https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=House+of+DonticsBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T22:45:59ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karvir_Assembly_constituency&diff=508760Karvir Assembly constituency2026-05-06T21:30:52Z<p>House of Dontics: made new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Karvir<br />
| constituency_no = 275<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| map_image = 275-Karvir.svg<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]<br />
| district = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]<br />
| reservation = None <br />
| mla = [[Chandradip Narke]] <br />
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| electors =325,842 <br />
}}<br />
'''Karvir Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Kolhapur district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /><br />
<br />
==Geographical scope==<br />
The constituency comprises [[Gaganbawada|Gagan Bavda taluka]], Bajar Bhogaon and Kale revenue circles of [[Panhala|Panhala taluka]], Kuditre, Nigave, Dumala, Haladi, Beed and [[Sangrul]] revenue circles of Karvir taluka.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=274|access-date=2015-08-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sarnaik Narayan Tukaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dinkarrao Vithalrao Mudrale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | Shripatrao S. Bondre<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Patil Rajaram Babaji<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="5" | Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Satej Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="2" | [[Chandradip Narke|Chandradeep Shashikant Narake]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[P. N. Patil|P. N. Patil-Sadolikar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Chandradip Narke|Chandradeep Shashikant Narake]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandradip Narke|Chandradeep Shashikant Narake]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 134,528 |percentage = 48.37% |change = {{increase}}4.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul P. N. Patil (Sadolikar) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 132,552 |percentage = 47.66% |change = {{decrease}}5.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baba Alias Santaji Fattesingrao Ghorpade |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 7,931 |percentage = 2.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 688 |percentage = 0.25% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,976 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{decrease}}8.17 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 278,799 |percentage = 85.56% |change = {{increase}}1.15 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 278,111}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 325,842 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.17 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. N. Patil|P. N. Patil-Sadolikar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 135,675 |percentage = 53.18% |change = {{increase}}9.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandradip Narke|Chandradeep Shashikant Narake]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 113,014 |percentage = 44.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Ananda Dadu Gurav |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,412 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,661 |percentage = 8.88% |change = {{increase}}8.59 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 256,640 |percentage = 84.41% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 255,129}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 304,044 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.03 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}8.79 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandradip Narke|Chandradeep Shashikant Narake]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 107,998 |percentage = 44.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. N. Patil|P. N. Patil-Sadolikar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 107,288 |percentage = 44.10% |change = {{increase}}2.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Suryawanshi (Bhau) |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 18,964 |percentage = 7.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chougale Kerba Shripati (K. S. Aanna) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,258 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 789 |percentage = 0.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 710 |percentage = 0.29% |change = {{decrease}}2.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 244,223 |percentage = 84.36% |change = {{increase}}0.54 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 243,283}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 289,489 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.04 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}0.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandradip Narke|Chandradeep Shashikant Narake]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 96,232 |percentage = 44.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[P. N. Patil|P. N. Patil-Sadolikar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 90,608 |percentage = 41.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Patil Sampatrao Shamrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,190 |percentage = 10.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurane Sanjay Sudam |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,223 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Pandurang Nivrutti |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,993 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pai. Bajrang Krishana Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,299 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,624 |percentage = 2.60% |change = {{decrease}}19.30 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,579 |percentage = 83.82% |change = {{increase}}8.46 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,494}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,387 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}15.65 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Satej Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 116,909 |percentage = 60.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,305 |percentage = 38.20% |change = {{decrease}}10.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohite Dilip Jamal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,112 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Sadashiv Lala |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,604 |percentage = 21.90% |change = {{increase}}9.38 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,572 |percentage = 75.36% |change = {{increase}}14.24 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,525}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,178 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.35 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}11.76 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 64,526 |percentage = 48.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bondre Subhash Alias Chandrakant Shripatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,816 |percentage = 35.82% |change = {{decrease}}13.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangramsingh Jaysingrao Gaikwad |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,144 |percentage = 15.84% |change = {{increase}}8.52 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,710 |percentage = 12.52% |change = {{decrease}}6.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,205 |percentage = 61.12% |change = {{decrease}}14.48 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,486}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,775 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.50 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.08 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 80,033 |percentage = 49.42% |change = {{decrease}}5.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadik Mahadeorao Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,501 |percentage = 29.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,878 |percentage = 8.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay @ Baba Desai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,848 |percentage = 7.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Vasantrao Mane |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,944 |percentage = 2.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,532 |percentage = 19.47% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,785 |percentage = 75.60% |change = {{increase}}11.70 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,957}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,957 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.34 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.74 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,417 |percentage = 55.16% |change = {{increase}}0.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,404 |percentage = 31.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Bhivate |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,689 |percentage = 6.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Salokhe |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,382 |percentage = 2.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. J. Rupeja |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,967 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,013 |percentage = 23.87% |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,787 |percentage = 63.90% |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,151}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,626 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.20 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,531 |percentage = 54.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil H. D. (Baba) |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 30,759 |percentage = 35.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurang Dnyandeo Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,461 |percentage = 8.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Nalawade |party = Independent politician |votes = 613 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,772 |percentage = 18.43% |change = {{increase}}14.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,582 |percentage = 61.31% |change = {{increase}}2.14 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,561}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,217 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.45 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}7.58 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,346 |percentage = 46.80% |change = {{increase}}31.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil S. R. Alias Shamrao Ramaji |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 30,347 |percentage = 42.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shankarrao Datatraya (Singanapurkar) |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,473 |percentage = 6.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salokhe Balwant Hanmant |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,522 |percentage = 2.14% |change = {{decrease}}18.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ulepe Laxmanrao Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 949 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil P. G. Alias Pandurang Ganpatrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 612 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,999 |percentage = 4.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,371 |percentage = 59.17% |change = {{decrease}}14.33 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,249}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.99 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rajaram Babaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,329 |percentage = 34.02% |change = {{decrease}}40.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dayandeo Yashwant |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,874 |percentage = 28.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Babasaheb Dayanu |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,181 |percentage = 20.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digvijay Bhauso Khanvilkar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,479 |percentage = 15.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Dadasaheb Dnyandeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,130 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,455 |percentage = 5.55% |change = {{decrease}}43.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,743 |percentage = 73.50% |change = {{decrease}}1.99 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,341}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,210 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.51 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}40.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shripatrao S. Bondre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,424 |percentage = 74.43% |change = {{increase}}20.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hindurao K. Salokhe |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,698 |percentage = 25.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,726 |percentage = 48.86% |change = {{increase}}38.88 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,287 |percentage = 75.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,122}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,735 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.90 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}20.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shripatrao S. Bondre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,060 |percentage = 54.22% |change = {{decrease}}19.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. R. Sabnis |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 25,343 |percentage = 44.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 879 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,717 |percentage = 9.98% |change = {{decrease}}38.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,779 |percentage = 75.51% |change = {{increase}}11.02 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,282}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,820 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.32 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.25 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkarrao Vithalrao Mudrale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,363 |percentage = 73.47% |change = {{increase}}51.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandr Ravaji Yadav |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,198 |percentage = 24.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yeshwant Appaji Ghatage |party = Independent politician |votes = 851 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,165 |percentage = 48.81% |change = {{increase}}38.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,831 |percentage = 64.49% |change = {{increase}}19.70 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,412}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,163 |ref = |change = {{increase}}51.88 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}41.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Karvir <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sarnaik Narayan Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,004 |percentage = 32.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indulkar Ganpatrao Shankarroa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,801 |percentage = 21.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haladkar Pandurang Hari |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,733 |percentage = 21.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dige Shankar Khanderao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 4,223 |percentage = 19.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshpande Yeshwant Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,108 |percentage = 5.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,203 |percentage = 10.07% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,869 |percentage = 44.79% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,869}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,830 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolhapur district topics}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coord|16.70|74.22|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kolhapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morena_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=518456Morena Lok Sabha constituency2026-05-06T18:21:16Z<p>House of Dontics: adding a details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Morena<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Morena.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Morena Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| electors = 20,06,730<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><br />
| mp = [[Shivmangal Singh Tomar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|2024]]<br />
| preceded_by = {{Small|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]] <br /> {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| assembly_cons = [[Sheopur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheopur]] <br /> [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]] <br /> [[Sabalgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabalgarh]] <br /> [[Joura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Joura]] <br /> [[Sumawali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sumawali]] <br /> [[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]] <br /> [[Dimani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dimani]] <br /> [[Ambah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambah]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Morena Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency was reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] in 1967 when it was also made a stand-alone [[constituency]]. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]] and [[Morena district|Morena]] districts.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Presently, Morena Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Sheopur Assembly constituency|Sheopur]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]<br />
|[[Babu Jandel]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|2 <br />
|[[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]] <br />
|[[Mukesh Malhotra]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency|Sabalgarh]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Morena district|Morena]]<br />
|[[Sarla Vijendra Rawat]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Joura Assembly constituency|Joura]]<br />
|[[Pankaj Upadhyay]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Sumawali Assembly constituency|Sumawali]]<br />
|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Morena Assembly constituency|Morena]]<br />
|[[Dinesh Gurjar]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Dimani Assembly constituency|Dimani]]<br />
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Ambah Assembly constituency|Ambah]] (SC)<br />
|[[Devendra Sakhwar]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Radha Charan Sharma<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
|Suraj Prasad<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|Atamdas<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|[[Hukam Chand Kachwai]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|Chhaviram Argal<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|[[Babulal Solanki]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|[[Kammodilal Jatav]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|Chhaviram Argal<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|[[Barelal Jatav]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Argal]]<br />
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="8" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|[[Anoop Mishra]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]] <br />
|[[Shivmangal Singh Tomar]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption = [[BJP/BJS]] is the most successful political party in [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] Lok Sabha elections.<br />
| value1 = 55.56<br />
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP/BJS''']] (10 terms)<br />
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| value2 = 33.33<br />
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (6 terms)<br />
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| value3 = 5.56<br />
| label3 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)<br />
| color3 = blue<br />
| value4 = 5.56<br />
| label4 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']] (1 term)<br />
| color4 = white<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Morena Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/morena-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - MORENA">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - MORENA |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S121.htm |access-date=6 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806120504/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S121.htm |archive-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Shivmangal Singh Tomar]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
|votes = 5,15,477<br />
|percentage = 42.11<br />
|change = {{down}}5.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Satyapal Singh Sikarwar]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|votes = 4,62,947<br />
|percentage = 38.99<br />
|change = {{up}}1.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ramesh Garg<br />
|votes = 1,79,669<br />
|percentage = 15.13<br />
|change = {{up}}3.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 4,914<br />
|percentage = 0.41<br />
|change = {{up}}0.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority |<br />
|votes = 52,530<br />
|percentage = 3.12<br />
|change ={{down}}6.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 11,87,331<br />
|percentage = 58.97<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = INC<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<br />
|votes = 5,41,689<br />
|percentage = 47.63<br />
|change = +3.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ramnivas Rawat<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 4,28,348<br />
|percentage = 37.66<br />
|change = +16.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = [[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]<br />
|votes = 1,29,380<br />
|percentage = 11.38<br />
|change = -17.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,098<br />
|percentage = 0.18<br />
|change = -0.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,13,981<br />
|percentage = 9.97<br />
|change = -5.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 11,38,734<br />
|percentage = 61.96<br />
|change = +11.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2014===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
<br />
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
<br />
|candidate= [[Anup Mishra|Anoop Mishra]]<br />
<br />
|votes= 3,75,567<br />
<br />
|percentage= 43.96<br />
<br />
|change= +1.66<br />
<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Brindawan Singh Sikarwar|votes=2,42,586|percentage=28.40|change=+8.41}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Govind Singh]]|votes=1,84,253|percentage=21.57|change=-6.52}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Devendra Kumar Agrawal|votes=13,806|percentage=1.62|change=N/A}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Siyaram Singh Choudri|votes=6,471|percentage=0.76|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Rajesh Kushwah|votes=5,554|percentage=0.65|change=-3.87}}{{Election box majority||votes=1,32,981|percentage=15.56|change=}} +1.35<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,54,279|percentage=50.18|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2009===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<br />
|votes = 3,00,648<br />
|percentage =42.30<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ramniwas Rawat<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 1,99,650<br />
|percentage = 28.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Balveer Singh Dandotiya<br />
|votes = 1,42,073<br />
|percentage = 19.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,00,997<br />
|percentage = 14.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 7,10,666<br />
|percentage = 53.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== General Elections2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Chhaviram Argal]]|votes=2,61,337|percentage=49.32|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Barelal Jatav]]|votes=1,14,017|percentage=21.51|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Pritam Prasad Chaudhary]]|votes=86,137|percentage=16.26|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samata Samaj Party|candidate=[[K. L. Ray (Kishanlal)]]|votes=9,723|percentage=1.83|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Shankar Lal Mourya]]|votes=5,606|percentage=1.06|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=1,47,320|percentage=27.81|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,29,000|percentage=|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Chhaviram Argal]]|votes=2,61,337|percentage=53.60 <!-- from IndiaVotes data -->|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Barelal Jatav]]|votes=1,14,017|percentage=23.40 <!-- from IndiaVotes data -->|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Pritam Prasad Chaudhary|Dr Pritam Prasad Chaudhary]]|votes=86,137|percentage=17.70 <!-- from IndiaVotes data -->|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samata Samaj Party|candidate=[[K. L. Ray (Kishanlal)]]|votes=9,723|percentage=2.00 <!-- approximate SMSP share -->|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Shankar Lal Mourya]]|votes=5,606|percentage=1.06 <!-- approximate share -->|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=1,47,320|percentage=30.22|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,87,120 <!-- example total turnout; adjust if exact known -->|percentage=33.97 <!-- as given in MP 2004 result summary for Morena -->|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1998 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1998 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ashok Chhabbiram Argal|votes=2,77,499|percentage=43.44|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dr. Pritam Prasad Chaudhary|votes=2,09,378|percentage=32.77|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramesh Babu|votes=1,38,456|percentage=21.67|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=68,121|percentage=10.67|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1996 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ashok Argal|votes=1,72,675|percentage=42.58|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dr. Pritam Prasad Chaudhary|votes=1,34,696|percentage=33.21|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Babu Lal Solanki|votes=59,155|percentage=14.59|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|candidate=Mukat Singh Sakhwar|votes=12,324|percentage=3.04|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=37,979|percentage=9.37|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1991 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Barelal Jatav|votes=1,16,227|percentage=35.89|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Chhaviram Argal|votes=99,482|percentage=30.72|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Pritam Prasad Chaudhary|votes=67,406|percentage=20.82|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal|candidate=Kishore Jatav|votes=26,987|percentage=8.33|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=16,745|percentage=5.17|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Chhaviram Argal|votes=2,09,381|percentage=50.38|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kammodilal Jatav|votes=1,21,520|percentage=29.24|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dr. Pritam Parsad Chudhary|votes=66,550|percentage=16.01|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=87,861|percentage=21.14|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1984 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1984 Indian general elections]]: Morena}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kammodilal Jatav|votes=1,57,683|percentage=47.92|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Munsilal Jatav|votes=1,36,115|percentage=41.37|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Kishor Jatav|votes=13,427|percentage=4.08|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=21,568|percentage=6.55|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Morena district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Election Commission of India]] -http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190616113841/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/morena/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Morena lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|26.5|78.0|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Morena district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kozhikode_City_Police&diff=510718Kozhikode City Police2026-05-05T14:39:07Z<p>House of Dontics: made a location</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Law enforcement agency of Kozhikode, Kerala}}<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
| agencyname = Kozhikode City Police<br />
| nativenamea = {{lang|ml|കോഴിക്കോട് സിറ്റി പോലീസ്}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| badge = Kerala Police uniform badge.jpg<br />
| badgecaption = Badge.<br />
| image_size = 110<br />
| motto = Soft in Temperament, Yet Firm in Action<br />
| country = India<br />
| divname = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivname = [[Kozhikode]]<br />
| sizearea = {{convert|440.07|km2|abbr=on|2}}<br />
| legaljuris = Kozhikode Corporation, [[Feroke]] and [[Ramanattukara]] municipalities, [[Kadalundy]], [[Olavanna]], [[Thalakkulathur]], [[Kakkodi]], [[Kuruvattoor]], [[Madavoor, Kozhikode|Madavoor]], [[Mavoor]], [[Perumanna]], [[Kunnamangalam]], [[Chathamangalam]] and [[Peruvayal]] Panchayaths.<br />
| governingbody = [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]<br />
| police = Yes<br />
| local = Yes<br />
| electeetype = Minister<br />
| minister1name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br />
| minister1pfo = Minister of Home Affairs<br />
| chief1name = Merin Joseph<ref>https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/who-is-who</ref> [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]<br />
| chief2name = Padam Singh IPS<br />
| chief2position = [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (Law an Order & Traffic)<br />
| chief3name = Abdul Wahab<br />
| chief3position = [[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (Admin)<br />
| parentagency = [[Kerala Police]]<br />
| unitname = {{collapsible list|title=List of units<br />
| framestyle = border:none;padding:0;<br />
|Law and Order|Administration|City Special Branch|City Crime Branch|City Narcotics Cell|City Crime Records Bureau|City Armed Reserve (DHQ)|Telecommunication|Control room|K9 Squad|Cyber Cell|Women Cell}}<br />
| officetype = Sub-division<br />
| officename = {{collapsible list|title=5<br />
| framestyle = border:none;padding:0;<br />
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:transparent;<br />
| liststyle = list-style-type:disc;text-align:left;<br />
|Kozhikode Town|Medical College|Feroke|Traffic North|Traffic South|}}<br />
| stations = 20<br />
| website = https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in<br />
}}<br />
The '''Kozhikode City Police''', a division of [[Kerala Police]], is the police agency responsible for law enforcement and investigations within the City of [[Kozhikode]], India and the surrounding area. The city police force is headed by a [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] and the administrative control vests with the [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]] of [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Akbar to be new Kozhikode city police commissioner |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/a-akbar-to-be-new-kozhikode-city-police-commissioner-1.7395765 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The present City Police Commissioner is [[Merin Joseph]], an IPS officer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-02 |title=New police officers take charge in Kozhikode |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/new-police-officers-take-charge-in-kozhikode/article66330020.ece |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varier |first=Megha |date=2017-12-06 |title=DCP Merin goes undercover to find out how safe Kozhikode is for women at night |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/dcp-merin-goes-undercover-find-out-how-safe-kozhikode-women-night-72728 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The City Police Commissioner is an IPS officer holding the rank of [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG) or [[Senior superintendent|Senior Superintendent of Police]] and is assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Kozhikode City Police jurisdiction is divided into 3 sub-divisions and 2 traffic sub-divisions — Kozhikode Town, Medical College, Feroke, Traffic South and Traffic North.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kozhikode-City - General Executive |url=https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/page/general-executive |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref> There are a total of 20 police stations, of which 16 are for primary law enforcement. One station is dedicated to women's police, two to coastal security, and one to cybercrime.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
The Kozhikode City Police is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP). The Police Commissioner of Kozhikode is a senior IPS officer, and has the rank of [[Deputy inspector general of police#India|Deputy inspector general of police]] (DIG) or Superintendent of Police (Selection Grade). The City Police Commissioner reports to the North Zone [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP).<br />
<br />
The Commissioner is assisted by a [[Deputy commissioner#India|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP), an [[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (Addl.Dy.CP), and [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioners of Police]] (ACPs).<br />
<br />
There are also special units under Kozhikode City Police, including the District Crime Branch, District Special Branch, [[Police control room|Police Control Room]], Cyber Crime Police Station, Narcotics Cell, District Crime Records Bureau, and the District Headquarters Armed Reserve, each headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP).<br />
<br />
The Deputy Commissioner of Police (Law & Order and Traffic) supervises law and order maintenance and traffic policing in the city. For law and order purposes, the city is divided into three subdivisions—Medical College, Kozhikode Town, and Feroke—each headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP). These subdivisions consists 16 local police stations, along with one cybercrime police station and two coastal police stations ([[Beypore]] and [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]]) and one women's police station. Each police station is under [[Station house officer|Station House Officers]] (SHOs) in the rank of [[inspector]] or [[sub-inspector]]. The city also has two traffic subdivisions—North and South—each headed by an ACP, with dedicated Traffic Enforcement Units (TEUs) for traffic management and enforcement.<ref name=":0" /><br />
===Police stations===<br />
* Beypore Coastal Police Station<br />
* Beypore Police Station<br />
* Chemmangad Police Station<br />
* Chevayur Police Station<br />
* Cyber Crime Police Station<br />
* Elathur Coastal Police Station<br />
* Elathur Police Station<br />
* Feroke Police Station<br />
* Kunnamangalam Police Station<br />
* Kozhikode Kasaba Police Station<br />
* Kozhikode Town Police Station<br />
* Marad Police Station<br />
* Mavoor Police Station<br />
* Medical College Police Station<br />
* Nadakkavu Police Station<br />
* Nallalam Police Station<br />
* Pantheerankavu Police Station<br />
* Panniyankara Police Station<br />
* Vanitha Police Station<br />
* Vellayil Police Station<br />
<br />
==Formation==<br />
In 1979, [[Kozhikode district]] was split into two police districts: Kozhikode City and Kozhikode Rural. The City Police Office began operating on June 1, 1979, in the current building. Kozhikode City Police District has been formed on 01/06/1979 bifurcating the Kozhikode Police District Vide GO (MS) No: 59/79 Home dated: 09/04/1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kozhikode-City - History of Kozhikode City Police |url=https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/page/history-of-kozhikode-city-police |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Jurisdiction==<br />
Territorial jurisdiction consists entire area of:<br />
* [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]<br />
* [[Feroke]] Municipality<br />
* [[Ramanattukara]] Municipality<br />
* [[Kadalundi|Kadalundy]], [[Olavanna]], [[Thalakkulathur]], [[Kakkodi]], [[Kuruvattoor]], [[Madavoor, Kozhikode|Madavoor]], [[Mavoor]], [[Perumanna, Kozhikode|Perumanna]], [[Kunnamangalam]], [[Chathamangalam]] and [[Peruvayal]] Gram Panchayaths.<ref name=":2">https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/page/governance</ref><br />
<br />
== Special Units ==<br />
<br />
* '''District Headquarters Camp''' ('''DHQ''')<ref>[https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/storage-kozhikodecity_keralapolice_gov_in/pages/custom/table/table-zCmldMBJrqoHg7NaFPANRnaRc.pdf Spl.units]</ref> - [[Riot control|Armed Reserve Police]] Unit of the City Police, headed by a [[Deputy Commandant]].<br />
* '''District Special Branch''' ('''DSB''')<ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=District Special Branch |url=https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/district-special-branch |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref> - Intelligence wing of the City Police, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.<br />
* '''C-Branch'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=District Crime Branch |url=https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/district-crime-branch |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref> (formerly known as Dist. Crime Branch) - Special crime Investigation wing of the City Police, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.<br />
* '''District Crime Records Bureau''' ('''DCRB''') - Maintains and analyses district crime and criminal data, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.<br />
* '''Police Control Room -''' Coordinates police response and emergency communications, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.<br />
* '''Narcotics Cell''' - Investigates and prevents drug-related offences, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.<br />
** '''DANSAF''' - Operational wing of the Narcotics Cell.<br />
* '''City Traffic Police'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Portal - Kozhikode City Traffic Police Station |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/traffickkdc-ps}}</ref> - Regulates traffic and enforces road safety laws in city limits, headed by two Assistant Commissioners.<br />
** '''Traffic Enforcement Units''' ('''TEU''')<ref name=":1" /> - field level unit of the traffic police, headed by an [[Inspector|Inspector of Police]].<br />
* '''Pink Police Patrol'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mili |first=Anupama |date=2017-05-05 |title=Pink patrol not always Pink' in Kozhikode {{!}} Pink patrol not always Pink' in Kozhikode |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050517/pink-patrol-not-always-pink-in-kozhikode.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> - Special patrol unit consisting of women officers, ensuring safety of women and children.<br />
* '''Highway Police''' - Road safety enforcement unit in national and state highways.<br />
* '''Coastal Police Stations''' - Responsible for coastal security, headed by an Inspector/SHO.<br />
* '''Cyber Crime Police Station'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhikode City Cyber PS |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/kozhikodecitycyber-ps/about |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240716113418/https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/kozhikodecitycyber-ps/about |archive-date=2024-07-16 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=ps.keralapolice.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> - Responsible for cyber crime investigation, headed by an Inspector/SHO.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Kochi City Police]]<br />
* [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]]<br />
* [[Kollam City Police]]<br />
* [[Thrissur City Police]]<br />
* [[Kannur City Police]]<br />
* [[Kerala Police]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in] official website of Kozhikode City Police.<br />
{{Law enforcement in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala Police]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._Sreekar_Prasad_filmography&diff=483820A. Sreekar Prasad filmography2026-05-04T22:47:01Z<p>House of Dontics: added new data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
[[File:Sreekar Prasad.png|thumb|Sreekar Prasad in 2020, during a virtual Q&A session on his YouTube channel]]<br />
<br />
[[A. Sreekar Prasad|'''Akkineni Sreekar Prasad''']] is an Indian film editor known for his extensive work across multiple Indian film industries, including [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He is the son of Akkineni Sanjeevi, a Telugu film editor and director who introduced him to film editing, and the nephew of filmmaker [[L. V. Prasad|L.V. Prasad]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2022-07-22 |title=Akkineni Sreekar Prasad: మన తెలుగువాడే ఘనుడు! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/akkineni-sreekar-prasad-our-telugu-genius-202816.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408043858/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/akkineni-sreekar-prasad-our-telugu-genius-202816.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He assisted his father for about twenty films.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJTpOWps_ZgC&q=Sreekar+Prasad |title=National Film Festival |date=1998 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=hi}}</ref> Sreekar has been active in the industry for over three decades and has collaborated with some of the most prominent directors in Indian cinema, including [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[AR Murugadoss]], [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Prasanna Vithanage]] and [[Santosh Sivan]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2019-10-07 |title=Busan: Prasanna Vithanage Sri Lankan Auteur Shines With 'Children of the Sun' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/prasanna-vithanage-sri-lanka-children-of-the-sun-1203362514/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802045219/https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/prasanna-vithanage-sri-lanka-children-of-the-sun-1203362514/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Born into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Chennai]],<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":12" /> Sreekar is a graduate in literature from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=":4" /> He made his debut as a co-editor with the 1986 film [[Swati (1986 film)|''Swati'']], and his first independent editing work was on the Hindi film ''[[Raakh]]'' (1989). His work on ''Raakh'' earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Award for Best Editing]].<ref name=":4" /> Over a career spanning more than 35 years, Sreekar has edited over 600 films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Sreekar Prasad Interview: Editor on Cutting 'RRR', His First Collaboration with SS Rajamouli, His Process & More |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/sreekar-prasad-interview-editor-on-cutting-rrr-his-first-collaboration-with-ss-rajamouli-his-process-more/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902074856/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/sreekar-prasad-interview-editor-on-cutting-rrr-his-first-collaboration-with-ss-rajamouli-his-process-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He holds a record with nine [[National Film Awards]], seven of which are for Best Editing, making him the most awarded editor in this category.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=2022-10-10 |title=Ponniyin Selvan-1 got restructured on the editing table: Sreekar Prasad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Oct/10/ponniyin-selvan-1-got-restructuredon-the-editing-tablesreekar-prasad-2506383.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715104004/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Oct/10/ponniyin-selvan-1-got-restructuredon-the-editing-tablesreekar-prasad-2506383.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His awards have been conferred by five different [[List of presidents of India|Presidents of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-19 |title=Interview: Sreekar Prasad – The FilmSmith [Uncut] |url=https://madrasink.com/2011/03/19/interview-sreekar-prasad-the-filmsmith-uncut/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=MADRAS INK. |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726200358/https://madrasink.com/2011/03/19/interview-sreekar-prasad-the-filmsmith-uncut/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also honoured with the first-ever Special Jury Award for editing, recognizing his exceptional contributions to the field.<ref name=":4" /> Sreekar's contributions to Indian cinema were acknowledged in the [[Limca Book of Records]] 'People of the Year – 2013' list.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Film editor Sreekar Prasad enters the Limca Book of Records |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Feb/28/film-editor-sreekar-prasad-enters-the-limca-book-of-records-2109444.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718105650/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Feb/28/film-editor-sreekar-prasad-enters-the-limca-book-of-records-2109444.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also holds a record for editing films in the most languages, with works spanning 17 different languages to date.<ref name=":11" /> ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' marked Sreekar's first collaboration with [[Mani Ratnam]] on a [[Non-linear editing|non-linear]] narrative.<ref name=":1" /> To simplify the narrative, they used slo-mo effects and color changes to differentiate episodes. Their team created 17–18 different versions of the film.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
[[File:Sreekar Prasad and Vishnuvardhan.png|thumb|Vishnuvardhan (left) and Sreekar Prasad (right) in a YouTube video on the relationship between the film editor and director|upright=1]]<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
|+ List of A. Sreekar Prasad film credits{{sronly|List of Ryan Reynolds film credits}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1986<br />
| ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Captain Nagarjun]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1989 <br />
| ''[[Raakh]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|Debut as an independent editor in [[Hindi]], 1st of 9 [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2010-10-23 |title=Master of montage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Master-of-montage/article15672269.ece |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716120317/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Master-of-montage/article15672269.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2018 |title=No ready buyers for serious cinema, says film editor Sreekar Prasad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/no-ready-buyers-for-serious-cinema-says-film-editor-sreekar-prasad-118110600244_1.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717130839/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/no-ready-buyers-for-serious-cinema-says-film-editor-sreekar-prasad-118110600244_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Simha Swapnam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1990<br />
| ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|Debut in Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1991<br />
| ''[[Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaitra Yatra]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Abhayam (1991 film)|Abhayam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1992<br />
| ''[[President Gari Pellam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|1st of 5 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Soorya Manasam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1993<br />
| ''[[Gandharvam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Allari Alludu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1994<br />
| ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 1995<br />
| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parvathy Parinayam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maanthrikam]]''<br />
| Malayalam <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Simhavalan Menon]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1996<br />
| ''[[Kudumbakodathi]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manthrika Kuthira]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Rag Birag''<br />
|Assamese<br />
|2nd [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=44th National Film Festival |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331080915/https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Nauka Charitramu''<br />
|English<br />
|Documentary; 3rd National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=National Awards 1996 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1996/108 |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=na best non feature film editing, famous awards |url=https://www.mazaindia.com/award/na-best-non-feature-film-editing |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=www.mazaindia.com |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810043414/https://www.mazaindia.com/award/na-best-non-feature-film-editing |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1997<br />
| ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poonilamazha]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Masmaram]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 1998<br />
| ''[[The Terrorist (1998 film)|The Terrorist]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|Debut in Tamil, Consecutive [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanmadam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" scope="row" | 1999<br />
| ''[[F.I.R. (1999 film)|F.I.R]].''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jalamarmaram|Jalamarmmaram]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu]]''<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOieT7wNxSo&t=131s |title=English Pellam East Godavari Mogudu Full Length Telugu Movie |publisher=Volga Video |time=2:11 |access-date=2024-12-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Stalin Sivadas]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vanaprastham]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|5th [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2018-09-25 |title=The man in the middle: How acclaimed film editor Sreekar Prasad has stood out while blending in |url=https://scroll.in/reel/895699/the-man-in-the-middle-how-acclaimed-film-editor-sreekar-prasad-has-stood-out-while-blending-in |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611122757/https://scroll.in/reel/895699/the-man-in-the-middle-how-acclaimed-film-editor-sreekar-prasad-has-stood-out-while-blending-in |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="15" scope="row" |2000<br />
