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Pravaig

2023-10-06T10:12:50Z

Hs3058795: Created page with '{{Infobox company | name = Pravaig Dynamics | type = Private | industry = Automotive | founded = 2011 | founder = Siddhartha Bagri and Dhawal Vinayak Khullar | hq_location = Bengaluru, Karnataka | website = https://www.pravaig.com }} '''Pravaig Dynamics''' is an Indian automobile company based in Bengaluru that is involved in the design and manufacturing of electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ежов |first=Андрей |title=Индийский элек...'

{{Infobox company
| name = Pravaig
| logo = Pravaig_Dynamics_logo.png
| type = Private
| industry = Automotive
| founded = 2011
| founder = Siddhartha Bagri and Dhawal Vinayak Khullar
| hq_location = Bengaluru, Karnataka
| website = https://www.pravaig.com
}}

'''Pravaig''' is an Indian automobile company based in Bengaluru that is involved in the design and manufacturing of electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ежов |first=Андрей |title=Индийский электрический кроссовер Pravaig Defy: топорный дизайн и глобальные амбиции - КОЛЕСА.ру – автомобильный журнал |url=https://www.kolesa.ru/news/indiyskiy-elektricheskiy-krossover-pravaig-defy-topornyy-dizayn-i-globalnye-ambitsii |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Автомобильный журнал «КОЛЕСА.РУ» |language=ru}}</ref>

== History ==
Pravaig Dynamics was founded in 2011 by Siddhartha Bagri as an [[R&D]] unit in [[Jaipur]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Made-In-India Pravaig E-SUV |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/made-in-india-pravaig-e-suv-354218-2022-11-25 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The company specializes in manufacturing electric vehicles, batteries, and AI solutions for autonomous vehicles. In 2019, the company incorporated as Pravaig Dynamics Pvt. Ltd., establishing its production and engineering center in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motoroids |first=Team |date=2022-10-25 |title=Top 5 All-Terrain SUV Tyres For Enthusiasts {{!}} Motoroids |url=https://www.motoroids.com/news/top-5-all-terrain-suv-tyres-for-enthusiasts/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=В Индии представили крутой электрокроссовер в стиле Range Rover |url=https://www.autocentre.ua/news/novinka/v-indii-predstavili-krutoj-elektrokrossover-v-stile-range-rover-1424269.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Автоцентр.ua}}</ref>

In 2020, company created its first product-specific engineering prototypes and received initial customer sign-ups.

In 2021, company commenced factory production with an annual capacity of 500 MWh, manufacturing 6,000 battery packs for cars each year at the facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-11-25 |title=Pravaig Launches Electric SUV Defy At Rs 39.5 Lakh |url=https://www.bqprime.com/business/pravaig-launches-electric-suv-defy-at-rs-395-lakh |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=BQ Prime |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2022, company launched its first product, [[electric SUV]] “SUV Defy,” in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Pravaig launches electric SUV Defy at Rs 39.5 lakh; deliveries to begin next year |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/automobile/pravaig-launches-electric-suv-defy-at-rs-39-5-lakh-deliveries-to-begin-next-year-9601941.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Home-grown startup to put on road India’s first electric supercar in Nov |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-home-grown-startup-to-put-on-road-indias-first-electric-supercar-in-nov-2683501/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, company introduced the "Veer EV", an electric vehicle designed for use by the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auto Expo 2023: Pravaig Veer EV for armed forces displayed |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/auto-expo-2023-pravaig-veer-ev-for-armed-forces-displayed-426924 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Autocar India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Pravaig Dynamics Interceptor EV SUV for military specs revealed |url=https://www.cartoq.com/pravaig-dynamics-interceptor-ev-suv-for-military-specs-revealed/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2023, the company expanded its operations into the commercial vehicle segment through the acquisition of Azad Mobility Pvt. Ltd. It also signed a MOU with Saudi India Venture Studio to establish a left-hand drive production base for up to 1 million vehicles, catering to the demands of the GCC, USA, and European markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=HT Auto |date=2023-07-25 |title=Indian EV startup Pravaig Dynamics to set up manufacturing plant in Saudi Arabia |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/indian-ev-startup-pravaig-dynamics-to-set-up-manufacturing-plant-in-saudi-arabia-to-produce-10-lakh-cars-41690262141968.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Bengaluru-based EV startup Pravaig Dynamics signs pact for EV plant in Saudi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-based-ev-startup-pravaig-dynamics-signs-pact-for-ev-plant-in-saudi/articleshow/101937105.cms |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Saurav |title=Indian Automaker Pravaig Dynamics to Manufacture One Million Electric Cars in Saudi Arabia |url=https://news24online.com/auto/indian-automaker-pravaig-dynamics-to-manufacture-one-million-electric-cars-in-saudi-arabia/153579/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]

Dhahanam

2023-10-03T20:53:25Z

Hs3058795: Redirected page to MX Player

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Action
* Crime
}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Kalyan Raghav
| director = Agasthya Manju
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Isha Koppikar]]
* [[Naina Ganguly]]
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
* [[Ravi Kale]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| music = Anand
| composer = Manish Thakur
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| executive_producer = Gautam Talwar
| location =
| cinematography = Malhar Bhatt Joshi
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 25-35 minutes
| company = People Media Factory
| network = [[MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|14}}
| last_aired = present
| budget =
}}

'''''Dhahanam''''' (Telegu: దహనం) is a 2022 [[Telugu language]] [[streaming television]] series written by Kalyan Raghav, produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and directed by Agasthya Manju. It stars Abhishek Duhan, Ashwat Kanth, Abhilash Chaudhary, [[Isha Koppikar]], Kancharapalem Kishore, [[Naina Ganguly]], Parvathy Arun, [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhahanam |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/web-series-dhahanam-2022/023137354a377 |website=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer of RGV's crime thriller series 'Dhahanam' unveiled |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/trailer-of-rgvs-crime-thriller-series-dhahanam-unveiled/81827086.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=1 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MX Player releases the trailer of crime thriller series Dhahanam from the house of Ram Gopal Varma - Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/mx-player-releases-the-trailer-of-crime-thriller-series-dhahanam-from-the-house-of-ram-gopal-varma |website=[[ZEE5]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en |date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Anjana Sinha
* [[Naina Ganguly]] as Pavani
* [[Parvathy Arun]] as Sunitha
* Abhishek Duhan as Hari
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Suresh
* Abhilash Chaudhary as Obul Reddy
* Kancharapalem Kishore as Chaman
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Chenna Reddy
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as MLA Narayana Reddy
* Vinod Anand as Sriramulaiah
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Kabir
* Kailash Pal as Siddappa
* Sunil Sharma as Ramana Reddy
* Sana as Krishnaveni
* Rakhi as Narayanaddmma
* Sanjay Raichura as DGP
* Aalwin as Raghunath Reddy
* Naveen Jayan as Bhairagi
* Giridhar as Sai
* Ravi Mallepati as Seenaiah
* Sandeep Boreddy as Paidithali
* Vinod as Chengal Rayadu
* Nagaraj as Chowdappa

== Production ==
The series was announced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] in early April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=India’s Ram Gopal Varma Makes Streaming Debut With MX Player Series ‘Dhahanam,’ Reveals First Trailer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/ram-gopal-varma-mx-player-dhahanam-1235220801/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=1 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gunti |first=Epsita |title=RGV returns with revenge drama ‘Dhahanam’ |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rgv-returns-with-revenge-drama-dhahanam |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=5 April 2022}}</ref> The series was shot during the [[Covid-19]] pandemic in locations of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |title=Ram Gopal Varma: Anything related to sex still remains a taboo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-gopal-varma-anything-related-to-sex-still-remains-a-taboo-101653371171459.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The trailer of the series was unveiled in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=WATCH {{!}} Trailer of Ram Gopal Varma's crime thriller series 'Dhahanam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/apr/01/watch-trailer-of-ram-gopal-varmas-crime-thriller-series-dhahanam-unveiled-2436796.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Dhahanam'' was released on 14 April 2022 with a dubbed version in Tamil and Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |title=Isha Koppikar returns in a cop avatar for Ram Gopal Varma’s crime-thriller Dhahanam-Entertainment News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/isha-koppikar-returns-in-a-cop-avatar-for-ram-gopal-varmas-crime-thriller-dhahanam-10550601.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=13 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=India’s Ram Gopal Varma Makes Streaming Debut With MX Player Series ‘Dhahanam,’ Reveals First Trailer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://ca.style.yahoo.com/india-ram-gopal-varma-makes-083013221.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! News|Yahoo Life]] |date=1 April 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Ameen Fatima of ''Leisurebyte'' wrote "The end of the series doesn’t feel satisfactory or rather incomplete".<ref>{{cite news |last=Fatima |first=Ameen |title=Dhahanam Review: Underwhelming Story of Revenge {{!}} Leisurebyte |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/mx-player-dhahanam-review-ram-gopal-varma/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=Leisurebyte |date=14 April 2022}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> ''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' wrote "Agasthya Manju's direction comes as a disappointment with loosely executed sequences."<ref>{{cite news |last=Prajapat |first=Sunidhi |title=Dhahanam review: Isha Koppikar and Abhishek Duhan's revenge-thriller is nothing more than a disappointment |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dhahanam-review-isha-koppikar-and-abhishek-duhans-revenge-thriller-is-nothing-more-than-a-disappointment/c5b8d6cf27891 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=April 14, 2022 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref> ''Binged'' staff wrote "The gruesome killings, the conversations etc., are all typical Ram Gopal Varma."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhahanam Review - Prolonged Assault On Senses |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/dhahanam-series-review/ |website=Binged |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=22 April 2022}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

''[[The Quint]]'' wondered if the series is inspired by a true Naxal story of South India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Studio |first=Quint |title=Is RGV’s 'Dhahanam' Based On One Of The Biggest Naxal Movements Of The South? |url=https://www.thequint.com/brandstudio/is-rgvs-dhahanam-based-on-one-of-the-biggest-naxal-movements-of-the-south |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The series was also reviewed by ''[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telegu]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Naresh |first=Nelki |title=Dahanam review {{!}} దహనం వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ... మిస్ ఫైర్ అయిన దహనం |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ram-gopal-varmas-dahanam-web-series-review-a-soulless-biopic-drama-121650249265942.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]] |date=April 18, 2022 |language=te}}</ref> ''[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Vaddi |first=Omprakash |title=Dahanam Movie Review: దహనం |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/dahanam-movie-review-342493.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]] |date=31 March 2023 |language=te-IN}}</ref> and ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘దహనం’మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/dahanam-movie-review-and-rating-1567662 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=31 March 2023 |language=te}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt19336492}}

