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Marco (2024 film)

2026-05-31T14:53:46Z

HughStoate90988: made new details.

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Haneef Adeni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marco
| image = Marco Malayalam film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = Shareef Muhammed
| director = [[Haneef Adeni]]
| writer = Haneef Adeni
| starring = [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Jagadish]] [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] [[Abhimanyu Shammy Thilakan|Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan]]
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cinematography = [[Chandru Selvaraj]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = Cubes Entertainments
| distributor = Cubes Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|12|20}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 December 2024 |title=Marco: Unni Mukundan's film to skip the trailer release; Plot and runtime revealed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-unni-mukundans-film-to-skip-the-trailer-release-plot-and-runtime-revealed/652b42559c758 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|30 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprimetime.in/marco-is-set-to-feature-unni-mukundan-in-the-lead-role-with-a-budget-of-15-crores/amp/ |title=Marco Is Set To Feature Unni Mukundan In Lead Role With a Budget of 30 Crores |date=2 October 2023 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-starring-marco-announced-first-look-motion-poster-haneef-adeni-mikhael-movie-nivin-pauly-nsn-s1w0a5 |title=ആ വില്ലന്‍ ഇനി നായകന്‍! 30 കോടി ബജറ്റില്‍ ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്‍റെ മാര്‍കോ വരുന്നു |date=2 October 2023 |work=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174029/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-starring-marco-announced-first-look-motion-poster-haneef-adeni-mikhael-movie-nivin-pauly-nsn-s1w0a5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross ={{INR}}100 crore<ref>{{cite news |last=Entertainment Desk |first=IE |date=January 5, 2025 |title=Marco zooms past Rs 100 crore mark; becomes sixth Malayalam film to hit milestone in 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/marco-zooms-past-rs-100-crore-mark-becomes-sixth-malayalam-film-to-hit-milestone-in-2024-9761219/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=May 27, 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Marco''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film|neo-noir action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Haneef Adeni]] and produced by Shareef Muhammed under his Cubes Entertainments banner. It is the second installment to the ''Mikhael Extended Universe,'' following ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]'' (2019),{{Efn|also a standalone spin-off to ''Mikhael''}} starring [[Unni Mukundan]] in the [[titular role]] alongside an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagadish]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Abhimanyu Shammy Thilakan|Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan]], [[Anson Paul]], Ishaan Shoukath and [[Yukti Thareja]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-starring-marco-announced-first-look-motion-poster-haneef-adeni-mikhael-movie-nivin-pauly-nsn-s1w0a5 |title=ആ വില്ലന്‍ ഇനി നായകന്‍! 30 കോടി ബജറ്റില്‍ ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്‍റെ മാര്‍കോ വരുന്നു |date=2 October 2023 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/telugu/unni-mukundans-marco-to-release-in-telugu-on-1-january-2025/ |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' to release in Telugu on 1 January 2025 |website=The South First |date=27 December 2024 |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> The film is considered as the most violent film in the history of Indian cinema, leading it to generate significant controversy.

The music was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Chandru Selvaraj]] and [[Shameer Muhammed]], respectively. ''Marco'' was released worldwide on 20 December 2024, coinciding with Christmas. The film received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success at the box office and emerged as the highest-grossing [[A certificate|A-rated]] Malayalam-language film of all time and one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time]].<ref name="d">{{Cite web |title=Marco box office collection Day 1: Unni Mukundan's film beats Dulquer Salmaan's Kammatipaadam |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-box-office-collection-day-1-unni-mukundans-film-beats-dulquer-salmaans-kammatipaadam/114d244ef5963 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Korea">{{cite news |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' follows 'Baahubali' to South Korea, expanding Malayalam cinema's reach |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/02/marco-movie-violence-unni-mukundan-south-korea-release.html |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 January 2025 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102123136/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/02/marco-movie-violence-unni-mukundan-south-korea-release.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A prequel is under development.

== Plot ==

Victor, a blind person, witnesses the murder of his close friend Wasim. Despite his blindness, Victor identifies the killer by recognising the distinct scent of the killer's perfume and the killer's vehicle, a [[Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender]]. Victor's identification leads the cops to suspect that the killer is Russell, who conspired with Wasim's elder brother Tariq, to carry out the murder. Tragically, Victor gets captured by Russell, who throws him into a tub of [[hydrofluoric acid]], resulting in his death. Victor's brother George Peter, the patriarch of the Adattu family, one of the prominent crime families in Kochi, is devastated by the loss. Marco Jr, Peter's adopted brother who had been sent to [[Italy]] for safety, returns to India after learning about Victor's death. At Victor's memorial service at their local church, Marco vows to avenge Victor's death, declaring his intent to eliminate everyone involved in the heinous act, including Russell, who is present at the scene. Despite Peter's attempts to dissuade him from taking a path of violence, Marco remains resolute.

Meanwhile, Tony Issac, Russell's father and the leader of the Isaac family, a gold smuggling syndicate, manipulates the situation to his advantage and strikes a deal with Peter involving gold biscuits and a ransom, all while plotting further treachery. During Peter's return from the deal, Tony's secretary Devraj ambushes him in his car, revealing the conspiracy and fatally stabbing him. Peter survives, but is hospitalised, further enraging Marco. Peter informs Marco that Tony and Russell were responsible for Victor's death. As Marco sets out for vengeance, Russell reveals his true nature by thrashing and severely injuring Marco and using a chainsaw to sever the left arm of Marco's right-hand man Anwar. An enraged Marco retaliates, bitting off Russell's deputy Jahangir's ear, killing Russell's goons and severely injuring them with the same chainsaw. While preparing to kill Russell, Marco learns that Victor's pregnant wife Isha, is being held captive by Tony. In exchange for her release, Tony demands the Adattu family's entire gold business operations to be transferred in his name.

Marco captures and tortures Dev using [[phosgene]] gas. He confesses that Isha is at Tony's guesthouse before dying in an explosion. Marco storms the guesthouse, slaughtering Tony's henchmen brutally to rescue Isha. However, Tony deceives Marco, revealing that Isha is locked in the trunk of Russell's car. Marco and Anwar track Tony down to his farmhouse, where Tony reveals that he is bisexual and attempts to seduce them but Marco cuts off Tony's right hand using a [[katana]] and sends it to Russell, disguised as a suitcase containing company documents. In a final trap, Marco rigs Tony's chair with a detonator, which would explode when Tony is lifted off the chair. When the detonator is just about to explode, Tony is hoisted into the air, which triggers the detonator and leaves him mortally wounded. Russell stands helpless outside the warehouse and is unable to do anything but watch as Tony succumbs to his wounds, leading to his death. Meanwhile, Peter kills Tariq by hanging him.

Desperate for revenge, Russell seeks help from his elder brother, Cyrus, who is a ruthless and psychotic butcher. They launch an attack on the Adattu mansion during Isha's labour, and begin slaughtering the family. Despite Peter and Marco's valiant efforts, Cyrus and Russell kill all the members of the family, including the children, Anwar and Marco's wife Maria. Cyrus mercilessly cuts open Isha's stomach and extract her newborn child before killing her and leaves with her newborn child while severely injuring Marco, Peter and mutilating Peter's wife. Gravely injured, Marco and Peter are left to mourn their family's deaths. Peter urges Marco to avenge not only Victor, but the entire family. Marco adopts a striking and fearsome appearance and confronts Cyrus and Russell at their factory. Marco fights through their henchmen in a bloody showdown, where he kills Russell by ripping his rib cage using a crowbar and takes out his heart with his bare hand. In a climatic encounter with Cyrus, who holds the newborn child over a pool of acid, Marco decapitates him and rescues the child before pushing him into the acid. Marco completes his path of vengeance and leaves the factory with the child, while paying the ultimate price in the suffering and loss of his family.

In a post-credit scene, which takes place some time after the film's events, Marco spends time with Victor's child in a beach until a platoon of cars arrive and suddenly take the child away.

==Cast==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Marco D'Peter "Marco Jr."
** Arnav Prajith as young Marco
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as George D'Peter alias "Adattu George"
* [[Jagadish]] as Tony Isaac
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Cyrus Isaac
** Nibras K.N. as young Cyrus
* [[Abhimanyu Shammy Thilakan|Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan]] as Russell Isaac
** Vihan Shankar Raj as young Russell
* [[Anson Paul]] as Devaraj "Dev"
* Ishan Shoukath as Victor D'Peter
* [[Yukti Thareja]] as Maria Anna Paul "Mary"
* Durva Thaker as Isha Joshy
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Mathew Devassy
* [[Lishoy]] as Adattu Francis
* Mathew Varghese as Peter
* Shaji Shahid Jemshed as Anwar
* Ajit Koshy as Jahangir
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Ashok
* [[Arjun Nandhakumar]] as Tariq Rasool
* Bashid Basheer as Wasim Rasool
* Bindu Sanjeev as Elizabeth George
* Sajitha Sreejith as Ancy Mathew
* Bitto Davis as Roy Philip
* Sonia Giri as Tony's wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=New Cast Additions For Unni Mukundan's Marco |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/new-cast-additions-for-unni-mukundans-marco-article-111303480 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
* Arun Sunny as Ronymon
* Chithra Prasad as Chithra
* Saneesh Nambiar as SI Shahul Hameed
* Meera Nair as Sophie
* Nassar as DYSP Nambiar
* Raghu Chandran as City Police Commissioner
* Ramesh Menon as James
* Pravada Menon as Doctor
* Dr. Reji as Sebastian
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Mariyam D'Peter, Marco's foster mother and George's mother (photo presence)
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Imran Malik (deleted scene)
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
In October 2023, Cubes Entertainments announced ''Marco'' in which [[Unni Mukundan]] will play the lead role, with the film written and directed by Haneef Adeni. [[Unni Mukundan]] played a similar but antagonistic character of the same name in the 2019 film ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]'' starring [[Nivin Pauly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco: Shooting for the Unni Mukundan-starrer to begin soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-shooting-for-the-unni-mukundan-starrer-to-begin-soon/65b945bc9f563 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=ottplay.com |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226112849/https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-shooting-for-the-unni-mukundan-starrer-to-begin-soon/65b945bc9f563 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was expected to commence in February 2024. The film is produced by Shareef Muhammed under his Cubes Entertainments banner.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' set to go on floors in February 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-marco-set-to-go-on-floors-in-february-2024/articleshow/104362840.cms |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226194553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-marco-set-to-go-on-floors-in-february-2024/articleshow/104362840.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 June 2024 |title=First look poster of Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/first-look-poster-of-unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-1.9643488 |work=Mathrubhumi English |date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616095521/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/first-look-poster-of-unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-1.9643488 |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2024, it was reported that filming will commence in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' to go on floors soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-marco-to-go-on-floors-soon/articleshow/107888463.cms |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226124727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-marco-to-go-on-floors-soon/articleshow/107888463.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ravi Basrur]] joined the project in March 2024 to compose the music for the film. Prior to this, he was earlier announced to be part of [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]'s period epic ''[[Kaaliyan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=9 March 2024 |title=Ravi Basrur joins Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Mar/02/ravi-basrur-joins-unni-mukundans-marco |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303213312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Mar/02/ravi-basrur-joins-unni-mukundans-marco |url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 April 2024, the filmmakers confirmed that the film will start shooting in the first week of May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2024 |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' to go on floors on May 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-marco-to-go-on-floors-on-may-3/articleshow/109688670.cms |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515064136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-marco-to-go-on-floors-on-may-3/articleshow/109688670.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film has [[Chandru Selvaraj]] as the cinematographer, [[Shameer Muhammed]] as the editor, and Kalai Kingson as the action choreographer. On the teaser's launch, Shareef Muhammed assured that the film will not compromise its content, even though its teaser was edited for a much wider reach, and to comply with the CBFC's certification process for movie trailers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Makers of 'Marco' announce teaser edits for wider reach but promises no cuts for full film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-marco-announce-teaser-edits-for-wider-reach-but-promises-no-cuts-for-full-film/articleshow/114774227.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 January 2025 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref> The makers announced that the film would be released in the Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada languages alongside its original Malayalam language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=4 May 2024 |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/May/04/unni-mukundans-marco-begins |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
Grandson of [[Thilakan]] and son of actor [[Shammi Thilakan]], Abhimanyu was cast in his maiden Malayalam film.<ref name="thilakan">{{cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Legendary actor Thilakan's grandson to Debut in Unni Mukundan's Marco |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/legendary-malayalam-actor-thilakans-grandson-to-debut-in-unni-mukundans-marco-article-110225466 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174024/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/legendary-malayalam-actor-thilakans-grandson-to-debut-in-unni-mukundans-marco-article-110225466 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024 |publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Actors Siddique, Jagadish and Kabir Duhan Singh were signed for major roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco – Unni Mukundan dons new look for the first villain spin-off movie in Malayalam |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-unni-mukundan-dons-new-look-for-the-first-villain-spin-off-movie-in-malayalam/6bd1d8c8b593 |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922141806/https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-unni-mukundan-dons-new-look-for-the-first-villain-spin-off-movie-in-malayalam/6bd1d8c8b593 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yukti Thareja]], known for her appearance in the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] song "Lut Gaye" opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]], made her debut in Malayalam cinema by joining the film on 20 May 2024, which was confirmed by the filmmakers via her Instagram account.<ref name="thareja">{{cite web |date=20 May 2024 |title='Lut Gaye' Fame Actress Yukti Thareja To Join Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/yukti-thareja-to-join-unni-mukundans-marco/articleshow/110270756.cms |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/yukti-thareja-to-join-unni-mukundans-marco/amp_articleshow/110270756.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Debutante Durva Thaker joined the project earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco – The Unni Mukundan-starrer will have THIS Telugu actress as a female lead |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-female-lead-details/a43f041dc0535 |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625012032/https://www.ottplay.com/news/unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-female-lead-details/a43f041dc0535 |url-status=live}}</ref> Riyaz Khan joined the cast in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2024 |title=Riyaz Khan joins Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' in 'Adich Keri Vaa' style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/riyaz-khan-joins-unni-mukundans-marco-in-adich-keri-vaa-style/articleshow/111549805.cms |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The first schedule was held in May 2024 in [[Munnar]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 May 2024 |title=Unni Mukundan wraps up the first schedule of 'Marco' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-marco/articleshow/110209540.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2024}}</ref> The second schedule was wrapped by July 2024 in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=17 July 2024 |title=Second schedule of Unni Mukundan's Marco wraps up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/17/second-schedule-of-unni-mukundans-marco-wraps-up |work=Cinema Express |date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 July 2024 |title=Unni Mukundan's Marco Completes Second Schedule Of Shoot |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/unni-mukundans-marco-completes-second-schedule-of-shoot-article-111822114 |work=Times Now |date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718023341/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/unni-mukundans-marco-completes-second-schedule-of-shoot-article-111822114 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] was wrapped by 28 August 2024 after nearly 100 days of shooting.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 August 2024 |title='Marco': Makers call it a wrap; say the Unni Mukundan's actioner will 'redefine action genre' in the Malayalam film industry - WATCH video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-makers-call-it-a-wrap-say-the-unni-mukundans-actioner-will-redefine-action-genre-in-the-malayalam-film-industry-watch-video/articleshow/112871668.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 August 2024 |title=It is a wrap for Unni Mukundan's thriller, 'Marco' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/it-is-a-wrap-for-unni-mukundans-thriller-marco/ |work=The South First |date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112808/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/it-is-a-wrap-for-unni-mukundans-thriller-marco/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Marco
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 December 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=25|s=57}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|bfALBpJ3c3c&pp|Marco (Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

The film's music along with the background score was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 March 2024 |title='KGF'-fame Ravi Basrur on board Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' as composer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-fame-ravi-basrur-on-board-unni-mukundans-marco-as-composer/article67907048.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302104959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-fame-ravi-basrur-on-board-unni-mukundans-marco-as-composer/article67907048.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The music rights of the film were acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2024 |title='ചോരയൊലിക്കുന്ന തലയോട്ടിയും ഹെഡ്ഫോണും'; മാര്‍ക്കോ'യുടെ മ്യൂസിക് റൈറ്റ്‌സ് സോണി മ്യൂസിക്കിന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marco-movie-violent-malayalam-music-rights-sony-music-1.10054254 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=6 November 2024 |language=Malayalam |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111015606/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marco-movie-violent-malayalam-music-rights-sony-music-1.10054254 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single, titled "Blood", was released on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 November 2024 |title=First Single Titled Blood From Unni Mukundan's Marco Released! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/first-single-titled-blood-from-unni-mukundans-marco-released-article-115572976 |work=Times Now |date=22 November 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122171049/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/first-single-titled-blood-from-unni-mukundans-marco-released-article-115572976 |url-status=live}}</ref> A second version of the song, sung by [[Santhosh Venky]], was released on 25 November 2024 due to criticism of the first version from the audience.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title='Marco' promo song revamped: 'KGF' singer Santhosh Venky replaces Dabzee after audience feedback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-promo-song-revamped-kgf-singer-santhosh-venky-replaces-dabzee-after-audience-feedback/articleshow/115640333.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 November 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126011421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-promo-song-revamped-kgf-singer-santhosh-venky-replaces-dabzee-after-audience-feedback/articleshow/115640333.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Marpapa" was released on 29 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 November 2024 |title=Lyric Video Of The Banger 'Marpapa' Promo Song From Marco Released |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/lyric-video-of-the-banger-marpapa-promo-song-from-marco-released-article-115814774 |work=Times Now |date=29 November 2024 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202030924/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/lyric-video-of-the-banger-marpapa-promo-song-from-marco-released-article-115814774 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's original soundtrack was released on 21 December 2024, while a separate album containing the film's background score was released by Sony Music India on 27 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc8fzvtkzWc |title=Marco OST Jukebox {{!}} Unni Mukundan {{!}} Shareef Muhammed {{!}} Haneef Adeni {{!}} Ravi Basrur |date=27 December 2024 |last=Sony Music South |access-date=2 January 2025 |via=YouTube |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228150050/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc8fzvtkzWc |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Blood
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| music1 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| extra1 = [[Dabzee]], Rohith Siddappa, [[Santhosh Venky]]
| length1 = 3:31
| title2 = Marpapa
| lyrics2 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| music2 = Saeed Abbas
| extra2 = Baby Jean
| length2 = 2:57
| title3 = Asuran
| lyrics3 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| music3 = Ravi Basrur
| extra3 = Santhosh Venky
| length3 = 3:08
| title4 = Brother
| lyrics4 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| music4 = Ravi Basrur
| extra4 = Jithin Raj
| length4 = 3:37
| title5 = Family
| lyrics5 = Anohnymouss, Fil$
| music5 = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| extra5 = Anohnymouss, Fil$
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Blood
| note6 = Version 2
| lyrics6 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| music6 = Ravi Basrur
| extra6 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Rohith Siddappa
| length6 = 3:31
| title7 = Marpapa
| note7 = Fast Version
| lyrics7 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| music7 = Saeed Abbas
| extra7 = Baby Jean
| length7 = 2:24
| title8 = Marco Theme 1
| lyrics8 = [[Instrumental]]
| music8 = Ravi Basrur
| extra8 = Santhosh Venky
| length8 = 1:43
| title9 = Marco Teaser Theme
| lyrics9 = Instrumental
| music9 = Ravi Basrur
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length9 = 1:12
| total_length = 25:57
}}

=== Background score ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Marco
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 December 2024<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 December 2024 |title=Marco (Original Background Score) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6ooCiOMZNnbH80BpqsOdEq?si=DZmKNZuLTDuGnjmbgr06Rg |publisher=Spotify}}</ref>
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = {{Duration|h=1|m=24
|s=50}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| title1 = The Blind and The Killer
| length1 = 1:08
| title2 = Cabral 616
| length2 = 2:58
| title3 = Tony Chemicals
| length3 = 1:41
| title4 = Torso
| length4 = 1:49
| title5 = Tony's Mayhem
| length5 = 1:19
| title6 = Tony's Evil Way
| length6 = 1:30
| title7 = Daredevil
| length7 = 1:06
| title8 = Fighting Yard
| length8 = 1:33
| title9 = Fight Club
| length9 = 0:17
| title10 = George D'Peter
| length10 = 0:57
| title11 = In The Woods
| length11 = 8:01
| title12 = Russel's Plan
| length12 = 0:57
| title13 = End of Victor
| length13 = 0:37
| title14 = Marco in Fight Club
| length14 = 2:05
| title15 = Wrong Wrong Person
| length15 = 1:24
| title16 = The Epic Walk
| length16 = 2:42
| title17 = First Phase of Marco
| length17 = 1:53
| title18 = Marco's Katana
| length18 = 1:50
| title19 = Russel at Funeral
| length19 = 0:24
| title20 = Russel's Rampage
| length20 = 0:59
| title21 = The Corridor Fight
| length21 = 2:15
| title22 = The Massacre
| length22 = 9:39
| title23 = Cyrus The Butcher
| length23 = 1:59
| title24 = The Church Intro
| length24 = 2:41
| title25 = Trap for Tony
| length25 = 3:11
| title26 = The Gold Plan
| length26 = 2:01
| title27 = This is My Deal
| length27 = 3:29
| title28 = The Killer
| length28 = 3:01
| title29 = The End is Here
| length29 = 4:41
| title30 = The Staircase
| length30 = 2:43
| title31 = Dev's Blood
| length31 = 1:05
| title32 = Phosgene
| length32 = 0:53
| title33 = The Last Ride
| length33 = 11:55
| total_length = 1:24:50
}}

==Release==

===Theatrical===
''Marco'' was released on 20 December 2024, coinciding with the [[Christmas]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/id=1326563 |title=Wow! Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' poster creates huge buzz on social media |date=16 June 2024 |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 November 2024 |title=Unni Mukundan's 'Marco' locks a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/unni-mukundans-marco-locks-a-release-date/article68863205.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 November 2024 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114033711/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/unni-mukundans-marco-locks-a-release-date/article68863205.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the original [[Malayalam]] language, it was released in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Kannada]] languages. The film received an [[A certificate|A]] certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] due to its [[Violence in film|extreme bloody violence]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 December 2024 |title=Unni Mukundan's Marco clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/16/unni-mukundans-marco-clears-censorship-formalities |work=Cinema Express |date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217194857/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/16/unni-mukundans-marco-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live}}</ref> For the same reason, ''Marco'' became the first Indian action film and fifth Indian film in general to receive an R21 rating by the [[Media classifications in Singapore|IMDA]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAAGcLAAD |title=MARCO (2024) |website=[[Infocomm Media Development Authority]] |archive-date=28 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628093455/https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/Search/Film/SearchDetail.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAAGcLAAD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=Marco Movie: 21 വയസിന് മുകളിലുള്ളവർക്ക് മാത്രം കാണാം; സിംഗപ്പൂരിൽ R21 റേറ്റിംഗ് നേടുന്ന ആദ്യ ഇന്ത്യൻ ആക്ഷൻ സിനിമയായി 'മാർക്കോ' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/marco-movie-starring-unni-mukundan-becomes-the-first-indian-action-movie-to-get-r21-rating-in-singapore-217739 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102043527/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/marco-movie-starring-unni-mukundan-becomes-the-first-indian-action-movie-to-get-r21-rating-in-singapore-217739 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] in South Korea on 5 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bifan.kr/eng/ticket/schedule.asp?sc_date_info=2025-07-05 |title=Screening Schedule |website=[[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] |archive-date=28 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628111115/https://www.bifan.kr/eng/ticket/schedule.asp?sc_date_info=2025-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/16/unni-mukundan-starrer-marco-to-have-korean-premiere-at-bifan |title=Unni Mukundan-starrer Marco to have Korean premiere at BIFAN |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bifan.kr/eng/program/program_view.asp?pk_seq=8070&sc_category_seq=8006&sc_num=1&actEvent=view& |title=Marco | Adrenaline Ride | BIFAN |website=[[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] |archive-date=28 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628091751/https://www.bifan.kr/eng/program/program_view.asp?pk_seq=8070&sc_category_seq=8006&sc_num=1&actEvent=view&}}</ref> It also premiered in Germany at the [[Fantasy Filmfest]] in September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fantasyfilmfest.com/en/marco/|title=Marco|website=[[Fantasy Filmfest]]|archive-date=27 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927080254/https://fantasyfilmfest.com/en/marco/}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was released on [[SonyLIV]] on 14 February 2025 in Malayalam along with dubbed versions in the Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 January 2025 |title=Marco OTT release: When and where to watch Unni Mukundan's gory thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/marco-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-unni-mukundans-gory-thriller-2672929-2025-01-31 |work=India Today |date=31 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 January 2025 |title=Marco OTT release date confirmed! When and where to watch Unni Mukundan, Kabir Duhan Singh's violent action-thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-and-where-to-watch-unni-mukundan-kabir-duhan-singhs-violent-action-thriller/917af2ce5b563 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref> The Hindi-dubbed version began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 27 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 February 2025 |title=Marco Hindi OTT release: When and where to watch Unni Mukundan's action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/marco-hindi-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-unni-mukundans-action-thriller/articleshow/118605526.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2025}}</ref> Initially, an uncut version of the film was to be released on both streaming services, but after complaints were sent to the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], the theatrical version got released on the platforms instead.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 February 2025 |title=No Uncut Version For Marco's OTT Release; Makers Cite Multiple Complaints To Ministry Of Broadcasting As Reason |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/no-uncut-version-for-marcos-ott-release-makers-cite-multiple-complaints-to-ministry-of-broadcasting-as-reason-article-118218281 |work=Times Now |date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

The film's French [[Blu-ray]] was released on 25 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Marco-Blu-ray/390297/|title=Marco Blu-ray (France)|website=Blu-ray Forum|archive-date=10 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710151002/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Marco-Blu-ray/390297/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectrumfilms.fr/prochainement/187-product-3760247202663.html|title=Marco|website=Spectrum Films|archive-date=10 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710151716/https://www.spectrumfilms.fr/prochainement/187-product-3760247202663.html}}</ref> The film was physically released in Germany on 15 January 2026 (initially scheduled for an 11 December 2025 release)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Marco-4K-Blu-ray/398361/|title=Marco 4K Blu-ray (Mediabook) (Germany)|website=Blu-ray Forum}}</ref> on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-Ray, and DVD, alongside a limited and serialized 4K Ultra HD and Blu-Ray mediabook combo pack that includes a 24-page booklet and a removable cover. The mediabook release is sold in seven individual cover variants, with every single one being limited to 333 copies (except for the last one, which only has 222 copies). All the German physical media releases of the film have a German-language audio track and subtitles in addition to the film's original Malayalam-language audio track and English subtitles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bluray-disc.de/blu-ray-news/filme/156742-brutale_action_aus_indien_marco_ab_1112_auf_ultra_hd_bluray_im_mediabook_mit_sieben_covermotiven|title=Brutale Action aus Indien: "Marco" ab 11.12. auf Ultra HD Blu-ray im Mediabook mit sieben Cover-Motiven - UPDATE|website=BLURAY-DISC.DE|archive-date=27 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927080825/https://bluray-disc.de/blu-ray-news/filme/156742-brutale_action_aus_indien_marco_ab_1112_auf_ultra_hd_bluray_im_mediabook_mit_sieben_covermotiven}}</ref>

==Controversies==

The film was subjected to attention and criticized by many personalities for its extreme violence and brutal content, saying that it influences real-life violence and involving violence against women and children.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 March 2025 |title=Are Ranga, Marco and Young-hee behind murderous instincts of Kerala youth? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/03/03/kerala-assembly-malayalam-movies-youth-violence-concerns.html |work=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 February 2025 |title=From 'Pani' to 'Marco': Kerala debates impact of glamourisation of crimes in films |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/from-pani-to-marco-kerala-debates-impact-of-glamourisation-of-crimes-in-films-3424608 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The film was planned to have a television premiere, but it was blocked by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] due to the film's graphic violence.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 March 2025 |title=CBFC blocks Marco's TV release, writes to Centre to ban OTT screening |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/05/marco-violence-a-certification-ott-release-television-screening.html |work=Onmanorama}}</ref> Alongside the cancellation of the film's planned TV premiere, appeals were also made by the regional censor board of India to remove the film from its OTT streaming services.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 March 2025 |title=Marco's TV release stopped by regional censor board, urges CBFC HQ's intervention to block streaming of Unni Mukundan film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-cbfc-office-seeks-centres-intervention-in-streaming-of-marco-9869518/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

== Reception==
=== Critical response ===
''Marco'' received positive reviews from critics, On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 79% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10.

Sanjith Sridharan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Marco'' is the closest Malayalam film to a [[Prashanth Neel]] movie, not in terms of scale or story, but style. Unni Mukundan's performance gets the lion's share of credit for this too."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/marco-movie-review-unni-mukundans-raging-portrayal-fuels-this-brutal-no-holds-barred-revenge-thriller/80af784bde717 |title=Marco movie review: Unni Mukundan's raging portrayal fuels this brutal no-holds-barred revenge thriller |website=OTTplay}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars for the Tamil version and wrote, "The film will blow your mind off with its action pieces and its not for the faint-hearted", concluding as "Actor Unni Mukundan's exceptional performance enhanced the feel of Marco".<ref>{{cite web |title=Marco review: Violence, action supersede story in Unni Mukundan's revenge thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/marco-review-unni-mukundan-most-violent-thriller-action-supersede-story-2659231-2025-01-03 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=9 January 2025 |date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105112305/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/marco-review-unni-mukundan-most-violent-thriller-action-supersede-story-2659231-2025-01-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu version, Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' stated that, "the film is a must-watch for action lovers, if you're looking for a gripping weekend entertainer as the director takes a simple revenge story and crafts it into a top-notch thriller with his unique vision".<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie review: 'Marco' is a high-octane action thriller worth every penny |url=https://telanganatoday.com/review-marco-is-a-high-octane-action-thriller-worth-every-penny |publisher=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=11 January 2025 |date=21 December 2024 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221195806/https://telanganatoday.com/review-marco-is-a-high-octane-action-thriller-worth-every-penny |url-status=live}}</ref> Arun Antony of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "'Marco' has everything it claims to be: bloody, violent, brutal and it holds back little in terms of onscreen violence, however, the action and stunts are fresh and enjoyable".<ref>{{cite web |title='Marco' movie review: Flawed yet enjoyable action drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/marco-movie-review-flawed-yet-enjoyable-action-drama-3334386 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=11 January 2025 |date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228050806/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/marco-movie-review-flawed-yet-enjoyable-action-drama-3334386 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[ABP News|ABP Live]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Technically the film sets a new standard in Indian cinema and it's a must-watch as the film maintains a thrilling pace with powerful action as well as brilliant direction".<ref>{{cite web |title=Marco Review: The Violent Drama Stands Out For Stylish Action And Unni Mukundan's Stellar Performance |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/marco-review-the-violent-drama-stands-out-for-stylish-action-and-unni-mukundan-s-stellar-performance-1739214 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=11 January 2025 |date=7 December 2024}}</ref> Aaliya Farzeen Ashraf of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Marco'' caters to fans of stylized action and intense violence."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/12/20/marco-review-a-bloody-revenge-drama-that-plays-it-safe.html |title=Marco' review: A bloody revenge drama that plays it safe |website=The Week}}</ref> Shilpa Nair Anand of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The movie scores on the technical aspects such as the stylised stunts, cinematography and background score; the writing, however, flounders."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/marco-movie-review-this-stylish-unni-mukundan-action-thriller-falters-due-to-a-weak-script/article69008991.ece |title='Marco' movie review: This stylish Unni Mukundan action thriller falters due to a weak script |website=The Hindu |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its opening day, the film grossed ₹10.8 crore worldwide, being the fourth highest day-one grossing Malayalam film in 2024, and one of the highest opener in Malayalam cinema with ₹4.55 crore from the domestic market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2024 |title=Marco {{!}} ആദ്യ ദിവസത്തിൽ മുടക്കുമുതലിന്റെ മൂന്നിലൊന്ന്; ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്റെ 'മാർക്കോ' ഒറ്റദിവസം നേടിയത് 10.8 കോടി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/unni-mukundan-movie-marco-collects-one-third-of-its-budget-in-day-one-mm-705598.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221132038/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/unni-mukundan-movie-marco-collects-one-third-of-its-budget-in-day-one-mm-705598.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Marco'' became the highest-grossing A certified film of Malayalam cinema, surpassing ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' (2016).<ref name="d"/> In its first three-day weekend, the film grossed over ₹30 crore worldwide with ₹14.75 crore from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marco Day 3 box office collection: Unni Mukundan film sees a huge spike in overseas and rest of India gross |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/marco-day-3-box-office-collection-unni-mukundan-film-sees-a-huge-spike-in-overseas-and-rest-of-india-gross/aafff4d588712 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

As of 3 January 2025, the Hindi dubbed version became the highest grossing Malayalam dubbed film in the Hindi speaking region netting {{INR}}5 crore surpassing ''[[The Goat Life]]'' (2024) and ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decoding 'Marco's Historic Success In North India: How A Malayalam Film Eclipsed 'Baby John' And Stunned The Box-Office |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/decoding-marcos-historic-success-in-north-india-how-a-malayalam-film-eclipsed-baby-john-and-stunned-the-box-office |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> The film crossed ₹100 crore globally on its 4th Sunday (23 days). As of 20 January 2025, the film grossed ₹104 crore worldwide.<ref name="bo2">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=26 January 2025 |title=Marco OTT release: Unni Mukundhan's Marco film gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/marco-ott-release-unni-mukundhans-marco-film-gets-an-ott-release-date-1856779 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Sequel==
The film's post-credits scene teased a sequel, which was confirmed by Haneef Adeni a few weeks after the release of the film, and it was expected to have more action and violence than its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2025 |title=When is Marco 2 coming? Director drops a hint. There could be two big surprises |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/when-is-marco-2-coming-director-drops-a-hint-there-could-be-two-big-surprises/articleshow/117393022.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
However, in June 2025, Unni Mukundan himself claimed that the sequel was shelved due to "too much negativity" surrounding the first film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundan-shelves-marco-2-plans-due-to-too-much-negativity-ws-l-9386639.html |title=Unni Mukundan Shelves Marco 2 Plans Due To 'Too Much Negativity' |website=[[CNN-News18]] |access-date=15 June 2025 |archive-date=1 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701134913/https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundan-shelves-marco-2-plans-due-to-too-much-negativity-ws-l-9386639.html}}</ref>

In July 2025, Cubes Entertainments clarified that discussions regarding the sequel are still ongoing. The studio stated that they hold full rights to the project and have no plans to transfer or sell them. However, no official announcement has been made regarding the film's production or release.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചെന്ന് ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദൻ, ചർച്ചകൾ അവസാനിച്ചിട്ടില്ലെന്ന് നിർമാതാക്കൾ; 'മാർക്കോ 2' വരുമോ? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marco-2-update-unni-mukundan-cubes-entertainment-1.10712373 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=Malayalam |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-2-not-off-the-table-yet-say-makersdespite-unni-mukundans-exit/articleshow/122179462.cms |title='Marco 2' not off the table yet, say makers—Despite Unni Mukundan's exit |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 July 2025 |archive-date=1 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701134356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-2-not-off-the-table-yet-say-makersdespite-unni-mukundans-exit/articleshow/122179462.cms}}</ref>

In September 2025, the producers officially registered the title for a prequel film, which is titled ''Lord Marco'' with the Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce, confirming that plans for a follow-up film had been revived after earlier reports of shelving.<ref name="TOI2025">{{cite news |date=17 September 2025 |title=Shareef Muhammed and Haneef Adeni confirms that ''Mikhael Extended Universe''' will never stop by ''Mikhael'' or ''Marco'' as the last film's prequel ''Lord Marco'' is in works. But Unni Mukundan's name is missing? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-sequel-in-works-makers-register-lord-marco-unni-mukundans-name-missing/articleshow/123960736.cms |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday2025">{{cite news|title=Makers register 'Lord Marco' sequel; Unni Mukundan not returning|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/makers-register-lord-marco-sequel-unni-mukundan-not-returning-fans-speculate-new-lead-2789374-2025-09-18|work=India Today|date=18 September 2025|access-date=18 September 2025
}}</ref>
Director [[Haneef Adeni]], who helmed the original film, is confirmed to join the film, while lead actor [[Unni Mukundan]] has confirmed that he will not reprise the role. The film will be about the story of Lord Marco, who is the ancestor of the original film's protagonist, Marco D' Peter a.k.a Marco Jr. The prequel film will explore the events that took place before those films.<ref name="TOI2025" />

== Shared universe ==
The film [[Shared universe|shares its universe]] directly with the 2019 film ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]'', serving as a [[Standalone film|standalone spin-off]] to it, and to ''[[Kattalan]]'' (2026) which is also part of the universe and is a standalone film. A prequel titled ''Lord Marco'' is also confirmed by director [[Haneef Adeni]] and producer Shareef Muhammad.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|29383379}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s gangster films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 crime action films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haneef Adeni]]
[[Category:Film spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]

Women in Punjab, India

2026-05-06T09:48:47Z

HughStoate90988: stub

{{Short description|Demographic group in India}}
'''Women in Punjab''' can also be known as '''Punjabans''' or '''Punjabi women'''. They are the female inhabitants of state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in [[India]]. They belong to diverse economic, social, cultural and caste backgrounds, but their residence in a common state gives them a shared identity. Women have made significant progress in Punjab but they still remain underrepresented in various fields due to the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal structure]] still remaining intact in Punjabi society.

==History==
During the rule of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], schools for girls were also opened in many places.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/people/ranjit-singh-educator | title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Pioneering Educator | date=22 November 2020 }}</ref> In 1870, to stop [[Female infanticide in India|female infanticides]], the British government passed a legislative act called [[Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870]]. This act banned the murder of female infants in Punjab and some other provinces. Names of some of the women from Punjab who participated in the freedom struggle of India are [[Amrit Kaur|Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Gulab Kaur]], Adarsh Kumari, Kishan Kaur, Amar Kaur, Dalip Kaur, Shushila Devi, Har Devi, Purani and Pushpa Gujral.<ref>{{Cite web |title=paragraph 5, line 6 |url=https://www.ijhssi.org/papers/vol10(3)/Ser-2/C1003021214.pdf |website=www.ijhssi.org}}</ref>

On 17 June 1956, [[Hindu Succession Act, 1956|Hindu Succession Act]] came into force. It gave the women right to inherit property.<ref>'Emerging Patterns: Property Rights of
Women in Colonial and Post-Colonial
South-East Punjab', by
Prem Chowdhry, Page 115, Paragraph 2, https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume20/6-Prem%20Chowdhry%2020.pdf</ref>

In 1993 and 1994, the 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts were passed that reserved one-third of seats in Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) for women. These acts were passed to ensure equal participation for women. [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]] served as the first female Chief Minister of Punjab from November 1996 to February 1997. She took office after the resignation of [[Harcharan Singh Brar]]. She was the eighth [[List of female chief ministers in India|female Chief Minister in Indian history]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=papers |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2203590.pdf |website=ijcrt.org}}</ref>

On 14 October 2020, Punjab government passed ‘Punjab Civil Services (Reservation of Posts for Women) Rules, 2020’. This gave 33% reservation to women in direct recruitment to posts in state government, boards and corporations.<ref>'Punjab approves 33% reservation for women in state civil services' – The Indian Express, by: Express News Service
Chandigarh, October 14, 2020, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-approves-33-reservation-for-women-in-state-civil-services-6725310/</ref>

In April 2024, [[Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]] became the first university associated with Punjab government to grant [[menstrual leave]] to female students, starting from the session 2024–25. The policy will allow leave of one day per one calendar month of teaching and maximum of four days leave per semester.<ref>'Punjab University Grants Menstrual Leave for Female Students' – Free Press Journal, https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/punjab-university-grants-menstrual-leave-for-female-students/ar-BB1lvcWM</ref><ref>'Universities That Allow Menstrual Leaves For Female Students Will Include Punjab University Now' – Her zindagi, by Jyoti Sethi, Editorial, Updated – 2024-04-12, https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/universities-in-india-that-allow-menstrual-leaves-for-female-students-article-276605</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2011 census, women constitute 47.23% of total population of Punjab, as compared to 48.5% at the national level. In the same year, the [[sex ratio]] of Punjab was 895, which was lower than the national average of 943. As of 2011, the child sex ratio of children between the ages of 0 and 6 years was 846, which was lower than the national average of 914.<ref>https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D1257.pdf, Page number 781</ref>

The table below shows the [[sex ratio]] of Punjab through the years.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab {{!}} Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-decadal-sex-ratio-punjab |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=punjab.data.gov.in|date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>

{|class = "wikitable sortable"
|+Decadal sex ratio of Punjab by census years<ref name="auto6"/>
!Year (Census)!!Sex Ratio
|-
|2011||895
|-
|2001||876
|-
|1991||882
|-
|1981||879
|-
|1971||865
|-
|1961||854
|-
|1951||844
|-
|1941||836
|-
|1931||815
|-
|1921||799
|-
|1911||870
|-
|1901||832
|}

As of 2011, among the different districts of Punjab, the sex ratio was highest in Hoshiarpur at 961 and lowest in Bathinda at 868.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=papers |url=https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D1257.pdf |website=www.ijrar.org}}</ref> The table below shows the sex ratio of Punjab by district, according to the 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Sex ratio of Punjab by district, 2011 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=District-Wise Decadal Sex Ratio in Punjab |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-decadal-sex-ratio-punjab |website=punjab.data.gov.in|date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.!!District!!Ratio
|-
|1||Hoshiarpur||961
|-
|2||SBS Nagar||954
|-
|3||Rupnagar||915
|-
|4||Jalandhar||915
|-
|5||Kapurthala||912
|-
|6||Gurdaspur||907
|-
|7||Tarn Taran||900
|-
|8||Sri Muktsar Sahib||896
|-
|9||Fazilka||894
|-
|10||Moga||893
|-
|11||Ferozepur||893
|-
|12||Patiala||891
|-
|13||Faridkot|| 890
|-
|14||Amritsar||889
|-
|15||Sangrur||885
|-
|16||Mansa||883
|-
|17||SAS Nagar||879
|-
|18||Barnala||876
|-
|19||Ludhiana||873
|-
|20||Fatehgarh Sahib||871
|-
|21||Pathankot||869
|-
|22||Bathinda||868
|-
| ||Punjab||895
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Number of urban people by gender in districts – Census 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=District-wise No. of Male (Urban) Population from 1971 to 2011 {{!}} Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-no-male-urban-population-1971-2011 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=punjab.data.gov.in|date=21 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=District-wise No. of Female (Urban) Population from 1971 to 2011 {{!}} Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-no-female-urban-population-1971-2011 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=punjab.data.gov.in|date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>
!District!!Females (Urban)!!Males (Urban)
|-
|Gurdaspur||1,68,563||1,92,059
|-
|Pathankot||1,33,923||1,64,243
|-
|Amritsar||6,23,469||7,11,142
|-
|Tarn Taran||66,748||75,047
|-
|Kapurthala||1,32,083||1,50,379
|-
|Jalandhar||5,44,750||6,16,421
|-
|SBS Nagar||60,243||75,173
|-
|Hoshiarpur||1,60,382||1,74,587
|-
|Rupnagar||84,411||93,396
|-
|SAS Nagar||2,56,342||2,88,269
|-
|Ludhiana||9,55,336||11,14,372
|-
|Ferozepur||1,32,034||1,53,433
|-
|Fazilka||1,25,093||1,41,996
|-
|Faridkot||1,01,162||1,15,889
|-
|Sri Muktsar Sahib||1,18,771||1,33,420
|-
|Moga||1,07,030||1,20,216
|-
|Bathinda||2,30,504||2,68,713
|-
|Mansa||77,056||86,548
|-
|Sangrur||2,42,589||2,73,376
|-
|Barnala||88,373||1,02,312
|-
|Patiala||3,59,558||4,03,722
|-
|Fatehgarh Sahib||84,737||1,00,745
|-
|Punjab (whole)||48,53,157||55,45,989
|}

==Health==
As of 2020, the percentage of deaths due to [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] was higher in women than men, 41.8% for females compared to 32.2% for males. In the same year, the percentage of deaths due to [[COVID-19]] was lower for women compared to men, 13.4% for males and 9.9% for females.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/in-2020-punjab-saw-more-deaths-due-to-cardiovascular-diseases-than-covid/articleshow/91844345.cms?from=mdr|title=In 2020, Punjab saw more deaths due to cardiovascular diseases than Covid|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 May 2022|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

The table below shows the state nutrition profile of Punjab for women between the ages of 15 and 49 years.
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+State nutrition profile of Punjab of women below the age of 15 to 49, by years
!Indicators!!2019–21!!2015–16!!2005-6
|-
|Underweight||13%||12%||19%
|-
|Anemia (non-preg)||59%||54%||38%
|-
|Anemia (pregnant)||52%||42%||42%
|-
|Hypertension||31%||15%||NA
|-
|Diabetes||15%||NA||NA
|-
|Overweight/Obesity (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2)||41%||31%||30%
|}

In 2019, the female [[cervical cancer]] incidence rate in Punjab was 13 per 100,000 women in all ages. This was less than the rate of 14.75 in 1990. The female cervical cancer [[mortality rate]] was 7.14 per 100,000 women of all ages in 2019. This was lower than the rate of 9.34 in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Mayank |last2=Jha |first2=Ravi Prakash |last3=Shri |first3=Neha |last4=Bhattacharyya |first4=Krittika |last5=Patel |first5=Priyanka |last6=Dhamnetiya |first6=Deepak |date=2022-02-07 |title=Secular trends in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in India and its states, 1990–2019: data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=149 |doi=10.1186/s12885-022-09232-w |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2407 |pmc=8819855 |pmid=35130853}}</ref>

===Life Expectancy===
Between 2013 and 2017, the [[life expectancy]] at birth for women in Punjab was 74 years, compared to the total of 72.4 years and 71 for males.<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1606209|title=Average Life Expectancy|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The table below shows the life expectancy in Punjab by gender and residence in 2013–17.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Life expectancy in Punjab by gender in 2013–17<ref name="pib.gov.in"/>
!Residence!!Female!!Male!!Total
|-
|Rural||72.9||70.1||71.4
|-
|Urban||76.6||72.4||74.1
|-
|Total||74||71||72.4
|}

Estimated from [[civil registration and vital statistics]] system (CRVSS) data, the table below shows the life expectancy by gender in the districts of Punjab, in 2012.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Estimated life expectancy in the districts of Punjab, in 2012, based on CRVSS data<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimating mortality using data from civil registration: A cross-sectional study in India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289496442 |website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>
!District!!Female (Years)!!Male (Years)
|-
|Amritsar||69||64
|-
|Bathinda||81||71
|-
|Barnala||76||70
|-
|Faridkot||73||67
|-
|Fatehgarh Sahib||77||72
|-
|Firozpur||80||74
|-
|Gurdaspur||76||70
|-
|Hoshiarpur||75||68
|-
|Jalandhar||69||63
|-
|Kapurthala||84||74
|-
|Ludhiana||77||69
|-
|Mansa||76||69
|-
|Moga||74||70
|-
|Muktsar||66||69
|-
|Patiala||72||68
|-
|Rupnagar||75||69
|-
|SAS Nagar||76||70
|-
|Sangrur||76||70
|-
|SBS Nagar||75||64
|-
|Taran Taran||73||66
|}

===Childbirth===
In 2019–21, 94.3% of the births were [[institutional births]] in Punjab, which was an increase from 90.5% in 2015–16. Of this, 53.9% were institutional births in public facility, which was up from 51.7% in 2015–16. In [[rural areas]], the births in public facility were 57.6%, compared to 47.0% in [[urban areas]], for year 2019–21. The percentage of [[home births]] that were conducted by a skilled health personnel was 2.6%, it was 3.0% for urban areas and 2.3% for rural areas. In 2015–16, this percentage was 4.5%. Of the total, 95.6% births were attended by a skilled health personnel, 2019–21. For urban areas, this rate was 93.7% and 96.6% for rural areas.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=National Family Health Survey 5 2019 |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5_FCTS/Punjab.pdf |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |access-date=2024-03-20 |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720191537/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5_FCTS/Punjab.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Of the total births in Punjab, 38.5% were delivered by [[caesarean section]] in 2019–21. This number was 24.6% in 2015–16. For [[private healthcare in India|private health facilities]], 55.5% of the births were by caesarean section, in 2019–20, compared to 29.9% for [[public healthcare]] facilities. In 2015–16, this number was 39.7% for private and 29.9% for public health facilities. For private health facilities, the rate was 57.0% for rural areas and 53.4% for urban areas in 2019–21. For public health facilities, the rate was 29.1% in rural areas and 31.1% in urban areas, in the same year.<ref name="auto2"/>

The table below shows the maternal mortality rate per one [[lakh]] (1,00,000) per year, through the years.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Maternal mortality rate per one lakh (1,00,000) per year, in Punjab through the years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality in Punjab |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/resource/area-wise-birth-rate-death-rate-infant-mortality-rate-and-maternal-morality-rate-punjab |website=punjab.data.gov.in|date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>
!Year!!Rate
|-
|2017||122
|-
|2016||122
|-
|2015||122
|-
|2014||122
|-
|2013||141
|-
|2012||141
|-
|2011||141
|-
|2006||192
|}

According to the [[National Family Health Survey]] of 2015–16, the percentage of women age 15–19 who have begun childbearing ([[teenage pregnancy]]) was 2.6%.<ref>{{Cite web| title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16 | url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202180458/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf | archive-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>

The table below shows the variation the fertility rate (children per woman) according to the education of a woman in Punjab, as of 2019–21.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Fertility rate by number of years of schooling completed by women in Punjab as of year 2019–21, NFHS-5<ref>http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Punjab.pdf, page 8</ref>
!Years of schooling!!Fertility rate
|-
|No schooling||2.5
|-
|<5 years||2.5
|-
|5–9 years||2.0
|-
|10–11 years||1.9
|-
|12 or more years||1.5
|}

===Reproductive Health===
The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Punjab.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Family planning methods used by women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Punjab<ref name="auto2"/>
!Method!!Total (2019–21)!! Urban (2019–21)!!Rural (2019–21)!!Total (2015–16)
|-
|Female sterilization||22.8%||18.0%||25.6%||37.5%
|-
|Male sterilization||0.5%||0.5%||0.4%||0.6%
|-
|IUD/PPIUD||3.1%||2.8%||3.2%||6.8%
|-
|Pill||1.5%||1.1%||1.7%||2.5%
|-
|Condom||22.2%||26.6%||19.7%||18.9%
|-
|Injectables||0.1%||0.1%||0.1%||0.1%
|-
|Any modern method||50.5%||49.4%||51.1%||66.3%
|-
|Any method||66.6%||68.4%||65.4%||75.8%
|-
|Total unmet need||9.9%||8.8%||10.5%||6.2%
|-
|Unmet need for spacing||3.7%||3.3%||3.9%||2.4%
|}

The table below compares the reproductive health statistics women between the ages of 15 and 45 years in Punjab at the national level.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of reproductive health statistics of women between the ages of 15 and 45 years in Punjab at national level<ref>"The Family Planning Programme – Punjab, India", Page 3, Table 1, https://nhm.punjab.gov.in/advertisements/guidelines/familyplanning.pdf</ref>
!Indicators!!Punjab (2015–16)!!India (2015–16)
|-
|Total Fertility Rate (TFR)||1.6||2.2
|-
|Any Method Contraception Rate (CPR)||75.8%||53.5%
|-
|Modern Contraception Rate (mCPR)||66.3%||47.8%
|-
|Total Unmet Need||6.2%||12.9%
|-
|20–24 year olds who were married before the age of 18 years||7.6%||26.8%
|-
|15–19 years olds who were already mothers or pregnant||2.6%||7.9%
|}

===Other===
According to the NFHS-5 (2019–21), the percentage of women between the ages of 15 and 24 years who use hygienic methods of protection during their [[Menstruation|menstrual period]] in Punjab was 93.2%. This was an increase from the 2015–16 percentage of 84.4%. In the year 2019–21, the number was 95.4% for urban areas and 91.9% for rural areas.<ref>National Family Health Survey – 5
2019–21, State Fact Sheet
Punjab, Row Number 124, http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5_FCTS/Punjab.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720191537/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5_FCTS/Punjab.pdf |date=2023-07-20 }}</ref>

==Education==
According to the 2011 census, the [[literacy rate]] of women in Punjab was 70.73%, as compared to 80.44% for men and 75.84% as a whole.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.punjabdata.com/Literacy-Rate-In-Punjab.aspx | title=Literacy Rate in Punjab | Punjab Literacy Rate }}</ref> The median number of years of schooling completed by females in the state was 6.5 years, as compared to 7.8 for males, as of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 3 LITERACY AND EDUCATION |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/WM17Chapter3.pdf |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=www.mospi.gov.in}}</ref>

Between 2001 and 2011, the literacy gap between men and women decreased from 11.9% to 9.7%. Among the different districts of Punjab, the literacy rate of women was highest in [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] at 80.3% and lowest in [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]] at 55.7%.<ref name="auto"/>

The table below shows the difference in the literacy rate by gender in Punjab through the years.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Difference in the literacy rate by gender in Punjab through the years<ref>'Participation of women in education in Punjab', by SA Saiyed and Rajni Pathania, International journal of applied research, Page 67, Table 1, https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2015/vol1issue9/PartB/1-8-62-166.pdf</ref>
!Year!!Female!!Male!!Gap!! Total
|-
|2011||70.73%||80.44%||9.71%||75.84%
|-
|2001||63.55%||75.63%||12.08%||69.95%
|-
|1991||50.41%||65.66%||15.25%||58.51%
|-
|1981||34.35%||51.23%||16.88%||43.37%
|-
|1971||26.65%||42.23%||17.58%||34.12%
|}

The table below shows the difference in the literacy rate of women in rural and urban areas in Punjab.

