muir, John}}
* {{DNB|wstitle=Muir, John|first=Cecil|last=Bendall|volume=39}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Avril A. Powell|title=Scottish orientalists and India: the Muir brothers, religion, education and empire|year=2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84383-579-0}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muir, John}}
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish Indologists]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]
[[Category:People from Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish translators]]
[[Category:People from Irvine, North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Glasgow]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British translators]]
[[Category:Burials at the Grange Cemetery]]

Government Pharmacy Institute, Patna

2026-01-19T13:28:51Z

HungHay8926976: general enhance details per standard format further and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Government Pharmacy Institute, Patna -07
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Logo of Government Pharmacy Institute, Patna.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = [[Government]]
| established = {{start date and age|1958}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Ram Chaudhary
| director =
| dean =
| head_label = Teacher-in-Charge
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Agam Kuan, Gulzarbagh, Sadikpur
| city = [[Patna]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 800007
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6011235|N|85.1987982|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus =
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|http://gpi.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Government Pharmacy Institute, Patna''' is a pharmacy college situated in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.admissionjankari.com/college-details/b-pharma/government-pharmacy-institute-patna|title=Government Pharmacy Institute Patna {{!}} Patna {{!}} Bihar {{!}} B-Pharma - Admission Jankari|website=www.admissionjankari.com|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>

==About college==
It was established in 1958. Institute offers undergraduate and diploma courses in pharmacy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/government-pharmacy-institute-gulzarbagh |title=Government Pharmacy Institute (GPI), Gulzarbagh - courses, fee, cut off, ranking, admission & placement |website=www.careers360.com |language=en |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> It is affiliated with [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Aryabhatta Knowledge University | url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|accessdate=26 February 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Bihar]]
*[[Chanakya College of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Bhojpur]]
*[[List of educational institutions in Patna]]
*[[All India Council for Technical Education]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://gpi.ac.in/ Official website]
*[http://akubihar.ac.in/ Aryabhatta Knowledge University]

{{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Patna]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Bihar]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna}}

National symbols of Afghanistan

2025-12-31T17:16:08Z

HungHay8926976: correct structure based on references

{{short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
The official and ''de facto'' '''national symbols of Afghanistan''' are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Symbol
!Image
!Notes
|-
|[[National flag]]
|[[Flag of Afghanistan]]
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg|frameless]]
|The flag of Afghanistan under the current Taliban regime consists of [[Shahada]] in black on a white field.
|
|-
|[[National emblem]]
|[[Emblem of Afghanistan]]
|[[File:Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg|frameless]]
|The emblem of Afghanistan has a mihrab with a minbar within, supporting the Quran, and crowned by the sun.Two swords, two sheaves of wheat and a cogwheel.Inscription of the ''[[shahada]]'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and name of the nation in Pashto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله - ١٤١٥,١,١٥هـ ت - د افغانستان اسلامي امارت "There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah - 15-1-1415A.H.Q[b] - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan"
|-
|[[National anthem]]
|"[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]"
|
|The "Afghan National Anthem" ([[Pashto]]: دا د باتورانو کور - "Dā Də Bātorāno Kor"; [[Dari]]: اینجا خانه شجاعان است - "Īnjā Xāna-yi Šujā'ān ast") was adopted and officially announced by a [[Loya Jirga]] in May 2006. According to article 20 of the [[Constitution of Afghanistan|Afghan Constitution]], the [[national anthem]] shall be in [[Pashto language|Pashto]] with the mention of "[[Takbir|God is Greatest]]" as well as the names of the various [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|tribes of Afghanistan]]. The lyrics were written by [[Abdul Bari Jahani]] and the music was written by [[Afghans in Germany|German-Afghan]] composer Babrak Wassa.
|-
|[[National motto]]
|[[Shahada]]
|[[File:Shahadah-1.svg|frameless]]
|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله (''Lā ʾilāha ʾillāl–lāh, Muhammadun rasūl allāh'') There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of God. (the ''[[shahada]]'')
|-
|[[Father of the Nation]]
|[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
|[[File:Coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 by Breshna.jpg|frameless]]
|[[National animal]]
|[[Snow leopard]]
|[[File:Snow leopard.jpg|frameless]]
|The snow leopard (''[[Snow leopard|Panthera uncia]]'') is a species of [[big cat]] native to mountainous regions of [[Afghanistan]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Nepal]], [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].
|-
|[[National bird]]
|[[Golden eagle]]
|[[File:Golden Eagle Scanning for Prey.jpg|frameless]]
|The golden eagle (''[[Golden eagle|Aquila chrysaetos]]'') is one of best known birds of prey and most widely distributed species of eagle. It is dark brown, with lighter golden-brown plumage on its nape.
|-
|[[National dog]]
|[[Afghan Hound]]
|[[File:Afghan Hound.jpg|frameless]]
|Its local names are Tāžī Spay (Pashto) or Sag-e Tāzī (Dari Persian).<ref>https://www.pedigree.it/GettingADog/BreedSelectorDetail?url=afghan-hound {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[National flower]]
|[[Tulip]]
|[[File:צבעונים.JPG|frameless]]
|The tulip (''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' L.) is a Eurasian and North African genus of [[Perennial plant|perennial]], [[bulb]]ous [[plant]]s in the [[lily family]].
|-
|[[National tree]]
|[[Pinus eldarica|Afghan pine]]
|[[File:Эльдарская сосна - Pinus eldarica.jpg|frameless]]
|
|-
|[[National fruit]]
|[[Pomegranate]]
|[[File:Afghan_pomegranate_Kandahar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Pomegranate production in Afghanistan]] is a significant contributor to the Afghan agricultural economy. Pomegranates are a major fruit crop in many provinces such as Kandahar, Helmand, Wardak, Ghazni, Paktia, Farah, Kapisa and Balkh, and are the source of the livelihoods of thousands of people.
|-
|[[National sport]]
|[[Buzkashi]]
|[[File:Buzkashi (5458279235).jpg|frameless]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/afghanistan/articles/buzkashi-afghanistans-goat-grabbing-national-sport/|title=Buzkashi: Afghanistan's Goat-Grabbing National Sport|website=Culture Trip|date=24 March 2017|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414204242/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/afghanistan/articles/buzkashi-afghanistans-goat-grabbing-national-sport/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[National dance]]
|[[Attan]]
|[[File:Afghan police graduates of officer candidate school and school instructors dance to music played by an Afghan National Army band during a graduation ceremony at the Kandahar training center in Afghanistan Jan 120129-F-FR276-147.jpg|frameless]]
|
|-
|[[National instrument (music)|National instrument]]
|[[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]]
|[[File:Centries old heritage, Rubab.JPG|frameless]]
|
|-
|[[National poet]]
|[[Khushal Khan Khattak]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morgenstierne |first1=G. |year=1960 |title=Khushhal Khan—the national poet of the Afghans |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |volume=47 |pages=49–57 |doi=10.1080/03068376008731684}}</ref> ([[Pashto]]), [[Rumi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2009 |title=Poetry of Rumi Spans Across Centuries, Cultures |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/poetry-of-rumi-spans-across-centuries-cultures |website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> ([[Dari]])
|
|
|-
|[[National dish]]
|[[Qabuli palaw]]
|[[File:Qabuli palaw rice.jpg|frameless]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons-inline}}

{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:National symbols of Afghanistan| ]]

Amit Prasher

2025-12-29T13:25:13Z

HungHay8926976: new...

{{short description|Indian film director (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Prasher

| birth_name = Amit Prasher
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|03|21}}
| birth_place = [[Nakodar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<ref name="Singh">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120907/ttlife1.htm|title=Seriously comic: Amit Prasher, the director of upcoming Punjabi movie Tu Mera 22, Main Tera 22, lets his crew 'be' as long as they are delivering the goods|last=Singh|first=Jasmine|date=7 September 2012|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=7 January 2014}}</ref>
| othername =
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| yearsactive = 2002—present
}}
'''Amit Prasher''' is an Indian [[film director]]. His work as a filmmaker include the films ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2012/12/tu-mera-bai-main-tera-bai.html |title=Tu Mera Bai Main Tera Bai (2013) {{!}} Cine Punjab |website=cinepunjab.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106184137/http://www.cinepunjab.com/2012/12/tu-mera-bai-main-tera-bai.html |archive-date=2013-01-06}}</ref> and ''[[Ishq Brandy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplybhangra.com/punjabi-movies/6790-punjabi-movie-ishq-brandy-ft-roshan-prince-alfaaz|title = Punjabi Movie: Ishq Brandy ft. Roshan Prince, Alfaaz}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Actor
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Producer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Release date
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]''
| [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] & [[Amrinder Gill]]
| Speed Surya Films
| Punjabi
| 25 Jan
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ishq Brandy]]''
| [[Roshan Prince]], [[Alfaaz]] & [[Binnu Dhillon]]
| Future Cine Vision
| Punjabi
| 21 Feb<ref>[http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/08/ishq-brandy.html Ishq Brandy Release Date]</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Munde Kamaal De]]''
| [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Yuvraj Hans]], [[Binnu Dhillon]]
| SRD Motion Pictures
| Punjabi
| 20 March
|}

===Assistant Director===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Actor
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
|-

| ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]''
| [[Amrinder Gill]] & [[Rannvijay]]
| Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Dharti (2011 film)|Dharti]]''
| [[Jimmy Shergill]] & [[Rannvijay]]
| Punjabi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=5515430|name=Amit Prasher}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasher, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Atul Sen

2025-12-28T20:32:23Z

HungHay8926976: article

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atul Sen
| image = শহীদ অতুল সেন.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Senahati, [[Khulna District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date|1932|8|05}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], British India
| death_cause = Suicide
| occupation = [[Indian independence movement]] activist
| organization =[[Jugantar]]
}}

'''Atul Sen''' (? – 5 August, 1932) ({{langx|bn|অতুল সেন}}) was a Bengali [[Indian independence movement]] revolutionary activist against [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. He often used the aliases ''Sambhu'' and ''Kutti''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019.pdf|title=Dictionary of Martyrs of India's Freedom Struggle (1857-1947)|publisher=Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]] & [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]|year=2016|isbn=978-81-938176-0-5|location=New Delhi|pages=29}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Atul Sen was born in Senahati village, [[Khulna District]] in [[British India]]. His father's name was Ashwini Kumar Sen. While still a student, he joined the Revolutionary party. As a student, he came in contact with the famous revolutionaries of the village, Rasiklal Das, Anujacharan Sen, Ratikanta Dutt and Kiran Chandra Mukherjee and was initiated into the ''mantra'' of revolution.<ref name=":0" />

== Revolutionary activities ==
He was an active member of the [[Jugantar|Jugantar Party]], while studying in Jadavpur Engineering College. During the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], [[The Statesman (India)|''the Statesman'']] was campaigning against the revolutionaries in such a way that the revolutionaries decided to kill Watson, the editor of the newspaper, in order to retaliate and prevent it. On 5 August 1932, he shot at Sir Alfred Watson,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019.pdf|title=Dictionary of Martyrs of India's Freedom Struggle (1857-1947)|publisher=Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]] & [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]|year=2016|isbn=978-81-938176-0-5|location=New Delhi|pages=263}}</ref> but he failed to murder Mr. Watson and was arrested immediately. He committed suicide by consuming [[potassium cyanide]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Subodhchandra|title=Sansad Bangali charitabhidhan |volume=1 |date=1998|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|isbn=978-81-85626-65-9|location=Calcutta|pages=14|oclc=59521727}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rakshita-Rāẏa|first=Bhūpendrakiśora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbEsAAAAMAAJ|title=Sabāra alakshye|date=1966|publisher=Bijñala Pābaliśārsa|pages=104|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:Activists from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:People from Senhati]]
[[Category:Suicides by cyanide poisoning]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]

Beevan D'Mello

2025-12-21T09:12:23Z

HungHay8926976: further enhanced details after review additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Beevan D'Mello
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|01|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| currentclub = [[Dempo Sports Club]]
| clubnumber = 7
| height = {{Height|m=1.75}}
| position = [[Attacking midfielder]], [[Winger (association football)|winger]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
| years1 = 2004–2013
| clubs1 = [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps1 =45
| goals1 = 19
| years2 = 2013–2015
| clubs2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| caps2 = 21
| goals2 = 6
| years3 = 2015–
| clubs3 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| caps3 = 25
| goals3 = 13
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 19 November 2015
}}

'''Beevan D'Mello''' (born 15 January 1987) is an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who plays for [[Dempo SC|Dempo]].

==Career==

===Early career===
[[Raia, Goa|Raia]] based D'Mello was a part of [[Goa football team|Goa]]'s successful [[Santosh Trophy]] winning team in 2009. He was with [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] for ten years and before that started his youth career with [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]].

D'Mello attended Deepvihar High School in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] and wanted to follow in the footsteps of his idol [[Bruno Coutinho (footballer, born 1969)|Bruno Coutinho]]. This dream turned into a reality in 2003 when he signed for Salgaocar and later represented Goa.

===Salgaocar===
D'Mello started his football career with [[Salgaocar S.C.]] in the [[I-League]] and scored his first goal for Salgaocar on 25 October 2009 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa]].

In 2010, D'Mello suffered a serious [[cruciate ligament]] injury which saw him out on the sidelines for a long period.

===Sporting Goa===
D'mello signed to Sporting Clube de Goa in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beevan D’Mello and Cajetan Fernandes make the switch to Sporting Goa|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/06/25/4073318/beevan-dmello-and-cajetan-fernandes-make-the-switch-to|publisher=Goal|accessdate=26 June 2013|author=Ayush Srivastava|date=25 June 2013}}</ref> He made his debut on 7 December 2013 against [[Dempo S.C.]] at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in which he came on as a substitute for [[Rojen Singh]] in the 89th minute as Sporting Goa won the match 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Goa vs. Dempo 1-0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/07/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dempo-sports-club/1585360/|work=Soccerway}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://goal.com/en-india/people/india/30114/beevan-dmello Beevan D'Mello] at Goal.com
* {{Soccerway|beevan-dmello/102946|Beevan D'Mello}}

{{Sporting Clube de Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Mello, Beevan}}
[[Category:Footballers from Margao]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:SC de Goa players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]

Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993

2025-11-15T05:31:09Z

HungHay8926976: Created new info more to come - done

{{Short description|Agreement between China and Indian regarding border management}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox treaty|name=Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993|long_name=Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India–China Border Areas|type=Standstill agreement Border management Confidence building measures|context=[[Sino-Indian border dispute|India China boundary question]]|date_signed=7 September 1993|parties=*{{flagicon|China}} China
*{{flagicon|India}} India|location_signed=[[Great Hall of the People]], Beijing, China|languages=* Chinese
* English
* [[Hindi language|Hindi]]|condition_effective=[[Ratification]] by China and India|image=China India CIA map border disputes.jpg|caption=China–India border, showing two large disputed areas in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh and several smaller disputes (map by CIA)|image_size=260px}}

The '''Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement''' (BPTA or MPTA; formally the ''Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India–China Border Areas'') is an agreement signed by China and India in September 1993, agreeing to maintain the ''status quo'' on their mutual border pending an eventual boundary settlement.{{sfnp|Menon|2016|p=19}} It was followed by the [[Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures]] in 1996.

== Etymology ==
The final agreement was in three languages, English, Chinese and Hindi, and it was stated in the agreement that 'all three texts (have) equal validity'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhang|first=Laney|date=17 July 2020|title=Past Bilateral Border Agreements between China and India and the June 15th Clash {{!}} In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2020/07/past-bilateral-border-agreements-between-china-and-india-and-the-june-15th-clash/|access-date=2021-02-18|website=blogs.loc.gov}}</ref> The words "peace and tranquility" are used in the English version of the agreement. In the Hindi version the words {{Lang|hi|शांति}} and {{Lang|hi|अमन}} are used.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement 1993|url=http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876687337.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302115631/http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876687337.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2021|access-date=2 March 2021|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|language=Hindi}}</ref> In the Chinese version {{Lang|zh|和平}} and {{Lang|zh|安宁}} are used to explain peace and tranquility.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agreement on the maintenance of peace and tranquility along the line of actual control in the China-India border areas|url=http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=327&lib=tax&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=|access-date=2021-03-02|website=lawinfochina.com}}</ref> [[Tranquillity|Tranquility]] comes from French ''tranquilité'' and Latin ''tranquillitatem.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=tranquility {{!}} Origin and meaning of tranquility|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tranquility|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501165456/https://www.etymonline.com/word/tranquility |archive-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>

== 1993 agreement ==

=== Background ===
Political relations following the 1962 war only saw signs of improvement towards the later 1970s and 80s. Ties had remained strained until then also because of Chinese attraction to Pakistan during India Pakistan wars in 1965 and 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li|first=Zhang|date=2010|title=China–India Relations: Strategic Engagement and Challenges|url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/asievisions34zhangli.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630175902/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/asievisions34zhangli.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-30 |access-date=16 February 2021|website=ifri.org|publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales]]: Center for Asian Studies|isbn=9782865927746}}</ref> Restored ambassadorial relations in 1976,<ref name="Relations" /> a visit by India's foreign minister to Peking in 1979 and a visit by the Chinese Foreign Minister to India in 1981,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rangan|first=Kasturi|date=29 June 1981|title=India and China Announce Talks on Border Issue|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/29/world/india-and-china-announce-talks-on-border-issue.html|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> led to eight rounds of (border) talks between the two countries until 1988.{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|p=1123}} Scholar [[Sumit Ganguly]] postulates that one of the reasons for India to initiate the restored ambassadorial relations in 1976 might have been the change in status of [[Sikkim]] and China's reaction to it. The other two reasons given by Ganguly are a change in leadership in China and Bangladesh.{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|p=1125}}

The first round of border talks were in December 1981. Negligible progress was made in the first three rounds of talks.{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|pp=1126–1127}} In the fourth round it was decided that other areas of relations should be normalized without linking them to the border issues.{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|pp=1127–1128}} This caused tensions to decrease to a point where during the fifth round, the border issue was again confronted head on but no outcome was made for numerous reasons including domestic incidents such as the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination of Indian Prime Minister]].{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|pp=1127–1128}} The seventh round in July 1986 was held in the background of the [[Sumdorong Chu standoff]].{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|pp=1130–1132}} The eight round ultimately led to a visit of the Indian Prime Minister to China in 1988,{{Sfn|Ganguly|1989|pp=1130–1132}} a visit of the Chinese Premier to India in 1992 and then a visit of Indian President to China in 1992. All this preceded and led to the 1993 agreement.<ref name="Relations">{{Cite web|date=2 February 2002|title=The Relations between China and India|url=http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxw/zygx/t61475.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226021445/http://in.china-embassy.org:80/eng/sgxw/zygx/t61475.htm |archive-date=2017-02-26 |access-date=2021-02-16|website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in India}}</ref> The Joint Working Group (JWG) on the boundary question was set up in 1988 to recommend solutions to the border dispute.{{Efn|Joint groups were also formed in the sectors of economy and science.{{Sfn|Indurthy|2016|pp=59–60}}}} Prior to the 1993 agreement, a trade agreement was signed in 1984, followed by a cultural cooperation agreement in 1988.<ref name="Relations" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 1988|title=Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522171450/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn:80/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |archive-date=2017-05-22 |access-date=2021-02-16|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China}}</ref> Military dialogue was also initiated with respective visits of India's [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] and the PLA's [[PLA National Defence University|National Defence University]] in 1990 and 1992.<ref name="CBM">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Swaran|title=Sino-Indian CBMs: Problems and Prospects|url=https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-4.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215141342/https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-4.html|archive-date=15 February 2018|access-date=2021-02-22|website=idsa-india.org}}</ref> In July 1992 by India's Defence Minister visited China.<ref name="CBM" /> There were also exchanges between various think tanks of both countries.<ref name="CBM" />