[[Category:2022 television series debuts]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

List of accolades received by Hum Tum (film)

2023-09-17T14:29:35Z

Hs3058795:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Hum Tum''}}
{{Infobox awards list
| name = ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
| title = "{{{name}}} awards and nominations"
| image1 = Rani Mukerji 2001.jpg
| caption = [[Rani Mukerji]] garnered several accolades for her performance in ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''.
| wins = 21
| nominations = 69
| award1 = [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| award1W = 1
| award1N = 6
| award2 = [[Filmfare Awards]]
| award2W = 5
| award2N = 8
| award3 = [[Global Indian Film Awards]]
| award3W = 2
| award3N = 13
| award4 = [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| award4W = 1
| award4N = 5
| award5 = [[National Film Awards]]
| award5W = 1
| award5N = 1
| award6 = [[People's Choice Awards India]]
| award6W = 1
| award6N = 2
| award7 = [[Screen Awards]]
| award7W = 4
| award7N = 12
| award8 = [[Stardust Awards]]
| award8W = 2
| award8N = 5
| award9 = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| award9W = 2
| award9N = 12
}}

''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' ({{translation|Me and You}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Kunal Kohli]]. Produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under his banner [[Yash Raj Films]], the film stars [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]], with [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kirron Kher]], [[Jimmy Shergill]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. ''Hum Tum'' follows the encounters of Karan and Rhea, who run into each other on several occasions under various circumstances. The film marked Mukerji's third film with Yash Raj Films.

The film has several short animation sequences, which were created by [[Kathaa Animations]] headed by [[Prakash Nambiar]], with special effects done by [[Tata Elxsi]]. The cinematography is done by Sunil Patel. [[Jatin–Lalit]] composed the music, while lyrics were written by [[Prasoon Joshi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/anex/y2k6/headlines/anex1446.htm |title=Animation Dimensions acquires Katha Animation, scales to 300 |publisher=Animation Xpress.com |access-date=2011-09-16 }}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was a success at the [[Box Office|box office]], with a gross of {{INRConvert|43.22|m}}. It became the [[List of Hindi films of 2004|sixth highest-grossing film]] of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boxofficeindia.com|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA==|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=2011-09-15|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hum Tum : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7146/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115215144/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7146/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2009|access-date=2011-09-15|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The film received several accolades. At the [[52nd National Film Awards]] in 2005, Khan was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]. At the [[50th Filmfare Awards]], ''Hum Tum'' received 8 nominations and won 5 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Kohli), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Mukherji), [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |pages=116–119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=[[Filmfare]] }}</ref> At the [[6th IIFA Awards]], ''Hum Tum'' received 5 nominations and won [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Mukherji). ''Hum Tum'' also earned two [[Global Indian Film Awards]], one [[People's Choice Awards India]], four [[Screen Awards]], two [[Stardust Awards]], and two [[Zee Cine Awards]].

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of accolades received by ''Veer-Zaara''}}
|-
!scope="col" | Award
!scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col" | Category
!scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Anandalok Awards|Anandalok Puraskar Awards]]
| 2005
|[[Anandalok Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=tgind>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/calcutta/story_7029301.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827214943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/calcutta/story_7029301.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 27, 2007|title=Anandalok Purashkar|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2008-11-14|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |30 April 2005
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>Bollywood Movie Awards:
* {{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar275.htm |title=Bollywood Awards announce nominee list |publisher=Indian Television |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827120527/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar275.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php|title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards 2005 |publisher=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php|archive-date=2 November 2013|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ba/venue.htm|title=Bollywood Movie Awards 2005 |publisher=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408172504/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ba/venue.htm|archive-date=8 April 2005|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |[[50th Filmfare Awards|26 May 2005]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/shah-rukh-rani-mukherjee-bag-awards/article27322991.ece |title=Shah Rukh, Rani Mukherjee bag awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |author=[[United News of India]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210826123504/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/shah-rukh-rani-mukherjee-bag-awards/article27322991.ece |archive-date=26 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]]
|Late night snack scene
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13" |[[Global Indian Film Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |25 January 2005
|Best Film
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |<ref>Global Indian Film Awards:
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.mygifa.com/awards_2005.html|title=2005 Global Indian Film Awards |publisher=[[Global Indian Film Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125175534/http://www.mygifa.com/awards_2005.html|archive-date=25 January 2007|access-date=26 August 2021}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://indiafm.com/awards/gifa/nominees2004.shtml |title=Global Indian Film Awards Nominees – 2004 |publisher=[[Global Indian Film Awards]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207105051/http://indiafm.com/awards/gifa/nominees2004.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mygifa.com/default.php|title=2005 Global Indian Film Awards Winners |publisher=[[Global Indian Film Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125175729/http://www.mygifa.com/awardwinners2005.html|archive-date=25 January 2007|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Producer
|[[Aditya Chopra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|rowspan="2"|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Comedy Role
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music
|[[Jatin-Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Ritesh Soni
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Sunil Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Sharmista Roy
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[6th IIFA Awards|11 June 2005]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>International Indian Film Academy Awards:
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indya.com:80/specials/iifa05/vote.html |title=IIFA 2005 |publisher=Indya.com |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504103340/http://www.indya.com/specials/iifa05/vote.html |archive-date=4 May 2005 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/24/veer-zaara-sweeps-6th-iifa-awards|title=Veer-Zaara Sweeps 6th IIFA Awards |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214140526/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/24/veer-zaara-sweeps-6th-iifa-awards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veer-zaara-wins-7-iifa-awards/article27384232.ece |title=Veer-Zaara wins 7 IIFA awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Muthalaly |first=Susan |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826123103/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veer-zaara-wins-7-iifa-awards/article27384232.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[52nd National Film Awards|21 October 2005]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-to-film-artists-you-make-people-laugh-and-cry-so-aim-high/article27496909.ece |title=Kalam to film artists: you make people laugh and cry, so aim high |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617095134/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-to-film-artists-you-make-people-laugh-and-cry-so-aim-high/article27496909.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[People's Choice Awards India]]
| rowspan="2" |2004
|Best Actress
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Choice Awards format licensed to India |work=Variety |url=http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/people-s-choice-awards-format-licensed-to-india-1118060955/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628072736/http://variety.com/2012/tv/news/people-s-choice-awards-format-licensed-to-india-1118060955/ |archive-date=2017-06-28 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Comic Performance
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |21 January 2006
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>Producers Guild Film Awards:
* {{Cite web |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominations |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109123057/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109200917/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhansali's 'Black' bags 10 Apsara Awards |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhansali-s-black-bags-10-apsara-awards/story-E1Xw5M9ot1IJL6jK79AYzO.html |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhansali-s-black-bags-10-apsara-awards/story-E1Xw5M9ot1IJL6jK79AYzO.html |archive-date=19 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |18 January 2005
|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" |<ref>Screen Awards:
* {{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/starlight-express/ |title=Starlight Express |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827120532/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/starlight-express/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees2004.shtml |title=11th Annual Screen Awards – Nominees for the year 2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111033331/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees2004.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>
* {{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9771 |title=And The Award Goes To... |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411034540/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9771 |archive-date=11 April 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/awards05/awards.html |title=Choose your winner! |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211080550/http://www.screenindia.com/awards05/awards.html |archive-date=11 February 2005 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indya.com/specials/screenawards05/jodi.html |title=Star Jodi No 1 Contest |publisher=Indya.com |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127013956/http://www.indya.com/specials/screenawards05/jodi.html |archive-date=27 November 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin-Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
|[[Babul Supriyo]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|[[Tata Elxsi]], Pankaj Khandpur and Kathaa Animation
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |20 February 2005
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardustindia.com:80/stardust_awards2005.htm |title=Max Stardust awards nominations |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206001033/http://www.stardustindia.com/stardust_awards2005.htm |archive-date=6 February 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php|title=Stardust Awards – Celebrating New Talent|last=Motwani|first=Ashok|website=Diaspora News & Network|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622060014/https://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Hottest New Director
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Standout Performance by a Lyricist
|[[Prasoon Joshi]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |26 March 2005
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" |<ref>Zee Cine Awards:
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar130.htm|title=Zee Cine Awards 2005 nominations announced |publisher=Indian Television|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208043424/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar130.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |title=Veer-Zaara: Hot fave at the Zee awards! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803052659/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]
|[[Rishi Kapoor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin-Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|Ritesh Soni
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Song Recording
|Vijay Dayal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Publicity Design
|
|{{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0378072/awards/?ref_=tt_awd Awards and nominations received by ''Hum Tum''] at [[IMDb]]

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Hum Tum]]

Council of Ministers of India

2023-03-05T00:07:34Z

Hs3058795: Just published an enlightening work.

#REDIRECT [[Union Council of Ministers]]

Indian green revolution

2023-02-18T06:45:50Z

Hs3058795: Contributed a new addition.

#REDIRECT [[Green Revolution in India]]

Megha-Tropiques

2023-01-17T16:45:44Z

Hs3058795: Published a captivating reference.