| ''[[Malli (film)|Malli]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karunam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|1st of 13 collaborations with [[Mani Ratnam]], 18 versions were edited before arriving at the final<br />
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Krishna |date=2023-04-27 |title=Sreekar Prasad Explains The Importance Of Sound In Editing With A Scene From Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/sreekar-prasad-explains-the-importance-of-sound-in-editing-with-a-scene-from-ponniyin-selvan-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211133657/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/sreekar-prasad-explains-the-importance-of-sound-in-editing-with-a-scene-from-ponniyin-selvan-2 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Okkadu Chalu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLYZypDzYdY&t=542s |title=Okkadu Chalu Full Length Telugu Movie |publisher=Volga Video |time=9:02 |access-date=2024-12-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Anthony]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Snehapoorvam Anna]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="13" scope="row" | 2001<br />
| ''[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":7" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Megasandesam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Déjà vu (2001 film)|Déjà vu]]''<br />
| English<br />
| Also co-producer<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bijuviswanath.com/news.php|title=The global circuit beckons him|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 June 2000|first=K.|last=Santhosh|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theerthadanam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | 2002<br />
| ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|6th [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bokshu – The Myth]]''<br />
| English<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khadgam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manmadhudu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2019-01-21 |title=Nagarjuna to act next in 'Manmadhudu' sequel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/nagarjuna-act-next-manmadhudu-sequel-95409 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/nagarjuna-act-next-manmadhudu-sequel-95409 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Vadlmudi |first=Raghu |date=2013-12-19 |title=Telugu Editor Sreekar Prasad Enters Limca Book |url=https://telugustop.com/telugu-editor-sreekar-prasad-enters-limca-book |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=TeluguStop.com |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726233942/https://telugustop.com/telugu-editor-sreekar-prasad-enters-limca-book |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sesham]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 2003<br />
| ''[[Okkadu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kurumbu]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|1st of 10 collaborations with [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | 2004<br />
| ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":17" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naani]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gowri (2004 film)|''Gowri'']]<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":17" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yuva]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=Mani Ratnam is an enigma: Sreekar Prasad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Nov/26/mani-ratnam-is-an-enigma-sreekar-prasad-1903548.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Nov/26/mani-ratnam-is-an-enigma-sreekar-prasad-1903548.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aayitha Ezhuthu]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_d9XHAUFB8C&dq=%22A.+Sreekar+Prasad%22&pg=PT513 |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-690-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aparichithan]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Morning Raga]]''<br />
| English<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" scope="row" | 2005<br />
| ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Navarasa (film)|Navarasa]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anandabhadram]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=2005-08-04 |title=The Rising: Ballad Of Mangal Pandey |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/the-rising-ballad-of-mangal-pandey-1200524073/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802045216/https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/the-rising-ballad-of-mangal-pandey-1200524073/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''<br />
| Hindustani<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krithyam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athadu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title='Films should appeal to kids' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/Nov/16/films-should-appeal-to-kids-310715.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802043947/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/Nov/16/films-should-appeal-to-kids-310715.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Allari Bullodu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2006<br />
| ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pattiyal]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":17" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kittu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080912025137/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/31/stories/2006013100890400.htm First full-length animation in Telugu] [[The Hindu]], 31 January 2006.</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sainikudu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2017-09-05 |title=Second single from Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/second-single-mahesh-babus-spyder-out-67919 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | 2007<br />
| ''[[Sringaram]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Sringaram, a labour of love |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/24slid1.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=m.rediff.com |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726203420/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/24slid1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jagadam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=Interview : Sukumar on 15 years of Jagadam- I want to remake the film again {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-sukumar-on-15-years-of-jagadam-i-want-to-remake-the-film-again.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726101038/https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-sukumar-on-15-years-of-jagadam-i-want-to-remake-the-film-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=Kaala editor Sreekar Prasad on Rajinikanth-starrer: Pa Ranjith film is both a star vehicle and director's statement |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaala-editor-sreekar-prasad-on-rajinikanth-starrer-pa-ranjith-film-is-both-a-star-vehicle-and-directors-statement-4503231.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaala-editor-sreekar-prasad-on-rajinikanth-starrer-pa-ranjith-film-is-both-a-star-vehicle-and-directors-statement-4503231.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Ninaithale Inikkum |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Sep/05/ninaithale-inikkum-83751.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309102413/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/sep/05/ninaithale-inikkum-83751.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|Non-linear narrative<br />
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2022-12-20 |title=Sreekar Prasad On What Excites Him About Director Ram's Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/sreekar-prasad-on-what-excites-him-about-director-rams-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193715/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/sreekar-prasad-on-what-excites-him-about-director-rams-films |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Delhii Heights]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-18 |title=Interview: Sreekar Prasad |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/01/18/interview-sreekar-prasad/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191332/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/01/18/interview-sreekar-prasad/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=2007-08-15 |title=Gandhi My Father |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/gandhi-my-father-1200557147/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319183301/https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/gandhi-my-father-1200557147/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2008<br />
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil]]'' || Tamil || || <ref>{{Cite news |date=29 February 2008 |title=Sila Nerangalil. |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news/publish/article_5754.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303062945/http://www.tamilstar.com/news/publish/article_5754.shtml |archive-date=3 March 2008 |access-date=9 March 2008 |work=Tamil Star}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jalsa]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Movies |first=iQlik |title=Jalsa Telugu Movie Review Pawan Kalyan Ileana Parvathi Melton T |url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/iqdb/2008/04/02/Jalsa/57 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=iQlikmovies |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183300/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/iqdb/2008/04/02/Jalsa/57 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Firaaq]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|7th [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-23 |title=Bollywood rules 56th National Film Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/56-national-awards-pkg-national-awards-priyanka-chopra-332466.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810045437/https://www.news18.com/news/india/56-national-awards-pkg-national-awards-priyanka-chopra-332466.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pandurangadu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | 2009<br />
| ''[[Akasa Kusum]]''<br />
| Sinhala<br />
|Also producer<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaavarum Nalam|13B]]'' <br />
| Hindi/Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=CE |first=Team |date=2019-09-12 |title=From Baba to Lal Salaam, 13 times Superstar Rajinikanth sent his fans into a frenzy with his first glimpses |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Sep/12/from-baba-to-lal-salaam-13times-superstar-rajinikanth-sent-his-fans-into-a-frenzy-with-hisfirst-g-566.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726230729/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Sep/12/from-baba-to-lal-salaam-13times-superstar-rajinikanth-sent-his-fans-into-a-frenzy-with-hisfirst-g-566.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarvam]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=Sarvam Thaala Mayam, Peranbu and Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven movie review and release highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/peranbu-sarvam-thaala-mayam-and-vantha-rajavathaan-varuven-movie-review-and-release-live-updates-5563880/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ganesh Just Ganesh]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Savaari (2009 film)|Savaari]]''<br />
| Kannada<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=R G |first=Vijayasarathy |date=April 2009 |title=Kamalini goes head to head with a young brigade |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/08sld1-savaari-vs-josh-at-box-office.htm |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125223532/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/08sld1-savaari-vs-josh-at-box-office.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaminey]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
| rowspan="3" |First collaboration with [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]; 8th National Award; First-ever [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] for an Editor.<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" scope="row" | 2010<br />
| ''[[Kutty Srank]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title='Kutty Srank' wins at India film awards |url=https://variety.com/2010/biz/news/kutty-srank-wins-at-india-film-awards-1118024188/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802045218/https://variety.com/2010/biz/news/kutty-srank-wins-at-india-film-awards-1118024188/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Police Police]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Angaadi Theru]]'' <br />
| Tamil <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |title=Review: Angadi Theru is a must-watch! |url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/26/south-tamil-movie-review-angadi-theru.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120204405/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/26/south-tamil-movie-review-angadi-theru.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'' <br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' <br />
| Tamil <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drohi review. Drohi Telugu movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/drohi-review-telugu-movie-11954 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.indiaglitz.com/drohi-review-telugu-movie-11954 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khaleja]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-07 |title=Mahesh Babu on 10 Years of Khaleja: Reinvented myself as an actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-on-10-years-of-khaleja-reinvented-myself-as-an-actor/articleshow/78528917.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 2011<br />
| ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sengadal]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2011-03-18 |title=The Saturday Interview – A cut above |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-Saturday-Interview-A-cut-above/article11621616.ece |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183300/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-Saturday-Interview-A-cut-above/article11621616.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":10" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: The only thing epic about 'Mausam' is its length |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-the-only-thing-epic-about-mausam-is-its-length-1590618 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-the-only-thing-epic-about-mausam-is-its-length-1590618 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panjaa]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Review: Pawan Kalyan's Panjaa lacks power |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-pawan-kalyans-panjaa-lacks-power/20111209.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430003411/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-pawan-kalyans-panjaa-lacks-power/20111209.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" scope="row" | 2012<br />
| ''[[Rushi (film)|Rushi]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Arjun is bang on target, well almost |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/arjun-bang-target-well-almost-2335878 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/arjun-bang-target-well-almost-2335878 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saguni]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-09 |title=Audio Beat: Saguni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-saguni/article3509333.ece |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-saguni/article3509333.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":13" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thuppakki]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|1st of 7 collaborations with [[AR Murugadoss]] <br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ko Yad]]''<br />
| Assamese<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2012 |title=Manju Bora?s New Film in Mising |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235736/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-07-02 |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" scope="row" | 2013<br />
| ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Mani Ratnam's next is 'Kadal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Feb/06/mani-ratnams-next-is-kadal-337541.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183300/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Feb/06/mani-ratnams-next-is-kadal-337541.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]'' <br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-01 |title=David- magnificent morality tale |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/david-movie-review-153019-2013-01-31 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726224130/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/david-movie-review-153019-2013-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jawaid |first=Mohammad Kamran |date=2013-04-25 |title=Movie Review: Ek Thi Daayan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794240/movie-review-ek-thi-daayan |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728161348/http://beta.dawn.com/news/794240/movie-review-ek-thi-daayan |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Aswin |date=2013-08-09 |title=Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi Review {{!}} |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/neelakasham-pachakadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-npcb-malayalam-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Lensmen Reviews |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://lensmenreviews.com/neelakasham-pachakadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-npcb-malayalam-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arrambam]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-22 |title=Arrambam trailer a hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/arrambam-trailer-a-hit/articleshow/22889991.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/arrambam-trailer-a-hit/articleshow/22889991.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Ivan Vera Mathiri to be unveiled soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ivan-vera-mathiri-to-be-unveiled-soon/articleshow/23444871.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ivan-vera-mathiri-to-be-unveiled-soon/articleshow/23444871.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Swapaanam]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru International Film Festival 2014 |url=https://biffes.org/public/assets/images/pdf/07th-Biffes-Festival-Catalogue-2014.pdf |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602044104/https://biffes.org/public/assets/images/pdf/07th-Biffes-Festival-Catalogue-2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 2014<br />
| ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2014 |title=Pannaiyarum Padminiyum Review – A Pleasant Drive |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/3753/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-review----a-pleasant-drive |access-date=17 July 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183259/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/3753/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-review----a-pleasant-drive |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maan Karate]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2024-02-15 |title=Sivakarthikeyan – AR Murugadoss film goes on floors; Rukmini Vasanth to play female lead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyan-ar-murugadoss-film-goes-on-floors-rukmini-vasanth-to-play-female-lead/article67848576.ece |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717183301/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyan-ar-murugadoss-film-goes-on-floors-rukmini-vasanth-to-play-female-lead/article67848576.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pizza (2014 film)|Pizza]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pizza Director Akshay Akkineni is Not Comfortable With Commercial Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pizza-director-akshay-akkineni-is-not-comfortable-with-commercial-films-640869 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203141747/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pizza-director-akshay-akkineni-is-not-comfortable-with-commercial-films-640869 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi/Rediff.com |first=S. |title=Review: Yaan is a terrible bore |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-yaan-is-a-terrible-bore-south/20141002.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722115941/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-yaan-is-a-terrible-bore-south/20141002.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Finding Fanny]]''<br />
| English<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=T. H. R. Staff |date=2014-09-16 |title='Finding Fanny': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/finding-fanny-film-review-733156/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726090126/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/finding-fanny-film-review-733156/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaththi]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":15" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | 2015<br />
| ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
| Anthology film; segment ''Selvi 5am Vaguppu''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oh Kadhal Kanmani]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yatchan]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 11, 2015 |author=R. S. Prakash |title=Movie Review: Yatchan |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/arya-kreshna-deepa-sannidhi-swathi-reddy-kishore-y-g-mahendra-adil-hussian-harish-uttaman-john-vijaythambi-ramiah-azhagam-perumal-ponvannan-m-s-baskar-s-j-suryah/articleshow/48916897.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726090122/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/arya-kreshna-deepa-sannidhi-swathi-reddy-kishore-y-g-mahendra-adil-hussian-harish-uttaman-john-vijaythambi-ramiah-azhagam-perumal-ponvannan-m-s-baskar-s-j-suryah/articleshow/48916897.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2016-01-27 |title=Editing 'Talvar' Was a Challenge: Sreekar Prasad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2016/Jan/27/editing-talvar-was-a-challenge-sreekar-prasad-874097.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726090126/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2016/Jan/27/editing-talvar-was-a-challenge-sreekar-prasad-874097.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
| Filmfare award for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=2016-01-18 |title='Bajirao Mastani' Dominates Filmfare Awards |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/bajirao-mastani-dominates-filmfare-awards-1201682086/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504151921/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/bajirao-mastani-dominates-filmfare-awards-1201682086/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Stanley |date=2015-10-24 |title=Naanum Rowdy Dhaan Review: Lead Pair Lights Up Screen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Oct/23/naanum-rowdy-dhaan-review-lead-pair-lights-up-screen-833173.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726194952/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Oct/23/naanum-rowdy-dhaan-review-lead-pair-lights-up-screen-833173.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[10 Endrathukulla]]'' <br />
| Tamil <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Enradhukulla (10 Endrathukulla) Movie Review, Rating |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/100899/10-Enradhukulla-(10-Endrathukulla)-Movie-Review-Rating |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191349/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/100899/10-Enradhukulla-(10-Endrathukulla)-Movie-Review-Rating |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dau Huduni Methai]]''<br />
| [[Bodo language|Bodo]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":16" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2016 <br />
| ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Ram looks for a hit with Nenu Sailaja |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram-looks-for-a-hit-with-nenu-sailaja/20151218.htm |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726231647/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram-looks-for-a-hit-with-nenu-sailaja/20151218.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2019-01-16 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 26th film named Sindhubaadh |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jan/16/vijay-sethupathis-26th-film-named-sindhubaadh-9654.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726171504/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jan/16/vijay-sethupathis-26th-film-named-sindhubaadh-9654.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=bhatnagar |first=rohit |date=2016-09-02 |title=Akira movie review: Gripping plot, Sonakshi shines bright |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020916/akira-movie-review-gripping-plot-sonakshi-shines-bright.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726090126/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020916/akira-movie-review-gripping-plot-sonakshi-shines-bright.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idolle Ramayana]]''<br />
| Kannada<br />Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-08 |title=Idolle Ramayana: A simple, yet effective remake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103045/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/The-abiding-lore-and-spirit-of-Onam/article16138152.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sarvagunakar Srimanta Sankardeva]]''<br />
|Assamese<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarbagunakar Srimanta Sankardeva- the first Assamese animated film |url=https://www.nezine.com/info/czNFRnVmMmdOdS9PbUpFTzNoeUR6QT09/sarbagunakar-srimanta-sankardeva--the-first-assamese-animated-film.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=nezine.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726195119/https://www.nezine.com/info/czNFRnVmMmdOdS9PbUpFTzNoeUR6QT09/sarbagunakar-srimanta-sankardeva--the-first-assamese-animated-film.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" scope="row" | 2017<br />
| ''[[OK Jaanu]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=theclarionindia |date=2017-01-15 |title=OK Jaanu: Not So Okay, Actually! |url=https://clarionindia.net/ok-jaanu-not-so-okay-actually/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726171508/https://clarionindia.net/ok-jaanu-not-so-okay-actually/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2017 |title='Kaatru Veliyidai': Visual and emotional treat (Review) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kaatru-veliyidai-visual-and-emotional-treat-review-117040800593_1.html |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726231811/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kaatru-veliyidai-visual-and-emotional-treat-review-117040800593_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalki (2017 film)|Kalki]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Kishore and Yasmin in Kalki directed by Dhilip |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kishore-and-yasmin-in-kalki-directed-by-dhilip.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729101738/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kishore-and-yasmin-in-kalki-directed-by-dhilip.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hindi Medium (film)|Hindi Medium]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ribeiro |first=Troy |date=2017-05-18 |title=Hindi Medium: Winning combo of performances and writing |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2017/May/18/hindi-medium--winning-combo-of-performances-and-writing-1642.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726090128/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2017/May/18/hindi-medium--winning-combo-of-performances-and-writing-1642.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=28 November 2017 |title=Thalapathy 62: National award-winning editor Sreekar Prasad on board |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/thalapathy-62-national-award-winning-editor-sreekar-prasad-on-board/story-yUnupwj6B8knPdWg133y4M.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152716/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/thalapathy-62-national-award-winning-editor-sreekar-prasad-on-board/story-yUnupwj6B8knPdWg133y4M.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2017-09-17 |title=The making of Solo: Watch Dulquer, Neha Sharma, Bejoy Nambiar and others talk about the film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/making-solo-watch-dulquer-neha-sharma-bejoy-nambiar-and-others-talk-about-film-68545 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/making-solo-watch-dulquer-neha-sharma-bejoy-nambiar-and-others-talk-about-film-68545 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi Telugu Movie Review, Rating |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/286161/Vunnadhi-Okate-Zindagi-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191335/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/286161/Vunnadhi-Okate-Zindagi-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | 2018 <br />
| ''[[Thaana Serndha Kootam]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-12 |title=Thaanaa Serndha Koottam movie review: Refreshing to see Suriya back in form in this heist caper |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thaanaa-serndha-koottam-movie-review-refreshing-to-see-suriya-back-in-form-in-this-heist-caper-4299539.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429170507/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thaanaa-serndha-koottam-movie-review-refreshing-to-see-suriya-back-in-form-in-this-heist-caper-4299539.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-15 |title=Rangula Raatnam Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Raj Tarun Rangula Raatnam Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Rangula Raatnam Movie Review {{!}} Raj Tarun Rangula Ratnam Movie Review {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rangula-raatnam-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rangula-raatnam-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aami]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2017-10-29 |title=Prithviraj leaves 'Aami', young actor Tovino Thomas to replace him |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/prithviraj-leaves-aami-young-actor-tovino-thomas-replace-him-70736 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095222/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/prithviraj-leaves-aami-young-actor-tovino-thomas-replace-him-70736 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2018-02-28 |title=Mahesh Babu's 'Bharat Ane Nenu' gearing up for its early release |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mahesh-babu-s-bharat-ane-nenu-gearing-its-early-release-77187 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mahesh-babu-s-bharat-ane-nenu-gearing-its-early-release-77187 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":14" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":7" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pataakha]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Manto (2018 film)|''Manto'']]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2018-04-29 |title=Working with Rajinikanth was a 'fanboy moment', says Sreekar Prasad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/working-with-rajinikanth-was-a-fanboy-moment-says-sreekar-prasad/article23717388.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184910/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/working-with-rajinikanth-was-a-fanboy-moment-says-sreekar-prasad/article23717388.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-11 |title='Padi Padi Leche Manasu': Trailer release date locked for the Sharwanand and Sai Pallavi starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/padi-padi-leche-manasu-trailer-release-date-locked-for-the-sharwanand-and-sai-pallavi-starrer/articleshow/67039390.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/padi-padi-leche-manasu-trailer-release-date-locked-for-the-sharwanand-and-sai-pallavi-starrer/articleshow/67039390.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | 2019<br />
| ''[[To Let (film)|To Let]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":7" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oolu]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
| 42nd Film Critics Award – Best Editor<br />
|<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=42nd Kerala Film Critics Award 2019 in Malayalam- winners list |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/04/42nd-film-critics-award-2019-winners-list.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Vinodadarshan |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811184437/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/04/42nd-film-critics-award-2019-winners-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yatra (2019 film)|Yatra]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2019-02-02 |title=Tamil version of 'Yatra' in trouble? Chennai production house claims rights on title |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tamil-version-yatra-trouble-chennai-production-house-claims-rights-title-96111 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tamil-version-yatra-trouble-chennai-production-house-claims-rights-title-96111 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-02 |title=Third single from 'Chitralahari' is a duet specially dedicated for love birds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/third-single-from-chitralahari-is-a-duet-specially-dedicated-for-love-birds/articleshow/68687657.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/third-single-from-chitralahari-is-a-duet-specially-dedicated-for-love-birds/articleshow/68687657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saaho]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nirbhya [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''<br />
| Hindi. Telugu<br />
|Director Sidhin <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-31 |title=Manju Warrier, Rosshan Andrrews team up again for Prathi Poovankozhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-rosshan-andrrews-team-up-again-for-prathi-poovankozhi/articleshow/70922933.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-rosshan-andrrews-team-up-again-for-prathi-poovankozhi/articleshow/70922933.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[In the Land of Poison Women]]''<br />
|Pangchenpa<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-10-20 |title=A Mysterious Tale Manju Borah's 'Bishkanyar Deshot' |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/epaper.sentinelassam.com/saturday-fare/a-mysterious-tale-manju-borahs-bishkanyar-deshot |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722095221/https://www.sentinelassam.com/epaper.sentinelassam.com/saturday-fare/a-mysterious-tale-manju-borahs-bishkanyar-deshot |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Happi (film)|''Happi'']]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Co-edited with Asif Ali Shaikh<br />
|<ref name=":10" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gaadi]]''<br />
|Sinhala<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":18" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2020<br />
| ''[[Darbar (2020 film)|Darbar]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Dalip Tahil joins Darbar cast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dalip-tahil-joins-darbar-cast-5725366/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dalip-tahil-joins-darbar-cast-5725366/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":8" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 has hit schedules of Kamal Haasan starrer-'Indian 2', 'RRR': Sreekar Prasad |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2020/09/15/kamal-haasan-indian-2-rrr-on-covid-films-sreekar-prasad.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717123259/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2020/09/15/kamal-haasan-indian-2-rrr-on-covid-films-sreekar-prasad.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
| Anthology<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2020-10-15 |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan on working during the lockdown |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kalyani-priyadarshan-working-during-lockdown-135420 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132831/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kalyani-priyadarshan-working-during-lockdown-135420 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Addham]]'' <br />
| Telugu<br />
| Web series<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Hemanth Kumar |date=2020-10-17 |title=The Biggest Takeaway Is That A Story Can Be Told Exactly How It Has To Be, Without Dilution: Editor Sreekar Prasad On Addham, On Aha |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-movies-addham-aha-ott-the-biggest-takeaway-is-that-a-story-can-be-told-exactly-how-it-has-to-be-without-dilution-editor-sreekar-prasad-siva-ananth-sarjun-rohini-prasanna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132832/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-movies-addham-aha-ott-the-biggest-takeaway-is-that-a-story-can-be-told-exactly-how-it-has-to-be-without-dilution-editor-sreekar-prasad-siva-ananth-sarjun-rohini-prasanna |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" scope="row" | 2021<br />
| ''[[C/o Kaadhal]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=C/O kaadhal review. C/O kaadhal Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/co-kaadhal-review-tamil-movie-23072 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191349/https://www.indiaglitz.com/co-kaadhal-review-tamil-movie-23072 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bansuri: The Flute]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2020-05-14 |title=Radiopetti-fame Hari Viswanath to make Hindi debut with Anurag Kashyap-starrer Bansuri |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/May/14/radiopetti-fame-hari-viswanath-to-direct-anurag-kashyap-in-hindi-debut-bansuri-18439.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721091605/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/May/14/radiopetti-fame-hari-viswanath-to-direct-anurag-kashyap-in-hindi-debut-bansuri-18439.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shershaah]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shiddat]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sridevi Soda Center]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2021-08-19 |title=Trailer Talk Of Sridevi Soda Center: An Action-Packed Trailer That Focuses More On The Bottle Than The Wine |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/trailer-talk/sridevi-soda-center-movie-telugu-trailer-an-action-packed-trailer-that-focuses-more-on-the-bottle-than-the-wine-sudheer-babu-anandhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132833/https://www.filmcompanion.in/trailer-talk/sridevi-soda-center-movie-telugu-trailer-an-action-packed-trailer-that-focuses-more-on-the-bottle-than-the-wine-sudheer-babu-anandhi |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aakashavaani]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-22 |title=SS Rajamouli's son ventures into film production with Aakashavani |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamoulis-son-production-aakashavani-5458561/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132831/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamoulis-son-production-aakashavani-5458561/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
| Anthology, 9th [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Film Award]] for Best Editing<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="10" scope="row" | 2022<br />
| ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]'' <br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Rashmika Mandanna trashes rumours of not liking 'Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu' script |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-trashes-rumours-of-not-liking-aadavallu-meeku-johaarlu-script-2501832-2024-02-14 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132831/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-trashes-rumours-of-not-liking-aadavallu-meeku-johaarlu-script-2501832-2024-02-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|Nominated for Best Editing in the [[6th Hollywood Critics Association Film Awards]]<br />
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-10 |title=Films exist because stories need to be told, says A Sreekar Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/films-exist-because-stories-need-to-be-told-says-a-sreekar-prasad/articleshow/97795926.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107185555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/films-exist-because-stories-need-to-be-told-says-a-sreekar-prasad/articleshow/97795926.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=2022-12-15 |title=A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Leads HCA Film Awards Total Nominations With 16 |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/hca-film-awards-nominations-2023-1235462321/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215181256/https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/hca-film-awards-nominations-2023-1235462321/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dasvi]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' <br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-17 |title=Kamal Haasan's Indian 2 runtime trimmed by 12 minutes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/17/kamal-haasans-indian-2-runtime-trimmed-by-12-minutes |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191406/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=CE%20Features&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-2&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1823282314509529331&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaexpress.com%2Ftamil%2Fnews%2F2024%2FJul%2F17%2Fkamal-haasans-indian-2-runtime-trimmed-by-12-minutes&sessionId=5bab6cf72eed5aac28a20b1f55d40905e5b5177f&siteScreenName=XpressCinema&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]''<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Virata Parvam]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Review: Virata Parvam – Honest Attempt {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/virata-parvam-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132831/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/virata-parvam-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seenu Ramasamy confirms release of Vijay Sethupathi-starrer Maamanithan on June 24; unveils a new poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/seenu-ramasamy-confirms-release-of-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-maamanithan-on-june-24-unveils-a-new-poster/4798d42044536 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132831/https://www.ottplay.com/news/seenu-ramasamy-confirms-release-of-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-maamanithan-on-june-24-unveils-a-new-poster/4798d42044536 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shabaash Mithu]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|Nominated for Best Editing in the [[16th Asian Film Awards]]<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-03-12 |title=Producer Siva Ananth Talks About Hit Asian Film Awards Nominee 'Ponniyin Selvan: 1′: 'We Made It for Everyone' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/asian-film-awards-ponniyin-selvan-1235550602/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104171801/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/asian-film-awards-ponniyin-selvan-1235550602/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Goodbye (2022 film)|Goodbye]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2022-10-08 |title=GOODBYE: Story of a dysfunctional family |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/goodbye-story-of-a-dysfunctional-family/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132833/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/goodbye-story-of-a-dysfunctional-family/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=Goodbye's first single Jaikal Mahakal to release earlier than planned. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/goodbye-s-first-single-jaikal-mahakal-to-release-earlier-than-planned-here-s-why-1998832-2022-09-10 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717132830/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/goodbye-s-first-single-jaikal-mahakal-to-release-earlier-than-planned-here-s-why-1998832-2022-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2023<br />
|''[[Kuttey]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinmay Mandlekar plays Nathuram Godse in Rajkumar Santoshi's Gandhi Godse: Ek Yudh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chinmay-mandlekar-plays-nathuram-godse-in-rajkumar-santoshis-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh/cid/1912463 |access-date=21 July 2024 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721090811/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chinmay-mandlekar-plays-nathuram-godse-in-rajkumar-santoshis-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh/cid/1912463 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''<br />
|Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":8" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paradise (2023 film)|Paradise]]''<br />
| English <br />
|Nominated for Best Editing in the [[17th Asian Film Awards]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=2024-01-12 |title='Evil Does Not Exist,' '12.12: The Day' Lead Asian Film Awards Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2024/awards/news/asian-film-awards-nominations-evil-does-not-exist-12-12-the-day-1235869810/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213044312/https://variety.com/2024/awards/news/asian-film-awards-nominations-evil-does-not-exist-12-12-the-day-1235869810/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Khufiya]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 2024<br />
|''[[Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2024-02-01 |title=Sanjeev Sivan's 'Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki' releases on February 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanjeev-sivans-ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-releases-on-february-2/article67795649.ece |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191358/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanjeev-sivans-ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-releases-on-february-2/article67795649.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Goat Life]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Indian 2]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sector 36]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kozhipannai Chelladurai]]''<br />
|Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2024|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/first-single-kathirundhen-from-seenu-ramasamys-kozhipannai-chelladurai-released-article-113156783|title=Watch: First Single Kathirundhen From Seenu Ramasamy's Kozhipannai Chelladurai Released|newspaper=[[Times Now]]|access-date=8 September 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908013834/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/first-single-kathirundhen-from-seenu-ramasamys-kozhipannai-chelladurai-released-article-113156783}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-04-18 |title='NTR 30': Saif Ali Khan joins Jr NTR's film with Koratala Siva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-30-saif-ali-khan-joins-jr-ntrs-film-with-koratala-siva/article66750300.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107184902/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-30-saif-ali-khan-joins-jr-ntrs-film-with-koratala-siva/article66750300.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |2025<br />
| ''[[Nesippaya]]'' || Tamil || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKsVB1wPZ78 |title=Sky Force {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Akshay Kumar {{!}} Veer P {{!}} Sara {{!}} Nimrat {{!}} Dinesh Vijan {{!}} 24th Jan 2025 |date=2025-01-04 |last=Maddock Films |access-date=2025-01-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Deva (2025 film)|Deva]]''<br />
| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-20 |title=Shahid's 'Deva' moves up its release date to 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Jul/20/shahids-deva-moves-up-its-release-date-to-2025 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721090811/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Jul/20/shahids-deva-moves-up-its-release-date-to-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Mani Ratnam's Thug Life Unit To Shoot In Delhi Until May 12 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/mani-ratnams-thug-life-unit-to-shoot-in-delhi-until-may-12-article-109871888 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721090811/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/mani-ratnams-thug-life-unit-to-shoot-in-delhi-until-may-12-article-109871888 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madharaasi]]''<br />
| Tamil<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-17 |title='Madharasi': Sivakarthikeyan - AR Murugadoss film gets a title; first glimpse out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madharasi-sivakarthikeyan-ar-murugadoss-rukmini-vasanth-anirudh-ravichander/article69228768.ece#:~:text=Sreekar%20Prasad%20is%20the%20editor,Elamon%20has%20handled%20the%20cinematography.&text=Meanwhile,%20Sivakarthikeyan,%20who%20delivered%20a,lead%20in%20Sudha%20Kongara's%20Parasakthi. |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bayaan (film)|Bayaan]]'' || Hindi || Premiere at the [[2025 Toronto International Film Festival]]||<ref name="tiff:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/huma-qureshis-bayaan-to-have-world-premiere-at-toronto-international-film-festival-2025 |title=Huma Qureshi's 'Bayaan' To Have World Premiere at Toronto International Film Festival 2025 |author=Justin Rao|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 28 July 2025 |access-date= 29 July 2025|lang=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Telusu Kada]]'' || Telugu || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Andhra King Taluka]]'' || Telugu || ||<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2026<br />
| ''[[Mylanji (2026 film)|Mylanji]]'' || Tamil || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ilaiyaraaja-musical-ajayan-balas-mylanji-movie-tamil-review|title=மைலாஞ்சி விமர்சனம்: வழக்கமான முக்கோண காதல் கதைதான்; `மிஸ்டர் நேர்மை' நாயகன் ஜெயித்தாரா?|first=|last=|date=13 February 2026|website=Vikatan|language=ta}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mrithyunjay]]'' || Telugu || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mrithyunjay-review-sree-vishnu-delivers-his-most-focused-performance-yet-10567392/|title=Mrithyunjay movie review: Sree Vishnu strips it all back and delivers his most focused performance yet|date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{pending film|italic=no|''[[Panjab '95]]''}} || Hindi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{pending film|italic=no|''[[Mayilaa]]''}}<br />
| Tamil<br />
| Premiere at [[55th International Film Festival Rotterdam|IFFR]]<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/blog-iffr-first-world-premieres-iffr-2026 |title=First wave of world premieres announced for IFFR 2026 |work=[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]|date=23 October 2025|access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | TBA<br />
|{{pending film|italic=no|''Bermuda''}}<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|Filming<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-26 |title=Shane Nigam starrer 'Bermuda' to hit the big screens on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-starrer-bermuda-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/95093033.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813191352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-starrer-bermuda-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/95093033.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<!----------------------------------------------------------><br />