International events, significantly the breakup of the [[Soviet Union]], and internal events such as the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests|Tiananmen Square protests]], affected policy in India and China. Further India's [[economic liberalisation in India]] required that India maintain a period of peace for it to recover from the economic collapse of 1990–91.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=14–15 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}}{{Sfn|Fravel|2020|loc=Chapter 9. Section: Border peace and tranquility agreement}} India and China needed a basis for maintaining the peace. The LAC was the basis on which that peace would be legally founded.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=15-16 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} Further, the term "LAC" had been useful to China from the 1950s up until the 1980s as it provided a dynamic term for which to base their border aggression. However, by 1992 clarity emerged on both sides, with each side having moved forward as far as possible in most areas, militarily face to face, that it was common interest to find a solution.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=32 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Lessons of the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement}}

=== Drafting and negotiations ===
India drafted the initial version of the agreement.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=15-16 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} It was suggested that the border could be called the line of peace or tranquility.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sawhney|first=Pravin|date=2 August 2020|title=How China Turned the Tables on India and Converted 1993 Agreement into a Land Grab|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/how-china-turned-the-tables-on-india-and-converted-1993-agreement-into-a-land-grab|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803191554/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/how-china-turned-the-tables-on-india-and-converted-1993-agreement-into-a-land-grab |archive-date=2020-08-03}}</ref> But China put forward the phrase "Line of Active Control". It seemed to [[Shivshankar Menon]], one of the negotiators and drafters, that the Chinese wanted that a phrase they suggest be used. This insistence was a larger part of their practice of ensuring psychological dominance. In the end, both sides agreed upon the term Line of Actual Control, the phrase that Zhou had used in 1959.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=30–32 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Lessons of the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement}} Hence, the 1993 became the first bilateral agreement between China and India to contain the phrase Line of Actual Control.{{Sfn|Fravel|2020|loc=Chapter 9. Section: Border peace and tranquility agreement}}

The LAC at the time the agreement was signed was being referenced. A provision to sort out issues related to crisscrossing patrol routes in at least 13 locations was also inserted. Negotiating these points with the Chinese proved to the most contentious.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=15–16 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} The other points such as reducing force levels were passed without much issue.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=15–18 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} Negotiations and drafting started in July 1992.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=35 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} The draft agreed on by the negotiators of both sides was finalised by June 1993. The LAC agreement, along with agreements related to environment and broadcasting,{{Sfn|Indurthy|2016|pp=59–60}} were signed on September 7 in Beijing during the visit of Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=15–18 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}}

=== Agreement ===
The agreement opened with the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] that had been agreed upon in the [[Sino–Indian Agreement 1954|Sino–Indian Agreement of 1954]]. Each of the five points were mentioned.<ref name="PAX">{{Cite web|year=1993|title=PA-X: Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas|url=https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/286#:~:text=Agreement%20on%20the%20Maintenance%20of,the%20India-China%20Border%20Areas&text=This%20agreement%20provides%20the%20framework,is%20made%20regarding%20border%20demarcation.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609180826/https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/286 |archive-date=2020-06-09 |access-date=2021-02-16|website=Peace Agreements Database|via=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> This was followed by the nine points of the agreement.<ref name="PAX" /> It was agreed that the India-China boundary question would be resolved through peaceful means and that an "ultimate solution" to the boundary question existed.<ref name="PAX" /> Force levels would be regulated and confidence building measures would be developed to maintain peace in areas along the LAC. Military exercises in these areas were also to regulated. Contingencies were to be dealt with peacefully. Air intrusions along LAC were to be minimised.<ref name="PAX" /> It was also agreed that "the two sides agree that references to the line of actual control in this Agreement do not [[Prejudice (legal term)|prejudice]] their respective positions on the boundary question".<ref name="PAX" /> Consultations would be the basis of reducing force levels, maintaining peace and as a way forward.<ref name="PAX" /> The agreement mentioned the "India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question".<ref name="PAX" /> The agreement created a group of diplomatic and military experts (later referred to as the "India-China Diplomatic and Military Expert Group") to assist the Joint Working Group in "resolution of differences between the two sides on the alignment of the line of actual control".<ref name="PAX" />

=== Aftermath ===
The Indian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, in closed door meetings, had informed political leaders and members of the opposition before the agreement was signed. As a result of this domestic diplomacy the agreement was received smoothly in India. The first issue that had to be dealt by the two countries was the resolution of the Sumdorong Chu standoff. It would only be resolved in 1995.{{Sfn|Maxwell|1999|p=916}} By 1994, China signed border agreements with at least 5 other countries.{{Sfn|Fravel|2020|loc=Chapter 9. Section: Border peace and tranquility agreement}}

The standard operating procedures and bilateral mechanisms that were put in place since the 1993 agreement helped make the India-China LAC relatively one of India's most peaceful borders for a number of years despite remaining undelineated or undemarcated.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=20–24 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} The focus of the agreement was on maintaining peace and tranquility, and not on resolving the border dispute.{{Sfn|Fravel|2020|loc=Chapter 9. Section: Border peace and tranquility agreement}} The border dispute would become a smaller part of the India-China relations as relations in other areas would significantly increase.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=34 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Lessons of the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement}}{{Sfn|Fravel|2020|loc=Chapter 9. Section: Border peace and tranquility agreement}}

Two points in the 1993 agreement remained unfulfilled. That of mutual security and an agreement on minimal force levels.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|p=25 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. A Situation in Flux.}} The aspect of military border infrastructure was not covered.{{Sfn|Fravel|2020|loc=Chapter 9. Section: Border peace and tranquility agreement}} The agreements applied to border management and not to tactical military situations.<ref name="Pact96">{{Cite web|date=19 June 2020|title=China Violated Most Rules of 1996 Pact Cited by Jaishankar on Why Troops Didn't Fire in Self-Defence|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/china-ignores-most-rules-of-1996-pact-cited-by-jaishankar-on-why-indian-troops-didnt-fire-in-self-defence-2676087.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> Both sides would go on to make serious violations of the agreement.<ref name="Pact96" />

== Violation of agreements ==
Agreements signed between India and China between 1993 and 2013 are incrementally linked. According to sinologist [[B. R. Deepak]], following the Galwan Valley clash, "all the agreements were now effectively left in tatters".<ref name="Pact96" /> Many of the articles in these agreements have had no effect on the on ground situation at the LAC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudarshan|first=V.|date=1 June 2020|title=A phantom called the Line of Actual Control|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-phantom-called-the-line-of-actual-control/article31717488.ece|access-date=2021-02-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In numerous border incidents the agreements have been adhered to, successfully maintaining peace, or in other words, successfully preventing conflict.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=20–24 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}}<ref name="Border">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Gaurav|date=July–September 2020|title=India-China Border Agreements|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/india-china-border-agreements/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-22|website=United Service Institution of India|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620145013/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/india-china-border-agreements/ |archive-date=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref name="CBM" /> The agreements are not solely responsible for this success. Political will and other interests in a peaceful border have also been responsible.{{Sfn|Menon|2016|pp=20-24 (ebook)|loc=Chapter 1: Pacifying the Border. Boundary Settlement.}} On the other hand, the agreements have also been seriously and completely violated on numerous occasions, most recently during the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]].<ref>* {{Cite news|date=19 June 2020|title=China Defies Most Rules of 1996 Pact Cited by Minister Jaishankar on Why Indian Troops Didn't Fire in Self-Defence|work=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/china-ignores-most-rules-of-1996-pact-cited-by-jaishankar-on-why-indian-troops-didnt-fire-in-self-defence-2676087.html|access-date=22 February 2021|quote=[...] [[B. R. Deepak]]... thinks that with the killing of 20 Indian soldiers all Confidence Building Measures (CBM) between the two countries have also died.}}
* {{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Nayanima|date=15 September 2020|title=Why India needs new confidence building measures to clarify LAC issue with China|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/why-india-needs-new-confidence-building-measures-to-clarify-lac-issue-with-china/502995/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite news|last=Samanta|first=Pranab Dhal|date=18 June 2020|title=Chinese action violates 1993, 1996, and 2013 border agreements|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chinese-action-violates-1993-1996-and-2013-border-agreements/articleshow/76405795.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-02-22}}
* {{Cite web|date=11 December 2020|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Divyanshu Dutta|title=China's Actions On Border Violate Agreements On Ensuring Peace: India|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-says-chinas-actions-along-line-of-actual-control-in-last-6-months-violate-bilateral-agreements-on-ensuring-peace-2337461|access-date=2021-02-22|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Tree list}}
* India China border agreements
** 1988: [[India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question]]
** Confidence building measures
*** 1993: Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement
*** 1996: [[Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures]]
*** 2005: Protocol for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures
** Political measures
*** 2003: Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation
*** 2005: [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005|Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question]]
** 2012: Agreement on the Establishment of a [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs]]
** 2013: [[Border Defence Cooperation Agreement]]
** 2020: 5-point statement
{{Tree list/end}}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''{{reflist|30em}}'''Bibliography'''
* {{citation |last=Menon |first=Shivshankar |title=Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GduACwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2911-2}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Indurthy|first=Rathnam|year=2016|title=India and China: Conflict, Competition, Cooperation, and Prospects for Peace|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45014321|journal=International Journal on World Peace|volume=33| issue = 1|pages=43–108|jstor=45014321}}
*{{Cite book|last=Fravel|first=M. Taylor|title=Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=9781351001540|editor-last=Bajpai|editor-first=Kanti|chapter=9: Stability in a second strategic direction: China and the border dispute with India after 1962|editor-last2=Ho|editor-first2=Selina|editor-last3=Miller|editor-first3=Manjari Chatterjee}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|date=December 1989|title=The Sino-Indian Border Talks, 1981–1989: A View from New Delhi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644760|journal=Asian Survey|volume=29| issue = 12|pages=1123–1135|doi=10.2307/2644760 |jstor=2644760 |hdl=2022/25945 |hdl-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=Neville|date=10–16 April 1999|title=Sino-Indian Border Dispute Reconsidered|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407848|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=34| issue = 15|pages=905–918|jstor=4407848}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|tranquil|tranquility|tranquille}}
{{wikisourcelang|zh|中华人民共和国政府和印度共和国政府关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定}}
Agreements via Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China:
* [http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876687327.pdf 1993 Agreement in Chinese]
* [http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876687337.pdf 1993 Agreement in Hindi]
* [http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/tykfiles/20180718/1531876687358.pdf 1993 Agreement in English]
{{China–India relations}}

[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:1993 in China]]
[[Category:1993 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1993]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:September 1993 in Asia]]
[[Category:Boundary treaties]]

Aashiq Elahi Meerthi

2025-10-13T04:37:16Z

HungHay8926976: stub...

{{Short description|Islamic scholar, biographer, translator and writer (1881 - 1941)}}
{{distinguish|Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Muhammad Aashiq Ilahi Meerthi
| native_name = عاشق الہی میرٹھی
| birth_date = 1881
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1941
| occupation = Islamic scholar, biographer, translator, writer
| notable_works = ''Tazkiraturrashid, A Gift for Muslim Women, Islām-i mukammal, Dadhi Ki Qadr-o-Qimat, Behtareen Jahez, Makatib-e-Rashidiyah, Qissa Yusuf, Wasl-ul-Habeeb''
| influenced = [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
| students = [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]]
| religion = Islam
}}

'''Muhammad Aashiq Ilahi Meerthi''' ({{lang|ur|عاشق الہی میرٹھی}} 1881 - 1941) was an Islamic scholar, biographer, translator and writer who served as a member of the executive council of the [[Mazahir Uloom]] alongside others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Ulamaa-e-Mazahir-ul-Uloom-Saharanpur-107379|title=Ulamaa-e-Mazahir-ul-Uloom Saharanpur علمائے مظاہر علوم سہارنپور اور ان کی علمی و تصنیفی خدمات|date=16 February 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He also wrote a [[Tafsir|commentary on Quran]] called ''Tafsir Meerthi''.

Meerathi was born in 1881 in [[Meerut]], India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqZxYhkKySsC&q=Ashiq+Ilahi+Merathi|title=Accessions List, Pakistan|first=Library of Congress Library of Congress Office|last=Karachi|date=23 November 1979|publisher=Library of Congress Office--Pakistan, Karachi|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Aashiq Elahi Meerthi's writings often focused on Islamic teachings and biographies of prominent Islamic figures.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGSU5qbAaj0C&q=Ashiq+Ilahi+Merathi|title=Accessions List, India|first=Library of Congress Office, New|last=Delhi|date=23 November 1980|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFMkAQAAIAAJ&q=Ashiq+Ilahi+Merathi|title=Studies in Islam|date=23 November 1972|publisher=Indian Institute of Islamic Studies|via=Google Books}}</ref> Some of them are:
* ''Tafseer e Merathi'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://quranwahadith.com/product/tafseer-e-merathi/?srsltid=AfmBOopiWAmuClF7yGaAEINAFXLJVjR6zIOVddn5MUszLfJyOoVOYXnv | title=Tafseer e Merathi, Maulana Ashiq Ilahi Merathi, تفسیر میرٹھی, عاشق الہی میرٹهی }}</ref>
* ''Tazkiraturrashid'' 1977, 2 vol - a biography of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkiratur-rasheed-volume-001-002-aashiq-ilahi-meeruti-ebooks|title=tazkiratur rasheed|website=Rekhta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Tazkira-Tur-Rasheed-Complete|title=Tazkira Tur Rasheed Complete 2 Volumes|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* ''تحفه خواتين/A Gift for Muslim Women''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPwAa3KjNoIC|title=تحفه خواتين|first=Muḥammad ʻĀshiq|last=Ilāhī|date=23 November 2006|publisher=Idara Ishaat-E-Diniyat|isbn=978-81-7101-375-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxQozQEACAAJ|title=A Gift for Muslim Women|first=Muḥammad ʻĀshiq|last=Ilāhī|date=23 November 1999|publisher=Idara-e-Islamiat|isbn=978-969-428-176-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* ''Islām-i mukammal'' <ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25sBAAAAMAAJ | title=Islām-i mukammal: Islām aur Hazrat-i Muḥammad ... Ke mutaʻalliq, mustanad aur nihāyāt jāmiʻ va pākīzāh-i k̲h̲ālāt aur bihtarīn maʻlūmāt par mushtamal mukammal tarīn kitāb | date=1962 | publisher=Kutub'k̲h̲ānah-yi Imdādiyah }}</ref>
* ''Dadhi Ki Qadr-o-Qimat ''1966<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dadhi-ki-qadr-o-qimat-aashiq-ilahi-meeruti-ebooks | title=Dadhi ki qadr-o-qimat }}</ref>
* ''Behtareen Jahez''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/behtareen-jahez-aashiq-ilahi-meeruti-ebooks | title=Behtareen jahez }}</ref>
* ''Makatib-e-Rashidiyah''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/makatib-e-rashidiyah-part-001-aashiq-ilahi-meeruti-ebooks | title=Makatib-e-rashidiyah }}</ref>
* ''Qissa Yusuf''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/qissa-yusuf-aashiq-ilahi-meeruti-ebooks | title=Qissa yusuf }}</ref>
* '' Wasl-ul-Habeeb''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/wasal-ul-habeeb-unknown-author-ebooks | title=Wasl-ul-habeeb }}</ref>

===Translated works===
* ''Fuyooz-e-Yazdani Al-Fath-ur-Rabbani'' 1976<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/fuyooz-e-yazdani-al-fatah-ur-rabbani-abdul-qadir-jilani-ebooks|title=Fuyooz-e-Yazdani Al-Fatah-ur-Rabbani by shaikh abdul qadir jilani|website=Rekhta}}</ref>
* ''Tabrez Tarjuma-e-Abrez'' Part-001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tabrez-tarjuma-e-abrez-part-001-abdul-aziz-dabbagh-ebooks|title=Tabrez Tarjuma-e-Abrez Part-001 by abdul aziz dabbagh|website=Rekhta}}</ref>
* ''Khutbat-e-Ghausiya'' 1958<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/khutbat-e-ghausiya-ebooks|title=khutbat-e-ghausiya|website=Rekhta}}</ref>
* ''Imdad-us-Sulook Urdu Irshad-ul-Suluk Makhuz Az Risala-e-Makkiyya'' 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/imdad-us-sulook-urdu-shaikh-qutbuddin-dimashqi-ebooks|title=imdad-us-sulook urdu|website=Rekhta}}</ref>

==Death==
Aashiq Elahi Meerthi died in 1941.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqZxYhkKySsC&q=Ashiq+Ilahi+Merathi+1941.|title=Accessions List, Pakistan|first=Library of Congress Library of Congress Office|last=Karachi|date=23 November 1979|publisher=Library of Congress Office--Pakistan, Karachi|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meerthi, Aashiq}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century biographers]]
[[Category:Translators]]

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Bengaluru Ganesh Utsava

2025-10-08T21:53:41Z

HungHay8926976: created...

{{Short description|Indian festival}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=February 2023}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Bengaluru Ganesh Utsava''', It all started with the enthusiasm of a handful of youths. They were searching for a forum to involve themselves and share their thoughts and enthusiasm. Urge of the youth mooted Shri Vidyaranya Vichara Vinimaya Kannadigara Sangha, later transformed as Shri Vidyaranya Yuvaka Sangha. Ever since, celebration of Ganesha Utsava was one of the important activities of the Sangha, which is successfully completing fifty years and pioneers Ganesha festival celebration in the garden city, Bengaluru. You will find the sections on art, dance, music, culture and its uncompromising efforts to restore the heritage, and a well-planned transition, passing it over to next generation without disquieting its unique aesthetical beauty. Pages of this fifty years saga, also narrates various efforts started by the Sangha: rehabilitating the victims of natural calamities; how a society can gain its identity through cultural activities; how a forum can be a role model through its self-imposed disciplined inventiveness and most importantly projecting genuine literary, cultural and social talents of this country by organizing festivals. Today the fragrance of this festival has spread across not only the garden city but across the nation.