{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|+Difference in the female literacy rate in rural and urban areas in Punjab<ref>'Participation of women in education in Punjab', by SA Saiyed and Rajni Pathania, International journal of applied research, Page 67, Table 2, https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2015/vol1issue9/PartB/1-8-62-166.pdf</ref>
!Year!!Rural!!Urban!!Gap
|-
|2011||65.70%||79.20%||13.50%
|-
|2001||57.75%||74.49%||16.74%
|-
|1991||43.85%||66.10%||22.25%
|-
|1981||27.63%||49.70%||22.07%
|-
|1971||19.88%||45.40%||25.52%
|-
|1961||11.51%||37.70%||26.19%
|}

The table below shows the women proportion in the total enrolment at different levels of school education in Punjab by years.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Percentage of women in the total enrolment in different levels school education in Punjab<ref>'Participation of women in education in Punjab', by SA Saiyed and Rajni Pathania, International journal of applied research, Page 68, Table 3, 4, 5, 6, https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2015/vol1issue9/PartB/1-8-62-166.pdf</ref>
!Level!!2012!!2010!!2005
|-
|Primary||47.38%||47.36%||47.32%
|-
|Middle||44.10%||44.65%||46.85%
|-
|Secondary||43.59%||43.98%||46.33%
|-
|Senior-secondary||43.74%||55.23%||44.58%
|}

The table below shows the literacy rate of women by district in Punjab.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Literacy rate of women in Punjab by district<ref>'An Overview of Female Labour Force Participation Rate in Punjab', by Balwinder Kaur and Sangeeta Nagaich, Page 7, Table 4, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3438301_code2949276.pdf?abstractid=3438301&mirid=1</ref>
!District!!2011!!2001
|-
|Hoshiarpur||80.3%||75.3%
|-
|SAS Nagar||79.2%||72.1%
|-
|Jalandhar||78.5%||73.1%
|-
|Ludhiana||77.9%||71.9%
|-
|Rupnagar||76.4%||68.7%
|-
|FG Sahib||74.8%||68.3%
|-
|Gurdaspur||74.8%||67.1%
|-
|Kapurthala||74.6%||68.3%
|-
|SBS Nagar||73.9%||72.1%
|-
|Amritsar||72.0%||65.2%
|-
|Patiala||69.8%||62.6%
|-
|Moga||66.5%||58.5%
|-
|Faridkot||63.9%||55.0%
|-
|Barnala||63.6%||54.5%
|-
|Sangrur||62.2%||53.0%
|-
|Bathinda||61.9%||53.7%
|-
|Tarn Taran||61.9%||52.3%
|-
|Firozpur||61.7%||51.7%
|-
|Muktsar||59.2%||50.3%
|-
|Mansa||55.7%||45.2%
|-
|Punjab (whole)||70.7%||63.4%
|}

==Politics==
In 2022 state assembly elections, out of 117 seats 13 seats were won by women, of which 10 were first-timers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/woman-power-in-punjab-assembly-101647029543767.html|title=Woman power in Punjab assembly|date=March 12, 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Of these 13 MLAs, 11 were from [[Aam Admi Party]] (AAP), 1 from [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and 1 from [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/of-13-women-entering-state-assembly-11-have-aap-ticket/articleshow/90161018.cms|title=Of 13 women entering Punjab assembly, 11 have AAP ticket|newspaper=The Times of India |date=March 12, 2022}}</ref>

The table below shows the number of women in the Punjab legislative assembly by election years.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Number of women in Punjab legislative assembly by election years<ref>International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJ RT), Volume 10, Issue 3 March 2022, 'WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS IN
PUNJAB', by
Kanwardeep Singh, Page f123, Table 2, https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2203590.pdf</ref>
!Year!!Female members!! Female percentage
|-
|2022||8||6.83%
|-
|2017||6||5.12%
|-
|2012||14||11.96%
|-
|2007||7||5.98%
|-
|2002||8||6.83%
|}

As of 2023, there was 2 women Members of Parliament (MP) in the [[Lok Sabha]] representing Punjab, out of the total 13 [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] in the state. There were no women MPs representing Punjab in [[Rajya Sabha]], out of the total of 7 representatives.<ref>'Government of Punjab ', MPs, retrieved on 2 April 2024, https://punjab.gov.in/government/whos-who/mps/</ref>

During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022 Punjab legislative assembly elections]], 71.91% of eligible women voters voted, as compared to 71.99% of eligible male voters.<ref>'Higher turnout among women voters, says data', Hindustan Times, By Deeksha Bhardwaj, New Delhi
Mar 08, 2022, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/higher-turnout-among-women-voters-says-data-101646679365383.html
</ref>

The table below shows the polling percentage in Punjab legislative assembly elections by gender.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Polling percentage in Punjab legislative assembly elections by gender<ref>'Barriers to Political Participation of Women: A Case Study of Punjab, India', by Hardeep Kaura and Dr. Manvendra Singh, Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI)
Volume 12, Issue 8, July 2021: 2808-2816, Page 2811, 5.1, 5.11, Table 1, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardeep-Kaur-33/publication/354325602_Barriers_to_Political_Participation_of_Women_A_Case_Study_of_PunjabIndia/links/613129af2b40ec7d8bdf7d23/Barriers-to-Political-Participation-of-Women-A-Case-Study-of-Punjab-India.pdf</ref>
!Year!!Female!!Male
|-
|2017||77.90%||75.88%
|-
|2012||78.90%||77.58%
|-
|2007||75.47%||75.36%
|-
|2002||64.27%||65.92%
|-
|1997||67.84%||69.51%
|-
|1992||21.59%||25.72%
|-
|1985||66.72%||68.20%
|-
|1980||62.80%||65.64%
|-
|1977||63.65%||66.82%
|-
|1972||66.64%||70.36%
|-
|1969||69.61%||74.54%
|-
|1967||68.50%||73.47%
|}

==Economy==
As of 2022–23, 25.2% of the women in Punjab are employed, which was an increase from the rate of 21.9% in year 2021–22. But it was lower than the national average of 36%.<ref>'Punjab grapples with low women employment rate' – The Tribune, by Neeraj Mohan, New Delhi, Updated At: Feb 06, 2024, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-grapples-with-low-women-employment-rate-587730</ref>

As of 2011, the work participation rate of females was 13.9% in Punjab, which was lower than the rate of men at 55.15%. It was also lower than the average female work participation rate of whole India at 25.51%.<ref name ="auto3">'An Overview of Female Labour Force Participation Rate in Punjab', by Balwinder Kaur and Sangeeta Nagaich, Table 1, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3438301_code2949276.pdf?abstractid=3438301&mirid=1</ref>

The table below shows the work participation rate by gender in Punjab, as 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Work participation of by gender in Punjab, 2011 census<ref name="auto3"/>
!Residence!!Female!!Male!! Gender Gap
|-
|Urban||13.2%||55.9%||42.2%
|-
|Rural||14.3%||54.9%||40.6%
|-
|Total||13.9%||55.15%||41.25%
|}

==Crimes==
In 2022, Punjab registered 517 rape cases, which was an increase of about 10% from the previous year, with 464 cases in 2021. However, the total number of FIRs in various crimes against women dropped slightly from 5,662 in 2021 to 5,572 in 2022. This was a drop of 90 registered cases. These cases included 1,478 for kidnapping and abduction of women and 1,640 of cruelty by husband, in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=NCRB data: Jump in rape cases, but overall crime rate sees a dip in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ncrb-data-jump-in-rape-cases-but-overall-crime-rate-sees-a-dip-in-punjab-101701720183286.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2020, the overall share of women in the [[Punjab Police (India)|police force]] was 9.4% in Punjab, which was lower than the Indian average of 10.5%. At officer level, the share in Punjab stood at 7.1%.<ref>'An unfair representation: women in police force' – Tribune India,
Sep 11, 2022, by Seema Sachdeva, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/an-unfair-representation-430584</ref>

According to the NFHS-5 (2019–21), percentage of women in between the ages of 20 and 24 years, who were [[Child marriage|married or in union before the age of 18]] in Punjab was 9%, which was lower than the [[Child marriage in India|Indian average]] of 23%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moumen |first=Hana |date=2023-05-05 |title=Ending Child Marriage: A profile of progress in India |url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/ending-child-marriage-a-profile-of-progress-in-india-2023/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Honour Killings===
As of 2014, Punjab has one of the highest frequency of [[honour killings]] in India. Perpetrators are mostly the family members of the victim. A study of 100 sample cases of honour killings in Punjab between 2005 and 2012, revealed that the proportion of cases in which only girl was killed was 41%, cases in which only boy was killed was 12% and the cases in which both girl and boy were killed was 47%.<ref name = "auto1"/>

According to the same study, 40% of the girls were in the age group of 15–19 years and 60% in 20–25 years. According to the study, the most common cause of the killing was inter-caste relationship at 44%, followed by relationship within the same village at 28% and family intolerant to the relationship at 28%.<ref name = "auto1">'Honour Killings in India: A Study of the Punjab State', by Satnam Singh Deol, Table 2, Table 3, Table 6, Table 1 https://www.isca.in/IJSS/Archive/v3/i6/2.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-70.pdf</ref>

In the same study, of the 100 cases the caste of the accused has been known in 87 cases, which revealed that in the 80 cases among these the accused belonged to [[Jat]] caste. By proportion, 91.75% of the accused belonged to Jat caste, 6.89% to [[Khatri]] caste and 1.14% to were [[Dalits]].<ref name ="auto1"/>

==See also==
*[[Demographics of Punjab, India]]
*[[Health in Punjab, India]]
*[[Education in Punjab, India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Women from Punjab, India|Punjab]]

Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa

2026-04-21T12:01:20Z

HughStoate90988: created a info initial version...

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

'''Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa''' or '''Rashid Mustafa''' (born 1993) is a [[Tabla]] player empanelled in the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] in 2010 under the category Tabla for Hindustani classical music.<ref name=DH/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/index.php/cultural/list-of-empanelment-artist/shri-rashid-mustafa-thirakwa|title=Empanelment of Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa on the Indian Council for Cultural Relations|website=Indian Council For Cultural Relations, Government of India website|date=11 September 2019|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Mustafa was awarded the Thirakwa Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://underscorerecords.com/artistes/detail/115/Rashid-Mustafa-Thirakwa|title=Artistesdetails - Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa|website=underscorerecords.com website|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref> by [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] in 1984 and also received the Crystal Award from [[Yehudi Menuhin]] in [[Davos]], Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite news |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810093446/https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20101120/281981783982099 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20101120/281981783982099 |title=Soorya to present an evening of Indian classical sarod music |date=2010-11-20 |publisher=Times of Oman newspaper |language=en |access-date=15 November 2024|via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>

==Classical music training==
Rashid Mustafa was initiated into playing tabla at the age of four just like his famous uncle Ahmed Jan Thirakwa, a [[Padma Bhushan]] award recipient. He received early training in tabla under his father Mohammad Jan Thirakwa and then under his uncle Ustaad [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]] from [[Farukhabad Gharana]] of Hindustani music. Rashid Mustafa is the fifth generation in the family of musicians and tabla players.<ref name=DH/><ref>{{cite web |title=:: Delhi Celebrates :: |url=https://delhitourism.gov.in//delhitourism/delhi_celebrates/oct9.jsp |website=delhitourism.gov.in}}</ref>

Over the years, Rashid Mustafa has developed his own style of tabla playing which include the tabla gharanas of [[Delhi gharana]], [[Lucknow gharana]], [[Ajrada gharana]], [[Punjab gharana]] and [[Benaras gharana]].<ref name=DH/>

==Live Performances==
* '[[Parampara]]' presented by Parichay Foundation with performances from Padma Vibhushan Guru Hariprasad Chaurasia Ji With Ustad Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa at Sri Sathya Sai International Centre, Pragati Vihar, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhievents.com/2019/09/parampara-padma-vibhushan-guru-hariprasad-chaurasia-parichay-foundation-sathya-sai-centre.html|title=Parampara by Padma Vibhushan Guru Hariprasad Chaurasia Ji with Ustad Rashid Mustafa Thirakwa|website=Delhi Events|date=6 September 2019 |access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>
*[[Commonwealth Games]] 2010, New Delhi<ref name=DH>{{cite news|title='Pressure to perform is always there' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/552301/pressure-perform-always-there.html |website=Deccan Herald newspaper |language=en |date=2016-06-14|author=Jayashree Narayanan|archive-date=13 June 2021|url-status=dead|access-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613135323/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/552301/pressure-perform-always-there.html}}</ref>
*[[London Jazz Festival]] 2015<ref name=DH/>
*[[India Habitat Centre]] 2016<ref name=DH/>

==Discography==
{{colbegin}}
*''Lehren = लेहरें''-[[Talat Aziz]] (LP, Album) Music India, 1983
*''The Maestro's Musings ''-[[Amjad Ali Khan]](LP) CBS, 1986
*''The Album''-[[Amjad Ali Khan]](CD, Comp) Sirocco 2, CBS, 1988
*''Sarod''-[[Amjad Ali Khan]] Music today, 19991
*''Swar Sameer''-[[Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]] (CD, Album) Super Cassettes Industries Ltd., T-Series , 1991
*''Music Of The Sitar''-Pandit Partho Das JVC, 1992
*''Moods 'N' Melodies''-Rachna Subhalakshmi and Rashid Mustafa and various other artists, T-Series, SCI, 1992
*''Raga Bahar - Instrumental Wizards (3xCD)'' -with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Sony Music, 2015
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Farrukhabad gharana]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
{{India-music-stub}}

S. Sudharsanam

2026-04-21T02:56:00Z

HughStoate90988: created new entry initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Sudharsanam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2016
| predecessor = [[V. Moorthy]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| parents = K. Sundaram
| spouse = S. Shanthi
| signature =
| children = S. A Sreenivasan
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Advocate}}
}}

'''S. Sudharsanam''' is an Indian politician and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070108/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC009.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC009.pdf|access-date= 26 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madavaram Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a009|access-date= 26 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|rowspan="2" |[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]
|{{Won}}
|151,485
|50.04%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Won}}
|122,082
|45.43%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudharsanam, S}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Changlang South Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:34Z

HughStoate90988: page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Changlang South
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 52
| map_image = Changlang South Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_alt =
|district = [[Changlang district|Changlang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|electors = 6,365

}}
'''Changlang South''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Changlang South is located in [[Changlang]], the district's administrative headquarters. It is one of the five constituencies located in the [[Changlang district]].

Changlang South is located 237 km west of the state capital [[Itanagar]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villag/Changlang | title = About Changlang South | access-date = 9 October 2016}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Tengam Ngemu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=5 | [[Phosum Khimhun]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080201/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref> || [[Hamjong Tangha]]
|}

==Election results==

===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref name="Changlang South Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Hamjong Tangha wins">{{cite news |title=Changlang South Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Hamjong Tangha wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/changlang-south-assembly-election-results-2024-changlang-south-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110632685.cms |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531054216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/changlang-south-assembly-election-results-2024-changlang-south-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110632685.cms |archivedate=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Changlang South">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Changlang South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0252.htm |accessdate=31 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531054123/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0252.htm |archivedate=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hamjong Tangha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,654 |percentage=61.84% |change={{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Timpu Ngemu |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,172 |percentage=36.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salman Salnang Mungrey |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=55 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=28 |percentage=0.47% |change={{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,482 |percentage=25.08% |change= {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,909 |percentage=92.84% |change= {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,365 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Changlang South<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phosum Khimhun]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,848 |percentage=55.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Latlang Tangha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,265 |percentage=43.79% |change={{decrease}}27.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=59 |percentage=1.14% |change={{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=583 |percentage=11.27% |change= {{decrease}}32.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,172 |percentage=90.42% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,720 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phosum Khimhun]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,235 |percentage=70.82% |change={{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Jugli |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,241 |percentage=27.17% |change={{increase}}16.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=92 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,994 |percentage=43.65% |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,568 |percentage=92.62% |change= {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,932 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phosum Khimhun]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,904 |percentage=67.55% |change={{increase}}17.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengam Ngemu |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=950 |percentage=22.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hamjong Tangha]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=445 |percentage=10.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,954 |percentage=45.45% |change= {{increase}}45.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,299 |percentage=92.73% |change= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,636 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phosum Khimhun]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,994 |percentage=50.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngungtim Changmi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,991 |percentage=49.96% |change={{decrease}}10.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3 |percentage=0.08% |change= {{decrease}}20.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,985 |percentage=82.42% |change= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,711 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phosum Khimhun]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,122 |percentage=60.05% |change={{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngungtim Changmi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,412 |percentage=39.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=710 |percentage=20.09% |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,534 |percentage=86.00% |change= {{decrease}}4.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,236 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengam Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,774 |percentage=55.94% |change={{decrease}}12.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngungtim Changmi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,397 |percentage=44.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=377 |percentage=11.89% |change= {{decrease}}24.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,171 |percentage=89.74% |change= {{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,626 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengam Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,860 |percentage=68.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongmat Tangha |party=Janata Dal |votes=870 |percentage=31.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=990 |percentage=36.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,730 |percentage=80.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,482 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.134|95.733|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Changlang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Changlang]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

List of high commissioners of Malaysia to India

2026-04-17T17:31:26Z

HughStoate90988: New Some Stub Needs Work!

{{Short description|List of Malaysian diplomats to India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{update|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muzafar Shah Mustafa
| ambassador_from = Malaysia
| country = India
| term_start = 24 October 2023
| predecessor = Hidayat Abdul Hamid
| prime_minister = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
}}

The '''high commissioner of Malaysia to the Republic of India''' is the head of Malaysia's diplomatic mission to India. The position has the rank and status of an [[ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary]] and is based in the High Commission of Malaysia, [[New Delhi]]. This ambassador also functioned as non-resident ambassador to Afghanistan and Bhutan.

==List of heads of mission==
{| class=wikitable
! High Commissioner<ref>[http://www.kln.gov.my/web/ind_new-delhi/history History - High Commission of Malaysia, New Delhi]</ref>
! Term start
! Term end
! Additional accreditation
|-
| S. Chelvasingam MacIntyre || 29 September 1957 || 19 September 1964 ||
|-
| Zaiton Ibrahim || 12 October 1964 || 5 September 1967 ||
|-
| Raja Aznam Raja Ahmad || 4 March 1968 || 20 July 1971 ||
|-
| Abdul Rahman Abdul Jalal || 20 December 1971 || 9 March 1974 ||
|-
| Abdul Khalid Awang Osman || 18 March 1974 || 28 January 1978 ||
|-
| Jamaluddin Abu Bakar || 17 February 1978 || 30 September 1978 ||
|-
| Mon Jamaluddin || 7 November 1978 || 6 March 1982 ||
|-
| [[Razali Ismail]] || 23 May 1982 || 20 May 1985 ||
|-
| Mohamed Haron || 17 August 1985 || 7 July 1988 ||
|-
| Mohamed Amir Jaafar || 3 August 1988 || 30 November 1992 ||
|-
| Wan Hussain Mustafa || 7 January 1993 || 8 September 1996 ||
|-
| Marzuki Mohammad Noor || 23 October 1996 || 21 July 1999 ||
|-
| Choo Siew Koh || 24 September 1999 || 19 December 2003 ||
|-
| Zulkifly Ab. Rahman || 14 July 2004 || 31 December 2006 || {{AFG}}
|-
| Tan Seng Sung || 15 January 2008 || 15 April 2013 || {{AFG}} {{BHU}}
|-
| Naimun Ashakli Mohammad || 6 November 2013 || 24 November 2016 || {{AFG}} {{BHU}}
|-
| Hidayat Abdul Hamid || 29 March 2017 || 4 August 2022 || {{AFG}} {{BHU}}
|-
| Muzafar Shah Mustafa || 24 October 2023 || ''Incumbent'' || {{AFG}} {{BHU}}
|}

==See also==
* [[India–Malaysia relations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ambassadors to India}}

{{Lists of heads of Malaysian diplomatic missions}}

[[Category:High commissioners of Malaysia to India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of Malaysia|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Malaysia]]

Confederation of Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry

2026-04-14T02:34:55Z

HughStoate90988: done

{{Short description|Travel and hospitality association}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=November 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Confederation of Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry (CHATT)
| full_name =
| abbreviation = CHATT
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| logo_alt = CHATT's Logo
| type = [[non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] [[trade association]]
| founder = [[AirBnB]] [[EaseMyTrip]] [[Oyo Rooms]] [[makemytrip]] [[Yatra (company)]]
| purpose = Development of SMEs in the Hospitality and tourism Sector
| formation = June 2021
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| services = MSMEs promotion, Networking, Policy Reforms
| leader_title = Secretary General
| leader_name = Anwar Shirpurwala
| website = {{URL|https://www.chattindia.org/}}
}}
'''Confederation of Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry''' (CHATT) is a travel and hospitality association formed to promote domestic tourism, guide and train small business owners and share resources, and bring digital transformation in the sector.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alawadhi|first=Neha|date=2021-06-09|title=CHATT: New association announced, will help tourism, hospitality with tech|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-association-announced-will-help-tourism-and-hospitality-with-tech-121060900576_1.html|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tech Boost for the Travel and Hospitality Industry|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71566/a-new-confederation-is-helping-tourism-recover-from-the-covid-19-downturn|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|language=en}}</ref>

It was launched in June 2021 by Union Minister [[Prahlad Singh Patel]], the Minister for Tourism and Culture, [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title=Airbnb, Oyo, Yatra & EaseMyTrip join hands to form Confederation of Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/airbnb-oyo-yatra-easemytrip-join-hands-to-form-confederation-of-hospitality-technology-and-tourism-industry/2268423/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

CHATT founder members are [[Airbnb]], [[EaseMyTrip]], [[MakeMyTrip]], [[Oyo Rooms]] and [[Yatra (company)|Yatra]]. It is represented by Amanpreet Bajaj, the general manager of Airbnb (India, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and Taiwan); [[Ritesh Agarwal]], Founder & Group CEO of Oyo Rooms (India and Southeast Asia); Dhruv Shringi, the co-founder of Yatra; Rajesh Magow, the co-founder & group [[chief executive officer]] of MakeMyTrip and [[Nishant Pitti]], the co-founder of EaseMyTrip.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Travel, hospitality tech firms join hands to launch industry association|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/travel-hospitality-tech-firms-join-hands-to-launch-industry-association/article34769000.ece|access-date=2021-10-07|website=@businessline|date=9 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
Anwar Shirpurwala is the Secretary General of the Confederation of
Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry (CHATT).<ref>[https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/chatt-strengthens-secretariat-appoints-anwar-shirpurwala-as-secretary-general/94523029 CHATT strengthens secretariat, appoints Anwar Shirpurwala as secretary general Hospitality World]</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023}}

== Events ==
*CHATT Secretary General, Shri Anwar Shirpurwala addressed the 3-day National Conference of State Tourism Ministers held in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh. The conference saw the presence of Union Tourism Minister, Shri [[G. Kishan Reddy]]; MoS, Shri Shripad Naik & Shri Ajay Bhatt; Secretary, Shri Arvind Singh; Additional Secretary, Shri R.K. Verma; Director General, Shri G.K.V. Rao along with state tourism ministers and top officials from state tourism departments.<ref>[https://chattindia.org/events.php CHATT presented its vision and mission in the State Tourism Ministers' Conference held in Dharamshala between 18-20 September 2022.]</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023}}
*A CHATT delegation paid a courtesy call on top officials of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India & had a fruitful discussion with Shri Arvind Singh, Secretary; Smt. G. Kamala Vardhana Rao, Director General, and Additional Secretary, Shri Rakesh Verma on the need for digitalising MSMEs that constitute the backbone of tourism in India.<ref>[https://chattindia.org/events.php CHATT delegation paid a courtesy call on top officials of the Ministry of Tourism & Govt. of India and had a fruitful discussion on digitalising MSMEs.]</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023}}
*A high-level delegation of the founding members of Confederation of Hospitality, Technology, and Tourism Industry (CHATT) made a courtesy call on Shri G. Kishan Reddy, Hon'ble Union Minister For Culture, Tourism And Development Of North Eastern Region (DoNER), Government of India to discuss ways to boost tourism in India.<ref>[https://chattindia.org/events.php CHATT delegation called on Shri G Kishan Reddy, Hon'ble Union Minister for Tourism, Government of India to discuss ways to promote the domestic tourism sector]</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023}}
*Honourable Union Minister, Shri Prahlad Singh Patel virtually launched industry body Confederation of Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry (CHATT). The webinar was attended by the founding members of CHATT – Airbnb, EaseMyTrip, MakeMyTrip, Oyo and Yatra.<ref>[https://chattindia.org/events.php Virtual Launch of industry body Confederation of Hospitality, Technology and Tourism Industry (CHATT) by Hon’ble Union Minister, Shri Prahlad Singh Patel]</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://chattindia.org/index.php Home page of CHATT's website]

[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:Chambers of commerce in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
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[[Category:Organizations established in 1927]]

Subodh Kerkar

2026-04-13T10:37:10Z

HughStoate90988: info

{{Short description|Indian installation artist and painter (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Subodh Kerkar
| image = Subodh Kerkar in 2025.jpg
| caption = Kerkar in 2025
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pernem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| alma_mater = [[Goa Medical College]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|
* Painting
* sculpting
* installation art
}}
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = Busan Biennale Award (2006)
| patrons =
| website = {{URL|subodhkerkar.com}}
}}

'''Subodh Kerkar''' is an Indian painter, sculptor and [[installation artist]], and founder of the contemporary art museum [[Museum of Goa]].<ref name="LivemintMenezes">{{Cite news
|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TDKFe9CBOVofD9EZxlJamK/Goas-invisible-artscape.html
|title=Goa's invisible artscape
|last=Menezes
|first=Vivek
|date=June 16, 2017
|work=LiveMint
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135153/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TDKFe9CBOVofD9EZxlJamK/Goas-invisible-artscape.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> He is known for his artworks and installations. Kerkar's work has been displayed in India and abroad, including at art exhibitions such as the [[Sculpture by the Sea]] in 2011<ref name="JagranSculpturebySea" /> and the [[Royal Academy Summer Exhibition]] in 2018.<ref name="PuneMirrorSuhasini2018">{{Cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/a-new-wave/articleshow/64812290.cms |title=A new wave |last=Suhasini |first=Lalitha |website=Pune Mirror |date=Jul 1, 2018 |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210710/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/a-new-wave/articleshow/64812290.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another popular installation of his is the 2017 ''Carpet of Joy''<ref name="CarpetWireGandhi">{{Cite web
|url=https://thewire.in/culture/gandhi-art-subodh-kerkar
|title=Reclaiming Gandhi: An Artist's Vision
|website=The Wire
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180824/https://thewire.in/culture/gandhi-art-subodh-kerkar
|url-status=live
}}</ref> A 2018 photo exhibition of his on fishermen (chosen for the Royal Academy exhibition) was chosen by filmmaker [[Bharat Bala]] to be the subject of a documentary.<ref name="HeraldDocu2018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Capturing-the-romance-of-the-sea-the-fishermen-and-every-breaking-wave/126705.html |title=Capturing the romance of the sea, the fishermen and every breaking wave |website=oHeraldo |date=Feb 10, 2018 |language=en |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023044/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Capturing-the-romance-of-the-sea-the-fishermen-and-every-breaking-wave/126705.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has spoken at [[Visva-Bharati University]]<ref name="GoaStreetsKerkar" /> and the [[Van Gogh Museum]].<ref name="VivaGoa2015" />

==Early life==
Subodh Kerkar is from [[Goa]]. As a student he created cartoons.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf-GBAAAQBAJ|title=Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World |last=Gairola Khanduri |first=Ritu |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1107043329 |pages=160}}</ref> He joined [[Goa Medical College]] and became a doctor by profession. Following this, he ran a hospital and private practice for a few years in [[Calangute]], until he quit and decided to become an artist.<ref name="GoaStreetsKerkar">{{Cite news
|url=http://goastreets.com/subodh-kerkar/
|title=Subodh Kerkar
|last=Ilavia
|first=Perin
|date=Aug 20, 2014
|work=Goa Streets
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=23 February 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074141/https://goastreets.com/subodh-kerkar/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/subodh-kerkar
|title=Subodh Kerkar's profile on SaffronArt
|website=Saffronart
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135142/https://www.saffronart.com/artists/subodh-kerkar
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:"The Ocean Comes to Yorkshire" by Subodh Kerkar.jpg|thumb|"The Ocean Comes to Yorkshire" a 2019 installation at the Himalayan Garden and Sculpture Park, [[Grewelthorpe]], North Yorkshire, England]]
Kerkar began his career in art as a water colourist. He also explored art from around the world, and was soon attracted to installations and land art.<ref name="GoaStreetsKerkar" />

In 1987, he started his own art gallery, in [[Calangute]], [[Goa]]. It was named the "Kerkar Art Complex", and had an open-air auditorium. He also began to exhibit at art galleries across the country.<ref name="GoaStreetsKerkar" />

In the 2000s, Kerkar began his foray into the field of "land art". He began by creating sculptures from scrap and garbage. In 2002, he created an installation artwork named ''Tenth Planet''. In 2005, he followed with ''Sea Anemone.''<ref name="artnewsnviews">
{{Cite magazine
|url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=a-crusader-of-for-site-specific-public-art-subodh-kerkar-&iid=15&articleid=323
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220033547/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=a-crusader-of-for-site-specific-public-art-subodh-kerkar-&iid=15&articleid=323
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=20 December 2010
|title=A Crusader of/for Site Specific Public Art: Subodh Kerkar
|last=M.L.
|first=Johny
|date=December 2010
|website=Art News & Views
|access-date=2018-11-26
}}</ref> During Goa's first [[35th International Film Festival of India|IFFI in 2004]], Kerkar was chosen to set up 500 metres of installations along [[Miramar Beach, Goa|Miramar beach]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goaprism.com/kerkar-art-complex/ |title=Kerkar Art Complex |date=July 7, 2014 |website=GOA PRISM |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210734/https://www.goaprism.com/kerkar-art-complex/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following this, he was invited by some international [[biennale]]s and art projects to create public sculptures.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/subodh-kerkar-to-create-the-pyramid-at-art-chennai/article2993215.ece
|title=Subodh Kerkar to create 'the pyramid' at Art Chennai
|date=2012-03-14
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2018-11-26
|language=en-IN
|archive-date=4 December 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204132838/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/subodh-kerkar-to-create-the-pyramid-at-art-chennai/article2993215.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref> He created a work titled ''The Sea Remembers'' on [[Dubai]]'s beach.<ref name="artnewsnviews" /> He has since displayed his work on Goan beaches, and also in countries like [[Switzerland]], [[South Korea]], [[Macau]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="GoaStreetsKerkar" />

In 2009, Kerkar launched an art exhibition in Mumbai to mark the anniversary of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.artslant.com/ny/articles/show/11388-when-death-came-from-the-ocean-subodh-kerkar-at-work|title=When Death Came from the Ocean: Subodh Kerkar at Work |last=Sabitha |first=T.P. |date=Nov 9, 2009 |magazine=ArtSlant |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>

In 2011, he was invited by the Dean of [[Visva-Bharati University]] at [[Shantiniketan]], to conduct a workshop.<ref name="GoaStreetsKerkar" /> In the same year, he created a fibre glass sculpture of a robot with an ass’ head.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/vedanta/whos-the-real-ass/articleshow/10335690.cms
|title=Who's the Real Ass?
|last=Nadkarni
|first=Vithal C.
|date=Oct 13, 2011
|work=The Economic Times
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134957/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/vedanta/whos-the-real-ass/articleshow/10335690.cms
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Some of his art exhibits include ''Pepper Cross''<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.youblisher.com/p/926529-Pepper-Cross-E-Catalogue/
|title=Pepper Cross E Catalogue
|website=Youblisher.com
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=2 February 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202011925/http://www.youblisher.com/p/926529-Pepper-Cross-E-Catalogue/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and ''Anchored Ocean.''<ref name="KhaleejAmbica2009">{{Cite news
|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20090515/ARTICLE/305159996/1002
|title=Art is all about wetting new sands
|last=Sachin
|first=Ambica
|date=May 16, 2009
|work=Khaleej Times
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135033/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20090515/ARTICLE/305159996/1002
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/dialogues-with-history/article4800345.ece |title=Dialogues with history |last=Satchidanandan |first=K. |date=June 28, 2013 |website=Frontline |language=en |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>

In 2013, his sculpture named ''Chicken Cafreal'' (after the [[Cafreal|dish of the same name]]) was selected for the [[Sculpture by the Sea]] exhibition and competition in [[Australia]].<ref name="JagranSculpturebySea">{{Cite news |url=http://post.jagran.com/goa-sculpture-inspired-from-chicken-dish-selected-for-australian-exhibition-1372837574 |title=Goa: Sculpture inspired from chicken dish selected for Australian exhibition |website=Jagran Post |date=Jul 3, 2013 |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115024547/http://post.jagran.com/goa-sculpture-inspired-from-chicken-dish-selected-for-australian-exhibition-1372837574 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was his third time getting selected there, after ''The Chilly'' (a huge red fibreglass chilly) in 2012.<ref name="IndianLink2012">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/art-in-public-view/article23029824.ece |title=Art in public view |last=Rangachari |first=Gayatri |date=Dec 6, 2012 |website=Business Line |language=en |access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianlink.com.au/red-hot-chilli-peppers/|title=Red hot chilli peppers|date=2012-10-18|website=Indian Link|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-10|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805165859/https://www.indianlink.com.au/red-hot-chilli-peppers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[India Art Fair]] in 2014, he showcased an artwork titled ''Palm Leaves'', reminiscing his childhood in Goa, where palm trees are commonly found.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

In 2015, he sold his art gallery and founded a new one, called [[Museum of Goa]].<ref name="LivemintMenezes" /><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/artist-subodh-kerkar-s-museum-of-goa-aims-to-provide-a-cultural-experience-for-the-goans/article7765909.ece|title=Finding his muse in the museum
|last=Ray
|first=Kunal
|date=Oct 15, 2015
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2018-11-26
|language=en-IN
}}</ref> The museum features many kinds of artwork, including works based on the ocean.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh4xDwAAQBAJ|title=Marine Shells of Goa: A Guide to Identification|last=Sonak|first=Sangeeta|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319550978|location=Goa|pages=200|date=14 August 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, he created the ''Carpet of Joy'' – an artwork to protest the excessive littering in Goa, on the 100th anniversary of [[Gandhi]]’s [[Champaran Satyagraha|first experiment]] of ''[[satyagraha]]'' (which Gandhi began in [[Champaran]] on April 10, 1917).<ref name="CarpetWireGandhi" /> It used 1,50,000 discarded plastic bottles, collected from beaches and hotels in Goa, to weave a carpet.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/culture/plastic-bottles-gandhi-art |title=Turning 1,50,000 Plastic Bottles Into Gandhian Art |last=Dikshit |first=V. |date=Apr 29, 2017 |website=The Wire |access-date=2018-11-26 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180803/https://thewire.in/culture/plastic-bottles-gandhi-art |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itsgoa.com/carpet-joy-mog-subodh-kerkar/ |title=Carpet of Joy- An installation by Doctor Subodh Kerkar |last=Chandan |date=2017-04-10 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201005123/http://www.itsgoa.com/carpet-joy-mog-subodh-kerkar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To celebrate the anniversary, Kerkar also worked with a team of software engineers and Dmytro Dokunov, a digital artist from [[Ukraine]], to create an [[augmented reality]] [[smartphone app]] called "Gandhi AR", which would display a bust of Gandhi when pointed at any Indian currency (which features Gandhi on it).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/small-talk-in-defence-of-the-mahatma/articleshow/62225057.cms |title=Small Talk: In defence of the Mahatma |last=Suhasini |first=Lalitha |website=Pune Mirror |date=Dec 24, 2017 |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210454/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/small-talk-in-defence-of-the-mahatma/articleshow/62225057.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-smart-art-is-set-to-bring-the-mahatma-to-life/articleshow/58437976.cms |title=How smart art is set to bring the Mahatma to life |website=The Times of India |last=Umachandran |first=Shalini |date=Apr 30, 2017 |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303220036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-smart-art-is-set-to-bring-the-mahatma-to-life/articleshow/58437976.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defindia.org/defdialogue-with-subodh-kerkar/|title=DEFdialogue with Subodh Kerkar|date=2017-07-21|website=Digital Empowerment Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-10|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128094312/https://defindia.org/defdialogue-with-subodh-kerkar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, Kerkar's photo exhibition of fishermen was chosen for the [[Royal Academy Summer Exhibition]].<ref name="PuneMirrorSuhasini2018" /> Later, it inspired filmmaker [[Bharat Bala]] to make a documentary on it.<ref name="HeraldDocu2018" />

In 2019, six of his sculptures were installed at the Himalayan Garden and Sculpture Park, [[Grewelthorpe]], North Yorkshire, England, including ''The Ocean Comes to Yorkshire'' (pictured)<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/things-to-do/whats-on/dr-subodh-kerkar-exhibition-6387224
|title=Dr Subodh Kerkar exhibition at The Himalayan Garden and Sculpture Park
|date=April 21, 2019
|publisher=Great British Life
|access-date=February 21, 2021
|archive-date=5 May 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505214104/https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/things-to-do/whats-on/dr-subodh-kerkar-exhibition-6387224
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Kerkar delivers lectures in India and abroad, such as [[Amsterdam]]'s [[Van Gogh Museum]]<ref name="VivaGoa2015">{{Cite magazine |url=http://vivagoamagazine.com/details.php?id=848 |title=Dr Subodh Kerkar delivers lecture on ocean and art at {{sic|prest|igeous|nolink=y}} Amsterdam Vana Gogh Museum |date=July 28, 2015 |website=Viva Goa |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210741/http://vivagoamagazine.com/details.php?id=848 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[University College London]].<ref name="NavhindArtArch2019">{{Cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/about-art-and-architecture/ |title=About art and architecture |website=Navhind Times |date=Jan 3, 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210804/http://www.navhindtimes.in/about-art-and-architecture/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/institute-of-advanced-studies/events/2017/apr/indian-ocean-histories-and-modern-art-discussion-subodh-kerkar|title=Indian Ocean Histories and Modern Art: A Discussion with Subodh Kerkar|last=UCL|date=2018-07-03|website=Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS)|language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He has also spoken at various [[TEDx]] events<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Have-you-met-the-other-TED/118154.html |title=Have you met the other TED? |last=Monte de Silva |first=Fernando |date=Jul 28, 2017 |work=oHeraldo |access-date=2018-11-26 |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180929/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Have-you-met-the-other-TED/118154.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=36166 |title=Talking about Art at TedxGEC |work=The Goan |access-date=2018-11-26 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126181001/http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=36166 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
{{Citation
|last=TEDx Talks
|title=Exploring history through art {{!}} Subodh Kerkar {{!}} TEDxBITSGoa
|date=2015-04-17
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77JiUuNVP2c
|access-date=2018-11-26
}}</ref> and at [[INKtalks]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.mediainfoline.com/article/ink-conference-2016-successfully-completes-its-7th-edition
|title=INK Conference 2016 successfully completes its 7th edition - Media Infoline
|date=2016-09-20
|work=Media Infoline
|access-date=2018-11-26
|language=en-US
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221343/http://www.mediainfoline.com/article/ink-conference-2016-successfully-completes-its-7th-edition
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2009, Kerkar launched an exhibition of sketches of [[Lord Ganesha]]. Organizations such as the [[Sanatan Sanstha]] called for protests, while others like the [[Hindu Janajagruti Samiti]] and the Shri Samarth Ramdas Seva Bhakti Mandal chose to file a police complaint under Section 149 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], for hurting religious sentiments. Kerkar alleged that he received threats on his life for his work.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=64356 |title=Dr Subodh Kerkar Fears for His Life After Hindu Groups Protested Against Him |website=Daijiworld.com |date=Aug 18, 2009 |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131145531/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=64356 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
* Busan Biennale Award (2006)<ref name="RKDNL">{{Cite web
|url=https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/374405
|title=Ontdek beeldhouwer, installatiekunstenaar, schilder Subodh Kerkar
|trans-title=Discover sculptor, installation artist, painter Subodh Kerkar
|website=rkd.nl
|language=nl
|access-date=2018-11-26
|archive-date=26 November 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126181035/https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/374405
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
* First prize at the [[Kala Academy]] Art Show, Goa (2000)<ref name="RKDNL" />

==Filmography==
* Battery Ki Chalo (Archived) 2018

==See also==
* [[Museum of Goa]]
* [[Vamona Navelcar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Subodh Kerkar}}
* {{Official website|http://www.subodhkerkar.com/}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUQOlD50zbw Subodh Kerkar: Food against fanaticism (INKtalks)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5533TkRvJU Exploring History through Art: Talk by Subodh Kerkar]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerkar, Subodh}}
[[Category:Painters from Goa]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]

Troikaa Pharmaceuticals

2026-04-10T07:32:41Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Short description|Indian Pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{infobox company
| name = Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
| logo = Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Logo.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| genre =
| fate =
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| foundation = 1983
| founder = Mr. Rajni V. Patel
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = *Dr. Ketan R. Patel (Chairman & managing director)
*Mr. Milan R. Patel (Joint Managing Director)
|industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
|products = [[Pharmaceutical]]s, Branded and [[Generic drug]]s,
| services =
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| num_employees = 2300+ (2019)
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| homepage = {{URL|http://www.troikaa.com}}
}}
'''Troikaa Pharmaceuticals''' is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]] city of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Technology Day Celebration |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=121547 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> It is a public unlisted company and is classified as company limited by shares.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sohini |title=Drug cos bet on NDDS for better price, market share |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/drug-cos-bet-on-ndds-for-better-price-market-share-114100101320_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617053805/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/drug-cos-bet-on-ndds-for-better-price-market-share-114100101320_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Troikaa's Dynapar QPS bags National Award |url=http://www.expressbpd.com/pharma/pharma-life/troikaas-dynapar-qps-bags-national-award-2/82613/ |website=BPD |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617053807/http://www.expressbpd.com/pharma/pharma-life/troikaas-dynapar-qps-bags-national-award-2/82613/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Troikaa Pharmaceuticals limited was established in 1983 in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] by Rajni V. Patel, one of the few pharmacy graduates, of the first batch of L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad in 1950. Ketan Patel is the current Chairman & Managing Director of the company. According to article, he was named as "India’s pain killer" for inventing world's first painless diclofenac injection, which helps alleviate acute pain and inflammation. Milan R. Patel is Joint Managing Director of the company.

In May 2020, Troikaa received US Patent for one of its products 'Dynapar QPS'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Troikaa Pharma receives U.S. patent for Dynapar QPS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/troikaa-pharma-receives-us-patent-for-dynapar-qps/article31644286.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=21 May 2020 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612103800/https://www.thehindu.com/business/troikaa-pharma-receives-us-patent-for-dynapar-qps/article31644286.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Operations ==
Troikaa has three manufacturing facilities in [[Gujarat]] and [[Uttarakhand]] certified by ISO 9001:2000 and WHO GMP ([[The World Health Organization]] for following [[Good Manufacturing Practices]]). Company has six marketing divisions & strength of more than 2300 employees. Company has presence in more than 70 countries.<ref name='BS1'>{{cite web |last1=Reporter |first1=B. S. |title=Troikaa Pharma gets patent approval for Dynapar AQ in CIS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/troikaa-pharma-gets-patent-approval-for-dynapar-aq-in-cis-110091300033_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=13 September 2010 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517102709/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/troikaa-pharma-gets-patent-approval-for-dynapar-aq-in-cis-110091300033_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Troikaa secures its innovations related to Novel Drug Delivery systems through Patent co-operation treaty in more than 100 countries of the world.<ref name='BS'>{{cite web |last1=Reporter |first1=B. S. |title=Troikaa Pharma commences work on Sanand plant; to make Dynapar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/troikaa-pharma-commences-work-on-sanand-plant-to-make-dynapar-115052201828_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830094152/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/troikaa-pharma-commences-work-on-sanand-plant-to-make-dynapar-115052201828_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=B. S. |title=Troikaa gets Australian patent for Dynapar AQ |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/troikaa-gets-australian-patent-for-dynapar-aq-109120200034_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830095648/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/troikaa-gets-australian-patent-for-dynapar-aq-109120200034_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Litigation ==
In 2016, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals filed petition in [[Delhi High Court]] seeking license cancellation of Diclofenac Sodium Injection 75 mg/ml, manufactured by Themis Medicare Pvt Ltd and marketed by [[Novartis]] India Ltd. under the brand name Voveran 1ml.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavan |first1=Prabha |title=Indian pharma company may sue drug controller over safety of Novartis painkiller |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-company-may-sue-drug-controller-over-safety-of-novartis-painkiller/articleshow/52347842.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801172444/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-company-may-sue-drug-controller-over-safety-of-novartis-painkiller/articleshow/52347842.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thacker |first1=Teena |title=Drug regulator orders recall of Novartis's painkiller diclofenac |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Pq4oCrhPUFB2kdRbHsUrvK/Drug-regulator-orders-recall-of-Novartiss-painkiller-diclof.html |work=livemint.com |date=11 July 2018 |language=en |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813122633/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Pq4oCrhPUFB2kdRbHsUrvK/Drug-regulator-orders-recall-of-Novartiss-painkiller-diclof.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Troikaa Pharmaceuticals claimed that the diclofenac sodium 75 mg/ml injection contained Transcutol-P which caused damage to the kidneys.
In July 2018, [[Drug Controller General of India|India's Drug Regulator]] canceled the license granted to M/S Themis Medicare for the sale of Diclofenac injection 75 mg/ml containing Transcutol-P.<ref>{{cite news |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of |title=Drug regulator cancels licence for Diclofenac sold by Novartis |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/drug-regulator-cancels-licence-for-diclofenac-sold-by-novartis-118071201086_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617053859/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/drug-regulator-cancels-licence-for-diclofenac-sold-by-novartis-118071201086_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Novartis, Themis use unsafe ingredient' - BUSINESS & ECONOMY - News {{!}} News Syndication {{!}} Content Syndication |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=cTYEU4Rp2ShYzJIeEsIuOKYUHBszQF6KtdBhRSYFvV4= |website=dnasyndication.com |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020100111/https://dnasyndication.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals suits a patent infringement in Ahmedabad district court against Ahmedabad-based [[Lincoln Pharmaceuticals]] and Delhi-based [[Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals|Akums Drug & Pharmaceuticals Ltd]], saying the two companies had infringed upon its patented high concentration, low viscosity diclofenac injection. The case was continued by [[Gujarat High Court]] and ordered to Akums Drugs not to infringe as per the patent specification and dismissed Lincoln Pharma's appeal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Vishal |title=HC grants relief to Troikaa in patent case; restrains two firms from selling Dynapar injections |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/hc-grants-relief-to-troikaa-in-patent-case-restrains-two-firms-from-selling-dynapar-injections/articleshow/12934339.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020100111/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/hc-grants-relief-to-troikaa-in-patent-case-restrains-two-firms-from-selling-dynapar-injections/articleshow/12934339.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Troikaa filed a suit for infringement of design against a company manufacturing D’ shaped tablets. The company had challenged that Troikaa's D-shaped tablet registration was invalid. The suit was transferred to the [[High Court of Gujarat]] and later in its first case under the Designs Act, the High Court decided in favor of the Troikaa.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Prashant |title=Gujarat High Court grants interim injunction in Designs Case |url=https://spicyip.com/2008/08/gujarat-high-court-grants-interim.html |website=SpicyIP |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131132045/https://spicyip.com/2008/08/gujarat-high-court-grants-interim.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards & honors ==
*"The national award for R&D 2015" for "Dynapar QPS" by [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]] in [[Vigyan Bhavan]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Technology Development Board 20th Annual Report 2015-16 |url=http://tdb.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf |website=tdb.gov.in |publisher=Govet of India |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709060901/http://tdb.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Annual-Report-2015-16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Technology Day Celebration |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=121547 |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2016-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820033924/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=121547 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name='BS'/>
*"India Pharma Innovation of the Year Award" 2018 by Shri [[Ananth Kumar]], [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Troikaa bags recognition from Govt of India |url=http://www.expressbpd.com/pharma/latest-updates/troikaa-bags-recognition-from-govt-of-india/398219/ |website=BPD |date=1 March 2018 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616053952/http://www.expressbpd.com/pharma/latest-updates/troikaa-bags-recognition-from-govt-of-india/398219/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Intellectual Property Excellence in India Award 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Troikaa wins award for IP Excellence |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |agency=Zee Media |date=12 Dec 2018 |location=Ahmedabad |page=4}}</ref>
*IPA ACG Scitech Innovation Awards 2015<ref>{{cite news |title=Troika receiving the IPA-ACG innovation in Solid Dosage form Award |issue=July 2015 |publisher=Pharma Times |date=7 July 2015 |location=Ahmedabad |page=9}}</ref>
*In 2008, National Award for R & D efforts in the area of Physical & Biological Sciences, for developing Dynapar AQ.<ref>{{cite web |title=DSIR : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research |url=http://www.dsir.gov.in/#files/tpdup/irdpp/award08.htm |website=www.dsir.gov.in |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914142150/http://www.dsir.gov.in/#files/tpdup/irdpp/award08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]

Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama

2026-04-05T15:37:51Z

HughStoate90988: created some data more to come...