<!-- Per WP:FILMOGRAPHY: Do not add future projects until --><br />
<!-- filming has begun as verified by a reliable source. --><br />
<!----------------------------------------------------------><br />
|}<br />
{{pending films key}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0695252}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Isobel_Cooper&diff=516474Margaret Isobel Cooper2026-05-04T14:25:21Z<p>House of Dontics: adding stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British naval auxiliary officer (1915–2015)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{for|the WRNS Officer|Margaret Cooper (WRNS officer)}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
|honorific_prefix = [[Chief Officer]]<br />
|name = Margaret Isobel Cooper<br />
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}}<br />
|image = Chief Officer Margaret L Cooper, Deputy Director of the Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS), with Second Officer Kalyani Sen, WRINS at Rosyth during their two month study visit to Britain.jpg<br />
|image_upright = <br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = Chief Officer Margaret I. Cooper (right) with Second Officer [[Kalyani Sen]], at [[Rosyth]] during their two-month study visit to the UK (1945)<br />
|native_name = <br />
|native_name_lang = <br />
|birth_name = Margaret Isobel Perkin<br />
|other_name = Peggy Skipwith<br />
|nickname = Peggy<br />
|birth_date = {{birth-date|12 October 1915}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]<br />
|death_date = {{death-date and age|7 December 2015|12 October 1915}}<br />
|death_place = [[Jávea]], Spain<br />
|burial_place = <br />
|burial_label = <br />
|burial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}--><br />
|allegiance = {{ubl|United Kingdom|[[British India]]}}<br />
|branch = {{ubl|[[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]]|[[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]]|[[Royal Navy]]|[[Royal Indian Navy]]}}<br />
|branch_label = <!--"Branch" or "Service"--><br />
|service_years = 1941–1946<br />
|service_years_label = <br />
|rank = Chief Officer<br />
|rank_label = <br />
|service_number = <br />
|unit = <br />
|commands = [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] (WRINS)<br />
|known_for = <br />
|battles = [[Second World War]]<br />
|battles_label = <br />
|awards = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]<br />
|memorials = <br />
|alma_mater = <br />
|spouse = <!--{{marriage|name|start date|end date}}; add spouse if reliably sourced--><br />
|children = <br />
|relations = <br />
|other_work = <br />
|signature = <br />
|signature_size = <br />
|signature_alt = <br />
|website = <!--{{URL|example.com}}--><br />
|module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Margaret Isobel Cooper''' {{post-nominals|OBE}} (12 October 1915&nbsp;– 7 December 2015), later known as '''Peggy Skipwith''', was a British military officer who was Chief Officer and deputy director of the [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] (WRINS) during the [[Second World War]].<br />
<br />
Cooper was born in [[Shillong]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], and sent to England at the age of five years, returning to India in 1934. In 1941, based in [[Quetta]], she served the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] (WAC(I). In 1943 she was appointed Lieutenant Colonel, the regional commander responsible for recruiting women in Indian naval offices. The role led to becoming the Chief Officer and Deputy Director of WRINS, appointed by [[Admiral (United Kingdom)|Admiral]] [[John Henry Godfrey]], then [[flag officer]] commanding the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN). Together they planned an active campaign to recruit women from across [[British India]] for service in the RIN. She was also responsible for the welfare, training and housing of WRINS. In 1946, she returned to England and worked recruiting for [[MI6]] until 1948.<br />
<br />
Following the death of her second husband in 1981, she remained in [[Xàbia|Javea]], Spain, and later made two return journeys to India in 2005 and 2013. She died in 2015 almost two months after her 100th birthday.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Margaret Cooper (née Perkin), affectionately known as Peggy, was born in [[Shillong]] to [[Sir (Emil) Athol Owen Perkin|Sir Athol Owen Perkin]], [[Inspector-general of police#India|Inspector-general of police]] at [[Odisha|Odissa]], and his wife, Lady Marion.<ref name=Navy2016>{{cite journal |title=Family mourn pioneer Peggy: Chief Officer Margaret Isobel Cooper |journal=Navy News |date=October 2016 |page=15 |url=https://issuu.com/navynews/docs/201610/17 |language=en}}</ref> She had three younger siblings; one brother became squadron leader [[No. 9 Squadron RAF]], another led the [[19th Punjabis|19th Punjab regiment]] at the [[Battle of Wadi Akarit]], and her sister Beryl joined the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)#Second World War|Intelligence Corps]].<ref name=Navy2016/> At the age of five years Cooper was sent to live with grandparents in England, where she completed her early education at [[Oxford High School, England|Oxford High School]].<ref name=Navy2016/><br />
<br />
Cooper returned to India in 1934, and married [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] R.A.B. Cooper of the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] who was awarded an OBE for his work during the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|Muzaffarpur earthquake]].<ref name=Navy2016/><br />
<br />
==Second World War==<br />
<br />
In 1941, based in [[Quetta]], Cooper served the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] (WAC(I).<ref name=Navy2016/> In September 1943, she was appointed Lieutenant Colonel, the regional commander responsible for recruiting women in Indian naval offices.<ref name=Navy2016/> The role led to her assuming the rank of Chief Officer, and being appointed deputy director of WRINS by [[Admiral (United Kingdom)|Admiral]] [[John Henry Godfrey]], then [[flag officer]] commanding the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN).<ref name=Vitali2020>{{cite journal |last1=Vitali |first1=Valentina |title=The Women's Royal Indian Naval Service: picturing India's new woman |journal=Women's History Review |date=9 November 2020 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1114–1148 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2019.1674468|s2cid=210364785 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2019.1674468 |issn=0961-2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Together they planned an active campaign to recruit women from across [[British India]] for service in the RIN.<ref name=Vitali2020/> It proved popular with middle and upper-class Indian women and most were generally very young; just out of school or in college.<ref name=Vitali2020/> Cooper wrote in 1945 that "for the Indian girls it was the experience of a life time and broadened their outlook considerably – helping towards emancipation".<ref name=Vitali2020/><ref name=WRENS>{{cite web |title=Remembering The History Of The Women's Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS) |url=https://wrens.org.uk/remembering-the-history-of-the-womens-royal-indian-naval-service-wrins/ |website=Association of Wrens |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=13 August 2020}}</ref> She explained that "as two-thirds of the women who enrolled were Indian, two styles of uniforms were developed, one consisting of a white [[sari]] with a blue border, to suit the graceful Indian girls, and, for the British and Anglo-Indians, an attractive uniform based on that of the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]] (WRNS).<ref name=Vitali2020/> She contributed to the introduction of the publication ''Wrins and How They Served''.<ref name=Vitali2020/> In addition to recruitment and regulations she was responsible for the welfare, training and housing of WRINS.<ref name=Navy2016/> According to Cooper's writings, in order to do this she travelled over 55,500 miles, chiefly by air, to naval bases across India.<ref name=Navy2016/> According to Godfrey, most of those she recruited to WRINS were Indian so that by the end of 1945 "43% of the officers and 77% of the Wrins were Indian, and among the junior officers 80% were Indian".<ref name=Vitali2020/> <br />
<br />
Serving WRINS, Cooper stayed in Delhi, where she would have been among [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|General Wavell]], [[Claude Auchinleck|General Claude Auchinleck]], [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]] and [[Ian Fleming]].<ref name=Navy2016/> In April 1945, she accompanied Second Officer [[Kalyani Sen]] to the UK, where they visited [[Auxiliary Territorial Service|A.T.S. establishments]].<ref name=Mohanan2020>{{Cite book |last=Mohanan |first=Kalesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 |title=The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-55495-5 |location=Abingdon, Oxford |pages=94–96 |language=en}}</ref> For her wartime service she was appointed an OBE in 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37598|supp=y |page=2765|date=13 June 1946}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
<br />
In 1946, Cooper left the naval service and rejoined her husband in England and worked recruiting for [[MI6]] until 1948, when she moved to Austria.<ref name=Navy2016/> In 1949, she returned to England, where she settled in [[Camberley]], Surrey, until 1959, when she moved to Malta with her husband.<ref name=Navy2016/> In retirement, she settled in France, and then in Javea, Spain, with her second husband Lieutenant Colonel J.P. de Skipwith.<ref name=Navy2016/> Following his death in 1981 she remained in Spain, and later made two return journeys to India with her daughter Carol in 2005 and 2013.<ref name=Navy2016/> In October 2015, on her 100th birthday, Javea Golf Club, where she played golf, awarded her honorary membership and created the 'Peggy Skipwith Cup'.<ref name=Navy2016/><ref name=Euro2015>{{cite web |title=Peggy Skipwith, 100th birthday celebration |url=https://euroweeklynews.com/2015/10/15/peggy-skipwith-100th-birthday-celebration/amp/ |website=Euro Weekly News |access-date=12 January 2023 |date=15 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
<br />
Cooper, then Peggy Skipwith, died on 7 December 2015, almost two months after her 100th birthday, and was survived by her sister, daughter, one daughter-in-law, one grandson, and a great-grandson.<ref name=Navy2016/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*{{YouTube|CnIBWSFDFFY|Women's Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS)}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Margaret Isobel}}<br />
[[Category:1915 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Women's Royal Naval Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:British women in World War II]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shillong]]<br />
[[Category:British women centenarians]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achalpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=484459Achalpur Assembly constituency2026-05-01T00:16:57Z<p>House of Dontics: added stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Achalpur<br />
| map_image = 42-Achalpur.svg<br />
| map_caption = Omprakash Kadu, present MLA of Achalpur<br />
| mla = [[Pravin Tayade]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = [[Amravati district|Amravati]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 42<br />
| electors = 292,703<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Achalpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] and one of the eight which are located in [[Amravati district]].<br />
<br />
[[Achalpur]] Vidhan Sabha seat is a part of [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies viz. [[Badnera (Vidhan Sabha)|Badnera]], [[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]], [[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]], [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur (SC)]] and [[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat (ST)]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 42 Achalpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: <br />
1. Chandurbazar Tehsil, 2. Achalpur Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle-Shirajgaon Kasba, Achalpur and Achalpur (MC) of the district.<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |accessdate = 2015-05-11 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, Mr [[Bachchu Kadu]] was elected as the MLA from Achalpur.<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||[[Amrut Ganpat Sonar|Amrutrao Ganpatrao Sonar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Madhavrao Bhagwantrao Patil<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Annasaheb alias Narayan Sadashivrao Watane || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan="2" | [[ Narsingrao Sheshrao Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Waman Bajirao Bhokare || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | Sudam Alias Waman Dattatraya Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="2" |[[Vinayak Korde|Vinayakrao Marotrao Korde]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="4" | [[Bachchu Kadu]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Pravin Vasantrao Tayade|Pravin Tayade]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pravin Vasantrao Tayade]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,201 |percentage = 36.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bachchu Kadu]] |party = Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 66,070 |percentage = 31.11% |change = {{decrease}}13.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anirudha Alias Babalubhau Subhanrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,791 |percentage = 29.57% |change = {{decrease}}10.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 298 |percentage = 0.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,131 |percentage = 5.71% |change = {{increase}}1.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 212,672 |percentage = 72.66% |change = {{increase}}5.35 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,374}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,703 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.34 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Prahar Janshakti Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bachchu Kadu]] |party = Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 81,252 |percentage = 44.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anirudha Alias Babalubhau Subhanrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,856 |percentage = 39.67% |change = {{increase}}24.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunita Narendrarao Fiske |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 15,064 |percentage = 8.20% |change = {{increase}}4.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Nazim Abdul Rauf |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 6,329 |percentage = 3.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandesh Sheshrao Ambadkar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,355 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rajendra Ramkrishna Gawai |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,591 |percentage = 1.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,496 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{increase}}0.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul Kadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,152 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,396 |percentage = 4.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.11 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 185,270 |percentage = 67.31% |change = {{decrease}}3.54 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,665}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,255 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.66 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Prahar Janshakti Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}11.13 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bachchu Kadu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 59,234 |percentage = 33.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Shridharpant Bansod |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,064 |percentage = 27.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anirudha Alias Babalubhau Subhanrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,490 |percentage = 14.81% |change = {{decrease}}21.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mo. Rafique Shekh Gulab |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 20,602 |percentage = 11.51% |change = {{increase}}10.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surekha Surendra Thakare |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 5,791 |percentage = 3.24% |change = {{decrease}}13.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhyankar Pratap Mahadeorao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 4,068 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]]|party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,274 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Motiram Wankhade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,923 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 449 |percentage = 0.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,170 |percentage = 5.68% |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,467 |percentage = 70.85% |change = {{increase}}5.72 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,917}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}6.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bachchu Kadu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 60,627 |percentage = 39.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,884 |percentage = 36.18% |change = {{increase}}1.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anant Gudhe|Anantrao Gudhe]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 24,824 |percentage = 16.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yogesh Madhukarrao Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,831 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohod Bhimrao Bhopiji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,184 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekh Abdul Shekh Haidar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,029 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,743 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,748 |percentage = 65.13% |change = {{decrease}}7.92 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,691}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,004 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.24 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.73 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bachchu Kadu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 56,471 |percentage = 38.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,085 |percentage = 34.59% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayakrao Marutirao Korde |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,475 |percentage = 21.31% |change = {{decrease}}5.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivcharan Shankarsa Chede |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,190 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phuse Namdeo Sampatrao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,886 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaukhande Mohan Ganeshrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,433 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,386 |percentage = 3.65% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,711 |percentage = 73.05% |change = {{increase}}4.28 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,678}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,196 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.61 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.11 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,006 |percentage = 30.13% |change = {{increase}}12.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bachchu Kadu]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,775 |percentage = 28.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =[[Vinayak Korde| Vinayakrao Marutirao Korde]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,518 |percentage = 27.13% |change = {{decrease}}8.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Suresh Bhausaheb Thakre|party = Independent politician |votes = 9,053 |percentage = 7.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surekha Surendra Thakare |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 7,826 |percentage = 6.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,231 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{decrease}}10.59 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,484 |percentage = 68.77% |change = {{decrease}}5.08 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,178}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,553 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayak Korde]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,881 |percentage = 35.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Suresh Bhausaheb Thakre |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,567 |percentage = 23.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Niyaz Ahemadkhan Niyamatkhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,499 |percentage = 18.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Jahirulhasan (Jahirbhai) |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 8,787 |percentage = 6.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandatai Abhyankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,524 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Uttamrao Ladole |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,482 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao Barkaji Nanhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,286 |percentage = 1.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,753 |percentage = 73.85% |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,457}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,755 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.63 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.84 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinayak Korde]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,287 |percentage = 38.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babanrao Alias Dattaraya Magorao Metkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,476 |percentage = 19.22% |change = {{decrease}}6.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jahirul Hasan (Jahir Bhai) |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,684 |percentage = 16.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ijajoddin Alias Babubhai Mohimoodin |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,225 |percentage = 7.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Admane Nanasaheb Laxman |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,038 |percentage = 6.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Arun Vishwanathrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,117 |percentage = 5.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ingale Vidrohi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,147 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirsat Dnyaneshwar Somaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 799 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,811 |percentage = 19.57% |change = {{decrease}}3.88 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,576 |percentage = 61.14% |change = {{decrease}}2.10 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,144}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,593 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.11 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}10.75 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sudam Alias Waman Dattaraya Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,211 |percentage = 49.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[ Sunil Deshmukh| Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]]|party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,123 |percentage = 26.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamad Jahirulhasan Mo. Latifoddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,874 |percentage = 14.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Panjab Uttamrao Tantarpale|party = Independent politician |votes = 4,673 |percentage = 6.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisanrao Bajirao Wankhade|party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,607 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Niyaz Ahamadkhan Niyamatkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 988 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,088 |percentage = 23.45% |change = {{decrease}}31.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,179 |percentage = 63.24% |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,147}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,614 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.51 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}26.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sudam Alias Waman Dattaraya Deshmukh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 47,989 |percentage = 75.63% |change = {{increase}}46.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waman Bajirao Bhokare|party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 13,359 |percentage = 21.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Bakaramji Thakare|party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 1,663 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,630 |percentage = 54.58% |change = {{increase}}53.67 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,777 |percentage = 56.86% |change = {{decrease}}18.67 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,453}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,917 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.06 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}45.51 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Waman Bajirao Bhokare |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,178 |percentage = 30.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudam Alias Waman Dattaraya Deshmukh|party = Communist Party of India |votes = 23,446 |percentage = 29.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narsingrao Sheshrao Deshmukh]]|party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,560 |percentage = 13.15% |change = {{decrease}}62.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Marutirao Korde |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,346 |percentage = 11.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Sadashiv Watane|party = Janata Party |votes = 8,535 |percentage = 10.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 732 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{decrease}}56.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,896 |percentage = 75.53% |change = {{increase}}9.90 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,284}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,430 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.85 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}45.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narsingrao Sheshrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,971 |percentage = 76.06% |change = {{increase}}27.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisan Bajirao Wankhade |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 12,266 |percentage = 19.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haware Kashinath Baliram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,151 |percentage = 4.89% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,705 |percentage = 57.01% |change = {{increase}}39.92 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,985 |percentage = 65.63% |change = {{decrease}}8.28 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,388}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,535 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.54 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}27.29 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narsingrao Sheshrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,002 |percentage = 48.77% |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudam Alias Waman Dattatraya Deshmukh|party = Communist Party of India |votes = 20,135 |percentage = 31.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao Bhagwantrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,022 |percentage = 12.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haware Kashinath Baliram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,075 |percentage = 4.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Bobade |party = Independent politician |votes = 829 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Guldeokar |party = Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,867 |percentage = 17.09% |change = {{increase}}13.53 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,095 |percentage = 73.91% |change = {{decrease}}5.84 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,570}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,483 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.14 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.75 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb alias Narayan Sadashivrao Watane |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,184 |percentage = 50.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Krishnarao Gulabrao Deshmukh]]|party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,056 |percentage = 46.96% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devidas Tukaram Wanjori |party = Independent politician |votes = 913 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,128 |percentage = 3.56% |change = {{decrease}}12.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,644 |percentage = 79.75% |change = {{increase}}8.76 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,744}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,805 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.50 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao Bhagwantrao Patil|party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,625 |percentage = 46.02% |change = {{increase}}18.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =Sudam alias Waman Dattatraya Deshmukh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 15,458 |percentage = 30.11% |change = {{increase}}5.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mir Riyayatali Mir Ahmadali |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,848 |percentage = 13.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Laxmanrao Vithalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,463 |percentage = 8.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishwasrao Amrutrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 942 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,167 |percentage = 15.91% |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,336 |percentage = 70.99% |change = {{increase}}13.41 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,336}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}42.46 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Achalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Amritrao Ganpatrao Sonar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,136 |percentage = 27.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudam Alias Waman Dattatraya Deshmukh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,200 |percentage = 24.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb alias Narayan Sadashiv Watane |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,170 |percentage = 14.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md. Nagarkhan Malekhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,102 |percentage = 14.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Baliram Bhokare |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,945 |percentage = 10.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarrao Daulatrao Dange |party = Independent politician |votes = 721 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atmaram Sadashiv Chitrakar |party = Independent politician |votes = 635 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 936 |percentage = 3.20% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,230 |percentage = 57.58% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,230}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,763 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Achalpur]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|21|15|41.26|N|77|30|35.65|E|region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Amravati district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_ICC_Champions_Trophy_final&diff=4821202002 ICC Champions Trophy final2026-04-26T14:22:01Z<p>House of Dontics: added new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox limited overs final<br />
| title = 2002 ICC Champions Trophy Final<br />
| image =R Premadasa Stadium.jpg<br />
| event = [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]]<br />
| team1 = [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]]<br />
| team1flag = {{flagicon|SRI|size=40px}}<br />
| team1score = <small>244/5 & 222/7</small><br />
| team1overs = <small>50 & 50</small><br />
| team2 = [[India national cricket team|India]]<br />
| team2flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}<br />
| team2score = <small>14/0 & 38/1</small><br />
| team2overs = <small>2 & 8.4</small><br />
| rain = Match rained out twice.<br />
| details = India and Sri Lanka declared co-champions.<br />
| date = 29 & 30 September 2002<br />
| stadium = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]]<br />
| city = [[Colombo]]<br />
| man_of_the_match = Not awarded<br />
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)<br />
| attendance = 34,832 <br />
| television =<br />
| previous = [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy final|2000]]<br />
| next = [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy final|2004]]<br />
|imagesize=250px|caption=The final was washed out due to continuous rain in [[Colombo]]. Even the reserve day couldn't help.}}<br />
<br />
{{Main|2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}<br />
The final of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] was rained-out twice, on 29 and 30 September 2002 at the [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]. The final was scheduled to be played between [[Sri Lanka cricket team]] and the [[India cricket team]] on 29 September 2002. Sri Lanka batted first and scored 244 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] for five [[wicket]]s in 50 overs. India had played only two overs before the match was stopped by the rain.<ref name="trophy shared">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2287479.stm|title=Trophy shared after wash-out |date=30 September 2002|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 September, the Sri Lankan team again batted first and scored 222 runs for seven wickets. The match was abandoned as India reached 38 runs in 8.4 overs. [[Man of the Match]] and Man of the Series were not awarded, and both the teams were declared as joint winners.<ref name="trophy shared"/><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===First Semi-final===<br />
The first semi-final was played between India and [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] on 25 September 2002.<ref name="scorecard1bbc">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_india_v_south_africa/scorecards/5624/scorecard_hi.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy India v South Africa: 1st Semi-final|date=25 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=9 September 2014|archive-date=12 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912021824/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_india_v_south_africa/scorecards/5624/scorecard_hi.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref> After winning the toss, India decided to bat first and score 261 runs for nine wickets in 50 overs. Sehwag scored 59 runs from 58 balls, including 10 fours; [[Yuvraj Singh]] and [[Rahul Dravid]] scored 62 and 49 runs respectively. [[Shaun Pollock]] took three wickets for 43 runs in nine overs.<ref name="scorecard1bbc"/> Chasing the target of 262, South Africa collapsed after reaching 192 runs for one wicket with [[Herschelle Gibbs]] scoring 116 and [[Jacques Kallis]] 97 runs in 37 overs. Gibbs could not continue his inning due to heat exhaustion.<ref name="scorecard1bbc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155133.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 1st semi-final:India v South Africa|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8242929.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2002: Rain ruins the final |date=30 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Sehwag got three wickets for 25 runs in five overs. India won the match by 10 runs and qualified for the final of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2278332.stm|title=SA hand victory to India |date=25 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 25 September 2002<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 261/9 (50 overs)<br />
| score2 = 251/6 (50 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 62 (72)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 3/43 (9 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 116 (119)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 3/25 (5 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 10 runs<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66192.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)<br />
| motm = [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain =<br />
| notes = [[Robin Peterson]] (SA) made his ODI debut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Second Semi-final===<br />
The second semi-final was played between Sri Lanka and [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] on 27 September 2002.<ref name="scorecard2bbc">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_australia_v_sri_lanka/scorecards/5625/scorecard_hi.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy Australia v Sri Lanka: 2nd Semi-final|date=25 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=9 September 2014|archive-date=13 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213104915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_australia_v_sri_lanka/scorecards/5625/scorecard_hi.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Australia won the toss, decided to bat first and score 162 runs in 48.4 overs. [[Shane Warne]] scored 36 runs followed by [[Adam Gilchrist]] and [[Damien Martyn]] scoring 31 and 28 runs respectively. [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] took three wickets for 26 runs in 9.4 overs.<ref name="scorecard2bbc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155135.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2nd semi-final:Sri Lanka v Australia|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref> [[Aravinda de Silva]], who was awarded Man of the Match, conceded just 16 runs in 10 overs and took [[Matthew Hayden]]'s wicket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66193.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2nd SF: Sri Lanka v Australia at Colombo (RPS)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref> Sri Lanka, in the reply, reached the target in 40 overs losing only three wickets. [[Marvan Atapattu]] scored 51 runs followed by [[Kumar Sangakkara]]'s 48 and Jayasuriya's 42 runs. [[Glenn McGrath]] took two wickets for 41 runs in 10 overs.<ref name="scorecard2bbc"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2282654.stm|title=Sri Lanka humble Aussies |date=27 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 27 September 2002<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}<br />
| score1 = 162 (48.4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 163/3 (40 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Shane Warne]] 36 (69)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 3/26 (9.4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 51 (113)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 2/41 (10 overs)<br />
| result = Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66193.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)<br />
| motm = [[Aravinda de Silva]] (Sri)<br />
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Match details==<br />
{{multiple image|total_width=323|image1=Sourav Ganguly crop.jpg|image2=Sanath jayasuriya portrait.jpg|footer=[[Sourav Ganguly]] (left) and [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (right) captained India and Sri Lanka respectively.}}<br />
The final of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] was washed out twice, on 29 and 30 September 2002 at the [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]].<ref name="espncricinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/123500.html|title=India and Sri Lanka share the spoils|first=Charlie|last=Austin|date=30 September 2002|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> The matches were scheduled to be played between the [[Sri Lanka cricket team]] and the [[India cricket team]], captained by [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]] respectively.<ref name="espncricinfo"/> Both the teams shared the Trophy.<ref name="trophy shared"/><br />
<br />
===Match officials===<br />
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)<br />
* '''[[Third umpire|TV umpire]]''': [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)<br />
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Clive Lloyd]] (WI)<br />
<br />
===29 September===<br />
On 29 September, Sri Lanka batted first after Jayasuriya winning the toss and scored 244 [[Run (cricket)|runs]].<ref name=1st_final>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/66194.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2002/03 (29 September) – Final: Sri Lanka v India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Jayasuriya and [[Kumar Sangakkara]] scored fifties—74 and 54 runs respectively, and Indian off-spinner [[Harbhajan Singh]] took three wickets for 27 in 10 overs. In reply, India started their batting and scored 14 runs without any loss in two overs before the match was abandoned due to heavy rain; the match was finished in no result.<ref name=1st_final/> It was decided that the new match would be played on the reserve day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2286304.stm|title=Sunday final washed out|publisher=BBC News|date=29 September 2002|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 29 September<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}<br />
| score1 = 244/5 (50 overs)<br />
| score2 = 14/0 (2 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 74 (89)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/27 (10 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 13[[Not out|*]] (5)<br />
| wickets2 =<br />
| result = No result<br />
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/66194.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)<br />
| motm =<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = Match rained out.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===30 September===<br />
On the reserve day—30 September—the Sri Lankans again batted first, scoring 222 runs for seven in 50 overs.<ref name=2nd_final/> [[Mahela Jayawardene]] and [[Russel Arnold]] scored fifties—77 and 56 runs respectively, and Indian left-arm pacer [[Zaheer Khan]] took three wickets for 44 runs in nine overs. India scored 38 runs in 8.4 overs and the match was abandoned due to rain without result.<ref name=2nd_final/><ref name="rain_again">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2288525.stm|title=Here comes the rain again|publisher=BBC News|date=30 September 2002|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Limited overs international<br />
| date = 30 September<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}<br />
| score1 = 222/7 (50 overs)<br />
| score2 = 38/1 (8 overs)<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 77 (99)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/44 (9 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 25[[Not out|*]] (22)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 1/24 (4.4 overs)<br />
| result = No result. India and Sri Lanka are declared as co-champions<br />
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/66195.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]<br />
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)<br />
| motm =<br />
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = Match rained out again. India and Sri Lanka declared co-champions.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In both matches, [[Man of the match]] and Man of the Series were not awarded.<ref name=2nd_final>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/66195.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2002/03 (30 September) – Final: Sri Lanka v India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Both the teams, India and Sri Lanka, were declared joint winners sharing the trophy and a prize money of $300,000.<ref name="rain_again"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155150.html|title=Wisden – ICC Champions Trophy, 2nd final: Sri Lanka v India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref><br />
West Indian [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] of England stood as umpires of the matches. [[Daryl Harper]] of Australia was the TV umpire and the Zimbabwean [[Russell Tiffin]] was the reserve umpire for the matches. Match referee for the finals was former West Indian captain [[Clive Lloyd]].<ref name=1st_final/><ref name=2nd_final/><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
[[International Cricket Council]]'s (ICC) rule for [[One Day International]] (ODI) cricket at that time was: "a minimum of 25 overs have to be bowled to the side batting second to constitute a match".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2288525.stm|title=Here comes the rain again|date=30 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> Indian cricketers criticized the rule [[ICC Champions Trophy]] after rain washed-out the final twice. Former Indian wicket-keeper [[Farokh Engineer]] about the rule that the "it's absolutely daft", and it "doesn't make any sense".<ref name="trophy_rules">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/2289482.stm|title=Trophy rules 'should change'|date=30 September 2002|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> [[Sanjay Manjrekar]], former Test cricketer, said that the ICC "should look at that rule straight away and change it", and the "obvious thing is to continue from where they left off". [[Ajit Wadekar]], former Indian captain, called the matches "boring" and asked the ICC to revise the group format for the tournament to preclude meaningless matches in the first round.<ref name="trophy_rules"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61114.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2002/03|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/icc_champions_trophy/default.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy (13 February 2003)|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_sri_lanka_v_india/scorecards/5626/scorecard_hi.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy Sri Lanka v India: Scorecard: Final (29 September 2002)|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911121104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_sri_lanka_v_india/scorecards/5626/scorecard_hi.stm|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_sri_lanka_v_india/scorecards/5696/scorecard_hi.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy Sri Lanka v India: Scorecard: Final (30 September 2002)|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-date=17 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717230143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/cricket/icc_champions_trophy_sri_lanka_v_india/scorecards/5696/scorecard_hi.stm|url-status=dead}}<br />
<br />
{{ICC Champions Trophy}}<br />
{{International cricket in 2002–03}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:ICC Champions Trophy Final, 2002}}<br />
[[Category:ICC Champions Trophy finals|2002]]<br />
[[Category:2002 in Sri Lankan cricket]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by Sri Lanka|Cricket, ICC Champions Trophy Final, 2002]]<br />
[[Category:2002 ICC Champions Trophy|Final]]<br />
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka sports relations]]<br />
[[Category:India in international cricket]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lanka in international cricket]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansa_Wadkar&diff=501978Hansa Wadkar2026-04-25T09:16:26Z<p>House of Dontics: made new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian stage and film actress}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Hansa Wadkar<br />
| image = HansaWadkarNavjeevan_(1939).jpg<br />
| caption = Still from film ''Navjeevan'' (1939) <br />
| birth_date = 1923<br />
| birth_place = Bombay, Maharashtra, [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1971|1923}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| birth_name = Ratan Salgaokar<br />
| occupation = actress<br />
| years_active = 1936–1968<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Jagannath Bandarkar|1937|1945|reason=separated}}<br />
| children = 1 daughter, Rekha<br />
}}<br />
'''Hansa Wadkar''' (1923&ndash;1971) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] film and stage actress. She started her acting career in [[Indian cinema]] at the age of thirteen years, as a heroine in the bilingual film ''Vijaychi Lagne'' (1936). Wadkar went on to make a name for herself working in reputable film companies like [[Bombay Talkies]], [[Prabhat Film Company]] and National Studios. Her career-defining role was in [[Vishnupant Damle]]'s ''[[Sant Sakhu]]'' (1941) where she enacted the role of the female saint Sakhu. Her other memorable roles are in the [[Tamasha]] genre films like [[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]] (1947), termed as the "Classic Marathi Tamasha musical"<ref name=Indiancinema>{{cite web |title=Lokshahir Ram Joshi |url=https://indiancine.ma/ETO/info |website=indiancine.ma |publisher=Indiancine.ma |accessdate=14 September 2015 |ref=Movies}}</ref> and ''[[Sangte Aika|Sangtye Aika]]'' (1959), another of [[Marathi cinema]]'s "best known Tamasha films".<ref name=Bhumika>{{cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Bhumika |url=http://www.filmreference.com/Films-Bh-Bo/Bhumika.html |website=filmreference.com |publisher=Advameg, Inc. |accessdate=18 September 2015 |ref=Bhumika – Film (Movie) Plot and Review}}</ref> The title "Sangtye Aika" (You Ask, I Tell) was used by Wadkar for her autobiography compiled in 1971.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT134 |accessdate=14 September 2015 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 |pages=134– |chapter=4.4 Marathi Cinema by Amrit Gangar}}</ref> The autobiography was initially serialised in the Marathi magazine ''Manoos'' helped by journalist Arun Sadhu.<br />
<br />