Musicians, theatre groups and ballet troupes are invited to stage programs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore's biggest Ganesh Utsav is back|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-biggest-ganesh-utsav-is-back/article6282031.ece|accessdate=25 August 2017|publisher=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Head to Basavanagudi for a musical time this Ganesh Chaturthi|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/bengaluru-south/head-basavanagudi-musical-time-ganesh-chaturthi-70182|accessdate=25 August 2017|publisher=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

== Melody makers of Kannada in Cycle mart ==

It was the beginning of 1960s. It was the time of awakening of the Kannada movement. Shri Ku Ra See, Shri Aa Na Kru, Shri. Ma Ramamurthy were some of the personalities trying to wake-up Kannadiga's self-esteem. It was the time of emergence of Kannada Sanghas led by valiant men. Windblown of Kannada touched even the people at Vinayaka cycle mart, located on DVG Road, Basavanagudi. It was a group of youths, who were interested in creating a mark in the society. Shri G K Gopal, who was owner of the cycle mart, his brother G K Obhaiah, friends A Mariyappa, Gangadhar (who went on to become a famous artist in sandalwood), Shri Shivashankar, Shri Sundar and others. Their discussion points were always Literature, Kannada language, culture and nurturing them by their efforts. Finally, putting words into action, this group of youth mooted Shri Vidyaranya Vichara Vinimaya Kannadigara Sangha.

This young brigade was filled with ideas, hearts with passion for Kannada language and bicycles to ride! Money was the thing, most wanted! Play writer Basher came into rescue. By no time his script Ranakahale drama was ready for the stage! All group members had a role to act! Beneficiary show went off well in town-hall. After all accounts were settled they had a profit of Rs. 300. With this little money the youths decided to start Shri Vidyaranya Yuvaka Sangha, and Shri Ku Ra See (who has penned one of the most beautiful eight minutes film song for [[Dashavatara]], which narrates glorious lord Rama's incarnation) was asked to preside the sangha. Since then, the activities and vision of the sangha marked the beginning of the journey.

== 1962: Launch of first Ganesha Utsava ==
The very first Ganesha festival was inaugurated on 2 September 1962 by the then home minister Shri R M Patil at the D V G road Mallikarjuna temple lane. Veteran vocal singers Shri P Kalinga Rao, Bengaluru Latha, Shri Gururajuludas of Mandya entertained the audience by their fine performance. The function conducted on the streets was witnessed by famous personalities like D V G himself.

Even during the later years, veterans such as Shri T R Shamanna, Shri V S Krishna Iyar, Shri Jwalamukhi Satya supported the Sangha's activities with open arms. During 1960s and the 70s sangha was led by Shri Paramashivanna and Shri Mohan Shet as presidents.

=== PBS & SPB's concerts gave new dimension to the Utsava ===
Almost into a decade, local musicians, dancers, folk-artists, and epic narrators entertained the audiences at the Ganesha festival. These are the artists who laid the foundation of music art and culture which popularized the Utsava.

It was in 1974: South Indian singing legend Dr. P B Srinivas and iconic music director M Ranga Rao enthralled the audience with their performance at the Utsava. Next year S P Balasubramanyam followed the musical wave. Audiences were thrilled as it was SPB's first live musical performance in Karnataka. Concerts of PBS and SPB were music from heaven for the packed audiences.

Programs performed by celebrated divas, celestial musicians, pleasant and marvelous weather of the Garden City and of all gracious and orderly arrangements attracted innumerable audiences from all corners of the city. Spacious cultural pathway of Basavanagudi, DVG road used to be cramped with people during the festival! Only way out to avoid traffic jams was to shift the venue of the Utsava. It happened so in 1976. The festival place was shifted to near by Mallikarjuna temple premises.

During the same period, there was a fire incident. While Gururajuludas of Mandya was performing, the main stage where the idol of Ganesha was installed and finely decorated with cotton to create an impression of Himalaya caught fire. Within seconds the pandal was filled by smoke and fire. In a tensed situation Ganesha's idol was disfigured. Programs were canceled. Talk of bad omen spread among folks. Some suggested it was better to stop the Ganesha festival. However, members of the Sangha were together, unperturbed and very firm on continuing the Ganesha Utsava as usual. “We have gone through number of such hurdles, which have made us stronger and that is the precise reason why we could complete fifty years of the Utsava”, says founder member Shri A Mariyappa.

Along with the Ganesha Utsava, the Sangha gradually involved itself in other social activities. Cyclone in Andhra Pradesh during 1978 provided an opportunity for the sangha to contribute to a social cause. It organized a musical evening at the Kanteerava stadium by S P Balasubramannayam. He was accompanied by Dr. P B Srinivas, S Janaki, Vani Jayaram and S P Shailaja. Matinee idols like Dr. Vishnuvardhan, Rebel Star Ambarish, Bharati Vishuvardhan, Style King Rajanikant, Kamal Hassan, music directors Rajan-Nagendra, Vijayabhaskar and others attend this event and contributed to the noble cause. The event not only brought [[Kannadigas]] together but also changed the perspective of the Sangha forever. The money mobilized on the occasion was distributed to flood victims through Shri Ramakrishna mission. We can see the houses built by this money even today in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh with sangha's name etched on it.

=== Kannada Rajyotsava Celebrations ===
Seer of Hampi Shri Veerupaksha Vidyaranya Maha Samsthana, Shri Narasimha Bharati Swamy got to know of the sangha activities and contacted the Sangha's members. Moved by the good deeds and work of Sangha, the seer encouraged the members to celebrate Karnataka Rajyotsava. Same year the Sangha installed the idol of Bhuvaneshwari and celebrated Rajyotsava.

== Other activities ==
Alongside, Sangha got involved itself in conducting Cricket matches, Volleyball tournaments and other sports events, which gained popularity among youths. Supporting poor students through various means the sangha has helped them perceive education. Financial support to conduct marriages for economically weaker parents, organizing health camps, felicitating people who have contributed in the field of social work are other activities of the sangha.

Shri R Paramashivanna, M Mohan Sheth, K K Vishwanath, A Mariyappa, G O Krishna, V Subramanyam have served as presidents of the sangha; G K Obaiah, V Mutthu, Shivashankar, Mukund Rao, Rangaraju, Ramesh, Shridhar, N Uday, N Satyanarayanaiah, Hirannaiah, P M Raghavendra. R S Rajanna, Gowdegowda (LIC), Chadrashekar, Papanna, Eshwar, Girish Sa, Ramachandra, Krishnamurthy served as office bearers. Shri T S Veerabhadraiah, Somashekar, G K Gopal, K G Devendra Swamy, Reddeppa, film artist Gangadhar, former Mayor T D Naganna Bhairappa, Gaer Seena and others served as patrons and supported the sangha during the early decades.. Shri H K Muralidhar, Mohan (PWD), Amba, Ravishankar, Venkatesh, Meda Ramesh, Rajesh Reddy, Harsha, Nagesh, Ramulu, Umesh, Appu, Mukhi, Narayan, Rajendra, Hariprasad, Murugan, Bhushan, Basavaraj, Navin, Raji, Gopal, James, Manju, Papu, Harish, Nitin, Arjun Gowda, Deshraj Rai, MTR Suresh and many more people have shared their vision and time to strengthen the Sangha in every respect. In the fifty years of its journey, sangha's activities has been supported and nurtured by each and every member, with age being no bar.

=== Rise of youth power ===
Founders of the Sangha at some point thought of transferring the reigns from the old brigade to the younger generation. As few youths from the family of founding members and there friends were active in the sangha since 1998. In 2003 the responsibility was handed over to the younger generation. Led by A Mariyappa's son S M Nandish transfer of responsibility went off very smoothly. Obalesh and Chandrashekar, sons of G K Gopal, Nataraj s/o Veerabhadraiah, Vasanth s/o Satyanarayana, Krishna s/o G K Obaiah, Subramanyam s/o V Muthu were the young brigade delegated to take forward the activities of the sangha. These young enthusiasts' changed the sangha by infusing new blood.

S M Nandish and his team brought in professionalism and brand equity to the Utsava. Team mobilized youths, acknowledged elders advice, reciprocated to contemporary issues and concerns. “These things lead us to success” says S M Nandish. With its ever growing popularity, increase in audience numbers, venue of the Utsava was shifted again in 2007 to A P S college grounds.

== A new brand called B G U ==

Since 2008 the Ganesha festival was rebranded as Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava or B G U! This branding was brought to life by the new young brigades who were at the helm now. The young wanted to bring in a different flavor to the festival, which was a natural transition. This catapulted BGUs status as a festival reflecting the rich culture of this city. The newness was not just in the name but also reflected in every activity.

The youth element was at the forefront. Popular celebrities were invited who would appeal to all ages. But, Indian culture, heritage, history was kept intact. Traditional tastes were blended with new savor. Classical music, traditional dance forms, popular playback singers, film artists – the programs attracted every section of the society. With this changed BGU which has moved into the 50th year was undoubtedly an effort the young brought in. The crowds started pouring in; all the 11 days the grounds were packed with people jostling to catch a glimpse of the celebrities perform. The fervor last year took the festival to an even larger venue, the National College grounds in Basavanagudi. With every growing year, the responsibilities also increased. The committed young team of the Sangha managed all the events successfully.

The new approach gave birth to the women's wing of the organization. Since 2008, they started playing a key role in organizing the Utsava. Their contribution in every aspect of the festival including collecting donations is commendable. Yearlong preparation A yearlong planning and preparation by the complete team is what it takes to put the Utsava together.

== Calendar of events of the Sangha ==

T V Nataraj's office is Sangha's registered office. There are at least six meetings conducted in a year. First meeting happens on the first Sunday of the year in the month of January. In the meeting, list of probable artists will be prepared, teams are formulated to take-up different tasks & other aspects of the Utsava are discussed. Sponsorship, Tieups, Advertisements, Call center, PR, IT, Accounts, Govt Laisoning, Disciplinary, Incentive, Collection, Electrical, Water, Toilers, Provision Collection, Stalls, Publicity, Infrastructure, Banners, Prasada, Passes, Merchandise sales, Arathi, Hundi, Artist & Stage management, Seating, Reception, Cleaning, Memento, Seva follow up, Pooja, Stores, Security & Procession Committee are the various teams formed. Leaders for each team will be announced. After a month or two, members again meet to draw a frame-work of the events.

During June–July, three months before the Ganesha festival, team members initiate fund raising by going door to door to all the business establishments, residences & offices. Alongside festival preparations begin.

Eleven days of Utsava, no matter whether member is young or old, everyone will be ready in the Sangha's uniform and badge symbolizing the spirit of the festival. Each member is governed by the rules of the Sangha.

Local folk artist teams gain priority on the eleventh day: the day of Ganesha's idol dissolution. Important traditional forms of folk music are performed on that day. Streets are illuminated with colorful lights which creates heavenly atmosphere. To avoid water pollution, in 2011 Ganesha's idol was dissolved in a tipper tanker. Banning the use of plastic as a decision has also emerged out of environment concern. All devotees enroute the procession are served prasadam.

A month after Ganesha festival, the sangha celebrates Vidyaranya Habba, where joy of successful completion of Ganesha festival is celebrated. Best performing teams and members who are part of the success are felicitated. Opportunity for the team members to exhibit their talent is also part of the Habba. The best performer of the year receives a star performer award.

Before the dust settles on the previous year's success, comes January and preparation for the next Ganesha festival begins!

All expenses of Vidyaranya Habba and meetings of the Sangha are borne by its members. Public money is used only to conduct the Ganesha festival.

== Preference to Pooja and Prasadam ==

During the festival of Ganesha, all Poojas for Vighnavinashaka Ganesha are performed with devotion and dedication. Every morning and evening, Panchamruta Abhisheka and Aarati for Ganesha is performed. Pushpaalankara Seve with the offerings of colorful flowers to the Lord, Modakahara Seve, and Kadubinahara Seve go hand in hand with Abhisheka and Aarati. Ganapati Homa to Lord Ganesha is performed daily with diligence. On a Monday, devotees perform Ekadasha Rudrabhisheka and Girija Kalyana. Tuesday will have Ga-Kara Ganapathi Pooja, worshipping of Ganesha with Garike by the devotees themselves. Sumangaliyaru perform Kumkuma-archane to the Goddess on Friday. During one of the auspicious days of the festival's eleven days, Sri Ganapati, Navagraha, Mrutyunjaya, and Durga Homa are performed, with devotees participating in large numbers. Amongst the glowing series of lamps in the Mantapa, Rangapooje is performed daily. Devotees find themselves mesmerized, with all the flowers, fruits, beetal leaves, coconuts and pancha-kajjaya. Aarati-Devotional songs for Ganesha by over a hundred singers and percussion instruments adds to the festivities. Every evening, Pallaki Utsava takes place, a gala celebration, involving a large number of devotees, with chatra chamara, several Panju, and accompaniments. This provides the onlookers with a divine experience as well as brings sparkle to the festival. Every day, ladies sing devotional songs in praise of the Lord. Many saints and religious leaders have graced the Ganesha festival.

Yet another part of the Utsava is the Nitya Prasada Vitarane and Sri Satyanarayana Pooje. A lot of preparation goes into these two being performed. Every day, different Prasada are tastefully prepared and distributed. No devotee coming to the festival will go without obtaining the Prasada. For this purpose, Prasada counters are kept open always at the three doors of the Pandal. Similarly, Sri Satyanarayana Pooja is followed by Sarvajanika Anna Dasoha.

== Aromas of Karnataka, The Food Utsav ==
Karnataka is a land of geographical diversity, home of cultural splendor; so is the culinary heritage of the land. 'Aromas of Karnataka' is to provide healthy desi flavored food to the people participating long hours at the festival. 46th Utsava onwards, the program is tastefully bringing the local delicacies to the people.

Here, a variety of Karnataka recipes are unveiled - Neerudose/Vade from Mangaluru, Jowar Rotti/ Hucchchellu Chatni from Bijapur, Gokak's Karadantu, Masala Dose from Mysore, Halasina Kadubu of Malenadu, Davanagere Benne Dose, Mirchi/Mandakki of Ballary. The spread of eatables challenges the taste buds of the eater, while introducing the rich culinary culture of the land. The food camps representing the six geographical areas - Hyderabad Karnataka, Coastal Karnataka, North Karnataka, Bayaluseeme, Malenadu, and Old Mysore, are always full of people. The preparation and distribution of vast range of food in large quantities, without compromising on quality and taste, is borne by Sri Vasudeva Adiga of 'Adigas' fame.

Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava is proud to preserve the heritage of nutritious food in Bengaluru, that too in the very presence of Bhakshapriya Ganesha. The youth of Bengaluru are enamored by the unique taste of the spread, quite unlike that of the burger and pizza. After all, who wouldn't love a cultural feast along with culinary pleasure?

The festival is eco-friendly by being plastic-free.<ref>{{cite news|title=Durbar hall of Mysore Palace recreated in city for Ganesha festival|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/629796/durbar-hall-mysore-palace-recreated.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|publisher=www.deccanherald.com}}</ref>

== Rangarang, Rangoli Utsava ==

The heritage of 'Rangoli' has been lighting up our doorsteps - be it the poor or the rich, the palace or pooja place. Unfortunately, the art of 'Rangoli' that enlivens the excitement of celebratory functions is on the wane. Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava takes great pride in preserving and sustaining this hereditary art. For this purpose, 'Rangarang' program was arranged during the 48th and 50th years of the Utsava. The program was successful in bringing forth the talent of hundreds of women, putting the art form back in limelight. For the first time, several main roads of Bengaluru were closed to make way for the competition, demonstrating people's interest in the art form.

The program in the 48th year was arranged in two phases. The first phase on 8 September 2010, arranged in APS College grounds, had 556 contestants. Around one hundred were selected for their effort in first round. On 19th Sep 2010, these 100 contestants participated in the second and final round arranged on DVG Road. The winners of this round took home gold weighing 100, 50 and 25 grams. It was a treat to watch the mother earth, decorated with colorful, eye-catching designs of Rangoli. Thousands of spectators came to watch the colorful, diverse designs. The uniformed members of the Sangha maintained discipline during the program. The 48th year Rangoli competition was sponsored by Sri Sai Gold Palace.

Success of the 48th year Rangrang Rangoli Utsava encouraged the Sangha to arrange the same in its 50th year also. The first phase, arranged on 19 August 2012 on Malleshwaram 8th Cross, Margosa Road and Malleshwaram Play Ground, had 359 contestants. The second and final phase was arranged on Commercial Street. Closing the crowded streets of Margosa Road, Malleshwaram 8th Cross and Commercial Street was a difficult task. On the streets which transacted huge business every day, holding the Rangoli competition was made possible, thanks to the cooperation of the shop-owners on these streets. Both sides of the streets were jam packed with people watching the exciting spectacle of Rangoli drawing. The winners got gold weighing 100, 50 and 25 grams, sponsored by Kandala Jewellers.

S M Nandish and his team brought in professionalism and brand equity to the Utsava. Team mobilized youths, acknowledged elders advice, reciprocated to contemporary issues and concerns. “These things lead us to success” says S M Nandish. With its ever growing popularity, increase in audience numbers, venue of the Utsava was shifted again in 2007 to A P S college grounds.

== Golden Jubilee Celebrations ==
Year 2012 was a milestone in Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava's history. The Sangha celebrated the 50th year, a rare occurrence in such events, with great pomp and show. The people of Bengaluru had an experience of a life time ('Na Bhooto Na Bhavishyati'), watching the golden jubilee being written in golden letters.

A definite plan and dedicated effort is needed to make any program successful. To ensure success of the golden jubilee celebration, several entertainment programs were planned. The 49th year celebration had the Bollywood stars Karina Kapoor, Govinda, Sushant Singh Rajput, Ankita Lokhande, singer Shaan, and our own Ramesh Aravind. To take the news of the festival to entire Bengaluru, advertisements were shown in PVR theatres. Large billboards, measuring 50–60 feet, containing all program details, were put up on Meenakshi Mall, Phoenix Mall, Lalbagh West Gate, DVG Road and Commercial Street. The golden jubilee celebration started with 'Rangarang' Rangoli competition. In the same year, the act of 500 Indian classical dancers performing simultaneously was recorded in 'Limca Book of Records'.

=== Giant Laddu ===
Nobody will forget the 6000 kg Laddu, prepared with 1500 kg chickpeas, 1700 kg Ghee, 500 kg dry grapes, 2400 kg sugar, and labor of more than 100 people. Thousands lined up for a glimpse of this Giant Laddu, which, at the end of the festival, was distributed as Prasada to the devotees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-04 |title=Bangalore's biggest Ganesh Utsav is back |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-biggest-ganesh-utsav-is-back/article6282031.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Deepotsava ===
Before Ganesha Aarati every evening, more than 10,000 oil lamps were lit in the Pandal, APS college ground and the streets around Mallikarjuna Temple. Thousands glittering lamps was a spectacular sight to behold.