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama
| image = Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ram Godhala
| producer = Harish Nalla
| writer = Ram Godhala
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]
* Malavika Manoj}}
| music = [[Radhan]]
| cinematography = S. Manikandan
| editing = Bhavin M. Shah
| studio = V ARTS
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|7|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama''''' ({{translation|Oh beloved, alas Rama}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Ram Godhala. The film stars [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] and Malavika Manoj alongside [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Ravinder Vijay, and [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
Ram loses his mother at a very young age and lives with his uncle. One fine day, he meets Satyabhama and gets close to her. When everything seems to be going as planned, Ram's past resurfaces and breaks up his love story. What is that past, and what issues did it create in Ram’s love story, is the basic crux of the film.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Ram
* Malavika Manoj as Satyabhama
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ram's uncle and Meenakshi’s brother
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Meenakshi, Ram's mother
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Gautham, Ram's father
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Surya, Satyabhama’s father
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Lecturer
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Guy in stories
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Satyabhama’s grandmother
* Roopa Sravan as Satyabhama’s mother
* Sathvik Anand as Love Guru, Ram’s friend
* Moin as Ram’s friend
* Karthik Prasad as Manoj, Satyabhama’s alliance
* Keshav Deepak as Manoj’s father
* Nayani Pavani as Kruthi, Satyabhama’s bestfriend
* [[Harish Shankar]] as Himself ([[Cameo appearance|Extended Cameo]])
* [[Maruthi]] as Himself (Cameo appearance)
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:32
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Radhan]]
| prev_title = [[Dear Uma]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title =
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|gfPUq-_CFIs|''Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama'' – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music was composed by [[Radhan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama/iVn3llhz8W8_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=3 April 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413153527/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama/iVn3llhz8W8_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama
| length1 = 3:31
| lyrics1 = Sri Harsha Emani
| extra1 = Sarath Santosh
| title2 = Ramachandhrude
| length2 = 5:06
| lyrics2 = Sri Harsha Emani, Pardhu Sannidhiraju
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| title3 = Gully Step
| length3 = 2:58
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra3 = [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]
| title4 = Amma Song
| length4 = 3:11
| lyrics4 = Balaji
| extra4 = Pranavi
| title5 = Na Chelive
| length5 = 4:50
| lyrics5 = M. Venkat Kalyan
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title6 = Sajni Re
| length6 = 5:56
| lyrics6 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra6 = Sarath Santosh
| total_length = 25:32
}}

== Release ==
''Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama'' was released theatrically on 11 July 2025. The film was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[ETV Win]] on 1 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-07-31 |title=Suhas starrer Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama gets OTT premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/31/suhas-starrer-oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-gets-ott-premiere-date |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "In the end, ''Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama'' is a film that works in parts. Its performances, music, and premise are engaging, but it falters when it tries to go deeper without the narrative precision to support it."<ref>{{cite news |title=Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama Movie Review: A quirky rom-com weighed down by tonal misfires |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama/movie-review/122387248.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> B. H. Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and wrote, "Despite earnest performances from Suhas and Malavika Manoj, the film is never consistent in its tone and gets increasingly dull in the second half".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama Review: Suhas starrer refuses to commit to its own sentimentality |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/11/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-review-suhas-starrer-refuses-to-commit-to-its-own-sentimentality |work=Cinema Express |date=11 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

SN of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' rated the film 1.75/5 and wrote, "“Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama” is bereft of strong story, emotional heft, or engaging narration. To make matters worse, Suhas delivers a subpar performance that only drags the film further down. It is, in no uncertain terms, a thoroughly dull."<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama Review: An utterly silly drama |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-review-an-utterly-silly-drama |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=11 July 2025}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama'' doesn’t even do the bare minimum you seek from a popcorn entertainer. Everything about it is so ordinary and forgettable."<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title='Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama' movie review: Suhas' romcom is wayward and pointless |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-movie-review-suhas-telugu-romcom-is-wayward-and-pointless/article69799835.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Odisha Legislative Assembly

2026-03-29T17:12:20Z

HughStoate90988: expanded formatting additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Unicameral state legislature of the Indian state of Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Odisha Legislative Assembly
| native_name = ଓଡ଼ିଶା ବିଧାନ ସଭା
| legislature = [[17th Odisha Assembly]]
| logo_pic = Odisha Vidhan Sabha Logo.png
| logo_res = 300px
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| preceded_by = Orissa Provincial Assembly
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1952|02|20}}
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Kambhampati Hari Babu|Dr. Kambhampati Hari Babu]]'''
| election1 = 3 January 2025
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = '''[[Surama Padhy]]'''
| party2 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election2 = 20 June 2024
| leader3_type = [[Deputy Speaker]]
| leader3 = '''[[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]]'''
| party3 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election3 = 24 July 2024
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = '''[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]'''
| party4 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election4 = 12 June 2024
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the House)
| leader5 = '''[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]''', '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]''' '''[[Pravati Parida]]'''
| party5 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election5 = 12 June 2024
| leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| leader6 = '''[[Naveen Patnaik]]'''
| party6 = [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| election6 = 20 June 2024
| leader7_type = Secretary
| leader7 = Satyabrata Rout, I.A.S.
| election7 = 31 January 2025
| members = '''[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|147]]'''
| structure1 = [[File:OdishaAssemblyAfterSuspensions2026.svg|300px|By Pary]]
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Odisha|Government]] (92)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]] (79)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (13)
'''Opposition (55)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Biju Janata Dal}}}} [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (43)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (11)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
:
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Odisha Legislative Assembly election|by May 2029]]
| session_room = Odisha Vidhan Soudha.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| website = {{url|https://assembly.odisha.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Odisha Legislative Assembly''' or '''ଓଡ଼ିଶା ବିଧାନ ସଭା''' is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of the state of [[Odisha]] in [[India]]. The seat of the [[Legislative Assembly]] is at [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital city. The Legislative Assembly comprises [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|147]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/orissa-w.htm |title=Orissa Legislative Assembly |work=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |year=2005 |quote=The strength of Assembly was later increased to 147 with effect from the Sixth Legislative Assembly (1974). |access-date=29 December 2012 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204183100/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/orissa-w.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Out of total 147 Assembly Constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly, 33 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 24 seats for the Scheduled Castes (SC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Odisha Assembly Constituency |url=https://ceoodisha.nic.in/en/voter-services/acmaps/ |website=Chief Electoral Office, Odisha}}</ref>

== History==
List of Assembly Sessions of Odisha Legislative Assembly<ref name="Brief history">{{Cite web |title=Brief history |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/pdf/BriefHistoryAssemblywebsite.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231053029/https://odishaassembly.nic.in/pdf/BriefHistoryAssemblywebsite.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!#
![[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]
{{small|([[Elections in Odisha|Election]])}}
!Constitution
!Dissolution
!Composition{{efn|Provisional Assembly had total strength of 60 members.First to fifth assembly had total strength of 140 members. From Sixth assembly onwards, total strength is of 147 members. These standings are at the beginning of the session.}}
![[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
![[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
![[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|-
|A
|[[1st Orissa Pre Independence Provincial Assembly|First Provincial Assembly]] {{Small|([[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 election]])}}
|3 February 1937
|14 September 1945
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 36
* United - 06
* National - 04
* Nominated - 04
* [[Nonpartisanship|No Party]] - 04
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 06
|[[Mukunda Prasad Das (politician)|Mukunda Prasad Das]]
|[[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]]
----
[[Bishwanath Das]]
| N/A
|-
|B
|[[2nd Orissa Pre Independence Provincial Assembly|Second Provincial Assembly]] {{Small|([[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 election]])}}
|18 April 1946
|20 February 1952
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 47
* [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]] - 04
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* Nominated - 04
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 04
* [[Nonpartisanship|No Party]] - 31
|Lal Mohan Patnaik
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
----
[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
| N/A
|-
|1
|[[1st Orissa Legislative Assembly|First Assembly]] {{small|([[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]])}}
|20 February 1952
|4 March 1957
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 67
* [[All India Ganatantra Parishad|AIGP]] - 31
* [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] - 10
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 07
* [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 24
|Nandakishore Das
|[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
----
[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|[[Shraddhakar Supakar]]
|-
|2
|[[2nd Orissa Legislative Assembly|Second Assembly]] {{Small|([[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]])}}
|1 April 1957
|25 February 1961
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 56
* [[All India Ganatantra Parishad|AIGP]] - 51
* [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] - 11
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 09
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 13
|[[Nilakantha Das]]
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|-
|3
|[[3rd Orissa Legislative Assembly|Third Assembly]] {{small|([[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961 election]])}}
|21 June 1961
|1 March 1967
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 82
* [[All India Ganatantra Parishad|AIGP]] - 37
* [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] - 10
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 04
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 17
|[[Lingaraj Panigrahi]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
----
[[Biren Mitra]]
----
[[Sadashiva Tripathy]]
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|-
|4
|[[4th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Fourth Assembly]] {{small|([[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])}}
|1 March 1967
|23 January 1971
|
* [[Swatantra Party|SWP]] - 49
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 31
* [[Orissa Jana Congress|OJC]] - 26
* [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] - 21
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 07
* [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] - 02
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 03
|Nandakishore Mishra
|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|[[Sadashiva Tripathy]]
|-
|5
|[[5th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Fifth Assembly]] {{small|([[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971 election]])}}
|23 March 1971
|3 March 1973
|
* [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|INC (R)]] - 51
* [[Swatantra Party|SWP]] - 36
* [[Utkal Congress|UC]] - 33
* [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] - 04
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 04
* [[Jharkhand Party|JAP]] - 04
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 02
* [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC (O)]] - 01
* [[Orissa Jana Congress|OJC]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 03
|Nandakishore Mishra
|[[Bishwanath Das]]
----
[[Nandini Satpathy]]
|[[Binayak Acharya]]
----
[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
----
[[Biju Patnaik]]
|-
|6
|[[6th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Sixth Assembly]] {{small|([[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974 election]])}}
|6 March 1974
|30 April 1977
|
* [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|INC (R)]] - 69
* [[Utkal Congress|UC]] - 35
* [[Swatantra Party|SWP]] - 21
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 08
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 03
* [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] - 02
* [[Orissa Jana Congress|OJC]] - 01
* [[Jharkhand Party|JAP]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 07
|[[Brajamohan Mohanty]]
|[[Nandini Satpathy]]
----
[[Binayak Acharya]]
|[[Nandini Satpathy|Biju Patnaik]]
----
Ram Prasad Mishra
|-
|7
|[[7th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Seventh Assembly]] {{small|([[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])}}
|26 June 1977
|17 February 1980
|
* [[Janata Party|JP]] - 110
* [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|INC (R)]]- 26
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 09
|Satyapriya Mohanty
|[[Nilamani Routray]]
|[[Chintamani Panigrahi]]
----
Brundaban Nayak
----
Prahlad Mallik
----
[[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]]
|-
|8
|[[8th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Eighth Assembly]] {{small|([[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]])}}
|9 June 1980
|9 March 1985
|
* [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC (I)]] - 118
* [[Janata Party (Secular)|JNP (SC)]] - 13
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 04
* [[Janata Party|JP]] - 03
* [[Indian National Congress (U)|INC (U)]] - 02
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 07
|[[Somnath Rath]]
----
Prasanna Kumar Dash
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|No Official Opposition {{small|(till 1984)}}
----
[[Sarat Kumar Deb]]
|-
|9
|[[9th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Ninth Assembly]] {{small|([[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]])}}
|9 March 1985
|3 March 1990
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 117
* [[Janata Party|JP]] - 21
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 01
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 07
|Prasanna Kumar Dash
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
----[[Hemananda Biswal]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
|-
|10
|[[10th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Tenth Assembly]] {{small|([[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]])}}
|3 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|
* [[Janata Dal|JD]] - 123
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 10
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 05
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 02
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 06
|[[Yudhistir Das]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
|No Official Opposition
|-
|11
|[[11th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Eleventh Assembly]] {{small|([[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995 election]])}}
|15 March 1995
|29 February 2000
|
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 80
* [[Janata Dal|JD]] - 46
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 09
* [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] - 04
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* [[Jharkhand People's Party|JPP]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 06
|Kishore Chandra Patel
----Chintamani Dyan Samantra
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
----
[[Giridhar Gamang]]
----
[[Hemananda Biswal]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
----
[[Ashok Kumar Das]]
----
[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]
----
[[Prafulla Samal]]
----
Satchidananda Dalal
|-
|12
|[[12th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Twelfth Assembly]] {{small|([[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000 election]])}}
|29 February 2000
|6 February 2004
|
* [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] - 68
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 38
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 26
* [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] - 03
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD (S)]] - 01
* [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 08
|[[Sarat Kumar Kar]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|Ramakanta Mishra
|-
|13
|[[13th Orissa Legislative Assembly|Thirteenth Assembly]] {{small|([[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004 election]])}}
|15 May 2004
|19 May 2009
|
* [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] - 61
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 38
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 32
* [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] - 04
* [[Odisha Gana Parishad|OGP]] - 02
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 08
|[[Maheswar Mohanty]]
----
Prahlad Dora
----
[[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
----[[Ramachandra Ulaka]]
|-
|14
|[[14th Odisha Legislative Assembly|Fourteenth Assembly]] {{small|([[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]])}}
|19 May 2009
|24 May 2014
|
* [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] - 103
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 27
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 06
* [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] - 04
* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 06
|[[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|-
|15
|[[15th Odisha Legislative Assembly|Fifteenth Assembly]] {{small|([[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 election]])}}
|25 May 2014
|29 May 2019
|
* [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] - 117
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 16
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 10
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Samata Kranti Dal|SKD]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 02
|[[Niranjan Pujari]]
----[[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]]
|-
|16
|[[16th Odisha Legislative Assembly|Sixteenth Assembly]] {{small|([[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 election]])}}
|30 May 2019
|3 June 2024
|
* [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] - 113
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 23
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 09
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 01
|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
----
[[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]
----
[[Pramila Mallik]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
----[[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
|-
|17
|[[17th Odisha Legislative Assembly|Seventeenth Assembly]] {{small|([[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]])}}
|11 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 79
* [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] - 50
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 14
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] - 01
* [[Independent politician|IND]] - 03
|[[Surama Padhy]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Current Floor leaders ==
{{transcluded section|source=17th Odisha Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:17th Odisha Assembly|Office Bearers}}}}

== Current Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=17th Odisha Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:17th Odisha Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

== Speakers of Odisha Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
List of Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly<ref name="Brief history" />
{{trim|{{#Section-h:List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|List of Speakers}}}}

== Deputy Speakers of Odisha Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
List of Deputy Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly<ref name="Brief history" />
{{trim|{{#Section-h:List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|List of Deputy Speakers}}}}

== Leader of Opposition of Odisha Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly<ref name="Brief history" />
{{trim|{{#Section-h:List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|List of Leaders of Opposition}}}}

==See also==
* [[Government of Odisha]]
* [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|List of Constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]]
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha]]
* [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Orissa High Court]]
* [[Parliament of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/ Odisha Legislative Assembly website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230094216/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/ |date=30 December 2010 }}

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Odisha elections}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Odisha Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]

Anurag Thakur

2026-03-29T14:59:30Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| name = Anurag Singh Thakur
| image = Shri Anurag Singh Thakur in July 2021.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Thakur in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|10|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]], India
| residence = [[New Delhi|22, Akbar Road, New Delhi]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting]]
| term_start = 7 July 2021
| term_end = 10 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| successor = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| term_start1 = 7 July 2021
| term_end1 = 10 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| successor1 = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State for Finance & Corporate Affairs]]
| minister2 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Bhagwat Karad]] [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
| term_start2 = 31 May 2019
| term_end2 = 7 July 2021
| office5 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| term_start5 = 2011
| term_end5 = 2016
| predecessor5 = [[Amit Thaker]]
| successor5 = [[Poonam Mahajan]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 25 May 2008
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| constituency3 = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]]
| majority3 = 1,82,357 (17.42%)
| office4 = 33rd [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| term_start4 = 22 May 2016
| term_end4 = 2 January 2017
| predecessor4 = [[Shashank Manohar]]
| successor4 = C. K. Khanna ''(interim)''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Doaba College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Cricketer|military officer|politician}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Shefali Thakur|2002}}
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|15px]] [[Army ranks and insignia of India#Officers|Captain]]
| unit = {{flagicon image|Territorial Army (Flag).svg}} [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]
| serviceyears = 2016–present
| battles =
| mawards =
}}
[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] '''Anurag Singh Thakur''' (born 24 October 1974) is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He was former Minister of [[Ministry of Sports (India)|Sports, Youth Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] in the [[Second Modi ministry]]. His father, [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] was a former [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]].

Previously, Thakur served as a Minister of State for [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]]. He was first elected to the Lok Sabha in May 2008 in a by poll as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anurag-thakurs-political-journey-a-tale-of-struggle-patience-and-thorns/articleshow/84206351.cms| title=Anurag Thakur's political journey: A tale of struggle, patience and thorns |work=TimesofIndia|date=7 July 2021|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Coming from a political family of [[Himachal Pradesh]], he is a long serving, four time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], being a member of [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]], [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]], [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]], and [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/lok-sabha-poll-in-hamirpur-dropped-fathers-surname-to-find-my-own-identity-says-bjps-anurag-thakur-on-bucking-anti-dynasty-trend-6549471.html| title=Lok Sabha poll in Hamirpur: 'Dropped father's surname to find my own identity,' says BJP's Anurag Thakur on bucking anti-dynasty trend |work=firstpost|date=1 May 2019|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

Previously, he was the [[President (corporate title)|president]] of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) from May 2015 to February 2017, and had to leave that position after the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] order on BCCI governance.
During his time as BCCI president he operated for some time from West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/anurag-thakur-former-bcci-president-apologises-to-supreme-court/story-4gQp31AzjpOdEEkllbL9dK.html|title=Anurag Thakur, former BCCI president, apologises to Supreme Court|date=6 March 2017|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> On 29 July 2016, he became the first serving Member of Parliament from the BJP to become a regular commissioned officer in the [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/anurag-thakur-territorial-army-bjp-mp-2942887/|title=Anurag Thakur becomes first serving BJP MP to join Territorial Army|date=29 July 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>
He was involved in a legal struggle between the Himachal Pradesh State Government and the Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association over the rights to the International Cricket Stadium at Dharamshala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Court restores Dharamshala cricket stadium to Anurag's HPCA|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/high-court-restores-dharamshala-cricket-stadium-to-anurags-hpca/|date=5 November 2013|website=The Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> There was also controversy over his appointment as the president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) and he had to leave that position following a Supreme Court order. In 2024, he was elected as MP from [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur constituency]] in Himachal Pradesh for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 General Elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2024 |title=Second list of BJP candidates for ensuing General Elections 2024 to the Parliamentary Constituencies of different states finalised by BJP CEC. BJP upcoming president.
|url=https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/second-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-elections-2024-parliamentary |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls2">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Thakur was born on 24 October 1974 in [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]] and his family belongs to the [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] community.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/bjp-works-out-caste-equation-carefully-756554|title=BJP works out caste equation carefully|work=The Trobune|date=11 April 2019|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> He is the elder son of Prem Kumar Dhumal and Sheela Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/anurag-or-varun-for-up-bjp-cannot-make-up-its-mind|author=Nora Chopra|title=Anurag or Varun for UP? BJP cannot make up its mind|work=[[The Sunday Guardian]]|date=20 November 2011|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827185017/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/anurag-or-varun-for-up-bjp-cannot-make-up-its-mind|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father, Prem Kumar Dhumal was a former [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]]. He has done his bachelors [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from [[Doaba College]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/anurag-singh-thakur |title=Anurag Singh Thakur |publisher=Government of India |quote= He studied B.A. Educated at Doaba College, Jalandhar, Punjab}}</ref> He did his schooling from Dayanand Model Sr. Sec. School, Dayanand Nagar, [[Jalandhar]].

==Political career==
[[File:Anurag Thakur with Nirmala Sitharaman.jpg|thumb|Captain Anurag Thakur meets Smt. [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], Minister of Finance after taking the charge of Minister of State for Finance]]
In May 2008, Thakur succeeded his father when he was elected as Member of Parliament of India's 14th Lok Sabha from Hamirpur constituency. He was re-elected to the 15th Lok Sabha in 2009, 16th Loksabha in 2014, and 17th Loksabha in 2019. Later, in 2010 Thakur was appointed the national president of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/404.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627024230/http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Election Commission of India|archivedate=27 June 2009|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.134/newls/statedetail.aspx?state_name=Himachal%20Pradesh |title=Lok Sabha Members Himachal Pradesh |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527010101/http://164.100.47.134/newls/statedetail.aspx?state_name=Himachal+Pradesh |archive-date=27 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 19 January 2019 he became the first [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MP to be awarded the Sansad Ratna Award, an award established in 2010 for recognizing contributions by parliamentarians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bjp-mp-anurag-thakur-honoured-with-sansad-ratna-award-119012000016_1.html|title=BJP MP Anurag Thakur honoured with Sansad Ratna Award|work=business-standard|date=20 January 2019|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

===Minister===
In May 2019, Thakur became Minister of State for [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

On 7 July 2021, Thakur was appointed as the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]] and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information & Broadcasting]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/former-bcci-president-anurag-thakur-appointed-as-indias-new-minister-of-youth-affairs-and-sports/ |title=Former BCCI President Anurag Thakur appointed as India's new Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports |work=SportsTiger |date=7 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> in the [[Second Modi ministry]] as part of changes in the [[Union Council of Ministers]].<ref name="auto"/>

===Goli Maro chants===
In the 2020 Delhi elections, he was accused of being one of the leaders who incited communal tension in Delhi using the inflammatory slogan "traitors of the country", to which his audience replied "shoot the bastards", which were repeated by him in January 2020 at a [[BJP]] rally.<ref>{{citation |title=Anurag Thakur On 'Goli Maro' Chants At Poll Rally: 'People Reacted. What Can I Do? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/anurag-thakur-goli-maro-chants-at-delhi-election-rally_in_5e2f9a7bc5b68f86c8cd03b5 |work=[[Huffington Post]] |date=28 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2020|title=Anurag Thakur faces Opposition ire over hate speech during Delhi poll campaign|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/goli-maarna-band-karo-opposition-protests-against-union-minister-anurag-thakur-in-parliament/story-q4Rl9jfKBla0QdFx9hIgGK.html|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On being questioned about the statements by the media on 1 March 2020, he responded by saying, "You are lying, ... the matter is sub-judice." and “I think sometimes there is lack of information in the media too regarding the way some things are projected.”
<ref>{{Cite web|title='Hate Speech': Anurag Thakur Accuses Journalist of Lying, Calls For Action Against Rioters|url=https://thewire.in/politics/anurag-thakur-hate-speech|website=The Wire|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] ordered that Thakur be removed from the BJP's list of star campaigners and then imposed a 72-hour campaigning ban on him.<ref>{{citation |title=EC bans Anurag Thakur for 72 hours from campaigning |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/delhi-elections-ec-ban-on-anurag-thakur-pravesh-verma-bjp-caa-shaheen-bagh-protests-6242683/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 January 2020 }}</ref> Following Thakur's speech, at least three incidents were reported in which [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Anti-CAA protestors]] were fired upon.<ref>{{citation |title=Zero remorse: BJP minister who led 'shoot the traitors' chant is back on campaign trail |url=https://scroll.in/article/952001/zero-remorse-bjp-minister-who-led-shoot-the-traitors-chant-is-back-on-campaign-trail |work=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]] |date=3 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Cricket career==
===Professional player===
Anurag Thakur played a Ranji Trophy match against Jammu & Kashmir in November 2000 when he was the president of HPCA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-the-curious-case-of-anurag-thakur-the-cricketer-2185336|title=The curious case of Anurag Thakur, the cricketer|first=Chander Shekhar|last=Luthra|date=4 March 2016|website=DNA India}}</ref> He has played one match in first-class cricket representing Himachal Pradesh and leading the team as captain in a match against Jammu and Kashmir in the 2000/2001 season. Jammu and Kashmir won by 4 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/071016/anurag-thakur-was-my-first-ball-victim-in-his-only-ranji-match-jammu-bowler.html|title=Found Anurag Thakur to be an average player: Ex-J&K bowler|first=Bipin|last=Dani|date=7 October 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He "picked himself" for the match so as to fulfill the BCCI criterion (which requires state administrators to have at least one first-class match experience) for becoming a selector at the state level.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anurag-thakur-former-himachal-cms-son-turned-hpca-into-a-company-after-benefitting-from-state-largesse/articleshow/31431494.cms?from=mdr|title=Anurag Thakur, former Himachal CM's son, turned HPCA into a company after benefitting from state largesse|first=Sruthijith K.|last=K|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> After the match, he appointed himself as the chairman of selectors of HPCA Ranji trophy cricket team.<ref name="anuragthakur.in|title">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anuragthakur.in|title=Anurag Thakur - Anurag Thakur Official Website-Home}}</ref>

This debut was his one and only first-class cricket match. This experience in first-class cricket enabled his induction into the BCCI national junior selection committee, satisfying the condition that only first-class players could be national selectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/842147.html|title=Who is Anurag Thakur?|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 March 2015 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Administrative head ===
Anurag Thakur served as the president of the Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association for four straight terms since 2000. His tenure saw development of five stadium in [[Himachal Pradesh]] including the stadium in Dharamsala.<ref name="auto"/>

He was the president of the Board of Control for Cricket of India order on 2 January 2017. Early on in his administrative tenure, he gained fame for possibly being the first cricketer to have made his first-class debut after taking over as the president of the Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association (HPCA) in July 2000.

=== Appointment as BCCI president ===
Thakur rose through the ranks in cricketing administration bodies to the position of secretary for BCCI.<ref name=bcci>{{cite news|title=Joint Secretary of BCCI |url=http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/index/office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222050707/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/index/office |archive-date=22 December 2011 }}</ref> On 22 May 2016, Anurag Thakur became the president of BCCI, but his tenure was cut short when the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled on the Lodha Committee's third status report, submitted on 14 November 2016, asking for the disqualification of office-bearers of the BCCI and all state associations, who became ineligible as per the Apex Court's 18 July 2016 order.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/supreme-court-sacks-anurag-thakur-shirke-from-bcci/articleshow/56288727.cms|title= Anurag Thakur - Anurag Thakur Sacked from BCCI|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 3 January 2017|last1= Rautray|first1= Samanwaya}}</ref>

The court dismissed Thakur on 2 January 2017 for defying its 2016 order to implement the [[Lodha Committee]] reforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://thewire.in/sport/anurag-thakur-bcci-lodha-committee|title=Supreme Court Sacks BCCI President Anurag Thakur|newspaper=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|date=2 January 2017}}</ref> It also initiated contempt proceedings against Thakur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/supreme-court-accuses-anurag-thakur-of-personal-perjury-what-is-perjury/493748/|title=Supreme Court accuses Anurag Thakur of personal perjury|newspaper=Financial Express|date=2 January 2017}}</ref> for what it ''[[prima facie]]'' deemed as perjury about his correspondence with the [[International Cricket Council]]. He submitted an affidavit of apology to the court which was rejected,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/supreme-court-asks-ex-bcci-president-anurag-thakur-to-tender-unconditional-apology/story-8AAO2L8tNgomf8gw3nN5MN.html|title=Former BCCI chief Anurag Thakur asked to tender unconditional apology by SC|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=7 July 2017|last1= Bagriya|first1= Ashok}}</ref> following which he filed an unconditional and unequivocal apology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-anurag-thakur-apology-supreme-court-1024138-2017-07-13|title=Former BCCI chief Anurag Thakur tenders unconditional apology in contempt case|newspaper=India Today|date=13 July 2017}}</ref> The court finally relented and dropped its contempt and perjury proceedings against him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-drops-contempt-perjury-proceedings-against-anurag-thakur/articleshow/59599253.cms|title=Supreme Court drops contempt, perjury proceedings against Anurag Thakur|newspaper=Economic Times|date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Thakur decided at the age of 13 that he will not use his father's surname Dhumal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-13 |title=अनुराग का खुलासा, क्यों धूमल नहीं ठाकुर लगाते हैं अपने नाम के पीछे |url=https://m.himachal.punjabkesari.in/himachal-pradesh/news/anurag--s-disclosure--why-do-thakur-behind-his-name-not-dhumal-676138?amp= |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Punjabkesari |language=Hindi}}</ref> Thakur married Shefali Thakur, daughter of [[Gulab Singh Thakur]], former Minister in the Government of [[Himachal Pradesh]], on 27 November 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bjp-candidate-from-joginder-nagar-assembly-seat-in-himachal-gulab-singh-thakur-2577796.html|title=BJP candidate from Joginder Nagar assembly seat in Himachal: Gulab Singh Thakur|last=Deepika|date=7 November 2017|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017-seven-time-mla-gulab-singh-thakur-ready-for-final-poll-innings-from-joginder-nagar-4922067/|title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly elections 2017: Seven-time MLA ready for 'final' poll innings from Joginder Nagar|date=4 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/himachal-pradesh-polls-parkash-rana-thakur-jewan-thakur-gulab-singh-thakur-joginder-nagar-set-for-triangular-contest-4914529/|title=Himachal Pradesh Polls: Joginder Nagar set for triangular contest|date=31 October 2017}}</ref>

== Territorial Army ==
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh conferring the rank of Lieutenant in the Territorial Army on Shri Anurag Singh Thakur, Member of Parliament and President BCCI, at a solemn ‘Commissioning’ ceremony, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|(Right side) The then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]], [[General Dalbir Singh]] and (left side) his father Shri [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]], former [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]] conferring the rank of [[Lieutenant]] in the [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] (TA) on Shri '''Anurag Singh Thakur''', Member of Parliament and President BCCI, at a solemn ‘Commissioning’ ceremony, in [[New Delhi]] on 29 July 2016.]]
In July 2016, Anurag Thakur became a part of the [[Territorial Army (India)| Territorial Army]], becoming the first serving BJP Member of Parliament to become a TA Officer. He has been promoted to the rank of captain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mp-bcci-chief-anurag-thakur-to-join-territorial-army/articleshow/53412729.cms|title=BJP MP & BCCI chief Anurag Thakur to join Territorial Army. India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 July 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Official website|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4249|name=Profile on Government of India website}}
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/842245.html}}

{{Navboxes
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|list1=
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{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]] |years=2008 – Present}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Kiren Rijiju]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]|years=7 July 2021 – Present}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Prakash Javadekar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]|years=7 July 2021 - Present}}
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{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{16th LS members from Himachal Pradesh}}
{{17th LS members from Himachal Pradesh}}{{18th LS members from Himachal Pradesh}}{{Presidents of BCCI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Anurag}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
[[Category:People from Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Pandit

2026-03-24T06:56:51Z

HughStoate90988: added references

{{Short description|Scholar or teacher of Hindu law, philosophy or music}}
{{Other uses|Pandit (disambiguation)}}
[[File:A young Pandit holding the lamp of fire.jpg|thumb|245x245px|A young pandit holding the lamp of fire]]
A '''pandit''' ({{langx|sa|पण्डितः|paṇḍitaḥ}}; {{langx|hi|पंडित|paṇḍit}};<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pundit |volume=22 |page=649}}</ref> also spelled '''pundit''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|d|ɪ|t|,_|ˈ|p|æ|n|d|ɪ|t}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pandit "pandit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021035615/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pandit |date=2014-10-21 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> abbreviated '''Pt.''' or '''Pdt.''') is an individual with specialised knowledge or a teacher of any field of knowledge in [[Hinduism]],<ref name="EB1911" /> particularly the [[Vedas|Vedic]] scriptures, [[dharma]], or [[Hindu philosophy]]; in colonial-era literature, the term generally refers to lawyers specialized in [[Hindu law]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Timothy Lubin|author2=Donald R. Davis Jr|author3=Jayanth K. Krishnan|title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49358-1 |pages=8 }}</ref> Whereas, today the title is used for experts in other subjects, such as [[music]].<ref name="michaelsharshav190">{{cite book|author1=Axel Michaels|author2=Barbara Harshav|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-08952-2|pages=190|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2023-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Daniel Neuman 1980 44">{{cite book|author=Daniel Neuman|title=The Life of Music in [[North India]]|year=1980|publisher=Wayne State University Press|pages=44}}</ref> Pandit entered English as the [[loanword]] [[pundit]], referring to a person who offers opinion in an authoritative manner on a particular subject area (typically politics, the social sciences, technology or sport), usually through the [[mass media]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Definition of Pundit |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pundit |access-date=25 February 2024 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref>
[[Ustad]] is the equivalent title for a Muslim man in the musical sense.<ref name="Daniel Neuman 1980 44"/> The equivalent titles for a Hindu woman are '''Vidushi''',<ref name="Behind the titles">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/behind-the-titles/articleshow/55043901.cms|title=Behind the titles|access-date=2021-06-23|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203815/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/behind-the-titles/articleshow/55043901.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www3.nd.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www3.nd.edu/~adutt/Links/documents/NagandGhosh2016.pdf |title=Concert Announcement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118081507/https://www3.nd.edu/~adutt/Links/documents/NagandGhosh2016.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Pandita''', or '''Panditain''';<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html|title = Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 14 November 2018|access-date = 23 June 2021|archive-date = 11 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220311043428/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html|url-status = live}}</ref> however, these titles are not currently in widespread use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darbar.org/article/sitar-from-different-angles-pt-2|title=The sitar from different angles (Pt. 2): Modern players, global experiments|access-date=2021-06-25|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625045728/https://www.darbar.org/article/sitar-from-different-angles-pt-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Sanskrit]], pandit generally refers to any "wise, educated or learned man" with specialized knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA527|year=1872|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=527|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2023-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA527#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The term is derived from ''{{Transliteration|sa|paṇḍ}}'' ({{Lang|sa|पण्ड्}}) which means "to collect, heap, pile up", and this root is used in the sense of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ|year=1872|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=526–527|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2023-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The term is found in [[Vedas|Vedic]] and post-Vedic texts, but without any sociological context.

==Pandit as a title in Hindustani classical music==
[[File:Colonel Colin Mackenzie and his Indian pandits by Thomas Hickey.jpg|thumb|upright|1816 painting of [[Colin Mackenzie]] and three pandits]]

Pandit (abbreviated as Pt. and written as {{lang|fa|पंडीत}}/{{lang|fa|पंडित}} in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]/[[Hindi]]) is an [[honorific]] title for an expert person in Indian classical singing and instrumental playing, used for an Indian musician. It is used in [[Hindustani classical music]] to recognize master performers for classical singing and other performing arts, like [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/meet-pt-birju-maharaj-the-poet/article34218160.ece|title = Meet Pt. Birju Maharaj, the poet|newspaper = The Hindu|date = April 2021|last1 = Jafa|first1 = Navina|access-date = 2021-06-25|archive-date = 2021-06-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625045404/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/meet-pt-birju-maharaj-the-poet/article34218160.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> It is used as a music title. The title is awarded to musicians by their teachers, prominent individuals, or members of their [[gharana]] in recognition of their expertise.<ref name="Pandit title usage">{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/In-Indian-classical-music-how-does-one-gain-the-title-of-Pandit-or-Ustad?top_ans=8125305|title=Pandit title usage|access-date=2021-03-01|archive-date=2024-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150148/https://www.quora.com/In-Indian-classical-music-how-does-one-gain-the-title-of-Pandit-or-Ustad?top_ans=8125305|url-status=live}}</ref> It is used in various languages including Kannada, Marathi, Hindi, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and other languages which are there in [[India]]. An Indian woman, who is an expert in Indian classical music, is given the title of pandita or vidushi. [[Ustad#Ustad as a title in Hindustani classical music|Ustad]] is the equivalent title for a Muslim man.

===Usage===
Titles of pandit (and even ustad) are appended informally to the names of classical singers and players by their admirers, individuals or institutions, once they have reached eminence in their performing art, especially on public performances. As they are informal titles, mentioning names of eminent singers without those appendages is acceptable, unlike prefixes like [[Dr.]] awarded formally by educational institutions.<ref name="Pandit title usage"/>

The title pandit of a classical musician and the pandit which is used as a title given to a knowledgeable person, are different.

===Synonym===
As ustad is equivalent to pandit but used for a Muslim man, similarly a music title that is equivalent to pandit and used for an Indian man itself is given the title of [[vidwan]]. Generally this title is given to a male [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical singer or instrument player. One prominent example is [[T. H. Vinayakram|Vidwan Thetakudi Harihara Vinayakram]].

For a female Carnatic classical singer or musician, the title of Vidushi is given.

Equivalent titles for women are Vidushi<ref name="Behind the titles"/><ref name="www3.nd.edu"/> or Pandita ({{langx|sa|पण्डिता|paṇḍitā}}; {{langx|hi|पंडित}}).

==Kashmiri surname==
{{See also|Pandit (surname)}}

The [[Kashmiri Pandits]] are a Hindu clan from the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Pandit as a last name is used by both [[Kashmiri Hindus]] and [[Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage|Kashmiri Muslims of Hindu lineage]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ|title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia|last1=Brower|first1=Barbara|last2=Johnston|first2=Barbara Rose|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781315430393|page=130|quote=Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community—such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and '''Pandit''' (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)—but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these|access-date=2023-05-22|archive-date=2024-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126150153/https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Pujari]]
* [[Purohit]] – a house priest<ref name=michaelsharshav190/>
* [[Ustad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
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Reggio Emilia

2026-03-19T21:31:33Z

HughStoate90988: expanded information per sources and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|City in Emilia-Romagna, Italy}}
{{About||the province|Province of Reggio Emilia|the educational method|Reggio Emilia approach|the basketball club|Pallacanestro Reggiana}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Reggio Emilia
| official_name = Comune di Reggio nell'Emilia
| native_name = {{native name|egl|Rèz}}
| image_skyline = Reggio emilia panorama e Ghiara.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panorama of Reggio Emilia
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Reggio Emilia.svg
| shield_size = 90px
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|44|42|N|10|38|E|region:IT_type:city(167013)|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="Istat">{{cite web | url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2016/index.html | title=Istat|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref>
| region = [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| province = [[Province of Reggio Emilia|Reggio Emilia]] (RE)
| frazioni = see [[#Frazioni|list]]
| mayor_party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
| mayor = Marco Massari
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 230.66
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Resident population|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=POS&l=en|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| population_total = 172518
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_demonym = Reggiano
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 58
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
|istat=| saint = [[Prosper of Reggio|San Prospero]]
| day = November 24
| postal_code = 42121-42122-42123-42124
| area_code = 0522
| website = {{official website|http://www.municipio.re.it}}
| footnotes =
|image_flag = Flag of Reggio Emilia.svg
|imagesize = 250px
|shield_alt =
}}

'''Reggio nell'Emilia'''{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|r|ɛ|dʒ|(|i|)|oʊ|_|ˌ|n|ɛ|l|ɛ|ˈ|m|iː|l|j|ə}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Reggio nell'Emilia|access-date=February 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Reggio|access-date=February 9, 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|ˈreddʒo nelleˈmiːlja; ˈrɛddʒo -|lang|It-Reggio nell'Emilia.ogg}}.}} ({{langx|egl|Rèz}}; {{langx|la|Regium Lepidi}}), usually referred to as '''Reggio Emilia''', or simply '''Reggio''' by its inhabitants, and known until [[Unification of Italy|1861]] as '''Reggio di Lombardia''',{{efn|Literally "Reggio of [[Lombardy (historical region)|Lombardy]]".}} is a city in the region of [[Emilia-Romagna]] in [[Italy]]. With a population of 172,518, it is the [[List of municipalities of Emilia-Romagna|4th-largest city in Emilia-Romagna]] and the [[List of cities in Italy|22nd-largest in Italy]].

The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called ''Reggiani'', while the inhabitants of [[Reggio di Calabria]], in the southwest of the country, are called ''Reggini''.

The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the [[Crostolo]] stream.

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Reggio Emilia}}

===Ancient and early Middle Ages===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Reggio began as a historical site with the construction by [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] of the [[Via Aemilia]], leading from [[Piacenza]] to [[Rimini]] (187 BC). Reggio became a judicial administration centre, with a [[Forum (Roman)|forum]] called at first ''Regium Lepidi'', then simply ''Regium'', whence the city's current name.

During the Roman age Regium is cited only by [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] and [[Cicero]], as one of the military stations on the Via Aemilia. However, it was a flourishing city, a ''[[Municipium]]'' with its own statutes, magistrates and art colleges.

[[Apollinaris of Ravenna]] brought [[Christianity]] in the 1st century CE. The sources confirm the presence of a [[bishop]]ric in Reggio after the [[Edict of Milan]] (313). In 440 the Reggio diocese was placed under the jurisdiction of [[Ravenna]] by [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Emperor]] [[Valentinianus III]]. At the end of the 4th century, however, Reggio had decayed so much that [[Ambrose|Saint Ambrose]] included it among the dilapidated cities. Further damage occurred with the Barbarian invasions. After the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 Reggio was part of [[Odoacer]]'s realm. In 489 it came under Ostrogothic control; from 539 it was part of the Roman Empire (Italy), but was taken by [[Alboin]]'s [[Lombards]] in 569. Reggio was chosen as [[Duchy of Reggio]] seat.

In 773, the [[Franks]] took Reggio. [[Charlemagne]] gave the bishop the authority to exercise royal authority over the city and established the diocese' limits (781). In 888, Reggio was handed over to the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kings of Italy]]. In 899, the [[Magyars]] heavily damaged it, killing Bishop Azzo II. As a result of this, new walls were built. On 31 October 900 Emperor [[Louis III the Blind|Louis III]] gave authority for the erection of a ''castrum'' (castle) in the city's centre.

In 1002, Reggio's territory, together with that of [[Parma]], [[Brescia]], [[Modena]], [[Mantua]] and [[Ferrara]], were merged into the [[March of Tuscany]], later held by [[Matilde of Canossa]].

===Free commune===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg|thumb|left|The defence of the [[Carroccio]] during the [[battle of Legnano]] (1176) by [[Amos Cassioli]] (1832–1891)]]
Reggio became a free [[medieval commune|commune]] around the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. In 1167 it was a member of the [[Lombard League]] and took part in the [[Battle of Legnano]]. In 1183 the city signed the [[Peace of Constance|Treaty of Konstanz]], from which the city's [[consul]], Rolando della Carità, received the imperial investiture. The subsequent peace spurred a period of prosperity: Reggio adopted new statutes, had a [[Mint (facility)|mint]], schools with celebrated masters, and developed its trades and arts. It also increasingly subjugated the castles of the neighbouring areas. At this time the Crostolo stream was deviated westwards, to gain space for the city. The former course of the stream was turned into an avenue called {{Lang|it|Corso della Ghiara}} ('gravel course'), nowadays Corso Garibaldi.

The 12th and 13th centuries, however, were also a period of violent internal struggle between the {{Lang|it|Scopazzati}} (meaning 'swept away from the city with brooms', [[noblemen]]) and {{Lang|it|Mazzaperlini}} (meaning 'lice killers', [[plebeians]]) parties, and later those of {{Lang|it|Ruggeri}} and {{Lang|it|Malaguzzi}}, involved in a bitter domestic rivalry. In 1152 Reggio also warred with Parma and in 1225 with Modena, as part of the general struggle between the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]. In 1260, a hermit from Perugia led 25,000 [[penitent]]s into the city, and this event calmed the situation for a while, spurring religious fervour. But disputes soon resurfaced, and as early as 1265 the Ghibellines killed the Guelph's leader, Caco da Reggio, and gained preeminence. Arguments with the bishop continued and two new parties formed, the Inferiori and Superiori. Final victory went to the latter.

To thwart the abuses of powerful families such as the Sessi, Fogliani and Canossa, the Senate of Reggio gave the city's rule for a period of three years to [[Obizzo II d'Este]]. This choice marked the future path of Reggio under the [[seignory]] of [[House of Este|the latter's family]], as Obizzo continued to rule ''de facto'' after his mandate has ceased. His son [[Azzo VIII d'Este|Azzo]] was expelled by the Reggiani in 1306, creating a republic ruled by 800 common people. In 1310 Holy Roman Emperor [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]] imposed Marquis [[Spinetto Malaspina]] on the city as [[Imperial vicar|vicar]], but he was soon driven out. The republic ended in 1326 when Cardinal [[Bertrando del Poggetto]] annexed Reggio to the [[Papal States]].

The city was subsequently under the suzerainty of [[John of Bohemia]], Nicolò Fogliani and [[Mastino II della Scala]], who in 1336 gave it to [[Ludovico I Gonzaga|Luigi Gonzaga]]. Gonzaga built a citadel in the St. Nazario quarter, and destroyed 144 houses. In 1356 the [[Visconti of Milan|Milanese Visconti]], helped by 2,000 exiled Reggiani, captured the city, starting an unsettled period of power sharing with the [[Gonzaga family]]. In the end the latter sold Reggio to the Visconti for 5,000 [[ducat]]s. In 1405 [[Ottobono Terzi]] of [[Parma]] seized Reggio, but was killed by [[Michele Attendolo]], who handed the city over to [[Nicolò III d'Este]], who therefore became seignor of Reggio. The city, however, maintained significant autonomy, with laws and coinage of its own. Nicolò was succeeded by his illegitimate son [[Lionello d'Este|Lionello]], and, from 1450, by [[Borso d'Este]].

===Duchy of Reggio===
{{Main|Duchy of Reggio|Duchy of Modena and Reggio}}
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
In 1452, Borso was awarded the title of [[Duke of Modena and Reggio]] by [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]. Borso's successor, [[Ercole I d'Este|Ercole I]], imposed heavy levies on the city and appointed the poet [[Matteo Maria Boiardo]], born in the nearby town of [[Scandiano]], as its governor. Later another famous Italian writer, [[Francesco Guicciardini]], held the same position. In 1474, [[Ludovico Ariosto]], author of ''[[Orlando Furioso]]'', was born in the Malaguzzi palace, near the site of the 21st-century town hall. He was the first son of a knight from [[Ferrara]], who was in charge of the citadel, and a noblewoman from Reggio, Daria Maleguzzi Valeri. As a grown man he would be sent to Reggio as governor on behalf of the [[Duchy of Ferrara|dukes of Ferrara]], and would spend time in a villa outside the town ({{Lang|it|Il Mauriziano}}) that still stands.

In 1513, Reggio was handed over to [[Pope Julius II]]. The city was returned to the [[House of Este]] after the death of [[Hadrian VI]] on 29 September 1523. In 1551 [[Ercole II d'Este]] destroyed the suburbs of the city in his program of reconstruction of the walls. At the end of the century work on the city's famous [[Basilica della Ghiara]] began, on the site where a miracle was believed to have occurred. The Este rule continued until 1796, with short interruptions in 1702 and 1733–1734.

===Napoleonic age and restoration===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Sala tricolore reggio.jpg|left|thumb|The ''Tricolore's Room'', in the Town Hall, is where for the first time the Italian flag's three colours were adopted]]
[[File:Reggio emilia coviolo villa levi 2.jpg|thumb|[[Villa Levi, Coviolo|Villa Levi]], now belonging to the Department of Animal Sciences of the [[University of Bologna]]]]
The arrival of the [[French First Republic|republican French]] troops was greeted with enthusiasm in the city. On 21 August 1796, the ducal garrison of 600 men was driven off, and the Senate claimed the rule of Reggio and its duchy. On 26 September, the Provisional Government's volunteers pushed back an [[Austria]]n column, in the Battle of [[Montechiarugolo]]. Though minor, this clash is considered the first one of the Italian [[Risorgimento]]. [[Napoleon]] himself awarded the Reggiani with 500 rifles and 4 guns. Later he occupied [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilia]] and formed a new province, the [[Cispadane Republic]], whose existence was proclaimed in Reggio on 7 January 1797. The [[Italian national flag]], named {{Lang|it|Il Tricolore}} ('the tricolour'), was sewn on that occasion by Reggio women. In this period of patriotic fervour, [[Jozef Wybicki]], a lieutenant in the Polish troops of General [[Jan Henryk Dąbrowski]], an ally of Napoleon, composed in Reggio the ''[[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]]'', which in 1927 became the Polish national anthem.

The 1815 [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)|Treaty of Vienna]] returned Reggio to [[Francis IV, Duke of Modena|Francis IV]] of Austria-Este, but in 1831 Modena rose up against him, and Reggio followed its example organizing a corps under the command of General [[Carlo Zucchi (general)|Carlo Zucchi]]. However, on 9 March, the Duke conquered the city with his escort of Austrian soldiers.

In 1848, Duke [[Francis V d'Este|Francis V]] left his estate fearing a revolution and Reggio proclaimed its union with [[Piedmont]]. The latter's defeat at the [[Battle of Novara (1849)|Battle of Novara]] brought the city back under Este control. In 1859 Reggio, under [[dictator]] [[Luigi Carlo Farini]], became part of united [[Italy]] and, with the plebiscite of 10 March 1860, definitively entered the new unified kingdom.

===Contemporary history===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Reggio emilia piazza san prospero sera.jpg|thumb|Piazza San Prospero seen from the patron saint's basilica]]
Reggio then went through a period of economic and population growth from 1873 to the destruction of the ancient walls. In 1911, it had 70,000 inhabitants. A strong [[socialist]] tradition grew. On 7 July, the city hosted the 13th National Congress of the [[Italian Socialist Party]]. On 26 July 1943, the fascist regime's fall was cheered with enthusiasm by the Reggiani. Numerous [[Italian resistance movement|partisan]] bands were formed in the city and surrounding countryside.

On 27 April 2023 the city was declared a European Capital of Inclusion and Diversity by the European Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=EU Diversity Month kicks off with the winners of the 2023 European Capitals of Inclusion and Diversity Awards |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2469 |access-date= |website=[[European Commission]]}}</ref>

===Jewish history===
Jews began arriving to Reggio in the early 15th century. Many Jews were [[Sephardim]] from [[Spain]], Portugal and other parts of Italy. Nearly all were fleeing religious persecution. The Jewish community was prosperous and enjoyed considerable growth for the next several hundred years. The [[Synagogue of Reggio Emilia]] was relocated in 1672 into the ghetto, and rebuilt in 1858.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/reggio-emilia|title=Community of Reggio Emilia|website=Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730101844/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/reggio-emilia|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the Napoleonic era the Jews of Reggio gained [[emancipation]] and began to migrate to other parts of Europe looking for greater economic and social freedom. Thus, the Jewish community in Reggio began to lower. The German occupation during [[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]] hastened the decline. Today, only one Jew remains in Reggio Emilia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicolò |first1=Vasc |title=Gli ebrei reggiani dal 1945 a oggi |url=https://www.reggioebraica.it/1945-oggi/ |website=reggioebraica.it |publisher=Reggio Ebraica}}</ref> The Jewish Community of Reggio Emilia was merged with Modena's. However, an unused synagogue and burial ground still exist. In 2016 the City Council posed some small street plates in front of the houses of the deported Jews to preserve their remembrance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it/reggio/cronaca/2014/12/02/news/dieci-pietre-per-gli-ebrei-reggiani-morti-ad-auschwitz-1.10420946|title=Dieci "pietre" per gli ebrei reggiani morti ad Auschwitz|date=December 2, 2014|website=Gazzetta di Reggio}}</ref>

Many notable rabbinic scholars have resided in Reggio. These include Isaac Foa, Immanuel Sonino, Obadiah ben Israel Sforno, Nathan ben Reuben David Spira, Menahem Azariah Fano, Baruch Abraham ben Elhanan David Foa, Hezekiah ben Isaac Foa, Isaac ben Vardama Foa, Israel Nissim Foa, Israel Solomon Longhi, Isaiah Mordecai ben Israel Hezekiah Bassani, Israel Benjamin ben Isaiah Bassani, Elhanan David Carmi, Benjamin ben Eliezer ha-Kohen, Joshua ben Raphael Fermi, Moses Benjamin Foa, Abram Michael Fontanella, Judah Ḥayyim Fontanella, Israel Berechiah Fontanella, Raphael Jehiel Sanguinetti, Isaac Samson d'Angeli, R. J. Bolognese, Hananiah Elhanan Ḥai ha-Kohen, Jacob Levi, Moses Benjamin Levi, Israel Berechiah Sanguinetti, David Jacob Maroni, Giuseppe Lattes, Alessandro da Fano, Lazzaro Laide Tedesco, and Shimshon Chaim Nachmani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16572.html |title=Reggio Emilia |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=2011-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=177&letter=R |title=Reggio |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=2011-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zerashimshon.co.il/en/home/|title=About the Author |date=24 September 2017 }}</ref>

==Climate==
The climate in Reggio Emilia is [[Temperate continental climate|temperate continental]], with hot rather moist summers (the temperatures can sometimes rise above 35 °C) (95 °F) and fairly frigid winters with frequent frosts (the temperatures can go below -10 °C) (14 °F).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arpae.it/sim/pagine/osservazioni_e_dati/climatologia/tabella.php?periodo=trent&variabile=temperature&stazione=08253|title=Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo|access-date=2017-02-14|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033234/https://www.arpae.it/sim/pagine/osservazioni_e_dati/climatologia/tabella.php?periodo=trent&variabile=temperature&stazione=08253|url-status=dead}}</ref> Precipitations are evenly distributed all year long, but October, November and April are the most rainy months, while July and January are the most arid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arpae.it/sim/pagine/osservazioni_e_dati/climatologia/tabella.php?periodo=trent&variabile=piogge&stazione=08253|title=Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo|access-date=2017-02-14|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215032932/https://www.arpae.it/sim/pagine/osservazioni_e_dati/climatologia/tabella.php?periodo=trent&variabile=piogge&stazione=08253|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arpae.it/sim/pagine/osservazioni_e_dati/climatologia/tabella.php?periodo=quind&variabile=piogge&stazione=08253|title=Arpa Servizio IdroMeteo|access-date=2017-02-14|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215032828/https://www.arpae.it/sim/pagine/osservazioni_e_dati/climatologia/tabella.php?periodo=quind&variabile=piogge&stazione=08253|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the city snow rarely accumulates, even though it snows almost every year, due to the rather high temperatures.