She has been referred to as "one of the most sought after and bohemian actresses of her time".<ref name=HT>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manulaa |title=More than a woman's portrayal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/more-than-a-woman-s-portrayal/article1-29454.aspx |accessdate=14 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=5 March 2005 |ref=Hansa Wadkar}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Wadkar underwent personal difficulties in her life, which included marital problems, addiction to alcohol, humiliation at several levels and rape at the hands of a magistrate, when seeking to get out of a troubled relationship. Her marriage ended in a separation and her daughter was kept away from her.<ref name="Wadkar2014">{{cite book |author=Hansa Wadkar |title=You Ask, I Tell: An Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDf6AwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 September 2015 |date=8 July 2014 |publisher=Zubaan Books |isbn=978-93-83074-68-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]'' (The Role) (1977) directed by [[Shyam Benegal]], is based on Hansa Wadkar's autobiography and has actress [[Smita Patil]] playing Wadkar in the film. The film won two [[National Film Awards|National Awards]], [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Smita Patil and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] for [[Satyadev Dubey]], Shyam Benegal and [[Girish Karnad]].<ref name=NFA>{{cite web |title=25th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=25th_nff.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |accessdate=14 September 2015 |pages=6–7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130000902/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=25th_nff.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film also won the [[Filmfare Best Film Award|Best Film]] at the [[25th Filmfare Awards]].<ref name=Awards>{{cite web |title=1978-Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-1978-180.html |website=awardsandshows.com |publisher=Awards And Shows |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Wadkar was born Ratan Bhalchander Salgaokar, on 24 January 1923 at Dr. Bhalerao Hospital in [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India.<ref name="Wadkar2014" /> Her father, Bhalchander Salgaokar, was the son and grandson of "kalavantins, courtesans renowned for their musical accomplishments".<ref name=Bhumika /> Her mother, Saraswati, was the daughter of a [[Devdasi]]. Wadkar was the third of four children. The oldest sister and the youngest brother died, leaving a second child, her brother Mohan and her. In her autobiography Wadkar mentions that her great-grandmother, Baybai Salgaokar, called Jiji by the family, was a wealthy courtesan who was an influential figure in the family. Marriage in the courtesan community was a rarity and Wadkar's grandfather Raghunath Salgaokar (Jiji's son) was the first in the family to marry.<br />
<br />
Jiji divided the vast property she had and Wadkar's father was given the house in [[Sawantwadi]]. The mother, father, brother and young Wadkar shifted there and she joined a Marathi medium school where she studied till class IV. She also studied vocal music under Bhagwatbuwa but was not interested in singing.<ref name="Wadkar, p. 3">Wadkar, p. 3</ref> The family returned to Bombay and Hansa attended an English medium school for two years at Aryan Education Society School. However, she had to leave school when the family faced financial problems. Her father had turned into an alcoholic and there was no money coming in the house. Her mother insisted that Mohan, being a boy, should continue his studies, and thus Wadkar had to find work.<br />
<br />
[[File:Indira_Wadkar.jpg|thumb|right|Indira Wadkar, Hansa Wadkar's paternal aunt (1939)]]<br />
The influence of films was present from an early time. Wadkar's father had three sisters, Kesharbai, Indirabai and Sushilabai. Sushila was married to [[Master Vinayak]], a renowned actor-director of the early era of Indian cinema. Kesharbai and Indira Wadkar were acting in films and Indira was a classical singer as well. Indira acted in several films including ''Duniya Kya Hai'' (Resurrection) (1937) and in Vinayak's production company "Hans Films" like ''Devata'' (1939) in Marathi. Indira used the surname Wadkar to avoid using the family name Salgaokar, for fear of reprisal from society against women acting in films.<ref name="Wadkar">{{cite book |author=Hansa Wadkar |title=You Ask, I Tell: An Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDf6AwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 September 2015 |date=8 July 2014 |publisher=Zubaan Books |isbn=978-93-83074-68-6 |page=1 |chapter=1}}</ref> Kesharbai, who was working in a film being made by [[M.G. Rangnekar]], suggested that Wadkar work in films to financially sustain her family.<ref name="Wadkar, p. 6">Wadkar, p. 6</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 1936, Wadkar acted in her first role as a heroine in Bapubhai Pendharkar's ''Vijayche Lagane''. A bilingual, made in Marathi and Hindi (''Shadi Ka Maamla''), it was directed by Mama Warerkar. The film was produced by Pendharkar's Lalit Kala Production, its "first and last" film, as Pendharkar died soon after. When her brother objected to the family name being used in films, her name was changed from Ratan to Hansa, and the surname Wadkar was borrowed from her actress aunt, Indira Wadkar. Her salary at that time was Rs. 250 per month. The film was a success at the box office.<ref name="Wadkar2014 p. 11">Wadkar, p. 11</ref><br />
<br />
Wadkar worked in a few films after this for different companies, which remained incomplete. She then joined Golden Eagle Movietone and learned Hindi from a Hindi scholar appointed for her by the company. She became proficient in the language, working in several Hindi films at the time like ''Meena'', ''Prem Patra'', ''Zamana'', and ''Raj Kumar'' with [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]].<ref name="Wadkar2014 p. 13">Wadkar, p. 13</ref><br />
<br />
Marrying in 1937, she had to return to films once again due to a shortage of money. She acted in two stunt films in Bhagwan Palav, having joined Harishchandrarao's company. The films were ''Bahadur Kisan'' and ''Criminal'' which were released in 1939. In 1938, she was cast in ''Zamana'' directed by Ram Daryani, starring Padma Devi who had earlier acted in India's first indigenous colour film, ''[[Kisan Kanya (1937 film)|Kisan Kanya]]''. Her co-stars were Dar ([[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]) Gulab, Ameena and [[Amirbai Karnataki]].<br />
<br />
===Bombay Talkies===<br />
[[File:HansaWadkarShukal.jpg_(1939).jpg|thumb|left|Hansa Wadkar and Rama Shukul in ''Navjeevan'' (1939)]]<br />
She joined [[Bombay Talkies]], signing a contract for six years. She enjoyed the efficiency and camaraderie of Bombay Talkies. Her first film with them was ''Navjeevan'', directed by [[Franz Osten]] and released in 1939. The April 1939 issue of ''[[Filmindia]]'' commented on the absence of [[Devika Rani]] in the film, while mentioning Wadkar, "Bombay Talkies have given a beautiful story as usual, framed in a more beautiful technique. And once again we don't find Devika Rani in the cast. This time, however, a new girl has been introduced in Hansa Wadkar, new in the sense that for the first time she has been allowed to shoulder the heroine's role".<ref name=Studio>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Studio Close-Ups |journal=Filmindia |date=April 1939 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=59 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia193905unse#page/n259/mode/2up |accessdate=14 September 2015 |ref=Bombay Talkies, Bombay}}</ref><br />
<br />
Her next two films were ''Durga'' (1939) directed by Franz Osten, and ''Azad'' (1940) directed by N. R. Acharya. Following the death of [[Himanshu Rai]] in 1940, she asked Devika Rani to release her from her contract. Devika Rani tore up the contract, though she still had three more years.<br />
<br />
===Prabhat Film Company===<br />
Wadkar signed a temporary contract with [[Prabhat Film Company]] and later wrote that the years she spent at Prabhat "were the most memorable ones of my life".<br />
<br />
Wadkar then appeared in ''[[Sant Sakhu]]'' (1941), directed by [[Vishnupant Damle]], Sheikh Fatelal and Raja Nene. It co-starred Gauri as Sakhu's cruel mother-in-law along with Shankar Kulkarni, Shanta Majumdar and Chhotu. The music was by Keshavrao Bhole. He was not happy with Wadkar's voice, so Vinodini Dixit's voice was used as a playback singer for her. Wadkar was emotionally affected by the role. She said "Sakhu's role has left lasting memories". She immersed herself completely in the role that "I forgot my own existence".<ref name="Wadkar, p. 35">Wadkar, p. 35</ref><br />
<br />
A bilingual made both in Marathi and Hindi by the Prabhat banner, [[Ramshastri (1944 film)|Ram Shastri]] (1944) was a historical biopic about the 18th-century Chief Justice [[Ram Shastri]]. The directors were [[Vishram Bedekar]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] and Raja Nene. [[Master Vithal]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Keshavrao Bhole]] also feature with Jagirdar playing the title role. As she did not know dancing, Wadkar had to undergo training for her role as a tamasha dancer.<br />
<br />
===National Studios===<br />
''Apna Paraya'' (1942) was directed by Ramachandra Thakur and produced by National Studios. It co-starred [[Shahu Modak]], Urmila and Sankatha Prasad with Wadkar. The story was by Khatib and the music was by Anil Biswas.<br />
<br />
Her next film with National Studios was ''Mera Gaon'' (1942). Made under the Laxmi Productions' banner it was directed by Prafulla Roy. The cast included [[P. Jairaj]], Chhaya Devi, Agha and [[K. C. Dey]] who also composed the music. Wadkar was three months pregnant while shooting for the film. In one of the scenes a horse came charging at her while she lay prone on the ground. A few women were watching the shooting, including actress Miss Moti and they threw themselves on top of her bearing the brunt of the horse's hooves. She was eight months pregnant when the film's shooting ended. She went on to deliver a normal, healthy daughter, her "first living child" after several miscarriages.<ref name="Wadkar, p. 38">Wadkar, p. 38</ref><br />
<br />
===Rajkamal Kalamandir===<br />
''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' (1947) made in Marathi and Hindi was co-directed by [[V. Shantaram]] and Baburao Painter for [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]. Originally directed by Painter, Shantaram was completed after the shooting when Painter fell sick. The film starred Jayaram Shiledar as Ram Joshi and Hansa Wadkar as Baya. It has music by [[Vasant Desai]], with lyrics by Ram Joshi and [[G. D. Madgulkar]]. Termed as the "Classic Marathi [[Tamasha]] musical", it is a biopic of the poet, kirtan, and [[lavani]] performer Ram Joshi (1758-1812) set in the [[Peshwa]] period.<ref name=IndianCinema>{{cite web |title=Lokshahir Ram Joshi |url=https://indiancine.ma/ETO/info |website=indiancine.ma |publisher=Indiancine.ma |accessdate=17 September 2015 |ref=Movies}}</ref> The "vibrant lavnis" and "sawaal-jawabs" (musical question and answer sessions) became a "trend-setter",<ref name=Shodhganga>{{cite web |title=History of Marathi Cinema in Mumbai and the Marketing Strategies Adopted |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3433/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |publisher=Shodhganga |accessdate=17 September 2015 |ref=Chapter-3, pg. 118}}</ref> while the music and dances "enthralled" the audience.<ref name="NarwekarKul1995">{{cite book |author1=Sanjit Narwekar |author2=Raghuvir Kul |author3=D. B. Samant |author4=Maharashtra Film, Stage & Cultural Development Corporation |title=Marathi Cinema: in retrospect |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nORkAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=17 September 2015 |year=1995 |publisher=Maharashtra Film, Stage & Cultural Development Corp.}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later years===<br />
''Pudhache Paool'' (The Next Step) (1950) directed by Raja Paranjpe for Manik Studios, [[Pune]], is about a young man who runs away from his poverty-stricken family to find a better life for himself. He meets a Tamasha dancer who is only interested in money. The cast includes Wadkar, Kusum Deshpande, Shakuntala Jadave and [[P. L. Deshpande]]. The music was composed by [[Sudhir Phadke]].<ref name=PudhachePaool>{{cite web |title=Pudhache Paool |url=http://www.citwf.com/film282088.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> Wadkar acted in the film as her husband, Bandarkar, had signed the contract for her. She stated that from "an artistic point" her role as a tamasha dancer in this film was "superior to that of Baya in ''Ram Joshi''.<br />
<br />
''Mee Tulas Tuzya Angani'' (I Am A Tulsi Plant in Your Courtyard) in 1955, was directed by [[Raja Thakur]] for Navchitra Films and had Wadkar in a vamp's role. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] and Best Director in 1956.<ref name="3rdAward">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |title=3rd National Film Awards (PDF) |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> Wadkar considered her role as a tamasha dancer in the film as the best.<br />
<br />
''Sangtye Aika'' (1959) was directed by Anant Mane and stars Wadkar and [[Jayshree Gadkar]]. One of Marathi cinema's most famous Tamasha films, it was a "major hit". The film also gave Jayshree Gadkar one of her first big roles. With story by G. G. Parthi, screenplay by Vyankatesh Madgulkar and songs by Ga. Di. Madgulkar, the film went on to have a hundred and thirty-one week run in Pune.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013" /><br />
<br />
The four films Wadkar held dear are ''[[Sant Sakhu]]'' (1941), ''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' (1947), ''Pudhache Paool'' (1950) and ''Mee Tulas Tuzya Angani'' (1955) as they "marked four important stages" in her film career.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Jagannath Bandarkar was one of the sons of a neighbour at [[Sawantwadi]]. His family was deemed to be of a "lower caste" than the Wadkars. Being ten years older than Wadkar, her brother and other family members did not approve of her closeness to him. However, her mother would ask her to call him over for lunch or do odd jobs. When the Wadkars shifted to Bombay, Bandarkar followed. Having failed at setting up a printing press, he started a theatre company called Dominic Union and got Wadkar to join it. Her mother accused her of having an affair with Bandarkar, which Wadkar thought was an unfair accusation. She writes of assuming a defiant and oppositional attitude later on too, when wrongly accused. Soon she was three months pregnant at age fifteen and Bandarkar and Wadkar were married on 6 September 1937, at Kittebhandari Marriage Hall in Bombay. Though she had "dreamed of a family life", she had to resume work as Bandarkar's company was financially unstable. She also had a miscarriage at this time.<br />
<br />
Rekha, their daughter, was born following the completion of Wadkar's film ''Mera Gaon'' (1942). Over time when her husband physically abused her over some imagined wrongdoing, she would go out and do it. She started drinking and describes one drinking session in her autobiography where she was unaware of what took place. She found herself in a village where Joshi, one of the men she had been drinking with, brought her as his third wife. She stayed virtually imprisoned there for three years, till she was able to smuggle a letter out to her husband. He arrived with the police and took her to the magistrate's office in the neighbouring town, where she had to testify. The magistrate sent Bandarkar to get a signature on a paper and then proceeded to rape Wadkar. Since she did not speak out about the incident, no action was taken.<br />
<br />
She went on to perform in several plays, where she met Rajan Jawale, an actor, with whom she formed a bond that lasted till her death. She maintained a good relationship with all the female workers. Some of them became good friends like Lalita Devulkar.<br />
<br />
Hansa Wadkar died on 23 August 1971 in Bombay Maharashtra, India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Autobiography and film==<br />
Wadkar's autobiography started off as a series of interviews conducted by journalist Arun Sadhu, for the Marathi magazine ''Manoos''. The book form "Sangtye Aika" was published in 1970. On release, "it caused a sensation and became an instant best-seller".<ref name=Bhumika /> It received the State Government Award for Best Autobiography in 1971. The book was edited and translated into English as "You Ask, I Tell" by Jasbir Jain and Shobha Shinde.<ref name="Wadkar, p. xii">Wadkar, p. xii</ref><br />
<br />
'''''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]''''' (1977) was Shyam Benegal's fourth film as a director. Based on "Sangtye Aika", the film shows her past in black and white, and her present in colour. This had more to do with financial issues regarding raw colour stock. "To portray the Marathi milieu" he had Girish Karnad to help out with the script and Satyadev Dubey's help for dialogues. The film shows her bound in a patriarchal society, exploited by family, husband, director and Kale.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajuj |title=Bhumika (1977) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bhumika-1977/article6221624.ece |accessdate=17 September 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=17 July 2014 |ref=Bhumika (1977)}}</ref> The names used in the film were changed, Hansa was Usha, Bandarkar was Keshav Dalvi, Joshi as Kale, while only Rajan her co-star from films and stage, remains the same.<ref name="Wadkar, p. xxix">Wadkar, p. xxi</ref> The film went on to garner awards for Best actress, screenplay and Best film.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*''Sangtye Aika''; by Hansa Wadkar; in Marathi. Rajhans Prakashan, 1970. {{ISBN|978-81-7434-154-9}}<br />
*''You Ask, I Tell: an autobiography'', by Hansa Wadkar. English translation by Jasbir Jain and Shobha Shinde. Zubaan Books, 2014. {{ISBN|978-93-83074-68-6}}<br />
*''Hört zu, ich erzähle! Aus dem Leben einer indischen Schauspielerin'', by Hansa Wadkar. German translation by Adele Hennig-Tembe. Draupadi Verlag, 2020. {{ISBN|978-3-945191-51-4}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
List:<ref name=citwf>{{cite web |title=Hansa Wadkar |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=429599&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Director<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Cast<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Studio/Producer<br />
|-<br />
|1936 ||''Vijayachi Lagne'' (Shaadi Ka Maamla in Hindi) ||Mama Warerkar ||Master Chhotu, Bapu Pendharkar || ||M. Thakker<br />
|-<br />
|1937 ||''Modern Youth'' (Jung-E-Jawani) || D. T. Shivdasani, C. N. Lala ||Benjamin, Naveen Yagnik, S. Nazir ||Sundardas Bhatia ||<br />
|-<br />
|1938 ||''Bahadur Kisan'' ||Chandrarao Kadam, [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] ||Bhagwan, Indira Wadkar, Chandrarao, Vasantrao, P. Varne ||Mir Sahib ||Chandra Art<br />
|-<br />
|1938 ||''Sneh Lagna'' (Love Marriage) ||Chandrarao Kadam ||Chandarrao, Shyam Sunder, Ansuya, Jeevan ||Mulraj Kapadia ||Chandra Art<br />
|-<br />
|1938 ||''Zamana'' (The Times) ||Ram Daryani || Padma Devi, Gulab, [[Amirbai Karnatki]], Omkar Dar (Jeevan), [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Ameena ||Sunder Das ||Krishna Movies<br />
|-<br />
|1939 ||''Navjeevan'' (New Life) ||[[Franz Osten]] ||Rama Shukul, V. H. Desai, Saroj Borkar, [[Mumtaz Ali]], P. F. Pithawala, Lalita Devulkar ||[[Saraswati Devi (music director)|Saraswati Devi]] ||[[Bombay Talkies]]<br />
|-<br />
|1939 ||''Durga'' ||Franz Osten ||[[Devika Rani]], Rama Shukul, Vishnupant Aundhkar, P. F. Pithawala, Mumtaz Ali, [[Nana Palsikar]], V. H. Desai ||Saraswati Devi ||Bombay Talkies<br />
|-<br />
|1940 ||''Azad'' ||N. R. Acharya ||[[Leela Chitnis]], [[Ashok Kumar]], Rama Shukul, Mumtaz Ali ||Saraswati Devi, Ramchandra Pal ||Bombay Talkies<br />
|-<br />
|1939 ||''Criminal'' ||Bhagwan ||Bhagwan, Chandrarao, Sunetra, Vasantrao, Masood ||A. Hussain ||Chandra Art<br />
|-<br />
|1941 ||''Sant Sakhu'' ||[[Vishnupant Damle|Vishnu Govind Damle]], Sheikh Fatelal, Raja Nane ||Gouri, Shankar Kulkarni, Shanta Majumdar, Chhotu ||[[Keshavrao Bhole]] ||[[Prabhat Film Company]]<br />
|-<br />
|1942 ||''[[Apna Paraya]]'' ||Ramachandra Thakur ||[[Shahu Modak]], Sankatha Prasad, Pesi Patel, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Kayamali, Dulari ||Anil Biswas ||National Studios<br />
|-<br />
|1942 ||''Mera Gaon'' (My Village) ||Prafulla Roy || Chhaya Devi, K. C. Dey, [[P. Jairaj]], Agha, Jagdish Sethi, Amir Banu || K. C. Dey || Laxmi Productions<br />
|-<br />
|1942 ||''[[Dillagi (1942 film)|Dillagi]]'' ||Balwant Bhatt ||Kumar, Anuradha, Gulab, Agha ||Pratap Mukherji ||Pragati Chitra<br />
|-<br />
|1944 ||''Meena'' ||Phani Majumdar ||Vasanti, Wasti, Dixit, Ratan Piya, Gulab ||H. P. Das ||Bharat Productions<br />
|-<br />
|1944 ||''[[Ramshastri (1944 film)|Ram Shastri]]'' ||[[Gajanan Jagirdar]], Raja Nene, [[Vishram Bedekar]] ||Gajanan Jagirdar, [[Master Vithal]], [[Anant Marathe]], Baby Shakuntala, Meenakshi, [[Lalita Pawar]], Sudha Apte ||Keshavrao Bhole, G. Damle ||[[Prabhat Film Company]]<br />
|-<br />
|1945 ||''Main Kya Karun'' ||Ninu Majumdar ||[[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Suraiya]], Shah Nawaz, Bikram Kapoor, E. Bilimoria ||Nino Majumdar ||Flora Films<br />
|-<br />
|1945 ||''Aarti'' ||Ramachandra Thakur ||Vanmala, [[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], Harish, [[Sheikh Mukhtar]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] ||Ashok Ghosh, Ali Bux ||Screen Attractions Corp<br />
|-<br />
|1946 ||''Behram Khan'' ||Gajanan Jagirdar ||Gajanan Jagirdar, [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], Lalita Pawar, Suresh, [[David (actor)|David]], Benjamin ||[[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] ||Standard Pictures<br />
|-<br />
|1947 ||''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' ||[[Baburao Painter]], [[V. Shantaram]] ||Jayaram Shiledar, Shakuntala, Parashuram, [[G. D. Madgulkar]], Sudha Apte ||[[Vasant Desai]] ||[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]<br />
|-<br />
|1947 ||''Gaurav'' ||K. J. Parmar ||Zeenat, Pratap Kumar, Damayanti, Ghanshyam ||Shanti Kumar ||Mukti Productions<br />
|-<br />
|1948 ||''Mere Lal'' ||Bal Gajbar ||Chandrakant, Pratima Devi, Ram Upadhyay ||Purshottam ||Maharashtra Ch.<br />
|-<br />
|1948 ||''Dhanyavad'' ||Gajanan Jagirdar ||Gajanan Jagirdar, Lalita Pawar, Sajjan, Leela Misra, Agha, Bikram Kapoor ||A. R. Qureshi ||Kalpana Pictures<br />
|-<br />
|1949 ||''Pandharicha Patil'' ||Raja Pandit || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1949 ||''Sant Janabai'' ||Govind B. Ghanekar ||Shakuntala, Abhyankar, Gouri, Balakram, Javdekar ||Sudhir Phadke ||Prabhat Film Company<br />
|-<br />
|1949 ||''Shilanganache Sone'' (Shilanga's Gold) ||Bhal G. Pendharkar ||Shanta Apte, Baburao Pendharkar, Suryakant, Master Vithal || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1950 ||''Pudhcha Paool'' ||Raja Paranjape ||P. L. Deshpande, [[G. D. Madgulkar]], Kusum Deshpande, Vivek, Mohammad Hussain, Raja Paranjape, Shakuntala Jadhave ||Sudhir Phadke ||Manik Studio<br />
|-<br />
|1950 ||''Sonyachi Lanka'' ||Shrikant Sutar || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1950 ||''Kalyan Khajina'' ||Balasaheb Pathak ||Durga Khote, Baburao Pendharkar || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1950 ||''Navara Baiko'' ||Bal Gajbar ||Hansa Wadkar || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1950 ||''Shri Krishna Darshan'' ||A. R. Sheik || Durga Khote, [[Anant Marathe]], [[Usha Kiran]], Baby Shakuntala ||[[Sudhir Phadke]] ||Vijay Pictures<br />
|-<br />
|1951 ||''Sri Krishna Satya Bhama'' ||Raja Paranjape || Shahu Modak, Poornima, Anant Marathe, Sulochana ||Keshavrao Bhole ||Manik Studio<br />
|-<br />
|1951 ||''Maya Machhindra'' ||Aspi ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Trilok Kapoor]], Surendra, Usha Kiran, Amirbai Karnatki ||Premnath ||Super Pictures<br />
|-<br />
|1951 ||''Hee Mazhi Laxmi'' ||[[Pralhad Keshav Atre]] ||[[Shahu Modak]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1951 ||''Patlache Por'' (The Headman's Daughter) ||[[Dinkar Patil]] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1954 ||''Khel Chalala Nashibacha'' ||Shrikant Sutar || Durga Khote || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1955 ||''Mee Tulas Tujhya Aangani'' || [[Raja Thakur]] || [[Shahu Modak]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1957 ||''Naikinicha Sazza'' (The Courtesan's Verandah) ||Bhalji Pendharkar ||Baburao Pendharkar, [[Master Vithal]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1959 ||''[[Sangtye Aika]]'' || [[Anant Mane]] ||[[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Jayshree Gadkar]], Ratnamala, Neelam, Chandrakant, Suryakant ||Vasant Pawar ||Chetana Chitra<br />
|-<br />
|1961 ||''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]'' (A Woman With Pride) ||Anant Mane ||Jayshree Gadkar, Chandrakant Gokhale, Dada Salvi, Vasant Shinde ||Vasant Pawar ||Kala Chitra<br />
|-<br />
|1961 ||''Rangapanchami'' (Festival of Colours) ||Anant Mane ||Jayshree Gadkar, Suryakant || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1963 ||''Naar Nirmite Nara'' (Woman Creates Man) ||Anant Mane || || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1966 ||''Hi Naar Rupasundari'' ||Prabhakar Nayak ||Jayshree Gadkar, Suryakant || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1967 ||''Shrimant Mehuna Pahije'' ||A. Shamsheer ||Jayshree Gadkar, Damuanna Malvankar ||M. Shafi ||H. S. Films<br />
|-<br />
|1968 ||''[[Dharmakanya]]'' ||Madhav Shinde ||Anupama, Ratnamala, Vasant Shinde, Chandrakant, Rajshekhar, Vasant Latkar ||[[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]||Rajlaxmi Chitra<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|0905571}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansa Wadkar}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1923 births]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharuch_Assembly_constituency&diff=490994Bharuch Assembly constituency2026-04-23T10:05:36Z<p>House of Dontics: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bharuch<br />
| mla = Rameshbhai Narandas Mistry<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| state = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| district = [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:293510}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 153<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bharuch''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bharuch district]].<br />
<br />
==List of segments==<br />
This assembly seat represents the following segments since the 2008 delimitation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
# Bharuch Taluka (Part) Villages – Kanthariya, Sherpura, Umraj, Chavaj, Vadadla, Haldarwa, Jhadeshwar, Bholav, Nandelav, Rahadpor, Borbhatha Bet, [[Bharuch INA]], Bharuch (M), [[Maktampur]] (CT)<br />
# Ankleshwar Taluka (Part) Villages – Chhapra, Kansiya, Mandvabuzarg, Naugama, Samor, Motali, Amrutpura, Uchhali, Kararvel, Dadhal, Sarangpore, Jitali, Piprod, Avadar, Pardi Mokha, Sangpor, Andada (CT)<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Bipinbhai Shah<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|[[Ramesh Mistry|Rameshbhai Mistry]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Dushyantbhai Rajneekant Patel<ref name="election2017" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br />
| [[Ramesh Mistry|Rameshbhai Narandas Mistry]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2022===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Ramesh Mistry]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 1,08,655<br />
|percentage = 63.24<br />
|change = +5.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jaykant Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=44,182|percentage=25.71|change=-12.92}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manharbhai Parmar|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=14,514|percentage=8.45|change=''New''}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=64,473|percentage=37.53|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=171819|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Bharuch<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Dushyantbhai Patel<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 99,699<br />
|percentage = 57.83<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Jayeshbhai Patel<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 66,600<br />
|percentage = 38.63<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = 19.2<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,72,396<br />
|percentage = 67.52<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|loser = <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Dushyantbhai Patel<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 92219<br />
|percentage = 59.35<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Sandip Mangrola<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 55029<br />
|percentage = 35.42<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 37190<br />
|percentage = 23.94<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 155377<br />
|percentage = 71.96<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|loser = <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Bharuch district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br />
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|21.73|73|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Bharuch]]<br />
[[Category:Bharuch district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thenucho_T%C3%BCnyi&diff=540816Thenucho Tünyi2026-04-21T23:45:49Z<p>House of Dontics: started a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Family name hatnote|Tünyi|lang=Chakhesang}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Thenucho Tünyi<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfütsero]]<br />
| term_start = 1982<br />
| term_end = 1993<br />
| predecessor = Lhiweshelo Mero<br />
| successor = Kewekhape Therie<br />
| office1 = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor1 = T. N. Ngullie<br />
| successor1 = [[Neiba Ndang]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1990<br />
| term_end1 = 1993<br />
| birth_name = Thenucho Tünyi<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|10|02}}<br />
| birth_place = Kikrüma ''{{small|(present day [[Phek District]], [[Nagaland]], India)}}''<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| party = [[United Naga Democratic Party]]<br>[[Naga People's Front]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College, Bombay]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thenucho Tünyi''' (born 2 October 1952) is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]].<ref>[https://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5839 Thenucho (NPF) : Constituency- PFUTSERO]</ref> He was elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] three times, representing [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency]]. Tünyi served as a member of the legislative assembly from 1982 to 1993.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Thenucho Tünyi was born on 2 October 1952 to a [[Chakhesang Naga]] family from Kikrüma.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Chishi|first=H|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/a-lonely-optimist/cid/335987#goog_rewarded|title=A lonely optimist|date=23 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
He attended [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College, Bombay]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/former-nla-speaker-condoles-jethmalani-demise/|title=Former NLA speaker condoles Jethmalani demise|date=9 September 2019|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Tünyi was first elected to the Nagaland Legislative Assembly in 1982 on a [[Naga National Democratic Party]] ticket from Pfütsero constituency.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
=== Attempted assassination ===<br />
{{Main|1991 Lahorijan ambush}}<br />
On 14 August 1991, twelve, including nine [[Nagaland Police]] personnel were killed and Tünyi sustained injuries in an [[ambush]] carried out by the [[NSCN-K]] at Lahorijan, near [[Dimapur]], in the [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong District]] of Assam. The convoy was en route to [[Mon, Nagaland|Mon]] to attend the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] celebrations on 15 August where Tünyi was to grace the occasion as the Chief Guest.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.in/martyr-of-indian-police?title=&date_of_martyrdom=&organization=All&page=35|title=All Martyrs-Indian Police in Service of the Nation|website=www.police.gov.in|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 1998 Kwakeithel shooting ===<br />
{{main|1998 Kwakeithel shooting}}<br />
On 29 August 1998, Thenucho Tünyi was on his way to [[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport|Imphal Airport]] to board a flight to [[New Delhi]] when the vehicle, a [[Suzuki Cultus#Maruti 1000|Maruti 1000]], in which he was travelling was fired upon by [[Manipur Police]] commandos at Kwakeithel Akham Leikai in [[Imphal]]. The shooting resulted in the deaths of four individuals inside the car: Maj. [[Shimreingam Shaiza]], [[Nagaland Police]] personnel Tüsovehu Chakhesang and Kikheto Sema, driver Rükoshele and Hidam Budha Singh, a civilian working in his homestead land. Tünyi, the sole survivor, sustained multiple bullet injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/two-students-get-maj-shimreingam-shaiza-award|title=Two students get Maj. Shimreingam Shaiza Award|date=13 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/6/25/4-cops-chargesheeted-in-1998-killings.amp.html|title=4 cops chargesheeted in 1998 killings|date=25 June 2018|newspaper=The Sangai Express|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/8/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-7-At-least-four-State-police-personnel-including-then-Sub-Inspe.html|title=Killing of Major Shaiza, four others in 1998 Four cops surrender before Court|date=8 February 2022|newspaper=The Sangai Express|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025, four former Manipur Police commandos were charged in connection with the incident. The accused were identified as Thokchom Krishnatombi, who was serving as a Sub-Inspector at the time along with constables Khundongbam Inaobi, Thangkhongam Lungdim and Md. Akhtar Hussain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shirin|first=Babie|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-police-ex-commandos-1998-fake-encounter-chargesheet-filed-2736491-2025-06-06|title=4 Manipur police ex-commandos charged after 26 years in 1998 'fake' encounter|date=6 June 2025|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tünyi, Thenucho}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1982–1987]]<br />
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1987–1988]]<br />
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1989–1992]]<br />
[[Category:People from Phek district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangula_Brijendra_Reddy&diff=499885Gangula Brijendra Reddy2026-04-19T09:01:09Z<p>House of Dontics: data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Gangula Brijendra Reddy<br />
| birth_date = 1988<br />
| birth_place = Erragundine<br />
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
| other_party =<br />
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member Of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 21 May 2019<br />
| term_end = June 2024<br />
| governor = [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|YS Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br />
| preceded = [[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]<br />
| constituency = [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = <br />
| parents = Gangula Prabakar Reddy<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| succeeded = [[Bhuma Akhila Priya]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gangula Brijendra Reddy''' (born 1988)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Allagadda Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Allagadda Assembly Election 2024: Allagadda Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/allagadda-constituency-result-1134 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Allagadda Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Gangula Brijendra Reddy (Nani) of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/allagadda-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154481.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy was born in [[Allagadda]] village to Prabhakar Reddy. He completed his B.Com. from St Mary's College, Yousufguda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-20 |title=Gangula Brijendra Reddy (Nani) {{!}} MLA {{!}} Allagadda {{!}} Kurnool {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/gangula-brijendra-reddy-nani/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Reddy started his political journey with [[YSR Congress Party]] following the foot steps of his father, who was a former MLA and government whip. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing YSR Congress Party defeating [[Bhuma Akhila Priya]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 35,613 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Allagadda Constituency Election Results 2019: Allagadda Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/allagadda |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== MLA Terms ==<br />
'''1st Term'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-24 |title=Assembly Election 2019 - Election Commission of India |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |access-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Gangula Brijendra Reddy (Nani)<br />
|votes = 1,05,905<br />
|percentage = 57.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]|votes=70,292|percentage=37.85|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=35,613|percentage=19.18|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,85,693|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
'''2nd Term'''<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Gangula Brijendra Reddy (Nani)<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Baragodla Hussain|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser =<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brijendra Reddy, Gangula}}<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barkhetri_Assembly_constituency&diff=489875Barkhetri Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:44:46Z<p>House of Dontics: added a post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Barkhetri<br />
| constituency_no = 38<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Barkhetri Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| state = [[Assam]]<br />
| latest_election_year = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]<br />
| district = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]<br />
| established = 1978<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| mla = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''Barkhetri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Barkhetri forms part of the [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Town Details==<br />
<br />
*Country: India.<br />
* State: Assam.<br />
* District: Nalbari district<br />
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency<br />
* Area Includes: Barbhag Dev. Block(Part), Borigog Banbhag Dev. Block(Part), Barkhetri Dev. Block(Part), Paschim Nalbari Dev. Block(Part)-Dakhin Khetri, Pub Nalbari Dev. Block(Part), Saru Khetri Dev. Block(Part).<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="2" |Election<br />
!Member<br />
!Party affiliation<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Sheikh Chand Mohammad]]<br />
![[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
![[Pulakesh Barua]]<br />
![[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
![[Bhumidhar Barman]]<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |<br />
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
![[Pulakesh Barua]]<br />
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[Bhumidhar Barman]]<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
![[Narayan Deka (BJP politician)|Narayan Deka]]<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
![[Diganta Barman]]<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkhetri}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Narayan Deka]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Diganta Barman]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amirul Islam |party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munindra Doley |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India) |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkhetry}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Diganta Barman<br />
|votes = 85,826<br />
|percentage = 49.46<br />
|change = +8.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Narayan Deka<br />
|votes = 81,772<br />
|percentage = 47.13<br />
|change = -0.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad<br />
|candidate = Pulakesh Baruah<br />
|votes = 2,582<br />
|percentage = 1.49<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India United Democratic Front<br />
|candidate = Champak Kalita<br />
|votes = 1,106<br />
|percentage = 0.64<br />
|change = -6.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Santanu Kalita<br />
|votes = 805<br />
|percentage = 0.46<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Bhupen Talukdar<br />
|votes = 487<br />
|percentage = 0.28<br />
|change = -0.1<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 941<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = +0.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,054<br />
|percentage = 2.33<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,73,519<br />
|percentage = 88.12<br />
|change = -0.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,96,918<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barkhetry<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Narayan Deka<br />
|votes = 69,223<br />
|percentage = 47.15<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Diganta Barman<br />
|votes = 60,610<br />
|percentage = 41.28<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India United Democratic Front<br />
|candidate = Akram Hussain Talukdar<br />
|votes = 9,950<br />
|percentage = 6.77<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Kamalesh Deka<br />
|votes = 2,316<br />
|percentage = 1.57<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = Raju Barman<br />
|votes = 874<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = JMBP<br />
|candidate = Deepak Kalita<br />
|votes = 670<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Bhupen Talukdar<br />
|votes = 551<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Manomati Das<br />
|votes = 475<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Bipul Goswami<br />
|votes = 382<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Mantu Baruah<br />
|votes = 368<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Raju Deka<br />
|votes = 347<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = LDP<br />
|candidate = Bhumidhar Barman<br />
|votes = 255<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 782<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 8,613<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,46,803<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors|<br />
|reg. electors = 1,65,065<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Nalbari district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atram_Sakku&diff=488243Atram Sakku2026-04-18T01:25:36Z<p>House of Dontics: added a pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| order = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2009<br />
| term_end = 2014<br />
| predecessor = Amurajula Sridevi<br />
| successor = [[Kova Laxmi]]<br />
| constituency = <br />
| office2 = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2018<br />
| term_end2 = 2023<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Kova Laxmi]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Kova Laxmi]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Atram Sakku''' (born 1973)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Atram Sakku(Indian National Congress (INC)):Constituency- Asifabad (Adilabad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/telangana2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=14 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He is a former two time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Asifabad Assembly constituency]], which is [[Reservation in India|reserved for Scheduled Tribe community]], in [[Adilabad district]]. He was last elected in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. Earlier in 2009, he was elected as an MLA from the Asifabad seat in the [[United Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Sakku is from [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]], Adilabad district, Telangana. He is the son of Athram Raju. He studied Class 10 at Government Ashram School, Ginnedari and passed the [[Board examination|examinations]] conducted by SSC board in 1989. His wife is a teacher employed by the Integrated Tribal Development Authority (ITDA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Athram Sakku(BRS):Constituency- ADILABAD (ST)(TELANGANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=5221 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sakku was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] in the Asifabad Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress. He polled 42,907 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Pendram Gopi of the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 15,286 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asifabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/asifabad-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> In the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he lost the Asifabad seat to [[Kova Laxmi]] of the TRS by a margin of 19,055 votes. Lakshmi polled 59,094 votes to 40,039 garnered by Sakku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asifabad Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Candidate List, Winner, MLA, Leading, Trailing, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/asifabad-election-result-2018-live-updates-athram-sakku-of-congress-leading-1968619.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> But he regained the Asifabad seat, after the bifurcation of the state in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress. In 2018, he polled 65.788 votes and defeated his closest opponent, Kova Laxmi of the TRS by a margin of 171 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asifabad Constituency Election Results 2023: Asifabad Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/asifabad |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/athram-sakku-candidate-23462</ref> In 2023 Sakku was denied a ticket b the Congress Party and Kova Laxmi won the 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election defeating Ajmera Shyam of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 22,798 votes. Later, he shifted to the BRS Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Ex-MLA Atram Sakku's absence at KTR's meeting triggers row |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/ex-mla-atram-sakkus-absence-at-ktrs-meeting-triggers-row-1832833 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakku. Atram}}<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]<br />
[[Category:People from Adilabad district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandaibazar_Assembly_constituency&diff=515739Mandaibazar Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:34:56Z<p>House of Dontics: adding a post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Mandaibazar<br />
| state = [[Tripura]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| district = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image = Swapna Debbarma.jpg<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| constituency_no = 11<br />
| map_image = Mandaibazar Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| mla = [[Swapna Debbarma]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Tipra Motha Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:47642}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Mandaibazar''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India – Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map – Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[West Tripura district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/mandaibazar.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Mandaibazar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kalidas Debbarma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=4 | [[Rashiram Debbarma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=4 | [[Manoranjan Debbarma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Dhirendra Debbarma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Swapna Debbarma]] || {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}<br />