== Sand Ganesha ==
An idol of 30 feet tall Sand Ganesha, along with Shiva and Parvati, was built beside Mallikarjuna temple of Basavanagudi, by artisans from Orissa. Thousands came to have a darshan on all days of the festival.

Many prestigious singers, dancers and artists performed during 2012 Ganesha Utsava. The Golden Jubilee celebrations were inaugurated by Dr. K.J. Yesudas, the renowned classical and devotional singer, by lighting a lamp. The doyen of music, Sri Ilaya Raaja performed to a full National College ground. Similar performances were from famous playback singers of Bollywood, Sri Sonu Nigam and Sri Shankar Mahadevan. Famous music composer, Sri Harikrishna, entertained the crowd with Kannada Film songs. Known famously as 'DSP', Sri Devi Sri Prasad sang Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Hindi film songs. One of Bengaluru's favourite singers, Smt M.D.Pallavi, sang devotional songs and popular film songs. The duo of Kathak dancers of Bengaluru origin, Smt Nirupama and founder of Abhinava School of Dance, Sri Rajendra, presented a fantasy musical in Disney style 'Rama Katha Vismaya'. Sri Shivamani gave a rousing performance on the drums. In a program titled 'An evening of fusion and film songs', Kannada playback singer, 'Kannadigara Kanmani', Sri Vijaya Prakash presented a medley of 50 Kannada songs, gaining lot of praise from the appreciative crowd.

Achievements, Awards and World Records

== Limca Book of Records ==
The dance program on 19th Sep 2012 on DVG road was an awe-inspiring event during the 50th year of the Utsava. Enthusiastic dancers in colorful dresses, surprised spectators looking on, and members of the Sangha overseeing the program for its smooth conduct - all contributed to the lively atmosphere. More than 500 Indian classical dancers performed Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Yakshagana, Mohiniattam, Kalaripayattu and Kuchupudi.

The performance of seven different dance forms with 500 artistes dancing simultaneously is recorded in 'Limca Book of Records', which was a highlight of the year.

== Guinness Book of Records ==
57th Ganesha Utsava had a special campaign - workshop on making eco-friendly clay Ganesha. The aim of the program was environment protection by reducing the pollutants that go in to the making of Ganesha idol. The workshop facilitated the eco-friendly Ganesha made by hand being taken home by the maker for worship. The seeds of Tulasi, flowers and fruits, kept inside the idol while making clay Ganesha, grow into plants after Visarjane. Ganesha, Lord of Earth, is made out of mud and is returned to mud, without any environmental impact. Around 2800 people of all ages participated in the program arranged on 25th Aug 2019 on National College Ground, Basavanagudi. The clay and other implements needed for making Ganesha was provided by the Sangha. The program was a grand success, registering the Sangha's name in Guinness Book as 'the most people sculpting with clay simultaneously'. This has encouraged the Sangha to arrange the ecofriendly clay Ganesha making campaign on a very large scale during its 60th year.

=== Zee TV Award ===
The 51st year Ganesha Utsava by the Sangha was awarded 'The Best Ganesha Utsava of Karnataka” by Zee TV Channel.

=== ISO Certification ===
Another feather in Sangha's crown, achieved during the 55th year, has been the ISO 9001:2015 certification, given for the professional discipline and quality.

=== BGU Goes Global ===
During the 54th year, the Sangha brought the prestigious Berklee College of Music, USA, for the first time to India. 42 students of the school from 22 countries performed during the celebration, which is considered a record.

=== Maharaja of Mysore in BGU ===
For decades, the Sangha is considered a backbone of artists. During the 55th Utsava, 50 senior exponents of Karnatak music were honored by the Sangha, for their achievements in their respective fields. The Maharaja of Mysore Samsthana, Sri Yaduveera Krishnadutta Chamaraja Wodeyar, participated in the function and himself honored the artists, which was a special gesture.

=== Gold-Plated Silver Ornaments for Ganesha and Silver Ganesha ===
In the 56th year, devotees of Ganesha, owners of 'Rajahans Printers', Sri Balachander and family, presented Ganesha with gold-plated silver crown , hand and foot, in all weighing 20 kg. These ornaments were put on Ganesha by the CEO and Administrator of Sringeri Mutt, Padma Sri awardee, Guru Seva Dhurina, Dr. V.R. Gowrishankar, which brought special sparkle to the occasion. In the same year, appreciating the Sangha's activities, a resident of Jayanagar, Sri Subhash Chandra presented to the Sangha a silver Ganesha, 2 feet tall weighing 6.5 kg.

== Special Mantapa for Ganesha Utsava ==
Over the last decade, the Sangha has placed emphasis on the mantapa also. These mantapas over the year, measuring more than 5000 sq ft in area, have been put up in APS College grounds and National College grounds. These mantapas recreate various scenic spots of Karnataka, viz., Beluru Halebeedu, Kolluru Mukambika, Melukote Chaluvarayaswamy temple kalyani, Darbar hall of Mysore Palace, Forest scene, etc. People come from all corners of the city, stand in queue for hours, to view the mantapa and obtain blessings of Ganesha.

== Famous Film Personalities in BGU ==
The following cine-stars have participated in Ganesha Utsava over the years and have enhanced the charisma of the Sangha.

Famous stars of Kannada movie of yesteryears as well as today, Hanumanthachar, KLN Swamy(Ravi), Shivaram, Dwarakish, BV Radha, Gangadhar, Nagarathnamma, Master Hirannaiah, Manjula, Shreenath, Vishnuvardhan, Bharati Vishnuvardhan, Ambarish, Ashok, Ramesh Aravind, Shivarajkumar, Shreenagara Kitti, Yash, Comedian Chikkanna, Radhika Pandit, and Tamil stars Rajanikanth, Kamalahasan and famous star Shobhana.

Hindi film stars Hemamalini, Isha Sharvani, Amruta Arora, Karina Kapoor, Govinda, Sushant Singh Rajput, Ankita Lokhande, Rishi Kapoor, Chunky Pandey, Anil Kapoor – all of them have participated in various Ganesha Utsavas.

=== 12 Hours of Non-Stop Musical Concerts ===
Every year, the sangha presents innovative cultural programs, which gain acceptance with people. In its 56th year, the Sangha presented '12 hours of non-stop musical concert'. In the first year, Sri Purandara Aradhana Mahotsava was presented. A 'Hindustani Classical and Devotional' music program, by doyens of music was presented during 57th year. A program of semi-classical music, titled 'Haadu Haleyadadarenu Bhava Navanaveena' under Pravin D Rao's leadership was slated in the 58th year. Also presented the same year was a program featuring various music forms of India, by renowned playback singer Sangita Katti Kulkarni, titled 'Parampara – evolution of music in India'. In the 59th year, a musical homage to Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle included more than 70 musicians. The program was led by Flutist, Ashwini Kaushik, Manjunath N S of Manju Drum Collectives, Dr Suchetan Rangaswamy and Guitar Srinivas and collaborated by Praveen D Rao.

Since the onset of Corona pandemic, artists dependent solely on their art for their livelihood have been put to hardships. The Sangha is aware of this problem and embarked on a program to identify and encourage local artists all over Karnataka. This program '12 Ghantegala Gana Sangama' was under Guitar Srinivas Achar's leadership and the Sangha earmarked one complete day's program, out of 11 days cultural festival, for the artists identified. Various artists from Mangaluru, T Narasipura, Mandya – artists from various parts of Karnataka – participated. The Sangha lived up to its reputation by standing by the artists at difficult times.

=== Ecofriendly B.G.U ===
Along with the festival, the Sangha has got itself involved in various social activities. Since the 48th year, the Utsava has been celebrated as 'Plastic-free'. Usage of plastic is not allowed anywhere inside the pandal. Shop participating in 'Ahara Utsava' cannot use plastic plate, tumbler, spoon or any other cutlery. As a model of ecofriendly behavior, the Sangha has done away with the use of POP Ganesha. Since 54th year, the Sangha is reusing the 8 feet tall main idol and has adopted clay Ganesha for worship. In addition, the Sangha has planned several programs to create awareness amongst people, the workshop for making ecofriendly clay Ganesha during the 57th year being the prime event.

=== Free Distribution of Go-Green Gowri-Ganesha ===
In the 57th year, the Sangha distributed ecofriendly clay idols to hundreds of devotees free of cost. The program was arranged on 27 and 30 August 2019 at National College grounds.

== Ganesha Visarjane ==

People from various corners of Bengaluru participate in Ganesha Visarjane procession. A specially decorated chariot of Ganesha leads the procession. This chariot is followed by several types of dancers, special musical instruments, rural games of Daandi, Kolata, Kilu Kudure, Chande, Viragase, Bhadrakali, Kamsale, Nandikolu, Patada Kunita, Dollu Kunita, - all of which depict our rich culture. Accompanied by strains of Clarinet and pearl Pallakki containing Ganesha, the procession proceeding across main streets, decorated with sparkling bright lights, is a treat to watch. Devotees erupt with joy in the presence of their favourite god, Ganesha. Around 25,000 laddus are distributed amongst devotees during the procession. To prevent water pollution, the Sangha has stopped the Visarjane in Yediyur Lake, where Visarjane used to take place before. Instead, clean fresh water is brought in large Tipper, and the water after Visarjane is used in agricultural fields at a later date. 54th year onwards, ecofriendly clay Ganesha was being disbanded in a small water tank in a devotee's house in NR Colony and the water later used for watering the plants.. Since the processions were prohibited due to Covid during 58th and 59th year, Ganesha Visarjane was to be done inside Mallikarjuna temple compound. A small pond was dug in Mallikarjuna Temple compound and Visarjane was made to this small pond. This Visarjane procession, though a short trip from the Pandal to the Pond, is no less a spectacle.

=== Lockdown, Covid and BGU ===
Lockdown In 2020, Covid had spread its dark shadow over the world. Previously unheard of lockdowns barred people from coming out of their houses. Artists were not spared too. It was a time when everyone felt mentally suppressed. With the aim of reducing the sense of fear amongst people and provide entertainment, the Sangha came up with the technology-driven idea of 'Facebook and YouTube' Live programs. This was a major achievement of the Sangha, known for its social awareness.

People needed entertainment during lockdown. Artists needed a stage to perform. The result was the 'Live' programs. This was a unique, previously unheard of, experience. Due to lockdown, the artists performed within the confines of their house and the Sangha took it to the people through Facebook and YouTube.

During the first lockdown from 5 April to 17 May 2020, the programs were conducted every day for 43 days and included performances of over 60 artists. An estimated 28 lakh people world over enjoyed the programs. The Sangha took pride in providing the artists with an opportunity to perform.

=== 58th Ganesha Utsava trumps Covid ===
Covid had the world in its grip in 2020. After an unbroken period of 57 years of festivities, the Utsava was on the verge of being stopped. This was a period of testing for the Sangha. When Ganesha festivals all over India were abandoned one-by-one, conduct of the Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava, by the grace of Ganesha, was a hair-raising experience.

Obtaining government approval was difficult. Artists were hesitant to perform. Door to door collection was a challenge. Faced with opposition from families of the members of the Sangha and the government directive not to assemble people, the Sangha conducted programs in Dayananda Sagar College Auditorium, with no spectators. The programs were beamed live via Facebook and YouTube and watched by lakhs of people worldwide. This attempt created a new record. In all, around 450 artists participated. Similarly, Poojas were performed with splendor, as usual. Adequate precautions as demanded by the conditions were taken.

The situation was no different during the 59th year. Based on the experience of the previous year, several precautionary measures were adopted. However, no compromise was made with the conduct of the Utsava. Around 400 artists participated in the cultural programs. All poojas were conducted with usual fervor. To add to it, Pallakki Utsava was introduced for the first time.

Bengaluru Ganesha Utsava in the 60th year

The Sangha is preparing for its 60th year of celebration, having celebrated each previous year distinct from the other. The Vajra Mahotsava, conducted from August 13 to September 10, 2022, is expected to be a 'Manoranjaneya Mrushtanna' (a feast of entertainment). It will feature Natakotsava (a festival of drama), Sahasra Narikela Gana Homa (homa of one thousand coconuts for the welfare of the world), Sangeetotsava in the famous malls of Bengaluru, workshop on making ecofriendly Ganesh of clay expected to be attended by thousands, special poojas, different entertainment programs, Pallakki Utsava accompanied with Veda Ghosha and Nagara Sankirtana, devotional recitation every day by famous Bhajana Mandalis, and much more. Please come and participate in your favourite festival and obtain Ganesha's blessings.

== Stage ==
Every year, the '''mantapa'''(stage) for the festival is made to resemble architectural marvels in [[Karnataka]]. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, replicas of [[Melukote|Melkote temple Kalyani]],<ref>{{cite news|title=This time, head to National College grounds for Ganesha Utsava|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/568606/this-time-head-national-college.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|publisher=www.deccanherald.com}}</ref> [[Mookambika|Kollur Mookambika temple]] and [[Dharmasthala Temple|Dharmastala Manjunatha temple]] have been recreated at the grounds. 2017 hosted the 55th festival which showcased a replica of the Durbar Hall of [[Mysore Palace]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Durbar hall of Mysore Palace recreated in city for Ganesha festival|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/629796/durbar-hall-mysore-palace-recreated.html|accessdate=25 August 2017|publisher=www.deccanherald.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bgu.co.in/ www.bgu.co.in/]

[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]

List of Tai ethnic groups in India

2025-10-08T10:30:54Z

HungHay8926976:

{{short description|None}}

The following is a '''list of [[Tai peoples|Tai]] ethnic groups in [[India]].'''{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

*[[Ahom people|Ahom]]
*[[Tai Phake people|Phake]]
*[[Khamti people|Khamti]]
*[[Tai Aiton people|Aiton]]
*[[Khamyang people|Khamyang]]
*[[Turung people|Turung]]
*[[Tai Laipeople|Lai]]

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Chandra Barot

2025-10-06T15:57:17Z

HungHay8926976: general improved references per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian film director (1939–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Chandra Barot
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1939}}
| birth_place = [[Tanganyika Territory]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2025|7|20|86|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| othername =
| years active = 1970–2025
| website =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Chandra Barot''' (1939 – 20 July 2025) was an Indian film director, working primarily in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Barot is best known for having directed the 1978 film ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' which has attained [[cult film|cult status]] in India,<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/16sld1.htm |title=I Will Always Be Remembered for Don |date=16 October 2006 |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-shot-khaike-paan-with-a-fractured-leg-reveals-don-director-as-film-completes-40-years/story-XnA3zK9n0xJBNK3hUKQFHM.html |title=Amitabh Bachchan Shot Khaike Paan With a Fractured Leg, Reveals Don Director as Film Completes 40 Years|publisher=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> and was an inspiration to various remakes and sequences, including the [[Shah Rukh Khan]] version discussed in 2023, which caused a degree of controversy.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-reveals-plan-to-recreate-don-with-chandra-barot-instead-of-replacing-amitabh-bachchan-60654.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan Reveals Plan to Recreate 'Don' With Chandra Barot Instead of Replacing Amitabh Bachchan|publisher=Filmfare |date=21 August 2023 |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

Barot moved from Tanzania, the country where he was born and brought up, to India and joined actor-director [[Manoj Kumar]] as an assistant director. He assisted Manoj Kumar on several films, including ''[[Purab Aur Pachhim]]'' (1970), [[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|''Yaadgaar'']] (1970), [[Shor (film)|''Shor'']] (1972), and [[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan|''Roti Kapda Aur Makaan'']] (1974).<ref>{{Cite news|title =Who is Chandra Barot, the original Don director who passed away at 86|url =https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-chandra-barot-the-original-don-director-who-passed-away-at-86-11752997219157.html|publisher=Livemint|date = 20 July 2025}}</ref>

Before the filming of [[Don (1978 film)|''Don'']] was completed, producer [[Nariman Irani]] died in an accident on the set of another film he was working on. During the shooting of [[Manoj Kumar]]'s [[Kranti]] in November 1977 at Rajkamal Kalamandir Studios, Bombay, a sudden cloudburst caused a wall to collapse on Irani. He was seriously injured, hospitalized, and died a few days later. The rest of the cinematography and production of ''Don'' was completed by Barot with support from the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Nariman Irani?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/he-produced-amitabh-bachchans-blockbuster-don-but-did-not-have-money-to-buy-food-died-penniless-before-its-release-who-was-nariman-irani/articleshow/122560237.cms|publisher=Economic Times| date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

After ''Don'', he directed the 1990 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] ''Aashrita'', which grossed {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=c|year=1989}}.<ref name=Rediff/>

His shelved films include ''Hong Kong Wali Script'' and ''Neil Ko Pakadna....Impossible''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-24/news-interviews/29809301_1_satyajit-ray-shah-rukh-chandra-barot |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709141008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-24/news-interviews/29809301_1_satyajit-ray-shah-rukh-chandra-barot |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=Chandra Barot Doesn't Like Remakes! |date= 24 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=10 January 2011}}</ref>

Barot died from pulmonary fibrosis in a hospital in Banda on 20 July 2025, at the age of 86.<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/veteran-filmmaker-chandra-barot-director-of-amitabh-bachchans-don-passes-away-at-86-11752994556703.html Veteran filmmaker Chandra Barot, director of Amitabh Bachchan's ‘Don’, passes away at 86]</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title!! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Purab Aur Pachhim]]'' || Assistant Director ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|Yaadgaar]]'' || Assistant Director ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]'' || Assistant Director ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' || Assistant Director ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' || Director ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Aashrita'' || Director || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]<ref name=Rediff/>
|-
| 1991 || ''Pyar Bhara Dil'' || Director ||
|-
| || ''Hong Kong Wali Script'' || Director ||
|-
| || ''Neil Ko Pakadna....Impossible'' || Director ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| id=0056423 | name=Chandra Barot}}

{{Don film series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barot, Chandra}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]

M. Ansaruddin

2025-10-03T05:12:25Z

HungHay8926976: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''M. Ansaruddin''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former five time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Howrah district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jagatballavpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jagatballavpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He was last elected in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

== Early life and career ==
Ansauddin is from [[Jagatballavpur]], Howrah district, West Bengal.