{{Short description|Indian weather satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| auto = all
| name = Megha-Tropiques
| image = Render of Megha-Tropiques spacecraft in deployed configuration.png
| image_caption =
| mission_type = [[Weather satellite|Weather]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]/[[CNES]]
| website = {{url|http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/index.php}}
| COSPAR_ID = 2011-058A
| SATCAT = 37838
| mission_duration = Planned: 3 years Final: 10 years, 5 months
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| dry_mass = 
| launch_mass = {{convert|1000|kg|lb|0}}
| power = 1325 [[Watt|W]]<ref name="eoportal" />
| launch_date = {{start-date|12 October 2011}}
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-CA]] C18
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| disposal_type = decommissioned
| deactivated = April 2022
| last_contact = 
| decay_date = 7 March 2023<ref name="isro-reentry" />
| orbit_epoch = 25 January 2015, 01:35:41 UTC<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=37838|title=MEGHA-TROPIQUES Satellite details 2011-058A NORAD 37838|publisher=N2YO|access-date=25 January 2015}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|860|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|874|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination = 19.98 degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.0009922<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_semimajor = {{convert|7238.45|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period = 102.15 minutes<ref name="n2yo"/>
| apsis = gee
}}

'''Megha-Tropiques''' was a [[satellite]] mission to study the [[water cycle]] in the tropical atmosphere in the context of climate change.<ref>[http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/ Mission description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213145729/http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/ }}. MEGHA-TROPIQUES: water cycle in the tropical atmosphere in the context of climate change.(Access date 06-21-2008)</ref> A collaborative effort between Indian Space Research Organisation ([[ISRO]]) and French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales ([[CNES]]), Megha-Tropiques was successfully deployed into orbit by a [[PSLV]] rocket in October 2011.

Megha-Tropiques was initially scrapped in 2003, but later revived in 2004 after India increased its contribution and overall costs were lowered.<ref>[http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive04/missionarch_022404.html India and France Resurrect, Redesign Megha-Tropiques Mission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405074928/http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive04/missionarch_022404.html }}, PETER B. de SELDING And K.S. JAYARAMAN. 24 February 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Nov12_2004.htm ISRO and French Space Agency, CNES, Sign MOU on Megha-Tropiques Satellite Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517072526/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Nov12_2004.htm }} November 12, 2004</ref> With the progress made by [[GEWEX]] (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment), Megha-Tropiques was designed to understand tropical meteorological and climatic processes, by obtaining reliable statistics on the water and energy budget of the tropical atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gewex.org/gewex_overview.html |title=About GEWEX |publisher=Gewex.org |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref> Megha-Tropiques complemented other data in regional monsoon projects such as MAHASRI and the completed GAME project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahasri.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp/index_e.html |title=Monsoon Asian Hydro-Atmosphere Scientific Research and Prediction Initiative |publisher=Mahasri.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp |access-date=2010-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722071310/http://mahasri.cr.chiba-u.ac.jp/index_e.html |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyarc.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/ |title=GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment |publisher=Hyarc.nagoya-u.ac.jp |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref> Megha-Tropiques also sought to describe the evolution of major tropical weather systems. The focus was the repetitive measurement of the tropics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacemart.com/reports/India_And_France_To_Launch_Weather_Satellite_Early_Next_Year_999.html |title=Launch Info |publisher=Spacemart.com |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

==Design==
Megha-Tropiques instruments allowed simultaneous observation of three interrelated components of the atmospheric engine: water vapor, condensed water (clouds and precipitations), and radiative fluxes, facilitating the repetitive sampling of the inter-tropical zone over long periods of time. Its microwave radiometer, Multi-frequency Microwave Scanning Radiometer ([[Special Sensor Microwave/Imager|MADRAS]]), complemented the radiometers of the other elements of the [[Global Precipitation Measurement|Global Precipitation Measurement mission]].<ref name="eoportal">{{cite web |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/m/megha-tropiques |title=Megha-Tropiques (Meteorological LEO Observations in the Intertropical Zone) |work=eoPortal |publisher=[[ESA]] |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==Payload==
Instruments fulfill a critical role on earth observation satellites. On this mission, microwave instruments were essential.
* ''' Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS)''' is a [[microwave]] imager, with conical scanning (incidence angle 56°), close from the SSM/I and TMI concepts. The main aim of the mission being the study of [[cloud]] systems, a frequency has been added (150 GHz) in order to study the high level [[ice cloud]]s associated with the convective systems, and to serve as a window channel relative to the sounding instrument at 183 GHz.
* '''Sounder for Probing Vertical Profiles of Humidity (SAPHIR)''' is a sounding instrument with 6 channels near the absorption band of [[water vapor]] at 183 GHz. These channels provide relatively narrow weighting functions from the surface to about {{cvt|10|km}}, allowing retrieving water vapor profiles in the cloud free [[troposphere]]. The scanning is cross-track, up to an incidence angle of 50°. The resolution at nadir is of {{cvt|10|km}}.
* '''Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB)''' is a scanning radiative budget instrument, which has already been launched twice on Russian satellites. The basic measurements of ScaRaB are the radiances in two wide channels, a solar channel (0.2 - 4 µm), and a total channel (0.2 - 200 µm), allowing to derive longwave radiances. The resolution at nadir will be {{cvt|40|km}} from an orbit at {{cvt|870|km}}. The procedures of calibration and processing of the data in order to derive fluxes from the original radiances have been set up and tested by [[CNES]] and LMD.
* '''Radio Occultation Sensor for Vertical Profiling of Temperature and Humidity (ROSA)''' procured from Italy for vertical profiling of temperature and humidity.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Space Observations and Monitoring of Climate Changes - Indian Initiatives |url=http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/pres/stsc2009/symp-03.pdf|access-date=November 12, 2022|journal=46th Session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space}}</ref>

==Launch==
The Megha-Tropiques satellite was successfully placed in an {{cvt|867|km}} orbit with an inclination of 20 degrees to the equator by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] through its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ([[PSLV|PSLV-C18]]) on October 12, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/megha-tropiques.aspx |title=Welcome to ISRO :: Satellites :: Earth Observation Satellite :: Megha-Tropiques |access-date=2011-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015142446/http://isro.org/satellites/Megha-Tropiques.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-15 }}</ref> The [[PSLV|PSLV-C18]] was launched at 11:00 am on October 12, 2011, from the first launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR) located in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The satellite was placed in orbit along with three micro satellites: the {{cvt|10.9|kg}} [[SRMSAT]] built by the SRM University, Chennai, the {{cvt|3|kg}} remote sensing satellite [[Jugnu (satellite)|Jugnu]] from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur(IIT Kanpur) and the {{cvt|28.7|kg}} [[VesselSat-1]] of [[Luxembourg]] to locate ships on high seas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-launches-first-satellite-devoted-to-studying-monsoon-140409|title=ISRO launches Megha-Tropiques satellite to study monsoon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PSLV-C18-carrying-weather-satellite-launched/articleshow/10323961.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=PSLV-C18 carrying weather satellite launched - The Times of India}}</ref>

==End of Mission==
The original mission life was three years. The mission was extended by two years on 26 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Megha-Tropiques |url=https://megha-tropiques.cnes.fr/en/mission-megha-tropiques |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Megha-tropiques |language=en}}</ref> The mission was further extended by four years on 7 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France-India space cooperation - Four more years for emblematic Megha-Tropiques climate space mission |url=https://presse.cnes.fr/en/france-india-space-cooperation-four-more-years-emblematic-megha-tropiques-climate-space-mission |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=presse.cnes.fr |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, ISRO announced the end of mission for the satellite because of issues with the attitude control sub-system. Megha-Tropiques was located at an 870 km orbit, which was to be lowered to 300 km to prepare for the eventual disposal of the satellite.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/after-over-10-years-its-end-of-mission-for-indo-french-sat-megha-tropiques/articleshow/90711253.cms |title=After over 10 years, it's end of mission for Indo-French sat Megha-Tropiques |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

Starting from August 2022, Megha-Tropiques' orbit was lowered through a series of maneuvers. On 7 March 2023, Megha-Tropiques was successfully deorbited after conducting two final de-boost burns.<ref name="isro-reentry">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mt1-rentry-successful.html |title=MT1 Controlled Re-entry Successful and impacted on the Pacific Ocean |work=[[ISRO]] |access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213145729/http://meghatropiques.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/ Megha-Tropiques Official Site]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2011}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of France]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Satellite meteorology]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 in India]]
[[Category:2011 in France]]
[[Category:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2022]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2023]]

Media of India

2022-09-09T16:24:49Z

Hs3058795:

{{Short description|Indian communications media}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Culture of India}}

The '''[[India]]n media''' consists of several different types of communications of mass media: [[television]], [[radio]], [[Cinema of India|cinema]], [[newspaper]]s, magazines, and Internet-based websites/portals. Indian media was active since the late 18th century. The print media started in India as early as 1780. Radio broadcasting began in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html|title=History of Mass media from NIMC top media college New Delhi|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116084234/http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Mass Media in India |url=http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html |publisher=[[National Institute of Mass Communication]] |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116084234/http://www.nimc-india.com/history-mass-media-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Today much of the media is controlled by large, corporations, which reap revenue from advertising, [[subscriptions]], and sale of [[copyright]]ed material.

India has over 500 [[Cable television|satellite channels]] (more than 80 are news channels) and 70,000 newspapers, the biggest newspaper market in the world with over 100 million copies sold each day.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16524711 | publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=Why are India's media under fire? | date=19 January 2012 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-date=3 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603020926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16524711 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The French NGO [[Reporters Without Borders]] compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of its [[Press Freedom Index]]. In its 2023 downgraded India by 11 points to 161st level out of 180 countries. Indian media freedom now stands below Afghanistan, Somalia and Columbia. It stated its reason saying "The violence against journalists, the politically partisan media and the concentration of media ownership all demonstrate that press freedom is in crisis in “the world’s largest democracy”, ruled since 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the embodiment of the Hindu nationalist right."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/india |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=rsf.org |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506213025/https://rsf.org/en/country/india |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, India was ranked 150th, which declined from 133rd rank in 2016. It stated that this was due to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and their followers of [[Hindutva]] having greater exertion of control of the media.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSF Index for 2022 Sees India's Global Press Freedom Ranking Fall to 150 From 142 |url=https://thewire.in/media/indias-2022-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-150-from-142 |access-date=2022-08-29 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824084930/https://thewire.in/media/indias-2022-ranking-in-press-freedom-falls-to-150-from-142 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Freedom House]], a US-based NGO stated in its 2021 report that harassment of journalists increased under [[Modi administration|Modi's administration]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=[[Freedom House]]|title=India|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|journal=Freedom in the World|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304054952/https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The English-language media of India are described as traditionally [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] liberal, which has been a point of friction recently due to an upsurge in popularity of [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2018054/indian-media-how-free-it-really|title=Indian media: how free is it really?|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003113634/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2018054/indian-media-how-free-it-really|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[BBC News]], "A look at Indian news channels - be it English or Hindi - shows that fairly one-sided news prevails. And that side is BJP and Hindutva."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattsali |first=Amitabh |title=NDTV ownership change: Will anyone else in India challenge the government like this? |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c295njjdz45o |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201231521/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c295njjdz45o |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'', founded in 1780, was the first Indian newspaper. [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] moving pictures were screened in [[Bombay]] during July 1895, and [[radio broadcasting]] began in 1927.<ref>See ''Thomas 2006'' and ''Burra & Rao 2006''.</ref>

== Press Council of Indian act 1978 ==
The [[Press Council of India]] acts as a mechanism for the press to regulate itself. It ensures that the Indian press is free and responsible. If the press is to function effectively as the watchdog of public interest, it must have a secure freedom of expression, unfettered and unhindered by any authority, organised bodies, or individuals. It ensures that the press must, therefore, scrupulously adhere to accepted norms of journalistic ethics and maintain high standards of professional conduct.