During autumn and winter it is very common, especially in the areas outside the city, to encounter very thick fog, although it is less frequent than in the past. Other meteorological phenomena that can be expected in the area are rain, [[freezing rain]] during winter, and [[hail]] during summer and rarely in the spring.

The area is not particularly windy and there are often days of total calm, especially during the [[anticyclonic]] phases in winter, while spring is more windy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlante Eolico|url=http://atlanteeolico.rse-web.it/}}</ref> The most intense winds are the ones blowing from northeast ([[Bora (wind)|Bora]]) or from southwest ([[Libeccio]]). The latter, during its descent from the [[Northern Apennines]], sometimes tends to become a downslope wind and thus is very dry and hot. Rarely, [[Foehn wind]] from the Alps can reach Reggio Emilia from the northwest. In the city, the average annual high temperature is {{convert|18|°C|0}}, the annual low temperature is {{convert|9|°C|0}}, and the annual precipitation is {{convert|700|mm|2|abbr=off|lk=out}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Reggio Emilia (1991–2020)
|Jan high C = 7.6
|Feb high C = 10.5
|Mar high C = 16.1
|Apr high C = 20.1
|May high C = 25.1
|Jun high C = 29.7
|Jul high C = 32.3
|Aug high C = 32.0
|Sep high C = 26.2
|Oct high C = 19.3
|Nov high C = 12.5
|Dec high C = 7.9
| year high C =
|Jan mean C = 4.3
|Feb mean C = 6.3
|Mar mean C = 11.0
|Apr mean C = 14.8
|May mean C = 19.5
|Jun mean C = 23.9
|Jul mean C = 26.1
|Aug mean C = 26.2
|Sep mean C = 21.1
|Oct mean C = 15.3
|Nov mean C = 9.3
|Dec mean C = 4.5
| year mean C =
|Jan low C = 1.1
|Feb low C = 2.2
|Mar low C = 5.9
|Apr low C = 9.5
|May low C = 13.9
|Jun low C = 18.1
|Jul low C = 20.3
|Aug low C = 20.2
|Sep low C = 15.9
|Oct low C = 11.5
|Nov low C = 6.6
|Dec low C = 1.9
| year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 35.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 49.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 50.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 72.8
|May precipitation mm = 66.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 65.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 35.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 35.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 62.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 82.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 93.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 55.0
|year precipitation mm =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5
| Feb precipitation days = 6
| Mar precipitation days = 6
| Apr precipitation days = 8
| May precipitation days = 6
| Jun precipitation days = 6
| Jul precipitation days = 3
| Aug precipitation days = 5
| Sep precipitation days = 6
| Oct precipitation days = 8
| Nov precipitation days = 8
| Dec precipitation days = 6
| year precipitation days =
| source 1 = Arpae Emilia-Romagna<ref name=Clim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.arpae.it/it/temi-ambientali/clima/dati-e-indicatori/tabelle-climatiche/tabelle-climatologiche-1961-2020
| title = Tabelle climatologiche
| publisher= Arpae Emilia-Romagna agenzia prevenzione ambiente energia
| access-date = 30 June 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Climi e viaggi (precipitation days)<ref name=ISPRAClim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/reggio-emilia
| title = Clima - Reggio Emilia (Emilia Romagna)
| publisher= Climi e viaggi
| access-date = 27 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1861|46856|1871|50955|1881|50759|1901|58993|1911|70955|1921|82011|1931|89605|1936|93913|1951|106726|1961|116445|1971|128789|1981|130376|1991|132030|2001|141877|2011|162082|2021|169908|cols=1|align=right|source=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Popolazione residente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1991|trans-title=Resident population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1991|url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/RML0050288Pop_res_cens_1861_1991.pdf|lang=it|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref name="timeseries">{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}
As of 2025, Reggio Emilia has a population of 172,518, of whom 49.7% are male and 50.3% are female. Minors make up 15.7% of the population, and seniors make up 21.7%, compared to the Italian average of 14.9% and 24.7% respectively.<ref name="population" />

As of 2024, the foreign-born population is 33,301, equal to 19.5% of the population. The 5 largest foreign nationalities are [[Albanians]] (3,706), [[Moroccans]] (2,778), [[Ukrainians]] (2,475), [[Egyptians]] (2,273) and [[Moldovans]] (2,170).<ref name="foreignborn">{{cite web |title=Resident population by sex, municipality and citizenship |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=RCS&a=2024&l=en |publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Foreign population by country of birth (2024)<ref name="foreignborn" />
!Country
!Population
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}
|3,706
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|2,778
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|2,475
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|2,273
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|2,170
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|2,111
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|1,677
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}
|1,590
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|1,488
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|1,206
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|1,089
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|738
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|581
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|567
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|545
|}

==Administration==
{{See also|List of mayors of Reggio Emilia}}

===''Frazioni'' (hamlets)===
* Bagno
* Cadè
* Canali
* Cavazzoli
* Castellazzo
* Cella
* Codemondo
* Corticella
* Coviolo
* Fogliano
* Gaida
* Gavassa
* Gavasseto
* Mancasale
* Marmirolo
* Masone
* Massenzatico
* Ospizio
* Pieve Modolena
* Pratofontana
* Rivalta
* Roncadella
* Roncocesi
* Sabbione
* San Bartolomeo
* San Maurizio
* San Pellegrino
* San Prospero Strinati
* Sesso

===Boroughs===
* Acque Chiare
* Baragalla
* Buco del Signore
* Canalina
* Centro Storico (Historical Centre)
* Lungocrostolo
* Mirabello
* Ospedale (Hospital)
* Ospizio
* Quartier Giardino
* Rosta Nuova
* Stazione (Railway station)

==Education==
{{main|Reggio Emilia approach}}
The Reggio Emilia approach to preschool education was started by the schools of Reggio Emilia after World War II and is well-known around the world. It is based and inspired on theories of Malaguzzi, Bruner, Vygotsky, Dewey, Piaget and Gardner. Reggio Emilia holds the [[Reggio Children - Loris Malaguzzi Centre Foundation|Loris Malaguzzi International Centre]], a modern structure where the Reggio Emilia approach is implemented, exported and spread around the world.<ref>[http://www.reggioemiliaapproach.net/about.php Accessed 10 July 2011.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225174447/http://www.reggioemiliaapproach.net/about.php |date=February 25, 2012 }}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of the province of Reggio Emilia was for a long time based on agriculture. One typical product, known worldwide and imitated, is [[Parmigiano-Reggiano]] cheese. Another is [[Lambrusco]] wine. Reggio Emilia also produces [[balsamic vinegar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaregina.it/balsamic-vinegar |title=Balsamic Vinegar |publisher=Italiaregina.it |access-date=2016-02-05}}</ref> a condiment for salad but also cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. In the twentieth century the city and its territory also saw a rapid development of small and medium industries, particularly in the sector of agricultural machinery. For more than 100 years, there has been a strong tradition that supported the development of consumers' cooperatives, as well as building and banking cooperatives. New developments in mechanics and information technology are at the origin of some new companies operating in [[mechatronics]]. Another well-established sector is the ceramic tile industry, mainly concentrated in the districts of [[Scandiano]] and [[Casalgrande]].

Other leading sectors include: electronics (Cellular Line, [[Phonocar]], [[RCF audio]]); finance ([[Credito Emiliano]]); Iris Ceramica; fashion ([[Marina Rinaldi]], [[Max Mara]]); food ([[NewPrinces|NewPrinces S.p.A.]]); machinery ([[ARGO SpA]], [[Emak]], [[Interpump Group]], [[Landi Renzo]], [[Lombardini S.r.l.]]; [[Preston & Barbieri]], [[Smeg (appliances)|Smeg]]); and utilities ({{ill|Iren Group|lt=Iren|it|Iren}}).

Industrial growth has attracted immigration from North and Central Africa, East Europe, and Far East (China, Pakistan, India). The immigration rate in the province is about 25%. Research indicates that Reggio Emilia ranks very high in quality of life among Italian provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qualità della vita 2008 |trans-title=Quality of life 2008 |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/qv_2008/qv_2008_province/qv_2008_province_settori_classifica_finale.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035526/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/qv_2008/qv_2008_province/qv_2008_province_settori_classifica_finale.shtml?refresh_ce=1 |archive-date=2018-08-28 |publisher=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]] |language=it}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Reggio Emilia railway station]], opened in 1859, forms part of the [[Milan–Bologna railway]]. It is also a terminus of three secondary railways, linking Reggio Emilia with [[Ciano d'Enza]], [[Guastalla]] and [[Sassuolo]], respectively. The station is situated at Piazza [[Guglielmo Marconi]], at the eastern edge of the city centre.

The other major railway station, [[Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana railway station|Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana]], is on the [[Milan–Bologna high-speed railway]] (there is also a connection with Reggio Emilia-Guastalla railway). It is located at the Mancasale locality, approximately {{convert|4|km|abbr=off}} north from the city centre.

Along with this, there is a plan to construct a [[tram]] in the city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Un tram attraverserà Reggio Emilia: ecco il progetto. VIDEO Reggionline -Telereggio – Ultime notizie Reggio Emilia {{!}} |url=https://www.reggionline.com/un-tram-attraversera-reggio-emilia-progetto/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.reggionline.com}}</ref> The tram will run from the [[Mancasale Industrial zone]] in the north to Rivalta in the south, stopping at the [[Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana railway station]], Reggio Emilia railway station and other neighborhoods.<ref name=":0" /> The tram system has undergone a feasibility study,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tram Reggio Emilia |url=https://www.go-mobility.it/portfolio/tram-reggio-emilia/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=GO-Mobility |language=it-IT}}</ref> and is set to open in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20 |title=Reggio Emilia looks forward to getting its first tramway line {{!}} TheMayor.EU |url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/a/view/reggio-emilia-looks-forward-to-getting-its-first-tramway-line-7110 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.themayor.eu |language=en}}</ref>

The nearest airport is served by [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport]] which is located approximately 68 km from Reggio Emilia.

==Sports==
Reggio Emilia is home to various professional sports clubs and arenas:

*[[Pallacanestro Reggiana]], which competes in [[Lega Basket Serie A]] and has won 1 Italian Supercup and 1 Eurochallenge.
*[[A.C. Reggiana 1919]], a football team which competes in [[Serie B]].
*[[Valorugby Emilia]], playing in [[Top10 (rugby union)|Serie A Elite]] (top Italian [[Rugby union|rugby]] division).
*[[Volley Tricolore]], playing in Serie A3.
* Olimpia Regium, playing in [[futsal]] Serie A2.

The main sports venues in the city are:

*[[Mapei Stadium - Città del Tricolore|Stadio Città del Tricolore]] (23,717 capacity), located near the A1 highway and home to Reggiana and [[U.S. Sassuolo]] home games.
*[[PalaBigi]] (4,500 capacity), located in city centre.
*[[Stadio Mirabello]] (4,500 capacity), located in the city centre.
*Palasport Fanticini, located in the Tribunal hub.
*Stadio Canalina, located in the Canalina borough.

==Main sights==

===Religious buildings===
[[File:Tempio della Beata Vergine della Ghiara.JPG|thumb|Tempio della Beata Vergine della Ghiara]]
[[File:San giorgio torre cupola reggio emilia.jpg|thumb|The Baroque church of San Giorgio]]
[[File:CHIOSTRI_SAN_PIETRO_RE.JPG|thumb|Greater cloister of San Pietro]]
*''[[Basilica della Ghiara]]'': Main church of the city; begun in 1597, and completed in [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style.
*''[[San Prospero, Reggio Emilia|Basilica di San Prospero]]'': Built in the 10th century and dedicated to [[Prosper of Reggio]], a bishop of the city, it was rebuilt by Luca Corti and Matteo Fiorentini between 1514 and 1523. The façade, with eleven statues of saints and patrones, was redesigned by Giovan Battista Cattani in the mid-18th century. It includes a pleasant belfry/tower, begun in 1535 and never quite finished, with an octagonal plant. The interior of the church has a Latin cross plant, with three naves. The apse houses the splendid [[fresco]] ''Last Judgement'', by the [[Bologna|Bolognese]] artist [[Camillo Procaccini]]. Also noteworthy are the wooden choir from 1546 and the ''Assumption'' altarpiece by [[Tommaso Laureti]] and [[Ludovico Carracci]] (1602).
*''[[Cathedral of Reggio Emilia|Cathedral]]'': Built in 9th through 12th centuries. It was rebuilt in the second half of the 16th century. It has three naves with works by [[Guercino]], [[Palma the Younger]], [[Prospero Spani]] and [[Alessandro Tiarini]].
*''Baptistery of Saint John the Baptist''.
*''[[Sant'Agostino, Reggio Emilia|Sant'Agostino]]'': church once dedicated to [[Apollinaris of Ravenna|Saint Apollinaris]], its dedication was changed to [[St Augustine]] in 1268 when it was rebuilt, along with the annexed convent, by the Augustinian friars. It was restored in 1452, when the tower was also erected. The current interior dates from 1645 to 1666, while the façade (1746) was designed by [[Alfonso Torreggiani]] and built by Giovan Battista Cattani. Its restored theatre hosted [[Model European Parliament]] sessions in 2015.
*The small [[Baroque]] Christ's Oratory.
*''[[San Girolamo, Reggio Emilia|San Girolamo e Vitale]]'': church mentioned in document in 857 and rebuilt in 1646 by Gaspare Vigarani. It consists of three separate churches in the same building, two above ground and one underground; the crypt church houses a replica of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.
*''[[San Francesco, Reggio Emilia|San Francesco]]'': church.
*''[[San Giorgio, Reggio Emilia|San Giorgio]]'': Baroque church with cupola (1746) designed by [[Alfonso Torreggiani]].
*''[[San Giovannino, Reggio Emilia|San Giovannino]]'': (1545) church houses Baroque frescoes (1613) by [[Sisto Badalocchio]], [[Lorenzo Franchi]], [[Tommaso Sandrini]], [[Paolo Guidotti]] and paintings by Tiarini.
*''[[San Pietro, Reggio Emilia|Chiesa di San Pietro]]'' (1586): church designed by Giulio della Torre; cupola erected in 1625, façade in 1782, while the [[cloisters]] in the 16th century (the small cloister by Bartolomeo Spani in 1520, the works in the main cloister ended in 1580). The interior is in a Latin cross shape with a single nave. It houses notable Baroque paintings by [[Alessandro Tiarini]], [[Pietro Desani]], [[Luca Ferrari|Luca da Reggio]], [[Camillo Gavasetti]] and [[Paolo Emilio Besenzi]].
*''San Filippo Neri'': [[Baroque]] church dedicated to St Philip Neri.
*''[[Oratory of San Spiridione|San Spiridione]] Oratory''
*''[[San Stefano, Reggio Emilia|San Stefano]]'': church first mentioned when its site was outside the city walls, as a [[Knights Templar|Templar]]s' church.
* ''[[Synagogue of Reggio Emilia]]'': rebuilt in 1845 by Pietro Marchelli.
* ''Chiesa Battista la Verità'': Main Baptist church of Reggio Emilia.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
File:Palazzo del monte RE.jpg|Palazzo del Monte in Piazza del Duomo, with the Fountain of River Crostolo
File:Piazza Prampolini1.JPG|Piazza Prampolini
File:07 Reggio Emilia, Italy - レッジョ・エミリア.jpg|Old town street in Reggio Emilia
</gallery>

===Secular buildings===
* ''Bishop's Palace''
* ''[[Palazzo dei Musei, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo dei Musei]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Ancini]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Busetti]]''
* ''[[Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo]]'' – Built in 1280, restored in 1432 and again in the 1920s, when its northern and western façades were embellished with [[Ghibelline]] merlons and the crests of ancient Reggio's Captains and Communities. Inside is the ''Sala dei Difensori'' ("Defenders' Room"), a wide hall once used by the citizens' council.
* ''[[Palazzo del Carbone]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Cassoli]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Cassoli – Tirelli]]''
* ''Palazzo Comunale'' – Begun in 1414, it houses the [[Sala del Tricolore (Reggio Emilia)|Tricolore Hall]] and the [[Tricolour Flag Museum|Museum of the Italian Flag]]. The ''Torre del Bordello'' ("Brothel Tower"), built in 1489, contains a museum on the Reggiani uprisings of 1796–1831.
* ''Palazzo Corbelli'' – 19th-century palace with a façade designed by [[Pietro Marchelli]].
[[File:Palazzo ducale reggio emilia.jpg|thumb|350px|Palazzo Ducale in Reggio Emilia]]
* ''[[Palazzo Ducale di Reggio Emilia|Palazzo Ducale]]'' – 18th-century palace. See [[:it:Palazzo Ducale (Reggio Emilia)|Italian article]].
* ''[[Palazzo Fontanelli Sacrati, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo Fontanelli Sacrati]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Magnani, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo Magnani]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Masdoni, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo Masdoni]]''
* ''[[Palazzo da Mosto, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo da Mosto]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Pratonieri, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo Pratonieri]]''
* ''[[Palazzo San Giorgio, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo San Giorgio]]''
* ''Palazzo Scaruffi''
* ''[[Palazzo Spalletti-Trivelli]]''
* ''[[Palazzo Tirelli, Reggio Emilia|Palazzo Tirelli]]''
* ''Palazzo Torello Malaspina''
* ''[[Teatro Municipale di Reggio|Teatro Municipale]]'' – Neoclassical building.
* ''[[Teatro Ariosto]]'' – See [[:it:Teatro Ariosto (Reggio Emilia)|Italian article]].
* ''[[Monumento ai Caduti, Parco del Popolo, Reggio nell'Emilia|Monumento ai Caduti, Parco del Popolo]]'' – Erected in 1927.
* ''[[Monument to the Concordi, Reggio|Monument to the Concordi]]'' – Ancient Roman monument located in Parco del Popolo.

===Bridges===
* [[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|Autostrada A1]] bridges, three bridges designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]] and opened in 2005–2006.<ref name=bridge1>{{cite web|url=http://www.redaelli.com/en/projects/tensostructures/stay-road-bridge-reggio-emilia/|title=Twin Stayed Road Bridges Reggio Emilia|publisher= Redailli Tecna S.P.A.|location=[[Milan]], [[Italy]]|access-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref> The three bridges connect the Austostrada del Sole A1 (the main Italian north to south [[Controlled-access highway|motorway]]) to the city of Reggio Emilia.<ref name=bridge1/> A central [[arch bridge]] spans the Milan-Bologna high-speed railway line and the motorway, while twin [[cable-stayed bridge]]s are at either end.<ref name=bridge1/><ref name=bridge2/> The twin bridges pass over service roundabouts and access roads to allow connections with the adjacent Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana high-speed railway station.<ref name=bridge1/>

In 2009, the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork gave the three bridges a European Steel Design Award, stating that the twin bridges' original visual effects at different angles give the two bridges "the aspect of huge musical instruments."<ref name=bridge2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105195243/https://www.steelconstruct.com/old/sda2009/SDA2009BD.pdf|archive-date=January 5, 2017|url=https://www.steelconstruct.com/old/sda2009/SDA2009BD.pdf|title=Three bridges in Reggio Emilia (Italy)|work=European Steel Design Awards 2009|year=2009|pages=16–17|publisher=General Secretariat, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork|location=[[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]|access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Elvis Abbruscato]], footballer
*[[Daniele Adani]], former footballer and television pundit
*[[Carlo Ancelotti]], football manager and former footballer
*[[Luca Ariatti]], former footballer
*[[Ludovico Ariosto]], poet
*[[Stefano Baldini]], marathon champion
*[[Benny Benassi]], musician
*[[Orietta Berti]], singer
*[[Matteo Maria Boiardo]], poet
*[[Kobe Bryant]], American basketball player. He lived in Reggio Emilia in his youth.
* [[Cervi Brothers|Fratelli Cervi]]
*[[Riccardo Cervi]], basketball player
*[[Philip Corner]], composer, Fluxus artist
*[[Black Box (band)]], band
*[[Graziano Delrio]], politician
*[[Giuseppe Dossetti]], politician
*[[Zucchero Fornaciari]], singer
*[[Sonia Ganassi]], opera singer
*[[Gino Giaroli]], former footballer
*[[Luigi Ghirri]], photographer
*[[Giovanni Guicciardi]], opera singer<ref>Ascarelli, Alessanda (2004). [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-guicciardi_%28Dizionario_Biografico%29/ "Gucciardi, Giovanni"], ''[[Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]'', Vol. 61. Treccani. Online version retrieved 1 October 2013 {{in lang|it}}.</ref>
*[[Nilde Iotti]], politician
*[[Maurizio Landini]], general secretary of [[CGIL]]
*[[Luciano Ligabue]], singer
*[[Hachim Mastour]], footballer
*[[Nicolo Melli]], basketball player
*[[Federico Mussini]], basketball player
*[[Antonio Pacchioni]], scientist
*[[Romano Prodi]], economist and politician
*[[Serge Reggiani]], actor and singer
*[[Meuccio Ruini]], politician
*[[Angelo Secchi]], scientist
*[[Marco Silvestri]], footballer
*[[Lazzaro Spallanzani]], scientist
*[[Ferruccio Tagliavini]], opera singer
*[[Pier Vittorio Tondelli]], writer
*[[Romolo Valli]], actor
*[[Giovanni Battista Venturi]], scientist
*[[Ermete Zacconi]], actor
*[[Iva Zanicchi]], singer and politician
*[[Cesare Zavattini]], writer and painter
*[[CCCP - Fedeli alla linea]], band
*[[Offlaga Disco Pax]], band
*[[Raw Power (band)]], band
{{div col end}}

=== Painters and sculptors ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Giacomo Benevelli]]
*[[Francesco Burani]]
*[[Antonio da Correggio]] ("Il Correggio")
*[[Raffaellino da Reggio]]
*[[Paolo da San Leocadio]]
*[[Luca da Reggio|Luca Ferrari ("Luca da Reggio")]]

*[[Antonio Fontanesi]]

*[[Anselmo Govi]]

*[[Cristoforo Munari]]
*[[Lelio Orsi]]
*[[Prospero Spani ("Il Clemente")]]
*[[Antonio Ligabue]]
{{div col end}}

==International relations==
* Reggio Emilia is a pilot city of the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[European Commission]] '''[[Intercultural cities]]''' programme.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/reggio_en.asp |title=Intercultural city: Reggio Emilia, Italy |last=[[Council of Europe]] |work=coe.int |year=2011 |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>
* Reggio Emilia is a member city of [[Eurotowns network]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurotowns.org/|title=Eurotowns – The future's city network in Europe (2019)|website=Eurotowns}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Reggio Emilia is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Gemellaggi e dichiarazioni di amicizia|url=https://www.comune.re.it/retecivica/urp/retecivi.nsf/PESDocumentID/D4909628607E87F7C1257CAF00325C77?opendocument&FROM=Gmllgg2|website=comune.re.it|publisher=Reggio nell'Emilia|language=it|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Beit Jala]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Chișinău]], Moldova
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dijon]], France
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], United States
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Girona]], Spain
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kragujevac]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Pemba, Mozambique|Pemba]], Mozambique
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Polokwane]], South Africa
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Schwerin]], Germany
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zadar]], Croatia
{{div col end}}

===Friendship===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality|Ekurhuleni]], South Africa
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Nablus]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio Branco, Acre|Rio Branco]], Brazil
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Rizhao]], China
{{div col end}}{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Reggio Emilia#Bibliography}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Reggio Emilia}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070224041519/http://www.municipio.re.it/IAT/iatre.nsf/schede/8012466CCB7B51E3C1256AD40055A27E?OpenDocument&lng=eng Official tourist information in English]

{{Province of Reggio Emilia}}
{{Cities in Italy}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reggio Emilia| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:Jewish Italian history]]
[[Category:Jewish communities in Italy]]
[[Category:Cities founded by Rome]]

Belarus–India relations

2026-03-17T11:15:47Z

HughStoate90988: improved formatting also and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Infobox bilateral relations|Belarus-India|Belarus|India|map=Belarus-India Locator.svg}}
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi during a bilateral meeting with President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Belarus President [[Alexander Lukashenko]].]]
'''Belarus–India relations''' are the bilateral ties between [[India]] and [[Belarus]]. Belarus has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] whilst India has an embassy in [[Minsk]]. Both countries are members of the [[Non Aligned Movement]].

==History==
{{Expand section|date=June 2016}}
Both India ([[British Raj]]) and [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]] were the founding members of the [[United Nations]]. India was one of the first few countries to recognise Belarus' independence.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

==Energy Cooperation==
India has participated in the reconstruction of power facilities in Belarus for energy generation and transmission. An Indian company [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]] worked on similar project in the Grodno power plant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Astreiko |first=Marta |date=1 June 2015 |title=Pranab Mukherjee: India intends to take relations with Belarus to a higher trajectory |url=http://www.belarus.by/en/press-center/speeches-and-interviews/pranab-mukherjee-india-intends-to-take-relations-with-belarus-to-a-higher-trajectory_i_0000023886.html |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=Belarus.by}}</ref> Other agreements include exploration of energy resources in Belarus and in electrical equipment.

==Economic relations==
MoUs have been signed in the field of Trade and Commerce. Belarus has [[Potash]] mines which is used in pharmaceutical and fertilizer industry which is big part of India imports. A MoU was signed between Bureau of Indian Standards and Belarus' State Committee for Standardization to cooperate in the field of standardization. Some others include that on broadcasting, textiles, manufacturing and defense.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India, Belarus agree on road map for stronger ties|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-belarus-agree-on-road-map-for-stronger-ties/article7279710.ece|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = 2015-06-04|access-date = 2015-12-25|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = "India is top priority for Belarus"|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/quotindia-is-top-priority-for-belarusquot/article1828970.ece|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = 2007-04-16|access-date = 2015-12-25|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> India and Belarus also have set a trade target of US$1 Billion, to be achieved by 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2015 |title=India and Belarus set a Trade Target of US$1 Billion by 2018 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=126712 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225145456/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=126712 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> India is also involved in seeking investment and resources through Belarusian route for developing smart cities.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Belarus to spend $170m borrowed from India on 22 projects|url = http://eng.belta.by/economics/view/belarus-to-spend-170m-borrowed-from-india-on-22-projects-87376-2015/|website =Belta|date = 2015-12-02|access-date = 2015-12-25|language = en-EN}}</ref> Other terms include improving the manufacturing sector and increasing skill development and considering the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] by improving sanitation and cleanliness. The India CIS Chambers of Commerce and Industry was formed to devise correct policies and monitor the trade relations between the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] states including Belarus and India.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India Belarus Trade Relations|url = http://business.mapsofindia.com/trade-relations/india-cis/india-belarus.html|website = Business Maps of India|access-date = 2015-12-25}}</ref>

In June 2025, Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] met his Belarusian counterpart [[Viktor Khrenin]] on the sidelines of the SCO Defence Ministers' conclave in [[Qingdao]], China. The two discussed strengthening bilateral defence cooperation and enhancing regional security.

The meeting underscored the strategic value of the [[India]]–[[Belarus]] partnership, particularly in defence manufacturing, technology exchange, and military training. Belarus remains a key partner in India’s efforts to diversify its defence ties and boost indigenous capabilities.

Singh called the interaction “enriching,” reaffirming India's commitment to deepening engagement with [[Eurasia]]n partners. He also held separate talks with Russian Defence Minister [[Andrey Belousov]], focusing on the evolving regional security scenario.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-06-26 |title=SCO summit: Rajnath meets Belarus Defence Minister in Qingdao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sco-summit-rajnath-meets-belarus-defence-minister-in-qingdao/article69740040.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Other Inclinations==
Belarus supports India at the NSG ([[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]) and for the permanent membership in [[United Nations Security Council]]. India supports Belarus for its membership in the NAM ([[Non-Aligned Movement]]) and in IPU ([[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2015 |title=Sweden, Belarus support India's Permanent Membership in UNSC: Pranab |url=http://ebangla.in/news/sweden-belarus-support-indias-permanent-membership-in-unsc-pranab/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225202239/http://ebangla.in/news/sweden-belarus-support-indias-permanent-membership-in-unsc-pranab/ |archive-date=2015-12-25 |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=ebangla.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==State visits==
During the visit of [[Pranab Mukherjee]], the president of India, in June 2015, many agreements were signed which include exchange of students and promotion of tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2015 |title=India, Belarus to enhance bilateral ties |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-15/news/61179943_1_bilateral-ties-international-yoga-day-india-and-belarus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182618/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-15/news/61179943_1_bilateral-ties-international-yoga-day-india-and-belarus |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=PTI}}</ref> It also included science & technology cooperation.

==Culture and education==
The cultural relations between both countries were established from the time when Belarus was part of Soviet Union. India's national poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited Minsk in 1931 where he met with other intellectuals. The musician, Nicholas Nabokov, visited India in the 1960s and was impressed by India's musical traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=President of India on an official visit in Belarus |url=http://www.tvr.by/eng/news/prezident/v_belarusi_s_ofitsialnoy_missiey_nakhoditsya_prezident_indii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225220146/http://www.tvr.by/eng/news/prezident/v_belarusi_s_ofitsialnoy_missiey_nakhoditsya_prezident_indii/ |archive-date=25 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=tvr.by}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Indian President on first official visit to Belarus |url=https://charter97.org/en/news/2015/6/3/153974/ |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=charter97.org}}</ref>

; Religion
{{main|Hinduism in Belarus}}
Hindu religion believers in Belarus face problems exercising their [[Freedom of religion in Belarus|freedom of religion]] rights. According to [[United States Department of State]], Belarusian [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) activists fear to register their communities because of possible fraud and revenge from authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2016 |title=В России, РБ, на Донбасе продолжаются преследования верующих |trans-title=Persecution of believers continues in Russia, Belarus, and Donbass |url=https://www.slavicsac.com/2016/08/11/religious-presecution/ |website=slavicsac.com}}</ref> In 2003, activists of Belarusian branch of ISKCON issued a statement against defamation of their religion in Belarusian school textbook. ISKCON communities were accused of fooling the believers (an offensive word "making-blockhead" was used in the textbook), and it was stated that Krishnaite believers need a psychiatrist assistance to return to "real life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2003 |title=Все верующие вайшнавы Беларуси, представители одной из самых древних религиоз-ных традиций индуизма, выражают свой протест в связи с опубликованием в учебном пособии для 11 классов общеобразовательных школ сведений, порочащих как в целом указанную традицию, так и международную религиозную организацию вайшнавов – «Международное общество сознания Кришны». |trans-title=All Vaishnava believers of Belarus, representatives of one of the most ancient religious traditions of Hinduism, express their protest in connection with the publication in a textbook for 11th grade comprehensive schools of information that discredits both the said tradition as a whole and the international religious organization of Vaishnavas – the “International Society for Krishna Consciousness”. |url=https://spring96.org/ru/news/7422 |work=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]|language=ru}}</ref> In 2016, ISKCON activist in [[Homiel]] was fined for outdoor religious activity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spring96.org/ru/news/83966|title=Гомель: кришнаита судили за религиозные песнопения на улице|work=[[Viasna Human Rights Centre]]|language=ru}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrests]] of ISKCON activists and other Hinduists are regular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/russian/reports/2003/world/pdf/belarus-rus.pdf|title=РАЗВИТИЕ СОБЫТИЙ В ОБЛАСТИ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched an attack on non-governmental organizations, and among NGOs forcibly closed by Ministry of justice was "Vedanta vada" ({{langx|ru|Веданта вада}}) Hinduist cultural and educational organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://belsat.eu/news/23-07-2021-za-paudnya-minyust-likvidavau-bolsh-za-40-gramadskih-arganizatsyyau-syarod-ih-mova-nanova/|title=За паўдня Мінюст ліквідаваў больш за 40 грамадскіх арганізацыяў. Сярод іх – «Бізнес школа ІПМ», Press Club Belarus, «Мова Нанова»|work=[[Belsat TV]]|language=be}}</ref> "Vedanta vada" was based in [[Mahilioŭ]] and was active in promoting Indian culture and religion.<ref>[https://vk.com/vedanta_vada "Веданта Вада". Харе Кришна в Могилёве]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Belarus}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Belarus|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belarus-India relations}}
[[Category:Belarus–India relations|*]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Belarus|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Imdad Sabri

2026-03-14T11:30:04Z

HughStoate90988: creating new stub!

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Imdad Sabri
| image = 
| alt = 
| other_names =
| birth_name = Imad Al-Rashid Sabri
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|10|16}}
| birth_place = Chouriwalan, Delhi
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|10|13|1914|10|16}}
| death_place = Delhi
| years_active = 50 years
| known_for = journalism and politics
| notable_works = History of Journalism in Urdu, History of Crime and Punishment, Jaal of Farangiyas, with Subhash Chandrapos
| caption =
| occupation = Journalism
}}
'''Imdad al-Rashid Sabri''' (16 October 1914 – 13 October 1988) was an Indian journalist, Councilor and former elected Deputy Governor of [[Delhi]] (Deputy Mayor).<ref name="Reference 1">{{cite book |author=Zafar Anwar |location=New Delhi |url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur |year=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110050842/https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur%20 |pages=230 |access-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Zafar Anwar |title=50 Journalists of Delhi |archive-date=2019-01-10 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Imdad Sabri was born on 16 October 1914, in [[Chouriwalan]], [[Delhi]]. His father [[Ashraf-ul-Haq Sabri]] was a scholar, he worked with Haji [Amdadullah Muhajir Makki] and [[Rashid Ahmad Ganguhi]]. So he combined the names of both personalities in the name of his son "Imdad al-Rashid Sabri".<ref>{{cite book |author=Zafar Anwar |location=New Delhi |url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur |year=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112024137/https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur%20 |pages=232 |access-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Zafar Anwar |title=50 Journalists of Delhi |archive-date=2019-01-12 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Academic and political life ==
Imdad Sabri was a journalist and writer. In his ''History of Urdu Journalism'', he wrote a comprehensive history of journalism in three volumes. He also wrote many other books on various topics. He was the editor of several newspapers and magazines. He was the editor of Shaheeruddin Ashraf's weekly ''Mashhadah'' for years. Delhi's wall journalism i.e. publishing posters and pasting them overnight, was a hobby. His posters were unique and effective in terms of language and expression.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

With academic taste, he also entered the field of politics and participated in several elections and won twice, including as Deputy Mayor of Delhi in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_india-weekly_1977-07-21_13_29/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%22Imdad+Sabri%22 |newspaper=[[India Weekly]] |volume=13 |issue=29 |date=1977-07-21 |page=7 |title=Delhi Mayor }}</ref> He also held the post of Deputy Commissioner of Delhi Corporation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Zafar Anwar |location=New Delhi |url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur |year=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224223554/https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur%20 |pages=234 |access-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Zafar Anwar |title=50 Journalists of Delhi |archive-date=2018-12-24 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Imdad Sabri has two sons, Sharaf Sabri and Ahmed Sabri.<ref>{{cite book |author=Zafar Anwar |location=New Delhi |url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur |year=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105213320/https://rekhta.org/ebooks/delhi-ke-50-sahafi-zafar-anwar-ebooks?lang=Ur%20 |pages=231 |access-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Zafar Anwar |title=50 Journalists of Delhi |archive-date=2019-01-05 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Authors ==
===Books===
Imdad Sabri authored dozens of books, some of which are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! Title (Urdu)
! Translated Title
|-
|[[تاریخ صحافت اردو]] (تین جلدوں میں)
|[[History of Urdu Journalism]] (in three volumes) <ref name="Sabri 1974">{{Cite journal |last=Sabri |first=Imdad |date=1974 |title=History of Urdu Journalism |journal=Delhi: Sabri Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|تاریخ جرم و سزا (تین جلدوں میں)
|History of Crime and Punishment (in three volumes)
|-
|فرنگیوں کا جال
|The trap of the fringes
|-
|داستان پرغم
|Narrative Purgham
|-
|تاریخ آزاد ہند فوج
|History of Independent Indian Army
|-
|نیتاجی سبھاش چندربوس کے ساتھ
|With Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
|-
|سبھاش بابو کی تقریر
|Speech by Subhash Babu
|-
|آزاد ہند فوج کا البم
|Azad Hind Fauj album
|-
|1857ء کے مجاہد شعرا
|Mujahid poets of 1857
|-
|1857ء کے غدار شعرا
|Traitor poets of 1857
|-
|حاجی امداد اللہ اور ان کے خلفا
|Haji Imdadullah and his successors
|-
|رسول خدا کا دشمنوں سے سلوک
|Messenger of God's treatment of enemies
|-
|رسول خدا کی غریبوں سے محبت
|The Messenger of God's love for the poor
|-
|فیضان رحمت
|Faizan Rahmat
|-
|دہلی کی یادگار شخصیتیں
|Memorable personalities of Delhi
|-
|دہلی کے قدیم مدارس اور مدرّس
|Ancient Madrasahs and Madrasas of Delhi
|-
|سیاسی رہنماؤں کی مائیں اور بیویاں
|Mothers and wives of political leaders
|-
|اللہ کے گھر میں بار بار حاضری
|Frequent attendance at the house of Allah
|-
|اخبار مخبر عالم مرادآباد اور تحریک آزادی
|Mokhbar Alam Moradabad Newspaper and Azadi Movement
|-
|آثار رحمت
|Artifacts of Mercy
|-
|جنوبی افریقہ کے اردو شاعر
|Urdu Poets of South Africa
|-
|روح صحافت
|The Spirit of Journalism
|-
|روزنامچی
|Roznamche <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhlaque Ahmad |url=https://www.academia.edu/44362311 |title=Information and Persian Newsletters during Mughal India 1 |journal=Ijpcc |publisher=International Journal of Persian Culture and Civilization |year=2017 |edition=1 |pages=8}}</ref>
|}

===Notable works===
"Tarikh-e-Sahafat-e-Urdu" (تاریخ صحافت اردو) or "History of Urdu Journalism," is considered one of the most comprehensive works for Urdu Journalist.<ref name="Sabri 1974"/>

== Death ==
On 13 October 1988, after being ill for some time, he died in Delhi at the age of 74 and was buried in Mehndiyan cemetery.<ref name="Reference 1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabri, Imdad}}
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth not in Wikidata]]

Burmese invasions of Assam

2026-03-11T17:19:21Z

HughStoate90988: minor improve article as per guidelines per sources

{{Short description|Burmese invasions of Assam between 1817 and 1826}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Burmese invasions of [[Assam]]
| place = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| image = File:Aftermath of First Anglo-Burmese War 1826.png
| caption = The red border line is the territories of [[Konbaung Dynasty]] before [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] which included [[military occupation|Occupied]] [[Assam]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Konbaung dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| date = 1817–1826
| result = Burmese victory
| territory = Burmese occupation of the Ahom kingdom
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Bodawpaya]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Bagyidaw]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Maha Bandula]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Maha Thilwa]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Ala Mingi]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Bisa Duwa Chyauhpa Nong|Bisa Nong]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Naymyo Theinpa Raja|Naymyo Raja]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Badan Chandra Borphukan|Badan Borphukan]]{{assassinated}}
| commander2 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Chandrakanta Singha]] [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Purandar Singha]] [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Ruchinath Burhagohain]] [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Purnanada Burhagohain]] [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Jaganath Dhekial Phukan|Jaganath Phukan]] [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Badan Chandra Borphukan|Badan Borphukan]]{{efn|Defected to the Burmese in 1817.}}
| strength1 = '''First invasion:''' Unknown '''Second invasion:''' 30,000 '''Third invasion:''' 20,000
| strength2 = '''First invasion:''' Unknown '''Second invasion:''' Unknown '''Third invasion:''' Unknown
| units1 =
| units2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
There were three '''Burmese invasions of Assam''' between 1817 and 1826, during which time the [[Ahom kingdom|Kingdom of Assam]] came under the control of [[konbaung dynasty|Burma]] from 1821 to 1825. Locally, this period, called the ''manor din'' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]: "The days/period of the Burmese") by the people of Assam,<ref>Note: The corresponding period of Burmese rule in [[Manipur]] is called ''Chahi-Taret Khuntakpa'' ([[Meitei language|Meitei]]: 7 years of devastation).</ref> is remembered with horror. The sharp drop in population due to depredations as well as emigrations left the erstwhile kingdom in shambles. It was the climactic period of the [[Ahom kingdom]]. The contemporaneous [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]] is remembered similarly in Manipur. The [[British Empire|British]], who were earlier reluctant to colonise Assam, came into direct contact with a belligerent Burmese occupying force. Following the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], they annexed Assam and took [[Manipur]] as a subsidiary state.

==Background==
In the later part of 18th century, the [[Ahom kingdom]] in [[Assam]] was wreaked by series of rebellions. The [[Moamoria rebellion]] in Upper Assam and the [[Dundiya rebellion]] in Western Assam severely weakened the Ahom kingdom due to loss of lives and property. The Prime Minister [[Burhagohain|Purnananda Burhagohain]] tried his best to reestablish Ahom rule over the regions. With great efforts, he finally suppressed all the rebellions, and firmly established the royal authority over the kingdom. For smooth functioning of administration or to consolidate his power, he appointed all his relatives in high posts of the Kingdom of Ahom. [[Badan Chandra Borphukan]], the governor of [[Guwahati]], was anxious of the growing power of Purnananda Burhagohain. At first, he tried to make friendship with Purnananda Burhagohain. He gave his daughter Pijou Gabhoru to Purnananda's son, Oreshanath Dhekial Phukan along with a huge amount of gold ornaments and utensils as dowry. The move backfired when Purnananda Burhagohain expressed his displeasure and suspected Badan Chandra Borphukan of misusing his office. Angered by the behaviour of Purnananda Burhagohain, Badan Chandra Borphukan encouraged conspirators in the capital [[Jorhat]] with the aim to assassinate Purnananda Burhagohain. The conspiracy failed and the conspirators were punished. The alleged link of Badan Chandra Borphukan with the conspirators got revealed.

Meanwhile, the people of Western Assam, complained Burhagohain about the atrocities committed by Badan Chandra Borphukan and his two sons, Janmi and Piyoli. Finally in 1815 CE, Purnananda Burhagohain decided to act and he send a deputation with orders to arrest Badan Chandra Borphukan and bring him to the capital Jorhat for justice. Pijou Gabhoru, the daughter-in-law of Purnananda Burhagohain, who was also the daughter of Badan Chandra Borphukan, sent an early message to her father, warning him of the impending danger. Warned by his daughter, Badan Chandra Borphukan escaped to [[Bengal]], which was under British rule. Burhagohain's men caught him at Chilmari in Bengal, but he again escaped with the help of local Thanedar or Police officer. He went to [[Calcutta]] and visited the Governor General [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]] with the plea for help to oust Purnananda Burhagohain. The Governor-General declined his plea stating their Policy of Non-interference in the internal matter of another kingdom. Around that time, Badan Chandra Borphukan met the envoy of Burmese King [[Bodawpaya]], who was on a visit at Calcutta. The envoy, after hearing his plea took him to [[Konbaung dynasty|Burma]] and fixed an appointment with Bodawpaya.<ref>E. A. Gait 1926: 224-225</ref><ref>S.K. Bhuyan 1968 Tungkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam(1681-1826) : 197-199</ref>

== First Burmese invasion ==
{{Assam History}}
[[File:Statute of king Bodawpaya (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|Bodawpaya, the King of Burma who send forces to Assam under Badan Chandra Borphukan]]
In 1816, [[Badan Chandra Borphukan]] came to the court of Burmese King [[Bodawpaya]] and sought help to defeat his political rival [[Burhagohain|Purnanada Burhagohain]]. The Burmese monarch agreed and send an expedition under a general of [[Bhamo]], with Badan Chandra Borphukan which entered Assam in January 1817. The first battle took place on March 27, 1817, at [[Ghiladhari]]. The Assam forces were led by Daman Gogoi, Hau Bora and Jama Khan. The battle continued for a week when Purnananda Burhagohain learned that the enemy was accompanied by Badan Chandra Borphukan. This enraged the Burhagohain so much that he collapsed and died.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|pp=216–218}}</ref> This, according to chronicles, led to the division in the ranks of the Ahom nobility, and due to lack of reinforcements the Assam army surrendered. Ruchinath, the son of Purnananda, became the Burhagohain, and asked the king to evacuate, who refused. This led Ruchinath to suspect that Chandrakanta Singha was in alliance with Badan Chandra Borphukan,<ref>"The new Burha Gohain endeavoured in vain to induce the king to retreat to Lower Assam, and then, perceiving that the latter intended to sacrifice him, in order to conciliate the Bar Phukan and his Burmese allies, fled westwards to Gauhati." {{harv|Gait|1906|p=222}}</ref> and left for Guwahati without the king when the Burmese army advanced toward the Ahom capital at Jorhat. The king, [[Sudingphaa|Chandrakanta Singha]], stayed behind, received Badan Chandra Borphukan and made him the Mantri Phukan.

The Burmese army was paid 1,000,000 rupees and the commanders were given suitable presents. Hemo Aideo, an Ahom princess (daughter of Bagakonwar Tipam Raja and sister of Swargadeo Jogeshwar Singha) was sent to the king of Burma with 50 elephants and dowry. The Burmese army left Assam in April 1817.

After the return of the Burmese forces, Badan Chandra had become all-powerful. He began to torture the supporters of Purnananda Burhagohain, who was already dead. There were also differences between the Barbarua and barphukan. Further, disgusted with the activities of Badanchandra, Numali Rajmao (King Chandrakanta's mother), along with some officials, hatched a conspiracy to get rid of him. It culminated in the assassination of Badan Chandra in 1818 by a Subedar named Rup Singh.<ref>{{harv|Gait|1906|p=223}}</ref>

==Second Burmese invasion==
[[Bodawpaya]], on hearing this news, sent an army of 30,000 under the command of Kiamingi (Ala Mingi Borgohain) and guided by Patalang Senapati (Momai Barua). This army was met by an army led by Jagannath Dhekial Phukan on February 15, 1819, at Phulpanisiga, near [[Jhanji River|Janji]]. The Burmese army was defeated with a loss of about 300 soldiers and retreated a short distance. The Assam army, instead of pursuing the defeated Burmese, returned to the Ahom capital Jorhat leading to much confusion and panic. Failing to instill confidence, Ruchinath Burhagohain and Purandar Singha sailed down to Guwahati, and the Burmese army was able to occupy the capital two days later.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|pp=221–222}}</ref>

Chandrakanta was reinstated as the king on March 9, 1819, followed by execution of the Ahom officials who had supported Ruchinath Burhagohain; and in the middle of April 1819 Kiamingi left for Burma leaving Mingimaha Tilwa in charge. Under Tilwa's orders, Patalang pursued Ruchinath, engaged his forces in Nagaon and finally pushed him beyond Assam chokey. Patalang was made the Borbarua and the Burmese contingent returned to Burma on January 27, 1820.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=222}}</ref> To express his gratitude to Bodawpaya, Chandrakanta Singha sent a princess, Upama Aideo, along with officials and attendants.

Nevertheless, Chandrakanta's attitude toward the Burmese changed soon after. Patalang, who was originally a [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]],<ref>Sir Edward Gait, A History of
Assam, p.234.</ref> persuaded the king to shake off Burmese allegiance and had a fort constructed at [[Joypur, Assam|Jaypur]] (Dighalighat).<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|pp=222–223}}</ref>

==Third Burmese invasion==
[[File:Bajidwa, King of Burma orders his generals to wrest Bengal from British, 1823.jpg|thumb|180px|The third invasion was carried under Burmese king Bagyidaw]]
In 1819, [[Bagyidaw]] became the king of [[Burma]] and decided to annex Assam. He sent Mingimaha Tilwa to Assam in February 1821. Patalang Borbarua was killed and Chandrakanta Singha fled to Guwahati. Mingimaha killed a number of Ahom officials and installed Punyadhar (Jogeshwar Singha), a brother of Hemo Aideo, as the king.

===Chandrakanta Singha's response===
Chandrakanta Singha made his camp at Guwahati and lead his campaign against the Burmese. Purandar, who was unable to raise an army in the British territory, raised one in [[Bhutan]] under Robert Bruce, but this force was dispersed by Chandrakanta's Sikh forces in May 1821.<ref name="Baruah 1993 223">{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=223}}</ref> A large force, deputed by Tilwa, advanced against Chandrakanta (September 1821), who retreated to Assam Chokey and then to the British territories. Unlike Purandar, Chandrakanta was able to raise a force mainly of Sikhs soldiers, and he retook Assam Chokey (October 1821) and Guwahati (December 1821) and pitched his camp at Mahgarh, near Jorhat, on March 15, 1822.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=225}}</ref> The commander of the Sikh soldiers, Chataniya Singh of [[Lahore]] was killed although the Sikhs routed the Burmese hordes.

[[Bagyidaw]], on hearing of the Assam situation, sent in a 20,000 strong contingent under [[Maha Bandula|Mingi Maha Bandula]] who attacked and defeated the forces of Chandrakanta in April 1822. Chandrakanta fell back to [[Guwahati]], and finally to Assam chaki, where he encountered Mingimaha Tilwa in June 1822. He was defeated and had to further retreat into the British territory. After this victory, the Burmese declared Mingimaha Tilwa the Raja of Assam and brought an end to the sovereign Ahom rule in Assam.<ref>"Towards the end of June, Mingimaha Tilwa, the chief commanding officer of the Assam ''Chaki'' was declared Raja of Assam. This marked the extinction of the Ahom monarchy." {{harv|Baruah|1993|p=225}}</ref>

===Direct Burmese rule===
The defeat of Chandrakanta at Assam Chokey brought the Burmese face-to-face with the British in the [[Brahmaputra valley]]. Tilwa demanded the British hand over the fugitive king, and threatened to enter British territory to seize him, with about 7,000 troops at Assam Chokey and 1,000 more at Guwahati under Bandula. Nevertheless, the Burmese troops faced logistics issues, and as a result Bandula left Guwahati, leaving Tilwa at Guwahati with only 1,000 troops.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=226}}</ref> At this juncture, the Chandrakanta Singha was invited by the Burmese to come back and rule. Chandrakanta abandoned his Baruas and Phukan's and surrendered to Tilwa at Assam Chokey. When he reached Jorhat, he was seized and imprisoned instead.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=227}}</ref>

===Alternative Burmese account===
This account differs a little from the Burmese account in which the expedition that started in February 1821 with the 20,000 (including 10,000 [[Khamti people|Khamti]] Shan and [[Jingpo people|Kachin]] levies) Burmese Army is said to have taken one and a half years to reach Assam when it defeated Chandrakanta Singha in July 1822 and made Assam a Burmese province under a military governor-general, extinguishing the 600-year-old [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] court once and for all.<ref name=rlf-112>Myint-U, River of Lost Footsteps, p. 112</ref><ref name=mmb-15>Myint-U, Making of Modern Burma, pp. 15–16</ref> Chandrakanta Singha fled to British territory of [[Bengal]]. The British ignored Bandula's demands to surrender the fugitive king, and instead sent reinforcement units to frontier forts.<ref name=lws>Shakespear, pp. 62–63</ref> Maha Bandula left a military garrison of 2,000 men commanded by [[Maha Thilawa]], and returned to Ava.<ref name=app-233>Phayre, pp. 233–234</ref>

This period is remembered in [[Assam]] as very difficult, with the garrison soldiers and native marauders committing atrocities on the common people leading to thousands leaving Assam for [[Bengal]]. Much of the neighboring [[State of Manipur]] was also laid waste by the marauding armies.