|}<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Swapna Debbarma]] |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=28,726 |percentage=66.35% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhacharan Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,077 |percentage=16.35% |change={{decrease}}21.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarit Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,603 |percentage=15.25% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=444 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hiramuni Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,649 |percentage=50.01% |change= {{increase}}35.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,293 |percentage=91.17% |change= {{decrease}}1.47 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tipra Motha Party |loser=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |swing= {{increase}}14.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2018 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhirendra Debbarma]] |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=21,381 |percentage=51.94% |change={{increase}}49.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manoranjan Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,517 |percentage=37.70% |change={{decrease}}12.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=2,215 |percentage=5.38% |change={{decrease}}40.20 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiten Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=496 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sona Charan Debbarma |party=Tipraland State Party |votes=466 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=453 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,864 |percentage=14.25% |change= {{increase}}9.48 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,162 |percentage=91.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,578 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.04 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2013 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manoranjan Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,275 |percentage=50.35% |change={{increase}}0.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=17,450 |percentage=45.58% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basindra Debbarma |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=910 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma Kumar Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=649 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,825 |percentage=4.77% |change= {{increase}}1.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,284 |percentage=93.06% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,262 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2008 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manoranjan Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,605 |percentage=49.44% |change={{decrease}}3.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=15,638 |percentage=46.56% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhu Kumar Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=650 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Debbarma |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=392 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Debbarma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=301 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=967 |percentage=2.88% |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,586 |percentage=90.67% |change= {{increase}}20.96 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,050 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}3.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2003 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manoranjan Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,448 |percentage=52.85% |change={{increase}}1.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Debbarma |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=11,998 |percentage=47.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,450 |percentage=5.70% |change= {{decrease}}0.62 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,446 |percentage=69.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.54 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,515 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.85 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1998 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manoranjan Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,632 |percentage=51.66% |change={{decrease}}9.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=11,088 |percentage=45.35% |change={{increase}}12.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishu Kumar Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=604 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarani Rupuni |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,544 |percentage=6.31% |change= {{decrease}}22.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,452 |percentage=76.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.32 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,942 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.82 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}9.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1993 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rashiram Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,142 |percentage=61.52% |change={{increase}}9.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyama Charan Tripura |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=7,471 |percentage=32.50% |change={{decrease}}14.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baisakh Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=841 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipti Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=244 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Manikya Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,671 |percentage=29.02% |change= {{increase}}24.85 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,988 |percentage=75.79% |change= {{decrease}}3.71 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,838 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.63 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}9.93 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1988 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rashiram Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,768 |percentage=51.59% |change={{decrease}}4.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrodoy Rupini |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=9,898 |percentage=47.42% |change={{increase}}4.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Rajan Das |party=Independent politician |votes=205 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=870 |percentage=4.17% |change= {{decrease}}8.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,871 |percentage=79.65% |change= {{decrease}}1.33 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,670 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.64 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1983 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rashiram Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,861 |percentage=56.04% |change={{increase}}5.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amiya Kumar Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=7,594 |percentage=43.16% |change={{increase}}16.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhangshu Sen |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,267 |percentage=12.88% |change= {{decrease}}11.39 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,595 |percentage=81.00% |change= {{increase}}2.72 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,107 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.65 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1977 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rashiram Debbarma]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,915 |percentage=50.72% |change={{decrease}}15.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshirode Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=3,606 |percentage=26.45% |change={{increase}}16.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bagala Debbarma |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=1,644 |percentage=12.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Manikya Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=793 |percentage=5.82% |change={{decrease}}17.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampra Rai Debbarma |party=Janata Party |votes=675 |percentage=4.95% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,309 |percentage=24.27% |change= {{decrease}}18.63 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,633 |percentage=78.24% |change= {{increase}}12.11 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,735 |ref = |change= {{increase}}61.39 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}15.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1972 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalidas Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,717 |percentage=66.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bagala Prasad Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,664 |percentage=23.38% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshirod Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=736 |percentage=10.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,053 |percentage=42.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,117 |percentage=65.98% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,989 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[West Tripura district]]<br />
* [[Mandaibazar]]<br />
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}<br />
{{coord|23.86|91.48|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:West Tripura district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tening_Assembly_constituency&diff=540056Tening Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:33:05Z<p>House of Dontics: started article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Tening<br />
| state = [[Nagaland]]<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = Tening Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| district = [[Peren district|Peren]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]<br />
| established = 1964<br />
| constituency_no = 6<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| mla = Namri Nchang<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:27405}}<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Tening''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Peren district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Lalkholam Singson || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan=2| N. Azu Newmai<br />
|- <br />
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || N. C. Zeling || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2|Henlum L. Singson || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || T. R. Zeliang || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || T. R. Zeliang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || T. R. Zeliang<br />
|- <br />
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || T. R. Zeliang<br />
|- <br />
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Tarie Zeliang<br />
|- <br />
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=3| [[Namri Nchang]]|| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2023|2023]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|29.39}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2018|2018]]|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|34.24}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2013|2013]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|33.48}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2008|2008]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.62}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2003|2003]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.17}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1993|1993]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.11}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|39.82}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1987|1987]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|26.79}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1982|1982]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|28.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.79}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}|31.08}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|32.62}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|56.99}}<br />
}}<br />
=== 2023 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening<ref name="winners2023">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Namri Nchang]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,736 |percentage=29.39% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tarie Zeliang|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=6,399|percentage=27.92%|change=-6.32%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Tumda Newme|party=Independent politician|votes=5,530|percentage=24.13%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Zandi Domta|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=2,467|percentage=10.76%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rosy Thomson|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,704|percentage=7.44%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=42|percentage=0.18%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Henry Zeliang|party=Naga People's Front|votes=39|percentage=0.17%|change=-33.25%}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=337 |percentage=1.47% |change=0.65% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=22,917|percentage=83.62%|change=6.63%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,405 |change =2.95% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= -4.85% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Namri Nchang]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=7,018 |percentage=34.24% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Namduadi Rangkau Zeliang|party=Naga People's Front|votes=6,850|percentage=33.42%|change=-0.06%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tarie Zeliang|party=Independent politician|votes=6,476|percentage=31.60%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=150|percentage=0.73%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=168 |percentage=0.82% |change=-3.38% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=20,494|percentage=76.99%|change=-17.18%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,619 |change =-8.29% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 0.76% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2013 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Namri Nchang]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,151 |percentage=33.48% |change=-6.94% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tarie Zeliang|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,003|percentage=29.28%|change=-30.34%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=L. L. Kuki|party=Independent politician|votes=5,407|percentage=19.78%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Neiba Ndang|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=3,930|percentage=14.38%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,148 |percentage=4.20% |change=-14.99% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=27,333|percentage=94.17%|change=7.78%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,026 |change =-1.81% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -26.14% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2008 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarie Zeliang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,224 |percentage=59.62% |change=24.45% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Samuel Medaliang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,323 |percentage=40.42% |change=17.39% }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,901 |percentage=19.19% |change=7.06% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,537 |percentage=86.42% |change= -8.97% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,560 |change =55.53% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.45% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 2003 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Zeliang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,374 |percentage=35.17% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namri Nchang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,175 |percentage=23.04% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wizabo |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=3,449 |percentage=19.03% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abraham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,765 |percentage=15.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. L. Kuki |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=1,361 |percentage=7.51% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,199 |percentage=12.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,124 |percentage=95.36% |change= -1.23% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,006 |change =13.92% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.05% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1998 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Zeliang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |reg. electors = 16,683 |change =-6.29% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1993 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Zeliang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,005 |percentage=35.11% |change=3.12% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalkholen |party=Independent politician |votes=3,461 |percentage=20.24% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namri Nchang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,276 |percentage=19.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atui |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,357 |percentage=13.78% |change=-26.04% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokhosei |party=Independent politician |votes=1,629 |percentage=9.53% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. David |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=373 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,544 |percentage=14.88% |change=7.05% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,101 |percentage=96.59% |change= -2.71% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,802 |change =106.62% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -4.71% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1989 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Zeliang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,387 |percentage=39.82% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. L. Singson |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,721 |percentage=31.99% |change=5.20% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Azu Mewmai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,382 |percentage=16.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokhosei |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,015 |percentage=11.93% |change=-7.94% }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=666 |percentage=7.83% |change=7.20% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,505 |percentage=99.30% |change= 1.49% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,616 |change =0.14% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.03% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1987 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Henlum L. Singson |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,235 |percentage=26.79% |change=11.98% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Zeliang |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,182 |percentage=26.15% |change=6.34% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Hangsing |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,658 |percentage=19.87% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Azu Mewmai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,407 |percentage=16.86% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Namgangbi Chewang |party=Independent politician |votes=861 |percentage=10.32% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53 |percentage=0.64% |change=-7.92% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,343 |percentage=97.81% |change= 7.93% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,604 |change =-3.16% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -1.58% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1982 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Henlum L. Singson |party=Independent politician |votes=2,222 |percentage=28.37% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. R. Zeliang |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,552 |percentage=19.81% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taditiu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,270 |percentage=16.21% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. C. Zeliang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,160 |percentage=14.81% |change=-16.98% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Azu Mewmai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,064 |percentage=13.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zengdibe |party=Independent politician |votes=522 |percentage=6.66% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungjathang Hangsingkaki |party=Independent politician |votes=43 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=670 |percentage=8.55% |change=8.31% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,833 |percentage=89.88% |change= 0.07% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,885 |change =12.41% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.42% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1977 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. C. Zeling |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,224 |percentage=31.79% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Azu Mewmai |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,207 |percentage=31.55% |change=0.47% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangkhosei Hangsingh |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,966 |percentage=28.10% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokholun |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=8.56% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17 |percentage=0.24% |change=-1.37% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,996 |percentage=89.82% |change= 3.00% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,904 |change =20.10% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 0.71% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1974 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Azu Mewmai |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,730 |percentage=31.08% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangkhosei Hangsingh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,640 |percentage=29.46% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalkholam Singson |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,524 |percentage=27.38% |change=17.25% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramga |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=12.07% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=90 |percentage=1.62% |change=-9.86% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,566 |percentage=86.81% |change= 7.37% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,581 |change =71.92% }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -1.54% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1969 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Azu Mewmai |party=Independent politician |votes=992 |percentage=32.62% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaikholal |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=643 |percentage=21.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaisungbo Kaurinta |party=Independent politician |votes=473 |percentage=15.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wizabo |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=11.38% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalkholam Singson |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=308 |percentage=10.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Letkhosei |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=5.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkholan |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=4.04% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=349 |percentage=11.48% |change=-13.21% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,041 |percentage=79.44% |change= 6.06% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,828 |change =29.63% }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -24.37% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
=== 1964 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tening}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalkholam Singson |party=Independent politician |votes=1,235 |percentage=56.99% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huthombo |party=Independent politician |votes=700 |percentage=32.30% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lutjakai |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=10.71% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=535 |percentage=24.69% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,167 |percentage=73.38% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,953 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Peren district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.3|93.59|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Peren district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]<br />
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saba_Hasan&diff=531532Saba Hasan2026-04-14T11:18:23Z<p>House of Dontics: article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1962)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Saba Hasan<br />
| image = Saba Hasan in 2020.jpg<br />
| caption = Hasan in 2020<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = New Delhi, India<br />
| occupation = Artist<br />
| years_active = 1996–present<br />
| website = {{URL|www.sabahasan.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Saba Hasan''' is an Indian [[contemporary art]]ist who is based in [[Goa]] and [[New Delhi]].<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
She has a BA (Honours) in Economics from [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]], New Delhi and a Masters in Cultural Anthropology from [[Syracuse University]] New York. She has also trained in art at the Ceruleum - Ecole d’arts Visuels, [[Lausanne]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=18 December 2018 |title=[Cover image, 'The Book of Disquiet,' by Saba Hasan] |url=https://guftugu.in/2018/12/18/issue-13-cover-by-saba-hasan/ |url-status=live |journal=Guftugu: Culture Matters |issue=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109164504/https://guftugu.in/2018/12/18/issue-13-cover-by-saba-hasan/ |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> and art history at the [[University of Cambridge]], UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/course/art-and-visual-culture-summer-programme|title=Art and Visual Culture Summer Programme|last=Henry|first=Claire|date=2017-11-13|website=www.ice.cam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |title=Saba Hasan |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Saba-Hasan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824044927/https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Saba-Hasan |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=The Raza Foundation |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 1998: ''Ceruleum: Ecole D’Arts Visuels - Academie'', Lausanne, Switzerland <br />
* 1986: ''Fellowship in Culture Studies'', [[Syracuse University]], New York, USA<br />
<br />
== Shows and exhibitions ==<br />
An active artist since 1996, Hasan has participated in several art shows, exhibitions, biennale's, photo exhibitions and film festivals. Some of these include:<br />
Her work includes painting, photography, book installations, voice works and film.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Saba Hasan |url=https://www.lensculture.com/saba-hasan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824044919/https://www.lensculture.com/saba-hasan |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=LensCulture}}</ref> Her works are with collectors in India, UK, Switzerland, Sri Lanka, Japan, Holland, USA, Spain and France.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Saba's most recent show was a solo exhibition of her book sculptures and multimedia works at the [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]] (KNMA), New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘jo ġāyab hai, aur hāzir bhi’ Book sculptures of Saba Hasan |url=https://www.knma.org/whats-on/exhibitions/jo-gayab-hai-aur-hazir-bhi-book-sculptures-of-saba-hasan/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=KNMA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Uma |title=Saba Hasan’s whispered continuum at KNMA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/saba-hasans-whispered-continuum-at-knma/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saba Hasan |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/art/saba-hasan.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Event<br />
!Venue<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|Silver Award: Super Short Film (''Death Will Come Like a Shadow)'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Awards |first=London Movie |title=London Movie Awards |url=https://londonmovieawards.com/march-2026 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=London Movie Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
|London Movie Awards, [https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/ Close-Up Film Centre], London, United Kingdom <br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|''Jo ġāyab hai, aur hāzir bhi'': Solo Exhibition of Book Sculptures and Multimedia Works <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Uma |title=Saba Hasan’s whispered continuum at KNMA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/saba-hasans-whispered-continuum-at-knma/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
|[[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]] (KNMA), New Delhi, India <ref>{{Cite web |title=‘jo ġāyab hai, aur hāzir bhi’ Book sculptures of Saba Hasan |url=https://www.knma.org/whats-on/exhibitions/jo-gayab-hai-aur-hazir-bhi-book-sculptures-of-saba-hasan/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=KNMA |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|FICIMAD Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente de Madrid ''(Official Selection: Micro Movies Category)'' <br />
|mk2 Cine Paz & Sala Cátedra Mayor, Madrid, Spain ''(Winner: Best Screenplay for 'Death Will Come Like A Shadow')'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards – FICIMAD |url=https://ficimad.com/awards/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |language=es}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Cinemistica Festival ''(Official Selection: Art Film Category)''<br />
|Corrala de Santiago, Granada, Spain <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=PROGRAMA / PROGRAMME / 9º FESTIVAL CINEMÍSTICA 2023 ESPEJOS DE AMOR {{!}} Blog de ARTE7 CINEMATECA / CINEMÍSTICA |url=https://blog.cinemistica.com/programa-cm23-espejos-de-amor/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |language=es}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Amarcort Film Festival ''(Finalist: Experimental Films)''<br />
|Amarcort Film Festival, Rimini, Italy <ref>{{Cite web |last=fabio.ceccarelli@amarcort.it |first=Fabio Ceccarelli- |title=Amarcort Film Festival |url=http://www.amarcort.it/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Amarcort Film Festival |language=it}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|International Experimental Film and Video Festival ''(Official Selection: Artist Film Category, Catalog 2022)'' <br />
|Bideodromo, Bilbao Arte Fundazio, Bilbao, Spain <ref>{{Cite web |title=BIDEODROMO international experimental film and video festival |url=http://www.bideodromo.com/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.bideodromo.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|Festival of Experimental Videos & Films ''(Official selection)'' <br />
|Fisura (2022) Centro de Cultura Digital Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CcJh6o3u3Is/?igshid=YjVjNjZkNmFjNg== |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|Posthumous Dialogues With Artist FN Souza ''(Curator: Sabitha Satchidanandan)''<br />
|The Museum of Goa (MOG), Pilerne, Goa, India <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilavia |first=Perin |date=2022-05-18 |title=Through the eyes of renowned modernist Indian artist, FN Souza |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/through-the-eyes-of-renowned-modernist-indian-artist-fn-souza |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniya |date=2022-05-13 |title=Guftugu {{!}}Posthumous Dialogues with F N Souza |url=https://guftugu.in/2022/05/13/posthumous-dialogues-with-f-n-souza |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Guftugu |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|National Exhibition of Women Artists ''(Curator: Uma Nair)''<br />
|National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi, India <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-13 |title=Around Town: Theatre, art, music and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/around-town-listings-theatre-art-music7226762/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Short film ''The Saba Bandagi Shah Project'' <br />
|Official selection at the 12the International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala, India <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsffk.in/2019/06/20/the-saba-bandagi-shah-project/|title=The Saba Bandagi Shah Project|website=IDSFFK Online|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Short film ''Burnt Books 6'' <br />
|Part of ''Cinema of Resistance'' collective at the 12the International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala, India <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsffk.in/idsffk-films-2019/cinema-of-resistance-curator-amrit-gangar/|title=Cinema of Resistance: Curated by Amrit Gangar – IDSFFK Online|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Short film ''Twilight On The Lake'' <br />
|Official selection at the [[Chelsea Film Festival]], New York, USA <ref name="auto2"/><br />
Official selection at Balinale, the Bali International Film Festival, Indonesia <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balinale.com/event/twilight-on-the-lake/|title=Twilight on the Lake – International Shorts – Balinale|language=en|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''The Universe of Interconnected Experiences''<br />
|[[Alliance Française]], New Delhi, India <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://delhi.afindia.org/events/art-exhibition-the-universe-of-interconnected-experiences-works-by-saba-hasan/|title=Art Exhibition: The Universe of Interconnected Experiences: Works by SABA HASAN|last=Delhi|first=Alliance Française de|website=Alliance Française de Delhi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|Video and Photography Show<br />
|Tenshin Okakura Gallery, Japan Foundation, New Delhi, India <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.celesteprize.com/info/idu:58905|title=saba hasan - About Celeste Network|last=Italy|first=www celesteprize com-Celeste Network-|website=www.celesteprize.com|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|Video project ''Saba Hasan Reads Her Poems''<br />
|Kochi-Muziris Biennale, Kochi, India <ref name="afmagazine.in">{{Cite web|url=https://afmagazine.in/home/?p=15429|title=AF Delhi Explores a Universe of Interconnected Experiences : AF Magazine India Nepal|language=en|access-date=2019-09-14|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126082118/http://afmagazine.in/home/?p=15429|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|Video project ''Haqeeqat/The Truth/La Verite'' <br />
|Exhibition of Celeste Art Prize Finalists at Assab One, Milan, Italy <ref name="auto2"/><br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''Song of a Departing Day''<br />
|La Biennale di Venezia, 55th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imagomundiart.com/artworks/saba-hasan-song-departing-day|title=Imago Mundi|website=www.imagomundiart.com|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imagomundiart.com/exhibitions/imago-mundi-biennale-2013|title=Imago Mundi|website=www.imagomundiart.com|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''The Sketchbook Project''<br />
|Brooklyn Art Library, New York, USA <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imagomundiart.com/artworks/saba-hasan-song-departing-day|title=Imago Mundi|website=www.imagomundiart.com|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|Sound program ''Audio Portraits in Space''<br />
|Osso Radio Sound Festival, Lisbon, Portugal <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepunchmagazine.com/arts/art-design/amp-039-abstract-art-helps-express-what-words-can-amp-039-t-describe-amp-039|title='Abstract art helps express what words can't describe'|magazine=The Punch|date=30 March 2017|language=en|access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Visual Ventures''<br />
|Emami Chisel Art, Calcutta, India <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Saba Hasan {{!}} The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Saba-Hasan |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=www.therazafoundation.org |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|''Contemporary Drawings''<br />
|Emami Chisel Art, Calcutta, India <ref name=":0" /> <br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|''Sound Installation''<br />
|Oscar Kokoschka Akademie, Salzburg, Austria <ref name="afmagazine.in"/><br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''Ten Creative Forces'' <br />
|Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai, India<br />
Navya Art Gallery, New Delhi, India <br />
<br /><br />
Time and Space Gallery, Bangalore, India <ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''Art for Freedom''<br />
|Bonhams Asia House Auction, London, UK <ref name=":0" /> <br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''Indifferent History''<br />
|Cymroza Art Gallery, Mumbai, India <ref name=":0" /> <br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|''Letters from Baton Rouge''<br />
|Paris, France <ref name=":0" /> <br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|''[[Florence Biennale]]''<br />
|Florence, Italy <ref name=":0" /> <br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|''The Written Word''<br />
|Apparao Galleries, Chennai, India <ref name=":0" /> <br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|Debut Solo Show<br />
|[[India International Centre]], New Delhi, India <ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
Some of Hasan's awards and accolades include:<br />
<br />
* 2026: ''Silver Award: Super Short Film'', ''London Movie Awards,'' London, United Kingdom <ref name=":2" /> <br />
* 2024: ''FICIMAD Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente de Madrid'', Spain <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards – FICIMAD |url=https://ficimad.com/awards/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |language=es}}</ref><br />
* 2023: ''Vienna International Film Awards'', Austria <ref>{{Cite web |title=VIFA Vienna International Film Awards |url=https://www.viennainternationalfilmawards.com/viennainternationalfilmawards.com |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.viennainternationalfilmawards.com |language=en-AT }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* 2023: ''Mannheim Arts and Film Festival'', Germany <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners 2023 – Mannheim Arts and Film Festival |url=https://mannheimartsandfilmfestival.com/winners-2023/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* 2022: ''Indo-French International Film Festival'', Pondicherry, India <ref>{{Cite web |title=death will come like a shadow |url=https://filmfreeway.com/deathwillcomelikeashadow |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* 2022: ''Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant'', New York, USA <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Indian artist Saba Hasan wins Pollock Grant 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/indian-artist-saba-hasan-wins-pollock-grant-2022/?frmapp=yes |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saba Hasan {{!}} Works {{!}} Pollock Krasner Image Collection |url=https://www.pkf-imagecollection.org/artist/Saba_Hasan/works/?list_url=/artists?sort=FJ&page=1&letter=H |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=www.pkf-imagecollection.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 2014: ''MIFA: Moscow International Foto Awards'', Moscow, Russia <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moscowfotoawards.com/winners/single-winner/|title=Single Winner|website=MIFA|access-date=2019-09-13}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
*2014: ''Celeste'' Contemporary Art Prize Nomination, Milan, Italy <ref name="auto2" /><br />
*2008: ''RPG Art Residency'', Madh Island, India <ref name="Imago Mundi Collection">{{Cite web |title=Imago Mundi Collection |url=https://imagomundicollection.org/artworks/saba-hasan-song-departing-day |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=imagomundicollection.org}}</ref><br />
* 2007: ''Award for Painting'', [[Raza Foundation]], India <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Saba Hasan {{!}} The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Saba-Hasan |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.therazafoundation.org |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
* 2006: ''Residency in Paris'', Government of France <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |title=Artists |url=https://vaica.org/artists/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809215347/https://vaica.org/artists/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=2023-05-01 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 2002: ''Residency'', George Keyt Foundation, Colombo, Sri Lanka <ref name="Imago Mundi Collection"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Saba}}<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:Women directors]]<br />
[[Category:Multimedia artists]]<br />
[[Category:Video artists]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraser_Town,_Bengaluru&diff=499341Fraser Town, Bengaluru2026-04-14T09:00:18Z<p>House of Dontics: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Central Part of Bengaluru City, Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = '''Fraser Town'''<br />
| other_name = <sub>Pulakeshi Nagar<br/>Mootocherry</sub><br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9947|N|77.6138|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Bengaluru Urban<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Metro<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Bangalore<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br />
| demographics1_info2 = Kannada, Urdu & English<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 560005<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = '''Bangalore'''<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Pulikeshinagar<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Original Planning Agency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = Bangalore Civil & Military Station Municipal Commission<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = Established<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = 8 March 1907<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Fraser Town, Bengaluru''', is an elite locality of [[Bangalore Cantonment]](Historically), located in the Central part of the City spread over 4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It was established in '''1906''' and is named after [[Stuart Fraser (diplomat)|Stuart Mitford Fraser]] (1864–1963), who was the tutor and guardian of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], Maharaja of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]].<ref name="My Bangalore">{{cite web|title=Frazer Town|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/locality/fraser-town.html|publisher=My Bangalore|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> '''Fraser Town''' was established to de-congest the growing Bangalore Civil and Military Station (otherwise known as the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]).<ref name=Dasharathi>{{cite web|last1=Dasharathi|first1=Poornima|title=Cantonment: colonial past, multicultural present|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/295-bangalore-cantonment|publisher=Citizen Matters|access-date=23 December 2014|date=23 July 2008}}</ref> The foundation of Fraser Town was laid in August 1910 by Mrs. F J Richards, with a commemorative plaque on the corner of Coles Road and [[Mosque Road]].<ref name=Aliyeh2>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Say a little prayer|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Say-a-little-prayer/articleshow/43100609.cms|access-date=29 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=21 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Fraser Town''' is a Residential and Commercial Neighbourhood, the prominent roads being Mosque Rd, Coles Rd, Robertson Rd, Stephens Rd, MM Rd, Promenade Rd, Spencer Rd, Netaji Rd, Haines Road, Wheeler Road etc. The neighborhood is Known for its communal harmony, where Muslims, Hindus, and Christians have coexisted peacefully for generations.<ref name="My Bangalore" /> Before being known as Fraser Town, the neighborhood was called Mootocherry by the locals.<ref name="Aliyeh1">{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=No apologies for memories here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/no-apologies-for-memories-here/article4883179.ece|access-date=29 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=5 July 2013}}</ref> In 1988, the BBMP renamed Fraser Town as Pulakeshi Nagara, after [[Pulakeshin II]] who ruled the Deccan in the 7th century.<ref name="Prashanth">{{cite news|last1=Prashanth|first1=G N|title=It's all in the new name|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Its-all-in-the-new-name/articleshow/7976406.cms|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Times of India|date=14 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Bigg">{{cite book|last1=Bigg|first1=Margot|title=Moon Living Abroad in India: Living Abroad Series|date=15 Mar 2011|publisher=Avalon Travel|isbn=9781598807424|pages=328|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5f4xjuSLU0C&q=pulakeshinagar+or+fraser+town&pg=PT260|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="City-Guide">{{cite web|title=Frazer Town |url=http://www.thecityguide.in/Bangalore/North-Bangalore/Frazer-Town/Restaurants/Cuppa-SSSHJU/ |website=The City Guide |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223165838/http://www.thecityguide.in/Bangalore/North-Bangalore/Frazer-Town/Restaurants/Cuppa-SSSHJU/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Sakuntala">{{cite web|last1=Narasimhan|first1=Sakuntala|title=Road names change, roads don't|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/print/3473-bbmps-road-neighbourhood-renaming-exercises|website=Citizen Matters|access-date=23 December 2014|ref=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Patrao2" /><br />
<br />
==People and culture==<br />
Like other suburbs of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], Fraser Town has a large [[Tamil People|Tamil]] population. They trace their ancestry to the large number of Tamil soldiers, suppliers and workers who were brought into the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, by the British Army, after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|fall of Tippu Sultan]]. Pulakeshi Nagara along with other suburbs of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] was directly under the administration of the British [[Madras Presidency]] till 1949, when it was handed over to the [[Mysore State]].<ref name=Dasharathi /><ref name=Srivatsa>{{cite news|last1=Srivatsa|first1=Sharath S|title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back…|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1939954.ece|access-date=3 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=Arul>{{cite web|last1=Steve|first1=Arul|title=Specialization On Social And Cultural Indifference Among Kgf Tamil Migrants|url=https://arulsteve736.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/specialization-on-social-and-cultural-indifference-among-kgf-tamil-migrants/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=17 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh3>{{cite web|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Greet.Meat.Eat.|url=https://aturquoisecloud.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/greet-meat-eat/|website=A Turquoise Cloud|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aam>{{cite web|last1=Aam AdMo|title=Right to be a Minority institution (and make majority profits)|url=https://aamadmo.wordpress.com/2012/07/07/right-to-be-a-minority-institution-and-make-majority-profits/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha2>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Mootocherry of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/the-mootocherry-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|publisher=Blogspot.com.au|access-date=4 January 2015|date=1 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fraser Town is home to a large Christian population, dating back to the days of the British Raj.<ref name=Rajendran>{{cite news|last1=Rajendran|first1=S|title=Bangaloreans show their accommodating spirit|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/23/stories/2005012317490300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150104062519/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/23/stories/2005012317490300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2015|access-date=4 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2005}}</ref><ref name=SujNatureLover>{{cite web|last1=SujNatureLover|title=A walk down Richards Town|url=http://sujnaturelover.wordpress.com/2014/01/28/a-walk-down-richards-town/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=4 January 2015|date=28 January 2014}}</ref> The Wesleyan Tamil Mission was established in Bangalore by Rev. [[Elijah Hoole]] and James Mowatt in April 1821,<ref name="Hoole">{{cite book |last1=Hoole |first1=Elijah |url=https://archive.org/details/personalnarrati00hoolgoog |title=Personal Narrative of a Mission to the South of India, from 1820 to 1828 |date=1829 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |location=London |pages=73, 74, 84, 85, 86, 207 |quote=Elijah Hoole bangalore. |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Register">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/missionaryregis02socigoog |title=Missionary Register |date=1822 |publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/missionaryregis02socigoog/page/n89 77] |quote=bangalore. |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> in the location where the [[Goodwill's Girls School, Bangalore|Goodwill's Girls School]] and the Wesley English Church is presently located, north of Coles Park. [[Elijah Hoole]] in his book ''Personal Narrative of a Mission to the South of India, from 1820 to 1828'' acknowledges the help rendered by the British Resident in Mysore, [[Arthur Henry Cole]], in getting the support of the Maharaja of Mysore.<ref name="Hoole" /> Majority of the Christians were from [[Tamil People|Tamil]]-speaking community in the 19th century, and have contributed towards building the Bangalore Cantonment.<ref name=Eswarappa>{{cite journal|last1=Eswarappa|first1=B|title=Changing Social Geography of Bangalore City – India: A Study|journal=Annals of the University of Craiova – Series Geography|date=2007|volume=10|pages=107, 110|url=http://analegeo.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Articolul-11-B-Eswarappa.pdf|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Elite Muslims of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] prefer to live in Fraser Town.<ref name=Jaffrelot>{{cite book|last1=Christophe|first1=Jaffrelot|last2=Gayer|first2=Laurent|title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation|date=2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|pages=416|isbn=9789350295557|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixrT-ldIWZMC&q=fraser+town+bangalore+history+deccan+herald&pg=PT198|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> The suburb serves as an best example for unity in diversity.<ref name="My Bangalore" /> Hindus and Christians do not play loud music or cause disturbance during the time of breaking the Roza (fast) during the Muslim Holy month of Ramzan.<ref name=Express>{{cite news|last1=Mohammed|first1=Yacoob|title=Communal harmony over street food|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article592093.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013551/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article592093.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=New Indian Express|date=20 August 2012}}</ref> Muslims also reciprocate by co-operating and during the St. Marys's Feast (observed by Christians and Hindus of the Cantonment)<ref name=Marys>{{cite web|title=St. Mary's Basilica|url=http://www.stmarysbasilica.in/history.htm|publisher=St. Mary's Basilica|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> and Christmas celebrations<ref name=Hindu-Russell>{{cite news|title=Christmas cheer at Russell Market|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/christmas-cheer-at-russell-market/article5494422.ece|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=23 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Colonial heritage==<br />
The streets of Fraser Town, like that of most in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], are named after European civil servants, military officers and missionaries. Coles Park and Coles Road after Arthur Henry Cole (1780–1844), Resident of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. Haines Road was named after Lt. Col. Gregory Haines, Superintendent of the Bangalore Division under Sir [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]]. Saunders Road was named of Mysore, serving between 1875 and 1877. Robertson Road, named after Col. Donald Robertson. Wheeler Road, Cleveland Road and surrounding Cleveland Town named after General John Wheeler Cleveland, who along with his wife is buried in the Kalpalli Cemetery.<br />
<br />
Fraser Town was planned after many areas of Bangalore were hit by the plague especially Knoxpete, now called [[Murphy Town, Bangalore|Murphy Town]]. J. H. Stephens, the Municipal Engineer to the Corporation of Civil and Military Station of Bangalore till 1912, wrote a book called [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8497/page/n1/mode/2up Plague-proof Town Planning], detailing how Pulakeshi Nagara was designed and built.<br />
[[File:FraserTown-1914-Plague-proof-town-planning-by-JH-Stephens.jpeg|thumb|right|View of a block of buildings in erection. Plague-proof Town Planning by J H Stephens 1914]]<br />
<br />
Richard's Park and surrounding Richard's Town after F J Richards, President of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality between 1908 and 1912, who is credited with starting the Dairy Farm and Veterinary Hospital on Queen's Road, and improving the Halasuru Lake. Neighbouring [[Cooke Town]] is named after G H Cooke, President of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality between 1928 and 1934, with the Mayo Hall being constructed during his tenure. Further Durbar surgeons Sir. John Colin Campbell has Campbell Road named after him, and Dr. P H Benson has Benson Town (Kadamba Nagara) named after him.<ref name=Aliyeh4>{{cite news|last1=Aliyeh|first1=Rizvi|title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: What's in a name?|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Whats-in-a-name/articleshow/48319737.cms|access-date=11 August 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=2 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inscription==<br />
[[File:Fraser Town Foundation.jpg|thumb|150px|Pulakeshi Nagara Foundation]]<br />