Where the norms are breached and the freedom is defiled by unprofessional conduct, a way must exist to check and control it. But control by the government or official authorities may prove destructive of this freedom. Therefore, the best way is to let the peers of the profession, assisted by a few discerning laymen, regulate it through a properly structured, representative, and impartial machinery. Hence, the Press Council of India was established.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://presscouncil.nic.in/Content/29_3_History.aspx | title=Home | Press Council of India | access-date=16 January 2020 | archive-date=20 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220104452/http://presscouncil.nic.in/Content/29_3_History.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Overview ==
The traditional print media, but also the television media, are largely family-owned and often partake in [[self-censorship]], primarily due to political ties by the owner and the [[The Establishment|establishment]]. However, the [[new media]] are generally more professional and corporate-owned, though these, too, have been acquired or affiliated with established figures. At the same time, the Indian media, viewed as "feisty," have also not reported on issues of the media itself.<ref>{{cite web |title='Managing' India's media |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/11/india-media-20131119151238287298.html |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225191612/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/11/india-media-20131119151238287298.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Print ==
[[File:Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The headquarters of ''[[Doordarshan]]'', for which experimental telecast started in September 1959. Regular daily transmission followed in 1965 as a part of [[All India Radio]].]]
{{Main|List of newspapers in India by readership|List of newspapers in India|List of newspapers in India by circulation}}
{{Further|Press Trust of India|United News of India|:Category:Magazines published in India}}
The first newspaper printed in India was ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'', started in 1780 under the [[British Raj]] by [[James Augustus Hicky]].<ref name=Raju105 /> Other newspapers such as ''The India Gazette'', ''The Calcutta Gazette'', ''[[The Madras Courier]]'' (1785), and ''[[Bombay Gazette|The Bombay Herald]]'' (1789) soon followed.<ref name=Raju105 /> These newspapers carried news of the areas under the [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name=Raju105 /> The ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', founded in 1822 and printed in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the oldest newspaper in Asia still in print.<ref name=np11>{{cite news|title=One night in Mumbai|url=https://nationalpost.com/night+Mumbai/4444567/story.html|access-date=24 December 2011|newspaper=[[National Post]]}}</ref> On 30 May 1826 ''[[Udant Martand]]'' (The Rising Sun), the first [[Hindi-language]] newspaper published in [[India]], started from Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), published every Tuesday by [[Pandit|Pt.]] Jugal Kishore Shukla.<ref name="Naqvi2007">{{cite book|author=Hena Naqvi|title=Journalism And Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aFH2KFhFOkC&pg=PA42|year= 2007|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7482-108-9|pages=42–}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacherje2009">{{cite book|author=S. B. Bhattacherjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA119|year=2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7|pages=A119}}</ref>

Even after [[Indian independence movement|independence from Britain]] in 1947, the English-language papers were prominent due to a number of reasons. The telegraphic circuits of news agencies used the [[Roman Alphabet]] and the [[Morse code]], giving the English press an advantage in speed. The speed of typesetting was also much slower in Indian languages because of the [[Diacritic]]s. Also, the press largely relied on advertisements of imported goods for revenue, and the foreign advertisers naturally preferred English-language media. The language of the administration had also remained English.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mani |first1=A. D. |title=The Indian Press Today |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=109–113 |doi=10.2307/3023864 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023864 |publisher=[[Institute of Pacific Relations]] |jstor=3023864 |issn=0362-8949 |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045234/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023864 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Currently India publishes about 1,000 [[Hindi]] dailies that have a total circulation of about 80 million copies. English, the [[second language]] in terms of number of daily newspapers, has about 250 dailies with a circulation of about 40 million copies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Livemint Archive |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/02/05230335/Hindi-dailies-with-local-news.html |access-date=25 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615022436/http://livemint.com/2009/02/05230335/Hindi-dailies-with-local-news.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The prominent Hindi newspapers are ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', ''[[Devbhumi Mirror]]'', ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', ''[[Hindustan Dainik]]'', ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]'', ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', and ''[[Dainik Aaj]]''.

In terms of readership, ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' is the most popular Hindi daily with a total readership (TR) of 70,377,000, according to [[Indian Readership Survey|IRS]] Q1 2019. ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' is the second most popular with a total readership of 51,405,000. ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' with a TR of 47,645,000, ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'' with a TR of 18,036,000 and ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]'' with a TR of 14,102,000 are placed at the next three positions. The total readership of the top 10 Hindi dailies is estimated at 188.68 million, nearly five times that of the top 10 English dailies that have a 38.76 million total readership.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRS R1 2009: No surprises here – Dainik Jagran and TOI maintain leadership positions |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/IRS/2009/fullstory.asp?Section_id=40&News_id=34692&Tag=29960 |publisher=www.exchange4media.com |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220074614/http://www.exchange4media.com/IRS/2009/fullstory.asp?Section_id=40&News_id=34692&Tag=29960 |archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

The prominent English newspapers are ''[[The Times of India]]'', founded in 1838 as ''The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce'' by Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, a colonial enterprise now owned by an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]; [[The Times Group]]. ''[[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]'' was founded in 1924 during the [[Indian Independence Movement]] ('[[Hindustan]]' being the historical name of [[India]]), it is published by [[HT Media Ltd]]. ''[[The Hindu]]'' was founded in 1878 by a group known as the [[Triplicane]] Six consisting of four law students and two teachers in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), it is now owned by [[The Hindu Group]].

In the 1950s, 214 daily newspapers were published in the country.<ref name=Raju105>Thomas, 105</ref> Out of these, 44 were English language dailies while the rest were published in various [[Languages of India|regional]] and national languages.<ref name=Raju105 /> This number rose to 3,805 dailies in 1993 with the total number of newspapers published in the country having reached 35,595.<ref name=Raju105 />

The main regional newspapers of India include the [[Marathi language]] ''[[Lokmat]]'', the [[Gujarati Language]] ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', the [[Malayalam language]] ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', the [[Tamil language]] ''[[Daily Thanthi]]'', the [[Telugu language]] ''[[Eenadu]]'', the [[Kannada language]] ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' and the [[Bengali language]] ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''.

Newspaper sales in the country increased by 11.22% in 2007.<ref name=wanstats>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wan-press.org/article17377.html |title=World Association of Newspapers (2008), ''World Press Trends: Newspapers Are A Growth Business'' |publisher=Wan-press.org |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421114914/http://www.wan-press.org/article17377.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2007, 62 of the world's best selling newspaper dailies were published in China, Japan, and [[India]].<ref name=wanstats /> India consumed 99 million newspaper copies as of 2007—making it the second largest market in the world for newspapers.<ref name=wanstats />

=== Dailies in India ===
*'''Top 10 Hindi Dailies'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[Dainik Jagran]]''
#''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''
#''[[Amar Ujala]]''
#''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''
#''[[Prabhat Khabar]]''
#''[[Punjab Kesari]]''
#''Patrika''{{clarify|reason=The cited source doesn't specify which paper this is}}
#''[[Navbharat Times]]''
#''[[Nai Dunia]]''
#''[[Hari Bhoomi]]''

}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q4 2019 pdf''

*'''Top 10 English dailies'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[The Times of India]]''
#''[[The Hindu]]''
#''[[The Economic Times]]''
#''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''
#''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''
#''[[The Indian Express]]''
#''[[The New Indian Express]]''
#''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''
#''[[Mid-Day]]''
#''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf <nowiki>Q1 2019 [1]</nowiki>]''

*'''Top 10 regional dailies'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|#''[[Daily Thanthi]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Lokmat]]'' (Marathi)
#''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Eenadu]]'' (Telugu)
#''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' (Malayalam)
#''Mandsaur Today ( Hindi)''
#''[[Dinakaran]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' (Bengali)
#''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' (Gujarati)
#''[[Sakal]]'' (Marathi)
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

=== Magazines in India ===
*'''Top 10 Hindi magazines'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[India Today]]''
#''[[SamanyaGyan Darpan]]''
#''[[Pratiyogita Darpan]]''
#''[[Meri Saheli]]''
#''[[Navodayans Heights]]''
#''[[Bal Bhaskar]]''
#''[[Champak]]''
#''[[Sarita (magazine)|Sarita]]''
#''[[Diamond Cricket Today]]''
#''[[Cricket Samrat]]''
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

*'''Top 10 English magazines'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[India Today]]''
#''[[General Knowledge Today]]''
#''[[The Sportstar]]''
#''[[Diamond Cricket Today]]''
#''[[Filmfare]]''
#''[[Pratiyogita Darpan]]''
#''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''
#''[[The Week]]''
#''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
#''[[Competition Success Review]]''
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

*'''Top 10 regional magazines'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
#''[[Vanitha]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Mathrubhumi Arogya Masika]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Kumudam]]'' (Tamil)
#''[[Mathrubhumi Thozhilvartha]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Balarama (magazine)|Balarama]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' (Tamil)
#''Grihalakshmi''
#''[[Manorama Thozhil Veedhi]]'' (Malayalam)
#''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'' (Tamil)
}}
:''Ref: Indian Readership Survey Q1 2019 [https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/8e428e54a95edcd6e8be593a7021a185.pdf]''

== Broadcasting ==
[[File:Ab vajpayee2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (office: 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004) placed the development of Information Technology among his top five priorities and formed the Indian National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development.]]