By 1825, the [[Meitei people|Meitei]]s under the leadership of [[Meitei people|Meitei]] king [[Gambhir Singh]] had repulsed the Burmese and drove them past the [[Chindwin River]].<ref>[http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/his_mnmo.html CHAHI-TARET KHUNTAKPA, 1819-1825 AD (seven years of Manipur anarchy, 3212-3218 MF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115050204/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/his_mnmo.html |date=2016-01-15 }} IIT Guwahati</ref> The occupation led to frequent contacts between the Burmese and the British and finally to the [[First Burmese War]] and the [[Treaty of Yandaboo]] in 1826. This treaty marked the end of Burmese rule and the beginning of British rule in Assam.

==Atrocities during Burmese rule==
===Reign of terror===
{{See also|Chahi Taret Khuntakpa}}

The atrocities committed by the Burmese in Assam have passed into the common traditions of the people, and have been confirmed by the recorded versions of sufferers and eyewitnesses, and of those who had come in contact with them. Gangs of local marauders and some of the neighboring hill tribes like the [[Jingpo people|Jingpo]]/Singphos and [[Khamtis]], having identified their interests with the invaders, committed the same atrocities on the people and carried off numerous inhabitants into slavery. Those who afford fled to the neighboring countries like Bengal, Bhutan and Cachar. It is impossible to estimate the number of persons who fled, were killed or deported to Burma. The wholesale depopulation and widespread misery and agony. Consequently, this excellent valley, in the words of M'Cosh, who surveyed it a few years after the Burmese invasion. <ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=385}}</ref> The Burmese incursions in Manipur are said to have depopulated the country and removed all traces of Manipuri civilization. The period of [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|seven year devastation in Manipur]] from 1819 to 1826 is known as "Chahi Taret Khuntakpa."<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief Note On Chahi Taret Khuntakpa |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.A_Brief_Note_On_Chahi_Taret_Khuntakpa |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> The ravages of Bodawpaya and his predecessors had reduced parts of Siam into a desert, for years the fields round [[Dawei|Tavoy]] were white with human bones. To escape from Burmese oppressions the greater part of the population of Arakan had deserted their country and taken shelter in British territory“ where taxation was reasonable, and a man could go to bed at night without wondering whether his throat would be cut in the morning by order of some official.“<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harvey |first1=G. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmIVhKXwrFcC |title=History of Burma, Harvey |year=2000 |isbn=9788120613652 |pages=289–290 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327145829/https://books.google.com/books?id=vmIVhKXwrFcC |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Muslim]] [[Pangal]] of [[Manipur]] too were devastated and taken as slaves by the invading Burmese armies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHmkHBTT_T0C&dq=Pangals+Burmese+invasion&pg=PA199 |title=The Muslims of Manipur |isbn=9788178358284 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328073200/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHmkHBTT_T0C&dq=Pangals+Burmese+invasion&pg=PA199 |url-status=live |last1=Irene |first1=Salam |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation| first = S L| last = Baruah| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam| year = 1985|publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal}}
* {{cite book |last=Baruah
|first=S L
|year=1993
|title=The Last Days of Ahom Monarchy
|place=Delhi
|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
}}
* {{Citation
|last = Gait
|first = Edward A
|year = 1906
|title = A History of Assam
|isbn = 9780404168193
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC
|place = Calcutta
|access-date = 2021-04-15
|archive-date = 2023-07-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230701150816/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC
|url-status = live
}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burmese Invasions Of Assam}}
[[Category:19th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Military history of Myanmar]]
[[Category:19th century in Burma]]
[[Category:First Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:1810s in Asia]]
[[Category:1820s in Asia]]
[[Category:1810s in Burma]]
[[Category:1820s in Burma]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:1810s in India]]
[[Category:1820s in India]]
[[Category:1817 in Burma]]
[[Category:1825 in Burma]]
[[Category:1826 in Burma]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Slave raids]]
[[Category:Slavery in Asia]]
[[Category:Military occupation]]

Automated Facial Recognition System (India)

2026-03-08T17:05:13Z

HughStoate90988: new a page

{{short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
The national '''Automated Facial Recognition System''' (AFRS) or the '''National''' '''Automated Facial Recognition System''' (NAFRS) is a [[facial recognition system]] designed to identify, track, and capture criminals in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/worlds-biggest-face-recognition-system-arrives-in-india-next-month/articleshow/71692022.cms?from=mdr|title=World's biggest face recognition system arrives in India next month|date=2019-10-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>

== History ==
On 8 July 2019, the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) invited bids to create and establish the AFRS protocol through a 172-page document, which stated that "this is an effort in the direction of modernizing the police force, information gathering, criminal identification, verification and its dissemination among various police organizations and units across the country."<ref>[http://ncrb.gov.in/TENDERS/AFRS/RFP_NAFRS.pdf Request For Proposal To procure National Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS)]</ref> The NCRB, state police forces, and the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] would be the beneficiaries.<ref name=":0" />

The intention to establish a country-wide facial recognition system stemmed from a trial run of a facial recognition software used by the [[Delhi Police|Delhi police]] in April 2018 to identify and rescue 3,000 missing children in four days.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversies ==
[[Internet Freedom Foundation]] (IFF), a non-profit organisation based in [[New Delhi]], filed a legal notice with the NCRB stating that the AFRS would cause [[digital privacy]] concerns for the nation's citizens. NCRB responded stating that AFRS "only automates the existing police procedure of comparing suspects’ photos with those listed in LEA’s [Law Enforcement Agency] databases.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/security/2019/11/11/india-goes-ahead-with-its-facial-recognition-program-despite-privacy-concerns/|title=India is going ahead with its facial recognition program despite privacy concerns|last=Lakshmanan|first=Ravie|date=2019-11-11|website=The Next Web|language=en-us|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}



[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]

Mount Vernon Camp

2026-03-07T05:14:49Z

HughStoate90988: general corrected intro as per guidelines also and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Gurkha Cantonment}}
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'''Mount Vernon Camp''', also known as the Gurkha Cantonment, is an [[Establishments and installations of the Singapore Police Force|establishment]] of the [[Singapore Police Force]] built to house the training and residential facilities of the [[Gurkha Contingent]]'s [[Gurkha]]s and their families.

Located at [[Mount Vernon, Singapore|Mount Vernon]] near the now closed [[Bidadari Cemetery]], it has undergone expansion on the hilly terrain, particularly with the introduction of modern, high quality high-rise housing blocks for the over 2,000 officers and their families-in-tow.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bca.gov.sg/Awards/BestBuildableDesign/bda01_08.html|title=Building & Construction Authority|website=www.bca.gov.sg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406202732/https://www.bca.gov.sg/Awards/BestBuildableDesign/bda01_08.html|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live|access-date=2018-01-06}}</ref>

The road leading into the camp is named Kathmandu Road for the capital city of [[Nepal]]. Built as a self-contained complex due to security concerns to minimise movements into and out of the complex, it has its own shops, a kindergarten, playgrounds for the younger children, and a swimming pool which the families can access on weekends, all of which contingent commander Bruce M. Niven(2001-2006) equates to being a township all on its own.<ref name=":0" /> There are no schools in the camp.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-21 |title=My Dad Is A Gurkha: On Growing Up Nepalese In Singapore |url=https://www.ricemedia.co/current-affairs-features-my-dad-is-a-gurkha-growing-up-nepalese-in-singapore/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=RICE |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Dwellers in the complex are not prohibited from leaving the camp or utilising services and facilities outside it. Throngs of school-going Nepalese children regularly leave and enter the camp everyday, wearing the uniforms of national schools. The camp's close proximity to [[Bartley Secondary School]] has seen a significant number of Nepalese children being enrolled there, although they can also be found in schools much further away as the children become gradually assimilated into Singapore society and culture. First Toa Payoh Primary School is one of the few primary schools the Gurkha's children are enrolled in.

The surrounding commercial outlets thrive on business from the Nepalese community based in Mount Vernon Camp, and it is a common sight to see officers doing their daily recreational runs around the major roads close to the camp.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2005/expenditure_estimates/attachment/MHA_EE2005.pdf|title=MHA_EE2005|website=Ministry of Finance Singapore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716191110/http://www.mof.gov.sg/budget_2005/expenditure_estimates/attachment/MHA_EE2005.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref>

Phase 2B of the complex expansion commenced in 2001, costing a total of [[S$]]42.2 million and adding 93,568m2 of largely residential space. Designed by PWD Consultants and built by the China Construction (South Pacific) Development Co., it was completed by 2003.<ref name=":0" /> The complex has continued to undergo physical upgrades, with the government setting aside another S$47.8 million for expansion works carried out from 2004 to 2006,<ref name=":1" /> as well as another complex expansion from 2015 to 2020. This was followed by an elevator refurbishment scheme for selected apartment buildings in-between 2023 and 2024 to improve the living conditions of the residents.

In 2024, Gurkha Cantonment celebrated its 75th anniversary by having a variety of events including the GC Mela(Carnival), a 75 km Ultra-marathon, functional fitness challenge, tree planting, reopening of the revamped heritage centre and banners on nearby lampposts, with the motto “Upholding the legacy of excellence”. An anniversary book was published by project officer SI Lalitkumar Khadka, and event advisor DSP Khoo Sze Hong, who were also in-charge for the revamping of the Gurkha Cantonment Heritage Centre.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thinkcentre.org/article.cfm?ArticleID=1436 Hindu Warriors Guard Singapore From Terror]

{{Singapore Police Force}}

{{coord|1|20|21.41|N|103|52|44.79|E|display=title|region:SG_type:landmark}}

[[Category:Gurkha Contingent]]
[[Category:Singapore Police Force]]
[[Category:Aljunied]]

Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:12:10Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Short description|Government ministry in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Higher and Technical Education, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय उच्च व तंत्र शिक्षण विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
|chief1_name= Mr. Vikas Rastogi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]) <ref name="names">{{Cite web|title=Ministers and Secretary|url=https://htedu.maharashtra.gov.in/about-us/ministers-secretary/|website=Ministry of Higher and Technical Education, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref>
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://htedu.maharashtra.gov.in/}}
| formed = {{Start date and age|1992}} <ref name="history"/>
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Higher and Technical Education''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for designing and implementing higher and technical education related policies in the state [[Maharashtra]]

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] minister. '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' is current Minister of Higher and Technical.

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Higher and Technical Education
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Vasant Hoshing''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla Constituency No. 184]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|
|'''Purushottam Dekate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred Constituency No. 51]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central Constituency No. 114]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil''' (Minister of Technical Education) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda Constituency No. 10]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baburao Kale]]''' (Minister of Higher Education) {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ghansavangi Jalna Constituency No. 190]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ram Meghe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur Constituency No. 40]]- [[Amravati district|Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ram Meghe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur Constituency No. 40]]- [[Amravati district|Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Kamalkishor Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Nanded Constituency No. 66]]- [[Nanded District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Anantrao Thopate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor Constituency No. 203]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Prabhakar Dharkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Mehta in Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prakash Mehta]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East Constituency No. 170]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sureshdada Jain]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Mehta in Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prakash Mehta]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East Constituency No. 170]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dilip Walse Patil.png|80px]]
| '''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon Constituency No. 196]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramkrishna More]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Khed Constituency No. 219]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Sureshdada Jain]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Rajesh Tope]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi Constituency No. 100]]- [[Jalna District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Rajesh Tope]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi Constituency No. 100]]- [[Jalna District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vinod Tawde in 2015.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Vinod Tawde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali Constituency No. 152]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Uday Samant.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uday Samant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|[[File:The Minister for Tourism and Environment, Maharashtra, Shri Aaditya Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Aditya Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Aaditya Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli Constituency No. 182]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud Constituency No. 210]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud Constituency No. 210]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Higher and Technical Education
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Prajakt Tanpure]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|
*[[Uday Samant]] (2019 - 2022)
*[[Aaditya Thackeray]] (2022 - 2022)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Chandrakant Patil]] (2022–2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Indranil Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (Ajit Pawar Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Chandrakant Patil]] (2024–present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretary==

{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

== History ==
Education and employment ministries were separated in 1992 and as a result, a separate ministry was established for higher and technical education.<ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=About us|url=https://htedu.maharashtra.gov.in/about-us/|website=Ministry of Higher and Technical Education, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref>

==Departments==
*Higher Education<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Higher Education|url=https://www.dhepune.gov.in/|website=[[Government of Maharashtra]]}}</ref>
*Technical Education<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, India|url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/index.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
#Art Education
*University Section
*National Service Scheme

===Autonomous bodies===
*Admission Regulating Authority (ARA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Admissions Regulating Authority {{!}}{{!}} ARA Homepage|url=http://www.maha-ara.org/ara/index.php|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.maha-ara.org}}</ref>
*[[Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education]]
*[[Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan|Rashtriy Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan]]
*Fee Regulatory Authority<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fees Regulating Authority|url=http://www.sssamiti.org/~sspnsamiti/web_fra/?q=home|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.sssamiti.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://htedu.maharashtra.gov.in/}}

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Vetala Panchavimshati

2026-03-04T11:42:42Z

HughStoate90988: added

{{Short description|Collection of Indian tales}}
{{redirect|Betaal Pachisi|the [[Sunil Agnihotri]] directed television series|Betaal Pachisi (TV series)}}
{{For|the television series made by [[Sagar Arts]]|Vikram Aur Betaal}}
[[File:Newar translation of Vetal Panchavimshati.jpg|thumb|A 17th-century manuscript of Vetala Panchavimshati written in [[Newar script]], from [[Nepal]].]]

The '''''Vetala Panchavimshati''''' ({{langx|sa|वेतालपञ्चविंशति}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|vetālapañcaviṃśati}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |title=On Hinduism |date=March 2014 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-936007-9 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/worldreligionsea0000unse_l6w0 |title=World religions. Eastern traditions |date=2010 |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542676-2 |pages=25}}</ref> or '''''Betal Pachisi''''' ("''Twenty-five (tales) of Betal''"), is a collection of tales and [[legend]]s within a [[frame story]], from [[History of India|India]]. Internationally, it is also known as '''Vikram-Vetala'''. It was originally written in [[Sanskrit]].

One of its oldest [[recension]]s is found in the 12th book of the ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' ("Ocean of the Streams of Story"),<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/storytellingency0000unse |title=Storytelling encyclopedia : historical, cultural, and multiethnic approaches to oral traditions around the world |date=1997 |location=Phoenix, Ariz. |publisher= Oryx Press |isbn=978-1-57356-025-2 |pages=337}}</ref> a work in Sanskrit compiled in the 11th century by [[Somadeva]], but based on yet older materials, now lost. This recension comprises in fact twenty-four tales, the frame narrative itself being the twenty-fifth. The two other major recensions in Sanskrit are those by [[Śivadāsa]] and Jambhaladatta.

The Vetala stories are popular in India and have been translated into many Indian vernaculars.<ref>Penzer 1924, Vol VI, p 225.</ref> Several English translations exist, based on Sanskrit recensions and on [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] versions.<ref>Penzer 1924, Vol VI, p 226.</ref> Probably the best-known English version is that of Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] which is, however, not a translation but a very free adaptation.<ref>Penzer 1924, Vol VI, p 227. Penzer goes on to observe "What Burton has really done is to use a portion of the Vetāla tales as a peg on which to hang elaborate 'improvements' entirely of his own invention."</ref>

== Plot ==
{{For|a comparison of the content of different versions|List of Vetala Tales}}
[[File:RF Burton Vikram and the Vampire (1870) Illustrated by Ernest Griset page048.png|thumb|right|[[Ernest Griset]]'s depiction of Vikram and the Betaal in [[Richard Francis Burton]]'s 1870 retelling of the story.]]
The legendary king [[Vikramāditya]] (Vikrama) promises a ''[[Digambara monk|digambara]]'' (a naked Jain ascetic) or ''[[vamachari]]'' (a [[tantra|tantric]] sorcerer) that he will capture a ''[[vetala]],'' who hangs upside-down from a tree and inhabits and animates dead bodies.

King Vikrama faces many difficulties in bringing the vetala to the tantric. Each time Vikram tries to capture the vetala, it tells a story that ends with a riddle. If Vikrama cannot answer the question correctly, the vampire consents to remain in captivity. If the king knows the answer but still keeps quiet, then his head shall burst into thousand pieces. And if King Vikrama answers the question correctly, the vampire would escape and return to his tree. He knows the answer to every question; therefore the cycle of catching and releasing the vampire continues twenty-four times.
[[File:Arthur W Ryder Twenty-Two Goblins (1917) Illustrated by Perham W Nahl page214f.png|thumb|left|Father and son meet mother and daughter, in the Baital's final tale. Illustration by [[Perham Wilhelm Nahl]] from [[Arthur W. Ryder]]'s ''Twenty-two Goblins''.]]
On the twenty-fifth attempt, the Vetala tells the story of a father and a son in the aftermath of a devastating war. They find the queen and the princess alive in the chaos, and decide to take them home. In due time, the son marries the queen and the father marries the princess. Eventually, the son and the queen have a son, and the father and the princess have a daughter. The vetala asks what the relation between the two newborn children is. The question stumps Vikrama. Satisfied, the vetala allows himself to be taken to the tantric.
[[File:RF Burton Vikram and the Vampire (1870) Illustrated by Ernest Griset page317.png|thumb|right|Vikram prepares to behead the tantric. Illustration by Ernest Griset from Burton's ''Vikram and the Vampire''.]]
On their way to the tantric, Vetala tells his story. His parents did not have a son and a tantric blessed them with twin sons on a condition that both be educated under him. Vetala was taught everything in the world but often ill-treated. Whereas his brother was taught just what was needed but always well treated. Vetala discovered that the tantric planned to return his brother to his parents and Vetala instead would be sacrificed as he was an '' 'all-knowing kumara' '' and by sacrificing him the tantric could be immortal and rule the world using his tantric powers. Vetal also reveals that now the tantric's plan is to sacrifice Vikram, beheading him as he bowed in front of the goddess. The tantric could then gain control over the vetala and sacrifice his soul, thus achieving his evil ambition. The vetala suggests that the king asks the tantric how to perform his obeisance, then take advantage of that moment to behead the sorcerer himself. [[Vikramāditya]] does exactly as told by the vetala and he is blessed by [[Indra]] and [[Kali]]. The vetala offers the king a boon, whereupon Vikram requests that the tantric's heart and mind be cleaned of all sins and his life be restored as a good living being and that the vetala would come to the king's aid when needed.

===Variation===
A variation of this story replaces the vetal with a minor celestial who, in exchange for his own life, reveals the plot by two tradesmen (replacing the sorcerer) to assassinate Vikrama and advises Vikrama to trick them into positions of vulnerability as described above. Having killed them, Vikrama is offered a reward by the goddess, who grants him two spirits loyal to her as his servants.

==Other media==
{{see also|Vetala#In popular culture|Vikramaditya#Legacy}}

===Films===
It was adapted into 1951 Hindi film ''Jai Maha Kali (Vikram Vaital)'' by Dhirubhai Desai starring [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Shahu Modak]], Raj Kumar, and [[S. N. Tripathi]]. It was remade in 1986 as ''[[Vikram Vetal]]'', by [[Shantilal Soni]], starring [[Vikram Gokhale]], Manhar Desai, and [[Deepika Chikhalia]].

The 2017 Tamil film ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' was a modern-day adaptation of the story with the characterization of King Vikramaditya and the celestial spirit Vetala derived from that plot. The title of the film was also derived from the two key characters from the folktale.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-Sethupathi-Madhavans-film-is-based-on-Vikramathithan-Vethalam/articleshow/51009766.cms Vijay Sethupathi, Madhavan's film is based on Vikramathithan Vethalam]. [[Times of India]].</ref> In 2022, the film was remade in [[Hindi]] under [[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|the same title]].

===Television===
In 1985, the story was developed by [[Sagar Films]] as a television serial<ref>{{cite web|title=Sagar Arts|url=http://www.sagartv.com/vikram-betaal.htm|access-date=25 February 2014|quote="The legend says that Vikram aur Betaal has been one of the most popular fantasy shows made for children and had won acclaim and huge popularity during its run on Doordarshan National Network in the year 1985."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811214453/http://www.sagartv.com/vikram-betaal.htm|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> titled ''[[Vikram aur Betaal]]'', starring [[Arun Govil]] as Vikrama and [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan Kumar]] as the Vetala. It was aired on [[Doordarshan]], the public television broadcaster of India. A remake of that serial by the new generation of Sagar Films, titled ''Kahaniyaan Vikram aur Betaal Ki'', was aired on the Indian satellite channel [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]].

Indian animator [[Rajiv Chilaka]] directed ''Vikram Betal'', a television film for [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] in 2004 which was produced by his [[Green Gold Animations]].<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news |author=Dua Aarti |title=Small wonder. Toon hero Chhota Bheem has emerged as the favourite homegrown television character of tiny tots |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta, India |date=26 August 2012 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120826/jsp/graphiti/story_15896553.jsp#.UKZ52-RFWAh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119193225/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120826/jsp/graphiti/story_15896553.jsp#.UKZ52-RFWAh |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |accessdate=1 November 2012}}</ref> Another 2006 supernatural sitcom ''[[Vicky & Vetaal]]'' was inspired by the ''Baital Pachisi''. A web series titled ''The Vetala'' was released in 2009, written and directed by [[Damon Vignale]]. The series reveals a CGI vetala character in the final episode.

2018 Hindi TV adaptation ''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]'' was aired on [[&TV]], where actors [[Aham Sharma]] and [[Makrand Deshpande]] as playing the role of King [[Vikramaditya]] and Betaal respectively.

===Literature===
The children's ''[[Chandamama]]'', featured a serial story titled ''New Tales of Vikram and Betal'' for many years. As the title suggests, the original premise of the story is maintained, as new stories are told by Vetala to King Vikrama.

In the novel, ''[[Alif the Unseen]]'', a character named Vikrama the Vampire appears as a jinn. He tells how thousands of years ago, King Vikrama had set off to defeat the Vetala, a vampire jinn terrorizing one of his villages. Vikrama won the Vetala's game of wits, but forfeited his life. The Vetala now inhabits his body.<ref>[http://aliftheunseen.com/ Alif the Unseen]. [[G. Willow Wilson]].</ref>

==Recensions, editions, and translations==

===Sanskrit===
Both the [[Kṣemendra]] and Somadeva recensions derive from the unattested ''"Northwestern" Bṛhatkathā'', and include the Vetala Tales as a small part of their huge inventory. The recensions of Śivadāsa and Jambhaladatta contain only the Vetala Tales and have an unknown relationship to each other and to the other Sanskrit recensions.
;Kṣemendra's ''Bṛhatkathāmanjarī'' (1037 CE)
*Anonymous Sanskrit summary of Kṣemendra
;Somadeva's ''[[Kathāsaritsāgara]]'' (1070 CE)

*{{Citation
| title=Kathā Sarit Sāgara
| editor-first=Hermann
| editor-last=Brockhaus
| editor-link=Hermann Brockhaus
| year=1862
| author=Somadeva
| publisher=F. A. Brockhaus
| location=Leipzig
| url=https://archive.org/details/kathasaritsagar00brocgoog
}} — ''Books VI, VII & VIII''; and ''Books IX–XVIII'' (1866)

**{{Citation
| title=The Katha Sarit Sagara; or Ocean of the Streams of Story
| volume=2
| year=1884
| pages=232–360
| last=Tawney
| first=C. H.
| author-link=Charles Henry Tawney
| publisher=J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press
| location=Calcutta
| url=https://archive.org/details/kathsaritsga02somauoft
}}
**{{Citation
| title=The Ocean of Story, being C.H. Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara
| volume=VI
| year=1926
| last=Penzer
| first=N. M.
| author-link=Norman Mosley Penzer
| publisher=Chas. J. Sawyer
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/oceanofstorybein06somauoft
}} — ''Tawney's translation of Brockhaus text, but with corrections and additions based on Durgāprasād (below)''
**{{Citation
| title=The Ocean of Story, being C.H. Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara
| volume=VII
| year=1927
| last=Penzer
| first=N. M.
| author-link=Norman Mosley Penzer
| publisher=Chas. J. Sawyer
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/oceanofstorybein07somauoft
}} — ''Tawney's translation of Brockhaus text, but with corrections and additions based on Durgāprasād (below)''
*{{Citation
| year=1889
| title = The Kathâsaritsâgara of Somadevabhatta
| editor1=Pandit Durgāprasāda
| editor2=Kāśīnātha Pāṇḍuraṅga Paraba
| publisher=The Nirnaya-Sâgara Press
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlDAAAAYAAJ
}}
**{{Citation
| title=Twenty-two Goblins
| year=1917
| last=Ryder
| first=Arthur W.
| author-link=Arthur W. Ryder
| publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/twentytwogoblins00rydeuoft
}}
**{{Citation
| title=Tales of Ancient India
| chapter=The King and the Corpse
| first=J. A. B.
| last=Van Buitenen
| author-link=J. A. B. van Buitenen
| date=1959
| publisher=University of Chicago Press
| pages=11–64
}} — ''English translation of about half of Somadeva's Vetala Tales.''
;Jambhaladatta (11th–14th century CE)
*{{Citation
| title=Jambhaladatta's version of the Vetālapañcavinśati
| year=1934
| editor-last=Emeneau
| editor-first=M. B.
| editor-link=Murray Barnson Emeneau
| series=American Oriental Series
| volume=4
| publisher=American Oriental Society
| location=New Haven, CT
| hdl=2027/uc1.32106001612602
}}
;Śivadāsa (11th–14th century CE)
*{{Citation
| title=Die Vetālapañcaviṃśatikā des Sivadāsa
| year=1914
| editor-last=Uhle
| editor-first=Heinrich
| series=Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königlich-Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig : Philosophisch-historische Klasse
| volume=66
| publisher=Teubner
| location=Leipzig
}}
**{{Citation
| title=Die fünfundzwanzig Erzählungen des Totendämons
| year=1989
| editor1-last=Ritschl
| editor1-first=E.
| editor2-last=Schetelich
| editor2-first=M.
| location=Leipzig
}} — ''Translation of Śivadāsa recension.''
**{{Citation
| title=Śivadāsa: The Five-and-Twenty Tales of the Genie
| year=1995
| last=Rajan
| first=Chandra
| publisher=Penguin Books
}} — ''Translated from Uhle's Sanskrit edition.''

===Hindi===
Some time between 1719 and 1749, Ṣūrat Kabīshwar translated Śivadāsa's Sanskrit recension into [[Braj Bhasha]]; this work was subsequently translated in 1805 under the direction of [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]] into the closely related [[Hindustani language]] by [[Lallu Lal]] and others.<ref>Forbes 1861, pp. vii–viii.</ref> This was a popular work that played an early role in the development of [[Literary Hindi]] and was selected as a Hindustani test-book for military service students in the [[East India Company]].<ref>Barker 1855 p vi.</ref> Thus it became the basis of several Hindi editions, and Indian vernacular and English translations; many of these frequently reprinted.
*{{Citation
| last=Lāl
| first=Lallū
| author-link = Lallu Lal
| title=Buetal Pucheesee; being a collection of twenty-five stories ... translated into Hindoostanee from the Brij Bhakka of Soorut Kubeeshwur
| year=1805
| location=Calcutta
}}
**{{Citation
| last=Hollings
| first=Captain W.
| title=The Bytal Pucheesee: translated into English
| year=1848
| publisher=W. Ridsdale
| location=Calcutta
| hdl=2027/hvd.hxcp5h
}} — ''Reprinted several times between 1848 and 1921 (some later editions as ''Baital Pachisi'').'' {{Internet Archive|id=bytalpucheeseet00hollgoog|name=1884 edition}}
**{{Citation
| last=Barker
| first=W. Burckhardt
| author-link=William Burckhardt Barker
| title=The Baitál Pachísí; or, Twenty-five Tales of a Demon
| year=1855
| editor-last=Eastwick
| editor-first=E. B.
| publisher=Stephen Austin
| location=Hertford
| url=https://archive.org/details/baitlpachsortwe01eastgoog
}} — ''A new edition of the Hindí text, with each word expressed in the Hindústaní character immediately under the corresponding word in the Nágarí; and with a perfectly literal English interlinear translation, accompanied by a free translation in English at the foot of each page, and explanatory notes.''
**{{Citation
| last=Forbes
| first=Duncan
| author-link=Duncan Forbes (linguist)
| title=The Baitāl Pachīsī; or The Twenty-five Tales of a Demon
| year=1861
| publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Co.
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/baitlpachsortwe00forbgoog
}} — ''A new and corrected Edition, with a vocabulary of all the words occurring in the text.''
***{{Citation
| last=Munshi
| first=Ghulam Mohammad
| title=The Baitál-Pachísí; or The Twenty-five Stories of a Demon
| year=1868
| publisher=The Oriental Press
| location=Bombay
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63MIAAAAQAAJ
}} — ''Translated from Dr. Forbes's new and correct edition.''
***{{Citation
| last=Platts
| first=John
| title=The Baitāl Pachīsī; or The Twenty-five Tales of a Sprite
| year=1871
| publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Co.
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024159745
}} — ''Translated from the Hindi text of Dr. Duncan Forbes.''
**{{Citation
| last=Burton
| first=Richard F.
| author-link=Richard Francis Burton
| title=Vikram & the Vampire; or Tales of Hindu Devilry
| orig-date=1870
| year=1893
| edition=Memorial
| publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024159760
}} — ''Not a translation, but a retelling "more Burtonian than Indian",<ref>Rajan 1995 lxii.</ref> based on one or more of the Hindustani editions or translations.''
*{{Citation
| last=Kṛishṇa
| first=Kālī
| title=Bytal Puchisi; or the Twenty-five Tales of Bytal
| year=1834
| location=Calcutta
}} — ''Translated from the Brujbhakha into English.''

==See also==
*''[[The Adventures of Massang]]'', story from a Kalmyk/Mongolian version of the compilation
*''[[The Girl Langa Langchung and the Rooster]]'', story from a Tibetan version of the compilation
*''[[The White Bird and His Wife]]'', story from a Kalmyk/Mongolian version of the compilation

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Sathaye |first=Adheesh |chapter=Vetālapañcaviṃśatikā |trans-chapter=Vetālapañcaviṃśatikā
|title=[[Enzyklopädie des Märchens|Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online]] |editor1=Rolf Wilhelm Brednich |editor2=Heidrun Alzheimer |editor3=Hermann Bausinger |editor4=Wolfgang Brückner |editor5=Daniel Drascek |editor6=Helge Gerndt |editor7=Ines Köhler-Zülch |editor8=Klaus Roth |editor9=Hans-Jörg Uther |location=Berlin, Boston |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2016 |orig-year=2014 |pages=178–183 |doi=10.1515/emo.14.038 |language=DE}}

== External links ==
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/richard-f-burton/vikram-and-the-vampire|Display Name=Vikram and the Vampire}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/1001Nights_201703/Vikram%20%26%20Vetaal#page/n101/mode/2up Vikram & Vetaal] - containing the Singhasan Battisi and the Baital Pachisi (Annotated){{Gutenberg|no=2290|name=Twenty-Two Goblins}}: Translation by [[Arthur W. Ryder]]
* {{Librivox book |title=Twenty Two Goblins |author=Arthur W. Ryder}}
* {{librivox book | title=The Baitâl Pachchisi | author=Duncan Forbes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090729123702/http://www.jambudvipa.net/etexts.htm Original Sanskrit text] by Somadeva in [[Harvard-Kyoto]] transliteration
{{Baital Pachisi}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Fantasy anthologies]]
[[Category:Collections of fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]

Wadiyar dynasty

2026-02-28T10:07:31Z

HughStoate90988: general enhanced layout for clarity and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Royal family that ruled the Kingdom of Mysore from 1399–1950.}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Noble house
| surname = House of Wadiyar
| estate =
| image = Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar.JPG
| image_caption = Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar, the present head of the family
| coat_of_arms = Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Mysore.svg
| caption =
| country = [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.ykcwadiyar.in/}}
| titles = [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| members =
| founder = [[Yaduraya Wodeyar]]
| final ruler = [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]]
| current head = [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]
| founding year = {{start date and age|1399|04|11|df=yes}}<ref name="i311">{{cite web | publisher=University of Mysore | title=Annual Report Of The Mysore Archaeological Department, For The Year 1935 | website=Internet Archive | date=26 September 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501537/page/n243/ | access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>
| cadet branches =
}}
The '''Wadiyar dynasty''' ({{IPA|kn|(ʷ)oɖejɐru|lang}}), also referred to as the '''Wadiyars of Mysore''' (also spelt Wodeyar/Odeyar), is a [[Medieval India|late-medieval]] [[India|Indian]] royal family of former [[Maharaja of Mysore|maharajas of Mysore]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=S |first=Rajaram N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGiDDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ursus+of+Mysore&pg=PT240 |title=The Vanished Raj A Memoir of Princely India |date=2019-01-12 |publisher=Prism Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-88478-11-3 |language=en}}</ref> from the [[Urs (surname)|Urs clan]] originally based in [[Mysore]] city. They assumed the title ‘Wodeyar,’ which means ‘Lord’ in [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Tresa |date=2024-05-02 |title=Tiger shikars: The Wodeyars' construction of a Rajput identity through sport |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/tiger-shikars-the-wodeyars-construction-of-a-rajput-identity-through-sport/235E678497AF4D1710906E68D93D07B2 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=786–804 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X24000192 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffer |first=Amin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjHrAAAAMAAJ&q=wadiyar+rajput |title="A kannada word meaning Lord or master" Luxury Goods from India: The Art of the Indian Cabinet-Maker |date=2002-11-04 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-8109-6599-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{Mysore Kingdom series}}

As [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharajas of Mysore]], the Wadiyars ruled the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] from the late 1300s until 1950. Members of the Wadiyar dynasty and the Urs clan have also been royal advisers as [[Dewan of Mysore|dewans]] to their reigning siblings, cousins, nephews, or distant relatives.<ref name=":0" /> Some members have also commanded army divisions as ''dalvoys'' (commander-in-chief) for their reigning monarch.

During the late 14th century, the family was originally ''poleygars'' ([[Kannada]] for garrison) defending the regions in and around Mysore town for the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], their feudal overlords. With the [[Vijayanagara Empire#Defeat and decline|fall and decline of the empire]] in the 17th century, the Wadiyars declared independence when [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]] seized the nearby town of [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattana]], the seat of Tirumala, [[Sriranga II]]'s viceroy, in 1610.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hüsken |first1=Ute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZn1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Mysore+independence+vijayanagara&pg=PT222 |title=Nine Nights of Power: Durgā, Dolls, and Darbārs |last2=Narayanan |first2=Vasudha |last3=Zotter |first3=Astrid |date=2021-09-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8408-2 |language=en}}</ref> Between 1766 and 1799, when [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] dictated the kingdom, the Wadiyar rulers as maharajas were largely nominal without any actual powers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Venkatesa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zseCqGFRpyQC&dq=Yaduraya+Wadiyar&pg=PA56 |title=The Mysore |date=1932 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> After [[Tipu Sultan#Death|Tipu's execution]] in 1799, the [[East India Company]] which governed [[Company rule|large territories in India]] at that time restored the kingdom back to the Wadiyars under a [[subsidiary alliance]]. After India's [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] from the Crown, the ruling Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] ceded the kingdom to the newly formed [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ&dq=instrument+of+accession+mysore&pg=PA265 |title=Concise History of Islam |last2=Akhtar |first2=Syed Saud |last3=Usmani |first3=B. D. |date=2011-09-14 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82573-47-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
In [[Kannada]], the common noun ''odeyaru'' ({{Langx|kn|ಒಡೆಯರು}} {{IAST|oḍeyaru}}) is the plural form of ''odeya'' (ಒಡೆಯ) which means ''lord'' or ''lordship''. The first poleygar and raja of Mysore, [[Yaduraya Wodeyar|Yaduraya]], assumed the term as his titular proper noun.

Members of the Wadiyar dynasty hail from the [[Urs (surname)|Urs]] clan; upon adoption or by heredity, they assume the title ''Wadiyar'' and their immediate family therewith, the latest instance of its happening with the present head of the family [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]] upon his coronation in 2015.<ref name="Yaduveera Gopal Raj Urs is heir">{{cite web |date=13 February 2015 |title=Yaduveer Gopal Raj Urs is heir of Mysuru royal family |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/yaduveer-gopal-raj-urs-is-heir-of-mysuru-royal-family/article6889018.ece?ref=tpnews |access-date=18 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2015 |title=Mysuru new King to wed Trishika Kumari |publisher=NewsKarnataka |url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/mysore/mysuru-new-king-to-wed-trishika-kumari}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=In Yaduveer, erstwhile Mysuru kingdom gets new king |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-Yaduveer-erstwhile-Mysuru-kingdom-gets-new-king/articleshow/47456129.cms |access-date=29 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
The Wadiyars claim descent from the [[Hindus|Hindu]] deity [[Krishna]]. Legend has it that they arrived from [[Dvārakā]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Pranesh|first= Meera Rajaram |title= Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Vee Emm|location= Bangalore}}</ref> However, historians like P. V. Nanjaraj Urs, Shyam Prasad, Nobuhiro Ota, [[David Leeming]], and Aya Ikegame instead suggest that the Wadiyars were local feudal lords who purported [[puranas|Puranic]] ancestry and claimed to be the direct descendants of the [[Chandravanshi|Lunar Dynasty]].<ref name="Census">{{Cite book|title=Census of India 1961 Volume XI, Mysore Part VI, VILLAGE· SURVEY MONOGRAPHS|publisher=Government of India|year=1961|location=Delhi|pages=10}}</ref><ref name="Prasad 2018">{{cite book |last=Prasad|first=S.Shyam |date=2018|title=Enigmas of Karnataka: Mystery meets History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-NIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Enigmas+of+Karnataka+Division+on+Caste+lines&pg=PT62|location=Chennai|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781642491227}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ikegame|first1=Aya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA76|title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=76–77|isbn=978-0-415-55449-7}}</ref><ref name="Vikram Sampath">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aFmtr4MdLQC&q=yadava&pg=PT592 | title=SPLENDOURS OF ROYAL MYSORE (PB) | publisher=Rupa Publications | author=Vikram Sampath | year=2008 | pages=Introd. I | isbn=9788129115355}}</ref>

=== Vassal fiefdom ===
The Wadiyar dynasty started when [[Yaduraya Wodeyar|Yaduraya]], a garrison leader (''poleygar''), was made the prefect of Mysore and the surrounding regions by his overlord [[Harihara II]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1399. With this, Yaduraya assumed the title Raja and the honorary surname Wadiyar. He and his successors ruled the fiefdom of Mysore as rajas under the vassalage of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until around 1553.

=== Independent kingdom ===
The Vijayanagara Empire [[Vijayanagara Empire#Defeat and decline|disintegrated]] in 1565. With the fall of the empire, Mysore became an independent kingdom, the first independent king being [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]], the great-great-great-grandson of the founding ruler Yaduraya. Thimmaraja's nephew [[Raja Wodeyar I]] expanded the borders of the kingdom. In 1610, he moved the capital from Mysore to nearby island town of [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattana]] on the river [[Kaveri]], which provided strategic protection against military attacks. Raja Wadiya's cousin and successor down the line [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] expanded the frontiers of the kingdom to [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]. The kingdom reached its peak under Kanthirava's grand-nephew [[Chikka Devaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar II]], who reformed the administration of the kingdom by dividing it into 18 departments (called ''chavadis''); he also introduced a coherent system of taxation.<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Rajawodeyar.jpg|Maharaja Raja Wadiyar who started [[Mysore Dasara]]
File:Kanthirava.jpg|Maharaja Kanthirava Narasaraja I was referred to ''ranadheera'' (valiant on the battlefield)
</gallery>
===During Hyder Ali and Tipu===
From 1760 to 1799, the rule of the Wadiyar dynasty was essentially nominal, with real power firmly in the hands of the Commander-in-chief and later self-proclaimed sultan, [[Hyder Ali]], and his son and successor [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]]. The two, ruling the sultanate from [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattana]], expanded the kingdom aggressively.<gallery mode="nolines">
File:"Hyder Ali," a steel engraving from the 1790's (with modern hand coloring).jpg|Hyder Ali, the commander-in-chief who usurped power
File:TipuSultan1790.jpg|Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]], the Sultan of Mysore
File:Indian Mysore Kingdom 1784 map.svg|The Kingdom of Mysore under Tipu
</gallery>

===Independent kingdom in a subsidiary alliance===
After [[Tipu_Sultan#Death|Tipu's defeat]] in the [[Siege of Srirangapattana (1799)|Siege of Srirangapattana]] during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799, the [[British Empire|British]] restored the Kingdom to the Wadiyars under a subsidiary alliance that required an annual payment as tribute. The capital was moved back to [[Mysore]]. The four-year-old infant prince [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]], adopted son of the previous ruler [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX|Chamaraja Wadiyar IX]], was anointed as the [[Maharaja of Mysore]].

In 1831, on a specious plea of non-payment by Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, the kingdom was placed under [[Mysore Commission]] that lasted from 1831 to 1881. [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] and [[L. B. Bowring]] were among the well-known commissioners of the period.

In 1868, upon Krishnaraja Wodeyar III's demise, his five-year-old grandson [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]] became the heir to the throne. When in 1881 he attained the age of majority, through an act of parliament, the British once again transferred power back to the Wadiyars. The maharaja changed the English spelling of their royal name from Wodeyar to Wadiyar. He established the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Representative Assembly]]; the first of its kind in [[Princely state|Princely India]].

Chamaraja Wadiyar X's son and successor [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] earned great fame as a saintly king, and his kingdom was hailed as ''Ramarajya'' by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]–as an ideal kingdom comparable to the one ruled by Lord [[Lord Rama|Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2009 |title=The Rajarshi of Mysore |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/the-rajarshi-of-mysore/articleshow/22127710.cms |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV's nephew, successor, and the last reigning king of the Wadiyar dynasty, [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]], ruled from 1940 until 1950. Upon [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] from the British crown in 1947, Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar ceded his kingdom to the new provisional [[Dominion of India]] but continued as Maharajah until India became a Republic in 1950.<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, Maharaja of Mysore.jpg|Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] during his latter years
File:Gold pagoda of Krishnaraja Wodeyar.jpg|Golded coins during Krishnaraja Wadiyar III depicting [[Shiva]] holding his attributes of a trident and a deer, with his consort [[Parvati]] seated on his lap. The obverse reads: ''Sri Krishnaraja'' in [[Sanskrit]]
File:Chamarajendra Wadiyar X with his children.jpg|Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]] with his children
File:Maharajah of Mysore and Princes 1887.jpg|Crown prince Yuvaraja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] with two other Indian princes
File:Maharani Vani Vilasa with grandson Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar.jpg|Rajamate [[Kempananjammani Devi|Kempananjammanni Devi]] with grandson and future king [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
</gallery>

=== Dissolution of the kingdom ===
Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar became the [[Rajpramukh|rajapramukh]] of the renamed [[Mysore State]] from 1950 to 1956. After the reorganisation of Indian states on a linguistic basis in 1956, he was appointed [[Governor of Karnataka|Governor]] of the integrated Mysore State (present [[Karnataka|Karnataka State]]), a post which he held until 1964. He was then appointed [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Madras]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]) for two years.

The [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] continued to recognise him as the Maharajah of Mysore until 1971, when titles and privy purses of maharajas were abolished by the [[Government of India]] under [[Indira Gandhi]]. The maharajah died in 1974.

His only son [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar]] became the head of the family; he was a [[member of the Indian Parliament]].

Upon Srikantadatta Wadiyar's demise 2013, his widowed wife Devi Pramoda Wadiyar adopted [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]], who was anointed as the maharaja of Mysore and the head of the family in 2015.<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Jcrw1.jpg|[[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] with [[Elizabeth II]]
File:Srikanta Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|[[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Srikantadatta Wadiyar]] holding a private [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] during a [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festival
File:Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar.JPG|[[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]], the present head of the Wadiyar dynasty
</gallery>
== Residences ==
[[Mysore Palace]] has been the official residence of the Wadiyars for most of the family's recorded history. Briefly, [[Srirangapatna|Srirangapattana]] was also the seat of the Wadiyars. By the early 1900s, Bangalore had seen significant infrastructural development and had become a secondary residence for the Wadiyars at the [[Bangalore Palace]].<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Mysore Palace Morning.jpg|[[Mysore Palace]] is the traditional seat of the Wadiyars in [[Mysuru]]
File:Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg|[[Bangalore Palace|Bengaluru Palace]], the Wadiyars' residence in [[Bengaluru]]
File:Jagan mohan palace2.jpg|[[Jaganmohan Palace]] served as a temporary residence in the early 1900s when the old Mysore Palace burnt down
</gallery>

== Alamelamma's Curse ==
With a declining Vijayanagara Empire, in 1610 [[Raja Wodeyar I|Raja Wadiyar]] conquered the fort of Srirangapattana from Tirumala, the Vijayanagara viceroy stationed there. Tirumala is said to have retired to the nearby town of [[Talakadu]] with his two wives. At about the same time, Tirumala suffered from a terminal disease; his condition deteriorated and he eventually died.

One of his wives was Alamelamma, a staunch devotee of Ranganayaki, the consort of Lord [[Ranganatha]], the presiding deity of the famous Adi-Ranga temple in the island fortress of [[Srirangapatna]]. Alamelamma had a large amount of jewellery, including a fine nose ring studded with a large pearl. As a widow, customs forbade jewellery on her. She frequently lent the jewels to the temple of Ranganayaki. Every Tuesdays and Fridays, Ranaganayaki's idol would be decorated with the jewellery, returned to Alamelamma's safe custody for rest of the week.

On one instance, the temple requested the king's soldiers to fetch the jewels from Alamelamma as has become a practice. An approaching king's emissaries, headed by Chief Courtier Ramanath Molahalli, seems to have scared her off. To escape an ill-presumed imminent wrath of the king, she ran over to a cliff overlooking the Kaveri river into the whirlpool and cursed before plunging to her own death, "may [[Talakadu]] become a barren expanse of land, Malangi turn into a whirlpool, and may kings of Mysore never beget children to all eternity" ([[Kannada]]: ತಲಕಾಡು ಮರಳಾಗಲಿ, ಮಾಲಂಗಿ ಮಡುವಾಗಲಿ, ಮೈಸೂರು ದೊರೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಹೋಗಲಿ; transliteration: talakāḍu maral̤āgali, mālaṃgi maḍuvāgali, maisūru dŏrĕgal̤igĕ makkal̤illadĕ hogali).

=== Alamelamma's idol ===
Learning of this accident, the king felt repentant and had an idol of Alamelamma made in gold, installed it in the palace, and worshipped it as a deity. To this day, the idol can be found in [[Mysore Palace]]. The king's only surviving son, Narasaraja Wadiyar, died (believed to be an effect of the curse in folklore).

The [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festivities inside the palace end on the evening of [[Navaratri|Navarathri]] with a formal pooja to Alamelamma. Another interesting part of the story is that the Alamelamma temple is under the care of her legal heirs. Strangely, these priests/caretakers appear to be cursed by the same curse, following the same pattern afflicting the Wadiyars.

=== Talakadu and Malangi ===
[[File:Talakadu Temple.jpg|thumb|Lord Vishnu Temple under sand dunes in [[Talakadu]], Karnataka]]
Talakadu and Malangi are two small towns near [[Tirumakudalu Narasipura]] on the banks of the Kaveri where the river takes a bend. To date, most parts of Talakadu lie under sand, and the village of Malangi is slowly eroding due to whirlpools.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2013 |title=Does Alamelamma's curse continue to haunt Wadiyars? |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373910/does-alamelamma039s-curse-continue-haunt.html |access-date=2015-10-11 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2013 |title=400-year-old curse haunts Wodeyar royals of erstwhile princely state of Mysore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/wadiyar-royals-mysore-vijayanagara-empire-tirumalaraja-alamelamma-talakadu-220486-2013-12-11 |access-date=2015-10-11 |work=India Today}}</ref> Talakadu's temples lie buried in a vast expanse of sand and are dug up and exposed every 12 years. At Malangi, on the other hand, the river is at its deepest. Whether these phenomena appeared only after Alamelamma's curse in 1610 is a matter of conjecture.