Inscription on the commemorative plaque on the corner of Coles Road and Mosque Road, reads<ref name=Muthuramalingam>{{cite web|last1=Muthuramalingam|first1=Vivek|title=A walk down Fraser Town|url=https://sujnaturelover.wordpress.com/2014/12/27/a-walk-down-fraser-town/|access-date=11 August 2015|date=27 December 2015}}</ref><br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
:FRASER TOWN<br />
:called after<br />
:THE HON M S M FRASER ICS CIE<br />
:RESIDENT IN MYSORE<br />
:<br />
:christened by<br />
:MRS F. J. RICHARDS<br />
:AUGUST 1910}}<br />
<br />
==Historical Places==<br />
===Coles Park===<br />
Coles Park is one of the popular parks in Fraser Town, located at the west of St. John's Hill, Surrounded by Promenade Road, Haines Road, Kemp Road, St. John's Church Road and Saunders Road.<ref name=Ronnie /> Coles Park is named after [[Arthur Henry Cole]] (1780–1844), British Resident of Mysore (1809, 1812),<ref name=Deccan>{{cite news|last1=Achanta|first1=Pushpa|title=Lung space touched by history|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/360303/lung-space-touched-history.html|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh-Goodwill>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: Goodwill Hunting|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Goodwill-Hunting/articleshow/46254102.cms|access-date=25 February 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=15 February 2015}}</ref> who went on to become the member of Parliament on return to Ireland, representing [[Enniskillen]] between 1828 and 1844.<ref name=MP>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=DR|title=The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/cole-hon-arthur-1780-1844|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> Arthur Henry Cole paid an important role in getting the support of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] for the construction of [[St. Bartholomew's Church, Mysore|St. Bartholomew's Church]] in [[Mysore]].<ref name=TOI-Cole>{{cite news|title=Serving the humanity for centuries|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Serving-the-humanity-for-centuries/articleshow/7129342.cms|access-date=3 February 2015|issue=Mysore|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2010}}</ref> Covering an areas an area of 27,280m<sup>2</sup>, Coles Park was established in 1914.<ref name=Patrao-DH>{{cite news|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=When parks were a lark|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374962/when-parks-were-lark.html|access-date=20 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=17 December 2013}}</ref> Coles Park was once in its peak of glory with a bandstand and three tennis courts. The Band of the Bangalore Rifle Volunteers played at the bandstand every first Saturday of the month. YWCA used to run of the tennis courts.<ref name=Ronnie /><ref name=Deccan /> The park is fairly maintained, even though there are some encroachments. Coles Park is officially known as the Freedom Fighters Park; however, it is still popularly known by its former official name.<ref name=Ronnie>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=Glimpses of a Shattered Bangalore|url=http://www.oocities.org/athens/Acropolis/9449/ajjj.htm|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=Patrao-DH /> The park is open between 5AM and 11PM, but the Nursery is closed except during the [[Lal Bagh, Bengaluru|Lalbagh]] Flower Show. The [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]] Regiment has a memorial for fallen Indian soldiers in various conflicts, including the [[Kargil War|Kargil Conflict]].<ref name=Deccan /><br />
<br />
===Albert Bakery===<br />
[[File:Fraser Town, Albert Bakery.jpg|thumb|180px|Albert Bakery, Pulakeshi Nagara]]<br />
Albert Bakery is a popular bakery on Mosque Road, attracting large crowds,<ref name=Albert1>{{cite web|title=Searching for the elusive Albert Bakery and other Iftar Tales (MM Road, Bangalore)|url=http://thefoodporndiaries.blogspot.com.au/2013/07/searching-for-elusive-albert-bakery-and.html|publisher=The Food Porn|access-date=23 December 2014|date=30 July 2013}}</ref> famous for its snacks, pastries and non-vegetarian food,<ref name=Albert2>{{cite web|title=Albert Bakery – Frazer Town|url=http://www.talkingstreet.in/albert-bakery/|publisher=Talking Street|access-date=23 December 2014|date=7 October 2014}}</ref> and during Ramzan, Albert Bakery is famous for its "bheja" or goat brain puffs.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|last1=Rana|first1=Preetika|title=Ramadan Delicacies in Bangalore|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/08/25/ramadan-delicacies-in-bangalore/|access-date=23 December 2014|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=25 August 2011}}</ref> Albert Bakery was founded in 1902, by a Muslim, who felt that giving his bakery an English name would appeal to the cosmopolitan and European clientele in Fraser Town and named it after Prince Albert.<ref name=Albert3>{{cite news|last1=Springford|first1=Vomle|title=A leisure trip to City's heritage treasures|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/434389/a-leisure-trip-city039s-heritage.html|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Albert4>{{cite news|last1=Rodricks|first1=Allan Moses|title=Take the cake and bakery too|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/take-the-cake-and-bakery-too/article5497488.ece|access-date=23 December 2014|work=The Hindu|date=24 December 2013}}</ref> Albert Bakery initially operated from a godown and was located in Sangam Lane, off Kamraj Road, and moved to the present Mosque Rd. premises in 1912.<ref name=Albert5>{{cite news|last1=Rodricks|first1=Allan Moses|title=A mouthful of goodness|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/a-mouthful-of-goodness/article6016483.ece|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=16 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque===<br />
[[File:Fraser Town, Sir Ismail Sait Mosque.jpg|thumb|180px|Sir Ismail Sait Mosque, Pulakeshi Nagara]]<br />
Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque (named after Haji Sir [[Ismail Sait]], a prominent [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking [[Kutchi Memon]] merchant of [[Bangalore Cantonment]] who built the mosque), is located in the posh locality of Fraser Town. It was built at a time when there were only a few Muslims in the area. [[Ismail Sait|Haji Sir Ismail Sait]] arrived in Bangalore in '''1870''' from [[Cutch State|Cutch]], [[Gujarat]], with his parents. After the demise of his father, he started a small business on his own in 1874, and prospered expanding his business around Bangalore and also [[Chennai|Madras]], trading in goods and [[Kerosene]]. At the same time, he was involved in philanthropy and charitable work. Haji Sir Ismail Sait was honoured by the Mysore Government with the title ‘Fakrut-Tujjar', and the British Government in london knighted him at [[Buckingham Palace]] in recognition of his philanthropy. Haji Sir Ismail Sait also served as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council|Madras Presidency Legislative Council]] in 1911. Sir Ismail Sait also founded the Sir Ismail Sait Government Urdu Model Primary Boys and Girls School, an Urdu Primary School on Mosque Road and the Gosha Hospital at [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nadwi|first1=Khursid Alam|title=Sir Ismail Sait Masjid, a Memon community's contribution|url=http://www.karnatakamuslims.com/portal/sir-ismail-sait-masjid-a-memon-communitys-contribution/|website=Karnataka Muslims|access-date=23 December 2014|date=2 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=Meera>{{cite news|last1=Iyer|first1=Meera|title=A cut above the rest|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/332174/a-cut-above-rest.html|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=Shiriyannar>{{cite news|last1=Shiriyannar|first1=Pravin D|title=Taking modernity in its stride|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may172004/metro8.asp|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=Patrao>{{cite news|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=A road for shopping and leisure|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep202007/metrothurs2007091926166.asp|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=20 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223170442/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep202007/metrothurs2007091926166.asp|archive-date=23 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Ramani>{{cite news|last1=Ramani|first1=Chitra V|title=The key to a family's history too|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/the-key-to-a-familys-history-too/article3333230.ece|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=20 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bangalore East Railway Station===<br />
[[Bangalore East railway station]] is an old British-era railway station surrounded by Pottery Road, Kumaraswamy Naidu Road, Murgesha Mudaliar Road and Kenchappa Road. It is a small quaint station located in Pulakeshi Nagara. This station is very convenient for residents travelling towards [[Kolar Gold Fields]] or returning from [[Chennai]]. Express and mail trains did not stop here until the 1920s. The station is now renovated with a larger platform. Adjacent to the railway station is the Bangalore East Football Grounds, which nowadays is more used for playing cricket.<ref name=Patrao2>{{cite news|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=Reminisces of the Raj|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/May192008/metromon2008051868688.asp|access-date=23 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=19 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223173753/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/May192008/metromon2008051868688.asp|archive-date=23 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar===<br />
Hajee Sir Ismail Sait and Mr. Mudaliar together were leading industrialists who developed Fraser Town. Their for-profit and non-profit institutions set up in Fraser Town still stand as testament to their work toward the development of modern Bengaluru.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="150" perrow="4"><br />
File:Fraser Town, Bangalore East Station.jpg|[[Bangalore East Railway Station]]. The original British period stone building.<br />
File:Fraser Town, MM Road.jpg|MM Road, Pulakeshi Nagara<br />
File:St. Aloysius High School, Bangalore.jpg|St. Aloysius High School<br />
File:Bangalore East Football Ground.jpg|Bangalore East Football Ground<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
{{Adjacent communities<br />
| Centre = Fraser Town<br />
| N = Richards Town<br />
| NE = Cooke Town<br />
| E = Cox Town<br />
| SE = Ulsoor<br />
| S = Shivajinagar<br />
| SW = Vasanth Nagar<br />
| W = Benson Town<br />
| NW = Williams Town<br />
|width=auto|title=Areas of Bengaluru|border=auto|margin=auto|state=auto}}<br />
<br />
==Notable institutions==<br />
{{main|List of schools in Bangalore Cantonment}}<br />
* Annaswamy Mudaliar's High School, between Moore Road and Mosque Road<br />
* [[Clarence High School (India)|Clarence High School]]<br />
* [[Goodwill's Girls School, Bangalore|Goodwills Girls School]], Promenade Road<br />
* St. Aloysius High School, Assaye Road<br />
* [[St Anthony's Boys School, Cleveland Town|St Anthony's Boys School]], St. John's Hill<br />
* St. Francis Xavier Girls High School, St. John's Hill<br />
* [[St. Germain High School|St. Germain High School, Pulakeshi Nagara]]<br />
* [[St. John's High School, Bangalore|St John's High School]]<br />
* St. Joseph's Convent (Rajamma Thambu Chetty School), St. John's Hill<br />
* St Rock's Girls High School, St. John's Hill<br />
*Florence High School, Viviani Road.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|title = '''Suburbs around Fraser Town'''<br />
|Northwest = [[Tannery Road]]<br />
|North = Richard's Town<br />
|Northeast = [[Cooke Town]]<br />
|West = William's Town<br />
|Centre = Fraser Town<br />
|East = [[Cox Town, Bangalore|Cox Town]]<br />
|Southwest = Benson Town<br />
|South = Sultangunta<br />
|Southeast = Cleveland Town<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Fraser Town, Bengaluru}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Central Bengaluru]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodh_Gaya_Assembly_constituency&diff=492072Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:54:06Z<p>House of Dontics: put up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency<!-- The name of the constituency --><br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 229-Bodh Gaya constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = [[Kumar Sarvjeet]] <!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br />
|division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|229-]]<br />
|established = 1957<br />
| electors = 329,813<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency and [[Kumar Sarvjeet]] is the MLA for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/bodh-gaya-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Bodh Gaya (SC) Vidhan Sabha Election – Bodh Gaya (SC) Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2020-2">{{Cite web|title=Bodh Gaya Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bodh-gaya.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Shanti Devi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Kuldeep Mahto<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Rameshwar Manjhi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|Kali Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Balik Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Rajesh Kumar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Balik Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Rajesh Kumar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Balik Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Malti Devi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|1998^<br />
|G. S. Ramchandra Das<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|Phoolchand Manjhi<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|[[Hari Manjhi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|2009^<br />
|[[Kumar Sarvjeet]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|Shyam Deo Paswan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Kumar Sarvjeet]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
^by-election<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Bodh Gaya<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bodh Gay">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bodh Gay |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04229.htm |accessdate=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126070548/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04229.htm |archivedate=26 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Kumar Sarvjeet]]<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:100236}}<br />
|percentage = 43.38<br />
|change = {{increase}}1.54<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)<br />
|candidate = Shyamdeo Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:99355}}<br />
|percentage = 43.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Nandlal Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:10181}}<br />
|percentage = 4.41<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|candidate = Lakshman Manjhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4024}}<br />
|percentage = 1.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Vikas Vanchit Insan Party<br />
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3675}}<br />
|percentage = 1.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ramswrup Rishiyasan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3327}}<br />
|percentage = 1.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5960}}<br />
|percentage = 2.58<br />
|change = {{increase}}1.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:881}}<br />
|percentage = 0.38<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:231073}}<br />
|percentage = 70.06<br />
|change = {{increase}}8.73<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Bodh Gaya<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Kumar Sarvjeet]]<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:80926}}<br />
|percentage = 41.84<br />
|change = -8.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Hari Manjhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:76218}}<br />
|percentage = 39.4<br />
|change = +7.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Ajay Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:9311}}<br />
|percentage = 4.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Pramila Kumari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3593}}<br />
|percentage = 1.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Moolniwasi Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3438}}<br />
|percentage = 1.78<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ravindra Rajwanshi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2546}}<br />
|percentage = 1.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Suresh Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2115}}<br />
|percentage = 1.09<br />
|change = +0.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Apna Kisan Party<br />
|candidate = Kailash Bhuiyan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2062}}<br />
|percentage = 1.07<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1998}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party<br />
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1919}}<br />
|percentage = 0.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2500}}<br />
|percentage = 1.29<br />
|change = -2.2<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4708}}<br />
|percentage = 2.44<br />
|change = -15.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:193434}}<br />
|percentage = 61.33<br />
|change = +4.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bodh Gaya<ref name="Bodh Gaya Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Bodh Gaya Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bodh-gaya |accessdate=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=26 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126070551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bodh-gaya |archivedate=26 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Sarvajeet Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:82656}}<br />
|percentage = 49.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Shyamdeo Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:52183}}<br />
|percentage = 31.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Devendra Manjhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4265}}<br />
|percentage = 2.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Janki Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4057}}<br />
|percentage = 2.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Naresh Kumar Bharti<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2872}}<br />
|percentage = 1.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party<br />
|candidate = Sikandra Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2439}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sharawan Manjhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1750}}<br />
|percentage = 1.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shiv Sena<br />
|candidate = Amod Kumar Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1742}}<br />
|percentage = 1.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Deen Dayal Bharati<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1561}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)<br />
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1547}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5772}}<br />
|percentage = 3.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:30473}}<br />
|percentage = 18.43<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:165385}}<br />
|percentage = 57.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.7|85.0|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azimpur_Dayera_Sharif_Khanqah&diff=488595Azimpur Dayera Sharif Khanqah2026-04-11T13:44:53Z<p>House of Dontics: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Khanquah in Dhaka, Bangladesh}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Azimpur Dayera Sharif Khanqah<br />
| image = Azimpur Dayera Sharif.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.4<br />
| caption = Azimpur Dayera Sharif<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]<br />
| sect = [[Sufism]]<br />
| status = [[Khanqah]] and mosque<br />
| functional_status = Active<br />
| map_type = Bangladesh Dhaka<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| map_relief = 1<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Dhaka]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|43|29.9|N|90|22|57.7|E|region:BD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Azimpur, Dhaka]]<br />
| country = [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture]]<br />
| year_completed = {{circa|1700s}} [[Common Era|CE]]<br />
| founded_by = Sufi Mohammad Dayem Pak<br />
| dome_quantity = Three<br />
| minaret_quantity = One<br />
| module = {{Designation/divbox|Old Dhaka}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Azimpur Dayera Sharif Khanqah''', commonly known as the '''Bara Dayera Sharif''', is the [[khanqah]] or historical [[Sufi shrine]] of ''Dayera Sharif Khanqah'', situated in the [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur]] locality of [[Dhaka]], in the [[Dhaka Division]] of [[Bangladesh]]. The complex includes a [[mausoleum]] and mosque.<br />
<br />
The [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''Dayera'' means "circle" or "work area". As a rule, the heirs of the Dayera Sharif never go outside the area, except for [[Haj|pilgrimage]]. The Azimpur Dayera Sharif was established by Shah Sufi Sayed Muhammad Dayem who came at Dhaka in 1766-68 [[Common Era|CE]]. It is currently under the supervision of his seventh generation (tenth Gaddi-Nashin). Shah Sufi Syed Shah Ahmedullah Jubayer has been the overall supervisor of Dayera Sharif since 1998. The successor of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] dynasty is known as [[Gaddi Nashin]], who sits on the Gaddi to serve people.<br />
<br />
The historical Azimpur Dayera Sharif represents the 700-year-old Sufi dynasty in [[Bengal]]. The representatives of the dynasty are one of the very few Persian-speaking people in Bangladesh. The place is also symbolic to the propagation of [[Islam]] not only in the province of Bengal but also across the greater [[Indian subcontinent]].Endowment mark, stamp, and sign of [[Shah Jahan|Emperor Shah Jahan]] and the [[Quran]] gifted by Emperor Shah Jahan resembles a deep connection to the Sufi dynasty with the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chowdhury|first1=N.|title=Mughal Monuments of Bangladesh |last2=Ahmed|first2=B.|publisher=Traditional Photo Gallery|year=2006|isbn=984-32-3392-1|location=Dhaka}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:The Holy Quran of 17th century.jpg|thumb|The Quran of 17th century preserved at Dayera Sharif]]<br />
Bakhtiyar Mahiswar was a descendant the daughter of [[Muhammad]], [[Fatimah]]. Two children were born in the womb of his wife who was a descendant of [[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr Siddiq]] - Syed Jahan Shah and Syed Muhammad Haya Shah. Syed Haya Shah, the second son of Mohammad Bakhtiyar Mahi Swar, appeared in the lineage of Dayem, the founder of the Dayera Sharif.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2014-03-17|script-title=bn:ঐতিহাসিক আজিমপুর দায়রা শরীফ|work=The Daily Ittefaq|language=bn|url=https://archive.ittefaq.com.bd/index.php?ref=MjBfMDNfMDdfMTRfNF8yMl8xXzExMzgxNg==|access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref><br />
[[File:Emperor Shahjahan's Stamp and Mark.jpg|thumb|Endowment mark, stamp, and sign of Emperor Shah Jahan preserved at Dayera Sharif]]<br />
Dayem, a disciple of [[Shah Amanat]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]|year=1987|orig-year=First published 1980|edition=2nd|page=43|author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan|oclc=21044013}}</ref> is believed to have shown many miracles and divine activities. In the 18th century, his [[murshid]] asked him to follow four orders:<br />
<br />
# To stay in Dhaka city under siege (Dayera)<br />
# To put his trust in Allah in all matters and in all circumstances.<br />
# To take a spouse<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
# To arrange feasts for the common and oppressed.<br />
<br />
In response to this, he asked, "Where shall I stay in Dhaka?". Murshid ordered him to dive into the Laldighi, a lake of Chattogram; then engage himself in preaching Islam in the area where he would rise in Dhaka. Acting accordingly, he dived in and immediately floated in a pond in a crowded place of Azimpur in Dhaka. This is the place where the Dayera Sharif is situated at present.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Syed|first=A.Z.|title=Azimpur Dayera Sharif (4th ed.)|publisher=Syed Shah Asembillah|year=2018|location=Azimpur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The main mosque of the Dayera Sharif is a small rectangular building containing four octagonal corner towers, shooting high above the parapet and terminated by cupolas. The eastern wall of the mosque has three arched entrances, which are placed within half-dome. The interior of the mosque contains a single mihrab in the centre of the western wall. A dome, carried on squinches, covers the mosque's central space, which is placed over an octagonal drum. Two half-dome vaults have been made on either side of the central space to extend the inner space. The base of the drum is decorated by a row of merlon design. There were also some floral designs inside the mosque, signs of which are still found behind the whitewash.<br />
<br />
The eastern side of the mosque was extended four times, and the original structure of the mosque is now only found from the west.<br />
<br />
[[File:Dayera Sharif Design.png|center|thumb|537x537px|<big>The Plan of Mosque and Mazar, Bara Dayera Sharif, Azimpur, Dhaka</big>]]<br />
<br />
The mosque was built by Shah Sufi Sayed Muhammad Dayem in 1769 CE. In 1776, it was rebuilt with permanent materials.<br />
<br />
Shah Sufi Sayed Muhammad Dayem died in 1799 CE. He was buried on the southern side of the mosque. A three-domed building has been built over his grave. It is a rectangular structure, having four corner towers. This eastern wall has three arched entrances. Each doorway is placed within a projected wall, which is flanked by attached ferrets. Inside of the building, space is covered by three domes; the central dome is bigger than the others. The inner space contains other graves of the followers of Shah Sufi Muhammad Dayem. On the western side there is a verandah, probably extended in the later period.<br />
<br />
The three-storied main gate of the Dayera Sharif was built in 1891 CE in [[Architecture of Turkey|Turkish architectural style]] under [[Khwaja Ahsanullah|Nawab Ahsanullah]]. During the reign of Khalilullah, the first extension of the present wudu khana and mosque building was made of concrete. During this period, the Dayera Sharif and its periphery were officially included in the [[Waqf|waqf state]].<br />
<br />
Shah Sufi Syed Khalilullah(R.a) built the [[minaret]] of the mosque in 1907 CE. At the same time the floor of the mosque was covered with marble stones. The domes of the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|Mazar Sharif]] were also built at that time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2019-02-13|script-title=bn:পুরান ঢাকার অলিগলিতে: খান মোহাম্মদ মির্জা মসজিদ ও আজিমপুর দায়রা শরীফ|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/journey/news/417805|access-date=2021-01-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Dayera Sharif Main Gate.jpg|Main Gate of Azimpur Dayera Sharif<br />
Dayera Sharif entrance.jpg|Azimpur Dayera Sharif entrance building<br />
200 years old stairs.jpg|200 years old staircase at the entrance<br />
Dayera Sharif Darbar Sharif.jpg|Darbar Sharif for meeting the supervisor and Gaddi Nashin of Azimpur Dayera Sharif<br />
Artistically designed window.jpg|Artistically designed window inside Dayera Sharif<br />
Dayera Sharif.jpg|Arched way inside Azimpur Dayera Sharif<br />
Dayera Sharif graveyard.jpg|Graveyard inside Azimpur Dayera Sharif for past generations of Gaddi Nashins and their family members<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{portal|Bangladesh|Islam}}}}<br />
* [[Islam in Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[List of mosques in Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[List of Old Dhaka Heritage Sites]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/56668/azimpur-dayera-sharif-observes-eid-e-miladunnabi Azimpur dayera sharif observes Eid-e-miladunnabi]<br />
<br />
{{Mosques in Bangladesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:18th-century mosques in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Dargahs in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Mausoleums in Bangladesh]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques in Dhaka]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]<br />
[[Category:Old Dhaka]]<br />
[[Category:Sufi shrines in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sunni mosques in Bangladesh]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannur_City_Police&diff=508300Kannur City Police2026-04-09T05:50:39Z<p>House of Dontics: made new location</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kannur City Police''' (KCPD) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂർ സിറ്റി പോലീസ്), a division of the [[Kerala Police]], is the law enforcement agency for the city of [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]] and [[Kuthuparamba]]. The Kannur city police force is headed by District Police Chief, also known as Commissioner of Police and the administrative control vests with the [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannur police district to be divided into city, rural |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/10/03/kannur-police-disctrict-bifurcation.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
| nativenamea = {{lang|ml|കണ്ണൂർ സിറ്റി പോലീസ്}}<br />
| flag = Flag of Kerala Police.svg<br />
| abbreviation = KCPD<br />
| motto = {{lang|ml|മൃദു ഭാവെ ദൃഢ കൃത്യേ}}<br />
"Mridhu Bhave Dhrida Kruthye"<br />
| mottotranslated = Soft in Temperament, Firm in Action<br />
| formed = 2018<br />
| preceding1 = Kannur District Police<br />
| country = India<br />
| subdivname = [[Kannur|Kannur City]]<br />
| legaljuris = [[Kannur|Kannur City]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kuthuparamba]]<br />
| governingbody = [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Department of Home, Government of Kerala]]<br />
| police = Yes<br />
| local = Yes<br />
| headquarters = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| minister1name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br />
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] and [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Minister of Home]]<br />
| chief1name = Nidhinraj P [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]<br />
| parentagency = [[Kerala Police]]<br />
| officetype = [[Circle officer|SDPO]]<br />
| officename = 3<br />
| stationtype = Police Station<br />
| stations = 22<br />
| website = https://kannurcity.keralapolice.gov.in<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Kannur City Police District came into existence vide GO(MS)No.32/2011 dated 05/02/2011, on 3/March/2011. After the bifrication, erstwhile Kannur District Police has been divided into Kannur city and Kannur Rural. There are 3 Subdivisions and 24 Police stations in Kannur City Police District.<br />
<br />
==Units==<br />
* District Special Branch<br />
* C - Branch<br />
* Narcotic Cell<br />
* Command and control center <br />
* Traffic Enforcement Unit<br />
* Highway Police<br />
* Pink Police Patrol<br />
* District Crime Records Bureau<br />
* Armed Reserve (AR)<br />
* Cyber Crime PS<br />
<br />
==Police stations under Kannur City==<br />
Kannur City Police district have jurisdiction over 22 police stations and 2 police control rooms. Kannur and Thalassery sub-divisions consist of eight police stations and one control rooms each and Kuthuparamba sub-division has six police stations under its jurisdiction limits.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannurcity.keralapolice.gov.in/ |title=Kannur city - home |website=keralapolice gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kannur Sub-division===<br />
* Kannur Town <br />
* Kannur Traffic PS <br />
* Kannur City<br />
* Edakkad<br />
* Chakkarakal <br />
* Valapattanam <br />
* Kannapuram<br />
* Mayyil<br />
<br />
===Thalassery Sub-division===<br />
* Thalassery <br />
* Thalassery Traffic PS<br />
* Thalassery Coastal PS<br />
* Dharmadom<br />
* New Mahe<br />
* Chockli<br />
* Kathirur<br />
* Pinarayi<br />
<br />
===Kuthuparamba Sub-division===<br />
* Kuthuparamba<br />
* Mattanur<br />
* Mattanur Airport<br />
* Kolavelloor<br />
* Panoor<br />
* Kannavam<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kannur}}<br />
[[Category:Kerala Police]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Kerala-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_By_Error:_The_Aarushi_Files&diff=541841Trial By Error: The Aarushi Files2026-04-08T23:50:06Z<p>House of Dontics: started new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian true crime podcast}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox podcast<br />
| title = Trial By Error: The Aarushi Files<br />
| image = Trial By Error The Aarushi Files Podcast Cover Art.jpg<br />
| alt = The Official Podcast Cover Art<br />
| host = Nishita Jha<br />
| genre = Investigative Audio Drama<br />
| writer = Nishita Jha<br />
| language = English<br />
| length = 20 minutes<br />
| audio format = [[MP3]]<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 8<br />
| began = 1 May 2016<br />
| ended = 10 July 2016<br />
| provider = [[Arre (brand)|Arre]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Trial by Error: The Aarushi Files''''' is an investigative audio drama [[podcast]] series that covers the [[Noida double murder case]].<br />
<br />
== Content ==<br />
The podcast is an eight-part series co-written and hosted by journalist Nishita Jha.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naskar|first1=Srija|date=7 May 2016|title=Crime Podcast Delves Deep Into the Aarushi Murder Case|language=en-IN|newspaper=[[The Sunday Guardian]]|publisher=[[India News]]|url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/people/4422-crime-podcast-delves-deep-aarushi-murder-case|url-status=live|accessdate=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111095013/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/people/4422-crime-podcast-delves-deep-aarushi-murder-case|archive-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> Adapted from [[Avirook Sen]]'s book Aarushi,<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=8 May 2016|title=We Won't Forget Aarushi|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-sunday-dossier/17210159|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509105317/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-sunday-dossier/17210159|archive-date=9 May 2016|accessdate=18 May 2016|website=[[Mid-Day]]|publisher=Jagran Prakashan Limited|language=en-IN}}</ref> the podcast narrates the unfolding of the [[Noida double murder case]] and its subsequent investigation in the format of interviews and thematic discussions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desai|first=Phalguni|date=May 2016|title=Investigation by Podcast, One Episode at a Time|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=THG Publishing PVT|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/investigation-by-podcast-one-episode-at-a-time/article8631231.ece|url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522043332/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/investigation-by-podcast-one-episode-at-a-time/article8631231.ece|archive-date=22 May 2016|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tuli|first=Aanchal|date=24 June 2017|title=5 Amazing Podcasts You Should Be Listening to Every Day|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/5-amazing-podcasts-you-should-be-listening-to-every-day/story-zyig93B5XSMZ5mrh3IgxgK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101010834/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/5-amazing-podcasts-you-should-be-listening-to-every-day/story-zyig93B5XSMZ5mrh3IgxgK.html|archive-date=1 January 2021|access-date=6 February 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=HT Media Limited|language=en-IN}}</ref> The first episode aired on 1 May 2016 and has since aired weekly.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Rohini|date=17 April 2016|title='Trial by Error': Aarushi Talwar Case Is Reconstructed in New 'Serial'-Like Podcast|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/trial-by-error-aarushi-talwar-case-is-reconstructed-in-new-serial-like-podcast-2732876.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715113612/http://www.firstpost.com/india/trial-by-error-aarushi-talwar-case-is-reconstructed-in-new-serial-like-podcast-2732876.html|archive-date=15 July 2019|accessdate=18 May 2016|website=[[Firstpost]]|publisher=Network18 Media|language=en-IN}}</ref> The series is produced by New Delhi-based film-making collective Jamun and is aired by digital content company, [[Arré]], and music streaming service [[Saavn]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Iyer|first=Karthekayan|date=1 May 2016|title=Saavn Now Has Original Podcasts, Want to Change Radio in India|language=en-IN|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=Indian Express Group|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/saavns-original-programming-series-aims-to-change-radio-forever-2778974/|url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214043940/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/saavns-original-programming-series-aims-to-change-radio-forever-2778974/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 April 2016|title=Saavn launches original programming to grow from music service to entertainment platform|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2016/04/saavn-launches-original-programming-to-grow-from-music-service-to-entertainment-platform/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409204447/https://bestmediainfo.com/2016/04/saavn-launches-original-programming-to-grow-from-music-service-to-entertainment-platform/|archive-date=9 April 2016|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Best Media Info|publisher=Best Media Info Bureau|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bahirwani|first=Krishna|date=11 April 2016|title=Saavn Launches Original Programming|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-saavn-launches-original-programming-2200622|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206182732/https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-saavn-launches-original-programming-2200622|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=6 February 2021|website=[[DNA India]]|publisher=[[Diligent Media Corporation]]|language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
{{Episode table |total_width= |background=AC1B1D |overall= |title= |aux1= |aux1T=Length ({{abbr|mm:ss|minutes:seconds}}) |airdate= |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=1<br />
|Title=Rumours<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|5|1|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=20|s=07}}<br />
|ShortSummary="This episode examines how rumours tainted the investigation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 1 {{!}} Rumours|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/rumours-trial-by-error-the-aarushi-files/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304162710/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/rumours-trial-by-error-the-aarushi-files/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=2<br />
|Title=The Others<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|5|8|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=18|s=55}}<br />
|ShortSummary="Suspicion turned to Hemraj when Aarushi was found dead, but when Hemraj's body was discovered, it became a closed-door mystery."<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 2 {{!}} The Others|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-2-the-others/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307025813/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-2-the-others/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=3<br />
|Title=Tafteesh<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|5|15|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=20|s=28}}<br />
|ShortSummary="Talwar house was a treasure trove of clues. Everything the investigators needed, was right there. But all was overlooked or botched."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 3 {{!}} Tafteesh|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-3-tafteesh/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304154900/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-3-tafteesh/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=4<br />
|Title=CBI Team 1<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|5|22|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=19|s=36}}<br />
|ShortSummary="CBI takes over and tries to make sense out of the botched investigation. Another mystery unfolds and soon after, they are replaced."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 4 {{!}} CBI Team 1|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-4-cbi-team-1/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128142704/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-4-cbi-team-1/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=5<br />
|Title=CBI Team 2<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|6|5|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=21|s=37}}<br />
|ShortSummary="The CBI Team 2 was not interested in finding new evidence. Instead, they went back to UP Police's investigation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 5 {{!}} CBI Team 2|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-5-cbi-team-2/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173736/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-5-cbi-team-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=6<br />
|Title=The Scoop<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|6|12|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=24|s=17}}<br />
|ShortSummary="Aarushi's mother did not cry while on an interview. Hence the Noida murders became a source of entertainment instead of just news."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 6 {{!}} The Scoop|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-6-scoop/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213165806/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-6-scoop/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=7<br />
|Title=In Court<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|6|19|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=22|s=34}}<br />
|ShortSummary="Inconclusive CBI report, dubious witnesses and mystery of pillowcases: The trial of the murders was as strange as the case had been."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 7 {{!}} In Court|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-7-court/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213165809/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-7-court/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber=8<br />
|Title=Today<br />
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2016|7|10|df=y}}<br />
|Aux1={{Duration|m=22|s=55}}<br />
|ShortSummary="Justice has formally been served in the Aarushi-Hemraj case. But even a cursory look at it today reveals the cracks in the system."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Episode 8 {{!}} Today|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-8-today/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Arré|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205033433/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/episode-8-today/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|LineColor=AC1B1D<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Podcasting in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.arre.co.in/series/aarushi/}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Crime in Noida]]<br />
[[Category:Crime podcasts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 podcast debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 podcast endings]]<br />
[[Category:Audio podcasts]]<br />
[[Category:Works about unsolved crimes]]<br />
[[Category:Works about violence against women]]<br />
[[Category:Works about child death]]<br />
[[Category:Documentary podcasts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian podcasts]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Madhavan_Nair&diff=492667C. Madhavan Nair2026-04-04T12:12:52Z<p>House of Dontics: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian lawyer and justice (1879–1970)}}<br />
{{Given name hatnote|Madhavan Nair|Chettur|lang=Malayali}}<br />
{{no footnotes|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sir Chettur Madhavan Nair<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Privy Council|PC]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| order1 = Advocate-General of Madras Presidency<br />
| term_start1 = 1923<br />
| term_end1 = 1924<br />
| governor1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]<br />
| premier1 = <br />
| successor1 = [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|01|24}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mankara]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1970|03|05|1879|01|24}}<br />
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[India]]<br />
| party = <br />
| spouse = The Lady Madhavan Nair, Palat Parukutty Amma<br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Lawyer<br />
| profession = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sir Chettur Madhavan Nair''' <small>[[Privy Council|PC]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]</small> (24 January 1879 – 3 March 1970) (styled '''Sir Madhavan Nair''') was an Indian lawyer who served as [[Advocate-General of Madras]], a [[judge|justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]] and member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
<br />
Born in [[Mankara]] in the [[Malabar district]], [[Madras Presidency]] (Now [[Palakkad District]], [[Kerala]]), Madhavan Nair was the nephew of [[C. Sankaran Nair]]. Madhavan Nair was educated at [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad|Victoria College]], [[Palakkad]] and matriculated from the [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's High School]], [[Madras]]. Madhavan Nair graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]] and [[Madras Law College]] before pursuing his higher education at the [[University College, London]] and being admitted as a [[barrister]] to the [[Middle Temple]].<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Madhavan Nair started practising as a lawyer in the [[Madras High Court]] in 1904. He also served as a law reporter with the Madras Law Journal. Madhavan Nair served as a Government Pleader from 1919 to 1923 and Advocate-General of the Madras Presidency in 1923–24. In 1924, he had to resign as Advocate-General when appointed temporary judge and was succeeded to the post by [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]]. Madhavan Nair was appointed permanent judge in 1927. He served as judge of the Madras High Court till retirement on 2 January 1939, upon which he was knighted. In 1941, Madhavan Nair was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Family ==<br />
<br />
Madhavan Nair married Parukutty Amma of the Palat family (Later Lady Madhavan Nair), the daughter of [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]] and thus his cousin. They had two sons - Brigadier Palat Sankaran Nair, Palat Madhavan Nair and a daughter Mrs. Palat Narayani Mahadhava Menon. The couple resided at a property named Lynwood in Madhavan [[Mahalingapuram|Nair Colony near Mahalingapuram]], Madras.<br />
<br />
Lady Madhavan Nair was the prime benefactor of the Ayyappa Temple in Madhavan Nair Colony Mahalingapuram. Daughter Narayani married Parakkat Madhava Menon ICS and has two children Parvati Ramkumaran and Janaki Nair.<br />
<br />
C. Madhavan Nair's son P. Madhavan Nair married Rema Unni of the Parakkat family and has three children Sreelata, Madhavan and Usha<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal|title=The Law Weekly|volume=17|page=50|year=1923}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=An illustrious lineage|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 October 2006|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-illustrious-lineage/article3201743.ece|first=S.|last=Muthiah|authorlink=S. Muthiah}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[List of Nairs]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavan Nair, Chettur}}<br />
[[Category:1879 births]]<br />
[[Category:1970 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]<br />
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paliya&diff=523919Paliya2026-03-24T15:51:30Z<p>House of Dontics: bio</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Samadhi near chatri3.JPG|thumb|Four ''Paliya''s, one dedicated to man and three to women at Chhatardi, [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch]], Gujarat, India]]<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
The '''Paliya''' or '''Khambhi''' is a type of a [[memorial]] found in the western regions of the [[India subcontinent]], especially [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch]] regions of [[Gujarat]] and also in [[Sindh]] region of [[Pakistan]]. They mostly commemorate the death of a person. These stone monuments have symbols and inscriptions.<ref name="js">THAKURIA, T. (2008). MEMORIAL STONES FROM GUJARAT: STUDY OF PĀLIYAS AT KANMER. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 68/69, 179-190. Retrieved from [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931205 JSTOR]</ref> There are several types of memorials including dedicated to warriors (mostly [[Charan|Charanas]]), sailors, sati, animals and figures associated with folklore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NygbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Junagadh |date=1975 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |language=en |quote=Numerous scattered memorial stones and paliyas suggest that the Charans preferred death to dishonour, and that even women did not hesitate to kill themselves when the honour of the family or the community was at stake.}}</ref> They are important in [[ethnography]] and [[epigraphy]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
Those dedicated to warriors fall under the term [[hero stone]], of which examples are found all over India.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
[[File:Samadhi near Rao Lakhaji Chhatri - Closeup look.JPG|thumb|left|Three portions; head with Sun and moon, middle with warrior mounted on horse, bottom with inscription with time, place, name. ''Paliya'' dedicated to warrior died in war, Chhatardi, Bhuj]]<br />