{{Main|Radio in India|Television in India}}
{{Further|List of Indian television stations|List of Indian-language radio stations}}

Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became a state responsibility only in 1930.<ref name=Schwartzberg>Schwartzberg (2008)</ref> In 1937 it was given the name ''[[All India Radio]]'' and since 1957 it has been called ''[[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]]''.<ref name=Schwartzberg /> Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.<ref name=Schwartzberg /> The [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] owned and maintained the audio-visual apparatus—including the television channel ''[[Doordarshan]]''—in the country prior to the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao#Economic reforms|economic reforms of 1991]].<ref name=Raju106>Thomas, 106</ref> The Government of India played a significant role in using the audio-visual media for increasing mass education in India's rural swathes. Projected television screens provided engaging education in India's villages by the 1990s.In 1997, an autonomous body was established in the name of '''[[Prasar Bharti]]''' to take care of the public service broadcasting under the [[Prasar Bharati|Prasar Bharti Act]]. [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]], which earlier were working as media units under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of I&B]] became constituents of the body.

Following the economic reforms satellite television channels from around the world—including the [[BBC]], [[CNN]], [[CNBC]], and other foreign television channels gained a foothold in the country.<ref name=Raju106-107>Thomas, 106–107</ref> 47 million households with television sets emerged in 1993, which was also the year when [[Rupert Murdoch]] entered the Indian market.<ref name=Raju107>Thomas, 107</ref> [[Satellite television|Satellite]] and cable television soon gained a foothold.<ref name=Raju107 /> ''[[Doordarshan]]'', in turn, initiated reforms and modernisation.<ref name=Raju107 /> With 1,400 television stations as of 2009, the country ranks 4th in the [[list of countries by number of television broadcast stations]].<ref name=ciatvstation>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2015.html ''CIA World Factbook: Field Listing – Television broadcast stations.'']</ref>

On 16 November 2006, the [[Government of India]] released the community radio policy which allowed agricultural centres, educational institutions and civil society organisations to apply for a community-based [[Frequency modulation|FM]] broadcasting licence. Community radio is allowed 100 watt [[effective radiated power]] (ERP) with a maximum tower height of 30 Metres. The licence is valid for five years and one organisation can only get one licence, which is non-transferable and to be used for community development purposes.

== Communications ==
{{Main|Information technology in India|Telecommunications in India}}
{{Further|List of telecom companies in India}}

The Indian Government acquired [[ES EVM]] computers from the [[Soviet Union]], which were used in large companies and research laboratories.<ref name="desai">Desai (2006)</ref> [[Tata Consultancy Services]] – established in 1968 by the [[Tata Group]] – were the country's largest software producers during the 1960s.<ref name="desai" /> The '[[microchip revolution]]' of the 1980s had convinced both [[Indira Gandhi]] and her successor [[Rajiv Gandhi]] that electronics and telecommunications were vital to India's growth and development.<ref name=Chand /> [[MTNL]] underwent technological improvements.<ref name=Chand>Chand, 86</ref> Between 1986 and 1987, the [[Indian government]] embarked upon the creation of three wide-area computer networking schemes: INDONET (intended to serve the [[IBM]] mainframes in India), NICNET (network for the [[National Informatics Centre]]), and the academic research oriented [[ERNET|Education and Research Network (ERNET)]].<ref name=Wolcott&Goodman568>Wolcott & Goodman, 568</ref>

The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of [[globalisation]] and international economic integration.<ref name=sharma2>Sharma (2006)</ref> Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993 and 2002.<ref name=sharma2 /> The economic reforms were driven in part by significant the internet usage in India.<ref name=Wolcott&Goodman564>Wolcott & Goodman, 564</ref> The new administration under [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]—which placed the development of [[Information technology]] among its top five priorities— formed the Indian National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development.<ref name=Wolcott&Goodman564-565>Wolcott & Goodman, 564–565</ref> Internet gained a foothold in India by 1998.<ref name="desai" /> India had a total of 100 million Internet users—comprising 8.5% of the country's population—by 2010.<ref name=cia&stats>See [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004451/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2153rank.html ''The World Factbook: Internet users''] and [http://www.internetworldstats.com/ ''Internet World Stats''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124180233/http://www.internetworldstats.com/ }}.</ref> By 2010, 13 million people in India also had access to broadband Internet— making it the 10th largest country in the world in terms of [[List of countries by number of broadband Internet users|broadband Internet users]].

[[India]] had a total of 34 million fixed lines in use by 2011.<ref name=ciatelephone>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003948/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2150rank.html ''CIA World Factbook: Rank Order – Telephones – main lines in use''.]</ref> In the [[Landline|fixed line]] arena, [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] and [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited|MTNL]] are the incumbents in their respective areas of operation and continue to enjoy the dominant service provider status in the domain of fixed line services.<ref name=trai-reports /> [[BSNL]] controls 79% of fixed line share in the country.<ref name=trai-reports />

In the [[mobile phone|mobile telephony]] sector, [[Bharti Airtel]] controls 24.3% subscriber base followed by [[Reliance Communications]] with 18.9%, [[Vodafone]] with 18.8%, [[BSNL]] with 12.7% subscriber base as of June 2009.<ref name=trai-reports>From the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] see [http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/StudyPapers/5/spaper2nov05.pdf ''Study paper on State of Indian Telecom Network''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040834/http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/StudyPapers/5/spaper2nov05.pdf }} and [http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/371/pr12sep06no89.pdf ''Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Press Release No. 89 /2006''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911040932/http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/371/pr12sep06no89.pdf }}</ref> India had a total of 880 million mobile phone connections by 2011.<ref name=ciamobiletelephone>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004129/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html ''CIA World Factbook: Rank Order – Telephones – mobile cellular''.]</ref> Total [[Fixed line|fixed-line]] and wireless subscribers reached 688 million as of August 2010.<ref name=reuters>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/UK_SMALLCAPSRPT/idUKDEL2193920080725 |title=Reuters (2008), ''India adds 8.94 mln mobile users in June'' |publisher=Uk.reuters.com |access-date=1 September 2010 | first=Devidutta | last=Tripathy}}</ref>

== Motion pictures ==
{{Main|Cinema of India}}

The history of film in India begins with the screening of [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] moving pictures in [[Bombay]] during the July 1895.<ref name=Burra&Rao252>Burra & Rao, 252</ref> ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'', a full-length feature film, was initiated in 1912 and completed later.<ref name=Burra&Rao252 /> ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (released 14 March 1931), directed by [[Ardeshir Irani]], was the first Indian movie with dialogues.<ref name=Burra&Rao253>Burra & Rao, 253</ref>

Indian films were soon being followed throughout Southeast Asia and the Middle East—where modest dressing and subdued sexuality of these films was found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of the audience belonging to the various [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] of the region.<ref name=eb-watson>Watson (2008)</ref> As cinema as a medium gained popularity in the country as many as 1,000 films in various [[languages of India]] were produced annually.<ref name=eb-watson /> [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] also gained a foothold in India with [[special effect]]s films such as ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993) and ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' (1994) being specially appreciated by the local audiences.<ref name=eb-watson /> Expatriates throughout the United Kingdom and in the United States continued to give rise to an international audiences to Indian movies, which, according to The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2008) entry on ''[[Bollywood]]'', "continued to be formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than-life heroes".<ref name=eb-bollywood>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Bollywood''.</ref> Present-day [[India]] produces the most films of any country in the world.<ref name=filmstats>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_fil_pro-media-films-produced |title=''Nation Master: Films produced (most recent) by country'' |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825035727/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_fil_pro-media-films-produced |url-status=live }}</ref> Major media investors in the country are production houses such as [[Yash Raj Films]], [[Dharma Productions]], Aamir Khan Productions, [[Disney India]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]. Most of these productions are funded by investors since there are limited banking and credit facilities maturity in India for the [[Film industry|motion picture industry]]. Many [[Multinational corporation|international corporations]], such as [[Disney]] (formerly [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]]) and [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] ([[Network18 Group|Network18]] Studios) have entered the nation's media industry on a large scale.

== Digital and online media ==
The early 2000s saw the advent of online and [[digital publishing]] in India. Traditional print dailies were the first to adapt and introduce their own digital versions of their print dailies and magazines. Today, India is the home of many online publications including digital-only [[news outlets]], Magazines, [[News media|news portals]] and [[publishing houses]]. [[:hi:रवींद्र_आंबेकर|Max Maharashtra]] group is one of the pioneer in independent online media.

=== List of notable digital-only publications ===

* [[Altnews.in]]
* [HTTPS://maxmaharashtra.com Max Maharashtra]
* [https://maxwoman.in Max Woman]
* [[Cobrapost]]
* [[Dailyhunt]] (aggregator)
* [[Firstpost]]
* [[India Times]]
* [[Khabar Lahariya]]
* [https://ganganews.com Ganga News]
* [[Newslaundry]]
* [[One India]]
* [[People's Archive of Rural India]]
* [[Pinkvilla]]
* [[ScoopWhoop]]
* [[SheThePeople.TV]]
* [[Scroll.in]]
* [[The Better India]]
* [[Two Circles]]
* [[The Chenab Times]]
* [[The Lallantop]]
* [[The News Minute]]
* [[ThePrint]]
* [[The Quint]]
* [[The Wire (India)]]

== Defense news reporting in India ==

India has fought four wars since its independence from the [[British Raj|British]] in 1947. It has long running insurgency problems in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], the border state with [[Pakistan]] and also in the [[Northeast India|northeastern states]], apart from internal security challenges. It has led to sustained audience interest in the issues related to national security and defence. Leading English and [[Hindi]] dailies cover defence issues in a major way, but niche defence specific reporting and publications have also taken root in the last 10 years.{{Clarify timeframe}}

=== List ===
* ''[[Sainik Samachar]]''
* ''[[Indian Military Review]]''