== Family tree of the Wadiyars ==

=== Direct lineage from Yaduraya ===
Raja Yaduraya is recorded as the founding [[Maharaja of Mysore|ruler]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. The sixteenth maharaja [[Dodda Krishnaraja I|Krishnaraja Wodeyar I]] was the last direct male lineage of Raja Yaduraja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilks |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlzbN6GpTTQC |title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor, Etc |date=1869 |language=en}}</ref> However, Krishnaraja Wodeyar I's successor was his adopted son, [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII|Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar VII]] from the Ankanahalli Urs branch. After him, Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar III's second daughter Rajakumari Chikkadevi's family with the Bettada Kote Urs branch takes over the monarchy.{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Mysore Wadiyar branch}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |M1|y|M1W|| |M1=I. [[Yaduraya Wodeyar|Yaduraya]]|M1W=Chikkadevi|boxstyle_M1=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M1W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |M2|y |M2W|M2W=?|M2=II. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar I]]|boxstyle_M2=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M2W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |M3|y |M3W|M3W=?|M3=III. [[Timmaraja Wodeyar I]]|boxstyle_M3=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M3W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | || |M4|y |M4W|M4W=?|M4=IV. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar II]]|boxstyle_M4=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M4W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | || | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | || | | |M5|y |M5W ||||P1|y|P1W|M5W=?|M5=V. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar III]]|P1=[[Kalale]] Mallaraja Urs I|P1W=?|boxstyle_M5=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_P1=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;|boxstyle_P1W=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;|boxstyle_M5W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | || |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|*|-|-|-|-|.||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |M6||M6Y1|y|M6Y2W||M6Y2|~|M6Y2H|||M7|y|M7W|M6=VI. [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]]|M6Y1=Rajakumara Krishnaraja|M6Y2=Rajakumari Chikkadevi|M6Y2H=Mallaraja Urs II|M7=VII. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IV]]|M6Y2W=?|M7W=?|boxstyle_M6=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M7=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M6Y2=background-color:lightgoldenrodyellow;|boxstyle_M6Y2H=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;|boxstyle_M6Y2W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M7W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||| |!||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | ||||| |M8||||M9|y|M9W|||||||M9Y1|y|M9Y1W||M9Y2|y|M9Y2W||M9Y3|M8=VIII. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar V]]|M9=IX. [[Raja Wodeyar I]]|M9W=?|M9Y1=Rajakumara Devaraja|M9Y1W=?|M9Y2=Rajakumara Bettada Chamaraja|M9Y3=Rajakumari Chikkadepa|M9Y2W=?|boxstyle_M9Y3=background-color:antiquewhite;|boxstyle_M8=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M9=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M9W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M9Y1W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | ||||| ||||||,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.||||!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||M12Y1|y|M12Y1W||M11||M11Y2|y|M11Y2W||M13||M12|M12Y1=Yuvaraja Narasaraja|M12Y1W=?|M11Y2=Devaraja|M11Y2W=?|M11=XI. [[Raja Wodeyar II]]|M12=XII. [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I|Narasaraja Wodeyar I]]|M13=XIII. [[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar I]]|boxstyle_M11=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M12=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M13=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M12Y1W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M12Y2W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M11Y2W=border-width:1px;}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||M10||||||||||M14|y|M14W|M10=X. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]]|M14=XIV. [[Chikka Devaraja|Devaraja Wodeyar II]]|M14W=?|boxstyle_M10=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M14=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M14W=border-width:1px;}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||M15|y|M15W|M15=XV. [[Narasaraja Wodeyar II]]|M15W=?||boxstyle_M15=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M15W=border-width:1px;}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||M16|~|M16W|M16=XVI. [[Dodda Krishnaraja I|Krishnaraja Wodeyar I]]|M16W=Maharani Devaja|boxstyle_M16=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M16W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

=== Bettada Kote (Hill Fort) Urs branch ===
The Bettada Kote Urs was one of the larger ''[[Jagir|jagirs]]'', or feudal estates, in the Kingdom of Mysore. After the death of the 22nd ruler [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII|Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII]], his widowed queen mother [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|Maharani Lakshmi Devi]] adopted [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]] of the Bettada Kote Urs branch which continues to-date.{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Mysore Wadiyar branch}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |P1|y|P1W|||||||||P2|y|P2W|P1=Chikkanahalli Chamaraja Urs|P1W=?|P2=Bettada Kote Sardar Gopalraj Urs|P2W=?|boxstyle_P1=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;|boxstyle_P1W=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;|boxstyle_P2W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | |||,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.||||,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | ||M17|~|M17W||M18|y|M18W|||P3|y|P3W||||||!|M17=XVII. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VII]]|M17W=?|M18=XVIII. [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]|M18W=Maharani [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|Lakshmi Devi]]|P3=Karugahalli Sardar Devaraj Urs|P3W=Honnajamma|boxstyle_M17=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M17W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M18=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M18W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P3=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;|boxstyle_P3W=border:solid 1px lightgrey;color:grey;}}
{{Tree chart| | |||||||| |||,|-|-|^|-|-|.|~|~|~|~|7|!|||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart| | ||||||||||M19||||M20||||M21|y|M21W||||!|M19=XIX. [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]]|M20=XX. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII]]|M21=XXI. [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]]|M21W=Maharani Kempananjammani Devi|boxstyle_M19=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M20=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M21=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M21W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | |||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||!}}
{{Tree chart| | ||||||||||||||||||||||||M22|y|M22W||!|M22=XXII. [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]|M22W=Maharani Devarajammanni|boxstyle_M22=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M22W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||!|||||!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||P4|y|P5|P4=Rajakumari Puttammanni|P5=Sardar Krishnaraja Urs II|boxstyle_P4=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||||||,|-|^|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||M23W|y|M23|||Y23|y|Y23W|M23=XXIII. [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]|M23W=Maharani [[Kempananjammani Devi]]|Y23=Yuvaraja Sardar Gopal Raj Urs|Y23W=Kantamanni Devi|boxstyle_M23W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_Y23W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M23=border:solid 2px orange;|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | ||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|||||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |M24|~|M24W||Y25|y|Y25W||YR1|~|YR1H||YR2|~|YR2H||YR3|~|YR3H||||YR4|y|YR4W|M24=XXIV. [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]]|M24W=Maharani Pratapa Kumaribai Devi|Y25=Yuvaraja [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]]|Y25W=Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvaja Devi|YR1=Rajakumari Jayalakshmi Devi|YR1H=[[Diwan of Mysore|Diwan]] M. Kantharaj Urs|YR2=Rajakumari Krishnajammani Devi|YR2H=Col Desaraja Urs|YR3=Rajakumari Cheluvajammani Devi|YR3H=Sardar M. Lakshmikantha Raj Urs|YR4=Col. Madan Gopala Krishna Urs|YR4W=Kempumallaja Ammanni|boxstyle_M24=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M24W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR4W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_Y25W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR1=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR1H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR2=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR2H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR3=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR3H=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||`|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||P6W|~|P6|||P7W|~|P7|||P8W|~|P8||M25|y|M25W|||||||||||P11|y|P11W|P6W=[[Rani Vijaya Devi]]|P6=?|P7W=Sujayakantha Ammani Devi|P7=?|P8W=Maharani Jayachamundi Ammani Devi|P8=?|M25=XXV. [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]|M25W=Tripurasundari Devi|P11=K.G. Madan Gopala Raj Urs|P11W=Uma Devi Ammanni|boxstyle_M25=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_P6=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P6W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P7=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P7W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P8=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P8W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M25W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P11W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart|||YR1|y|YR1H||YR2|~|YR2H||MH26|~|MH26W||YR3|~|YR3H||YR4|~|YR4H||YR5|~|YR5H|||YR1=Gayatri Devi|YR1H=Kanthraj Basavaraj Urs|YR2=Meenakshi Devi|YR2H=?|YR3=Kamakshi Devi|YR3H=?|YR4=Indrakshi Devi|YR4H=?|YR5=Vishalakshi Devi|YR5H=?||||!|MH26=XXVI. [[Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar]]|MH26W=Maharani Pramoda Devi|boxstyle_YR1=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR1H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR2=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR2H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR3=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR3H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR4=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR4H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR5=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_YR5H=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_MH26=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_MH26W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||!||||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'}}
{{Tree chart|||||P9|y|P9H|P9=Leela Tripurasundari Devi|P9H=Swarup Anand Gopalraj Urs|boxstyle_P9=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|||||M27|y|M27W||P10|~|P10H|M27=XXVII. [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]|M27W=Trishikha Kumari Devi|P10=Jayathmika Lakshmi|P10H=Kunwar Divyraj Singhji|boxstyle_M27=border:solid 2px orange;background-color:#fac8a088;|boxstyle_M27W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P10=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_P10H=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||||!|}}
{{Tree chart|||||||M28|M28=Adyaveer Narasimharaja Wadiyar}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

=== [[Kalale]] Urs branch ===
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Mysore Wadiyar branch}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |P1|y|P1W|P1=[[Kalale]] Mallaraja Urs I|P1W=?|boxstyle_P1W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | || |||!||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | || ||P2|y|P2W|P2=Mallaraja Urs II|P2W=Rajakumari Chikkadevi|boxstyle_P2W=background-color:lightgoldenrodyellow;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||!||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||P3|y|P3W|P3=Thimmaraja Urs|P3W=Rajakumari Chikkadepa|boxstyle_P3W=background-color:antiquewhite;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||P4|y|P4W|P4=Sardar Karikala Mallaraja Urs|P4W=?|boxstyle_P4W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||||!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||P5|y|P5W|P5=Thimmaraja Urs II|P5W=?|boxstyle_P5W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||P6|y|P6W||P7|P6=Kantaraja Urs I|P6W=?|P7=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Narasaraja Urs|boxstyle_P7=background-color:lightcyan;|boxstyle_P6W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||||!||||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||||P8|y|P8W|P8=Sardar Raja Urs I|P8W=?|boxstyle_P8W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||||||!||||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||||||P9|y|P9W|P9=Sardar Viraraja Urs|P9W=?|boxstyle_P9W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||||||||!||||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||||||||P10|y|P10W|P10=Sardar Karachuri Nanjaraja Urs|P10W=?|boxstyle_P10W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | ||||||||||||||||||!||||}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |||||||||||||||||M16W|~|M16|M16W=Maharani Devaja|M16=XVI. [[Dodda Krishnaraja I|Krishnaraja Wodeyar I]]|boxstyle_M16=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M16W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
=== [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Urs branch ===
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Mysore Wadiyar branch}}
{{Tree chart|P1|y|P1W|P1=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Narasaraja Urs|P1W=?|boxstyle_P1=background-color:lightcyan;|boxstyle_P1W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||!|}}
{{Tree chart|||P2|y|P2W|P2=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Kantharaja Urs II|P2W=?|boxstyle_P2W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||! |}}
{{Tree chart|||||P3|y|P3W|P3=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Krishnaraja Urs|P3W=?|boxstyle_P3W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart|||||||P4|y|P4W|P4=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Krishnaraja Urs III|P4W=?|boxstyle_P4W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||P5|y|P5W|P5=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Narasaraja Urs II|P5W=?|boxstyle_P5W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||||P6|y|P6W|P6=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Kantharaja Urs III|P6W=?|boxstyle_P6W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||||||P7|y|P7W|P7=[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] N. Kantharaja Urs IV|P7W=?|boxstyle_P7W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||||||,|-|-|^|-|.}}
{{Tree chart||||||||||||P8|||M23W|y|M23|P8=[[Diwan of Mysore|Dewan]] [[M. Kantharaj Urs]]|M23W=Maharani [[Kempananjammani Devi]]|M23=XXIII. [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]|boxstyle_P7W=border-width:1px;|boxstyle_M23=border:solid 2px orange;|boxstyle_M23W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||||||:|||||||f|||||}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||||||L|~|~|y|~|~|P8W|P8W=Rajakumari Jayalakshmi Devi|boxstyle_P8W=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||!}}
{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||P9|P9=Rajakumari Lelavathi|boxstyle_P9=border-width:1px;}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

== Contributions ==
The Wadiyars were patrons of fine arts, fostering a number of famous musicians, writers and painters. Their contributions to music and literature has rendered the city of Mysore a cultural centre of [[Karnataka]].

In 1940, [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar]] in association with industrialist [[Walchand Hirachand]] founded Hindustan Aircraft Limited (HAL) in Bengaluru whose name was later changed to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]].[https://hal-india.co.in/Our%20History/M__111]

==See also==
* [[Dewan of Mysore]]
* [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
* [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
* [[Mysore]]
* [[Mysore State]]
* [[Srirangapatna]]
* [[Talakad]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seesodia |first=Jessrajsingh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctBAAAAAIAAJ&q=rajputs+a+fighting+race+mysore |title=The Rajputs: a Fighting Race: A Short Account of the Rajput Race, Its Warlike Past, Its Early Connections with Great Britain, and Its Gallant Services at the Present Moment at the Front |date=1915 |publisher=East and West, Limited |language=en|page=104}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Wadiyar dynasty}}
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/wodeyars.htm The Wodeyars of Mysore (1578 A.D. to 1947 A.D.)]
* [http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/mysore/ Mysore – Imperial City of Karnataka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011532/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/29/stories/2006092902560300.htm Curse on Wodeyars: Documenting a Legend]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070121173627/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/02/05/stories/2006020500150300.htm Curse on Wodeyars: ORAL TRADITIONS -Legend and history]
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-wodeyar.html Coins of the Wodeyars]
* [http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/Wodeyar_Dynasty.htm The Wodeyar / Wadiyar Dynasty (Official Website of Mysore Palace)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224124608/http://mysorepalace.gov.in/Wodeyar_Dynasty.htm |date=24 February 2017 }}

{{Mysore topics}}

[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Model Town metro station, Delhi

2026-02-21T18:18:18Z

HughStoate90988: New Some Location Initial Version

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Model Town
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Model Town metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Mahatma Gandhi Rd, Block B, Model Town Phase I, Model Town, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] 110054
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2009|2|4|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 234,056 7,550 Daily Average <ref name="2015-Ridership details">{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf |title=Daily Ridership Jan-2015 |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110120201/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Azadpur|right=Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Model Town''' metro station is located on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Azadpur}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Connections==
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 78STL, 100, 100A, 100EXT, 101A, 101B, 101EXT, 103, 112, 113, 114, 120, 120A, 120B, 123, 124, 134, 135, 137, 140, 169, 169SPL, 171, 173, 191, 193, 195, 235, 259, 333, 341, 402, 402CL, 883, 901, 901CL, 921, 921CL, 921E, 921EXT, 971, 971A, 971B, 982, 982LSTL, TMS(-) and TMS- [[Lajpat Nagar]]/ [[Punjabi Bagh]]/ Azadpur serves the station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/ |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[North Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Song River (India)

2026-02-01T06:29:20Z

HughStoate90988: minor reworked references based on references further and fixed typos as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Ganges]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya

2026-01-31T10:40:42Z

HughStoate90988: expanded content

{{Short description|Nonfiction book on Indian musical instruments}}
{{italic title}}
[[Image:Bsvcover.png|thumb|right|Cover - ''Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya'' (भारतीय संगीत वाद्य), 2002]]

'''''Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya''''' (Indian Musical Instruments) is a book ({{ISBN|81-263-0727-7}}) written by [[Lalmani Misra]]. It was published under the Lokodya Granthmala series (Granthak / Volume No.: 346) of [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]], [[New Delhi]]. The first edition was published in 1973, the second in 2002. The book was written in [[Hindi]]. It was described in a 1974 review in ''Ethnomusicology'', the journal of the [[Society for Ethnomusicology]], as "the most complete, authoritative work ever published on the history of Indian musical instruments."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tewari |first=Laxmi G. |date=September 1974 |title=Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya [Indian Musical Instruments] by Lalmani Misra |journal=[[Society for Ethnomusicology|Ethnomusicology]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=458–459 |doi=10.2307/850527 |jstor=850527 }}</ref>

The book carries an exhaustive documentation of [[musical instruments]], right from the ancient to modern times, with an emphasis on establishing that modern Indian instruments have their origins in ancient Indian, rather than in Muslim and Western, culture.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine |url-access=registration |last=Miner |first=Allyn |page=[https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine/page/25 25] |year=1997 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=9788120814936 }}</ref> The book has always been in great demand by scholars and musicians for it also gives insight into fundamentals of playing instruments and traces the development in content along with that of the instrument.

==Chapters==
The book has fourteen chapters:
#The first deals with discussion of music; its elemental essence; its relation to life and theories of its evolution.
#The second chapter examines the primary elements of singing, instrument and [[dance]] and categorizes the musical instruments.
#Third chapter describes in detail the ''Tat-Vadya'' or [[string instruments]] from [[Analambi]], [[Alapini vina|Alapini]], [[Ektantri Veena]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Excerpts from Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya - Ektantri Veena By Dr. Lalmani Misra |url= http://www.omenad.net/articles/BSV_ektantri.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081754/http://www.omenad.net/articles/BSV_ektantri.htm|archive-date= 2008-09-08}}</ref> to Kand, [[Kinnari vina|Kinnari]], [[Ghoshvati]], [[Rudra]], [[Saraswati]] and [[Vichitra Veena]]. Almost fifty different [[veena]]s have been individually taken up apart from some minor instruments.
#''Avanaddh Vadya'' (literally Sound on striking) or [[percussion]] instruments of all types belonging to ancient and middle period are described and their playing style discussed in fifth chapter.
#Fifth chapter deals with ''Sushir Vadya'' ([[wind instruments]]) of ancient and medieval period.
#''Ghan Vadya''(Idiophonic or stroke-based instruments) in India have taken various forms—wood on wood, metal on metal and possible combinations. These are discussed in sixth chapter.
#Musical instruments that are not mentioned in classical texts like [[Jal tarang]], Ghunghru Tarang, Kans Tarang etc. having evolved in medieval to modern period, are documented in the seventh chapter.
#A comparative study is made of ancient, medieval and modern instruments in eighth chapter.
#The structure of instruments in their modern evolution is discussed in the ninth chapter, with ample details for building them from scratch despite there being meager details available in ancient texts. This chapter discusses several modern instruments like [[Vichitra Veena]], [[Rudra Veena]], [[Sarod]], [[Dilruba]], [[Santoor]], [[Sitar]] etc.
#The Tenth chapter contains a discussion on availability and evolution of the content for instruments.
#The Eleventh chapter examines the genre of folk-music and evaluates the role of folk-instruments.
#A modern scientific classification of instruments based on intensity, pitch, range etc. has been envisaged in the twelfth chapter.
#Iconic and aesthetic elements of instruments have been discussed in the thirteenth chapter. Instruments are a vehicle conveying essential nature of others to the artiste while transporting his emotions to listeners.
#The concluding chapter rearranges the whole gamut of [[Indian musical instruments]] highlighting the interdependence of evolution of instruments with texts mentioning them. The curve of development being successive, often provided a method to arrange two texts. Finally it established the ancient principles of Indian music in the light of reason rather than tradition or mere convention.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021209/http://www.omenad.net/refer/tracks.htm Links to musical pieces]
*''Raga-Rupanjali''. Ratna Publications: Varanasi. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022543/http://www.omenad.net/articles/bjack_ragrup.htm A collection of Compositions of Sangeetendu Dr. Lalmani Misra by Dr. Pushpa Basu.]
*[http://www.omenad.net Excerpts from ''Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090718030303/http://madhukali.com/ Madhukali -- Organization in memory of Sangeetendu Lalmani Misra]
*[https://omenad.net/articles/bjack_Vibodh.htm ''Raga Vibodh: Misrabani'']. Dr. Ragini Trivedi. Hindi Madhyam Karyanvaya Nideshalaya: Delhi. 2010.
* [https://omenad.net/articles/omeswarlipi.htm Sitar Compositions in Ome Swarlipi]. Ragini Trivedi. 2010.

{{Indian musical instruments}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani music literature]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Music books]]
[[Category:1973 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2002 non-fiction books]]

48th National Film Awards

2026-01-26T19:21:49Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Short description|Film awards in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 48
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 48th National Film Awards
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 2000
| award_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| presenting_org = [[K. R. Narayanan]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| announced_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|3|27}}
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|12|12}}
| site = [[Vigyan Bhawan]], New Delhi
| host =
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]
| lifetime_achievement = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| best_feature = ''[[Shantham]]''
| best_non_feature = ''Rasikpriya''
| best_book = ''[[Sholay: The Making of a Classic]]''
| best_critic = {{*}}[[Vasiraju Prakasam]] {{*}}[[Suresh Sharma]]
| most_wins = ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (4)
| last = 47th
| next = 49th
}}

The '''48th [[National Film Awards]]''', which was presented by [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], was set up in by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to acknowledge the achievements of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year of 2000 (although some 2001 films were awarded).<ref name="48thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232402/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The ceremony took place on 12th December 2001 and the awards were given by the then-[[President of India]], [[K. R. Narayanan]].{{fact|date=July 2023}}

== Awards ==

Awards were divided into three categories as feature films, non-feature films, and books written on Indian cinema.

=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|[[File:Asha Bhosle - still 47160 crop.jpg|75px]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]<ref name="dadasahebarchive">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Playback Singer
|Swarna Kamal, {{INR}} {{formatnum:100000}} and a Shawl
|}

=== Feature films ===

Feature films were awarded at an all-India as well as regional level. For the 48th National Film Awards, a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]], ''[[Shantham]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]; a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]], ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' won the maximum number of awards (4). Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="48thaward"/>

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Vyjayanthimala]] was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardjuriesfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012a.html|title=Jury Members for the 48th National film Awards (Feature Films)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613162110/http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Vyjayanthimala]] (Chairperson){{•}}Chitra Desai{{•}}[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]{{•}}[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]{{•}}[[Keyaar]]{{•}}R. Lakshman{{•}}[[Madhumita Raut]]{{•}}[[Mac Mohan]]{{•}}Nibedita Pradhan{{•}}Parvathi Indusekhar{{•}}Pawan Kumar{{•}}Sonali Kotnis{{•}}Shashi Ranjan{{•}}[[Sushant Mishra]]{{•}}[[Tarun Vijay]]

==== All India Award ====

Following awards were given:<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012b.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|title=48th National film Awards (Feature Films)|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=11 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311133833/http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012b.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Golden Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardfeature"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|''[[Shantham]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|Producer: [[P. V. Gangadharan]] director: [[Jayaraj]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For addressing the very contemporary issue of political rivalry and violence in our society in an unusually imaginative way. The language of the film goes beyond conventional narrative for appeal to calmness and good sense.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''[[Sayahnam]]''
|Malayalam
|Producer: M. S. Nazeer Director: [[R. Sarath]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the nature and gripping manner in which this young director deals with complex issues like political honesty and nuclear disarmament.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''[[Vaanathaippola]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Producer: [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]] Director: [[Vikraman]]
|{{INR}} 40,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its sincere projection of the values of a joint family and the need to share good and difficult times together.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|''Gharaksharangal''
|Malayalam
|Producer: Salim Padiyath Director: Salim Padiyath
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting, through the eyes of a child love and respect for our mother tongue and culture tackling many social issues pertaining to education, agriculture and general empowerment, for a civic society.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|''[[Utsab]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For working with a large group of actors within the confines of a rambling old house. The director builds an unpretentious, gripping and entirely credible narrative and brings about in the process some extremely powerful performances.''
|}

===== Silver Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardfeature"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Surinder Kapoor]] Director: [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For tackling the problem of terrorist infiltrations and the army's counter attacks. And situations where armed and civilian forces unite against the common external enemy.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''[[Dhyaas Parva|Kal Kaa Aadmi]]''
|Hindi
|Producer: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Director: [[Amol Palekar]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For telling the story of Raghunath Karve, who, early in this century, pioneered the debate on sexual and reproductive rights. The film recreates the period in painstaking detail and helps to raise consciousness about issues which are extremely relevant today.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
|''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Producer: D. Pandian Director: [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For discussing issues on migration from one's own land and the social implications that follow, in the heart land of Tamilnadu, highlighting the need to re-establish the holistic culture of society .''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Munnudi]]''
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer: Navachitra Director: [[P. Sheshadri]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For attempting to discuss the misuse of Shariat by opportunistic men and the manipulation of the testaments on "Nikah" and "Talaaq".''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation]]
|''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|Producer: Jisha John Director: [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For telling the simple and moving story of an elderly couple and their relationship with the world around them. In depicting the couple's love for the trees and plants in their garden, the film spreads the message of environmental conservation in the broadest sense in a gentle, unobtrusive way.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
|Hindi
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his role in the film. A veteran actor of great versatility, meets the varied demands of this role with credibility and assured technical skill.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
|Hindi
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a portrayal of a submissive woman who is subjected to constant physical and psychological torture by her husband. The character comes out of her passive shroud fearing her daughter may suffer the same fate as her.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Munnudi]]''
|Kannada
|[[H. G. Dattatreya]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his portrayal of Hasanabba. He is an agent who procures local girls for arabs to marry in an impoverished village in Karnataka. H. G. Dattatreya brings a wonderful sensitivity to the character, without turning it into a stereotypical villain.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Shantham]]''
|Malayalam
|[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the role of Narayani in the film. Narayani is an elderly mother whose son has been killed in political violence. In the course of the film, she is transformed, gently and unobtrusiveuly into a crusade for peace. Lalitha brings great professional skills and sensitivity to the role.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''[[Nila Kaalam]]''
|Tamil
|[[Udayaraj]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his portrayal of Pulli in the film. Pulli is a very young orphan who works in a motor garage in chennai. The jury applauds the way in which master udayaraj brings out both the innocence and street – smartness of Pulli, with a combination of energy and spontaneity.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' {{small|("Enna Solla Pogirai")}}
|Tamil
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the soulful rendering of the song.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' {{small|("Mayil Pola Ponnu Onnu")}}
|Tamil
|[[Bhavatharini]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the song which is outstanding because it depicts the velvet voice of the diva.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''
|Hindi
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: [[Ashok Mehta]] [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Prasad Film Laboratory
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For providing wide range of tonal variation and outstanding compositions to cater to the changing moods of the film's narrative.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|''[[Kadal Pookkal]]''
|Tamil
|[[Bharathiraja]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For focusing, in present times of degeneration, on love, sacrifice and family values.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''
|Hindi
|Anup Dev
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''The audiographer has, with extreme care, chosen the right sound, ambience and layered the tracks in an immaculate way to create an atmosphere to support the narrative of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|''Snip!''
|English
|{{*}}Suresh Pai {{*}}[[Apurva Asrani]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating an evocative rhythm in the film enhancing the pace of the narrative while aesthetically maintaining the unit of form and content.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]''
|Tamil
|[[P. Krishnamoorthy]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For aesthetically recreating the period of early twentieth century taking great care in selecting authentic properties of the time to enhance the décor of both interiors as well as exteriors, thus bringing alive Tamilnadu of that period.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]''
|Tamil
|[[P. Krishnamoorthy]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For recreating a whole range of period costume to depict the early twentieth century of Tamil/Banaras. The aesthetic selection of colours go well with the décor of the structure/sets and the costumes give the film and authentic look.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''
|Hindi
|[[Soundtrack|Songs]] and [[Background music|Background Score]]: [[Anu Malik]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a score that blends with the story and heightens its narrative. A great effort has been made to ensure that the compositions have all the ingredients of the music of the soul.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''[[Mazha]]'' {{small|("Gayam Hari Nama Dhayam")}}
|Malayalam
|[[Yusufali Kechery]]
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the right mix of the ethos of our land in an invocation to lord Krishna.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' {{small|("Panchhi Nadiyaan")}}
|Hindi
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his inimitable style, speaks of transcending borders and countries, with beautifully written words for love and compassion.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]''
|Malayalam
|G. Kala
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the classical dance number skilfully composed, creating the symbiotic dance in keeping with our rich traditions and heritage.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Dekha]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] (Actor)
|{{INR}} 25,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his realistic portrayal of the scion of a fading aristocracy who has lost his eyesight. Soumitra with great subtlety takes us through myriad evoking situations of his life, past and present with great sensitivity.''
|}

==== Regional Awards ====

The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardfeature"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|''[[Dekha]]''
|Producer: Ramesh Gandhi Director: [[Gautam Ghose]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''The film through the seen and unseen world of the protagonist tries to explore the existential dilemma of modern times which is reflected in the inexorable flow of time and intertwined into a mixed metaphor of modern allegories.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|''[[Zubeidaa]]''
|Producer: Farouq Rattonsey Director: [[Shyam Benegal]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For the political turmoil has been juxtaposed with the upheavals of the life of a tempestuous Muslim girl who defies all norms to marry a much married maharaja. It is a story of obsessive love in the times of political priorities in post independent India.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|''[[Mathadana]]''
|Producer: H. G. Narayan and I. P. Malligowda Director: [[T. N. Seetharam]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For delineating the way in which the larger political system influences and manipulates the lives of ordinary people at various levels, a commendable critique of the corroding corruption and power managing forces.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|''Shayanam''
|Producer: M. P. Sukumaran Nair Director: M. P. Sukumaran Nair
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="2"|'''Citation:''' ''For the film with a wonderful structure and well worked out mise-en-scenes tries to depict a complex story of the Christian community in a simple manner.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]''
|Producer: Grihalakshmi Films Director: [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="2"|'''Citation:''' ''For a brilliant narrative depicting the complex relationship between a dancer wife and a loving husband. It highlights the values of life, art and the co-existence of the two.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]
|''[[Chatledo Eidi|Chatledo Eidee]]''
|Producer: [[Makhonmani Mongsaba]] Director: Makhonmani Mongsaba
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For narrating a complex love story in a simple manner and reflects the flavour of the land beautifully.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|''[[Astitva]]''
|Producer: [[Jhamu Sughand]] Director: [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For dealing with the social issues, adultery and the subjugation of women. The film ends on a positive note of a woman's empowerment when the protagonist extends her horizon beyond home and hearth.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]''
|Producer: Media Dreams Pvt. Ltd Director: [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the life and times of Subramaniya Bharati in a very authentic manner, unfolding the history of our freedom struggle. The compositions of this great visionary poet stand out with great relevance today.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|Producer: [[Ramoji Rao]] Director: [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a refreshing film about a teenage friendship that blossoms into romance. The film stands out for its youthful treatment thus bringing out the exuberance of this film.''
|}

'''Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution'''

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]]
|''Pandavas''
|Producer: Pentamedia Graphics Ltd Director: Pentamedia Graphics Ltd
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For bringing the epic of Mahabharata to life on screen with realistic depth and detail.''
|}

=== Non-Feature Films ===

Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[John Matthew Matthan]] was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="48thaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[John Matthew Matthan]] (Chairperson){{•}}Deepa Kapur{{•}}Sudhir Nandgaonkar{{•}}[[Kona Venkat]]{{•}}[[Kiran Ghai]]

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardnonfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012c.html|title=48th National film Awards (Non-Feature Films)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206185351/http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012c.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
|''Rasikpriya''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]] and English
|Producer: [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] Director: Arun Vasant Khopkar
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its sensitive treatment of Hindustani art music, tracing its evolution and cultural confluence to the present times, rendered with an exceptional collage of visuals and sounds.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction|Best Non-Feature Film Direction]]
|''Rasikpriya''
|Hindi and English
|Arun Vasant Khopkar
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For artistically weaving visual metaphors to the rhythms of Hindustani classical music in a stylised and poetic manner.''
|}

==== Silver Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardnonfeature"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|Best First Non-Feature Film]]
|''Meena Jha''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] Director: Anjalika Sharma
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its innovative approach in narrating a story of adolescent human experiences, treated in a stylised manner.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film]]
|''Scribbles on Akka''
|[[Kannada]]
|Producer: Flavia Agnes Director: Madhusree Dutta
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For exploring the life of a 12th century Karnataka ascetic poet Mahadevi Akka, who was an exponent of individual independence. The relevance of this rebellious poet is treated dramatically, in the context of contemporary times.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]]
|''Devanarthakan (The Divine Dancer)''
|[[Malayalam]]
|Producer: A. V. Ali Koya {{small|for}} [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] Director: Sudish Gopalakrishnan
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the effective portrayal of Kodakkat Kannan Peruvannan, the renowned Theyyam artist, popularly known as Devanarthakan.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
|''Tribal Women Artists''
|Hindi
|Producer: Kuldeep Sinha {{small|for}} [[Films Division of India|Films Division]] Director: Brij Bhushan {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For highlighting the creative abilities of the tribal women of Hazaribagh (Jharkhand) in an effective manner.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film]]
|''Vedic Mathematics''
|English
|Producer: Bhanumurthy Alur {{small|for}} Films Division Director: K. Jagjivan Ram {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For presenting a scientific method of Mathematical calculations, existing in the Vedas and relating the relevance of this knowledge to the present times.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film]]
|''The Nest''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer: Sparsh Productions Pvt. Ltd Director: Supriyo Sen
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For painstaking effort on capturing the uncompromising dedication oh Jatin Mahato (Midnapore – West Bengal), a heroic conservator and protector of migratory and endangered birds.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film]]
|''Pashmina Royale''
|English
|Producer: Bappa Ray Director: Bappa Ray
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creatively tracing the history of Pashmina shawl and aesthetically portraying the designs and styles of this ancient Kashmiri art, which has now been revived.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film|Best Agricultural Film]]
|''News Magazine No:424-Vermi Culture''
|Hindi
|Producer: Kuldip Sinha {{small|for}} Films Division Director: A. R. Sharief {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For methodically unfolding new techniques of composting manure from natural organic wastes that are biodegradable and eco-friendly.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Historical Reconstruction/Compilation Film|Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film]]
|''From the land of Buddhism to the Land of Buddha''
|English
|Producer: Kuldip Sinha {{small|for}} Films Division Director: [[Shalini Shah]] {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its realistic and pictorial depiction of the culture, traditions and socio-economic conditions of the Tibetans settled in India.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|''Infiltrators''
|English
|Producer: Urmi Chakraborty {{small|for}} Films Division Director: Urmi Chakraborty {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its in-depth probe that unveils the illegal migration of Bangladeshis into India and the urgent need to address this issue on humanitarian grounds.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]
|''Tulasi''
|English
|Producer: Bhanumurthy Alur {{small|for}} Films Division Director: Rajgopal Rao {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the powerful portrayal of an aged tribal woman Tulasi's single-handed crusade against de-forestation and the resultant participation of people in preserving forests.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Film]]
|''Wearing the face''
|English
|Producer: Bankim {{small|for}} Films Division Director: Joshy Joseph {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For insight-fully and sensitively probing the masked lives of college students of Manipur, who are compelled by socio-political circumstances to pull rickshaws for their livelihood.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|''The Landscape''
|Only Music
|Producer: Bankim {{small|for}} Films Division Director: Ravi Jadhav {{small|for}} Films Division
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its artistic visual narration of nature's beautiful landscapes turning into modern urban horrors.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
|''Bhor''
|Bengali
|Producer: Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute Director: Ritubarna Chudgar
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its multi-layered treatment of a story that sketches the lives of two young people (sibling) caught in the web of their past and yet coping for survival.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''Akkareninnu''
|Malayalam
|Producer: T. Sunil Kumar, Susmitham and Pallimalkunnu Director: T. Sunil Kumar, Susmitham and Pallimalkunnu
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 5,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For focusing attention on the plight of a family with an AIDS patient and their struggle in overcoming the social stigma.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Mahananda''
|Bengali
|Producer: Films Division Director: Madhuchhanda Sengupta
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For handling a sensitive theme on family welfare, which depicts the fight of a village woman from a minority community who succeeds in her pursuit of a planned family.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''Rasikpriya''
|Hindi and English
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: Prasann Jain [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: [[Reliance MediaWorks Ltd|Adlabs]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For capturing images that speak in tones of light and shade, thereby giving life to the lyrical form of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''A Memory of the Sea''
|English
|Hari Kumar
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For designing sound that imaginatively and creatively enhances the mood and narration of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing|Best Editing]]
|''Lokpriya''
|Hindi
|Sankalp Meshram
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For skilfully juxtaposing three streams of visuals into one rhythmic meaningful narrative.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''Ajeeb Ghar''
|Hindi
|[[Usha Khanna]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For rendering a melodious and vibrant tune, that keeps the story moving and engrossing.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''A Memory of the Sea''
|English
|Roabin Mazumdar(Producer) Lygia Mathews(Director)
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her skilful narration of the various cultures and religions from across the sea, that have historically influenced the coastal life of Malabar.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="6"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)|Special Mention]]
|''Meena Jha''
|Hindi
|Amal Neerod C. R. ([[Cameraman]])
|rowspan="6"|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his pictorial vision and capturing of images imaginatively showing great promise.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Balgandharv''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Haimanti Banerjee (Director)
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively capturing the spirit of the legendary Marathi theatre personality Balgandharv, the singer, well known for his portrayal of women characters.''
|}

=== Best Writing on Cinema ===

The stated mission of awards is to encourage the study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.{{Cn|date=April 2024}}

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by Bharathi Pradhan was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardjuriesbooks">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012d.html|title=Jury Members for the 48th National film Awards (Books)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613161622/http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012d.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Jury Members'''
** Bharathi Pradhan (Chairperson){{•}}Prakash Dubey{{•}}Jayant Ghosal

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardbooks">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012e.html|title=48th National film Awards (Books)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613160837/http://pib.nic.in/focus/foyr2001/fomar2001/fo270320012e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''[[Sholay: The Making of a Classic]]''
|English
|Author: [[Anupama Chopra]] Publisher: [[Penguin Books]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its lucid story-telling. A fast-paced, informative book, a fitting tribute to a box-office phenomenon. Even after 25 years, the making of Sholay, reported crisply and researched thoroughly, makes absorbing reading.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
|
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Vasiraju Prakasham
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 7,500/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For deep knowledge of cinema which is reflected in his prolific writing.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Suresh Sharma
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his interesting and analytical writing on cinema, constantly keeping in mind the Indian viewer.''
|}

==== Special Mention ====

All the award winners are awarded with Certificate of Merit.<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardbooks"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Book on Cinema)|Special Mention (Book on Cinema)]]
|''Such Is Life''
|English
|Author: Niranjan Pal
|rowspan="6"|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its straightforward narration and personalised nostalgia, taking the reader right into the beginnings of Indian cinema.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Sangeet Ka Soundarya Bodh''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Author: Uma Garg
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For going into and exploring a territory which authors rarely venture into – Indian film music.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Discontinued and intermittent National Film Awards#Special Mention (Film Critic)|Special Mention (Film Critic)]]
|
|English
|[[Ratnottama Sengupta]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For consistency and variety in her knowledgeable reporting on cinema.''
|}

=== Awards not given ===

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="48thaward"/><ref name="48thawardfeature"/><ref name="48thawardnonfeature"/><ref name="48thawardbooks"/>

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Oriya|Best Feature Film in Oriya]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration / Adventure Film]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:2001 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2001 awards in India]]

Harendra Coomar Mookerjee

2026-01-23T14:21:09Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1887–1956)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harendra Coomar Mookherjee
| image = Harendra Coomar Mookerjee.jpg
| birth_name =
| occupation = Politician, Educationalist, Activist
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| birth_date = 3 October 1887
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|7 August 1956|3 October 1887|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| office = 3rd [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 1 November 1951
| term_end = 7 August 1956
| predecessor = [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| successor = [[Phani Bhusan Chakravartti]] ''(acting)''
| office2 = Vice President of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| president2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = Chairman of Minorities Sub-Committee
| leader3 = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
}}

'''Harendra Coomar Mookherjee''' (3 October 1887 – 7 August 1956), also spelt as '''H.C. Mukherjee''', was the Vice-President of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] for drafting the [[Constitution of India]] before [[Partition of India]], and the third [[Governor of West Bengal]] after [[India]] became a republic with partition into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indstat4.html|title=States after 1947|access-date=29 July 2008|publisher=Rulers|year=2008|author=B. Schemmel}}</ref><ref name="R1">{{cite web |url= http://www.rishabhdara.com/faq/view.php?faq=10&question=What_was_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_India%3F |title= What was the Constituent Assembly of India? |quote= The Vice President of the Constituent Assembly was Professor Harendra Coomar Mookherjee, former Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University and a prominent Christian from Bengal who also served as the Chairman of the Minorities Committee of the Constituent Assembly. He was appointed Governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. |publisher= rishabhdara.com |access-date= 26 May 2012 |archive-date= 7 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190107062757/http://www.rishabhdara.com/faq/view.php?faq=10&question=What_was_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_India%3F%20 |url-status= usurped }}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite web |url= http://www.gktoday.in/gk/constitution-of-india/ |title= Drafting of Indian Constitution – The beginning |publisher= gktoday.in |access-date= 26 May 2012 }}</ref>

He was an [[educationalist]], prominent Christian leader of [[Bengal]], and was the chairman of the Minority rights sub-committee and Provincial constitution committee of the Constituent Assembly—consisting of indirectly elected representatives to draft the Constitution of India, including for provinces of present [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] (then [[East Bengal]]) – the assembly considered only [[Muslims]] and [[Sikhs]] as religious minorities – after India became republic, the same Constituent Assembly became the first [[Parliament of India]] in 1947.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R2">{{cite web |url= http://www.rediff.com/india60/2007/nov/06rishi.htm |title= The Constitution-framers India forgot |date= 6 November 2007 |quote= Represented Bengal. Was vice-president of the assembly and member of the minority rights sub-committee and provincial constitution committee. Went on to become governor of Bengal. |publisher= NY Times Co. |access-date= 26 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="zee">{{cite web |url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/exclusive/forgotten-fathers-of-the-constitution_598978.html |title= Forgotten fathers of the Constitution |date= 26 January 2010 |quote= H C Mookerjee: A representative of Bengal apart from being the former Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University and a prominent Christian |publisher= zeenews.india.com |access-date= 26 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120529125047/http://zeenews.india.com/news/exclusive/forgotten-fathers-of-the-constitution_598978.html |archive-date= 29 May 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100612/jsp/opinion/story_12554092.jsp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100613151133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100612/jsp/opinion/story_12554092.jsp |url-status= dead |archive-date= 13 June 2010 |date=12 June 2010|title= Threats against RI atheist teen being investigated |quote= he sole exception for a while was West Bengal's devoutly Christian rajyapal, Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, whose attire occasioned merriment in the school where no one followed his Biblical references.|publisher= telegraphindia.com |access-date= 26 May 2012 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Sunanda K. |last=Datta-Ray}}</ref><ref name="chow">{{cite web |url= http://www.drthchowdary.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=795&Itemid=57 |title= Reservations for Muslims |quote= H.C.Mookerjee, speaking on behalf of the Christian community |publisher= drthchowdary.net |access-date= 25 May 2012 |archive-date= 7 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190107062743/http://www.drthchowdary.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=795&Itemid=57 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="scrib">{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/28430165/Constitutional-Design |title= The Constituent Assembly |author= H.C. Mookherjee |publisher= scribd.com |access-date= 27 May 2012 }} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born into a [[Hindu]] family in [[Bengal]], he did MA, PhD, [[D.Litt]], and was the first [[Indian people|Indian]] to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree (from the [[University of Calcutta]]). Mookerjee's doctorate was in English literature, and he went on to become a philanthropist, and teacher.<ref name="sa">{{Cite web|url=http://darjeeling.gov.in/step-aside.html|title=Step Aside|access-date=29 July 2008|publisher=NIC, Darjeeling district centre|author=NIC, Darjeeling district centre}}</ref>

At Calcutta University, he served at various positions—as lecturer, secretary, council of Post-Graduate Teaching in Arts, Inspector of Colleges, professor of English from 1936 to 1940, and head of the English department. He was later nominated to "Bengal Legislative Council" and elected to "Bengal Legislative Assembly."<ref name="scrib"/><ref name="uvm">{{cite web |url= http://www.uvm.edu/~sgutman/Calcutta_University.html |title= A study of the Department of English University of Calcutta |quote= Prof. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee served the University in many capacities – as Lecturer, Secretary, Council of Post-Graduate Teaching in Arts, Inspector of Colleges, and University Professor of English (1936–40).|publisher= uvm.edu |access-date= 26 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Chatterj |first= Joya| title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|url={{Google books |id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C |page=72 |plainurl=yes }} |year= 2007 |page= 72 |isbn= 978-0521875363 }}</ref>

While he was vice-president of the Constituent Assembly of India, and chairman of the Minority rights sub-committee and Provincial constitution committee, he began suggesting reservation for the upliftment of minorities in all fields, including politics. With partition of India, he changed his stance and limited it to provision for preservation of the language and culture of minorities—over the period, this has been interpreted to open educational institutes and other institutions by minority communities.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R2"/><ref name="zee"/><ref name="chow"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Weiner|first= Myron |author2=Ashutosh Varshney |author3=Gabriel Abraham Almond |title= India and the Politics of Developing Countries: Essays In Memory Of Myron Weiner |publisher= SAGE|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=wB-k3wWeczYC |page=134 }} |year= 2001 |page= 134 |isbn= 0761932879 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nigel |first= South|title= Policing for Profit: The Private Security Sector |publisher= SAGE |url= {{Google books |id=HERbRFAQSHAC |page=134 |plainurl=yes }} |year= 1988 |page= 134 |isbn= 0803981759 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hasan|first= Zoya |author2=Eswaran Sridharan |author3=R. Sudarshan |title= India's Living Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies |publisher= Orient Blackswan |url= {{Google books |id=MO3NiIV_4bUC |plainurl=yes |page=213 }} |year= 2004 |pages= 213–217 |isbn= 8178240874 }}</ref>

Following the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Mookerjee was appointed Governor of West Bengal from 1 November 1951 through 7 August 1956. While working as Bengal governor, he served as the president of "Desh Bandhu Memorial Society" from 1953. He died in office on 7 August 1956 in [[Calcutta|Kolkata]].<ref>{{Google books |id=wfHgzS4etAkC |page=514 |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories }}</ref>

==Christian leader==
He represented Bengali Christians in Bengal, and after his entry into national politics, he was elected as the president of [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]], representing All-Indian Christians other than [[Anglo-Indians]], who were organized as the [[All India Anglo-Indian Association]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Stanley |first= Brian |author-link=Brian Stanley (historian)|author2=Alaine M. Low |title= Missions, Nationalism, and the End of Empire |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |url= {{Google books |id=2NCvZWNkQxkC |page=129 |plainurl=yes }} |year= 2003 |page= 129 |isbn= 0802821162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lexvidhi.com/article-details/constitutional-law-in-india-421.html |title= Constituent Assembly:- |quote= The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians |publisher= lexvidhi.com |access-date= 27 May 2012 |archive-date= 7 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190107062756/http://www.lexvidhi.com/article-details/constitutional-law-in-india-421.html%20 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

He was also the member of [[Indian National Congress]] and participated in national movements representing the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Christian community.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://system46.blogspot.in/2012/04/history-of-christianity-in-india.html |title= History of Christianity in India |date= 14 April 2012 |quote= There were Indian Christians such as Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, S.M. George Joseph, J.C. Kumarappa and H.C. Mookerjee who were member of the I.N.C and were actively involved in the National movements. |publisher= system46.blogspot.in |access-date= 25 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="chr">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindubooks.org/Retrospect_of_Christianity/ch4.htm |title= Happy Gestures |publisher= hindubooks.org |access-date= 25 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111229174511/http://www.hindubooks.org/Retrospect_of_Christianity/ch4.htm |archive-date= 29 December 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref> He confessed to his community as:{{quote|We have to demonstrate by every word we utter and by every act we perform that the professing of a different religious faith has not tended in the least to make us less Indian in our outlook than our non-Christian brethren, that we are prepared to play our part and to shoulder our share of the responsibility in every kind of work undertaken for the benefit of our country as a whole.<ref name="chr"/><ref name="scrib"/>}}

He was the only candidate to be unanimously nominated for Vice-Presidency, with a resolution moved by [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]], a member of [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Constituent Assembly of India]]; consequently, he expressed his gratitude in the Constituent Assembly of India that met in the Constitution Hall, New Delhi as:{{quote|Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen. I trust that you will accept in advance an apology because I am going to place before you a history of the way in which from a Christian Communalist I became a Christian Indian Nationalist. It was merely an accident that brought me into politics. It was a case of zid and nothing else. Some people had egged me to seek election, but at the last moment deserted me and I was determined to show that though I have been a school-master all, through my life, It was possible for a schoolmaster to be a better man than the black-mailing voter. It so happened that the gentleman against whom I was fighting was a more experienced man with a longer record of service to the community than myself. It also happened that in those days it was more profitable to appeal to communal than to national feelings. I admit with a sense of the deepest shame that I dabbled with the matter. He appealed to communalism. I appealed even more strongly to communalism and that is how I got into politics. But when as President of the All-India Council of Indian Christians the members requested me that I should go and visit poor Christians it was then and then only that I found out that the cause of the 'poor Christian Indian was no better than the cause of the equally poor Hindu Indian and the equally poor Mussalman Indian. It was then that from a Communalist I became a nationalist and if today you have done me the honour of putting me into the position of the Vice-President. be sure that while I am there. I shall not act as a communalist, but I shall remember the duty which I owe to the poor masses of my country. I am not a lawyer. I am not even a politician, Forty-two years of my life have been Passed as a teacher or as a student. I do not know whether I am qualified to discharge the duties with which you have entrusted me but I do know one Win. that I shall try to do it honestly and thereby I hope to add to the dignity of the House and add to the reputation of my community, which has hitherto had at least one thing in its favour. and that is, that It has never stood directly or indirectly against the political progress of my country.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol2p5.htm |title= CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA – VOLUME II |date= 25 January 1947 |publisher= parliamentofindia.nic.in |access-date= 29 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120505064950/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol2p5.htm |archive-date= 5 May 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Kailash Nath Katju]]|
title=[[Governor of West Bengal]]|
years=1951–1956|
after=[[Phani Bhusan Chakravartti]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
* [[Constituent assembly#India|Constituent Assembly – India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm Minorities Sub-Committee – H.C. Mookherjee]
* [http://www.gkpages.com/government/Constitution%20of%20India.php Constituent Assembly : The Minority Community Chairman Mr. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee represented all Christians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310155747/http://www.gkpages.com/government/Constitution%20of%20India.php |date=10 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/BAM/BAM19590403-V64-07__B.pdf A Mind to Work]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210858/http://voiceofdharma.in/history-of-hindu-christian-encounters/page-5-5 Debate in the Constituent Assembly]
* [http://sangharakshita.org/e-parliament.html Buddhism and the Parliament of Religions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107144641/http://sangharakshita.org/e-parliament.html |date=7 November 2018 }}

{{Governors of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mookerjee, Harendra Coomar}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Surendranath Law College alumni]]
[[Category:Governors of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]

M. P. T. Acharya

2026-01-23T10:13:24Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Short description|Indian nationalist, communist and then anarchist (1887–1954)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. P. T. Acharya
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|4|15}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1954|3|20|1887|4|15}}
| image = Mandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = M. P. B. T. Acharya
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]] (now [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India)
| spouse = [[Magda Nachman Acharya]]
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]], [[Hindu-German Conspiracy]], [[Communism]], [[Anarchism]]
| organization = [[India House]], [[Paris Indian Society]], [[Berlin Committee]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[League against imperialism]].
}}
{{Communism in India}}

'''Mandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya''' (April 15, 1887 – March 20, 1954) was an Indian [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]], [[communist]] and then [[anarchist]] who was among the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Ole Birk|year=2020|title='Anarchism, pure and simple': M. P. T. Acharya, anti-colonialism and the international anarchist movement|journal=Postcolonial Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=241–255|doi=10.1080/13688790.2020.1751914|s2cid=219058356|issn=1368-8790}}</ref> Born to an [[Aiyangar brahmin]] family, Indian nationalism was part of his upbringing. Under threat of persecution, he left for Europe and became associated with London's [[India House]] and worked with [[V. D. Savarkar]]. He attempted to train as a revolutionary in the 1909 [[Second Melillan campaign]] and in Paris, where he became involved in the socialist movement. As a key functionary of the [[Berlin Committee]] in the [[World War I]] [[Hindu-German Conspiracy]], Acharya attempted to rally German support for Indian revolutionaries. After the war, Acharya moved to the [[Soviet Union]] and helped found the Communist Party of India at [[Tashkent]]. Disappointed with the [[Communist International]], he left for Europe, worked with the [[League against Imperialism]], and developed [[anarcho-syndicalist]] views. After his ban was lifted in 1935, Acharya returned to India, where he worked as a journalist.

==Early life==
M.P.T. Acharya was born on 15 April 1887<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_dLCgAAQBAJ&dq=M.+P.+T.+Acharya+April+15+%2C+1887&pg=PT341 | title=Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries | isbn=9789352061730 | last1=Guru Rajesh | first1=K. | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref> in [[Madras]] to a family of [[Aiyangar brahmin]]s.<ref name=Yadav2>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=2}}</ref> His father, M.P. Narasimha Aiyangar, was an employee in the Madras Public Works Department whose family had originally migrated from the state of [[Mysore]].<ref name=Yadav3>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=3}}</ref> Young M.P.T. was exposed to nationalism from childhood, with his family playing a prominent role in the rise of Indian nationalism in [[South India]].<ref name=Yadav3/> His close relatives included M.C. Alasinga Perumal, one of the co-founders of the ''[[Brahmavadin]]'' journal, as well as Prof. Rangachari of [[Madras Presidency College]]. Acharya himself was an admirer of [[Swami Vivekananda]] in his childhood.<ref name=Radhan119>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=119}}</ref><ref name=Yadav3/>

By 1900, a young Acharya, along with [[Subramanya Bharathi]], had begun publication of the weekly journal called ''India'', and worked hard to popularise the publication within a short time. However, the journal's nationalist editorials and critical and satirical cartoons quickly drew the attention of [[British Raj|The Raj]], forcing the young editors to quietly shift to the [[French India|French]] enclave of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], following the trail of notable numbers who migrated to the enclave as refugees.<ref name=Yadav3/> The publication also acquired popularity in Pondicherry.