He was elected as an MLA for the first time winning the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He retained the seat for the Communist Party in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and won for a third time winning the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He won again representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] and 1996 Assembly elections to complete five consecutive terms as an MLA.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Ansaruddin : Political Career |url=https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/M.%20Ansaruddin/S25 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.electionfate.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1996 |title=IndiaVotes AC: West Bengal 1996 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1996/west-bengal/132/9 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=IndiaVotes, serial No.167}}</ref> In the 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election he beat his nearest opponent, Pulak Sarkar of the Indian National Congress . In 1996, he defeated Nityananda Maity of the Indian National Congress. He defeated Binodananda Banerjee, also of the Congress in 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=9 July 2015 |work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Nemai Porel, an independent candidate in the 1982 election<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=9 July 2015 |work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Brindaban Ghosh of the Congress in 1977 Assembly election.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=9 July 2015 |work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=167 - Jagatballavpur Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp167.htm |access-date=25 November 2010 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

He lost the 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election to Biman Chakrabarthy of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] by a margin of 607 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2001 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2001 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.elections.in Serial No.167}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asaruddin. M}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Madhava Sena

2025-09-04T20:21:19Z

HungHay8926976: added info

{{Time-context|date=September 2025}}

'''Madhava Sena''' was a [[Bengal|Bengali]] ruler. He was the son of [[Lakshmana Sena]] in the [[Sena dynasty]]. After the death of Lakshmana Sena, Madhava Sena ascended the throne of Bengal. He was succeeded by his brother [[Vishvarupa Sena|Vishvarup Sena]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTZBAQAAMAAJ&dq=madhava+sena&pg=RA1-PA105 |title=Journal |date=1864 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=India) |first1=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOnRAAAAMAAJ&dq=madhava+sena&pg=PA28 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |last2=Bengal |first2=Asiatic Society of |date=1896 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwfgAAAAMAAJ&dq=madhava+sena&pg=PA28 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1896 |publisher=Bishop's College Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Romesh Chunder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZ_5AQAAQBAJ&dq=madhava+sena&pg=PA170 |title=A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit Literature: Volume II |date=2013-11-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-38217-8 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Madhava Sena
| title = King of Bengal
| predecessor = [[Lakshmana Sena]]
| successor = [[Vishvarupa Sena]]
| father = [[Lakshmana Sena]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Sena Dynasty]]
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Sena kings]]
{{India-royal-stub}}

Siege of Daulatabad

2025-08-15T16:34:42Z

HungHay8926976: Creating New Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Conflict between the Mughal Empire and Ahmadnagar Sultanate}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Daulatabad
| image = The Siege of Daulatabad (April-June 1633) c. 1635 - 1650.jpg
| caption = Illustration of the Mughal siege of Daulatabad fort by Murar from a [[Padshahnama]] manuscript {{circa|1635 – 1650}}, [[Royal Collection]]
| date = 1 March – June 1633
| place = [[Daulatabad Fort]]
| result = Mughal victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 =
[[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|25px]] [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Mahabat Khan]] [[Khwaja Sabir|Nasiri Khan]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|25px]] [[Fath Khan]] [[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|25px]] [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] [[Randaula Khan]] Murari Pandit
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The '''siege of Daulatabad''' in 1633 was a conflict between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], wherein the fort-city of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] was besieged by a Mughal force for several months and successfully captured. The [[Bijapur Sultanate]] also participated in the conflict against the Mughals, sending a large army to the aid of the fort's garrison. The conflict took place after several Mughal victories securing other minor forts in Ahmadnagar control, but was distinguished by the political significance of Daulatabad to the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. This event marked Mughal victory in the ongoing war between the Mughals and the Ahmadnagar Sultanate; it ended the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty]] and concluded the Sultanate, marking another step in the Mughal advance over the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]]. The victory did not fully quell resistance to Mughal authority in the Western Deccan; a year later, [[Marathi people|Maratha]] commander [[Shahji Bhonsle]] attempted a bid for power using a puppet ruler of the Nizam Shahi house.

== Background ==
The [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] succeeded his father [[Jahangir]] in the year 1628, following which his attention immediately turned to consolidating Mughal authority over the [[Deccan Sultanates]]. Particularly, his objective was to recover Mughal territories lost to the Nizam Shahis of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] in the final years of Jahangir's reign. In February 1630, he and his armies marched south in pursuit of [[Khan Jahan Lodi]], a rebel Mughal commander who had defected to the Nizam Shahis. Upon the successful capture and execution of Lodi, Shah Jahan began campaigning against the Ahmadnagar Sultanate from his base in [[Burhanpur]]. These events coincided with the [[Deccan famine of 1630–1632]], which devastated the countryside.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25119-8 |series=The New Cambridge history of India |location=Cambridge; New York, NY |pages=137}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Marathas, 1600-1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The new Cambridge history of India |location=Cambridge [England]; New York |pages=45–47}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title=Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals - Part II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |edition=Revised |location=New Delhi |pages=201–204}}</ref>

At this time, the Ahmadnagar Sultanate was tenuously ruled by its prime minister [[Fath Khan]], son of [[Malik Ambar]], and power was nominally in the hands of [[Burhan Nizam Shah III]]. Daulatabad served as the seat of Nizam Shahi power. Since Shah Jahan's arrival in the region, the Mughals had captured a number of lesser forts. In 1632, Fath Khan decided to acknowledge Mughal sovereignty. He performed several acts to prove his sincerity, including the execution of Burhan Nizam Shah, the installation of boy prince [[Hussain Nizam Shah III|Hussain Shah]] as ruler, and the execution of a number of leading officers of the kingdom. Shah Jahan eventually acquiesced and withdrew to the north in 1632, partly due to the death of his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]] a year prior.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sadiq Ali |first=Shanti |title=The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=101–103}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Radhey |first=Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC |title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1966 |edition=1 |pages=312–321 |isbn=978-81-208-2651-9 |language=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |title=Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |date=2011 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7 |location=Boulder, Colo |pages=227–228}}</ref> He appointed [[Mahabat Khan]] as governor of the Deccan.<ref name=":6" />

Fath Khan's submission was unpopular in the Nizam Shahi kingdom. It prompted the commander [[Shahji Bhonsle]] to defect from the Mughal side and negotiate with the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], which sent a large army to seize the fort of Daulatabad, commanded by [[Randaula Khan]] and [[Murari Pandit]]. Fath Khan wrote to Mahabat Khan, seeking Mughal support to fend off the Adil Shahi force. Mahabat Khan dispatched his son Khan Zaman to his aid. Khan Zaman's army advanced on Daulatabad; Adil Shahi forces, as well as a force commanded by Shahji, tried to stop the advance but failed. This prompted Randaula Khan, a general of the Adil Shahi army, to open negotiations with Fath Khan. The latter was convinced to switch sides and oppose the Mughals; Fath Khan prepared to defend the fort from the advancing Mughal forces. When Mahabat Khan was informed of this news, he ordered Khan Zaman to open a siege on Daulatabad's fort.<ref name=":1" />

== Siege ==

=== Preparations ===
Upon receiving orders from his father Mahabat Khan, Khan Zaman dispatched Deccani forces that had been obstructing the Mughal advance, and then began preparations for a siege by digging trenches and laying mines. Mahabat Khan himself arrived at the city on 1 March 1633, after securing supply lines for the Mughal forces, and the next morning took up residence in a house belonging to the Nizam Shahi king. The fort was surrounded, and batteries were stationed at strategic points.<ref name=":1" />

Fath Khan moved the Nizam Shahi King Hussain Shah to Kalakot, a well-fortified section within the Daulatabad fort. He himself resided in Mahakot, another section of the fort. He worked to fortify different parts of the citadel by distributing command and installing guns at vital locations.<ref name=":1" />

=== Capture of Ambarkot ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Shah Jahan watches the assault on Daulatabad Fort in 1633.jpg
| image2 = Capture of Daulatabad Fort in 1633, Folio from Lahori.jpg
| footer = A Mughal folio from a copy of the [[Padshahnama]], featuring a retrospective depiction of the assault on Daulatabad fort, c. 1800.The fort is rendered as a fortified palace, rather than an actual mountain fortress (left). Emperor Shah Jahan watches the assault (right). From [[LACMA]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capture of Daulatabad Fort in 1633: a) Emperor Shah Jahan Watches the Assault on Daulatabad Fort; b) Capture of Daulatabad Fort, Folios from the Padshahnama (Chronicle of the King of the World) {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/228821 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref>
| total_width = 400
}}
The initial stages of the siege were characterised by repeated skirmishes between the Mughal forces, the Adil Shahi army, and Shahji's forces. The Adil Shahis and Shahji repeatedly attempted to subvert the Mughal blockade by sneaking provisions into Daulatabad's fort, and these efforts were frequently caught and cut short by the Mughal army. However, this served as an effective distraction from the Mughals' task of breaking into the fort. The Adil Shahi commander Randaula Khan and Shahji also cooperated in leading several assaults aimed at disrupting Mughal lines of communication, but these attempts were repeatedly rebuked by the Mughal forces.<ref name=":1" />
The failure of the Adil Shahi forces and Shahji prompted Fath Khan, who was embedded in the fort, to attempt open combat by sending out war elephants and trying to remove mines; this effort failed, and Fath Khan was forced to retreat after sustaining heavy losses. Khan Zaman pressed the siege of the fort; the plan was to assemble a storming party at dawn, following which a mine would be detonated at first light. In actuality, the officer in charge of the mine mistakenly fired it earlier, before the storming party could arrive. Mahabat Khan resolved to lead the party instead, but Nasiri Khan insisted otherwise and commanded the charge.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Murar – The Siege of Daulatabad (April-June 1633) |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-af/the-siege-of-daulatabad-april-june-1633 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref> Mughal forces were able to flood into the breach created by the mine and occupy Ambarkot, the outermost fortification of the citadel, after outnumbering defenders led by Khairat Khan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |title=The architecture of a Deccan sultanate: courtly practice and royal authority in late medieval India |date=2018 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-419-8 |series=Library of Islamic South Asia |location=London New York |pages=72}}</ref>

=== Capture of Mahakot ===
Following this victory, Randaula Khan and Shahji once again attempted to distract the Mughals and sneak in provisions to feed the fort's starving garrison. They dispatched forces to raid Telangana and [[Berar Subah|Berar]], while simultaneously sending grain to the fort with a convoy of 3000 musketeers. Mahabat Khan dispatched forces to foil the raiders, and employed [[Khwaja Sabir|Nasiri Khan]] to intercept the convoy; both operations were successful. Subsequently, Mahabat Khan began the siege of the next layer of defenses, a fortified sector of the citadel known as Mahakot. He managed to successfully lay a mine in Mahakot's fortifications, which prompted Fath Khan to move his family to Kalakot out of fear. By this point, a number of Bijapuri members of the fort's garrison had exited the fort with Mahabat Khan's permission and returned home, due to the acute food shortage.<ref name=":1" />

Adil Shahi forces and Shahji continued their attempts to disrupt Mughal communications, hoping to reduce pressure on Mahakot. They snuck provisions and raided Berar, but their attempts were disrupted by Khan Zaman. The Deccani side benefited with the arrival of reinforcements from Bijapur, and plans were drawn to lead assaults on Mahabat Khan, but these were also met with defeat.<ref name=":1" />

In less than two months since the penetration of Ambarkot, Mahabat Khan successfully had a mine carried into Mahakot's defenses. This alarmed Fath Khan, who reached out to Mahabat Khan asking to postpone its detonation; the latter asked him to send his son to the Mughal camp as a token of his sincerity, but delays in doing so led to Mahabat Khan firing the mine anyway. The mine destroyed one bastion and eighteen yards of fortifications. Mughal forces entered through this breach and won over Mahakot.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge History of India |date=1955 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Surrender ===
Confronted by the fall of Mahakot, the continuing failure to secure supplies for the fort garrison, general famine in the area, and the breakout of disease among troops, Fath Khan decided to surrender to the Mughal force. He sent his son Abdul Rasul on his behalf, to issue an apology to Mahabat Khan for his treachery. He requested a week's time to evacuate the fort, which Mahabat Khan granted, even giving him supplies and a lump sum to facilitate his departure. Mahabat Khan entered the fort of Daulatabad in June 1633, and had the ''[[khutbah]]'' (Friday sermon) read in Shah Jahan's name, symbolising Mughal sovereignty over Daulatabad.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Aftermath ==
The conquest of Daulatabad fort ended the Ahmednagar Sultanate as an independent principality, and concluded the Nizam Shahi dynasty.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Fath Khan was arrested by Mahabat Khan, despite earlier assurance of amnesty; both he and the Nizam Shahi family were brought to emperor Shah Jahan. Fath Khan was allowed a peaceful retirement, but the Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah was imprisoned in [[Gwalior]].<ref name=":4" /> Mahabat Khan died in 1634, the year after Daulatabad's successful siege. At the time of his death, he was the highest-ranking Mughal noble of non-royal blood. For his participation in the siege of Daulatabad, Nasiri Khan had his rank raised and was awarded the title Khan Dauran.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDIyr9LRJ0MC |title=The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India |date=1987 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Distributed by Abrams |isbn=978-0-87099-499-9 |editor-last=Welch |editor-first=Stuart Cary |location=New York |pages=129 & 225 |editor-last2=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)}}</ref> Under Mughal control, the Daulatabad fort thereafter acted as a grain warehouse supplying Mughal troops headed towards the south of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm50400990 |title=Mughal warfare: Indian frontiers and highroads to empire, 1500-1700 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23988-2 |series=Warfare and history |location=London; New York |pages=32 |oclc=ocm50400990}}</ref> It served as the main headquarters of the Mughals in the Deccan, until [[Aurangzeb]] shifted the headquarters to [[Aurangabad]] in 1653.<ref name=":2222">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=54 |oclc=268771115}}</ref>

However, resistance in the region continued. In 1634, Shahji propped up a young prince from the Nizam Shahi household as ruler, styling him [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Shahji fought in this puppet ruler's name, contesting the Mughal hold over the regions formerly under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Mughal authority over Ahmadnagar was only fully consolidated after 1636, when Shah Jahan established treaties with the Bijapur and [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda Sultanates]] that cut off Shahji's military support. These treaties resulted in peace for the Deccan region over the next two decades, resolving the extended 'Deccan crisis' of Shah Jahan's reign.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Daulatabad]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:17th-century sieges]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1633]]
[[Category:1630s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]

Manaswini Lata Ravindra

2025-08-14T05:13:39Z

HungHay8926976: update details and fixed typos

{{short description|Marathi playwright, screenwriter and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Manaswini Lata Ravindra''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[playwright]], [[screenwriter]] and [[Theatre director|director]], known for writing the play ''[[Amar Photo Studio]]'' and also being one of the writers of the Marathi [[sitcom]] ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Amar-Photo-Studio-Pune/articleshow/53654719.cms|title=This 'photo studio' will capture a different perspective |work=The Times of India |date=12 Aug 2016 |last=Lobo |first=Dean}}</ref> In 2016, she is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] for her short story collection, Blogchya Aarshyapallyad.[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp]

==Early life==
She started writing poetry at the age of 3.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YP4pAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Manaswini+Lata+Ravindra%22+-Bharatpedia|title=Daughters of Maharashtra: Portraits of Women who are Building Maharastra : Interviews and Photographs|last=Varde|first=Abhijit|date=1997|publisher=Kalnirnay|language=en}}</ref> She joined Lalit Kala Kendra of Pune University after her 12th and got a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/a-different-kind-of-manoos/story-otuIYECAARW5GNtE2wPesI.html|title=A different kind of manoos|last1=Bhise|first1=Ameya|last2=Mohite|first2=Anushka|date=24 Oct 2010|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/screenwriter-manaswini-lata-ravindra-1531470/|title=नामवंतांचे बुकशेल्फ : वाचन ही निरंतर प्रक्रिया|last=Joshi|first=Shekhar|date=17 August 2017|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> She graduated from Lalit Kala Kendra in 2003.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ready-for-their-close-ups-1063558|title=Ready for their close-ups|last=Thombare|first=Suparna|date=11 November 2006|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Manaswini and some of her friends and alumni of Lalit Kala Kendra have started a theatre group called ''Lalit Mumbai''.<ref name="ref2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/sarvarthane-jodidar-news/manaswini-lata-ravindra-and-satish-manwar-love-story-1467484/|title=दहा वर्षांच्या सर्जनशील वैवाहिक सहप्रवासाविषयी|date=6 May 2017|work=Loksatta|access-date=6 April 2019|language=mr|script-title=mr:Devanagari}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ravindra wrote her first play ''Cigarettes'' when she was 20''.''<ref name=":3" /> In 2006, she won the [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] in Playwriting, given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOgDAAAAMBAJ|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|volume=2|issue=16|language=en|date=October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=yp&sort=&awtype=boxviews&page=4|title=SNA {{!}}{{!}} List of Awardees|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> In the same year, she attended the Royal Court Theatre workshop at Vasind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/salon-our-plays-are-dispersed-and-edgy-1018476|title=Our plays are dispersed and edgy|date=17 March 2006|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> In 2007, she wrote the play ''Alvida''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/shanta-gokhale/Much-ado-about-money/articleshow/15759861.cms|title=Much ado about money|last=Gokhale|first=Shanta|date=21 November 2007|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> In 2010, she was also part of ''Pratibimb'', the first ever contemporary Marathi [[theatre]] festival, organised by NCPA at [[Mumbai]]. She is also credited to have directed the play, ''Ekmekaat'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2010/08/04/0007347/ncpa-mumbai-stage-its-first-marathi-theatre-festival-august-7-11|title=NCPA, Mumbai to stage its first Marathi theatre festival from August 7–11|date=4 August 2010|website=NetIndian|language=en|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/Story-of-a-girl/articleshow/32457725.cms|title=Story of a girl|last=Brahme|first=Nitin|website=Pune Mirror|date=12 December 2009 |language=en|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> In 2014, her play ''Lakh Lakh Chanderi'' was staged at Pratibimb Marathi Theatre Festival.,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/personal-nuances/article3686102.ece|title=Personal nuances|last=Dutt|first=Devina|date=2012-07-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> she won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the youth category, for ''Blogchya Arshapalyad'' (a collection of short stories).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/mumbai-news/sahitya-academy-awards-to-manswini-lata-ravindra-and-rajiv-tambe/articleshow/52781981.cms|title=राजीव तांबे, मनस्विनी यांना साहित्य अकादमीचे पुरस्कार|date=16 June 2016|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=2019-03-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2017, she also spoke at ''Jawab Do'', an event organised by [[Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/javed-akhtar-warns-people-beware-of-those-trying-to-rule-through-religion-shield-4806035/|title=Javed Akhtar warns people: Beware of those trying to rule through religion shield|date=21 August 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> She also won the first position for best writing in the Maharashtra State Marathi Professional Drama Competition, in 2017, for her play ''Amar Photo Studio''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-state-marathi-professional-drama-competition-awards/|title=महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी व्यावसायिक नाट्य स्पर्धेचे पुरस्कार जाहीर|date=8 May 2017|website=Lokmat|language=mr|trans-title=The Maharashtra State Marathi Professional Drama Competition Awards|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> She is also an executive committee member of Screenwriters Association, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swaindia.org/blog/elections-2018-results/|title=SWA Elections 2018 – Results |language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> She was nominated for [[Filmfare Awards]] (Marathi) for best screenplay, for the movie ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2018_-30438.html|title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards (Marathi) 2018|website=Filmfare.com|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>