== Ownership and funding ==
{{Further|List of news media ownership in India}}
Digital media is opening up to paywalls and other subscription based models. However a majority of readers still do not pay for the content they read, causing the media houses to rely on other means of funding.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Tasmayee Laha|title=Are Indian newspapers heading towards a paywall model?|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/are-indian-newspapers-heading-towards-a-paywall-model-104805.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Exchange4media|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073546/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/are-indian-newspapers-heading-towards-a-paywall-model-104805.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Independent and Public Spirited Media Trust'' is a syndicate that promotes media in India with the aim of creating a news content creation network.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rai|first=Saritha|title=With starting corpus of Rs 100 cr, Bengaluru billionaires register media trust|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/bengaluru-billionaires-register-media-trust/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/commodities/bengaluru-billionaires-register-media-trust/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was founded in 2015 and funds organisations such as [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=How The Wire is Funded|url=https://thewire.in/media/how-the-wire-is-funded|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Wire|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://thewire.in/media/how-the-wire-is-funded|url-status=live}}</ref> IndiaSpend, [[CGNet Swara]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact-driven journalism during the pandemic|url=https://ijnet.org/en/story/impact-driven-journalism-during-pandemic|access-date=2021-05-26|website=International Journalists' Network|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073546/https://ijnet.org/en/story/impact-driven-journalism-during-pandemic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Vidhi|title=IPS Media Foundation receives two dozen applications for funds|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/YMWfKAkYz0jRfFSet57vRI/IPS-Media-Foundation-receives-two-dozen-applications-for-fu.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/YMWfKAkYz0jRfFSet57vRI/IPS-Media-Foundation-receives-two-dozen-applications-for-fu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alt News|AltNews]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transparency of funding|url=https://www.altnews.in/transparency-of-funding/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529122901/https://www.altnews.in/transparency-of-funding/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[The Caravan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us {{!}} The Caravan|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/pages/about-us|access-date=2021-05-26|website=caravanmagazine.in|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073547/https://caravanmagazine.in/pages/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Omidyar Network]] has invested in [[Scroll.in]] and [[Newslaundry]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|title=The ideology behind media investments|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/CUrOd5ytWmYd3qREoDqgdK/The-ideology-behind-media-investments.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012900/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/CUrOd5ytWmYd3qREoDqgdK/The-ideology-behind-media-investments.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Odisha TV]] is owned by the Panda Family, [[Baijayant Panda|Baijayant Jay Panda]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Media Ownership Monitor: Who owns the media in India? {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/media-ownership-monitor-who-owns-media-india|access-date=2021-05-26|website=RSF|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073554/https://rsf.org/en/news/media-ownership-monitor-who-owns-media-india|url-status=live}}</ref> [[News Live (Indian TV channel)|NewsLive]] in Assam is run by the wife of [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]].<ref name=":2" /> ''The Caravan'' points out that [[NDTV]], [[News Nation]], [[India TV]], [[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]] and [[Network18 Group|Network18]] are linked to [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|title=The Big Five: The Media Companies That the Modi Government Must Scrutinise To Fulfill its Promise of Ending Crony Capitalism|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/the-big-five-the-media-companies-that-the-modi-government-must-scrutinise-to-fulfill-its-promise-of-ending-crony-capitalism|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Caravan|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073544/https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/the-big-five-the-media-companies-that-the-modi-government-must-scrutinise-to-fulfill-its-promise-of-ending-crony-capitalism|url-status=live}}</ref> Another Indian billionaire businessman who funds media is [[Subhash Chandra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Finances India's Journalism? {{!}} CMDS|url=https://cmds.ceu.edu/article/2020-06-10/who-finances-indias-journalism|access-date=2021-05-26|website=cmds.ceu.edu|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073556/https://cmds.ceu.edu/article/2020-06-10/who-finances-indias-journalism|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Funding ideology ===
Investor [[Rohini Nilekani]] explains her ideology as follows:<ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text="In my case, my ideology, if I must confess to one, is that of the preservation of diversity. As a funder, I am willing to support individuals and institutions that are demonstrably committed to the largest public interest, that demonstrate high integrity and clarity of thought [...] I am quite okay with differing points of view. That’s why I can comfortably fund a somewhat 'right-wing' think tank, even as I fund something 'left-wing' like EPW. This is important to explain, because, in my understanding, I am true to a higher ideology, which is freedom of expression, freedom of the press."}}

== Criticism ==
Some sections of Indian media, controlled by businessmen, Politicians, and government [[bureaucrat]]s, are facing criticism for biased, motivated reporting, behave like one party owned or governing party owned and selective presentation. After the devastating [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|earthquake in Nepal]] on 25 April 2015, in spite of [[India]] helping, tweets from [[Nepal]] trended effectively saying, "Go home, Indian media".<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepalese slam Indian media, #GoHomeIndianMedia trends |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/475381/nepalese-slam-indian-media-gohomeindianmedia.html |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100223/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/475381/nepalese-slam-indian-media-gohomeindianmedia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Disturbed by corruption, Delhi chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] suggested on 3 May 2015 to have a public trial of Indian media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Chief Minister Suggests Vigilante-Style, Public Trials For Indian Media |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/05/04/arvind-kejriwal_n_7202194.html |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=HuffPost India |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113714/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/05/04/arvind-kejriwal_n_7202194.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kejriwal Seeks 'Public Trial' of Media Over 'Conspiracy to Finish Off AAP' |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/kejriwal-seeks-public-trial-of-media-over-conspiracy-to-finish-off-aap/895047 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Outlook (magazine) |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109070135/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/kejriwal-seeks-public-trial-of-media-over-conspiracy-to-finish-off-aap/895047 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kejriwal wants to put media on 'janta ka trial' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kejriwal-wants-to-put-media-on-janta-ka-trial/ |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004073945/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kejriwal-wants-to-put-media-on-janta-ka-trial/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 May 2015, the then I & B Minister, [[Arun Jaitley]] echoed a similar rhetoric saying that there was a, "flood of channels but dearth of facts".<ref>{{cite news |title=Flood of channels but dearth of facts: Arun Jaitley {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Flood-of-channels-but-dearth-of-facts-Arun-Jaitley/articleshow/47195974.cms |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094641/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Flood-of-channels-but-dearth-of-facts-Arun-Jaitley/articleshow/47195974.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourhindustan.com/flood-channels-dearth-facts-arun-jaitley |title=Flood of channels but dearth of facts: Arun Jaitley | Our Hindustan |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101736/http://www.ourhindustan.com/flood-channels-dearth-facts-arun-jaitley |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of late, a lot of mainstream media channels have been accused of printing and telecasting unverified and biased news which they retracted later. In a few instances content from Twitter's parody accounts were cited as a source. Indian mainstream media has often been accused of showing sensationalized news items.<ref>{{cite news |title=Does Indian media go overboard with breaking news? |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2008/09/12/does-indian-media-go-overboard-with-breaking-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914144319/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2008/09/12/does-indian-media-go-overboard-with-breaking-news/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2008 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=Reuters Blogs }}</ref> In March 2018, the then [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Dipak Misra]] said that, "journalists cannot write anything they imagine and behave as if they are sitting in some pulpit".<ref>{{cite news |title=Chief Justice of India criticises section of media for 'irresponsible journalism' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/there-are-limits-supreme-court-criticises-section-of-media-for-irresponsible-journalism/story-IZYulq80oLTokAoKQokKaP.html |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021509/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/there-are-limits-supreme-court-criticises-section-of-media-for-irresponsible-journalism/story-IZYulq80oLTokAoKQokKaP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Godi media]] is a pejorative term coined & popularised by [[NDTV]] journalist [[Ravish Kumar]] referring to the sensationalist and biased Indian mainstream media which supports the ruling party of India.

It is also criticised for its overly creative reporting especially during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and floods in [[2018 Kerala floods|2018]], [[2019 Kerala floods|2019]], [[2020 floods|2020]] and 2021 which can create unwanted fear in the minds of viewers.{{citation needed}}

[[Chief Justice of India]] [[N. V. Ramana]] criticized Indian media in a speech in July 2022 accusing the media of running [[Kangaroo court]]s and running agenda driven debates without any accountability, which he thinks is bad for democracy.<ref>{{cite news |title='Incapable of Distinguishing Between Right and Wrong': CJI Criticises Media 'Kangaroo Courts' |url=https://thewire.in/law/cji-nv-ramana-kangaroo-court-media-debate |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=The Wire |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830104033/https://thewire.in/law/cji-nv-ramana-kangaroo-court-media-debate |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several media watchdogs condemned the Indian government’s decision to ban a BBC documentary titled 'India: The Modi Question' critical of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and criticized the use of emergency powers to prevent clips from being accessed or shared online in India. The documentary questions Modi’s leadership as chief minister during the [[2002 Gujarat pogrom]], when more than 2,000 people were killed, most of them Muslims. The International Press Institute (IPI) expressed its alarm regarding authorities invoking emergency laws to block the documentary, saying that the country’s 2021 IT Rules allow the government “expansive and unchecked powers” to control and censor online content and news outlets.{{Citation needed}}

A report by [[Oxfam]] and [[Newslaundry]] found out that employees from general category constitute around 90% of leadership positions in the Indian media, which means that the marginalized communities like [[Dalit]]s, [[Adivasi]]s and [[Bahujan]]s do not have adequate representation.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=General category employees hold 90% leadership positions in Indian media: Oxfam-Newslaundry report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1035094/general-category-employees-hold-90-leadership-positions-in-indian-media-oxfam-newslaundry-report |access-date=2022-12-19 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219073411/https://scroll.in/latest/1035094/general-category-employees-hold-90-leadership-positions-in-indian-media-oxfam-newslaundry-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Yellow journalism]]
** [[Sensationalism]]
* [[List of television stations in India]]
* [[List of Indian-language radio stations]]
* [[List of magazines in India]]
* [[List of journalists killed in India]]
* [[Open access in India]]
* [[Fake news in India]]

== Notes and References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Burra, Rani Day & Rao, Maithili (2006), "Cinema", [[Encyclopedia of India|''Encyclopaedia of India'']] ''(vol. 1)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 252–259, [[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]], {{ISBN|0-684-31350-2}}.
* Chand, Vikram K. (2006), ''Reinventing public service delivery in India: Selected Case Studies'', [[SAGE Publishing|Sage Publications]], {{ISBN|0-7619-3489-8}}.
* Desai, Ashok V. (2006), "Information and other Technology Development", ''Encyclopaedia of India (vol. 2)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 269–273, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}.
* Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008), ''India'', [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
* Sharma, Shalendra D. (2006), "Globalisation", ''Encyclopaedia of India (vol. 2)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 146–149, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}.
* Thomas, Raju G. C. (2006), "Media", ''Encyclopaedia of India (vol. 3)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 105–107, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31352-9}}.
* Watson, James L. (2008), ''Globalisation'', [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].
* Wolcott, P. & Goodman, S. E. (2003), ''Global Diffusion of the Internet – I India: Is the Elephant Learning to Dance?'', Communications of the Association for Information Systems, '''11''': 560–646.