Work of the press continued unabated for M.P.T. Acharya, and was expanded to publications of revolutionary literature. The British government began to seek French assistance to ban the publications which were deemed "seditious literature". Under pressure from British colonial authorities, the French authorities in Pondicherry relented, allowing the [[Indian Imperial Police]] to establish surveillance centres to monitor the activities of the revolutionaries. Attempts were also made at this time to extradite the Indians to British custody.<ref name=Yadav4>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=4}}</ref> Subramania Bharaty, along with S.N.T. Acharya (owner of the ''India'' magazine) and the latter's cousin, were forced to flee to Europe.<ref name=Yadav3/>

Although some French officials did indeed harbour sympathies for the Indian revolutionaries,<ref name=Yadav4/> the latter also faced some resistance among the local Francophile and Europeanised Indians who saw the "new immigrants" somewhat contemptuously.<ref name=Yadav4/> The refugee cause was, however, taken up by a number of sympathetic French lawyers. Acharya found assistance from this group to help fight against his expulsion from Pondicherry.<ref name=Yadav4/>

==England==
Faced with the threat of persecution, M.P.T. Acharya made up his mind to leave India. He left for Britain. Acharya visited his ailing father at Shiyali and, although an orthodox [[Brahmin]], shaved off his long hair (''Juttoo''). At this time, Acharya was still unable to decide whether he wished to move to somewhere in Asia or to Europe,<ref name=Yadav4/> finally deciding to head for [[Colombo]], a city he had visited earlier. His savings was a sum of three hundred [[Rupees]], which allowed him money for travel but not any luggage.<ref name=Yadav4/>

From Colombo, Acharya proceeded to [[Marseille]], for which he was able to acquire a third class ticket for eleven [[pound sterling|pounds]], nearly half his savings. It is said that during the voyage to Marseille, as an orthodox Brahmin he was unable to bring himself to eat non-Indian food – he was forbidden from taking even coffee or bread by his orthodox beliefs – and decided to observe a fast for the twenty-two days the voyage lasted.<ref name=Yadav4/>

From Marseille, short of money, Acharya proceeded to [[Paris]] where he hoped to find Indian expatriates who might have been able to help him both financially and with jobs. He had, while editing Anglo-Tamil newspaper and journals in India, been in touch with Indians living in France and in Paris.<ref name=Yadav5>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=5}}</ref><ref name=Yadav6>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=6}}</ref> In Paris, he established contact with Professor Moniers Vinson and a few Indian expatriates. He was able to support himself with help from this circle for some time. In his reminiscences, Acharya mentions an unnamed Parisian Indian acquaintance who, having invited him home one afternoon and being told by a penniless Acharya that he would have to walk to his house, handed him the money for his train fare.<ref name=Yadav6/>

===India House===
{{Main|India House}}
While in Paris, urged by his friends, Acharya wrote to [[V.V.S. Iyer]], an Indian barrister originally from [[Truchi]] who practiced in London. Iyer was actively involved with the [[India House]], which was established in London in 1905 ostensibly to support Indian students and offer scholarships. India House was also a fertile ground for the exchange of nationalist opinions among students. It promoted nationalistic work and had the support of notable Indian nationalists such as [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Madame Bhikaji Cama]].<ref name=Yadav7>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=7}}</ref><ref name=Bhavans>{{cite web
| publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
| url=http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp
| title=Champak-Chatto" And the Berlin Committee
| access-date=2007-11-04
| archive-date=8 June 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608220240/http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> Iyer responded promptly, inviting Acharya to London. It was here in London that Acharya was introduced to the nationalism of India House.<ref name=Radhan119/><ref name=Yadav7/>

In London, the India House settled Acharya's short-term worries of food and shelter. With financial support from the organisation, Acharya was able to enroll to learn [[photoengraving]] at the trade school of the [[London County Council]].<ref name=Yadav9>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=9}}</ref> However, India House, by this time, was considered "The most dangerous organisation outside India"<ref name=Yadav7/> and had attracted enough attention for its nationalist opinions to be discussed in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. Prominent London newspapers including ''[[The Times]]'' demanded that [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], the founder of India House, be prosecuted for preaching "disloyal sentiments" to Indian students. By September 1907, ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'', published by the India House, was deemed "seditious literature" and was banned in India.<ref name=Yadav8>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=8}}</ref> It was at India House that Acharya was introduced to [[V.D. Savarkar]].

Acharya was quick to realise that the residents of India House were shadowed by detectives from [[Scotland Yard]].<ref name=Yadav9/> A fear of repercussions due to an association with India House built an invisible barrier that prevented other Indian students from visiting or receiving residents of the house.<ref name=Yadav9/> This careerist and self-critical attitude of his fellow Indians, compared to the polite and helpful nature of Englishmen, is believed to have disappointed Acharya deeply.<ref name=Yadav9/> At one point, Acharya described Indian students treating the India House as a "Leper's Home".<ref name=Owen73>{{Harvnb|Owen|2007|p=73}}</ref>

===With Savarkar===
{{See also|V.D. Savarkar|Madame Cama|Virendranath Chattopadhyaya}}
Through his prolonged stay in India House, however, Acharya gradually became deeply involved in its activities. Scotland Yard had at one point been able to infiltrate the organisation with an Indian student by the name of Kritikar, who had arrived at the organisation with a story similar to that of Acharya, and had for some time been able to report to Scotland Yard about its activities before he was uncovered and forced by Savarkar to confess at gunpoint.<ref name=Yadav11>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=11}}</ref> After this, Kirtikar's reports are believed to have been regularly screened by Savarkar before they were passed on to Scotland Yard. For some time, Acharya himself had been under suspicion of being a Scotland Yard mole before he was able to convince his fellow residents of his integrity and commitment to the nationalist cause.<ref name=Yadav10>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=10}}</ref> It is believed that Acharya was instructed by V.V.S. Iyer and V.D. Savarkar to set himself up as an informer to Scotland Yard, which they reasoned would allow them to carefully feed information to the police and also help them provide a corroboration to the version of reports that were being sent by Kritikar.<ref name=Yadav12>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=12}}</ref> For his reports, Acharya took five pounds (later doubled) which also eased from his fellow house-mates the financial strain of supporting him.<ref name=Yadav12/>

V.D. Savarkar had by this time developed a reputation of an avid orator and a staunch nationalist. In London, Savarkar researched through the [[India Office]] library and archives. Even those who did not dare attend the Sunday night meetings at the India House were of the opinion that he was an erudite orator and a learned scholar.<ref name=Yadav9/>

Acharya became deeply involved in the activities of the house, working with Savarkar and others in the house to produce nationalist pamphlets and publications including ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'', ''[[Bande Mataram]]'' and ''[[Talvar]]'', which called for India's freedom and voiced what at the time were seen as "inflammatory and seditious" nationalist sentiments.<ref name="Yadav11"/> The celebrations in Britain marking the 50th anniversary of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1847]] were met by India House with the publication of a nationalist history of the revolt, ''[[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]]'', penned by Savarkar with records from the India Office archives.<ref name=Yadav14>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=14}}</ref> The project received support from Indian nationalists in Britain including the likes of [[Madame Cama]], Iyer, as well as Indian students who had dare not show their support or sympathy for India House openly.<ref name=Yadav14/> Publishers in Britain refused to publish the book, which was ultimately published from the Netherlands. The book was rejected for publication from publishers. Acharya was, with a number of other residents of the India House, involved in raising funds, organising and in other ways helped with the project.<ref name=Yadav15>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=15}}</ref> Clandestinely, the residents also trained for organising revolutions in India.<ref name=Yadav11/> Acharya, along with [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[V.V.S. Iyer]] and others, practiced shooting at a range in [[Tottenham Court Road]] and acquired considerable skills with the revolver.<ref name=Yadav15/>

===End of India House===
By 1909, India House was under strong surveillance from Scotland Yard. Savarkar's elder brother [[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar|Ganesh Savarkar]] was arrested in India in June that year, and was subsequently tried and transported for life for publication of seditious literature.<ref name=Yadav15/> Savarkar's speeches grew increasingly virulent and called for revolution, widespread violence, and murder of all Englishmen in India.<ref name=Yadav15/> The culmination of these events was the assassination of [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]], the political [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to the [[Secretary of State for India]], by [[Madanlal Dhingra]] on the evening of 1 July 1909 at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London.<ref name=Yadav15/> Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed. In the aftermath of the assassination, the India House was rapidly liquidated. The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination were expanded to look for broader conspiracies originating from the India house, and [[Scotland Yard]] brought pressure on the inmates to leave England. While some of its leaders, like Krishna Varma, fled to Europe, others like Chattopadhyaya, moved to Germany and many others moved to [[Paris]].<ref name=Bhavans/> It was suggested to Acharya at this time by one Syed Hyder Reza, probably on instructions from Scotland Yard, that Acharya move to the United States.<ref name=Yadav16>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=16}}</ref>

However, Acharya remained in London for sometime, lodging at [[Bipin Chandra Pal|Bipin Pal's]] boarding house. He attended along with Savarkar, Iyer and other ex-residents of the house a meeting of Indians called by the [[Aga Khan]] to demonstrate their loyalty to the empire and offer condolences to the Wyllie family, where they opposed the unanimous acceptance of a resolution of condemnation against Dhingra.<ref name=Yadav17>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=17}}</ref> In a scuffle that ensued between Savarkar and a London barrister by the name of Palmer, Acharya is known to have come to Savarkar's aid, hitting Palmer with a stick and apparently not shooting Palmer with his revolver only under indications from Savarkar not to do so.<ref name=Yadav18>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=18}}</ref>

Interviewed repeatedly in the investigations following the Wyillie murder, it became clear to Acharya that staying in Britain was not safe for him. Neither could he return to India, for he was sure to be picked up by Indian police.<ref name=Yadav19>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=19}}</ref> He did not wish to waste the experiences he had gained studying and training for revolution at the India House. He also wanted first-hand experiences of the battlefield. Indian revolutionaries in Europe at this time used to send recruits to work with Irish, Egyptian and Turkish groups for training and experience.

Acharya's attention was turned towards the [[Rif War (1909)|Spanish-Moroccan war]], where he believed the [[Rifians|Rifian]] people fighting the [[White people|white]] imperialist [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] would welcome him and allow exposure to guerrilla warfare.<ref name=Yadav20>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=20}}</ref> After consulting with V.V.S. Iyer, Acharya and another Indian revolutionary by the name of Sukhsagar Dutt were selected to be sent to train with the Rifians. Guns, uniforms and funds were obtained by the remnants of the India House, and the two were given a hearty farewell from Savarkar and Iyer.<ref name=Yadav21>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=21}}</ref>

The Moroccan mission was, however, a dismal failure.<ref name=Yadav22>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=22}}</ref> Neither the Rifians nor the Spanish troops were willing to recruit the two Indians for suspicion of being spies from the opposing camp. Penniless and emaciated, Dutt and Acharya were left with no option but to leave the country. Writing to London, Acharya asked for help to be moved to a different country, and if possible, to India.<ref name=Yadav21/> The two were sent enough money to reach Portugal, where they were instructed to meet an Indian contact. Dutt returned to London, later joining the Paris Indian Society.<ref name=Yadav21/> Acharya, meanwhile, proceeded to [[Lisbon]]. He had wished to settle in Portugal, but the terms of residency offered by Portuguese Interior affairs minister instructed him to place himself under police supervision, not change residences without police permission and a number of other conditions which to Acharya meant he could not live as a free man. Broke and depressed, Acharya returned to London. The whole affair had cost nearly three hundred pounds.<ref name=Yadav22/>

==Europe==
A large number of Indian nationalists had (as explained above) moved to Europe in the aftermath of Curzon Wyllie's assassination. Among them were [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Bhikhaji Cama]]. Madame Cama founded the [[Bande Mataram]] in Paris in September 1909.<ref name=Kumar49>{{Harvnb|Kumar|1993|p=49}}</ref> From Paris, Madame Cama arranged for Indian students to be supported in Russia, Germany, Japan and other countries where they could train in explosives, military tactics, arrange for arms shipments to India and also facilitate continental connections.<ref name="Yadav22"/>

After Savarkar's arrest in 1910 Acharya and V.V.S. Iyer took the prudent decision of leaving for Paris, where Acharya worked for Madame Cama's publication. He continued to maintain contacts with revolutionaries in India, including [[Subramanya Bharathi]] with whom he had worked in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and with M.S. Acharya.<ref name=Yadav23>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=23}}</ref> Significantly, at this time, in addition to his works in promoting and clandestine distribution of the ''Bande Mataram'', Acharya, in a train of thought that arose among Indian revolutionaries at this time, began efforts to spread nationalist sentiments amongst the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=Yadav23/> The influx of seditious literature from Europe was quickly noted by the British colonial authorities. A report by the Director of Criminal intelligence bureau described the effects and sentiments that these literature were promoting amongst the "ignorant peasantry", urging the ban on such publications emanating in Europe from entering India.<ref name=Yadav24>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=24}}</ref> The result was the [[Indian Press Act, 1910]] which restricted publication of sedtious material in India and the entry of such literature from outside. A number of newspaper proprietors, journalists and editors within India were imported or transported under the act.<ref name=Yadav24/> The publication found their way in nonetheless. Among Acharya's ploys was to send these literature from different countries and use different secret code numbers to prevent Indian postal authorities from deciphering or tracing them.<ref name=Yadav24/>

===Socialism===
It was also in Paris that Acharya's thoughts were first turned towards [[socialism]].<ref name=Yadav24/> This was similar to the lines of thought that appeared in the Indian revolutionary circles in Europe, especially in France, at this time.<ref name=Yadav24/> He was introduced to the Socialist circle in Paris in 1910, and enjoyed the congenial atmosphere and the thoughts and ideas that he shared.<ref name=Yadav24/> It was also with the help of the Paris Socialist circle, notably [[Jean Longuet]], that the Paris Indian Society- which included Acharya, [[Har Dayal]], [[Madam Cama]] and other notable names- brought pressure on the French Government when Savarkar was rearrested at [[Marseille]] after escaping from a ship that was deporting him to India.<ref name=Yadav25>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=25}}</ref> Acharya made the most of the available press freedom and the socialist platform to press for the re-extradition of his erstwhile leader to France and build French public opinion in support of such moves. Under public pressure at home, the French Government conceded to make such a request to Britain. The matter was ultimately settled in the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] at [[the Hague]], which ruled in favour of Britain.<ref name=Yadav25/> Acharya became extensively involved in the socialist movement. The Paris Indian Society at this time grew to be one of the most powerful Indian organisations outside India at the time,<ref name=Yadav26>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=26}}</ref> and grew to initiate contacts with not only French Socialists, but also those in continental Europe.<ref name=Yadav26/> It sent delegates at this time to the International Socialist Congress in August 1910, where [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] and V.V.S. Iyer succeeded in having a resolution passed demanding Savarkar's release and his extradition to France.<ref name=Yadav25/> It also succeeded in bringing to the attention of the organisation the state of affairs in India.<ref name=Yadav26/>

In Paris, the Indian Society also held regular meetings and sought to train its members in skills necessary for revolution, which included training in firearms, learning military tactics, as well as organising the publication of revolutionary literature. It also sent recruits other countries and, after training, some were sent back to India to carry on propaganda work<ref name=Yadav26/> Acharya himself at this time learnt printing and engraving, and after sometime, was sent to [[Berlin]] along with V.V.S Iyer, where they were met by [[Champakaraman Pillai]], who headed and Indian revolutionary group there.<ref name=Yadav26/> Observing Pillai's work, Acharya and Iyer suggested to the Paris Indian Society that their work by expanded beyond the work of the Paris publication. Accordingly, with funds from Madam Cama, [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] was sent to Berlin to begin publication of the [[Talvar]].<ref name=Yadav26/> The National fund scheme was initiated of which Madam Cama was the biggest contributor with (then) 5,000 [[Franc]]s. The funds were strictly regulated to fund revolutionary activities in India, as well as fund Savarkar's trial.

===First World War===
{{Main|Berlin Committee|Hindu-German Conspiracy}}

In the meantime, work on Bande Mataram and other publications continued unabated. These were shipped by Acharya to India through contacts in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and at times under false covers including those of [[The Pickwick Papers]].<ref name=Yadav27>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=27}}</ref><ref name=Chirol149>{{Harvnb|Chirol|2000|p=149}}</ref> V.V.S. Iyer later returned to India, where he began training the Indian underground movement on explosives and bombs. On 17 June 1911, a young Indian revolutionary by the name of [[Vanchi Iyer]] fatally shot Robert D'escourt Ashe at [[Tirunelveli]]. Ashe had been a district collector who had earned notoriety for himself for his role in suppression of nationalist agitation and [[Swadeshi]] movement in 1908.<ref name=Bhavans2>{{cite web
| publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
| url=http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/vanchi.asp
| title=Vanchi Assassinates Ashe
| access-date=2008-06-20
}}</ref> Vanchi himself had learnt to shoot from Iyer in Pondicherry. The 1918 [[Rowlatt committee|sedition committee report]] blamed Acharya for instigating, organising and planning the assassination.<ref name=Yadav4/>

In 1911, Acharya arrived in [[Istanbul]] on the Paris Indian society's directions to seek Turkish help for Indian movement. Turkey and Persia had already been a centre for revolutionary activities by groups led by [[Sardar Ajit Singh]] and [[Sufi Amba Prasad]] who had worked there since 1909.<ref name=Yadav29>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=29}}</ref> The recruits to these groups included young nationalists of the likes of Rhishikesh Letha, Zia-ul-Haq, and Thakur Das. By 1910, the activities of these groups and their publication, the ''Hayat'', had been noticed by British intelligence.<ref name=Yadav30>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=30}}</ref> Reports as early as 1910 indicated German efforts to unite Turkey and Persia and proceed to Afghanistan to threaten British India.<ref name=Yadav30/> However, Ajit Singh's departure in 1911 brought the Indian revolutionary activities to a grinding halt, while British representations to [[Persia]] successfully curbed whatever activity that remained in the country.<ref name=Yadav30/> In this situation, Acharya's mission was without much success. A similar effort by [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] a year later also would experience a similar fate.<ref name=Yadav29/>

With the beginning of the war, the Indian efforts began in earnest to subverting the sepoys of the British Indian Army and to fund and arm a revolution in India in [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|a massive conspiracy]] that spanned the globe. The [[Intelligence bureau for the East|German intelligence agency for the East]] was formed at this time and actively sought to destabilize British possessions in India and the Middle East. In this, they allied with the Indian revolutionaries and also sought Har Dayal's aid.
At the time that the [[First World War]] broke out, Acharya had reached Berlin and was one of the founding members of the [[Berlin Committee]] that reorganised the liaison's and terms of German help for revolution in India, which had initially faltered on account of differences between Har Dayal and German Foreign office.<ref name=Radhan119/><ref name=Yadav34/> Following Har Dayal's work United States promoting nationalist sentiments in Indian groups in North America before his deportation to Switzerland in 1913, as well as from the links of the committee members with other revolutionary groups around the globe, the Berlin committee had strong links with Indian revolutionary groups in India, Europe, Far-east as well as nationalist groups in the US and Canada, most notably the [[Ghadar Party]]. It sent members including [[Herambalal Gupta]] and Chandra Kanta Chakraverty to the United States to begin arrangements for arms shipment (which culminated in the [[Annie Larsen affair|Annie Larsen fiasco]]). Acharya himself sought to focus on organising recruits for the intended revolution. A prime target was Turkey, which had a substantial Indian presence, both [[Hajj]] pilgrims and as Indian residents.

With the efforts of the Berlin Committee and the Paris Indian Society, Har Dayal reached Istanbul following another Indian revolutionary by the name of P.N. Dutta.<ref name=Yadav34>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=34}}</ref> In Istanbul, Har Dayal was joined by [[Pandurang Khankoje]]. However, Har Dayal's efforts were short-lived due to his apprehensions of Turkish Pan-Islamic ambitions and interference from the German Foreign office.<ref name=Yadav34/> In 1915, Acharya had reached [[Istanbul]] on the committee's initiative. Here, [[Har Dayal]] had begun work earlier but left due to apprehensions on the issues of conflict of Hindu and Muslim interests, Turkey's pan-Islamic ambitions and interference from the German foreign office. The Berlin committee reorganised and negotiated the terms of their liaison, and after assurances from the Germans, rededicated itself to the same task. Acharya's efforts were directed at forming the Indian National Volunteer Corps with the help of Indian civilians in Turkey, in addition to recruiting Indian Prisoners of War.<ref name=Yadav36>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=36}}</ref> He is known to have worked in [[Bushire]] amongst Indian troops with [[Wilhelm Wassmuss]],<ref name=Yadav35>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=35}}</ref> while one story describes Acharya and a fellow revolutionary by the name of Birendranth Dasgupta as having swum across the [[Suez Canal]] at one point to contact troops of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=Radhan119/>

==Communism==
Acharya later returned to Berlin and over the course of the war, was in [[Stockholm]] briefly along with [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]]. In Stockholm in May 1917, Acharya and Chattopadhyaya formed a Propaganda Bureau and later joined by Har Dayal. This bureau worked independently of the Berlin Committee and the German foreign office.<ref name=Yadav40>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=40}}</ref> The duo are known to have met with the Bolshevik ideologist [[ Konstantin Mikhalilovich Troyanovsky]] at this time and explained the Indian situation, winning approval from the latter for the Indian cause.<ref name=Yadav43>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=43}}</ref> The Paris Indian society had been in touch with Russian communists before the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian revolution]]. Nicholas Safransky, a Russian bomb expert, is known to have been involved in training the Indian revolutionaries in bomb manufacture and explosives.<ref name=Yadav43/> and Acharya was greatly impressed by the revolution itself, hailed at the time as a watershed in the struggle of colonial people against imperialism.<ref name=Yadav43/> The publication of a manifesto by the Soviet Union declaring support for colonies against imperialism was attractive to the Indian nationalists, who saw Soviet Russia as a future centre for coordinating activities, and also intended Russia to be a channel for Indian nationalists in any peace negotiations.<ref name=Yadav44/> This was also the time that the Swedish government under diplomatic pressure from Britain, gradually was leaning on the Indian propaganda bureau, while relationship of the Berlin committee with the German foreign office was also strained on apprehensions of German imperial designs and over allocation of funds.<ref name=Yadav44>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=44}}</ref> Chatto and Acharya arranged for Troyanovsky to be provided with a large amount of the committee's literature to acquaint the Soviets with the Indian situation when the latter left Stockholm for Petrograd. However, Acharya was ultimately disappointed with the Socialist conference in Stockholm, which in his opinion entirely skirted the issue of the colonies.<ref name=Yadav50>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=50}}</ref> Towards the end of 1918, Acharya returned to Berlin along with Chatto.<ref name=Yadav45>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=45}}</ref>

===Russia===
At Berlin at the time was also [[Mahendra Pratap]], who had in 1915 travelled to [[Kabul]] at the head of a [[Niedermayer-Hentig expedition|Turco-German-Indian expedition]] through Persia with the aim to try and rally the Afghan Emir into the war on the Entente side. Although mostly unsuccessful in their aim, the Indian nationalists established in Kabul the [[Provisional Government of India]], as the head of which Pratap attempted to garner support from Soviet Russia through [[Trotsky]] and [[Adolph Joffe|Joffe]]. In 1918, Pratap was in Berlin, where he was reunited with Acharya and Chatto and the rest of the Berlin committee. In December 1918, Chatto, Acharya and Pratap left for [[Petrograd]], where they worked with Russian Propaganda centre with Troionovsky. Other Indians at this centre at the time included [[Hussein Shahid Suhrawardy]], [[Abdul Jabbar]], [[Abdul Sattar]], [[Dalip Singh Gill]] as well as a number of others. In 1918 Acharya moved to [[Kabul]] to join [[Mahendra Pratap]]'s [[Provisional Government of India|mission]] to the [[Emir of Afghanistan|Emir]] to declare war against British India.<ref name=Radhan119/> Acharya was a member of [[Mahendra Pratap]]'s delegation when they met [[Lenin]] in [[Moscow]] in May 1919.<ref name=Radhan119/>

===Communist Party of India===
{{see also|Communist Party of India|M N Roy}}
The time of Acharya's meeting with Lenin in 1919 was also when the war in Europe was coming to an end. The Berlin committee was dissolved and a large number of the Indian revolutionaries were turning towards [[communism]] and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Yadav43/> Acharya was one of the key functionaries of the group that included Abdur Rab, Virendranath, [[Agnes Smedley]], [[C.R. Pillai]], [[Bhupendranath Dutta]], [[Shafiq Ahmad]], [[Amin Faruqui]], [[Nalini Gupta]], [[M.N. Roy]]. These members were the amongst the first active members and founding fathers of the Indian communism.<ref name=Radhan120>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=120}}</ref><ref name=Ashraf123>{{Harvnb|Ashraf|Syomin|1977|p=123}}</ref><ref name=Price445>{{Harvnb|Price|2005|p=445}}</ref><ref name=Kaye169>{{Harvnb|Kaye|Roy|Saha|1971|p=169}}</ref> Abdul Rab and Acharya worked avidly in Soviet Turkestan, founding the Indian revolutionary association.<ref name=Radhan120/> Acharya was constantly on the move between Kabul and Tashkent, and attended the second congress of the [[Communist International]]. In October 1920 in Tashkent, Acharya was one of the founding members and a member of the executive of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group)<ref name=Radhan120/> However, Acharya differed from [[M.N. Roy]], and differences emerged between the two from quite early on.<ref name=Radhan120/><ref name=Yadav53>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=53}}</ref> In 1921 a split in the CPI emerged, between factions siding with [[M.N. Roy]], and those who favoured the approaches of [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Chatto]]. Acharya was in the latter group.<ref name=Radhan120/> This was the beginning of the end of Acharya's associations with the [[World Communist Movement|international Communist movement]].

In 1922 Acharya returned to [[Berlin]], working with the Indian independence committee and subsequently with the [[League against Imperialism]]. He remained deeply critical of the Communist International, and some have described his political views at the time as anarcho-syndicalist.<ref name=Radhan120/> He remained in Berlin till the early days of Hitler's rise to power, and leaders of the Indian movement who visited Europe at various times, Including [[Nehru]] and [[Subhas Bose]], are believed to have met with him.<ref name=Yadav59>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=59}}</ref> By the early 1920s, Acharya had begun exploring [[Anarchism]]. He took an active role in promoting Anarchist works in and was contributed at this time to the Russian [[Anarchist]] publication ''[[Rabotchi Put]]''. In 1931, he lived in Amsterdam working with the school of Anarcho-syndicalism. Acharya came to be acquainted in early 1930s acquainted with [[Marxist]]-leaning Indian industrialist from Bombay, [[Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala]]. Lotvala had financed ''[[The Socialist (Indian newspaper)|The Socialist]]'', one of the first Marxist periodicals in India. Lotvala also financed the translation and publication of many leftist literature including the [[Communist manifesto]].

==Return to India==
The British-Indian ban on Acharya was lifted in 1935 and he returned to Bombay that same year, where he managed a living as a journalist. During this time, Acharya wrote eight articles which would later be collated to be published as a book called ''Reminiscences of an Indian revolutionary''. From Bombay, Acharya established correspondence with Japanese anarchist [[Taiji Yamaga]] and Chinese anarchist [[Ba Jin]]. The result of the correspondences led to the three establishing contacts with ''Commission de Relations de l’Internationale Anarchiste'' (Liaison Commission of the Anarchist International). In the following years, Acharya contributed to anarchist publications such as ''[[Freedom (British newspaper)|Freedom]]'' in London, ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]'' in Mexico and an anarchist publication called ''Contre Courant'' in Paris. He also remained in correspondence with [[Albert Meltzer]] for more than fifteen years.

In the following years Acharya was appointed secretary of the [[Indian Institute of Sociology]], established under Lotvala's patronage in the 1930s. In later years, Acharya's influence on the institute saw it adopt a number of statutes in 1947 and subsequently the institute adopted the name of Libertarian Socialist Institute. His views on economic matters were profound and in 1951, [[Free Society Group]] of Chicago published his work ''How Long Can Capitalism Survive?''<ref>{{citation | url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mpt-acharya-what-is-anarchism-and-how-long-can-capitalism-survive | title= Two Essays by Acharya }}</ref> in 1951. Acharya also contributed essays and critiques on capitalism, colonialism, communism as well as nationalism to the journal ''[[Harijan]]'', commissioned by its editor K.G. Mashruwala, and later M.P. Desai. His contributions to ''Harijan'', accumulating to nearly thirty essays, were his primary source of income before his death in March 1954.

==Personal life==

Acharya married the artist [[Magda Nachman]] in 1921 in Moscow.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-d_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 | title=Transcending the Borders of Countries, Languages, and Disciplines in Russian Émigré Culture | isbn=9781527523562 | last1=Flamm | first1=Christoph | last2=Raev | first2=Ada | date=17 December 2018 | publisher=Cambridge Scholars }}</ref>

== Works ==

* [https://sa.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/m-p-t-acharya-letter-from-m-p-t-acharya-to-hem-day-15-june-1951-en Letter from M.P.T. Acharya to Hem Day] (1951) on the ''South Asian Anarchist Library'' (SAAL)

==References==
{{reflist}}

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| publisher = Sterling Publishers
}}
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}}
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}}

==External links==
*[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-activist-acharya/article5408508.ece The activist Acharya, The Hindu]

{{India House}}
{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, M. P. T.}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:India House]]
[[Category:Indian anarchists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]

C. R. Chandrashekar

2026-01-21T04:20:20Z

HughStoate90988: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian psychiatrist and mental health advocate}}
{{AI-generated|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. R. Chandrashekar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chandrashekar Channapatna Rajannachar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|06|06}}
| birth_place = Karnataka, India
| occupation = Psychiatrist, academic, author
| known_for = Mental health outreach, District Mental Health Programme
| alma_mater = Bangalore Medical College, [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|NIMHANS]]
| awards = * [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri 2024]]
* Rajyotsava Award Kempegowda Award
}}

'''Chandrashekar Channapatna Rajannachar''' (born 6 June 1948) is an Indian psychiatrist, academic, and mental health advocate. He served as a professor and Deputy Medical Superintendent at the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS), [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref name="padma">{{cite web |title=Dr. C. R. Chandrashekar |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024100.pdf |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref> He is known for his contributions to community psychiatry and public mental health in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-03 |title=Self-awareness is key to success: Dr. C.R. Chandrashekar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/self-awareness-is-key-to-success-dr-cr-chandrashekar/article69409242.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chandrashekar was born on 6 June 1948. He completed his MBBS from [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute|Bangalore Medical College]] in 1973. He later obtained a Diploma in Psychological Medicine and an M.D. in Psychiatry from NIMHANS in 1976 and 1978, respectively.<ref name="padma"/>

In 1981, Chandrashekar joined the Department of Psychiatry at NIMHANS as a faculty member. He worked in general psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, and community psychiatry.<ref name="toi2024">{{cite news |title=Padma award adds halo to 'People's Psychiatrist' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/padma-award-adds-halo-to-peoples-psychiatrist/articleshow/107177800.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

He played a key role in formulating and implementing the ''National Mental Health Programme'' in 1982 and developed the Bellary model of the District Mental Health Programme (DMHP), which is now implemented in over 400 districts across India.<ref name="et2016">{{cite news |title=Dr C R Chandrashekar, People's Psychiatrist, gives free treatment |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dr-cr-chandrashekar-peoples-psychiatrist-gives-free-treatment/articleshow/54778520.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=10 October 2016 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Chandrashekar has been an advocate for mental health awareness across Karnataka. In 2007, he established the SAMADHANA Centre, providing free consultations to over 30,000 patients. Since 1980, he has also worked at Prasanna Counselling Centre, where over one lakh individuals have received care.<ref name="nie2021">{{cite news |title='People's psychiatrist' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Jul/27/peoplespsychiatrist-2335781.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 July 2021 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="star2024">{{cite web |title=Noted psychiatrist Dr. C. R. Chandrashekar felicitated in city |url=https://starofmysore.com/noted-psychiatrist-dr-c-r-chandrashekar-tribal-leader-somanna-felicitated-in-city/ |website=Star of Mysore |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

He has donated his personal assets and property to NIMHANS. His lifelong dedication to mental health care, training, and outreach continues to influence public psychiatry in India.<ref name="zeebiz">{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Padma Shri to Dr Chandrashekar, 'People's Psychiatrist' who adopted villages, went to doorsteps to treat patients |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-padma-shri-to-dr-chandrashekar-peoples-psychiatrist-who-adopted-villages-went-to-doorsteps-to-treat-patients-273633 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Zee Business}}</ref>

==Publications and research==
He has authored more than 70 peer-reviewed articles in national and international journals and has contributed extensively to public awareness through books and articles in Kannada and English.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news |title=Urban legend: The People's Psychiatrist and his happiness hypothesis |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/010417/urban-legend-the-peoples-psychiatrist-and-his-happiness-hypothesis.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 April 2017 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

He has also worked as a consultant to the [[World Health Organization]] on community psychiatry.<ref name="padma" /><ref>{{cite web | title= Janca, A, Chandrashekar, C. R & World Health Organization. Division of Mental Health (1995). Catalogue of WHO psychiatric assessment instruments / prepared by A. Janca and C. R. Chandrashekar, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. | url = https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/62036 | publisher = World Health Organization | access-date = 28 December 2025 }}</ref>

==Awards ==
* Chandrashekar received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2024 for his contributions to medicine.<ref name="padma" />
* Rajyotsava Award - Government of Karnataka <ref name="padma" />
* Kempegowda Award - Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)<ref name="padma"/>
* National Award for Popularising Science - Government of India and UGC <ref name="padma"/>
* Eminent Psychiatrist Award - Indian Psychiatric Society (Karnataka and South Zone)<ref name="padma"/>
* Lifetime Achievement Awards - Karnataka State Science and Technology Academy, Kannada Vaidya Vijnana Parishat<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news |title=Padma awardees: The commitment and social concern |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/padma-awardees-the-commitment-and-social-concern-2866857 |work=Deccan Herald |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrashekar, C.R.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Mental health professionals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]

Bhagirathi Massif

2026-01-18T21:33:26Z

HughStoate90988: fixed issues

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Bhagirathi Massif
| other_name =
| photo =Bhagirathi Massif.jpg
| photo_caption =from left to right Vasuki Parbat, Bhagirathi Parbat II, IV, III, I
| elevation_m = 6856
| elevation_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagirathi Parvat I - Peak Details|url=https://himalayanhigh.in/himalayas/himalayan-resource.aspx?resourceRequested=2000&resource-ResourceID=71|website=Himalayan High|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 672
| prominence_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagirathi 1|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/bhagirathi-1.html|website=PeakVisor|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
| listing =
| range = [[Garhwal Himalaya]]
| location = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| map = Uttarakhand
| range_coordinates =
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| map_size = 260
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|51|00|N|79|08|57|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent = The first ascent by Japanese Expedition 1980.
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Bhagirathi Massif''' or Bhagirathi Group (Hindi: भागीरथी ) is a mountain range of Garhwal Himalaya in [[Gangotri Glacier]] Uttarakhand India, It has four peaks between 6856 meter and 6193 meter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himalayan Index - Results of Search by Name|url=http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen2a_2.php|website=www.alpine-club.org.uk|access-date=2020-05-02|archive-date=2016-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205163820/http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen2a_2.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Bhagirathi I]] summits is 6856 meter or 22493 feet. It was first climbed by A Japanese team in 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapadia, Harish.|title=Across peaks & passes in Garhwal Himalaya|date=1999|publisher=Indus Publ. Co|isbn=81-7387-097-7|oclc=231871911}}</ref> It is surrounded by [[Glaciers]] on four side on the eastern side of the Massif is [[Vasuki Glacier]], on the western side its [[Gangotri Glacier]] the main glacier in this area, northern side is surrounded by [[Chaturangi Glacier]] and southern side guarded by [[Swachhhand Glacier]].

The entire massif and surrounding area are protected within the {{convert|2390|sqkm|abbr=on}} [[Gangotri National Park]], the third largest national park in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Biggest National Parks in India |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-national-parks-in-india.html |website=World Atlas |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> The Gangotri National Park is home to several world-class treks, including [[Gangotri]] [[Gomukh]] Tapoban, [[Kedarnath Temple|Kerdarnath]] [[Vasuki tal]] trek. [[Har ki dun]] valley trek.

==Climbing history==

[[Bhagirathi Parbat I|Bhagirathi I]] was first climbed by a Japanese expedition team via its south-east ridge in 1980. They used around 2000 m rope for fixing and technical climbing. The second climb happened in 1983 by a British team led by [[Martin Moran (climber)|Martin Moran]] and his three friends John Mothersele, Charlie Heard and Kevin Flint via the west ridge. On 21 August, Martin Moran and Charlie Heard reached the summit around 4.30 pm; the next day on 22 August, Charlie Heard died from a fall while abseiling.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BHAGIRATHI I EXPEDITION, 1983 : Himalayan Journal vol.40/16|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/40/16/bhagirathi-i-expedition-1983/|website=www.himalayanclub.org|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

[[Bhagirathi Parbat II|Bhagirathi II]] was the first ascent by Austrians Edi Ellmauthaler and Toni Messner in 1933. The first Indian success on this peak came on 20 October 1966. Govinda Raj, Amar Ray, and two Sherpas, Karma and Gyalboo climbed to the summit after a ten-hour of a difficult climb. while coming back from a summit in a freak accident Amar Ray, and two Sherpas Karma and Gyalboo died while Govinda Raj got frostbite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHATURANGI EXPEDITION, 1966 : Himalayan Journal vol.27/17|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/27/17/chaturangi-expedition-1966/|website=www.himalayanclub.org|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

[[Bhagirathi Parbat III|Bhagirathi III]] was the first ascent by Britishers [[Colin Kirkus]] and Charles Warren reached the summit for the first time in 1933.<ref>Pallis, Marco (1939) ''Peaks and Lamas''. London: Cassell</ref> The first Indian success on this peak came on 20 October 1966. Janez Jeglic and [[Silvo Karo]] climbed the overhanging west face on 7 September 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BHAGIRATHI HI, WEST FACE : Himalayan Journal vol.47/12|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/47/12/bhagirathi-hi-west-face/|website=www.himalayanclub.org|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

First ascent of [[Bhagirathi Parbat IV|Bhagirathi IV]] In 2009 three Slovenians friend Rok Blagus, Luka Lindic, and [[Marko Prezelj]] climbed and descended west face of Bhagirathi IV in a single day first reported ascent of this peak.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trio of New Routes in Indian Himalaya|url=https://www.climbing.com/news/trio-of-new-routes-in-indian-himalaya/|last=MacDonald|first=Dougald|website=Climbing Magazine|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> in 1994 Matjaz Jamnik and [[Silvo Karo]] another Slovenians tried and reached up to 5500 meters in eleven attempts, but due to bad weather could not make it to the summit.

{{wide image|File:Bhagirathi peaks from Chirvasa IMG 1021 (cropped).jpg|900px|Bhagirathi Massif from Chirvasa. Left to right: [[Bhagirathi Parbat II|Bhagirathi II]]; [[Bhagirathi Parbat IV|Bhagirathi IV]]; [[Bhagirathi Parbat III|Bhagirathi III]] and [[Bhagirathi Parbat I|Bhagirathi I]].}}

==Etymology==
The mountain is named after [[Bhagiratha]], the legendary king of the Ikshvaku dynasty who brought the River Ganges, to Earth from the heavens. To commemorate his efforts, the mainstream that comes out of Gangotri Glacier snout "Gomukh" is called Bhagirathi, till it meets [[Alaknanda River]] at [[Devprayag]] where the name changes to Ganga.

==Geography==
The Bhagirathi massif contains four [[Topographic prominence|prominent]] peaks over {{convert|6193|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} elevation:
{| class="wikitable"
!Mountain
!Elevation
![[List of highest mountains on Earth|Rank]]
!Prominence
!Coordinate
|-
|[[Bhagirathi Parbat I|Bhagirathi I]]
|6,856 m (22,493 ft)
|393rd
|672 m
|{{coord|30|51|00|N|79|08|57|E|type:mountain}}
|-
|[[Bhagirathi Parbat II|Bhagirathi II]]
|6,512 m (21,365 ft)
|
|517 m
|{{coord|30|52|55|N|79|08|01|E|type:mountain}}
|-
|[[Bhagirathi Parbat III|Bhagirathi III]]
|6,454 m (21,175 ft)
|
|351 m
|{{coord|30|52|09|N|79|08|01|E|type:mountain}}
|-
|[[Bhagirathi Parbat IV|Bhagirathi IV]]
|6,193 m (20,317 ft)
|
|
|{{coord|30|52|35|N|79|07|59|E|type:mountain}}
|}

==Neighboring peaks==

Bhagirathi Massif neighboring peaks:
* '''[[Satopanth]]''', 7,075m (23,212 ft), {{coord|30|50|42|N|79|12|45|E|type:mountain}}
* '''[[Vasuki Parbat]]''', 6,792m (22,283 ft), {{coord|30|52|30|N|79|10|30|E|type:mountain}}
* '''[[Shivling (mountain)|Shivling]]''', 6,543 m (21467 ft), {{coord|30|52|49.48|N|79|03|48.49|E|type:mountain}}

==Glaciers and rivers==

The Gangotri Glacier on the west side and Vasuki Glacier on the east side northern side are surrounded by Chaturangi Glacier and southern side guarded by Swachhhand Glacier. From the snout of Gangotri Glacier emerges Bhagirathi river also called Ganga or Ganges after it meets Alaknanda at Devpryag.

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Bhagirath View From Bhojvasa.JPG|Bhagirathi Massif from Bhojwasa

File:Bhagirathi group of Himalaya peaks Uttarakhand India.jpg|Bhagirathi Massif

File:Mount Bhagirathi.jpg|Bhagirathi Massif

File:Bhagirathi peaks and Chirvasa IMG 1021.jpg|Bhagirathi Massif from Chirvasa

File:Bhagirathi II and III (L-R) WTK IMG 0614 150917.jpg|Bhagirathi II and III (L-R)

File:Bhagirathi I Peak WTK20150917-IMG 0605.jpg|Bhagirathi III

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Bhagiratha]]
* [[Gangotri National Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]

Sanskritisation (linguistics)

2025-12-16T14:26:49Z

HughStoate90988: adding data!

{{For|the sociological process in which lower-caste people imitate upper-caste customs|Sanskritisation (sociology)}}{{Short description|Sanskrit influence on other languages}}
[[File:Manipravala.JPG|thumb|314x314px|[[Manipravalam]], a heavily Sanskritised style of [[Tamil language|Tamil]], written in [[Tamil-Grantha script]].]]
'''Sanskritisation''' is the process of introducing features from [[Sanskrit]], such as [[vocabulary]] and [[grammar]], into other languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |date=1999 |title=Sanskrit for the Nation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/sanskrit-for-the-nation/53E89BD4A2BFA304D2CCD131BA5C1782 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=339–381 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X99003273 |s2cid=145240374 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is sometimes associated with the "[[Hinduisation]]" of a linguistic community.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Hindi/Urdu/Hindustani in the Metropolises: Visual (and Other) Impressions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |title=Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi |date=2014 |access-date=2023-10-29 |publisher=Peter Lang|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-03566-7/18 |isbn=9783631647745 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Punnoose, Reenu, and Muhammed Haneefa. "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4529992 Problematising Hindi as the'Self'and English as the'Other'.]" ''Economic & Political Weekly'' 53.7 (2018).</ref> Many languages throughout [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] were greatly influenced by Sanskrit (or its descendant languages, the [[Prakrit|Prakrits]] and modern-day [[Indo-Aryan languages]]) historically.<ref>Chakraborty, Shibashis. [https://www.academia.edu/45078705/_The_Role_of_Specific_Grammar_For_Interpretation_in_Sanskrit_ "The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit"]. ''Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 9 (2)'' (2021): 107-187.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burrow |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWDhKTj1SBYC&pg=PA62 |title=The Sanskrit Language |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1767-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |date=2010-01-01 |title=The spread of Sanskrit |url=https://www.academia.edu/46040987 |journal=From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday}}</ref>

Sanskritisation often stands in opposition to the [[Persianisation]] or [[Englishization|Englishisation]] of a language within South Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolton |first1=Kingsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yT33ebcOBkC&pg=PA290 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31507-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Calabrese |first1=Rita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naDWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=Variation and Change in Postcolonial Contexts |last2=Chambers |first2=J. K. |last3=Leitner |first3=Gerhard |date=2015-10-13 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8493-8 |language=en}}</ref> as occurs with the [[Hindustani language]], which in its Sanskritised, Persianised, and English-influenced registers becomes [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[Hinglish]]/[[Urdish]] respectively.<ref name="Coleman2014">{{cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Julie |title=Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93476-9 |page=130 |language=en |quote=Within India, however, other regional forms exist, all denoting a mixing of English with indigenous languages. ''Bonglish'' (derived from the slang term ''Bong'' 'a Bengali') or ''Benglish'' refers to 'a mixture of Bengali and English', ''Gunglish'' or ''Gujlish'' 'Gujarati + English', ''Kanglish'' 'Kannada + English', ''Manglish'' 'Malayalam + English', ''Marlish'' 'Marathi + English', ''Tamlish'' or ''Tanglish'' 'Tamil + English' and ''Urdish'' 'Urdu + English'. These terms are found in texts on regional variations of Indian English, usually in complaint-tradition discussions of failing standards of language purity.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tull |first=Herman |date=2011 |title=Language in South Asia. Edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and S. N. Sridhar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xxiv, 608 pp. $120.99 (cloth); $50.00 (paper). |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181000361X |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=279–280 |doi=10.1017/s002191181000361x |s2cid=163424137 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Yamuna |date=2006 |title=Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00461.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |date=1994 |title=Englishization and contact linguistics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Support for Sanskritisation in South Asia runs highest among [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalists]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=Joshua A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |title=Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity |last2=García |first2=Ofelia |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539245-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Sanskritisation of the names of people and places is also commonplace in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staal |first=J. F. |date=1963 |title=Sanskrit and Sanskritization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050186 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=261–275 |doi=10.2307/2050186 |jstor=2050186 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=A.M. |date=2005 |title=Sanskritisation Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620499 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=238–249 |jstor=23620499 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kapur |first=Anu |title=Sanskritization of place names |date=2019 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429057687-4/sanskritization-place-names-anu-kapur |work=Mapping Place Names of India |pages=78–87 |access-date=2023-10-30 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9780429057687-4 |isbn=978-0-429-05768-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancient era ===
{{Excerpt|Sanskrit#Influence on other languages}}

=== Modern era ===
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindi#Sanskrit}}
During the medieval era, the Indian languages had taken in a lot of Perso-Arabic influences as a result of Muslim invasions, particularly in the [[Northwestern South Asia|northwestern subcontinent]];<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Braj B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA103 |title=Language in South Asia |last2=Kachru |first2=Yamuna |last3=Sridhar |first3=S. N. |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |language=en}}</ref> colonial-era education policies, [[religious nationalism]], and the influence of some of the more Sanskritised Indian languages played a role in Hindus and Muslims increasingly separating in terms of their linguistic influences,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C&pg=PA101 |title=A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition: Hindi-Hindustani Grammar, Grammarrians, History and Problems |date=1987 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-07924-3 |language=en}}</ref> with Hindus tending towards the usage of Sanskrit words and the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] [[Devanagari]] script for writing [[Hindi]] & Muslims opting for a more [[Perso-Arabic literature|Perso-Arabic]] vocabulary & [[Nastaliq]] [[Arabic script]] for writing [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rai |first=Alok |date=1995 |title=Making a Difference: Hindi, 1880-1930 |url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11901 |journal=Annual of Urdu Studies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">Ganpat Teli, M.Phil. [https://www.academia.edu/8054389/Revisiting_the_Making_of_Hindi_as_a_National_Language "Revisiting the Making of Hindi as a ‘National’ Language"], M.Phil.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |title=Standardisation of Hindi and Bengali |date=1978 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/253130 |access-date=2023-10-29 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |language=en}}</ref>

Since the 1947 [[Partition of India]], the Indian government, which at one point considered making Sanskrit the national language, instead has sought to further Sanskritise Hindi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ludden |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA100 |title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1585-4 |language=en}}</ref> considering it to be easier for Indians to learn,<ref>McCartney, Patrick. [https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit "The sanitising power of spoken Sanskrit"]. ''Himāl South Asian'' (2014).</ref> and as a way of distancing Hindi from the Urdu spoken in the newly formed country of Pakistan (though Urdu continues to have official status in several Indian states, such as [[Uttar Pradesh]]).<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book |last1=Benedikter |first1=Thomas |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |date=2009 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nijhawan |first=Shobna |date=2018-07-03 |title=Defining the Indefinable: Delimiting Hindi |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2018.1489763 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=702–704 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2018.1489763 |s2cid=149573096 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sanskrit has been used to form [[Sanskritism|new words]] to describe modern concepts and technologies in several South Asian languages by forming [[Calque|calques]] based on English words.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hock |first=Hans Henrich |date=1992 |title=A note on English and modern Sanskrit |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2–3 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Souza |first=Jean |date=1987 |title=English in India's language modernization |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=63–70 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition, Sanskrit words that have been nativised into other languages have been mixed with words from other language families, such as the [[Dravidian languages]], to form new words.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Crowd-sourced Technical Texts can help Revitalise Indian Languages |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325847040 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref>

Cultural debates have emerged over how much Sanskrit should appear in Hindi and how acceptable Persian and English influences should be,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's War on Urdu |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/indias-war-on-urdu/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Yamuna Kachru. [https://www.academia.edu/7145522/Convergence_and_Syntactic_Reanalysis_The_case_of_so_in_Dakkhini#page=165 "Corpus planning for modernization: Sanskritization and Englishization of Hindi"]. ''Studies in the Linguistic Sciences'', Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 1989, pages 153-164</ref> with [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] favouring Sanskritised Hindi,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sau |first=Ranjit |date=1999 |title=From Sanskritisation to Hindi-Isation and Hindu-Isation: The 13th Lok Sabha |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408522 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=42/43 |pages=2979–2983 |jstor=4408522 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> opposing Urdu in part because of its association with [[Islam in India|Islam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=The curious case of Urdu |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/the-curious-case-of-urdu/article38492210.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> and some [[Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema|boycotting]] the Hindi-language [[Bollywood]] film industry for featuring too much Urdu and English vocabulary in its movies.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The siege of Bollywood |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== De-Sanskritisation ==
{{Excerpt|De-Sanskritisation|Linguistics|subsections=yes}}

== See also ==

* [[Sanskrit revival]]
* [[Sanskritism]]
* [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)]]
* [[Linguistic purism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|last=Oberlies|first=Thomas|title=A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin New York|year=2003|isbn=978-3-11-014448-2}}
*{{cite journal|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|s2cid=35550166|title=The Death of Sanskrit|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=43|issue=2|year=2001|pages=392–426|jstor=2696659}}
{{Sanskrit language topics}}{{Linguistic influence}}
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Linguistic influence]]

Golleti

2025-12-14T07:14:36Z

HughStoate90988: put up - done

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{use Indian English|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goleti
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.071556|N|79.491173|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Adilabad District|Adilabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_ADILABAD.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=10 June 2016|pages=13, 30|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418062417/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_ADILABAD.pdf#|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 13.28
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5133
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 504292
| registration_plate = TS
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu|Gond|Marati]]
}}
'''Goleti''' is a [[census town]] located near to Rebbana [[mandal]] in [[Adilabad district|Adilabad District]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ubdmis.telangana.gov.in/signedTot.do?pstcode=35&distCode=119&style=bluetheme |title=Birth & Death Total Signed Records for the Local Bodies in ADILABAD District as on 17/10/2018 |website=ubdmis.telangana.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Telangana]], UNIFIED BIRTH & DEATH REGISTRATION-MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161728/http://ubdmis.telangana.gov.in/signedTot.do?pstcode=35&distCode=119&style=bluetheme# |archive-date=18 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://twsis.cgg.gov.in/ReportQuery.do?type=8&schoolid=1343 |title=Students Registered in School: GOVT TW ASHRAM UPPER PRIMARY SCHOOL GOLETI |website=twsis.cgg.gov.in |publisher=Andhra Pradesh ST eGov Portal:School Information System, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161858/http://twsis.cgg.gov.in/ReportQuery.do?type=8&schoolid=1343# |archive-date=18 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web |url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/ListOfHabitationsStatewise.aspx?Blockid=ZvE6T%2B7e04lcqTL0sxKlww%3D%3D&StateName=Yfxke6InwdaGZ2Ubja5Ghw%3D%3D&Stateid=%2Bkkyqd2im4s%3D&FinYear=&Condition=C1vk7hCvBn4%3D&DistrictName=lHENVeBtmg9WgA7J9zFMqw%3D%3D&DistrictId=kljZ9tZnvAw%3D |title=List of Total Habitations with 100% Population Coverage |website=indiawater.gov.in |publisher=Integrated Management Information System (IMIS): Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (Govt. of India) |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110161210/http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/ListOfHabitationsStatewise.aspx?Blockid=ZvE6T%2B7e04lcqTL0sxKlww%3D%3D&StateName=Yfxke6InwdaGZ2Ubja5Ghw%3D%3D&Stateid=%2Bkkyqd2im4s%3D&FinYear=&Condition=C1vk7hCvBn4%3D&DistrictName=lHENVeBtmg9WgA7J9zFMqw%3D%3D&DistrictId=kljZ9tZnvAw%3D |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://trainingonline.gov.in/integrated-reporting/navigateReportPage.htm?sparam=28&lang=1&lbCode=5027 |title=About REBBENA Mandal Panchayat |website=trainingonline.gov.in |publisher=Govt. of Andhra Pradesh: Training Online |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201549/http://trainingonline.gov.in/integrated-reporting/navigateReportPage.htm?sparam=28&lang=1&lbCode=5027# |archive-date=18 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

[[Category:Census towns in Adilabad district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Adilabad district]]

{{Adilabad-geo-stub}}{{Adilabad district}}

Vallimalai

2025-11-18T06:26:09Z

HughStoate90988: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date= September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date= September 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Vallimalai
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline = File:Subramanya Temple.JPG
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Subramanya Temple, Vallimalai
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Vallimalai, [[Vellore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|13.0725|N|79.2712|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vallimalai&params=13.0725_N_79.2712_E_type:city_region:IN]
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Vellore district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 268
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 632520
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +914172xxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vellore]], [[Katpadi]], [[Ponnai]], [[Ammoor]], [[Ranipet]], [[Walajapet]] and [[Thiruvalam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Municipal body
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = P. Kumaravel Pandian, [[Indian Administrative Service|I. A. S.]]
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[Durai Murugan]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

[[File:Jain Sculptures, Jain Cave, Vallimalai.jpg|thumb|[[Jain]] [[tirthankar]]s in Cave]]

'''Vallimalai''' is a village in [[Katpadi taluk]] ( Vellore North Taluk ) of [[Vellore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located {{convert|30|km}} from [[Vellore]] City and it is near [[Ponnai]]. It is known for Subramaniyar temple, a [[Hindu]] temple for [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=178 | title=Sri Subramanyaswami temple | publisher=[[Dinamalar]] | access-date=25 March 2014 | archive-date=25 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325083019/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=178 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷimalai}} is the place where {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}}, the daughter of Lord [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] was born (according to legends, via the sweat drop from Lakshmi that fell on the grass at this place, and later on consumed by a female deer, thereafter {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} was born to the Deer). Raised up by the Chief of the tribe, {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} grew up to be a beautiful damsel. Narada muni recounted about {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} to {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Murugan}} thereafter {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Murugaṉ}} went to woo the damsel {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}}. After several vain attempts and finally with Lord [[Ganesha]]'s help, {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} and {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Murugaṉ}} are united. They elope from
{{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷimalai}} and get married, settle down at Thanigai ([[Thiruthani Murugan Temple|Thirutthani]]).