==Works==
===Plays===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year!! Play !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''Cigarettes''||
|-
| 2007 || ''Alvida'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Ekmekaat''|| Writer/Director
|-
| 2014 || ''Lakh Lakh Chanderi''|| Writer/Director <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/stage-set-for-marathi/987840/|title=Stage set for Marathi - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Daavikadun Chouthi Building'' || Writer <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/plan-ahead-learn-string-art/articleshow/71446583.cms|title=PLAN AHEAD: Learn string art|website=Pune Mirror|language=en| access-date=8 October 2019|date=5 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Majhya Vatnicha Kharakhur'' ||<ref name="Majhya">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20160829-changemakers-smita-gondkar-kumar-prashant-nivedita-saboo-pravin-patil-manaswini-lata-ravindra-aditya-tiwari-829429-2016-08-17|title=The changemakers|last=Pai|first=Aditi |date=17 August 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| || ''[[Amar Photo Studio]]''||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/shanta-gokhale/A-necessary-burst-of-energy/articleshow/54571031.cms|title=A necessary burst of energy|last=Gokhale|first=Shanta|author-link=Shanta Gokhale |website=Mumbai Mirror|date=29 September 2016|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>
|}

===TV shows===
* ''Lek Ladki Hya Gharchi'' (aired on [[ETV Marathi]])
* ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]'' (aired on [[Zee Marathi]])
* ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'' (aired on Zee Marathi)
* ''[[Bun Maska]] '' ( aired on Zee Yuva )
* ''[[Ti Phulrani]] '' ( aired on Sony Marathi )

===Movies===
* ''[[Rama Madhav]]''.<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6668295/|title=Manaswini Lata Ravindra|website=IMDb}}</ref>
* ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''
* ''[[Kaccha Limboo]]''

== Personal life ==
She is married to director [[Satish Manwar]].<ref name="ref2"/> Her parents were social activists. Her mother, Lata Pratibha Madhukar, is an activist with [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta-news/doordarshan-sahyadri-channels-inspiration-prizes-distribution-494322/|title=दूरदर्शन सह्यद्री वाहिनीच्या प्रेरणा पुरस्कारांचे वितरण|date=6 May 2014|website=Loksatta|language=mr|trans-title=Doordarshan Sahyadri Channels Inspiration Prizes Distribution|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> whereas her father, Ravindra, is a campaigner against female foeticide.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-pen-is-a-chisel/299856|title=A Pen Is A Chisel|last=Pinglay-Plumber|first=Prachi|date=22 February 2018|magazine=Outlook India|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> She uses her parents' name instead of her surname.<ref name="Majhya"/> She and her mother were jointly awarded the Prerna Puraskar in 2014 by [[DD Sahyadri]] on their [[Mother's Day]] special.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|6668295|Manaswini Lata Ravindra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindra, Manaswini Lata}}
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

Haringhata (community development block)

2025-08-11T01:41:39Z

HungHay8926976: Structure improved and content revised

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haringhata
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Haringhata in Nadia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9538884|N|88.5637093|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 170.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 231,068
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 171,144 (82.15%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741249 (Subarnapur) 741252 (Krishivisyavidyalaya)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03473
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-51, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Haringhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haringhata]]
| website = {{URL|nadia.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Haringhata''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Kalyani subdivision]] of [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Subarnapur is located at {{coord|22.9538884|N|88.5637093|E|format=dms|}}.

Haringhata CD Block is bounded by [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]] CD Block in the north and west, [[Bangaon (community development block)|Bangaon]] and [[Gaighata (community development block)|Gaighata]] CD Blocks, in North 24 Parganas district, in the east, [[Amdanga (community development block)|Amdanga]], [[Habra I (community development block)|Habra I]] and [[Habra II (community development block)|Habra II]] CD Blocks, in North 24 Parganas district, in the south.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/nadia.html |title = Tehsil Map of Nadia |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 15 November 2018}}</ref>

Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref>

Haringhata CD Block has an area of 170.32&nbsp;km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 176 gram sansads (village councils), 87 [[mouza]]s and 82 inhabited villages. [[Haringhata#Police station|Haringhata]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Subarnapur, Nadia|Subarnapur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 May 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Haringhata block/ panchayat samiti are: Birohi 1, Birohi 2, Fatepur, Kastodanga 1, Kastodanga 2, Mollabelia, Nagarukhra 1 and Nagarukhra 2.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Nadia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 May 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Haringhata CD Block had a total population of 231,068, of which 207,459 were rural and 23,609 were urban. There were 118,709 (51% males and 112,359 (49%) females). [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 73,755 (31.92%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 11,218 (4.85%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 February 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Haringhata block had a total population 207,867, out of which 108,011 were males and 99,856 were females. Haringhata block registered a population growth of 16.92 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 19.51 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_10.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Nadia district (10) |access-date=2011-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041622/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_10.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

There are four [[census towns]] in Haringhata CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets) : [[Haringhata]] (3,989), [[Simhat]] (6,949), [[Subarnapur, Nadia|Subarnapur]] (5,759) and [[Digha, Nadia|Digha]] (6,916).<ref name=census2011/> Haringhata, a [[census town]] at the time of 2011 census, was created a [[municipality]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://haringhatamunicipality.in/ | title = Harighata Municipality | publisher = HM | access-date = 10 December 2017 | archive-date = 10 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071840/http://haringhatamunicipality.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Haringhata CD Block were (2011 census figures in brackets): Chandirampur (4,740), Narayanpur (4,548), Uttar Datta Para (5,430), Uttar Brahmapur (5,371), Subuddipur (6,051), Sekendarpur (7,917), Kathdanga (7,417), Mollabalia (5,889), Ganguria (4,291), Fatepur (5,093), Barasat (4,046), [[Ukrah]] (13,548), Goaldob (4,883) and Dighalgram (5,390).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Haringhata CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Birohi (3,721).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Haringhata CD Block was 171,144 (82.15% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 93,313 (87.11% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 77,831 (76.90% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.21%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Nadia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Haringhata CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|73.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|26.19}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.72}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 174,263 and formed 73.09% of the population in Haringhata CD Block. Muslims numbered 65,148 and formed 26.19% of the population. Christians numbered 460 and formed 0.20% of the population. Others numbered 1,197 and formed 0.52% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 151,379 and formed 72.79% of the population of Haringhata CD Block. Muslims numbered 55,885 and formed 26.97% of the population. In the 1991 census, Hindus numbered 130,125 and formed 73.19% of the population of Haringhata CD Block. Muslims numbered 47,284 and formed 26.60% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Table 17.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 |archive-date = 2 March 2017 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Haringhata CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.00 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 1.65 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.06 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.29 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 96.00% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.65% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 1.06% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District [[Human Development Report]] for Nadia has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Vulnerability Index]] of the district. Haringhata CD Block registered 31.59 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHVI was estimated at 33.92. A total of 8 out of the 17 CD Blocks in Nadia district were found to be severely deprived when measured against the CD Block mean MHVI - Karimpur I and Karimpur II (under Tehatta subdivision), Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar I and Nabadwip (under Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision) and Santipur (under Ranaghat subdivision) appear to be backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Nadia | work = June 2012. Pages: 211-212 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal'', the rural poverty ratio in Nadia district was 28.35%. The estimate was based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
In Haringhata CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 18.42%, agricultural labourers 35.60, household industry workers 3.79% and other workers 42.19%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref>

The southern part of Nadia district starting from Krishnanagar I down to Chakdaha and Haringhata has some urban pockets specialising in either manufacturing or service related economic activity and has reflected a comparatively higher concentration of population but the urban population has generally stagnated. Nadia district still has a large chunk of people living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Nadia| work = Chapter IV: Livelihood and occupational structure, pages 63-73| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf| archive-date = 16 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 82 inhabited villages in Haringhata CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 13 Villages (15.85%) have post offices. All 82 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 64 villages (78.05%) have a pucca approach road and 30 villages (38.59%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (7.32%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (9.76%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 91-92 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref> It should, however, be noted that although 100% villages in Nadia district had power supply in 2011, a survey in 2007-08 revealed that less than 50% of households had electricity connection. In rural areas of the country, the tube well was for many years considered to be the provider of safe drinking water, but with arsenic contamination of ground water claiming public attention it is no longer so. Piped water supply is still a distant dream. In 2007–08, the availability of piped drinking water in Nadia district was as low as 8.6%, well below the state average of around 20%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 54-55, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Haringhata CD Block'''
|value1 = 2.44
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 7.95
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 6.18
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 33.53
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 49.90
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Haringhata CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 2.44%, patta (document) holders 7.95%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.18%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 33.53% and agricultural labourers 49.09%.<ref name=handbook2014/> As the proportion of agricultural labourers is very high, the real wage in the agricultural sector has been a matter of concern.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Nadia | work = Pages 71-72, published in 2012, Infrastructure development across the district | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112838/http://wbplan.gov.in/humandev/DHDR/DHDR%20Nadia.pdf | archive-date = 16 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Haringhata CD Block had 207 fertiliser depots, 40 seed store and 44 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Haringhata CD Block produced 72,866 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 24,942 hectares, 20,348 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,720 hectares, 5,413 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2,013 hectares, 4,317 tonnes of wheat from 1,315 hectares, 42,799 tonnes of jute from 2,383 hectares and 16,616 tonnes of potatoes from 536 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Haringhata CD Block was 967 hectares, out of which 89 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 830 hectares by deep tube wells and 48 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Haringhata Dairy Farm===
In order to supply milk to the urban population in West Bengal, the first dairy plant was installed in 1950 at Haringhata by the Directorate of Dairy Development, under the aegis of Animal Resources Development Department, Government of West Bengal. It started with a production of 1.5 thousand litres of bottled milk per day in 1950–51. With a network of two dairy plants, seven milk colony units and 19 Milk Collection-cum-Chilling stations named as "Greater Calcutta Milk Supply Scheme" the production had gradually gone up to 210 thousand litres per day by 1980s. Directorate of Dairy Development, under the aegis of Animal Resources Development Department, Govt. of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbard.gov.in/pages/display/100-directorate-of-dairy-development | title = Directorate of Dairy Development | publisher = Animal Resources Development Department, Govt. of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Haringhata CD Block had offices of 12 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Haringhata CD Block has 4 originating/ terminating bus services. The nearest station is [[Kanchrapara railway station]] which is 16&nbsp;km and [[Kalyani Railway Station]] is 19&nbsp;km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH 1]], running from Bangaon (in North 24 Parganas district) to Kulpi (in South 24 Parganas district) passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 May 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Haringhata CD Block had 120 primary schools with 9,251 students, 11 middle schools with 866 students, 3 high schools with 1,819 students and 18 higher secondary schools with 23,167 students. Haringhata CD Block had 1 general college with 3,233 students, 2 technical/ professional institutions with 1,880 students and 453 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,874 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Haringhata CD Block, amongst the 82 inhabited villages, 4 villages did not have any school, 21 had more than 1 primary school, 16 had at least 1 primary and one middle school and 14 had 1 middle school and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 591, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 May 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Haringhata CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 4 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 2 private nursing homes with total 96 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 30 family welfare subcentres. 4,907 patients were treated indoor and 357,557 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Haringhata Rural Hospital, with 25 beds at [[Mohanpur, Nadia|Mohanpur]], is the major government medical facility in the Haringhata CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Birohi (with 6 beds), Kastadanga (with 6 beds) and Nagarukhra (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Haringhata CD Block is one of the areas of Nadia district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10&nbsp;mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50&nbsp;mg/ litre. All the 17 blocks of Nadia district have arsenic contamination above this level. The maximum concentration in Haringhata CD Block is 865&nbsp;mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Nadia| access-date = 6 May 2017| archive-date = 10 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510002934/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb3.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Nadia district]]

Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur

2025-08-04T01:37:59Z

HungHay8926976:

{{Short description|Public college in Calcutta, India}}
{{Third-party|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vivekananda College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Bn
| former_name = Barisha College
| image = View of UG Science Block of Vivekananda College from Administrative Block.jpg
| caption = UG Science Block of Vivekananda College
| motto =
| mottoeng = From darkness, lead us to the light
| type = Public
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|21 August 1950}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] '''"A+"'''
| affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]] [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| president = Smt. Ratna Chateerjee
| principal = Prof. Nabakishore Chanda

| students = 4,423
| campus = Urban (6.17 acres)
| address = 269, Diamond Harbour Road, [[Thakurpukur]]
| city = Kolkata
| state = West Bengal 700063
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|27|51.941|N|88|18|28.55|E|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India
| website = {{URL|www.vckolkata63.org/}}
| logo = Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur Logo.svg
| logo_size = 210px
}}
'''Vivekananda College''' is a state government-aided public college, affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/student/college.html|title=Colleges affiliated to University of Calcutta|work=[[University of Calcutta]]|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129103403/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/student/college.html|url-status=live}}</ref> located in southwest [[Kolkata]], close to the [[Thakurpukur metro station]]. The college offers both post-graduate and under-graduate courses in a number of subjects of science, arts and commerce. Founded in 1950 as '''Barisha College''', it was established under the dispersal scheme of the state government to reduce the pressure of students from the then [[East Pakistan]], now [[Bangladesh]].

In 2013-14, it was ranked 1 in the ranking of ''[[India Today]]'s Nielsen survey'' as the best science college in Kolkata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Best Colleges in India 2013: List of City Wise Ranking: Best Science Colleges (Kolkata) by India Today Group |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/citycolleges-science-kolkata |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114051652/https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/citycolleges-science-kolkata |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of City Wise Ranking : Best Science Colleges in 2014 (Kolkata) by India Today Group |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/citycolleges-science-kolkata |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114051700/https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/citycolleges-science-kolkata |url-status=live }}</ref> The college is affiliated to [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]], under [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] and accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].

==History==
[[File:Statue of Swami Vivekananda in Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Swami Vivekananda in Vivekananda College]]
In 1950, it was established as ''Barisha College'', an Intermediate College, under the state government's dispersal scheme to reduce the pressure of students from [[East Pakistan]], present-day [[Bangladesh]], on colleges in the Kolkata metropolis. It was first set up at [[Barisha High School]] and later shifted to its newly constructed premises near the school premises in 1953. In this time, between 1952-53, [[Jibanananda Das]] joined as an [[English language|English]] professor in this college. He was appointed as a temporary professor of the then ''Barisha College'', sometime in November 1952 and worked till February 1953.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seely |first=Clinton B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45ljAAAAMAAJ |title=A Poet Apart: A Literary Biography of the Bengali Poet Jibanananda Das (1899-1954) |publisher=University of Delaware Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-87413-356-1 |location=Newark, Delaware, USA |pages=260 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909125721/https://books.google.com/books?id=45ljAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 1956, after the college came under the sponsorship of the State Government, it was upgraded to a degree College and also brought under the Refugee Education Scheme of the Ministry of Rehabilitation of the [[Government of India]]. Afterwards, the college was renamed as ''"Vivekananda College"'' after the sacred name of [[Swami Vivekananda]], an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author and religious teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE - Official Website |url=https://www.vckolkata63.org/history.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.vckolkata63.org |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909125723/https://www.vckolkata63.org/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the number of students increased rapidly and the lack of accommodation fell sharply, it was again shifted in 1959 to new spacious premises at [[Thakurpukur]] having a sprawling campus area of about 6.17 acres of land where the present college buildings were constructed with capital grants retrieved from the Ministry of Rehabilitation. In 1961, 29 August, the women's section of the original college building of Barisha got a status of separate independent college, named as [[Vivekananda College for Women]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=বড়িশা, কলকাতা |first=বিবেকানন্দ মহিলা মহাবিদ্যালয় |date=2011-08-28 |title=সুবর্ণলেখাঃ সুবর্ণজয়ন্তী স্মারক সংকলন |url=https://vivekanandacollegeforwomen.org/Golden-Jubilee.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815061854/http://www.vivekanandacollegeforwomen.org/Golden-Jubilee.php?p=30 |archive-date=2022-08-15 |access-date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> On 12 January 1963, [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s birth centenary ceremony was celebrated at Vivekananda College. The program was inaugurated by the then State Government Minister [[Saila Kumar Mukherjee]]. Eminent poet, novelist and editor [[Achintya Kumar Sengupta]] was also present there on that occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ফিরে দেখা |first=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা |date=13 January 1963 |title=বীর সন্ন্যাসী বিবেকানন্দ |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/january/firey_dekha.html |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=archives.anandabazar.com |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074157/https://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/january/firey_dekha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Academics==
It is a co-educational College offering Undergraduate (UG) courses in Arts, Science and Commerce streams. The college offers a three year B.Sc. Honours and General courses in 12 varied subjects namely [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Mathematics]], [[Zoology]], [[Botany]], [[Environmental science|Environmental Science]], [[Computer science|Computer Science]], [[Economics]], [[Electronics]], [[Biochemistry]], [[Statistics]] and [[Geography]]. The college offers a three year B.A. Honours and General courses in varied subjects like [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[History]], [[Political science|Political Science]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Philosophy]], [[Journalism]] & [[Mass communication|Mass Communication]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC |title=Handbook of Universities |last2=Gupta |first2=Ameeta |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-269-0607-9 |volume=1 |pages=169 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, three other subjects like [[Human rights|Human Rights]], [[Women's studies|Women Studies]] and [[Film studies]] are also taught as B.A. General course. The college offers a three year B.Com. Honours and General course in [[Accounting]] and [[Finance]].

This college also offers Postgraduate (PG) programmes in several courses affiliated to [[University of Calcutta]] from the session 2016-17. Those courses are M.A. in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[History]] and M.Sc. in [[Physics]], [[Zoology]].