==Further reading==
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 259–270.

{{Media of India}}
{{Television news in India}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Asia topic|Media of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media In India}}
[[Category:Mass media in India| ]]
[[Category:Mass media by country|India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Asia by country|India]]

Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)

2022-06-24T09:39:20Z

Hs3058795: Created an enlightening manuscript.

'''Hindu Maha Sabha''' was an organisation representing various Hindu organisations and was formed in [[Fiji]] in 1926, following the formation of All-India Hindu Maha Sabha in [[India]]. The formation of the organisation both in India and Fiji occurred after the assassination of [[Swami Shraddhanand]], a [[Hindu]] activist in India. The formation of the Sabha in Fiji coincided with the formation of a national [[Muslim]] organisation, the [[Fiji Muslim League]].

Although the organization was formed to bring together all the Hindu groups, its leadership soon came under the control of the better organised [[Arya Samaj in Fiji|Arya Samajis]]. When [[Shri Krishna Sharma]] arrived in Fiji in 1927, he assumed leadership of the Sabha, and the Fiji Muslim League, in a complaint to the Government about the activities of Sharma, alleged that the Sabha was formed to commemorate the death of Shraddhanand. The Hindu Maha Sabha (and the Fiji Muslim League) contested with the [[Indian Reform League]] (mainly supported by Indian Christians) for the right to represent Indians.

The Sabha was organised at village level into ''sangathans'' (religious unions) and was led in the [[Suva]]-[[Nausori]] area by [[Vishnu Deo]], [[K. B. Singh]], [[Kundan Singh Kush]] and the [[Western Division, Fiji|western districts]] of [[Viti Levu]] by [[Chattur Singh]] and Sahodar Singh. There was social and economic boycott of the Muslims and the extreme elements within the organisation attempted to put pressure on the small Muslim community to undergo ''[[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|shuddhi]]'' (reconversion). Relationship between Hindus and Muslims reached a low point with assaults and complaints to the Government. One outcome of this conflict was the call by Muslims for separate representation in the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Ali|first=Ahmed|title=The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European dominance 1920-1946 |year=1977 |publisher= University of the South Pacific|location= Suva, Fiji| pages = 119}}</ref>

Thakur Kundan Singh Kush, who arrived in Fiji in 1928, was the principal force behind the ''shuddhi'' and ''sangathan'' efforts. On 29 June 1930 at a meeting of the Hindu Maha Sabha in Nausori, Kush was elected president. Resolutions passed at the meeting asked Hindus to organize themselves and to adhere to the teachings of the Hindu Dharam regarding diet and to boycott a rival newspaper(''Vriddhi''). The ''sangathan'' movement was never fully supported by Fiji's Arya Samaj as a whole with Samajs from different parts of Fiji opposing it, but it received favourable coverage from the pro-Arya Samaj newspaper, ''[[Fiji Samachar]]'', controlled by [[Vishnu Deo]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Kelly|first= John|title= A politics of virtue : Hinduism, sexuality, and countercolonial discourse in Fiji|year= 1991|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location= Chicago|isbn= 0-226-43030-8|pages= [https://archive.org/details/politicsofvirtue00john/page/202 202]|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/politicsofvirtue00john/page/202}}</ref>

In 1930, an intelligence committee was set up by the Government to monitor the activities of the organisation. Letters were opened and searched, publications thought to be seditious were destroyed and instructions in Indian schools were monitored. At a meeting of the Sabha, in [[Suva]], a resolution was passed expressing sorrow at the execution of Indian freedom fighters [[Bhagat Singh]] and Sukhdeo on 23 March 1931. This further infuriated the local [[Europe]]an community.<ref>{{cite book |last= Gillion|first=Kenneth|title=The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European dominance 1920-1946 |year=1977 |publisher= Australian National University Press|location= Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-7081-1291-9| pages = 141}}</ref>

The decline of the Hindu Maha Sabha was due, not to outside influence, but came from internal division. While in the past the more numerous ''[[Sanatani]]s'' (orthodox Hindus) were content to let the Arya Samajis take leadership of the Hindus in Fiji in the past, the arrived from India, in December, 1930, of Sanatani preacher, Ram Chandra Sharma, led to open debate between the two Hindu groups about who represented true Hinduism. It ended with a court case and conviction of Vishnu Deo. An orthodox Hindu organisation was formed which aligned itself with the Muslims and Christians against the Arya Samaj. Sharma was joined by another Sanatani preacher, Murarilal Shastri, and the two criticised the Sabha for causing dissension.<ref>{{cite book |last= Gillion|first=Kenneth|title=The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European dominance 1920-1946 |year=1977 |publisher= Australian National University Press|location= Canberra, Australia|isbn=0-7081-1291-9| pages = 110}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>{{Hindu Nationalism}}
[[Category:Fiji Indian organisations]]
[[Category:History of Fiji]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in Fiji]]
[[Category:Defunct Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in Fiji]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1926]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalism]]

Bhatra Sikhs

2022-05-26T08:11:43Z

Hs3058795: Created an enlightening manuscript.

{{short description|Sikh subgroup}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Redirect|Bhatra|the village|Bhatra, Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group= Bhatra Sikhs
|image = Shivnabh manuscript.jpg
|image_caption=Hakikat-Rah-Muqaam-Shivnabh-Raje-Ki, description of the meeting of Guru nanak and Raja Shivnabh [p.1248] of an early 18th Century handwritten copy of Bhai Bannu’s Bir, the start of the Sikh Bhat Sangat.
|langs=[[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Panjabi language|Panjabi]], [[Urdu]]
|rels=[[Sikhi]]
}}{{Sikh literature}}

The '''Bhatra Sikhs''' (also known as '''Bhat Sikhs''') are a sub-group within the [[Sikhs]] who originated from the bards of the time of [[Guru Nanak]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[BBC]] [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] [[Eduqas]] |title=Practices in Sikhism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zm848mn/revision/3 |accessdate=8 February 2021}}</ref> In the 20th century publication A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, [[Denzil Ibbetson|Sir Denzil Ibbetson]] remarks that the Bhats claimed descent from the Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province : based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 / by the late Sir Denzil Ibbetson and the census report for the Punjab, 1892, by Sir Edward Maclagan and compiled by H.A. Rose.|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yubuatzp|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en}}</ref> Eleanor Nesbitt and [[William Hewat McLeod]] suggested that they are a [[caste]].<ref name="EN1"/><ref name="WHM"/>

==Origins==
Many academics suggests that the word Bhatra is a diminutive form of the word Bhat which comes from [[Sanskrit]] meaning a "bard or [[panegyrist]]". Dharam Singh writes that in the Sikh tradition Bhatts are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Sikh Gurus whom they eulogize and celebrate in their verses, he suggests that Bhat is not an [[epithet]] for a learned [[Brahmin|Brahman]]".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Sikh Courier International |volume=33–37 |year=1993 |pages=21–22 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |place=London |title=Bhatras: Ambassadors of Sikh Faith |first=Dharam |last=Singh |issn=0037-511X |oclc=34121403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGJRAAAAYAAJ |quote=As for their origin, the academicians hold that the term Bhatra is a diminutive of the Sanskrit word bhat which literally means bard or panegyrist. They used to recite poetry, lauding the grandeur of the ruler or the gallantry of warrior who happened to be their patron. In the Sikh tradition, Bhatts are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Sikh Gurus whom they eulogize and celebrate in their verses. According to another myth prevalent in India, Bhat is an epithet for a learned Brahman.}}</ref> However the late [[Giani Gurdit Singh]] confirmed that the Bhat bards who contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib were descended from the Brahmins in his book, Bhatt Te Uhnah Di Rachna.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giani Gurdit|first=Singh|title=Bhatt Te Uhnah Di Rachna|publisher=Punjabi Sahit Academy|year=1961|quote=ਭੱਟ ਬਾਹਮਣ ਸਨ ਤੇ ਹੁਣ ਭੀ ਉਹ ਬਾਹਮਣ ਹੀ ਸਦਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ । ਪਰ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ ਕਰਮ ' ਉਸਤਤ - ਪਾਠ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹ ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣਾਂ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਖਰੀ ਸ਼ਰੇਣੀ ਬਣ ਗਈ ।}}</ref> They originate from the [[Gaur Brahmin|Gaur]] (Gaud)/[[Saraswat Brahmin|Sarsut]] (Saraswat) [[Brahmin]] lineage and started associating with the [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Gurus]] during the [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]] of [[Guru Arjan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhreferenceboo0000dila/page/71/mode/1up?q=Bhatt |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319683249 |title=A complete guide to Sikhism |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2009 |isbn=81-7142-754-5 |location=Chandigarh, India |pages=245–46 |chapter=The Bhatts of the Punjab |oclc=319683249 |quote=The Bhatts are Brahmins, who sang praises of their patrons (Jajmans) and maintained the registers called Vahees, mentioning accounts of various happenings in different parts of the Punjab including birth and death records of their Jajmans, since ancient times. There are two major subdivisions of Brahmins namely Gaur (Gaud) and Sarsut (Saraswat) Brahmins. The Gaur Brahmins lived on eastern side of the Saraswati River (now Ghaggar) in the Haryana, while the Sarsut Brahmins lived on the western side of the Saraswati river in the Punjab. The Bhatts are a sub-sect of the Sarsut Brahmins. In the pre-modern times they inhabited numerous villages in the Punjab along the banks of Saraswati River in and around Pehowa, in Karnal district. Some of the Bhatts came to Guru's Darbar during the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev soon after the demise of Guru Ram Dass and their hymns are found recorded in Guru Granth Sahib, under the heading, "Bhattan Dey Sawayye". A Bhatt Vahee related with the events in the ...}}</ref>