There is another place by name [[Vellimalai]], near [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Nagercoil]] bordering with [[Kerala]] State, which subscribes to the same story, where in Valli was born to marry with Murugan in a [[love marriage]].

{{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷimalai}} is a dear place to {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} and thus {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}}, {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Murugaṉ}} and [[Devayanai|Deyvaanai]] ({{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Teyvāṉai}}; {{langx|ta|தெய்வானை}}; <big>{{IPA|ta|d̪ejʋaːnaɪ̯|}}</big>) live eternally at this place. There is the [[Thiruppugazh]] aashramam atop {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷimalai}}, where the tradition of {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} lives on. During the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava dynasty's]] regime, they built the Subramaniyar temple, a rock cut temple dedicated to {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Murugaṉ}}.<ref name="Ramaswamy2007">{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&pg=PA298|date=22 May 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6445-0|pages=298–}}</ref> The temple is one of the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Chennai circle|monuments of national importance]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp | title=List of Monuments — Tamil Nadu | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

Another legend about how {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}} came to the {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷimalai}} involves lord [[Vishnu]]. In the foot of hill {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷimalai}} is the Sri Thenvenkatachalapathy temple, where Vishnu's [[Murti|moorthy]] looks like a saint. According to history when Vishnu was in deep meditation, [[Lakshmi]] came in the form of a deer and she plays in front of him. At that time Vishnu's meditation was disturbed and he saw that deer. Due to his holy glory a beautiful daughter was born. Both of them left their daughter for the sake of their devotee king. After that, the king found this infant in a [[Cassava|Vaḷḷikiḻaṅku]] field so, she was called {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Vaḷḷi}}.
In <ref>Sri Then Venkatachalapathy temple</ref> the temple, there is an idol which is Swayambu [[Murti|murthi]]. There is a belief that childless devotees will get children after praying in this temple.

== Vallimalai Jain caves ==
{{Main|Vallimalai Jain caves}}
[[Western Ganga dynasty]] king Raja Mallan-I [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|carved caves]] for [[Jain]] monks who lived here to spread their [[Jainism|religion]] in [[Tamilakam]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rockcut-beds-discovered-at-village-in-tiruvannamalai/article1883868.ece | title=Rock-cut beds discovered at village in Tiruvannamalai | work=The Hindu | date=2 August 2007 | access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vallimalai&params=13.0725_N_79.2712_E_type:city_region:IN GeoHack - Vallimalai]

{{Vellore district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vellore district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

{{Vellore-geo-stub}}

Shiv Dayal Singh

2025-11-11T00:20:07Z

HughStoate90988: updated references additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Founder and First Sant Satguru of Radha Soami Faith}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Shiv Dayal Singh
| image = Shiv Dayal Singh Ji.jpg
| alias = Param Purush Puran Dhani Huzur Soami Ji Maharaj (honorific used by devotees)
| religion = [[Radha Soami]], [[Sant Mat]]
| children = None
| sect = Sant Tradition of [[North India]]
| title = Sant Sat Guru
| Period = 1861-1878
| Successor = [[Salig Ram]]
| birth_date = 25 August 1818
| birth_place = Panni Gali, Agra, [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces|Ceded Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1878|6|15|df=y|1818|8|25}}
| death_place = Panni Gali, Agra, [[North-Western Provinces]], British India
| spouse = Naraini Devi
| profession = Founder and first spiritual leader of [[Radha Soami]] [[Sant Mat]]
| relatives =
| influences = [[Tulsi Sahib]]
| influenced = [[Salig Ram]], [[Jaimal Singh]], [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]]
}}

'''Shiv Dayal Singh''' (25 August 1818 – 15 June 1878), known by the honorific "Param Purush Puran Dhani Huzur Soami Ji Maharaj" by his disciples and devotees, was an Indian spiritual guru and founder of [[Radha Soami]], a 19th-century spiritual sect.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC| year=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01092-7|pages=15–19, 38–42 with footnotes}}</ref>
[[File:SethShivDayalSingh.jpg|thumb|230px]]

==Early life==
The parents of Shiv Dayal Singh were residents of Punjab, but moved to [[Agra]] before his birth at the behest of the colonial British government who had set up a major military center there and relied heavily on Sikhs from the Punjab region to staff the base.<ref name=mj15>{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC| year=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01092-7|pages=15–16 with footnotes}}</ref> At the age of five, Shiv Dayal Singh was sent to school where he learnt [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Gurumukhi]], [[Arabic]] and [[Sanskrit]]. His father, Seth Dilwali Singh was a Sahejdhari Khatri. His mother's name was Mata Maha Maya.<ref>''Jivan Charitar Hazur Maharaj'' by Ajodhyā Parshād, p. 36.</ref><ref>''Jivan Charitar Soāmiji Mahārāj'' by Partap Singh Seth, p. 6.</ref> He had two brothers named Seth Partap Singh (alias Chachaji Saheb) and Seth Rai Bindraban. His marriage to Mata Naraini Devi (later called "Radha Ji" by followers and devotees), daughter of Lala Izzat Rai of [[Faridabad]] was arranged at an early age. He had no children. His family were devout Vaishnavite Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Shiva Dayal Saheb {{!}} Indian Philosopher, Spiritual Teacher, Guru {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shiva-Dayal-Saheb |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> During Shiv Dayal Singh's childhood, the family also sought the spiritual tutelage of as a living guru from [[Tulsi Sahib]].<ref name="Juergensmeyer1991p16">{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title=Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC|year=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01092-7|pages=16–17 with footnotes}}</ref> But, he didn't take initiation from him. Shiv Dayal Singh acquired no spiritual guru in his life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh Seth |first1=Lala Pratap |title=Biography Of Soamiji Maharaj: Sant Radhasoami Sahib, Seth Shiv Dayal Singh |publisher=Radhasoami |page=23 |url=https://archive.org/details/BiographyOfSoamijiMaharajRadhasoamiShivDayalSingh/page/n23 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

==Adulthood==
After Shiv Dayal Singh completed his education, he became a Persian language translator to a government officer.<ref name="Juergensmeyer1991p16"/> He left the job and became a teacher of Persian language. Once his brother gained an employment at Indian post office, he left his Persian language job, and joined his father's moneylending business. He spent increasing amount of his time, to religious pursuits. He began giving spiritual discourses based on the scriptures of [[Sikhism]] and writings of Tulsi Sahib of Hathras.<ref name="Juergensmeyer1991p16"/>

==Practice==
After the death of Sant Tulsi Saheb in 1843, Shiv Dayal Singh practised [[Surat Shabd Yoga]] for 17 years in almost total seclusion in a room within a room.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sār bachan : an abstract of the teachings of Swamiji Maharaj, the founder of the Radha Swami system of philosophy and spiritual science, the yoga of the sound current |date=1978 |publisher=Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, Beas : Radha Soami Satsang Beas |page=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/srbachanabstract0000soam/page/2 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> He started holding [[Satsang]] (spiritual discourse) publicly on [[Vasant Panchami]] (a spring festival) in 1861, and continued for 17 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prui |first1=Lekh Raj |title=Radha Swami teachings : as given in Swami ji's book 'Sar bachan' poetry |date=1972 |publisher=Beas, India : Radha Soami Satsang |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/radhaswamiteachi0000prui/page/7 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> Thus Basant Panchami is a very special day for the followers of the Radhasoami Faith.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lavania |first1=Deepak |date=21 January 2018 |title=Basant day: Festivity grips Dayalbagh: 20,000 to attend Basant Day celebrations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/festivity-grips-dayalbagh-20000-to-attend-basant-day-celebrations/articleshow/62595234.cms |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Teachings==
Shiv Dayal Singh originally referred to the Supreme Being with the names "Sat Nām" (True Name) and "Anāmi" (Nameless). The term Rādhāsoāmi was used after [[Salig Ram]] became a disciple.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sār Vachan Chhand Band |page=4 |ref=Vachan 14}}</ref> On the request of Salig Ram, Singh declared Satsang open on the dat of [[Basant Panchami]] in 1861.<ref>[http://elearn.mtsac.edu/dlane/rs1.html The Radhasoami Tradition by David C. Lane. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, 1992.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517171315/http://elearn.mtsac.edu/dlane/rs1.html |date=17 May 2011 }}</ref> The spiritual practice taught by Shiv Dayal Singh is called as Surat Shabd Yoga by his followers. He used to consider Sat Nām, Sār Nām, Sār Shabad, Sat Purush and Sat Lok the same thing, which he would call formless.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sār Bachan Nasar Yāni Vārtik}}</ref> Shiv Dayal Singh also used to smoke ''[[Huqqa]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maheshwari |first1=B. D. |title=Biography Of Radhaji Maharaj |date=29 August 1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/BiographyOfRadhajiMaharaj/page/n47 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> and asked his disciples to prepare it for a guru as a service.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Dayal |title=Sar Bachan |url=https://archive.org/details/SarBachan/page/n243 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>[[File:Dayal-bagh-12.JPG|thumb|Soami Bagh - Shiv Dayal Singh's Samadh]]
[[File:Soami Bagh in Agra - June 2001 rs1.jpg|thumb|Soami Bagh in 2001]]

His ''bani'' (poetical compositions) and sayings from satsang were published in two books after he died. Both are called ''Sar Bachan'' or ''Sar Vachan'' (meaning 'conclusive utterances'):<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radhasoamisatsang.org/sm/sm_detail.htm |title=Radhasoamisatsang.org: Books by Swami ji Maharaj |access-date=9 September 2008 |archive-date=17 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217102553/http://www.radhasoamisatsang.org/sm/sm_detail.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.radhaswamidinod.org/lineage.htm Radhaswamidinod.org: Books by Swami ji Maharaj] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008112319/http://www.radhaswamidinod.org/lineage.htm |date=8 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>"I have a book in my collection called the Sar Bachan written by Sardar Seva Singh, which is the teachings of the Sound Current, and acts as practically my Bible!" —[[Paul Twitchell]] in a letter to future wife Gail, 8 July 1963; in Paul Twitchell, ''Letters to Gail'', volume II, Menlo Park: [[ECKANKAR]], 1977, page 149. ("Sardar" Seva Singh was the [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] translator of the ''Sar Bachan'' into English.)</ref>
* Sar Vachan Vartik (Sar Bachan in prose)
* Sar Vachan Chhand Band (Sar Bachan in verse)
Sar Vachan Vartik is in two parts: part one being an introduction written by [[Salig Ram]] and part two compiled of notes taken from the discourses of Shiv Dayal Singh, which he delivered in satsang up to 1878. They cover important teachings of the faith.
His poems in Sar Vachan Chhand Band are replete with emotional appeal - a blending of popular poetic expressions from different languages of north India such as, Khari-Boli, [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], Brijbhasha, [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Gurumukhi]].

== Soami Bagh and Dayal Bagh ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
The locality called "Soami Bagh" ("Soami Ji's Garden"), the former home of Shiv Dayal Singh and the present location of his tomb-shrine, is currently owned by the Radha Soami Satsang Agra branch, and controlled by the twin organisations known as the Radhasoami Satsang Central Administrative Council and the Radhasoami Trust (called "the Council and the Trust" for short). Its across-the-street neighbour "[[Dayalbagh]]" ("Garden of the Merciful") is owned and controlled by the organisation [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh]]. Dayal Bagh and its founder-guru [[Anand Swarup]], Kt. were broadcast to the Western public by [[Paul Brunton]] in his famed ''A Search in Secret India''. Sir Anand Swarup received a knighthood for the massive social construction work performed at Dayal Bagh. The two organisations, Council/Trust and Dayalbagh, are both existent and functioning. The major dispute between the two groups is due to two divergent views: The members of Council/Trust claim that Council/Trust is the "parent stock" of Radhasoami faith.
The members of Dayalbagh Sabha want access to the tomb-shrine of Shiv Dayal Singh. The tomb-shrine (called ‘Samadh’), was built over 100 years by efforts of the Council/Trust. Soami Bagh Council/Trust allows all satsangis and tourists to visit Samadh, but does not allow religious processions in the Holy Samadh from anyone outside the Council/Trust.
In this light, Dayalbagh Sabha organised "SPIRICON 2010", a conference of various organisations who revere Shiv Dayal Singh (boycotted by Council/Trust), to promote mutual respect and to petition access to the tomb-shrine of Shiv Dayal Singh.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==See also==

* [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
* [[Maharaj Sahab]]
* [[Kamta Prasad Sinha]]
* [[Gurcharan Das Mehta]]
* [[Makund Behari Lal]]
* [[Prem Saran Satsangi]]{{-}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.radhasoamisatsang.org
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080410220324/http://www.radhaswamidinod.org/faith.htm
* http://www.aors-dbbs.org/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210185045/http://www.aors-dbbs.org/index.html |date=10 February 2012 }}
* http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/movements/radhasoamis/The%20radhasoamis.htm
* https://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/chakras/chakras-SantMat.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080509170243/http://www.seekersway.org/seekers_guide/radhasoami_1_g.html
* http://www.radhasoami-faith.info/Books_Frame.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210185045/http://www.radhasoami-faith.info/Books_Frame.shtml |date=10 February 2012 }}
* [http://www.rssb.org/ Radha Soami Satsang Beas]
* [https://www.scienceofthesoul.org/ Science of the Soul]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050911034118/http://www.santmat-meditation.net/guru/chart.html Sant Mat - Surat Shabd Yoga: Contemporary Guru Lines & Branches]
* http://radhasoamidayal.net/GuruIntro.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011015448/http://radhasoamidayal.net/GuruIntro.html |date=11 October 2017 }}
* http://eacharya.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya-documents/548158e2e41301125fd790cf_INFIEP_72/110/ET/72-110-ET-V1-S1{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Sant Mat}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiv Dayal Singh}}
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:People considered avatars by their followers]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]

Death and state funeral of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

2025-11-01T07:48:24Z

HughStoate90988: done - done

{{Short description|1977 funeral in India}}
[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], the fifth [[President of India]], died in office of heart failure on 11 February 1977, aged 71.

==Background and death==
On 6 February 1977, Ahmed left India for state visits to [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Burma]]. On 6 February, he arrived in [[Kuala Lumpur]], but after two days of engagements felt fatigued and was examined by his physician, following which he cancelled his engagements and the remainder of the trip.<ref name="data_India">{{cite book|pages=83|title=Data India 1977 (6)|first= |last=|publisher=Government of India|year=1977|ISBN=|subject=}}</ref> He returned to Delhi on 10 February, and the following morning at 6:00 suffered a heart attack in his bathroom at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], being declared dead at 8:52.<ref name="data_India"/>

==Funeral==
Ahmed's body lay in state at Rashtrapati Bhavan until 10:00 on 13 February, after which it was taken to the Mughal Gardens adjoining the presidential residence for the ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]''. After the prayer, Ahmed's body returned to Rashtrapati Bhavan until 14:15 when it was placed on a ceremonial gun carriage and taken in procession to the gravesite at the Jama Masjid.<ref name="funeral_arrangements">{{cite web|title=Arrangements for President's Funeral on Sunday: New Delhi Jama Masjid Final Resting Place|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1977-FEB-RASPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1977-02-12_042.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=12 February 1977|accessdate=10 July 2020|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711005550/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1977-FEB-RASPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1977-02-12_042.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The funeral procession of vehicles, including acting President [[B. D. Jatti]], Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], military units and foreign dignitaries, moved along Rajpath, Janpath, Connaught Place and Parliament Street before reaching Patel Chowk, with large numbers of mourners watching.<ref name="data_India"/> From Patel Chowk, the procession continued along Ashoka Marg, Pt. Pant Marg and Talkatora Marg to the Parliament House complex. There, the acting President and the principal mourners left their vehicles to walk with the gun carriage past Transport Bhavan to the burial site.<ref name="funeral_arrangements"/>

Carried by military pallbearers and accompanied by the three armed service chiefs,<ref name="funeral_arrangements"/> Ahmed's body was carried to its gravesite and lowered into the grave with full state honours at around 16:30, accompanied by the ''Fatiha''.<ref name="data_India"/> The principal mourners and representatives of Islamic nations joined in throwing earth onto Ahmed's coffin as it was lowered into the grave.<ref name="funeral_arrangements"/> The funeral service concluded at 17:15, after a 21-gun salute was fired and the Last Post and Rouse were sounded.<ref name="funeral_arrangements"/><ref name="data_India"/>

==Dignitaries==
26 countries sent representatives to Ahmed's state funeral:<ref name="delegations">{{cite web|title=Arrivals of Special Delegations|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EXTERNAL%20AFFAIRS/1977-JAN-APRI-PART-1-EXTERNAL-AFFAIRS/EXT-1977-02-13_083.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=13 February 1977|accessdate=10 July 2020|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713062415/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EXTERNAL%20AFFAIRS/1977-JAN-APRI-PART-1-EXTERNAL-AFFAIRS/EXT-1977-02-13_083.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Governmental representatives===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Dignitary
|-
| {{flag|Kingdom of Nepal|1977|name=Nepal}} || [[Tulsi Giri]] (Prime Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Uzbek SSR}}/{{flag|Soviet Union}} || [[:ru:Матчанов, Назар Маткаримович|Nazar Matkarimovich Matchonov]] (Chairman of the Presidium of the [[Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Soviet Union}} || [[:ru:Георгадзе, Михаил Порфирьевич|Mikhail Porfir'yevich Georgadze]] (Secretary of the Presidium of the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]])<ref name="delegations"/> [[Nikolay Firyubin]] (Deputy Foreign Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[T. B. Ilangaratne]] (Minister of Trade, Public Administration and Home Affairs)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Republic of Afghanistan|1977|name=Afghanistan}} || Muhammad Naim (Special Envoy)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}} || Phan Hien (Deputy Foreign Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|State of Bahrain|1972|name=Bahrain}} || Walid al-Dekhi Dir (Deputy Prime Minister's Office)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Bhutan}} || Princess Sonam Chhoden Wangchuck<ref name="delegations"/> Lyonpo Chhogyal (Finance Minister of Bhutan)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}} || [[Habibullah Khan Marwat]] ([[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Japan|1870}} || M. Okuda (Deputy Parliamentary Minister of Foreign Affairs)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}} || [[Mohamed Yaacob]] (Minister of Public Enterprises)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[M. A. Rashid]] (Minister of Public Works and Urban Development)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|1977|name=Burma}} || U Hla Pona (Foreign Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|East Germany}} || [[Horst Sindermann]] (President of the People's Chamber)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || [[Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones]] ([[Lord Chancellor|Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Pahlavi dynasty|1964|name=Iran}} || [[Jafar Sharif-Emami]] (President of the [[Senate of Iran]])<ref name="delegations"/> [[Abbas Ali Khalatbari]] ([[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|South Korea|1949}} || [[Pak Tongjin]] (Foreign Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Yugoslavia}} || [[Cvijetin Mijatović]] (Member of the [[Presidency of Yugoslavia]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1977|name=Bulgaria}} || [[Petur Tanchev]] ([[List of First Deputy Chairmen of the State Council of Bulgaria|First Deputy Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || [[Adolph Dubs]] (Deputy Assistant Secretary of State)<ref name="delegations"/> [[Charles H. Percy]] (Senator from [[Illinois]])<ref name="delegations"/> [[John Joseph Cavanaugh III]] (Congressman from the [[Nebraska's 2nd congressional district|2nd Congressional District of Nebraska]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|1977|name=Czechoslovakia}} || [[:cs:Karol Laco|Karol Laco]] (Deputy Prime Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Egypt|1972}} || Aby Baker Ridwan (Deputy Prime Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Hungarian People's Republic|1977|name=Hungary}} || Gabor Borbely (Member, Presidential Council)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania|1977|name=Romania}} || [[:ro:Ștefan Péterfi|Ștefan Péterfi]] (Vice President of the [[State Council of Romania]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Ba'athist Syria|1972|name=Syria}} || Jamil Shayya (Deputy Prime Minister)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Oman|1970}} || [[Qais al-Zawawi]] (Minister of State, Foreign Affairs)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}} || [[Adam Malik]] (Minister of Foreign Affairs)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
|}

===Personal representatives===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Flag
! Dignitary
|-
| [[File:Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Michael_of_Kent.svg|Flag of Prince Michael|60px]] || [[Prince Michael of Kent]] (representing Queen [[Elizabeth II]])<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || [[Lillian Carter]] (mother of President [[Jimmy Carter]])<ref name="delegations"/> James Earl "Chip" Carter (second son of President Jimmy Carter)<ref name="delegations"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Fakhruddin Ali}}
[[Category:1977 in India|Death and state funeral of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ]]
[[Category:State funerals in India]]
[[Category:Deaths and funerals of politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:State funerals]]

Hospattan

2025-10-09T16:30:57Z

HughStoate90988: creating new details!

{{Short description|Village in Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, India}}
{{moresources|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hospattan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.24|N|74.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Honnavar taluk|Honnavar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2529
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA-47
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hospattan''' officially known as '''Hosapatna''' is a village near the bank of the river [[Sharavati]] in [[Honnavar taluk]] in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]]. Once the capital of [[Nawayath Sultanate]] and the former settlement of [[Nawayath]] community.

== History ==
In 1342, it was visited by the Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]], where he spoke about their social, economic, religious, cultural, and administrative factors. He describes the Sultan Jamaluddin as one of the best and most powerful rulers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Battuta |first1=Ibn |editor1-last=Husain |editor1-first=Mahdi |title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta |date=1976 |publisher=Oriental Institute Baroda |pages=177–181 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheRehlaOfIbnBattuta/page/n270/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> According to Victor D'Souza, this location is strewn with debris, featuring piles of stones in multiple areas, along with the remnants of a mosque foundation that includes a [[minaret]] approximately 20 feet tall, characterized by a rounded design and internal stairs. Leading to the mosque area, there are spacious passages. The several heaps of rubble collected at various places would testify to the existence of a large number of houses.<ref name="Victor" />

In 1427, Timmanna-Odeya, the governor of the Vijayanagar Empire, was operating from his headquarters in [[Honnavar]]. Following a dispute with the Hanjamana (corrupted word of 'Anjuman' also known as 'Jamaat') chief, who faced harassment from the governor, Ummaramarakala (Umar [[Marakkar]]), the Hanjamana chief sought help from Sangiraya Odeya of Nagire after relocating to [[Kasarkod]]. Meanwhile, Timmanna-Odeya launched a treacherous assault on Kasarkod and treated the women of the [[Nawayath|Hanjamana]] community harshly. They were saved by Kotishvaranayaka, the minister of Sangiraya Odeya who bravely fought against the governor. The Hanjamana (or Nawayath) community were transported to safety using ferries.<ref name="Victor">{{cite book |last1=D'Souza |first1=Victor |title=The Navayats Of Kanara |date=1955 |publisher=Kannada Research Institute Dharwad |pages=40–48 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507633/page/n1/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The village has a population of 2,529, of which 1,321 are males and 1,208 are females, as per the [[Census 2011 India|Population Census 2011]]. And has a higher literacy rate compared to Karnataka. In 2011, the literacy rate of Hospattan village was 86.24%, compared to 75.36% of Karnataka, the Male literacy stands at 92.46 % while female literacy rate was 79.41 %.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hosapatna Village Population - Honavar - Uttara Kannada, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/603749-hosapatna-karnataka.html |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Uttara Kannada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district]]

Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn

2025-09-30T02:57:00Z

HughStoate90988:

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dwarkadheesh-Serial.jpg
| genre = [[Mythology]] [[Drama]]
| creator = Sagar Pictures
| director = [[Bhushan Patel]] Mukesh Singh
| producer = Moti Sagar Meenakshi Sagar
| creative_director = Amrit Sagar Chopra Akash Sagar Chopra
| writer = Kamal Pandey Raghuvir Shekhawat
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| composer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Sunny Bawra]], [[Inder Bawra]]
| cinematography = Deepak Malwankar
| editor =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 204
| runtime = 20 Minutes
| company = Sagar Pictures
| network = [[Imagine TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|7|4|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|5|11|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwaan Shree Krishn - Sarvkala Sampann]]''
}}
'''Dwarkadheesh Bhagwaan Shree Krishna''' is an Indian television [[mythological]] series. It first aired on 4 July 2011 on [[Imagine TV]] and was stopped midway with the shutdown of Imagine TV in May 2012. The series intended to show Krishna as a valiant lover; a master strategist; and an ideal brother, father, son, and king. [[Ravindra Jain]] composed the title song (sung by [[Anup Jalota]]) and the music for the initial episodes. Afterwards, the composer was replaced by music director-duo [[Sunny Bawra]] and [[Inder Bawra]] (Bawra Bros). The serial was produced by [[Sagar Films]] and had a re-run during the pandemic in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-karwal-my-producer-asked-me-to-refer-to-br-chopras-mahabharat-before-playing-lord-krishna/articleshow/75736539.cms#_ga=2.6494646.507519780.1663935445-1229050129.1606938442|title=Vishal Karwal: My producer asked me to refer to BR Chopra's 'Mahabharat' before playing Lord Krishna|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series focused on [[Krishna]]'s adventures as the king of [[Mathura]] and on his relationships with his elder brother [[Balram]], sister-in-law [[Revati]], and wife-to-be [[Rukmini]].

The series followed Krishna's life after he killed his evil uncle, demon-king [[Kamsa]], and became king of [[Dwarka]]. It begins with Krishna engaging in battle with the wicked [[Kalayavana]], an ally of king [[Jarasandh]] of Magadh, who has already lost 16 battles against king Krishna.

==Cast==
* [[Vishal Karwal]] as [[Krishna]] (incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]])
* Hemant Chaddha as [[Balram]]
* Gauri Singh as [[Revati]]
* [[Priya Bathija]] / Payal Shrivastav as [[Rukmini]] (incarnation of Goddess [[Lakshmi]])
* [[Gautam Sharma]] as [[Arjuna|Arjun]]
* [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]] as Devki (Krishna's mother)
* [[Puneet Issar]] as [[Jarasandh]] of Magadh
* Ram Awana as [[Paundraka Vasudeva]]
* [[Nikitin Dheer]] as [[Kalayavana]]
* Karan Khanna as [[Shishupala]] of Chedi (final demon incarnation of Jai, gatekeeper of [[Vaikunth]])
* Arun Singh as Jwala
* Urvashi Pardeshi as [[Satyabhama]]
* Rashmi Singh as [[Jambavati]]
* [[Mamik Singh]] as [[Bhishma]]
* [[Gufi Paintal]] as [[Shakuni]], King of [[Gandhara|Gandhar]]
* Sachin Verma as [[Yudhishthir]]
* [[Amit Pachori]] as [[Duryodhan]]
* [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as [[Dushasan]]
* Lankesh Bhardwaj as Thakur Akhilesh
* Nishant Kumar as [[Uddhava|Uddhav]]
* Ram Bahadur Renu as [[Sudama]]

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt8141442}}
*[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/dwarkadheesh-bhagwaan-shree-krishna-s1 ''Dwarkadheesh Bhagwaan Shree Krishn S1''] on Dangal Play
*[http://www.imagine.tv/in/shows/subhome/179/9 Production website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109082544/http://www.imagine.tv/in/shows/subhome/179/9 |date=9 November 2020 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwarkadheesh - Bhagwaan Shree Krishn}}
[[Category:Imagine TV original programming]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]]

Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air rifle pairs

2025-09-07T05:47:53Z

HughStoate90988: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}

{{ShootingAt2010CommonwealthGames}}
The '''Women's 10 metre air rifle pairs''' event took place at 9 October 2010 at the CRPF Campus.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Rank
! Name
! Country
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! Ind. Total
! Total
|-
| rowspan=2|{{gold01}} ||align=left| [[Nur Mohamed]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|MAS|2010}} || 99 || 100 || 99 || 100 || 39829 || rowspan=2|'''79359'''
|-
|align=left| [[Nur Halim]] || 100 || 100 || 98 || 97 || 39530
|-
| rowspan=2|{{silver02}} ||align=left| [[Xiang Ser]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|SIN|2010}} || 100 || 99 || 97 || 100 || 39629 || rowspan=2|'''79052'''
|-
|align=left| [[Jian Cheng]] || 100 || 100 || 99 || 95 || 39423
|-
| rowspan=2|{{bronze03}} ||align=left| [[Suma Shirur]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|IND|2010}} || 99 || 99 || 100 || 99 || 39736 || rowspan=2|'''78561'''
|-
|align=left| [[Kavitha Yadav]] || 98 || 98 || 95 || 97 || 38825
|-
| rowspan=2|4 ||align=left| [[Jenny Corish]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|WAL|2010}} || 97 || 99 || 99 || 100 || 39530 || rowspan=2|'''78454'''
|-
|align=left| [[Sian Corish]] || 99 || 97 || 97 || 96 || 38924
|-
| rowspan=2|5 ||align=left| [[Sharmin Ratna]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|BAN|2010}} || 97 || 98 || 99 || 100 || 39427 || rowspan=2|'''78453'''
|-
|align=left| [[Sadiya Sultana]] || 96 || 97 || 99 || 98 || 39026
|-
| rowspan=2|6 ||align=left| [[Alethea Sedgman]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|AUS|2010}} || 97 || 99 || 97 || 99 || 39229 || rowspan=2|'''78051'''
|-
|align=left| [[Robyn van Nus]] || 96 || 99 || 96 || 97 || 38822
|-
| rowspan=2|7 ||align=left| [[Sheree Cox]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|ENG|2010}} || 97 || 99 || 99 || 99 || 39430 || rowspan=2|'''77947'''
|-
|align=left| [[Sharon Lee (sport shooter)|Sharon Lee]] || 97 || 95 || 95 || 98 || 38517
|-
| rowspan=2|8 ||align=left| [[Marilena Constantinou]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|CYP|2010}} || 96 || 98 || 97 || 99 || 39028 || rowspan=2|'''77228'''
|-
|align=left| [[Fanoula Charalambous]] || 95 || 95 || 96 || 96 || 38218
|-
| rowspan=2|– ||align=left| [[Gemma Kermode]] ||rowspan=2|{{flagCGF|IOM|2010}} || 92 || 95 || 97 || 95 || 37915 || rowspan=2|DNS
|-
|align=left| [[Lara Ward]] || || || || || DNS
|}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101008061228/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Comp.mvc/Info/ResultList/SHM221100 Report]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games - Women's 10 metre air rifle pairs}}
[[Category:Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2010 in women's shooting sports|Common]]
[[Category:Women's events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]

Three Thousand Stitches

2025-08-16T10:17:38Z

HughStoate90988: new

{{Short description|Book by Sudha Murthy}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Three Thousand Stitches
| image = File:Three_Thousand_Stitches.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Sudha Murthy]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2017
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Three Thousand Stitches''''' is a book written by [[Sudha Murty|Sudha Murthy]] and published in 2017.<ref name=Godbole2020>{{cite journal |last1=Godbole |first1=Dr Vanshree |title=Sudha Murty`s 'Three Thousand Stitches': A Chronicle of Social Reformations |journal=International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences |date=13 July 2020 |volume=5 |issue=4 |url=https://journal-repository.theshillonga.com/index.php/ijels/article/view/2211 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Suktara|date=2017-08-18|title='Three Thousand Stitches': Sudha Murty Roots Her Book in Reality|url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/books/book-review-three-thousand-stitches-sudha-murty|access-date=2021-11-15|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Three Thousand Stitches: Ordinary People, Extraordinary…|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/44559520-three-thousand-stitches-ordinary-people-extraordinary-lives|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> The book is a collection of 11 different stories, which she draws from her personal life, with a message engraved in every story.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Review: Three Thousand Stitches - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/review-three-thousand-stitches/articleshow/60951895.cms|access-date=2021-11-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The main story revolves around the live of the [[sex worker]]s or devadasis, her determination to make them [[Self-sustainability|self-sustainable]], and to get rid of the label of dishonor that was attached to them.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

It is reported that because of her efforts, today there are no [[temple]] [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] left in the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Three Thousand Stitches|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/three-thousand-stitches/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Penguin Random House India|language=en-US}}</ref> The book also discloses her other personal experiences, like being called "cattle class" because of her [[language]] & dressing, and to be the only woman to study [[engineering]] in an all [[men's college]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-20|title=Book review: Sudha Murthy's Three Thousand Stitches isn't a book you'll remember|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-three-thousand-stitches-by-sudha-murty/story-VKavZthdYeSS961Ky1S8NM.html|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> She describes her journey from being a little girl to grandmother, from being ignorant to becoming an inspiration, her struggles & victories and offers advice, sometimes [[Boldness|boldly]] and sometimes softly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Chennai Metrolite

2025-08-10T22:17:48Z

HughStoate90988: stub - done

{{short description|Planned light rail transit in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| color =
| box_width =
| name = Chennai Metrolite
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Light rail transit]]
| system = [[Chennai Metro]]
| status = Planned
| locale = [[Chennai]]
| start = [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]]
| end = [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]]
| stations =
| owner = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]
| character = At-grade<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/The-Hindu-09.11.2019.pdf|title=Metro to build light rail to connect Tambaram and Velachery|date=9 November 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| linelength_km = 15
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| signalling =
| map = [[File:Chennai Metro Map.jpg|300px]]
}}

'''Chennai Metrolite''' is a planned {{cvt|15|km|abbr=on}} [[Metrolite]] system in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The line will connect [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] and [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]] in South Chennai.<ref name="MR">{{cite news|title=Proposed Metrolite line likely to be rubber-tyred|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/nov/07/proposed-metrolite-line-likely-to-be-rubber-tyred-2220412.html|access-date=25 April 2021|date=7 November 2020|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The system will be constructed and operated by [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]].<ref name="Hindu"/> The stations will be at-grade and the line is planned to link the existing [[urban rail|urban transit]] lines of [[Chennai Metro]] and [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]].<ref name="NIE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Feb/07/trams-to-run-alongside-cars-cmrl-study-to-explore-metrolite-feasibility-2545078.html|title=CMRL study to explore Metrolite feasibility|access-date=1 April 2023|date=7 February 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The system will be designed as per [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|MoHUA's]] Metrolite specifications and will be cheaper to construct because of its lower speeds and carrying capacities compared to regular metros.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/whatsnew/5d2c1268929e3standard%20specification%20LURTS-Metrolite.pdf |title=Standard Specifications - Light Urban Rail Transit System: 'Metrolite' |publisher=Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hindu"/> In 2023, the feasibility study for the project was commissioned by the [[Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority]].<ref name="NIE"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Urban transit in Chennai}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Urban transit in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]

Poomala

2025-06-21T04:25:12Z

HughStoate90988: slightly correct information as per guidelines and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{for|Hindu goddess|Poomala bhagavathy}}
[[File:A Poomala hill.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A view from Poomala hill]]
[[File:Poomala Image0222.jpg|thumb|Deaddiction centre in Poomala]]{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Poomala''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. It is 11 km from the town of [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Poomala's name comes from the Poovam tree (also called Ceylon oak or Gum-lac tree), which was plentiful here in the past. Residents here also claim that this name comes from 'poovan pazham' (A type of banana) which was grown in large amounts.

==Description==
Poomala was largely a forest, until the area was occupied by the Christian settlers from central Travancore. It is one of the popular tourist [[hill station]]s in India. Attractions include ''Muniarra'' (a cave where a [[saint]] once meditated). The small dam in the southern part of Poomala was initially built only for irrigation purposes, then managed by the Minor Irrigation Department. Today, it is a growing tourist area as well, as the District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC) of Thrissur undertook a 50 lakh project that was launched in 2008 to beautify the environs of the dam. [[Poomala Dam]] was officially designated as a tourist centre by the Home Minister of State, [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]], on 21 March 2010. The dam is situated 94.50 meters above mean sea level. To its north lies another dam, Pathazhakundu, which presently is oriented only for irrigation.
There are some more villages named Parambayi, Poomala, Chottupara. Nowadays these villages are known together as Poomala. The main tourist attractions in and around Poomala are Cheppara caves, Pathazhazhakund dam, Pamboorampara rock etc. Poomala has two schools and an engineering college.

Poomala Fest, a program conducted annually attracts tourists from in and around the district. The program lasts for about a week with food, entertainment and lot more.

<gallery>
Image:View-from-Poomala.jpg|A view from Poomala
Image:Poomala1.jpg|Poomala hill
Image:Poomala2.jpg|Poomala hill
Image:Poomala3.jpg|Poomala hill
Image:Poomala4.jpg|A view from Poomala hill
Image:Muniarra-poomala1.jpg|''Muniarra'' (cave where a saint once meditated)
Image:Muniarra-poomala2.jpg|''Muniarra'' (cave where a saint once meditated)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
{{commonscat}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Tourism in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Geography of Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Kodur, Pulkal

2025-05-10T19:36:38Z

HughStoate90988: creating a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.708443|N|78.013229|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Medak
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TS 23
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kodur''' is a village in [[Pulkal]] Mandal, [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy District]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kodur, Pulkal}}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Sangareddy,+Telangana,+India/Pulkal,+Telangana,+India/@17.6848817,77.9864454,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bcbf9b8c0625a9d:0x334b935b37064f19!2m2!1d78.0917!2d17.6294!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bcc01104249c88b:0x67139efc60a4e9cc!2m2!1d77.9867127!2d17.7402001 Map of Kodur, Pulkal]

[[Category:Villages in Sangareddy district]]

[[te:కోడూరు]]

{{Sangareddy-geo-stub}}

Shobhabazar Lal Mandir

2025-01-12T12:31:16Z

HughStoate90988: cleanup section based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Shobhabazar Lal Mandir
| image = Lal Mandir Sobhabazar Kolkata.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Lal Mandir
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata]]
| location = [[Shobhabazar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity =
| year_completed =
| architecture = [[Chala Style]]
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Lal Mandir''' is an old [[Hindu]] temple in the locality of [[Shobhabazar]], at the crossing of Raja Nabakrishna Street and Jyotindra Mohan Avenue of [[Kolkata]], India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Swati|title=Kolkata:Guide Book|year=2011|publisher=Goodearth publication|pages=84|isbn=9789380262154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&q=Lal+Mandir+Shobhabazar+Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodearth |first=Eicher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&dq=Shobhabazar+Lal+Mandir&pg=PA84|title=Kolkata: City Guide|date=2011|publisher=Goodearth Publications|isbn=978-93-80262-15-4|language=en}}</ref> It is said to be built by the Raja of Shobhabazar. It is located near [[Metro Railway, Kolkata|Sobhabazar Metro Station]] entrance.

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Shobhabazar Lal Mandir}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolkata]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Delhi Gadhakal

2024-09-24T16:49:29Z

HughStoate90988: stub - done

{{Short description|2011 novel by M. Mukundan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Delhi Gadhakal (Delhi: A Soliloquy)
| title_orig =
| translator = Fathima E. V., Nandakumar K.
| image = Delhi Gadhakal.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[M. Mukundan]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| genre = [[Semi-autobiographical]], [[fiction]]
| publisher = [[DC Books]]
| release_date = 1 November 2011
| english_release_date = 2020
| media_type =
| pages = 496
| isbn = 978-81-264-3328-5
}}
'''''Delhi Gadhakal''''' (''Tales from Delhi'') is a [[Malayalam language]] novel by [[M. Mukundan]]. It was first published as a book by [[D. C. Books]] in November 2011. The novel portrays the various events that greatly influenced the author's life during the 40 years spent in [[New Delhi]], since 1962. The novel has as protagonist a leftist Kerala youth, named Sahadevan, who had the shock of his life when he landed in Delhi to hear the news of Chinese attack on India.<ref>[http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/printArticle.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=470970&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22 "My works never encouraged drug use, says top author"]. ''[[Gulf Times]]''. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</ref> It was translated from Malayalam by Fathima E. V. and Nandakumar K. under the title '''''Delhi: A Soliloquy'''''.

It took three years for Mukundan to finish the novel.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{cite news|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/926|title=ഇനി ഏത് ദേശത്തെക്കുറിച്ചാണ് ഞാൻ എഴുതേണ്ടത്?|newspaper=[[Madhyamam|Madhyamam Weekly]]|date=21 November 2011|author=M. Mukundan|author-link=M. Mukundan|language=ml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224145913/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/926|archive-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> It was released on 1 November 2011.<ref name="Release">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article2591185.ece "Finished work belongs to readers: Mukundan"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</ref> The novel received much critical praise and soon went on to become one of the best-selling novels of the year. It also won several awards including the first Kamala Suraiyya Award.

==Background==
''Delhi Gadhakal'' has been penned in the backdrop of [[New Delhi]], the city to which the author's name has been associated probably even more than his hometown, [[Mayyazhi]] (Mahe). The novel was inspired by various events that greatly influenced the author's life during the 40 years spent in New Delhi, since 1962.<ref name="Express">{{cite news|url=http://shevlinsebastian.blogspot.in/2011/10/main-character-is-delhi.html?m=1|title=The main character is Delhi|date=28 October 2011|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=7 December 2011|archive-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224134855/http://shevlinsebastian.blogspot.in/2011/10/main-character-is-delhi.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Characters==
* Sahadevan - the protagonist.
* Sreedharanunni - A third-grade employee in the [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]]. It is Sreedharanunni who brings Sahadevan to Delhi.
* Devi - Sreedharanunni's wife.
* Sathyanathan - Sreedharanunni's son.
* Vidya - Sreedharanunni's daughter.
* Kunhikrishnan - A journalist working in Delhi.
* Lalita - Kunhikrishnan's wife.
* Vasavappanicker - An artist working in Delhi.
* Rosily - A Malayalee Christian woman who is forced to become a prostitute in Delhi.
* Kunhikkannan Master - A [[naxalism|naxalist]] leader in Kerala.
* Janakikutty - Kunhikkannan Master's daughter.
* Uttam Singh - Sahadevan's house owner at Amrit Puri.
* Pinki - Singh's younger daughter.
* Jaswinder - Singh's elder daughter.
* Dasappan - A barber working in Delhi.
* Gulshan Wadhwa - Sahadevan's employer.
* Om Prakash Jain - Sahadevan's house owner at [[Jangpura]].
* Ashok Chimber - Sahadevan's house owner at [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]].
* Kuber Lal - Sahadevan's house owner at [[Mayur Vihar]].
* Harilal Shukla - An art lover and Vasavappanicker's mentor.
* Vanaja - Sahadevan's sister.
* Shyamala - Sahadevan's sister.
* Abdul Abdunnissar - Vanaja's lover.
* Abdul Aleem - Sahadevan's employee.
* Divakaran Potti - Sahadevan's employee.
* Seetharam - the [[dhobi]]. He is a victim of forced-[[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilisation]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].
* Jamaludheen - a Bangladeshi refugee.

==Release==
The novel was released by former Kerala education minister [[M. A. Baby]] on 1 November 2011, at a cultural festival organised in connection with the 13th DC International Book Fair. In the event, Baby lauded the writer for his efforts to explore and recreate the mindset of the people during the Emergency and ‘their view of Indira Gandhi's misjudgement about people's power.'<ref name="Release"/>

==Awards==
*2012: Kamala Suraiyya Award <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityjournal.in/Newspaper/20120330/Metro/Metro_2.html |title="Kamala Suraiyya Award distribution, Azhikode remembrance today" |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404201040/http://www.cityjournal.in/Newspaper/20120330/Metro/Metro_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=120781 "ONV and Mukundan gets Kamala Surayya award"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084930/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=120781 |date=2014-08-19 }}</ref>
*2012: VVK Award <ref>{{cite web | url=http://latestawardsinkerala.blogspot.com/2012/05/vvk-award-to-m-mukundan.html | title=VVK Award to M. Mukundan | date=9 May 2012 | publisher=Latest Awards won by Celebrities in Kerala | access-date=7 July 2018 | archive-date=8 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708103844/http://latestawardsinkerala.blogspot.com/2012/05/vvk-award-to-m-mukundan.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
*2021: [[JCB Prize for Literature]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/author-m-mukundan-wins-jcb-prize-for-literature-2021-for-his-novel-delhi-a-soliloquy/articleshow/87689524.cms | title=JCB Award to M. Mukundan | date=13 November 2021 | publisher=Times of India | access-date=13 November 2021 | archive-date=13 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113221440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/author-m-mukundan-wins-jcb-prize-for-literature-2021-for-his-novel-delhi-a-soliloquy/articleshow/87689524.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://matheikal.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/delhi-ballads/|title=Delhi Ballads|publisher=Matheikal.wordpress.com|date=17 January 2012}}

{{Novels by M. Mukundan}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2011 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels by M. Mukundan]]
[[Category:Novels set in Delhi]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]

Deepak Reddy

2024-06-06T16:01:22Z

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#REDIRECT [[Manasanamaha]]

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Nizam Sagar

2024-04-06T05:06:25Z

HughStoate90988: brief expanded information after review and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Nizam Sagar Dam]]

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Samasya-purti

2024-04-02T17:44:56Z

HughStoate90988: done

'''Samasya-purti''' ([[Devanagari]] : समस्या-पूर्ति / literally satisfaction of a problem) is a class of Indian literature, specially popular in [[Sanskrit]], but also known in other languages.<ref>Rajendra Kumar Garg, Samasya purti kavya, udbhav aur vikas, Jhansi 1969</ref>

In Samasya-purti, the problem is posed by providing part of a metrical composition. The challenge is to compose the rest of the composition.<ref>Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary,
Henk W. Wagenaar, S. S. Parikh, D. F. Plukker, R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten
Editors S. S. Parikh, D. F. Plukker, R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten,
Compiled by Henk W. Wagenaar,
Publisher Allied Publishers, 1993</ref>

Some scholars have taken the last line of each verse of [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Meghadutam]]'' as the samasya, and have composed the rest.<ref>Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works, Authors Mirashi, V.V., Navlekar, N.R., Publisher Popular Prakashan, 1969</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature}}
* [[Sanskrit literature]]
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Early Medieval literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit literature|S]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]

Dohad

2024-03-30T00:33:35Z

HughStoate90988:

{{wikt|Dahod}}
'''Dohad''' may refer to:
* [[Dahod]], a town-city in [[India]]
* ''[[Developmental Origins of Health and Disease]]'' in the context of [[thrifty phenotype]]
{{Dab}}

Perur taluk

2024-01-23T17:23:50Z

HughStoate90988: created first post first draft

{{Short description|Taluk in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Perur
| settlement_type = [[Taluk]]
| image_skyline =
| elevation_m =
| area_total_km2 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
}}
'''Perur taluk''' is a [[Tehsil|taluk]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] associated with the neighbourhood of [[Perur]] in the city of [[Coimbatore]]. It was created by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 2013. The taluk had a population of 393,350 according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Palaniappan, V. S.|title=Government sanctions two new taluks|date=5 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/government-sanctions-two-new-taluks/article5424635.ece|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coimbatore district}}

{{coord|10.97|N|76.9|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Taluks of Coimbatore district]]

{{Coimbatore-geo-stub}}

Pulicherla mandal

2023-09-17T06:15:08Z

HughStoate90988: created a data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulicherla mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|24|16|N|78|57|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = Reddivaripalle
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = MPP
| leader_name = Desireddysurendranathreddy (YSRCP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 37108
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=624429|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
Nearest City
| blank1_info_sec1=[[Pileru]]
| blank2_name_sec1=
Assembly Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1=[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]
| blank3_name_sec1=
[[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1=[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampeta]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Pulicherla mandal''' is one of the 66 [[mandal]]s in [[Chittoor district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Geography ==
The mandal headquarters are located at Reddivaripalle.<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2015|pages=471,514}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Chinnagottigallu]], [[Chandragiri]], [[Rompicherla, Chittoor district|Rompicherla]], [[Pakala, Chittoor|Pakala]], [[Pileru]], [[Sodam]] and Irala mandals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Chittoor district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=28 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pulichelra is located between Kalluru and Rompicherla road.

== Infrastructure ==
Village has a railway station. The train route connects Dharmavaram and Tirupati.
The only Bank available in the village is an Indian bank with an ATM facility and One SBI ATM also available.
Pulicherla had a nutrine chocolate factory, it was closed long back.

== Demographics ==

The 2011 [[Census of India|census]] shows that the mandal had a population of 37,108. The total population consists of 18,742 males and 18,366 females —a sex ratio of 978 females per 1000 males. 3,598 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,857 are boys and 1,741 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 67.49% with 22,617 literates.<ref name=population />

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 24 villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Chittoor District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=23|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913101654/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=23|archive-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=map />

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

* Ayyavandlapalle
* Bandaruvaripalle
* Bodireddigaripalle
* Devalampet
* E.Ramireddigari Palle
* Gaddamvaripalle
*Muppireddigaripalle
* Kallur
* Kavetigaripalle
* [[Mangalampeta]]
* Ramireddigaripalle
* Rayavaripalle
* Reddivaripalle †
* Vallivetivaripalle
* Venkatadasari Palle
* Yellankivaripallle
* Vagallavaripalli
* Desireddigaripalli
* Balireddigaripalli
* Kammapalli
* Kokkuvaripalli
* Palem
* Vankayalapativaripalli
* Bestapalli

† – Mandal Headquarters

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Chittoor district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Chittoor district]]