Apart from this traditional molds of course pattern, Vivekananda college has introduced some short-term self-financing courses with UGC-sponsored vocational courses like [[Bioinformatics]], [[Financial accounting]], Secretarial practice, [[Journalism]], [[Mass communication]], [[Film studies]], [[Photography]] etc. The college offers a six month Certificate Course on Basic Photography in self-finance mode. The college also offered skill oriented programmes on Ornamental Fish Culture and [[Photojournalism]] & [[Videography]], under UGC sponsorship.{{sfn|2nd Cycle of Accreditation|2015|p=30-32}}

===Publishing===
The college, since 2007, has been regularly publishing its [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[Academic journal|research journal]] ''Bodhi''. Each volume of the journal consists of three separate issues: ''Bodhi Artham'' (a journal of [[Economics]], Commerce and Management), ''Bodhi Kala'' (a journal of [[Humanities]]) and ''Bodhi Bijnana'' (a journal of [[Science]]). The journal has the ISSN 2277-4831.{{sfn|2nd Cycle of Accreditation|2015|p=102}}

=== Accreditation and recognition ===
Vivekananda College is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). In 2004, Vivekananda College was awarded "B++" status in the first cycle of the college's accreditation by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC). In 2016, it was re-accredited and awarded '''"Grade A"''' status in the second cycle of the college's accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bengaluru |first=National Assessment and Accreditation Council |date=2022-12-29 |title=Peer Team Report On Institutional Re-Accreditation |url=http://218.248.45.212/naac_EC/ShowPdf.aspx?Field1=College&Field2=Vivekananda+College&Field3=Kolkata&Field4=WB&Field5=Cycle2&Field6=11361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229111229/http://218.248.45.212/naac_EC/ShowPdf.aspx?Field1=College&Field2=Vivekananda+College&Field3=Kolkata&Field4=WB&Field5=Cycle2&Field6=11361 |archive-date=2022-12-29 |access-date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> Vivekananda College has a campaign of ''‘Clean and Green Campus’'' recognised by NAAC Peer team on 2014 State-wise Analysis of Accreditation Reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=December 2004 |first=NAAC |date= |title=State-wise Alanysis of Accreditation Reports - West Bengal 2004 |url=http://naac.gov.in/docs/Analysis%20of%20Accreditation%20Reports/Analysis-West_Bengal.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229141558/http://naac.gov.in/docs/Analysis%20of%20Accreditation%20Reports/Analysis-West_Bengal.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-29 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=naac.gov.in |place=31}}</ref>

In 2013-14, it was ranked 1st in the ranking of ''[[India Today]]'s Nielsen survey'' as the best science college in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> All-over India, Vivekananda College was ranked 27th by the ''[[Living Media|India Today Group's]] survey'' on best colleges in science stream and 1st among the colleges in [[West Bengal]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of India's Top Science Colleges in 2017 by India Today Group |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2017/science-bestcollege |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909125806/https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2017/science-bestcollege |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable faculties==
*[[Jibanananda Das]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandhopadhyay |first=Durgadas |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266863 |title=Jibanananda : Jiban O Kabitar Alochana |year=1960 |location=Kolkata |pages=59 |language=Bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudra |first=Subrata |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.454435 |title=Jibanananda : Jiban Aar Sristi |publisher=Nath Publishing |year=1960 |isbn=8187095520 |location=Kolkata |pages=942 |language=Bn}}</ref> - an Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in the [[Bengali language]].
* Jibendra Singha Roy - a Bengali writer.

== See also ==
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*{{Cite web |last=2nd Cycle of Accreditation |first=Vivekananda College |date= 2015|title=Self Study Report NAAC 2015 |url=http://vckolkata63.org/iqac/SSR_Vivekananda_College.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055603/http://vckolkata63.org/iqac/SSR_Vivekananda_College.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-12 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=vckolkata63.org}}

==External links==
*[https://www.vckolkata63.org/ Vivekananda College - Official website]
*[https://www.caluniv.ac.in University of Calcutta]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Calcutta}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1950]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in West Bengal]]

Triptimoy Aich

2025-07-28T18:58:25Z

HungHay8926976: Creating Some Entry Initial Version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Triptimoy Aich''' was an [[India]]n politician, belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was born on 22 August 1942 in [[Comilla]], the son of Sachindra Chandra Aich. He studied at В. В. College in Asansol, and later at the University College of Law, obtaining B.Sc. and LL.B. degrees. He worked as a lawyer and was involved in trade union organising. As of the early 1970 he was the general secretary of the Asansol Block Congress Committee and a member of the Burdwan District Congress Committee.<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=I78yAAAAMAAJ Who's who 1972: General Election, March 1972]''. West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat, 1974. p. 3</ref> He was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]] from the [[Hirapur Assembly constituency|Hirapur constituency]].<ref name=who/><ref name=wb72/> He obtained 19,068 votes (48.62%).<ref name=wb72>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aich, Triptimoy}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Comilla]]

O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya

2025-07-06T21:30:55Z

HungHay8926976:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| starring = [[O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya#Cast|See Below]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company = [[4 Lions Films|4 Lion Films]]
| cinematography =
| channel = [[Channel V India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|06|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014|10|03|df=yes}}
}}

'''''O Gujariya: Badlein Chal Duniya''''' is an Indian television series which aired on [[Channel V India]] from 29 June 2014 through 3 Oct 2014. It is the eighth television series of [[4 Lions Films]]. The show was directed towards the youth college life based in Jabalpur City. The show ends because of differences between the channel and the production house.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/breaking-news-o-gujariya-end-abruptly-140929|title=Breaking News: O Gujariya to end abruptly|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>

==Overview==

Vaibhavi Singh is a spirited teenager who returns to her hometown Jabalpur to pursue her mission. Her life has two goals - one is to become an IAS officer and secondly to clear her father's name Anirudh Singh Chauhan who was labelled a traitor. Her father, an IAS officer was an honest man serving in the Indian Ammunition Factory of Jabalpur. He gets arrested and fails to prove his innocence. Unable to take the insult and pressure, he commits suicide in jail. His wife and a much younger Vaibhavi are subjected to torture and shame by Jabalpur people. The mother and daughter are forced to leave the city. It is revealed that Anirudh was framed by his own best friends who were corrupted and were involved in illegal activities.

Vaibhavi, now 18 years old comes back to Jabalpur to prove her father's innocence by becoming an IAS officer. Having witnessed atrocities by people at an early age, Vaibhavi has developed anger, hate and disgust for the society and turns out to be an angry young woman. Vaibhavi decides to take admission into the same college Harivansh Rai College where her father graduated. She finds an empty frame in the wall of fame board which once belonged to her father. Vaibhavi vows to avenge people that wronged her father and clear his name by any means necessary. On the first day of her college, Vaibhavi locks horns with Natahsa a daughter of a well known surgeon in Jabalpur and Ada Siddiqui the daughter of the well known industrialist. Natasha is bold, spirited and an open minded girl and Ada displays an attitude of an arrogant girl but she is soft from inside. Both of their fathers are best friends and happens to be trusties of college. Vaibhavi, Natasha and Ada collide on various occasions which makes them bitter towards each other.

Enter three young men into the story. Shaurya Scindia who is the president/head boy of the college who fights for the rights of students and also a bright student. He is known to be the perfect guy and the whole college is fond of him. He helps out every student and Vaibhavi becomes his center of attraction. He befriends her to solve her problems at various occasions and ultimately falls for her. He displays his feelings and affection for her at many levels but Vaibhavi is never sure whether she likes him or not. She remains confused about her feelings towards Shaurya but acknowledges him as his good friend. Kabir Scindia the younger brother of Shaurya is the complete opposite of him. He is a spoilt brat who doesn't believe in love and relationships. He is a Casanova who hooks up with various women until Natasha comes in his life and changes the picture. She brings a change in his life. Also she learns that Kabir has a past that brought a bitter change in his personality but Natasha changes him for good. Kabir is also friends with Ada, Vaibhavi and Samar and shares a bitter sweet bond with his brother Shaurya.

Meanwhile, Samar Khan is the friend of Junaid who is the fiancée of Ada and is about to marry her soon. As luck would have it, Samar studies in the same college where Ada does. Junaid lives in Karachi, Pakistan and he has asked Samar to keep an eye on Ada and ultimately takes care of her. Samar and Ada starts to develop feelings for her as Samar is genuinely good-hearted while Junaid is often rude and crude towards Ada. All three love stories blossom but they do not reach a conclusion. Natasha, Ada and Vaibhavi all become friends however, Vaibhavi is unaware of the fact that the men who wronged her father are no one else but fathers of Natasha and Ada.

Shaurya discovers the truth about Vaibhavi and tries to help her but she rejects his help. He proposes to her which she again rejects. Hurt by this, Shaurya eventually accepts an offer of Internship from Nasik and leaves the city heartbroken. Vaibhavi feels for Shaurya but decides to concentrate on her mission. To make things worse, Veer Pratap Singh a son of a well named Minister enters her life and the two lock horns with each other. Ada ultimately tells her family she does not want to marry Junaid. She also leaves the city and goes abroad and joins a home science course.

Vaibhavi's truth gets discovered by Professor Rao in the college and it is revealed that he, Natasha's father and Ada's father were responsible in framing Vaibhavi's father. Professor Rao feels guilty and decides to speak the truth but gets kidnapped by the goons sent by Siddiqui. Veer manages to rescue the Professor and he confesses his crime in the college. Natasha's father is arrested while Ada's father flees. Vaibhavi manages to clear out her father's name and an event is held in Harivansh Rai College for his honor.

The show ends with the teenagers standing in a line displaying emotions of courage, determination and valor.

==Cast==
*[[Saanvi Talwar]] as Natasha Jaiswal <ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/and-more/vidya-balan-inspires-saanvi-talwar-on-screen_1815216.html|title=Vidya Balan inspires Saanvi Talwar on-screen|date=27 October 2015|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>
*Snehal Pandey/[[Swati Negi]] as Vaibhavi Singh Chauhan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/shocking-news-snehal-pandey-the-lead-of-o-gujariya-replaced-140903|title=Shocking news: Snehal Pandey, the lead of O Gujariya replaced|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>
*Neha Luthra as Ada
*Apoorv Singh as Shaurya Scindia
*[[Randeep Rai]] as Kabir Scindia
*[[Aakash Ahuja]] as Samar Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/aakash-ahuja-of-o-gujariya-fame-enter-qubool-hai-150414|title=Aakash Ahuja of O Gujariya fame to enter Qubool Hai|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>
*Aayush Shah as Balli
*Kapil Verma as Junaid
*Rahul Tiwari as Anirudh Singh Chauhan (Vaibhavi's father)
*Sanjay Nath as Professor Rao
*[[Ankit Bhardwaj]] as Viren<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ankit-bhardwaj-channel-vs-ogujariya-add-drama-the-love-triangle-140806|title=Ankit Bhardwaj in Channel V's O'Gujariya; to add drama in the love triangle|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>
*[[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Veer Partap Singh<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Shaleen-Malhotra-to-return-to-TV-with-a-negative-role/movie-review/41612286.cms|title=Shaleen Malhotra to return to TV with a negative role - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 September 2014 |publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref>

==Trivia==
*The show was initially named "O Womaniya". The title was changed thereafter to avoid copyright issues and thus became "O Gujariya"
*Character's names from the show were changed too. While the earlier names of the characters Vaibhavi, Natasha and Ada were Pooja, Sapna and Reshma, Apoorv's character was initially named Karan and Randeep's character was initially named Rahul. The creative decisions were later taken and their names changed to "Shaurya" and "Kabir" respectively.
*The show bore heavy inspiration from a TV show [[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]] and Vaibhavi's character was based the familiar lines of Naina, where she portrays a strong willed, anti-social, aggressive and straightforward girl. And also having a similar mission to clear a family member's name from being a traitor. This character was played by actress Snehal Pandey. Later, due to storyline and casting changes, the character's sketch was changed to a far more sober and friendly girl. This version was portrayed by Swati Negi. The supporting characters had similar arcs related to the characters of that show.
*During its original run, the show could not achieve huge viewership unlike other Channel V shows. However, the show's sudden and abrupt ending evoked a lot of attention from the audiences and over the years, the show has turned into a cult classic.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/#!/o-gujariya---badlein-chal-duniya-644-s Official Website on Hotstar]
*{{IMDb title|6477716}}

{{Channel V India Shows}}
{{4 Lions Films}}

[[Category:Channel V India original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series about teenagers]]
[[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Madhya Pradesh]]

Charu Nivedita

2025-04-13T17:47:57Z

HungHay8926976:

{{Short description|Tamil-language writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Charu Nivedita
| image = Charu Nivedita.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Charu Nivedita
| birth_name = K. Arivazhagan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1953|12|18}}
| birth_place = Idumbavanam, [[Thiruvarur]] (then: [[Thanjavur]]), Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, Novelist
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = [[Autofiction]], Transgressive Fiction, [[Metafiction]], [[Postmodernism]]
| notableworks = ''[[Zero Degree]]'', ''Marginal Man'', ''Morgue Keeper''
| spouse = Avanthika
| website = {{URL|http://charunivedita.com//}}
{{URL|http://charuonline.com/blog/}}
| portaldisp = y
}}

'''Charu Nivedita''' aka Charu (born 18 December 1953) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] writer based in [[Chennai]], [[India]].

His novel ''[[Zero Degree]]'' (1998) was translated into English in 2013 and longlisted that year for the annual [[Jan Michalski Prize for Literature]].<ref name="michalski">{{cite web |url=http://www.fondation-janmichalski.com/en/prix-jan-michalski/edition-2013/ |title=Edition 2013 |publisher=Fondation-janmichalski.com |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> It was also selected or the prestigious ''50 Writers, 50 Books - The Best of Indian Fiction'', published in 2013 by [[HarperCollins]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/the-best-of-indian-fiction/article4890205.ece|title=The best of Indian fiction|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 July 2013|publisher=|access-date=7 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/print-pick/article5083445.ece|title=Print Pick|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 September 2013|publisher=|access-date=7 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Charu uses [[Post-modernism|postmodern]] themes in his writing. He was selected as one among 'Top Ten Indians of the Decade 2001 - 2010' by ''[[The Economic Times]]''. He is inspired by [[Marquis de Sade]] and [[Andal]].<ref name="hotbetween">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article200578.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221160638/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article200578.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2014 |title=Hot between the lines |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

In addition, he has written essays published in such magazines as ''[[Art Review]] Asia'', ''[[The Asian Age]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Charu Nivedita |url=http://archive.asianage.com/charu-nivedita-390 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=The Asian Age}}</ref> and ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130424/commentary-op-ed/commentary/poor-writers-naked-rajas|title=Poor writers, naked rajas|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027202202/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130424/commentary-op-ed/commentary/poor-writers-naked-rajas|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

His most recent novel, ''Conversations With Aurangzeb,'' was released in October 2023. It is part satire and part historical fiction, exploring the enigmatic persona of the controversial 17th-century Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. This Novel won the [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword]] Award in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=From Twinkle Khanna to Ruskin Bond: Big Winners at Crossword Book Awards 2024 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/books/features/from-twinkle-khanna-to-ruskin-bond-big-winners-at-crossword-book-awards-2024-article-116127147#:~:text=Popular%20Choice%20Award:%20Charu%20Nivedita,%20Translated%20by%20Nandini%20Krishnan%20for%20Conversations%20with%20Aurangzeb%20published%20by%20HarperCollins%20Publishers%20India |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Works available in English===
# [[Zero Degree]] (Novel)
# Marginal Man (Novel)
# To Byzantium: A Turkey Travelogue
# Unfaithfully Yours (Collection of articles)
# [[Morgue Keeper]] (Selected short stories)
# Towards a Third Cinema (Articles on Latin American Cinema)
# ''Conversations With Aurangzeb''

===Novels===
# Existentialism and Fancy Baniyan - Tamil / Malayalam
# Zero Degree - Tamil / English / Malayalam
# Rasa Leela
# Kaamarooba Kathaigal
# Thegam
# Marginal Man (Tamil title was named 'Puthiya Exile') - Tamil / English
# Conversations With Aurangzeb (Tamil title was ''Naanthaan Aurangzeb'')

===Short stories===
# Carnataka Murasum Naveena Tamil Ilakiyathin Meethana Oru Amaipiyal Aayvum - Collection of short stories, published along with Nagaarchunan and Sylvia, aka M.D. Muthukumarasamy
# Nano
# Madumitha Sonna Pambu Kathaigal
# Shakespeare-in Minnanjal Mugavari (Shakespeare's e-mail address)
# Kadal Kanni - Short stories translated from world literature
# Oorin miga azhagaana Pen – Translated short stories from world Literature
# Muthukkal Pathu - Selected short stories
# Morgue Keeper - Selected short stories in English in Kindle
# "Diabolically Yours", in [[Exotic Gothic]], Volume 5

===Collection of articles===
# Konal Pakkangal - Part 1
# Konal Pakkankal - Part 2
# Konal Pakkangal - Part 3
# Dhisai Ariyum Paravaigal
# Moodupani Saalai
# Varambu Meeriya Pradhigal
# Thoppul Thalangal
# Kalagam Kaadhal Isai
# Dante-yin Siruththai
# Yenakku Kuzhandhaigalai Pidikadhu
# Kadavulum Nanum
# Kalaiyum Kaamamum
# Kadavulum Saithaanum
# Sarasam Sallabam Saamiyar
# Vaazhvadhu eppadi
# Ketta vaarththai
# [[Malawi]] endroru Desam
# Azaadhi Azaadhi Azaadhi
# Adhigaaram Amaidhi Sudhanthiram
# Kanavugalin mozhipeyarppaalan
# Manamkoththi paravai
# Enge Un Kadavul?
# Kadaisip Pakkangal
# Vetrulagavaasiyin Diarykkuripugal
# Pazhuppu Nirap Pakkangal - Part 1
# Pazhuppu Nirap Pakkangal - Part 2
# Pazhuppu Nirap Pakkangal - Part 3
# Nadodiyin Natkuripugal
# Medusavin Mathukoppai
# Kanavu Cappucino Konjam Chatting - 1
# Kanavu Cappucino Konjam Chatting - 2
# Kanavugalin Mozhipayarpalan
# Itchaigalin Irulveli
# To Byzantium - A Turkey Travelogue (Tamil title was named 'Nilavu Theyatha Thesam) - Tamil/English
# Unfaithfully Yours - Collection of articles
# Mazhaiya Peigirathu
# Anithavin anthapuram

===Play===
# Rendaam Aattam
# Antonin Artaud - Oru Kilarchikkaranin Udal

===Cinema review===
# Latin American Cinema
# Cinema: Alainthuthiribavanin Azhagiyal
# Theeraakaadhali
# Cinema Cinema
# Naragaththilirundhu oru kural
# Kanavugalin Nadanam
# Towards a Third Cinema
# Oliyin Perunchalanam

===Collection of interviews===
# Ozhunginmaiyin Veriyaattam
# Ichchaigalin Irulveli (Second edition of the erstwhile Paaliyal - Oru Urayaadal that comes with the new title)

===Question and Answers===
# Arugil Varaadhey
# Aram Porul Inbam

==Awards and accolades==
* ''Zero Degree'' was selected for the ''50 Writers, 50 Books - The Best of Indian Fiction'', edited by Chandra Siddan and Pradeep Sebastian, published by [[HarperCollins]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* He was selected as among 'Top Ten Indians of the Decade 2001 - 2010' by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.
* ''Zero Degree'' (in English) was long-listed for the 2013 edition of [[Jan Michalski Prize for Literature|Jan Michalski Prize]].<ref name="michalski" />
* ''Zero Degree'' was selected in 2013 as one of "fifteen lesser known yet incredible Indian novels" by Mensxp.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensxp.com/culture/arts/36811-15-lesser-known-yet-incredible-indian-authors-you-should-read-instead-of-chetan-bhagat-durjoy-dutta.html|title=15 Lesser Known Yet Incredible Indian Authors You Should Read Instead Of Chetan Bhagat & Durjoy Dutta|date=11 May 2017 |publisher=Mensxp.com| access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
*''[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu]]'' included Nivedita in its list of "Manathil Pathintha Mugangal 25" (Twenty-Five Eminent Personalities of [[Tamil Nadu]]) in its [[Diwali]] Malar 2014.
*He received the Kannadasan Award in 2019.
*''Naanthaan Aurangzeb'' was selected as the best novel of the year 2021 by Vasagasalai.
* He received the 2022 [[Vishnupuram Award|Vishnupuram award]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/charu-nivedita-chosen-for-vishnupuram-literary-award/article66234074.ece | title=Charu Nivedita chosen for Vishnupuram literary award | newspaper=The Hindu | date=7 December 2022 }}</ref> a literary award instituted by Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam.
* ''Conversations With Aurangzeb'' won the [[Crossword Book Award|Crossword]] Award in 2024.