In the book, the Making of Sikh Scripture, Gurinder Singh Mann writes that a large number of the bards who contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib were upper-caste Hindus who came to the Sikh court in the sixteenth century in praise of the Guru and their court.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mann|first=Gurinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4d-5xrysIC&pg=PA138|title=The Making of Sikh Scripture|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802987-8|page=138}}</ref><ref name="EN1" />

{{Sikhism sidebar}}

==Demographics and occupation==
McLeod stated that the Bhatra Sikhs have an "extremely small" population and they are from some villages of the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] and [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] districts of the [[Punjab region]].<ref name="WHM">{{cite book |title=Sikhism |edition=illustrated |first=William Hewat |last=McLeod |year=1997 |page=258 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]] |place=London |isbn=978-0140252606 |oclc=38452341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH_XAAAAMAAJ |quote=At home in the Punjab the Bhatras were an extremely small caste, limited in origin to a few villages in Sialkot and Gurdaspur districts. In status they verged on the Outcaste. They had, however, one significant advantage, which was that they were by traditional occupation fortune-tellers and hawkers. In other words, they were well fitted to assume the role of pedlars in the British situation. No evidence seems to exist concerning their actual numbers in Britain nor how the first ones actually reached the country, but chain migration was established and in the 1920s and 1930s they were the more conspicuous of the few Sikhs in Britain, going from door to door hawking clothing and spices from suitcases. Most of them lived in small groups situated in ports and in the major industrial cities. Between 1939 and 1945 further immigration effectively ceased, but as soon as the Second World War was over the situation changed dramatically.}}</ref>

===Sikhism===
McLeod claimed that the Bhatras of the Gurdaspur and Sialkot districts, traditionally, used to work as "[[fortune-tellers]] and [[Hawker (trade)|hawkers]]".<ref name="WHM"/>

Ethne K. Marenco claimed that in Punjab, after their conversion to Sikhism, several castes including the [Sikh] Bhats largely abandoned their "traditional occupation" in favor of other professions, particularly in the "industry, trade and transport" sectors.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Transformation of Sikh Society |first=Ethne K. |last=Marenco |year=1974 |page=281 |publisher=HaPi Press |place=Portland, Oregon |oclc=1047326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeseAAAAMAAJ |quote=In 1921, as has been pointed out previously, many untouchables were being absorbed into Sikhism and there were reform movements as well. This process continued on to 1931 and we find that there had been considerable conversion to Sikhism among the Chuhras. We are also informed that there had been a great decrease in the traditional occupation for castes like the Chamars, Bhats, Jhinwars and others and that, after agriculture, alternate occupations were preferred in industry, trade and transport.}}</ref> [[J. S. Grewal|Jagtar Singh Grewal]] notes that the "compositions" by some Bhatra Sikhs who were in service of the [[Sikh Gurus]] were added in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sikh Ideology, Polity, and Social Order |section=The Nanak-Panth |first=Jagtar Singh |last=Grewal |year=1996 |page=28 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-8173041150 |oclc=36051569 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX_XAAAAMAAJ |quote=This fact has sometimes been interpreted in terms of Kabir's influence on Sikhism or even on Guru Nanak. It may be pointed out that though Kabir's verses are the largest in number, he is one among many. The proportion of all their compositions put together remains rather small and they are nowhere included in those parts of the Granth which are used for liturgical purposes. The compositions of some of the ''bhats'' who served the Gurus are also included in the Granth. It may be suggested that Guru Arjan's decision to include the compositions of devotional theists in his compilation was an attempt to assimilate that tradition to Sikhism. His decision becomes easily understandable in the light of Guru Nanak's approval of ''sādhs'' and ''sants'' in general.}}</ref>

===Migration to the United Kingdom===
Between the First and Second World War, the Bhatra Sikhs migrated to Britain. They settled mostly in Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Portsmouth, Southampton and Swansea with small populations of theirs also settling in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Manchester and Nottingham.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations |editor1-first=Kristina |editor1-last=Myrvold |editor2-first=Knut Axel |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-link=Knut A. Jacobsen |orig-year=First published 2011 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |place=London; New York |article=Sikh Diversity in the UK: Contexts and Evolution |first=Eleanor |last=Nesbitt |isbn=978-1317055051 |oclc=950004925 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6feCwAAQBAJ |quote=So, for example, Bhatra Sikhs settled between World War I and World War II in Britain's ports—Glasgow, London, Liverpool, Cardiff, Swansea, Bristol, Southampton, and Portsmouth—with only a few inland settlements in Edinburgh, Birmingham, Manchester and Nottingham.}}</ref> They also settled in Belfast, Northern Ireland.<ref name="EN1">{{cite book |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |edition=2nd |chapter=Sikhism Outside India |first=Eleanor |last=Nesbitt |orig-year=First published 2005 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=Oxford |isbn=978-0191062773 |oclc=967264232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ |quote=From World War I until the 1950s the vast majority of Sikh settlers in Britain were from a much less privileged background, however. In India Bhatras (as their caste was known) were perceived by others as low-status, itinerant fortune-tellers. Many UK Bhatras' families originated from the Sialkot area (now in Pakistan). Pioneering Bhatra Sikhs settled in London, in the seaports of Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, London, Portsmouth, Southampton, and Swansea, and inland in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Manchester, and Nottingham. From working as door-to-door salesmen Bhatra men moved into shopkeeping, letting property, and, in more recent generations, into a wide range of occupations and professions. [..] By the end of the 20th century, moves were afoot to replace the stigmatized name 'Bhatra' with the title 'Bhat'.}}</ref> According to William Owen Cole, the Bhatra Sikhs were among the earliest Sikhs to arrive in Britain and they arrived as pedlars.<ref name="WOC1">{{cite book |title=Religion in Europe: Contemporary Perspectives |editor1-first=Sean |editor1-last=Gill |editor2-first=Gavin |editor2-last=D'Costa |editor2-link=Gavin D'Costa |editor3-first=Ursula |editor3-last=King |editor3-link=Ursula King (academic) |article=Sikhs in the United Kingdom |first=William Owen |last=Cole |year=1994 |page=110 |publisher=Pharos |place=Kampen, Overijssel |isbn=978-9039005088 |oclc=1120392621 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNsoAAAAYAAJ |quote=Bhatras, a group ranked very low in the Hindu spectrum of caste (from which Sikhs, Christians and members of other religions derive their status), were among the first Sikhs to come to Britain, as pedlars between the wars. They established ''gurdwaras'' in the post-war period wherever they lived, in ports such as Portsmouth, or Manchester, and Cardiff.}}</ref>

Nesbitt states that in the UK, the Bhatra men initially worked as "door-to-door salesmen" and later as shopkeepers and property renters. She suggests that in the recent times, they have started working in diverse fields.<ref name="EN1"/>

After the end of the Second World War, the Bhatra Sikhs established [[gurdwaras]] in the regions where they resided.<ref name="WOC1"/>

==See also==
*[[List of Sikhism-related topics]]
*[[Bhat Vahis]]
*[[Bhattan De Savaiye]]
*[[Brahmin Sikhs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Desh Pradesh, ''Differentiation and Disjunction among the Sikhs'' in ''South Asian Experience in Britain'' (1994) ed. Roger Ballard
*Roger Ballard, ''The Growth and Changing Character of the Sikh Presence in Britain'' in ''The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States'' (2000), ed. [[Harold Coward]], Raymond Brady Williams, John R Hinnells
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060509034719/http://www.art.man.ac.uk/CASAS/pdfpapers/remittances.pdf Roger Ballard, ''Migration,Remittances, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Reflections on the basis of South Asian Experience'']
*R and C Ballard, ''The Sikhs: the development of South Asian settlements in Britain'' in ''Between Two Cultures'' ed. JL Watson (1977)
*P Ghuman, ''Bhattra Sikhs in Cardiff: Family and Kinship Organization.'' New Community (1980) 8, 3.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=MN0AoM9ahQ0C Marie Gillespie, ''Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change'' (Routledge 1995)]
* Malory Nye, ''A Place for Our Gods: The Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple Community'' (1995)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081626/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/paper/issr55.pdf Sikh settlers in Britain (includes material on caste and on "Bhattra")]

==External links==
*[http://www.bhatra.co.uk Bhatra.co.uk – includes unique content on the early decades in the UK – collection of photographs]
*[http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/asian/settling/community_4.htm Bhatra in the UK before Partition]
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=1981 |pages=70–72 |title=A note on Bhatra Sikhs |first=E. M. |last=Nesbitt |doi=10.1080/1369183X.1981.9975663}}

[[Category:Immigration to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Sikh communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Sikhism in Poland

2022-05-18T03:53:21Z

Hs3058795: Article generated.

{{notability}}
{{more citations needed}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Sikhism in [[Poland]]''' dates back mostly to the 1990s or early 2000s, during the immigration of [[Indian people|Indians]] to Poland. There are about approximately 700 Sikhs in Poland, with the vast majority of them living in the capital of [[Warsaw]].{{citation needed}}

== Gurdwaras ==
There is only one [[Gurdwara]] in Poland being stationed in Warsaw. The city's Sikh Gurdwara, called "Gurudwara Singh Sabha",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gurudawara.pl/|title=GURUDWARA SINGH SABHA WARSAW POLAND|website=www.gurudawara.pl|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> is the only Sikh shrine in the whole of [[Eastern Europe]] and it is the place where both Sikhs and [[Sindhis]] come together to celebrate [[Baisakhi]].

== Controversy ==
Sikhs in Poland are generally treated unfavourably by the locals, especially in more rural areas, due to often being mistaken for [[Muslim]]s for their usually darker skin, [[Dastar|turban]] and beard.

One incident in 2015 involved a Sikh man, Navjot Sawhney, who was attacked by a bouncer outside a nightclub in [[Kraków]] because he looked like a "terrorist".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/12029627/Polish-police-tell-British-Sikh-man-what-do-you-expect-after-Paris-attacks-after-nightclub-beating.html|title=Polish police tell British Sikh man 'what do you expect after Paris attacks' after nightclub beating|last=Day|first=Matthew|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== Sources ==
<references />
{{Europe topic|Sikhism in}}
[[Category:Sikhism in Europe]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras]]
[[Category:Religion in Poland]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|Poland]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}