The word ''Paliya'' is may be derived from the Sanskrit root ''Pal'', "to protect". In [[Gujarati language]], ''Pala'' means "a group of soldiers in skirmish" or "army". The other forms include {{lang|gu|palia, pavaliyo, pario, palaa, paliu|italic=yes}}.<ref name="GailMevissen2006">{{cite book|author1=Adalbert J. Gail|author2=Gerd J. R. Mevissen|author3=Richard Salomon|title=Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkOdPtZmVcC&pg=PA187|year=2006|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2944-2|pages=187–190}}</ref> They are also known as ''pariya'' in [[Parkari Koli language]] and ''loharti'' in Dahatki languages of Sindh. ''Loharti'' may be derived from term ''[[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]'' which means iron-smith which were commissioned in past to engrave memorial stones instead of stone-engravers. The term may also refer to tablet or stone engraved with hammer. ''Khambhi'' is derived from Sanskrit term Stambha which means a column. It is mostly used to refer memorial stone dedicated to people who end their lives or commit self-immolation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kalhoro|first=Zulfiqar Ali|year=2015|title=Memorial Stones of Sindh, Pakistan: Typology and Iconography|url=https://zenodo.org/record/35541|journal=Puralokbarta|volume=1|pages=285–298|doi=10.5281/zenodo.35541|s2cid=194171412 |issn=2319-7641|via=Zenodo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The tradition originated in [[Vedic period]] when the dead bodies were not cremated but either buried or floated in the river. The spot of burial were initially marked with single stone and later stone circle which are found during excavations. Later the practice evolved into ''Lashti'' or a stone column with inscriptions which had names of persons, place and dates. Four such ''Lashti''s of [[Western Satrap|Kshatrapa]] period (1st century) found in Kutch are now at [[Kutch Museum]].<ref name="Sankalia1941">{{cite book|author=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|title=The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAdAAAAMAA|year=1941|publisher=Natwarlal & Company|pages=46}} [http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/51876 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130738/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/51876 |date=2017-08-03 }}</ref> The practice evolved in various types of memorials across India such as [[stupa]], cenotaphs, memorial temples. The types of such memorials are found all over India such as [[hero stone]]s in South India. They often carry inscriptions displaying a variety of adornments, including [[bas relief]] panels, frieze, and figures on carved stone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/content/hero-stones/index.htm|title=Hero-stone Memorials of India|publisher=Kamat Potpourri |access-date=2007-03-15}}</ref> In western India, it evolved into ''paliya'' or ''Khambhi'' which has similarities with [[hero stone]]s of South India. Thousands of stone memorials are found across villages in Gujarat especially [[Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. The earliest memorials are found in Andhau village in Khavda, Kutch which dates back to the 2nd century. The tradition became popular after the 15th century and the large number of stones are erected after that. Some tribal societies still erects stone memorials in the region.<ref name="Shastri 2014">{{cite web | last=Shastri | first=Parth | title=History etched in stones | website=The Times of India | date=10 February 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/History-etched-in-stones/articleshow/30176979.cms | access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Place and symbols==<br />
[[File:Chattri and Paliyas, Than, Kathiawar, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Chhatri and Paliyas at [[Thangadh]] photographed in 1874 by [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]]]<br />
[[File:Chhatri4.JPG|thumb|Memorial with ''Chhatri'', a cenotaph]]<br />
They are erected on outskirts of villages and towns mostly.<ref name=js/> They are also erected near battlefield or place of death if they are dedicated to a warrior. Sometimes they are erected near temples or places of worship.<ref name="GailMevissen2006"/> Though they are found across India in various forms, they are commonly found in Saurashtra and Kutch region of [[Gujarat]]. They are also found in Sindh, [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Kalhoro 2011">{{cite web | last=Kalhoro | first=Zulfiqar Ali | title=The stone people | website=The Friday Times | date=8 July 2011 | url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20110708&page=16 | access-date=5 June 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The visible part of memorial stones are around two feet wide and three feet in height. The lower part is buried up to ten feet in ground. The top border are half-circle in early stones which are triangular in later stones. They are mostly of [[sandstone]] as they are easy to carve.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> Sometimes they are erected on pavilion and rarely ''deri'', a shrine or ''Chhatri'', a cenotaph is built over them when they belong to royal families.<br />
<br />
These memorials have three parts; the head with various types of symbols, middle has a person dedicated to whom the stone is erected and bottom having inscription which include name, place, event and time with some more information sometimes. The symbols in head always include sun and moon which symbolizes eternal glory. The stones erected after 17th century includes [[swastika]] and [[deepak]] and detailed decoration in backgrounds. The middle part includes human figure with variety of weapons, mounts, clothes and items. The lower part has inscription in language and style of the time.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/><br />
<br />
==Worship==<br />
These memorials are worshiped by people of associated community or decedents of a person on special days such as death day of person, event anniversaries, festivals, auspicious days in Kartika, [[Shraavana]] or [[Bhadrapada]] months of [[Hindu calendar]]. These memorials are washed with milk and water on these days. They are smeared with [[sindoor]] or [[kumkum]] and flowers are scattered over it. The [[Deepak|earthen lamp]] is lighted near it with sesame oil. Sometimes a flag is erected over it.<ref name="GailMevissen2006"/><br />
<br />
==Types of memorial stones==<br />
[[File:Warrior and sati memorial stones, nirona, kaach.jpg|thumb|Sati memorial between two warrior memorials. Sati memorial depicts bent right hand. Nirona, Kutch|left]]<br />
[[File:Samadhi near chatri7.JPG|thumb|Memorial depict full female figure holding [[kamandal]] and [[Japa mala]] similar to [[Brahmacharini]]]]<br />
[[File:Samadhi with writing about Raja Pragmalji photo2.JPG|thumb|''Paliya'' of [[Pragmalji II]] of [[Cutch State]]. It has only inscription and some symbols without any human figure]]<br />
[[File:Memorial stone at Kumbhalgarh.jpg|thumb|Paliya depicting cow, [[Kumbhalgarh]]]]<br />
Traditionally, they are classified as ''paliya'' (flat stone memorials), ''khambhi'' (column without carving erected as memorial to deceased), ''thesa'' (small crude stones near ''paliya''), ''chagio''{{which lang|date=June 2021}} (heap of stones), ''surapura'' (erected for warriors died saving others as fulfillment of life) and ''suradhana'' (erected for accidental deaths such as murder, suicide, accidents).<ref name="GailMevissen2006"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Yājñika2004">{{cite book|author=Hasu Yājñika|title=A Study in Tribal Literature of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XNjAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Nayan Suryanand Loka-Pratishthan|pages=144–145}}</ref><ref name="SettarSontheimer1982">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Memorial stones: a study of their origin, significance, and variety|first1=S.|first2=Günther-Dietz|publisher=Institute of Indian Art History, Karnataka University|year=1982|pages=170|last1=Settar|last2=Sontheimer}}</ref><ref name="(India)1971">{{cite book|author=Gujarat (India)|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Dangs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLBhAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|page=187}}</ref> Some of them are called ''Satimata'' or ''Vir'' or ''Jhujhar'' (headless hero).<ref name="Kalhoro 2011"/><br />
<br />
;Warriors' memorials<br />
This type of memorials are the most common which are mostly associated hero worship thus with martial communities and tribes. They are found in large numbers in limited area and known as ''Rann Khambhi''. They are erected near the battleground or at the place where the warrior died. Initially they were erected to honor the deeds such as saving tribe, women or cattle which later became tradition associated with battles.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The memorials mostly depicts a warrior with weapons such as sword, mace, lance, bow and arrow and even guns in recent memorials. The warrior is mounted on variety of transport such as horses, camels, elephants and chariots. Sometimes they are infantry. Sometimes people carrying royal emblem or playing a war drum who died during war are depicted.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> ''Vir-jo-jod paliya'' marks the land which are granted to brave person for his act of bravery specifically found in Sindh. These lands are not cultivated and only used for cattle gazing.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The examples are the memorials at [[Bhuchar Mori]] and the memorials of Hamirji Gohil and others near [[Somnath temple]].<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> There is a ''Vir-jo-jod paliya'' in Dongri village of [[Nagarparkar]], Sindh.<br />
<br />
;Sati memorials<br />
These memorials are associated with the royal families mostly. The women who died practicing [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] or [[Jauhar]] are commemorated with it. They are also associated with folklore and sometimes are worshiped as demigoddess.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/><br />
<br />
The memorials mostly depicts the right hand bent at 45 or 90 degrees in [[Abhayamudra|blessing gesture]]. Sometimes the memorials are depicted with hands and other symbols such as peacock and lotus. They are also depicted as the full figure of a woman giving blessings or in [[Namaskar]] position. The woman entering into the flames and having the body of his husband in her lap, the ritual of Sati practice, are depicted in some memorials.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/><ref name="Kalhoro 2011"/><br />
<br />
The example include the memorial of Surajkunwarba of Bhuchar Mori.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> They are found in Sindh region of Pakistan and Rajasthan state of India also.<ref name="Kalhoro 2011"/><br />
<br />
;Sailors' memorials<br />
Gujarat has a long maritime history. The memorials of sailors commemorates people died during their voyage in sea. Their memorials are depicted with a contingent on ship sometimes.<ref name="GailMevissen2006"/><ref name="Shastri 2014"/><br />
<br />
;Folklore memorials<br />
Several memorials marks the people associated with folklore about religious devotees, love stories, sacrifices, friendship, suicides to protest.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> The example is a memorial of Veer Mangaro at Bhutvad near [[Bhanvad]].<br />
<br />
;Animal memorials<br />
The memorials depicting animals such as horses, dogs and camels were also erected.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> Gauchar paliya has figures of cow which were installed on communal pastures to mark boundaries between villages. Memorials depicting cows are also erected by [[Banjara|Vanjara]] community.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
;Kshetrapal stones<br />
Kshetrapal stones are dedicated to [[Kshetrapala]] or Khetarpal, the protector deity of lands. They are not memorials but has similar ethos. They are generally placed in or near farms or outskirt of villages. The ancestors are worshiped as Kshetrapal in some communities. They are believed to protect land and crops. The stones depicted snakes as symbol of protector or sometimes just eyes.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/><ref name="Sax2002">{{cite book|author=William Sturman Sax|title=Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKPmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513915-0|page=86}}</ref><ref name="Rao2006">{{cite book|author=Narayan Singh Rao|title=Tribal Culture, Faith, History And Literature: Tangsas Of Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pplg_F0VyVEC&pg=PA309|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-104-5|page=309}}</ref><ref name="Dilipsinh2004">{{cite book|author=K. S. Dilipsinh|title=Kutch in Festival and Custom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPUFiGRH07IC&pg=PA109|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0998-4|pages=109–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Folk Literature: Folk lore of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0AkAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-062-7|pages=138, 143}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Importance==<br />
[[File:Samadhi near chatri2.JPG|thumb|Memorials depicting warrior on horse (left) and sitting persons (centre and right). Chhatardi, Bhuj.|left]]<br />
[[File:Paliyas belonging to Mistris of Kutch at Dhaneti.jpg|thumb|''Paliya''s belonging to [[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya]] at [[Dhaneti]] in [[Kutch]], dating back to 1178 AD]][[File:Memorial stones aka Paliya of Rao Lakhpatji of Kutch and his queens.jpg|thumb|''Paliya'' of Rao [[Lakhpatji]] of Kutch and his queens. The cenotaph over it fell in [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake]].]]<br />
The memorials provides [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] information as well as [[epigraphy]]. They are social structures which commemorates and reveres heroes of the society. They are also important historical documents as well as a document of iconography which survived over centuries. It provide information about customs, cultures and beliefs of erstwhile societies.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/> They also provides information of economic, religious or political events.<ref name=":0" /> These memorials are associated with [[ancestral worship]] so the local folklore associated with it can be identified and documented. They also give information about cultural traditions such as [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]. The types of clothes, weapons and vehicles of the time period can be also identified. As the memorial inscriptions has place and year, the evolution of language and method of recording time can also be documented. Rarely they are used to mark burial place of wealth as people would not desecrate the place of worship.<ref name="Shastri 2014"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hero stone]]<br />
* [[Menhir]]<br />
* [[Megalith]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Inscriptions by type]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopal_Seth&diff=472786Gopal Seth2026-03-22T12:06:58Z<p>House of Dontics: refine structure further and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Gopal Seth<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1 December 1964<br />
| birth_place = Shimultala, Bongaon, North 24 Parganas<br />
| residence = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = MLA of Bongaon Vidhan Sabha Constituency<br />
| constituency = <br />
| term_start1 = 2009<br />
| term_end1 = 2011<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sougata Roy]]<br />
| successor1 = ''Constituency Dissolved''<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| religion = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = Manish Seth<br />
| website = <br />
| office = Administrator, Bongaon Municipality<br />
| predecessor = Sankar Addhya<br />
}}<br />
'''Gopal Seth''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as MLA of Bongaon Vidhan Sabha Constituency in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2009.<ref name=vidhansabha2009bye1>{{cite web|url=http://indian-electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html |title=West Bengal State Assembly Byelections 2009 |work= |publisher=Indian Election Affairs |accessdate=26 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024926/http://indian-electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html |archivedate=13 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2009bye2>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/pn101109.pdf| title = Results of bye – elections to the 31 (thirty one) Assembly Constituencies and 1(one) Lok Sabha Constituency| work =|publisher = Election Commission of India | accessdate = 26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2006|accessdate=12 September 2019|website=www.elections.in<br />
}}</ref> His father [[Bhupendranath Seth]] was elected as MLA of Bongaon Vidhan Sabha Constituency three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/relatives-of-political-leaders-in-fray-for-nov-7-by-poll/articleshow/5197193.cms|title=Relatives of political leaders in fray for Nov 7 by-poll|date=4 November 2009|access-date=12 September 2019|website=Economic Times}}</ref> Now he was a chairman of Bongaon Uttar Bidhansabha committee, All India Trinamool Congress. He was a chairman of [[Bangaon|Bangaon municipality]] and president of [[Bongaon|Bongaon District Trinamool Congress]] and Resigned on 10 Dec 2025 .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-11 |title=Bongaon civic body chief finally resigns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bongaon-civic-body-chief-finally-resigns/articleshow/125896892.cms |access-date=2026-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Gopal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bangaon subdivision]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal municipal councillors]]<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhatti&diff=462422Bhatti2026-03-14T00:32:28Z<p>House of Dontics: update citations as per guidelines and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Punjabi and Sindhi caste of Jats and Rajputs}}<br />
{{About|the clan|people with this name|Bhatti (surname)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{infobox caste||caste_name=Bhatti|caste_name_in_local=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|abbreviation=|varna=|gotra=|religions={{flatlist|<br />
*[[Hinduism]]<br />
*[[Sikhism]]<br />
*[[Islam]]<br />
}}|languages={{flatlist|<br />
*[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
*[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]}}|country={{flatlist|<br />
*[[India]]<br />
*[[Pakistan]]}}|region={{flatlist|<br />
*[[Punjab]]<br />
*[[Sindh]]<br />
*[[Rajasthan]]<br />
*[[Haryana]]<br />
*[[Azad Kashmir]]}}|ethnicity={{flatlist|<br />
*[[Punjabis|Punjabi]]<br />
*[[Sindhis|Sindhi]]}}|India_migration=|population=|feudal_title=|heraldic_title=|lineage=|subdivisions=|related=}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhatti''' is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] clan of [[Rajputs]]. They are linked to the [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]]s and [[Bhutto (clan)|Bhuttos]], all of whom claim to originate from the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Bhati]] Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yUy7QpJp7MC&dq=://edu/google&pg=PA21 |title=Epilogue, Vol 4, Issue 5 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |page=21 |language=en |quote=Hindu Rajputs have been classified into various ('''sub castes''') like Thakers, Manhas, Chauhan Thakyal, Chandial, Charrak, Kamlak, and Chib Muslim Rajputs have been further divided in to various sub castes such as, Jarral, Malik, Domal, Thakyal, Khokhar, Janjua, Salaria, Bhatti...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assadi |first=Muzaffar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7HYEAAAQBAJ&dq=://edu/google&pg=PT160 |title=Colonial and Post-Colonial Identity Politics in South Asia: Zaat/Caste Among Muslims |date=2023-11-24 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-80246-4 |language=en |quote=Additionally, they ecognized the '''castes''' that underwent conversion owing to political pressure, including Rangres, Bhatti, Gholam Mohamed, Pachada, and Bustee, a caste that may be traced back to Rajputs.}}</ref> They claim descent from the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Sukhvir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bhati+chandravanshi |title=Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan |last2=Dhar |first2=Banshi |date=1989 |publisher=Jain Brothers |isbn=978-81-85287-00-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Vinita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw0cAAAAIAAJ&q=bhati+chandravanshi |title=Society in Transition |date=1989 |publisher=Printwell Publishers |isbn=978-81-7044-152-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
Bhatti is considered a Punjabi and Sindhi form of [[Bhati]].{{Sfn|Davies|2012}}<ref name="NB2017">{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=Dr. Nabi Baksh Khan |title=Fatahnama-i Sindh: being the original record of the Arab conquest of Sindh (712-15 A.D) |date=2017 |isbn=978-9699860133 |page=82}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The Bhattis are [[Punjabis|Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=Essays on Islam and Indian history |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565114-0 |location=New Delhi; New York |pages=345–346 |chapter=The Political and Religious Authority of the Shrine of Baba Farid in Pak-pattan, Punjab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nazir |first=Pervaiz |date=1993 |title=Social Structure, Ideology and Language: Caste among Muslims |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4400597 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=28 |issue=52 |pages=2897–2900 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4400597}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&q=Bhatti&pg=PA1 |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0857-8 |page=2 |language=en |quote=In the valley of the upper Indus, that is in Ladakh and Little Tibet, the prevailing caste was the Bhatti sub-division of the great Tartar variety of the human race.}}</ref> and [[Sindhis|Sindhi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weekes |first1=Richard V. |title=Muslims Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey; Second Edition, Revised and Expanded |date=1984 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-23392-6 |edition=Second |location=Westport, Conn |page=685}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Sindh {{!}} History, Culture & Economy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sindh-province-Pakistan |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |quote=Indigenous groups are the Mehs, or Muhannas, descendants of the ancient Mēds; Sammas and the related Lakhas, Lohānās, Nigamaras, Kahahs, and Channas; Sahtas, Bhattīs, and Thakurs of Rajput origin; Jats and Lorras..}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdulla |first1=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfQLAAAAIAAJ |title=The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People |date=1973 |publisher=Tanzeem Publishers |page=96 |language=en |quote=Among others are the Bhattis, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chachar, Dhareja, Rathors, Dakhan, Langah etc. The Mohano tribe is spread over Makran, Sind and southern Punjab. They are also identified with the “Mallah’ of the Punjab and both have in common a sub-section called Manjari. All these old Sindhi tribes are known under the common nomenclature of Sammat.}}</ref> The Bhattis are descended from a common ancestor, [[Rao Bhati]], a 3rd-century [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monarch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |year=1900 |location=London |page=112 |language=en}}</ref> The Muslim Bhattis had control over Bhatner and settlements around it. The Bhattis later lost Bhatner to the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s of [[Bikaner]], who renamed Bhatner as [[Hanumangarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Jangal+desh |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=385 |quote=Bhatner (now known as Hanumangarh, in commemoration of a famous victory by a latter ruler of Bikaner....). Around this renowned Bhatner were the settlements of the chiefly muslim Bhattis}}</ref> In the years preceding the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] assigned pioneering [[Jat]] peasants proprietary rights over forested lands frequented by the Rajputs (Bhattis), [[Gurjar]]s, [[Banjara]]s, Passis, and other wandering pastoral groups in [[Delhi]] and western [[Haryana]] regions.{{Sfn|Bayly|1990|pp=143, 188–189}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bayly |first=Christopher Alan |author-link=Christopher Bayly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC&pg=PA188 |title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-38650-0 |edition=Reprinted |pages=143, 188–189}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Davies |first=C. Collin |title=Bhaṭṭi |date=2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_1385 |access-date= |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_1385 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]]|url-access=subscription }}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Rajput Groups of India}}<br />
{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Sindhi tribes}}<br />
{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian castes]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans]]<br />
[[Category:Sindhi-language surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]<br />
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]<br />
[[Category:Jat clans]]<br />
[[Category:Jat clans of Pakistan|*Bhatti (B)]]<br />
<br />
{{Surname-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisan_Kanya&diff=453441Kisan Kanya2026-03-07T07:05:25Z<p>House of Dontics: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1937 film by Moti Gidwani}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kisan Kanya<br />
| image = Kisan Kanya poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = Kisan Kanya<br />
| director = Moti Gidwani<br />
| producer = [[Ardeshir Irani]]<br />
| writer = and Dialogue by:<br />[[Saadat Hasan Manto|Sa'adat Hasan Manto]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Saadat Hasan Manto|Sa'adat Hasan Manto]]<br />
| story = Prof. M. Ziauddin<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| starring = Padma Devi<br />Zillo<br />Ghulam Md<br />Nissar<br />Sayed Ahmed<br />Gani<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = Ram Gopal Pandey<br />
| cinematography = Rostam Irani<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Imperial Films<br />
| distributor = Supreme Film Distributors<ref name=osianama>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osianama.com/indian-film-cinema-publicity-memorabilia/song-synopsis-booklets/kisan-kanya-1937-1107147|title=KISAN KANYA 1937|website=Osianama|language=en|access-date=2019-08-29|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829210620/https://www.osianama.com/indian-film-cinema-publicity-memorabilia/song-synopsis-booklets/kisan-kanya-1937-1107147|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| released = {{Film date|1937|01|08}}<br />
| runtime = 137 min<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Kisan Kanya''''' is a 1937 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language film directed by Moti Gidwani and produced by [[Ardeshir Irani]] under the banner of Imperial Pictures. Made using [[Cinecolor]], the film is based on a novel by [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] that highlights the struggles of poor farmers.<ref name="britannica" /><br />
<br />
The film is historically significant as India’s first indigenously made [[colour film]].<ref name="colorsofindia">{{Cite web |title=First Color Film Made in India |url=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/cinema/first-color-film-made-in-india.html |access-date=2008-04-29 |publisher=colorsofindia.com}}</ref><ref name="RediffMovies">{{Cite web |title=Know more about Hindi cinema |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/27cinema.htm |access-date=2008-04-29 |work=rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="book1">{{cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0415288533 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/208 208] |quote=kisan kanya color film story. |url-access=registration}}</ref> While [[V. Shantaram]]'s [[Sairandhri (1933 film)|''Sairandhri'']] (1933) featured scenes in colour, it was processed and printed in [[Germany]],<ref name="Culturopedia">{{Cite web |title=First in India |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/first_in_india_misc.html |access-date=2008-04-29 |publisher=culturopedia.com |archive-date=3 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503050834/http://www.culturopedia.com/first_in_india_misc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="the_hindu">{{Cite web |title=A navrang of Shantaram's films |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901060422/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm |archive-date=1 September 2010 |access-date=2008-04-29}}</ref> distinguishing ''Kisan Kanya'' as the first colour film entirely produced within India.<ref name="colorsofindia" /><ref name="book1" /><ref name="culturopedia">{{Cite web |title=The Early Films (1930s-1960s) |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Cinema/earlyera.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501231938/http://www.culturopedia.com/Cinema/earlyera.html |archive-date=1 May 2008 |access-date=2008-04-29 |publisher=culturopedia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Padma Devi]] as Bansri<br />
* [[Jilloo]] as Ramdai<br />
* [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] as Randheer<br />
* Nissar as Ramu<br />
* Syed Ahmed as Muneem<br />
* Gani Gani as the ''Zamindar'' (landlord)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Film pioneer Ardeshir Irani, who had produced notable films as ''Nala Damayanti'' (1920) which was India's first international co-production<ref name="punjabilok">{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/movies/first_indian_cinema.htm|title=The firsts in Indian cinema |access-date=2008-04-29|publisher=culturopedia.com|author=Subir Ghosh}}</ref> (with Italy) and India's first talkie ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931) conceived the idea of producing a color film. The result of his efforts was the color film ''Kisan Kanya'' made with the Cinecolor process<ref name="britannica">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of Hindi cinema| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Kisan+Kanya+film+cinecolor&pg=PT76 |author=Gulzar, Govind Nihalani |author2=Saibal Chatterjee |year=2003| pages=52| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |isbn=8179910660}}</ref> whose process rights Irani had obtained from an American company.<ref name="britannica" /> The film performed moderately at the [[box-office]].<ref name="britannica" /> Kisan Kanya was based on a novel by [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]<ref name="britannica" /> and focused on the plight of poor farmers.<ref name="britannica" /><br />
<br />
== Songs ==<br />
The film had music by Ram Gopal Pandey, and had ten songs:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/kisan_kanya.htm|title=Kisan Kanya : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Kisan Kanya (1937)|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> <br />
{{Track listing<br />
|extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Aisa Nagar Basaya Jis Me <br />
| extra1 = [[Padma Devi]], Nissar<br />
| length1 = 3:24<br />
| title2 = Bolo Aali Mere Sune Shant Hriday Me<br />
| extra2 = Padma Devi, Nissar<br />
| length2 = 3:26<br />
| title3 = Chain Mera Chheen Liya Hain<br />
| extra3 = Gulshan Sufi<br />
| length3 =<br />
| title4 = Chal Ri Sakhi Tu Gagar Lekar <br />
| extra4 = Padma Devi, [[Jilloo|Zilloo]]<br />
| length4 = 3:21<br />
| title5 = Dhaan Ke Pole Bhar Bhar Baandhe <br />
| extra5 = <br />
| length5 =<br />
| title6 = Dil Bas Me Nahi Hai Mera <br />
| extra6 = Padma Devi <br />
| length6 = 3:16<br />
| title7 = Maati Hamaari Janani Hain <br />
| extra7 = <br />
| length7 =<br />
| title8 = Mujhe Jungle Ki Rani <br />
| extra8 = <br />
| length8 =<br />
| title9 = Saajan Preet Ko Tod Naa Jaana<br />
| extra9 = <br />
| length9 =<br />
| title10 = Teri Kat Gayee Jeevan Dor <br />
| extra10 = Shah Ali<br />
| length10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Trivia==<br />
* The first Indian color film to be made entirely in India (the earlier [[Sairandhri (1933 Marathi film)|Sairandhri (1933)]] was processed and printed in Germany). This film was also more favorably received than its predecessor.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of early color feature films]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0214858|title= Kisan Kanya}}<br />
* [https://indiancine.ma/CIY/info Kisan Kanya] on indiancine.ma<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kisan Kanya (1937 Film)}}<br />
[[Category:Cinecolor films]]<br />
[[Category:1937 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1930s color films]]<br />
[[Category:1937 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1937 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Saadat Hasan Manto]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladupur_Chakarpur&diff=511515Ladupur Chakarpur2026-03-03T23:04:37Z<p>House of Dontics: made new page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ladupur Chakarpur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Firozabad block Ladupur Chakarpur.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Ladupur Chakarpur in Firozabad block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.10448|N|78.43500|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.726<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1396<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ladupur Chakarpur''' is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It technically consists of two separate settlements, '''Ladupur''' and '''Chakarpur''', which are right next to each other and are administered as a single [[gram panchayat]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,396, in 221 households.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Ladupur and Chakarpur are the names of two separate settlements that are almost contiguous, with Ladupur to the southeast and Chakarpur slightly to the northwest.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> A rural district road runs through both, coming from Firozabad in the northwest and passing through toward the southeast.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> Immediately northwest of Ladupur Chakarpur on this road is the village of [[Balchandpur]], while the next village to the southeast is [[Matamai]].<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> The village of [[Nagla Mullah]] is located a short distance to the north of Ladupur Chakarpur, while [[Sherpur Anandipur]] is to the east, and to the south is the hamlet of Garhia.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> The surrounding terrain is almost completely flat and is mostly farmland.<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --> The Firozabad Distributary canal passes by the village on the west; the canal's south end is nearby to the southwest, near the village of [[Fatehpur Anandipur]].<!-- Survey of India map G44A8 --><ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of 2011, Ladupur Chakarpur had a population of 1,396, in 221 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 55.3% male (772) and 44.7% female (624).<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 110 --> The 0–6 age group numbered 226 (125 male and 101 female), making up 16.2% of the total population.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 116 --> 538 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 38.5% of the total.<!-- Census 2011 B, p. 116 --><ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}<br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ladupur Chakarpur (as "Lathupur Chakarpur") as having a population of 851 people (487 male and 364 female), in 152 households and 152 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}<br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ladupur Chakarpur (as "Ladhupur Chakarpur") as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 653 people (360 male and 293 female), in 98 households and 75 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 427 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
As of 2011, Ladupur Chakarpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 126-7 --> Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 128 --> The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 129, 31 --> Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<!-- Census 2011 A, p. 130 --><ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Firozabad district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Theresa_High_School,_Belthangady&diff=537449St. Theresa High School, Belthangady2026-02-21T03:35:46Z<p>House of Dontics: started new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = St. Theresa High School, Belthangady<br />
| image = St. Theresa High School, Belthangady.jpg<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.59292|75.16049|display=inline}}<br />
| motto =<br />
| established = 1 June 1965<br />
| type = <br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]<br />
| president = <br />
| r_head_label = <br />
| r_head = <br />
| chair_label = <br />
| chair = <br />
| founder = Rev. Fr. Elias P. Dias<br />
| address = 99, Church Road<br />
| city = [[Belthangady]]<br />
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postal_code = 574214<br />
| staff = <br />
| enrollment = <br />
| gender = [[Coeducation]]<br />
| lower_age = 12<br />
| upper_age = 20<br />
| publication = <br />
| free_label1 = <br />
| free_text1 = <br />
| website = <br />
| website_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''St. Therese High School, Belthangady''' is a [[coeducational]] and aided by [[Government of Karnataka|state govt]] high school located in the locality of [[Belthangady]], [[India]], adjacent to St. Theresa PU College and St. Theresa Convent, [[Belthangady]]. The St. Theresa Educational institutions are run by Ursuline Franciscan Congregation nuns, [[Belthangady]]. It was founded on 1 June 1965 by Rev. Fr. Elias P. Dias.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=136369 |title=Holy Redeemer Parish Turns 125, to Get New Church Building | publisher=Daijiworld}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
St. Theresa Girls High School was begun by Fr. Elias P. Dias on 1 June 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.com/parishes1/b/1115-belthangady|title=Holy Redeemer Parish | publisher=www.dioceseofmangalore.com}}</ref> Fr. Elias P. Dias was a zealous priest who served the [[Most Holy Redeemer Church (Belthangady)]] for seven years during 1960. He opened St. Theresa Girls High School as he believed that women empowerment begins with education. The nuns of the [http://www.ursulinefranciscans.org Ursuline Franciscan Congregation] were entrusted with the duties of managing the school. Later St. Theresa Girls High School changed to [[coeducation]] and changed the name to St. Theresa High School.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}<br />
<br />
The nuns of [http://www.ursulinefranciscans.org Ursuline Franciscan Congregation] are also managing at St. Theresa Composite Pre University College. They are also engaged in social service, helping the poor, and counselling the troubled families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=136369 |title=Holy Redeemer Parish | publisher=Daijiworld}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Church Higher Primary School, Belthangady]]<br />
*[[Most Holy Redeemer Church (Belthangady)]]<br />
*[[Deanery of Belthangady]]<br />
*[[Belthangady]]<br />
*[http://www.ursulinefranciscans.org Ursuline Franciscan Congregation]<br />
*[[Ambrose Madtha|Monsignor Ambrose Madtha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|12|59|29.2|N|75|16|04.9|E|region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Theresa High School, Belthangady}}<br />
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Dakshina Kannada district]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]<br />
[[Category:1965 establishments in Mysore State]]<br />
[[Category:Ursuline schools]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Public_School,_Mumbai&diff=487513Army Public School, Mumbai2026-02-21T02:27:47Z<p>House of Dontics: added a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Army Public School Mumbai<br />
| image = Army School Mumbai.png<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| location = Near [[INHS Asvini]], Dr. Nana Bhoy Moos Road<br />
| city = [[Navy Nagar]], [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9018|72.813359|display=inline,title|type:edu_region:IN}}<br />
| school_board = CBSE<br />
| district = [[Mumbai City]]<br />
| principal = Ms. Laxmi Madhuri Chatti<br />
| website = {{URL|apsmumbai.com}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Army Public School, Mumbai''' is a public school located in [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eduvidya.com/Schools/Army-School-Mumbai|title=Army School Mumbai Mumbai Admissions, Address, Fees, Review}}</ref> It is run under [[Indian Army]] supervision and is part of the [[Indian Army Public Schools|Army Public School]] network. Army Schools are located in Indian communities in and around Army installations. The school's current principal is Mrs. Vipanjot Sehdeva. The school also a [[student council]], which is elected every year through a three tier process of elections and is responsible for maintaining discipline in the school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apsmumbai.com/ |title=Home |website=apsmumbai.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Extracurricular activities==<br />
These include English Week, Hindi Week and the celebration of important festivals. Inter-house activities include recitation, slogan-writing, essay writing, poster-making, calligraphy, drawing and quiz competitions.<br />
<br />
Inter-house competitions in games like football, cricket, basketball, and [[Kho kho|kho-kho]] are held. Mass P.T, drill marching and training for outdoor and indoor games is provided. Students have participated in interscholastic contests like cross-country race, interscholastic football competition, and athletic meets.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110210115201/http://armyschoolmumbai.com/ Army School Mumbai]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Army Public Schools]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Mumbai]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Madurai&diff=537394St. Mary's Cathedral, Madurai2026-02-19T09:51:18Z<p>House of Dontics: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Notability|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox church<br />
| name = St. Mary's Cathedral Shrine, Madurai<br />
| fullname = <br />
| image = ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL MAIN ALTAR VIEW.jpg<br />
| caption = St. Mary's Cathedral Shrine, Madurai<br />
| pushpin map = Tamil Nadu<br />
| pushpin label position = <br />
| pushpin map alt = <br />
| pushpin mapsize = <br />
| map caption = St. Mary's Cathedral, [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|54|48.3|N|78|07|32.7|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = East Veli Street, [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]<br />
| status = [[Parish church]]<br />
| functional status = Active<br />
| architect = Savarimuthu<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-05 |title=St. Mary's Cathedral Shrine Church, Keela Veli Street, Madurai |url=https://catholiconline.in/st-marys-cathedral-church-keela-veli-street-madurai/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| architectural type = [[Chapel]]<br />
| style = European, Roman and Continental architectural design<br />
| groundbreaking = 1840<br />
| completed date = 1841<br />
| demolished date = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| parish = Madurai<br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Archdiocese of Madurai]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madurai Archdiocese India |language=en |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/india-madurai/23 |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''St. Mary's Cathedral Shrine''' or '''Church of Our Lady of Dolours'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Mary's Cathedral in Madurai (History, Timings & Phone) - Madurai Tourism 2023 |url=https://maduraitourism.co.in/saint-mary-s-cathedral-madurai |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=maduraitourism.co.in}}</ref> is a Roman Catholic church situated in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=St Marys Cathedral |url=https://www.tripinvites.com/places/madurai/st-marys-cathedral/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=TripInvites |language=en}}</ref> in [[India]]. This church attained the status of a Cathedral in the year 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Arka Roy Chowdhury |title=St Mary's Cathedral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/st-marys-cathedral/articleshow/59382324.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It is built with two bell towers each 42&nbsp;m high.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-27 |title=St. Mary's Cathedral, Madurai |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/indiantraveller/4413681029/ |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
It is located with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|9|54|48.3|N|78|07|32.7|E}}) at an altitude of about {{convert|157.1|m|ft}} above the mean sea level, on East (Keela) Veli street,<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Mary's Cathedral |url=http://maduraiarchdiocese.weebly.com/st-maryrsquos-cathedral.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=WELCOME TO THE HISTORY OF MADURAI ARCHDIOCESE}}</ref> in Madurai city.<br />
<br />
== Details ==<br />
The church was founded in the year 1840<ref>{{Cite news |author=Arka Roy Chowdhury |title=St Mary's Cathedral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/madurai/st-marys-cathedral/ps59382324.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> by Fr. Bertrend SJ and was built in the year 1841 by Fr. Garnier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of Our Lady of Dolours – Cathedral – Archdiocese of Madurai |url=https://archdioceseofmadurai.com/parishes/church-of-our-lady-of-dolours-cathedral/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> This church is one of the popular churches in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Mary's Cathedral in Madurai |url=https://www.sterlingholidays.com/destination/madurai/st-marys-cathedral |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.sterlingholidays.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
This church is constructed with a mixture of European, Roman and Continental architectural designs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Mary's Cathedral Church Madurai, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/tamilnadu/st-marys-cathedral-church-madurai.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Occasions like Christmas, Easter, Good Friday and feast for the saints of Christianity are celebrated here in this church annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Mary's Cathedral Church Madurai, India |url=https://www.tourtravelworld.com/india/madurai/st-marys-cathedral-church.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Tour Travel World |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
[[File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL SIDE VIEW.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Cathedral side view, Madurai]]<br />
<br />
[[File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL FRONT VIEW.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Cathedral front view, Madurai]]<br />
<br />
[[File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL INSIDE VIEW.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Cathedral inside view, Madurai]]<br />
<br />
[[File:St. Mary's Church (Near Mahal).jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Church, Madurai]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Big church in Madurai- 2013-05-07 19-45.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Church, East Veli street, Madurai]]<br />
<br />
[[File:ST.MARY'S CATHEDRAL MAIN ALTAR VIEW.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Cathedral main altar, Madurai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
== External links ==<br />
* St. Mary's Cathedral - Tamil Nadu Tourism [https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/st-marys-cathedral]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in Madurai district]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-cathedral-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahir&diff=445907Ahir2026-02-16T19:32:04Z<p>House of Dontics: quick fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Social community of India}}<br />
{{for|the village in Turkey|Ahır, İpsala}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Infobox caste <br />
| image = The People of India 1868 Aheer.jpg<br />
| caption = An Aheer from Shahabad, [[Bihar]]<br />
| caste_name = Ahir/Aheer<br />
| subdivisions = Yaduvanshi Ahir<br/>Nandvanshi Ahir<br/> Gwalvanshi Ahir<br />
| populated_states = India and Nepal<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{cn|date=July 2025}}<br />
| languages = Varies depending on region{{cn|date=July 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
'''Ahir''' or '''Aheer''' (derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word: [[Abhira people|abhira]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duIjAQAAIAAJ&q=Ahir |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: The tribal world in transition |date=1994 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-836-8 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[community]] of traditionally non-elite pastoralists in India, most of whom now use the [[Yadav]] surname, as they consider the two terms synonymous.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1551 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |pages=1551 |language=en |quote=These Ahir of past, now identify themselves as Yadav or Yadubansi and to support this claim use the surname, Yadav, and thus try to distinguish themselves from other constituent groups forming the large Ahir caste.}}</ref> The Ahirs are variously described as a [[Caste system in India|caste]], a [[clan]], a [[Race (human classification)|race]], and/or a [[tribe]]. <br />
<br />
The traditional occupations of Ahirs are cattle-herding and agriculture. Since late 19th century to early 20th century, Ahirs have adopted ''Yadav'' word for their community and have claimed descent from the mythological king [[Yadu]]. This is a part of a movement of social and political resurgence ([[sanskritisation]]) under the influence of [[Arya Samaj]].<ref name="AhirSanskritisation"> Sanskritisation of Ahir:<br />
*{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=189 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-16|quote=Ahirs willingly subjected themselves to Sanskritisation because of their special relation to sacred cow but alas because the Arya Samaj exerted significant Sanskritising influence over the Yadav movement. As early as 1895, the ruler of Rewari, Rao Yudhishter Singh ( the father of Rao Bahadur Balbir Singh), invited Swami Dayananda to his state. Branches of the Arya Samaj flourished soon after and Rewari provided a base from which Arya Samaj ''updeshaks'' (itinerant preachers) operated in neighbouring areas.|language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Jassal|first1=Smita Tewari|author2=École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Mouton|pages=319–351|chapter=Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census}} Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, ''Ahir Samachar'', having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do ''[[begar]]'', or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."<br />