==Literary contemporaries on Charu Nivedita==
*[[Vahni Capildeo]] places Charu Nivedita on par with [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[James Joyce]] and [[Jean Genet]], in her article in the [[Caribbean Review of Books]].<ref name="caribbeanreviewofbooks.com">{{cite web |title=CRB • Questions of approach, part 3 • Vahni Capildeo |url=http://caribbeanreviewofbooks.com/crb-archive/21-may-2010/questions-of-approach-3/ |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=caribbeanreviewofbooks.com}}</ref>
*In his foreword to the [[Malayalam]] translation of ''Zero Degree'', [[Paul Zacharia]] wrote, "It is like an open experimental laboratory. Amidst the smoke, noxious vapors, and beautiful imagery, I experienced a wondrous journey."<ref name="zacharia">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/news/27588632_1_novel-tamil-language-dravidian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906053216/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/news/27588632_1_novel-tamil-language-dravidian|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2012|title=My novel was treated like a song of freedom: Charunivedita|work=The Economic Times|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*[[Tarun Tejpal]] wrote that ''Zero Degree'' is remarkable for its experimental voice and its varying and shifting tonalities.<ref name="tejpal">{{cite web|url=http://www.fondation-janmichalski.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Synthese_Charu-Nivedita_engl.pdf|title=JAN MICHALSKI PRIZE FOR LITERATURE
|publisher=Fondation-janmichalski.com|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*[[Anil Menon]] considers ''Zero Degree'' bold and ambitious.<ref name="menon">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2009/11/exclusive_interview_anil_menon/|title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Anil Menon|work=SF Signal|date=10 November 2009 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*Translator Jason Grunebaum considers ''Zero Degree'' "wildly exciting".<ref name="grunebaum">{{cite web|url=http://quarterlyconversation.com/the-jason-grunebaum-interview|title=The Jason Grunebaum Interview|work=Quarterly Conversation|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

==Public events==
===Literary festivals===
* Charu Nivedita was one of the invitees for the 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/ContentAttachments/Publications/DiaryFiles/585612October172011_Annual%20Report%202011.pdf|title=Indian International Centre : Annual report 2010-2011|publisher=Iicdelhi.nic.in|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> and 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhiexpatclub.com/profiles/blogs/events-in-the-city-march-7-to|title=EVENTS IN THE CITY, MARCH 7 TO MARCH 14|publisher=Delhiexpatclub.com|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104225423/http://delhiexpatclub.com/profiles/blogs/events-in-the-city-march-7-to|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> editions of ''Almost Island Dialogues'', [[New Delhi]].
* He was one of the invitees for the [[Hay Festival]] 2010, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/schedule-for-hay-festival-in-kerala-november-12-to-november-14/article878929.ece|title=Schedule for Hay Festival in Kerala (November 12 to November 14)|work=The Hindu|date=10 November 2010 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/Hay-Session-A-Song-of-Celebration-A-Song-of-Freedom|title=Hay Session: 'A Song of Celebration, A Song of Freedom' - Trivandrum News - Yentha.com|publisher=Yentha.com|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104142534/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/Hay-Session-A-Song-of-Celebration-A-Song-of-Freedom|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Hay Festival]] 2011, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] was inaugurated at the British Deputy High Commission, [[Chennai]] by Mike Nithavrianakis, the then Deputy High Commissioner, followed by a reading of an excerpt from Charu Nivedita's works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article243978.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221154930/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article243978.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2014|title=Run-up to Hay Festival on in full swing in city|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* He was one of the invitees for the 2012 edition of [[Jaipur Literary Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/index/program-2011/21-jan-2012-program/|title=21 Jan: Day 2 - Jaipur Literature Festival 2012|publisher=Jaipurliteraturefestival.org|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130164432/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/index/program-2011/21-jan-2012-program/|archive-date=30 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/index/program-2011/22-jan-2012-program/|title=22 Jan: Day 3 - Jaipur Literature Festival 2012|publisher=Jaipurliteraturefestival.org|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130165030/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/index/program-2011/22-jan-2012-program/|archive-date=30 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article334555.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221160617/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article334555.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2014|title=I'm a fan of William Dalrymple: Charu Nivedita|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* He was felicitated at the Twenty Sixth Anniversary Celebration of Katha, a monthly literary magazine of [[Sambad]] (an [[Odia language|Odia]] daily) at [[Bhubaneswar]] on 10 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soumyapatnaik.in/one_news.php?id=160|title=Welcome to my web address|publisher=Soumyapatnaik.in|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106032525/http://www.soumyapatnaik.in/one_news.php?id=160|archive-date=6 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*He was one of the invitees for the Brahmaputra Literary Festival 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brahmaputraliteraryfestival.com/authors/charu-nivedita/|title=Charu Nivedita – Brahmaputra Literary Festival|website=brahmaputraliteraryfestival.com|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030627/http://brahmaputraliteraryfestival.com/authors/charu-nivedita/|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/brahmaputra-lit-fest-starts-today/15922601.shtml|title=Brahmaputra lit-fest starts today|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
*He was one of the panelists in Kerala Literature Festival 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/program-2017/ |title=Programs | KLF 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127211648/http://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/program-2017/ |archive-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/speaker/charu-nivedita/|title=KLF 2017 » CHARU NIVEDITA|website=www.keralaliteraturefestival.com|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030447/http://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/speaker/charu-nivedita/|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*He was one of the speakers the Manipal International Literature and Arts Platform 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themanipaljournal.com/2018/09/07/tamil-threats-and-transgression-charu-nivedita-on-symbols-of-diversity-in-writing/|title=Tamil, Threats and Transgression: Charu Nivedita on 'Symbols of Diversity in Writing'|date=7 September 2018|website=The Manipal Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/lively-talks-on-day-2-of-manipal-lit-fest/article24898470.ece|title=Lively talks on day 2 of Manipal lit fest|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

===Film festivals===
*Charu Nivedita was invited as the Guest of Honour on 10 March 2002 at the National Folklore Support Centre Folk Festival, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/viewFile/644/790|title=Embroidery: The Universal Thread|publisher=Indianfolklore.org|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He inaugurated the Third SIO Samvedana Vedhi International Film Festival, 2010, organised by the [[Students Islamic Organisation of India]] wing of the [[University of Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siokerala.org/filmfest/inaguration-by-charu-nivedita/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100804050459/http://siokerala.org/filmfest/inaguration-by-charu-nivedita/|title={{as written|Inagu|ration [sic]}} by Charu nivedita - Examined Life - International Film Festival|archive-date=4 August 2010|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He inaugurated the International Film Festival of Tamil Nadu 2010, Chennai, organised by the International Tamil Film Academy and Seventh Channel Communications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-10-05/mysskin-charu-nivedita-30-10-10.html|title=Mysskin goes candid - Mysskin - Charu Nivedita - Anjathey - Chithiram Pesithadi - Tamil Movie News|publisher=Behindwoods.com|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He inaugurated the Fourth Panchajanyam International Film Festival 2011 at [[Chittur]], Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/film-fete-to-begin-tomorrow/article1104457.ece|title=Film fete to begin tomorrow|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* He inaugurated the valedictory session of the Third International Film Festival 2011, [[Kochi]], which was jointly organised by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], Heart Light Association and the [[Ernakulam]] District Information Office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/film-festival-concludes/article1593571.ece|title=Film festival concludes|author=|work=The Hindu|date=April 2011 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* At the 2013 Chennai Rainbow Film Festival (LGBT Film Festival), presented by [[Alliance Française de Madras]], he participated in the 'Panel Discussion on Media Portrayal of LGBT issues.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Rainbow-fest-ends-on-a-colourful-note/2013/06/10/article1627573.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221154921/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Rainbow-fest-ends-on-a-colourful-note/2013/06/10/article1627573.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2014|title=Rainbow fest ends on a colourful note|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaysifamily.com/2013/05/31/chennai-rainbow-film-festival-press-release/|title=Chennai Rainbow Film Festival (Press Release)|work=Gaysi|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

===Lectures and meets===
* Charu Nivedita delivered the 2009 [[Paul Chirakkarode]] Memorial Lecture at [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/greenyouth/ULtg-mM-Pmw/rdnY8dBX-ygJ|title=Google Groups|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* He was invited to speak at the valedictory function of ‘Thattakaperuma,' a series of programmes to observe the second death anniversary of [[Kovilan]], Malayalam writer at [[Thrissur]] on 3 June 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/quality-of-literature-down-charu-nivedita/article3488460.ece|title=Quality of literature down: Charu Nivedita|work=The Hindu|date=3 June 2012 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He delivered the commemoration speech at the '[[Bob Marley]] Cultural Fest' on 11 May 2010 at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialistplatform.blogspot.in/2010/05/bob-marley-cultural-fest-2010.html|title=Socialistplatform|date=May 2010 |publisher=Socialistplatform.blogspot.in|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/brights-india/mY9vPaD9iT8|title=Google Groups|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He was one of the panelists at the [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] Speak Out debate 2010, Chennai on the subject 'Moral Policing in a Democracy'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article289140.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222165003/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article289140.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2014|title='Moral policing' at the fore of debate|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

===Social activism===
<gallery>
Charu_speaks_among_Velichikala_adivasis,_May_12,_2008.jpg|Charu Nivedita at Velichikala - Anti-clay mining protest, May 12, 2008
Velichikka_-_charu_2.jpg|Charu Nivedita at Velichikala
Charu_@_athirappilly_hunger_strike_77th_day_hnuger_strike.jpg |Charu Nivedita at Plachimada Anti-Coca-Cola Relay Hunger Strike, 77th day, May 13, 2008
</gallery>
*He was invited as the chief guest of Sambavas' annual celebrations (a [[Dalit]] caste) at [[Chalakudy]] in Kerala on 11 May 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charuonline.com/may2008/amazon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224125435/http://www.charuonline.com/may2008/amazon.html|title=:: CHARUNIVEDITA ::|archive-date=24 December 2008|publisher=Charuonline.com|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He inaugurated a meeting and spoke among the adivasis protesting against wanton clay mining at Velichikala, near [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/claymining-convention-to-mark-third-anniversary-of-stir/article1256391.ece|title=Clay-mining: convention to mark third anniversary of stir|work=The Hindu|date=11 May 2008 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He addressed a gathering of Plachimada villagers who were on a relay hunger strike against [[Coca-Cola]]'s wanton over-drawing of groundwater and polluting water bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charuonline.com/may2008/aathira.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224125055/http://www.charuonline.com/may2008/aathira.html|title=:: CHARUNIVEDITA ::|archive-date=24 December 2008|publisher=Charuonline.com|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He marched with villagers protesting against [[Coca-Cola]] and [[Pepsi]]'s wanton overdrawing of groundwater at [[Kanjikode]], near [[Palakkad]] on 29 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charuonline.com/aug08/mathru.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219224833/http://www.charuonline.com/aug08/mathru.html|title=കുടിവെള്ളം ചോര്ത്തുന്ന കോളക്കമ്പനികളെ ജനകീയ ശക്തികൊണ്ട്‌ നേരിടണം -ചാരുനിവേദിത|archive-date=19 December 2008|publisher=Charuonline.com|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*He inaugurated a symposium on Mullaiperiyar Dam issue organized by 'Uyiru', a joint cultural forum of Tamil and Malayalam writers and social activists on 7 July 2012 at [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/discussion-on-mullaperiyar-dam-to-be-held-in-kottayam/article3598894.ece|title=Discussion on Mullaperiyar dam to be held in Kottayam|author=|work=The Hindu|date=3 July 2012 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

=='Zero Degree' in Academics==
* ''Zero Degree'' was on the curriculum in Spring 2010 in a Comparative World Literature course, taught by Jordan Smith, at [[California State University, Long Beach]] (CSULB).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uglywords.wordpress.com/2012/03/02/on-charu-niveditas-zero-degree-trans-by-pritham-k-chakravarthy-rakesh-khanna/#comment-179|title=On Charu Nivedita's 'Zero Degree' (Trans. by Pritham K. Chakravarthy & Rakesh Khanna) - In a Brown Study|work=In a Brown Study|date=2 March 2012 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[University of Rochester]] has included ''Zero Degree'' in its translation program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rochester.edu/College/translation/threepercent/index.php?id=1412|title=Three Percent: Blaft Publications and Zero Degree|publisher=Rochester.edu|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rochester.edu/College/translation/threepercent/index.php?id=1911|title=Three Percent: Interview with Rakesh Kumar of Blaft|publisher=Rochester.edu|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
* The [[Malayalam]] translation of ''Zero Degree'' is in the curriculum for postgraduate students at the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]].
* An [[IIT Guwahati]] research article terms [[Zero Degree]] a metamodern novel.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.drishtithesight.com/volume-viii/is-charu-niveditas-zero-degree-an-exercise-in-metamodernism | title=Is Charu Nivedita's Zero Degree an exercise in Metamodernism? – Drishti }}</ref>

==Quotations==
* "I convert my schizoid (state) into an art."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://f.vimeocdn.com/p/flash/moogaloop/6.0.21/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=35429929&color=&fullscreen=1&server=vimeo.com&show_byline=0&show_portrait=0&show_title=0&controller=player2&view=moogaloop_swf&referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fjaipurliteraturefestival.org%2Farchive%2Findex%2Fprogram-2011%2F21-jan-2012-program%2F&cdn_url=http%3A%2F%2Ff.vimeocdn.com&player_url=player.vimeo.com&moogaloop_type=moogaloop|title=Video recording|publisher=F.vimeocdn.com|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104132332/http://f.vimeocdn.com/p/flash/moogaloop/6.0.21/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=35429929&color=&fullscreen=1&server=vimeo.com&show_byline=0&show_portrait=0&show_title=0&controller=player2&view=moogaloop_swf&referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fjaipurliteraturefestival.org%2Farchive%2Findex%2Fprogram-2011%2F21-jan-2012-program%2F&cdn_url=http%3A%2F%2Ff.vimeocdn.com&player_url=player.vimeo.com&moogaloop_type=moogaloop|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* "There is nothing like planning in my literature, at any point of time. It's something which gets written between the schizoid state and dreams. Hence, with this same reason, I cannot comment on my writing. Like how I don't accept the roles of a father, a son, a lover, a friend – I despise the role of a writer too. My writing is nothing but the brush strokes of a person trying to escape from hell."
*"Hatred is a disease."

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823223527/http://www.blaft.com/cp/book_pages/6.pdf An excerpt from Zero Degree]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141105231832/http://www.tehelka.com/morgue-keeper/ Morgue Keeper Short Story]

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nivedita, Charu}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian postmodern writers]]
[[Category:Metafiction]]
[[Category:Surrealist dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian surrealist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]

Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, Mylapore

2025-03-31T06:12:12Z

HungHay8926976: further cleaned up information for clarity and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, Mylapore
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = Chennai
| location = [[Mylapore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba]]
| year_completed = 1952
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Shirdi Sai Baba Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the neighbourhood of [[Mylapore]] in Chennai, India. It is dedicated to the Indian saint [[Shirdi Sai Baba|Sai Baba]] of [[Shirdi]].

The temple was built in 1952 by one B V Narasimhaswami from [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], a Sai Baba devotee, out of money donated by a Chettiar merchant. This is considered the most trusted temple in India. The temple is the headquarters of the [[All India Sai Samaj]].

The All India Sai Samaj is an organization founded by Sri Narasimhaswamiji seven decades backs, its main object being propagation of the life and teachings of Sri Sai Baba of Shirdi. Through two decades of tireless preaching, during which he traveled almost the entire Bharat, Sri Swamiji made the name of Sri Sai Baba as familiar as that of Siva, Rama and Krishna. Sri Swamiji authored many books highlighting that Sri Sai Baba's mission was to bring together two communities opposed to each other – the Hindus and Muslims – within a common fold, that Baba promoted a religion of love with peace and harmony, and that Baba belonged to no particular religion or faith, that he was neither Hindu nor Muslim, with his birth and early life shrouded in mystery.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* Shri Datta Venkata Sai Temple
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=Temples of South=India|author=Ambujam Anantharaman|publisher=East West books|year=2006|id={{ISBN|8188661422}}, {{ISBN|9788188661428}}|page=15}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Sai Baba of Shirdi]]

St. John's High School, Nagpur

2025-03-25T05:02:58Z

HungHay8926976: general adjusted references based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Catholic secondary school in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2011}}
{{tone|date=February 2022}}
}}
'''St John's High School''' is a senior secondary school located in the Mohan Nagar area of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Established in 1880, it is one of the oldest schools in Nagpur.

==History==
St. John's High School was established by the [[Missionary|missionaries]] of [[St. Francis de Sales]] ([[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales|MSFS]]) in [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]] at the later end of the 19th century. The exact date of establishment is unknown. Since 1867, St. Francis de Sales (S.F.S) School has catered to the educational needs of [[Anglo-Indians]] and [[Demographics of Europe|European]] children. The majority of these families lived in Nagpur city as locals then. St. John's school is a new subsidiary of the (S.F.S) school which was expanded to serve the Indian Christian children. Therefore, the preferred medium of instruction was Hindi as per the local needs.

"In 1951 an agreement signed between Very Rev. Fr. A. Grorod MSFS, Superior General of the MSFS, and Bishop Gayet MSFS of Nagpur. Accordingly, St. John’s high School was handed over to the MSFS, who made it their mother house".<ref>cf. Fr. Francis Moget msfs, Shepherds for Christ, p. 111</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John's High School, Nagpur}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in India]]