*{{Cite book |last1=Berti |first1=Daniela |title=''Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva'' Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence |last2=Kanungo |first2=Pralay |last3=Jaoul |first3=Nicolas |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-138-65995-7 |edition=1st |page=246 |language=English |quote=Marginalised groups, often considered as Shudras, like the Ahirs (Yadavs), Kurmis and the Gujars, began to redefine their emerging political and economic role in society by fighting on the same 'religious' grounds. In so doing, they refashioned their status as warriors and kings who had played a special role in history as guardians of Hinduism (Gooptu 2001 : 195; see also Pinch 1996 : 118–38). Gyanendra Pandey (1990: 66–108) describes how, since the end of the 19th century, such processes of Sanskritisation (adoption of 'higher' forms of Hinduism) among lower castes have joined up with Hindu nationalist movements, such as the cow protection movement, and how these interrelations have been central to the formation of a Hindu and a Muslim community in northern India.}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Adcock |first=C. S. |title=Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UMfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |date=2014 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-999544-8|page=46|language=en |quote=In U.P., the Ahir/Yadav castes, whom elites deemed Shudras, also used shästrärth debates to defend their claims to elevated, Kshatriya status from at least the 1890s. In the eastern districts of U.P., monks of the Vaishnava Ramanandi order defended the Ahirs' claims in public debate; in western U.P., their champions in debate were often members of the Arya Samaj.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ahirs are found throughout India but are particularly concentrated in the northern area. Apart from India, Ahirs have significant population in [[Nepal]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[South Africa]] and the [[Caribbean]] especially [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and [[Suriname]]. In Mauritius and Caribbean they are mostly the descendants of [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]] who arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries from the former pre-partitioned sub-continent of India during the British Raj.<ref>*{{Cite journal|doi = 10.4000/samaj.3886|title = The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius|year = 2015|last1 = Claveyrolas|first1 = Mathieu|journal = South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal|doi-access = free| s2cid=143034648 |issn = 1960-6060}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|jstor = 177986|title = The Retention of Caste Notions among the Indian Immigrants in British Guiana during the Nineteenth Century|last1 = Moore|first1 = Brian L.|journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History|year = 1977|volume = 19|issue = 1|pages = 96–107|doi = 10.1017/S0010417500008513|s2cid = 143278239}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|jstor = 23050197|title = Indian Heritage in Trinidad, West Indies|last1 = Jha|first1 = J. C.|journal = Caribbean Quarterly|year = 1973|volume = 19|issue = 2|pages = 28–50|doi = 10.1080/00086495.1973.11829152}}<br />
*{{cite journal |url=https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/3290/wp4.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Ethnic and Caste Diversity: Implications for Development |id=NRM Working Paper No. 4 |date=June 2005 |first1=Rajendra |last1=Pradhan |first2=Ava |last2=Shrestha |journal=Think Asia |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |hdl=11540/3290 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111182352/https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/3290/wp4.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}<br />
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/indian-labour-british-guiana|title=Indian Labour in British Guiana &#124; History Today}}<br />
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2017/09/02/the-legacy-of-indian-migration-to-european-colonies|title=The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies|newspaper=The Economist|date=2 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
Ahir is believed to be a derivation of the [[Sanskrit]] word, "abhira", and the present term in the [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages is ''abhir''.<ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA113 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7022-374-0 |editor-last=Garg |editor-first=Gaṅga Ram |volume=1 |pages=113–114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=People of Maharashtra |url=https://www.gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20%26%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20II/2%20Major%20Castes%20and%20Tribes.pdf?}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:AheersAroundDelhi1868.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A group of Aheers, Delhi, 1868]]<br />
<br />
=== Early history ===<br />
Theories regarding the origins of the ancient [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] – the putative ancestors of the Ahirs – are varied for the same reasons as are the theories regarding their location; that is, there is a reliance on interpretation of linguistic and factual analysis of old texts that are known to be unreliable and ambiguous.<ref name="Bhattacharya1996p126" /><br />
<br />
Some, such as A. P. Karmakar, consider the Abhira to be a [[Proto-Dravidian]] tribe who migrated to India and point to the ''[[Purana]]s'' as evidence. Others, such as Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya, say that the Abhira are recorded as being in India in the 1st-century CE work, the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. Bhattacharya considers the Abhira of old to be a race rather than a tribe.<ref name="Bhattacharya1996p126">{{cite book |title=Krishna – Cult in Indian Art |first=Sunil Kumar |last=Bhattacharya |publisher=M.D. Publications |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7533-001-6 |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC}}</ref> The sociologist [[M. S. A. Rao]] and historians such as P. M. Chandorkar and T. Padmaja say that epigraphical and historical evidence exists for equating the Ahirs with the ancient [[Yadava]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|first = Sumit | last = Guha |title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year = 2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|page=47|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| first = M. S. A. | last=Rao |title=Social Movements in India |volume=1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SODZAAAAMAAJ&q=124|year=1978 | publisher =Manohar|pages=124, 197, 210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first = Padmaja|last= T. |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA35|year = 2001 | publisher = Archaeology Dept., University of Mysore|pages=25, 34|isbn=978-8-170-17398-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Whether they were a race or a tribe, nomadic in tendency or displaced or part of a conquering wave, with origins in Indo-Scythia or Central Asia, Aryan or [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] – there is no academic consensus, and much in the differences of opinion relate to fundamental aspects of historiography, such as controversies regarding dating the writing of the ''Mahabharata'' and acceptance or otherwise of the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] (which is universally accepted in mainstream scholarship).{{refn|name="OIT no support"|Out of India aka Indigenous Aryans has no support:<br />
* Romila Thapar (2006): "there is no scholar at this time seriously arguing for the indigenous origin of Aryans".<ref>{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2006 |title=India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=978-81-237-4779-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sDBuAAAAMAAJ&q=indigenous+aryans}}</ref><br />
* Wendy Doniger (2017): "The opposing argument, that speakers of Indo-European languages were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, is not supported by any reliable scholarship. It is now championed primarily by Hindu nationalists, whose religious sentiments have led them to regard the theory of Aryan migration with some asperity."<ref>Wendy Doniger (2017), [https://inference-review.com/article/another-great-story "Another Great Story"]", review of Asko Parpola's ''The Roots of Hinduism''; in: ''Inference, International Review of Science'', Volume 3, Issue 2</ref><br />
* Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), in response to Narasimhan et al. (2019): "Hindutva activists, however, have kept the Aryan Invasion Theory alive, because it offers them the perfect strawman, 'an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponent's real argument'&nbsp;... The Out of India hypothesis is a desperate attempt to reconcile linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence with Hindutva sentiment and nationalistic pride, but it cannot reverse time's arrow&nbsp;... The evidence keeps crushing Hindutva ideas of history."<ref>Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), [https://scroll.in/article/937043/why-hindutva-supporters-love-to-hate-the-discredited-aryan-invasion-theory ''Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory''], Scroll.in</ref><br />
* Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016): "Of course it is a fringe theory, at least internationally, where the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) is still the official paradigm. In India, though, it has the support of most archaeologists, who fail to find a trace of this Aryan influx and instead find cultural continuity."<ref name="Elst_2016">Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016), Koenraad Elst: "I am not aware of any governmental interest in correcting distorted history", ''Swarajya Magazine''</ref>}} Similarly, there is no certainty regarding the occupational status of the Abhira, with ancient texts sometimes referring to them as pastoral and cowherders but at other times as robber tribes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Aditya |last=Malik |chapter=The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report |page=200 |title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature |editor-first=Hans |editor-last=Bakker |location=Leiden |year=1990 |isbn=978-90-04-09318-8 |publisher=BRILL and the International Association of Sanskrit Studies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&pg=PA200}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kingdoms ===<br />
{{Expand section|date=November 2024}}<br />
*Ahir dynasty in pre-12th century areas in present-day [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Punam |last=Yadav|title=Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QQRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-35389-8|page=57}}</ref><br />
*Ahir-Rajas of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]<ref>{{cite book |first= A N |last= Sharma | page =13 |title= The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile<br />
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YX1siOYKthgC&dq=ahir+Rajas+sagar&pg=PA13|isbn=81-7625-714-1|year= 2006|publisher= Sarup & Sons }}</ref><br />
*Ahir Rajas of Gawror fort, [[Patna district|Patna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas |title=Historical Researches Series |date=1963 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Military involvements ===<br />
[[File:'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry.jpg|thumb|'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian officers and non-commissioned officers from 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, The 5th Light Infantry, Quetta, 1918 {{!}} Online Collection {{!}} National Army Museum, London |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=searchType=simple&resultsDisplay=list&simpleText=Ahirs&pos=2&total=10&page=1&acc=1960-12-120-4-95 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=collection.nam.ac.uk}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Indian officers, 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, 5th Light Infantry.jpg|thumb|Indian officers, 'B' Company (Ahir), 1st Battalion, 5th Light Infantry, Quetta 1918.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Collection {{!}} National Army Museum, London |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/results.php?searchType=simple&resultsDisplay=list&simpleText=Ahirs |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=collection.nam.ac.uk}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
The [[British Raj|British]] rulers of India classified the Ahirs of Punjab as an "agricultural tribe" in the 1920s, which was at that time synonymous with being a "[[martial race]]".<ref>{{cite book|first=Rajit K. |last=Mazumder|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G8COTxOUkgC&pg=PA105|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6|page=105}}</ref> This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting,<ref name=rand>{{Cite journal |last=Rand |first=Gavin |title=Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914 |journal=European Review of History |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=March 2006 |url= |doi=10.1080/13507480600586726|s2cid=144987021 }}</ref> whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles.<ref name="Street">{{cite book |title=Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 |last=Streets |first=Heather |year=2004 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location= |isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C |access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.<ref name="Khalidi2003">{{cite book|author=Omar Khalidi|title=Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-NtAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Three Essays Collective|quote= Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority|page=5|isbn=978-81-88789-09-2}}</ref><ref name="Levine2003">{{cite book|author=Philippa Levine|title=Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1lPzFCG9EC|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94447-2|pages=284–285|quote=The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory, though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.}}</ref> According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the marital race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait.<ref name="Samanta2000">{{cite book|author=Amiya K. Samanta|title=Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&pg=PA26|year=2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-166-3|pages=26–|quote=Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of nationalism.}}</ref> Ahirs had been recruited into the army from 1898.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/90 90]}}</ref> In that year, the British raised four Ahir companies, two of which were in the [[95th Russell's Infantry]].<ref>{{cite book|first=M. S. A. |last=Rao |title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-90255-4 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}} In post-independence India, some Ahir units have been involved in celebrated military actions, such as at [[Rezang La]] in the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] that saw the last stand of Charlie company, consisting of 114 Ahirs of 13 Kumaon, and in the [[1965 India-Pakistan War]].<ref name="Remembering Rezang La heroes"><br />
{{cite news |author=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | title=Remembering Rezang La heroes |date=7 January 2007 |newspaper=Sainik samachar |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/oct01-07/h4.htm}}<br />
</ref><ref name="Heroes of Rezang La"><br />
{{cite news |author= Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) | title=Heroes of Rezang La 1962 |date=15 December 2018 |newspaper=The Tribune |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/heroes-of-1962-rezang-la-battle-698535}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mohan |last=Guruswamy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/dont-forget-the-heroes-of-rezang-la/article4112584.ece |title=Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La |work=The Hindu |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SBWc27AVmwC&pg=PA212| title=Combat Diary: An illustrated history of operations conducted by 4th Kumaon| publisher=Lancer Books |year=2010 |first=Jasbir |last=Singh |page=212| isbn=978-1-935501-18-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sanskritisation ==<br />
===Recreating the past for new identity===<br />
{{See also|De-Sanskritisation}}<br />
It was from the 1920s that some Ahirs began to adopt the name of ''Yadav'' and created the [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha|Yadav Mahasabha]], founded by ideologues such as Rajit Singh. Several caste histories and periodicals to trace a Kshatriya origin were written at the time, notably by Mannanlal Abhimanyu. These were part of the jostling among various castes for socio-economic status and ritual under the Raj and they invoked support for a zealous, martial Hindu ethos.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nandini |last=Gooptu |title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India |pages=205–210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA205 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1|quote=One of the most politically active and vocal among the shudra castes was the ahirs or yadavs. In 1922, an ahir conference was held in Lucknow, followed by another ahir ''mahotsav'' (festival) in Allahabad in 1923, where a provincial Mahasabha was inaugurated, with the new name of Yadav Mahasabha. The term yadav, to denote the ahirs, gained currency from this period. Rajit Singh, a yadav born in the Deoria district in 1897, and educated at Gorakhpur and Shikohabad, was instrumental in the formation of the Yadav Mahasabha. He had briefly worked in the Excise Department in Kanpur, but had resigned from his job to devote himself to organising yadav associations from 1921. In 1925, Rajit Singh settled in Benares and inaugurated the Benares Yadav Mahasabha, which soon emerged as the centre of the yadav caste movement in UP. From Benares, Rajit Singh edited the journal ''Yadav'', and also published a history of the yadav castes, entitled ''Yaduvamsa Prakash''. Several other yadav histories were published in rapid succession in the 1920s, written by another younger yadav leader of Benares, Mannalal Abhimanyu, a lawyer who was the son of a school teacher. He wrote ''Ahir Vamsa Pradip'' (1925) and ''Yadukul Sarvasya'' (1928), in which he attempted to demonstrate the kshatriya origin of the yadavs, with extensive references from both religious texts and British ethnographic tracts.|language=en}}</ref> Arya Samaj, a Hindu reformist organization also played an important role in ritual purification of Ahir/Yadavs and many low castes in order to incorporate them into Vedic Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India |last=Michuletti|first=Lucia|publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=140 |isbn=978-0-415-46732-2|quote=Hindu reformist organisations like the Arya Samaj which aimed to reform Hinduism and incorporate lower-caste groups within the fold of vedic Aryan Hinduism (see Rao 1979: 132-35), have a pivotal role in 'purifying' the customs of the Ahir/Yadavs and other lower castes through the adoption of Brahmanical Hindu practices. Brahmanical Hinduism emphasises vegetarianism, non-violence and ascetism (Fuller 1992: 88).|language=en}}</ref> In U.P, it was through shastrarth debates and with the help of reform movements like Arya Samaj and Vaishnava Ramanandi order in public debates that the Ahirs defended their claims to a higher social status.<ref>{{cite book|title=''The Limits of Tolerance'':Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom|page=46|first= C.S.|last= Adcock|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-999543-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&dq=ahirs+The+Limits+of+Tolerance:+Indian+Secularism+and+the+Politics+of+Religious+Freedom+By+C.S.+Adcock&pg=PA46|quote= In U.P., the Ahir/Yadav castes, whom elites deemed Shudras, also used shastrarth debates to defend their claims to elevated, Kshatriya status from at least the 1890s. In the eastern districts of U.P., monks of the Vaishnava Ramanandi order defended the Ahirs' claims in public debate; in western U.P., their champions in debate were often members of the Arya Samaj.|language=en}}</ref> At the same time Ahir/Yadav intelligentsia also emphasized the socio-economic backwardness faced by their community and in 1927, a petition was sent to the [[Simon Commission]] describing how the Ahirs suffers from the same social disabilities and discrimination as the [[Chamar]]s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India |last=Michuletti|first=Lucia|publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=83 |isbn=978-0-415-46732-2|quote=This emphasis on number and on ''Yadavness'' versus 'status' is also evident in colonial petitions which portray the Ahirs as a 'backward/ depressed category' in an attempt to get benefits from the reservation provisions. It looks as if the Yadav intelligentsia not only learnt that Yadav social and economic progress or backwardness could be determined by measuring their share in the number of graduates, official appointments and parliamentary seats (Chakrabarty 1994: 150), but also that economic and social disabilities were not 'enough' and that 'ritual' disabilities had also to be proved. The political leaders invoked arguments about the historical deprivation of their communities' (see Gooptu 2001: 11). The following is an extract from a petition sent in 1927 to the Simon Commission, in which a member of the Ahir community illustrates how the community suffers from the same disabilities and discriminations as the Chamars (an untouchable caste).|language=en}}</ref> Despite explicitly expressing their commitment against untouchability, it has been observed that these movements by Yadav caste associations have not been egalitarian enough to include communities who are under Scheduled Castes and have claimed connection with Krishna.<ref name="Michuletti">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India |last=Michuletti|first=Lucia|publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=149 |isbn=978-0-415-46732-2|quote=Although Yadav caste associations organise Other Backward Classes meetings and explicitly express their commitment against untouchability, I never met an SC member attending or delivering a speech at such events. A recent controversy showed how, in practice, Yadav caste associations are not willing to encompass in their social category members of SC communities who claim to descend from Krishna. At the AIYM meeting held in Gurgaon in 1998, a member of the committee raised the issue that Jatavs in Agra and Rajasthan had begun to adopt the Yadav title. A member of the audience pointed out that he had already written to the Mahasabha secretary to inform him that in Bharatpur (Rajasthan) the local Jatavs were calling themselves Yadavs. Another pointed out that in Udaipur, Jatavs who worked as builders and did casual labour were also calling themselves Yadavs and had adopted the ''Kadamb'' Yadav clan.|language=en}}</ref> Yadavs of Braj-Ahirwal attempted to "endlessly portray themselves" as inheritors of the heritage of local dynasties such as the Jats of Bharatpur and Alwar, Jadon Rajputs of Jaleshar and Karauli and fellow Ahir dynasties of Rewari and Mahabhan who were considered to be of Yaduvanshi descent.<ref name="Michuletti"/>{{rp|43}}<br />
<br />
=== Participation in reactionary communal conflicts ===<br />
The Ahirs in [[Benaras]], UP had been one of the more militant Hindu groups during pre-independent India. In one of the instances before independence, Hindu ''[[shudra]]'' caste groups as the Ahirs actively participated in a counter-reactionary communal conflict orchestrated by Arya Samaj.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nandini |last=Gooptu |title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India |page=307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA307 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1 |quote=The spread of the tanzeem movement in Benares further fuelled the religious expansion of Hindu organisations, and contributed to an escalation in local competition and communal conflict. Khalil Das' movement elicited a counter-reaction from the Arya Samaj and from such Hindu shudra caste groups as the ahirs, who were active participants in volunteer corps and akharas, and who, in Benares, were involved in an especially active yadav caste movement.... The Ahirs in particular who played an important role in militant Hinduism, retaliated strongly against the Tanzeem movement. In July,1930, about 200 Ahirs marched in procession to Trilochan, a sacred Hindu site and performed a religious ceremony in response to Tanzeem processions.|language=en}}</ref> Some writers are also of the opinion that many low-castes (including Ahirs) took to cow protection for asserting higher status since ''cow'' already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Gould|title=Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia|year=2012|page=70|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|quote=Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.|isbn=978-0-521-87949-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&q=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Modern+South+Asia+By+Williiam+gould|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Distribution ==<br />
Ahirs in India are known by numerous other names, including Gauli<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=B. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA568 |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1994 |volume=II |location=New Delhi |pages=568–569}}</ref> and Ghosi or Gop in [[North India]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |year=2002 |title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf |work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |pages=94–95}}</ref> In [[Gujarat]] and [[South India]] as Ayar, Golla and Konar.<ref>* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ |title=India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes |publisher=Manohar, 1994 |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7304-069-6 |pages=34, 356, 390}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Shish Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PaAAAAMAAJ |title=Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India |publisher=Raj Publications, 2002 |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-86208-23-6 |pages=153, 312, 410}}</ref> Some in the [[Bundelkhand]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]] are known as Dauwa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Ravindra K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA32 |title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-12502-194-0 |page=30}}</ref> The Ahirs have more than 20 sub-castes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Mahendra Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA33 |title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects |publisher=M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1997 |isbn=978-8-17533-029-0 |page=33}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}<br />
<br />
=== North India ===<br />
They have a significant population in the region around [[Behror]], [[Alwar]], [[Rewari]], [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Gurgaon]]<ref name="nannak$">{{cite book|last1=Guru Nanak Dev University|first1=Sociology Dept|title=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology|publisher=Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University|pages=5, 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir|date=2003|language=en}}</ref> and [[Jhajjar]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Dip Chand |last=Verma|title=Haryana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JY5AQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=National Book Trust, India}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Suresh K. |last=Sharma|title=Haryana: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&pg=PA40|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-046-8|page=40}}</ref> – the region is therefore known as [[Ahirwal]] or the abode of Ahirs.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ&q=ahirwal |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India |last=Michuletti|first=Lucia|publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |pages=41, 42 |isbn=978-0-415-46732-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maharashtra ===<br />
[[Ahirani]] dialect continues to be spoken today in the region and is widespread across [[Jalgaon]], [[Dhule]] and [[Nashik]]. It is an admixture of [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], ancient [[Magadhi]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtri]], [[Sauraseni]], Lati, [[Maharashtri]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Paishachi]].<ref>{{cite periodical |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20III/3%20Distinctive%20Features%20of%20Sub-regional%20Culture%20of%20Maharashtra.pdf| title = Maharashtra: Land and its people |last=Pathak|first=A. S.|publisher=Government of Maharashtra |year=2009|periodical= Maharashtra State Gazetteer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first = Sumit |last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year=2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7|page=47}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
[[File:AhirDecoratedWithCowriesDiwali.jpg|thumb|280px|Ahir dancers decorated with [[cowrie]] shells for [[Diwali]].]]Ahir culture is rooted in pastoralism and closely associated to the worship of Krishna and Shiva.<ref>.{{cite book |last=danielou |first=Alain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua6yuxBPQdQC&q=ahir |title=The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59477-048-7 |page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kirshna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C&q=ahirs |title=Book of Vishnu |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8475-865-8 |page=56}}</ref> Through Sanskritization,<ref name="AhirSanskritisation"/> the Ahirs adopted the modern-day ‘Yadav’ surname and linked themselves to the [[Yadava|Yadu tribe]] by claiming descent from Yaduvanshi, Nandavanshi, and Goallavanshi, elevating their status within the caste hierarchy.{{efn|Through Sanskritization,<ref name="AhirSanskritisation"/> the Ahirs restructured its identity into three broad caste divisions for upliftment: <br />
*Nandavanshi : Claim descent from Nanda, Krishna foster father, linking to Vrindavan pastoral traditions.<ref name="Michelutti2002"/> <br />
*Yaduvanshi: Trace lineage to King Yadu, the legendary founder of the Yadava dynasty.<ref name="Michelutti2002"/> <br />
*Goallavanshi: Originating from the Goala (cowherd) community, they associate with the Gopas and Gopis of Krishna childhood.<ref name="Michelutti2002"/>}}<ref name="Michelutti2002">{{Cite thesis |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |title=Sons of Krishna: The Politics of Yadav Community Formation in a North Indian Town |url=https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/ |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |date=2002 |page=89 |quote=In Elliot’s description, ‘clan,’ ‘subcaste,’ ‘caste,’ ‘tribe,’ and ‘race’ are used interchangeably, indicating difficulty in isolating the social nature and functions of the different Ahir subdivisions. Following locality, Elliot categorizes the Ahir agricultural-pastoral ‘tribe’ into three main subdivisions ..... These subdivisions are based on mythological-ancestral claims and locality (see Chapter 3). The Yaduvanshi-Ahirs are said to descend from Yadu, one of Krishna’s ancestors; the Nandavanshi-Ahirs are descendants of Nanda, Krishna’s foster father; and the Goallavanshi-Ahirs descend from the Gopi and Gopas amongst whom Krishna spent his childhood on the banks of the Yamuna near Mathura. Elliot further lists the major clans (got) of the Nandavanshi in Central Doab and the Ahirwal region.}}</ref><ref name="AhirDivision:">Ahirs division through Sanskritization : <br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pviHAwAAQBAJ |title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy? |date=2004-11-08 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0345-5 |pages=58 |language=en |quote=Contemporary Ahir/Yadavs define themselves as "Krishnavanshi-Yadavs." Younger generations are often unaware that their original caste title was Ahir. The concept of a unique Krishnavanshi kinship category, which merges traditional subdivisions (Yaduvanshi, Nandavanshi, and Goallavanshi) into a single endogamous unit, is rapidly gaining acceptance. Intermarriage between these previously distinct endogamous units is increasingly popular.}} <br />
*{{cite book |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India |url=https://archive.org/details/vernacularisatio0000mich |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415467322 |page=11 |quote=More specifically, it shows how Krishna has progressively become the main god as well as the main ancestor of the local Yadavs and how his cult is substituting the cults of local lineage deities. Such a process is accompanied by the adoption of conservative forms of Hinduism which has transformed the different Ahir/Yadav subdivisions (Nandavanshi, Goallavanshi, and Yaduvanshi) into superior 'Krishnavanshi' Yadavs.}} <br />
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhrigupati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhnRBgAAQBAJ&dq=ahirs+yaduvanshi&pg=PA21 |title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-226-19468-4 |page=146 |quote=Perhaps the most famous love affair in classical Hinduism is between Krishna and Radha. In songs, Radha is often identified as the Gujari (pastoralist) from the village of Barsana, while Krishna belongs to the Yaduvanshi-Ahir caste. Their love affair is not only cross-caste but also pre- or extramarital (though it is never explicitly described as such), as Krishna is married to Rukmini. In temples across India, Krishna is often depicted standing beside Radha, who is described as his divine consort. Such divine affairs may offer human beings some moral respite.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashyap |first=Anirban |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni9uAAAAMAAJ&q=ahirs+adopted+yadav+surname |title=The Scheduled Castes in India |date=1996 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0511-5 |language=en |quote=For example, appealed to the Census Commissioner that their caste names of Golla, Gowli, Gollawar and Ahir be changed to Yadava.}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Diet ===<br />
In 1992, Noor Mohammad noted that most Ahirs in Uttar Pradesh were vegetarian, with some exceptions who were engaged in fishing and raising poultry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln6_PodhWC0C&pg=PA60 |title=New Dimensions in Agricultural ... |first=Noor |last=Mohammad |page=60|isbn=978-81-7022-403-7 |year=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Language and tradition ===<br />
Ahirs of Benares speak a [[Hindi dialect]] which is different from one used normally.<ref>.{{cite book |first= Alain |last= danielou | page =56 |title= The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile<br />
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua6yuxBPQdQC&q=ahir|isbn= 978-1-59477-048-7<br />
|year= 2005|publisher= Inner Traditions / Bear & Co }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first= Nanditha |last= Kirshna | page =56 |title= Book of Vishnu<br />
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C&q=ahirs|isbn= 978-81-8475-865-8<br />
|year= 2009|publisher= Penguin UK }}</ref> Ahirs usually speak the language of the region in which they live. Some languages/dialects named after Ahirs are Ahirani, also known as [[Khandeshi]], spoken in [[Khandesh]] region of Maharashtra, Ahirwati spoken in [[Ahirwal]] region of [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]].<br />
<br />
=== Folklore ===<br />
The oral epic of [[Veer Lorik]], a mythical Ahir hero, has been sung by folk singers in North India for generations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |page=88 |isbn=9788173048043 |quote=Another story of a local hero Lorik is also very famous [in the Magahi region]. ... The whole story of Lorik and Chanaini has been put in ballad form by different bards. This ballad is sung not only in Magadh but also in entire north India in all auspicious occasions by Ahirs (milkmen) with great devotion and love.}}</ref> Mulla Daud, a [[Sufi Muslim]], retold the romantic story in writing in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100801/spectrum/art.htm |title=Spectrum |work=The Sunday Tribune |date=1 August 2010 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Other Ahir folk traditions include those related to [[Kajri]] and [[Biraha]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415994047 |title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia |editor-first=Ellen |editor-last=Koskoff |isbn=978-0-415-97293-2 |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=1026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Ahir clans]]<br />
* [[Ahir Regiment agitation]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ahir| ]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-caste&diff=501898Half-caste2026-02-13T05:37:28Z<p>House of Dontics: made data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of biracial person}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}<br />
[[File:Last of the Tasmanians Woodcut 12 - Walter George Arthur and Mary Anne.jpg|thumb|An 1870 illustration by David Bonwick titled ''Last of the Tasmanians Woodcut 12'' - with the description -- Walter George Arthur with his ''half-caste'' wife Mary Anne]]<br />
<br />
'''Half-caste''' is a term used for individuals of [[Multiracial|multiracial descent]].<ref>[https://www.memidex.com/half-caste "Half-caste"], Memidex/WordNet</ref> The word ''[[wikt:caste|caste]]'' is borrowed from the Portuguese or Spanish word ''casta'', meaning race. Terms such as ''half-caste'', ''caste'', ''quarter-caste'' and ''mix-breed'' were used by colonial officials in the [[British Empire]] during their classification of [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous populations]], and in Australia used during the [[Australian government]]'s pursuit of a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name=dodson>{{cite journal|title=The Wentworth Lecture: The end in the beginning|author= Michael Dodson|journal=Australian Aboriginal Studies|year=1994|number=3|url=https://www.columbiauniversity.org/itc/polisci/juviler/pdfs/dodson.pdf}}</ref> In [[Latin America]], the equivalent term for half-castes was ''[[Cholo]]'' and ''Zambo''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Race, Color, and Class in Central America and the Andes|author=Julian Pitt-Rivers|journal=Daedalus|volume= 96|number=2|date=Spring 1967|pages=542–559|publisher=The MIT Press|jstor=20027052}}</ref> Some people now consider the term offensive.<br />
<br />
==Use by region==<br />
===Australia===<br />
{{Further|Half-Caste Act}}<br />
In Australia, the term "half-caste", along with any other proportional representation of [[Australian Aboriginal identity|Aboriginality]] (such as "part-aborigine", "full-blood", "quarter-caste", "[[octoroon]]", "[[mulatto]]", or "hybrid"<ref>{{cite web |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Engagement Guide |url=https://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/files/assets/public/v/1/live/our-community/community-engagement/community-engagement-guide/documents/aboriginal_and_torres_strait_islander_community_engagement_guide_2024.pdf |publisher=[[City of Ipswich]] |access-date=13 February 2026 |date=2024}}</ref>) are defunct descriptors that are regarded as offensive. Its use is [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal peoples of Australia]] mostly in historical documents, as it is associated with [[cultural assimilation|assimilationist]] policies of the past.<ref>{{cite web | title=Half-Caste – any term making use of the word 'half' suggests an incomplete person | website=Ruminating | date=12 September 2016| first=Stephen|last=Hall | url=https://ruminating.org/news/half-caste-any-term-making-use-of-the-word-half-suggests-any-incomplete-person/ | access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Terminology Guide | website=Narragunnawali | url=https://www.narragunnawali.org.au/about/terminology-guide | access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/321308/working_with_aboriginal.pdf| title=Working with Aboriginal people and communities: A practice resource| author=<!--staff writer-->| publisher=NSW Department of Community Services| date= February 2009| isbn=978-1-74190-097-2| access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.reconciliation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/inclusive-and-respectful-language.pdf| title=RAP drafting resource: Demonstrating inclusive and respectful language| author=<!--staff writer-->|publisher=[[Reconciliation Australia]]| access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> Such terms were widely used in the 19th- and early-20th-century Australian laws to refer to the offspring of [[European Australians|European]] and Aboriginal parents.<ref>{{cite journal|author=A.O. Neville|title=The Half-Caste in Australia. By A. O. Ncville, Esy., Former Commissioner of Native Affairs for Western Australia1|journal=Mankind|volume=4|number=7|date=September 1951|pages=274–290|doi=10.1111/j.1835-9310.1951.tb00251.x}}</ref> For example, the ''[[Half-Caste Act|Aborigines Protection Act 1886]]'' mentioned half-castes habitually associating with or living with an "Aborigine" (another term no longer favoured),<ref>{{cite web|title=Aborigines Protection Act of 1886|publisher=Museum Victoria, Australia|url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/encounters/coranderrk/legislation/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607042239/http://museumvictoria.com.au/encounters/coranderrk/legislation/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 7, 2007}}</ref> while the Aborigines Amendments between 1934 and 1937 refer to it in various terms, including as a person with less than [[quadroon]] blood.<ref name=cs1>{{cite web|title=Aboriginal timeline (1900 - 1969)|publisher=Creative Spirits NGO|url=http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/aboriginal-history-timeline-early-20th.html|access-date=2012-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814140823/http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/aboriginal-history-timeline-early-20th.html|archive-date=2012-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the [[Federation of Australia|federation of the Australian colonies]] in 1901, Attorney-General [[Alfred Deakin]] ruled that references to "aboriginal natives" in the [[Australian Constitution]] did not include half-caste individuals. This definition was carried forward into the first federal welfare legislation, such as the [[Deakin government (1905–1908)|Deakin government]]'s ''Invalid and Old-Age Pensions Act 1908'' and the [[Andrew Fisher|Fisher government]]'s ''Maternity Allowance Act 1912'', which made half-castes eligible to receive old-age pensions and maternity allowances but excluded individuals "who are Asiatic, or are aboriginal natives of Australia, Papua or the Pacific Islands".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Conditional Inclusion: Aborigines and Welfare Rights in Australia, 1900–47|first=John|last=Murphy|year=2013|doi=10.1080/1031461X.2013.791707|journal=Australian Historical Studies|volume=44|issue=2|pages=209–210}}</ref><br />
<br />
The term was not merely a term of legal convenience; it became a term of common cultural discourse. Christian [[missionary]] John Harper, investigating the possibility of establishing of a [[Christian mission]] at [[Batemans Bay, New South Wales]], wrote that half-castes and anyone with any Aboriginal connections were considered "degraded as to divine things, almost on a level with a brute, in a state of moral unfitness for heaven".<ref>{{Citation |editor=Woolmington, Jean| title=Aborigines in colonial society, 1788-1850 : From "noble savage" to "rural pest" | publication-date=1973 | publisher=Cassell Australia | isbn=978-0-304-29960-7|others=Introduction by Jean Woolmington | year=1973 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Marginal Men: A Study of Two Half Caste Aborigines|author=Jeremy Beckett|journal=Oceania|volume=29|number=2|date=December 1958|pages=91–108|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1958.tb02945.x}}</ref><br />
<br />
The term "[[Half-Caste Act]]" was given to [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Parliament]] passed in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[Western Australia]] allowing the seizure of half-caste children and forcible removal from their parents. This was theoretically to provide them with better homes than those afforded by typical Aboriginal people, where they could grow up to work as domestic servants and for [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]].<ref name=cs1/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The barbarism of civilization: cultural genocide and the 'stolen generations'|author=Robert van Krieken|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=50|number=2|pages=297–315|date=June 1999|doi=10.1080/000713199358752|doi-broken-date=24 September 2025 |pmid=15260027}}</ref><ref name=Hutnyk/> The removed children are now known as the [[Stolen Generations]]. Other [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]] acts on half-castes and Aboriginal people enacted between 1909 and 1943 were often called "Welfare Acts", but they deprived these people of basic [[Civil and political rights|civil]], [[Human rights|political]], and economic rights, and made it illegal to enter public places such as pubs and government institutions, marry, or meet relatives.<ref name=dodson/><br />
<br />
===British Central Africa===<br />
<br />
In [[British Central Africa Protectorate|British Central Africa]], now part of modern-day [[Malawi]] and [[Zimbabwe]], people of multiracial descent were referred to as half-castes. These unions were considered socially improper, with mixed couples being segregated and shunned by society at large, and colonial courts passing legislation against mixed marriages.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Half Caste|date=February 17, 1904|publisher=Boston News|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=19040217&id=F-M0AAAAIBAJ&pg=4141,2297933}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=C. JOON-HAI LEE|title=The 'native' Undefined: Colonial Categories, Anglo-African Status and the Politics of Kinship in British Central Africa, 1929–38|journal=The Journal of African History|year=2005| volume=46 |issue=3|pages= 455–478| doi=10.1017/S0021853705000861|s2cid=145790221}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Burma===<br />
<br />
In Burma, a half-caste (or ''Kabya''<ref>{{cite web|title=Burmese Language Dictionary & Translation (search for caste)|url=http://www.burmese-dictionary.org/}}</ref>) was anyone with mixed ethnicity from Burmese and British, or Burmese and Indian. During the period of colonial rule, half-caste people were ostracised and criticised in Burmese literary and political media. For example, a local publication in 1938 published the following:<br />
<br />
{{quotation|"You Burmese women who fail to safeguard your own race, after you have married an Indian, your daughter whom you have begotten by such a tie takes an Indian as her husband. As for your son, he becomes a '''half-caste''' and tries to get a pure Burmese woman. Not only you but your future generation also is those who are responsible for the ruination of the race."|An editorial in Burmese Press, 27 November 1938<ref>{{cite news|title=Burmese women who took Indians|publisher=Seq-than Journal|newspaper=Burma Press Abstract|date=5 December 1940 |id=(IOR L/R/5/207)}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Similarly, Pu Gale in 1939 wrote ''Kabya Pyatthana'' (literally: The Half-Caste Problem), censured Burmese women for enabling half-caste phenomenon, with the claim, "a Burmese woman’s degenerative intercourse with an Indian threatened a spiraling destruction of Burmese society." Such criticism was not limited to a few isolated instances, or just against Burmese girls (''thet khit thami''), Indians and British husbands. Starting in early 1930s through 1950s, there was an explosion of publications, newspaper articles and cartoons with such social censorship. Included in the criticism were Chinese-Burmese half-castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=GENDER, HISTORY AND MODERNITY: REPRESENTING WOMEN IN TWENTIETH CENTURY COLONIAL BURMA| author=Chie Ikeya|author-link=Chie Ikeya|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University|url=https://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2537/1/CIdissertationpartone.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prior to the explosion in censorship of half-castes in early-20th-century Burma, Thant claims inter-cultural couples such as Burmese-Indian marriages were encouraged by the local population. The situation began to change as colonial developments, allocation of land, rice mills and socio-economic privileges were given to European colonial officials and to Indians who migrated to Burma thanks to economic incentives passed by the [[British Raj|Raj]]. In the late 19th century, the colonial administration viewed intermarriage as a socio-cultural problem. The colonial administration issued circulars prohibiting European officials from conjugal liaisons with Burmese women. In Burma, as in other colonies in Southeast Asia, intimate relations between native women and European men, and the half-caste progeny of such unions were considered harmful to the white minority rule founded upon carefully maintained racial hierarchies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Stoler|title=Carnal knowledge and imperial power: Race and the intimate in colonial rule. |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley| year=1983|isbn=978-0520231115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The social world of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia|author= Jean Taylor|year=1983|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Penny Edwards|year=2002|title=Half Caste - staging race in British Burma|journal=Postcolonial Studies|volume=5|number=3|pages=279–295|doi=10.1080/1368879022000032793|s2cid=143709779}}</ref><br />
<br />
===China===<br />
While the term ''half-caste'' tends to evoke the understanding of it referring to the offspring of two persons of two different pure bloods or near pure bloods,{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=May 2023}} in other languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, the words ''half-caste'' and ''mixed ethnicity'' or ''multi-ethnic'' are the same word, ''hun-xue'' (混血).<br />
<br />
===Fiji===<br />
<br />
Fijian people of mixed descent were called half-caste, ''kailoma'' or ''vasu''. European and Indian immigrants started migrating to Fiji and intermarrying during the period of colonial rule. The colonial government viewed this as a "race problem", as it created a privileged underclass of semi-Europeans who lived on the social fringes in the colonial ordering of Fiji. This legacy continues to affect the ethnic and racial discourse in Fiji.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Histories of Diversity: Kailoma Testimonies and 'Part-European' Tales from Colonial Fiji|author=Lucy Bruce|journal=Journal of Intercultural Studies|volume=28|issue=1|year=2007| pages=113–127|doi=10.1080/07256860601082970|s2cid=216112561}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Kailomas'' or ''vasus'' were children born to a [[Fiji|Fijian native]] and European or [[Indians in Fiji|indentured laborers]] brought in by the colonial government to work on sugarcane plantations over a century ago. Over the generations, these half-caste people experienced social shunning and poor treatment from the colonial government, which became determined in herding citizens into separate, tidy, racial boxes, which led to the separation of Fijian mixed-bloods from their natural families.<ref>{{cite book|title=Telling Pacific Lives (see: Section 2 of Chapter 7. A Tartan Clan in Fiji: Narrating the Coloniser 'Within' the Colonised)|isbn= 9781921313813|publisher=Australian National University|author=Vicky de Bruce|editor1=Vicki Luker|editor2=Brij Lal)|pages=94–105|year=2005|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/whole_book7.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indian subcontinent===<br />
Historically, the inter-marriage between men and women of different [[Caste system in India|Indian castes]] was condemned to prevent half-castes, called [[Pratiloma]] and [[Anuloma]].<br />
<br />
===Malaysia===<br />
''Half-caste'' in Malaysia referred to Eurasians and other people of mixed descents.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Miscegenation's 'dusky human consequences'|author=J Lo|journal=Postcolonial Studies|volume=5|issue=3|year=2002|pages=297–307|doi=10.1080/1368879022000032801|s2cid=143949328}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Writing in Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei|author=T Wignesan|doi=10.1177/002198948401900116|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|date=March 1984|volume= 19|number= 1|pages=149–152|s2cid=162385641}}</ref> They were also commonly referred to as hybrids, and in certain sociological literature the term [[Hybridity#Hybridity as racial mixing|hybridity]] is common.<ref name=Hutnyk>{{cite journal|title=Hybridity|doi=10.1080/0141987042000280021|author=John Hutnyk|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=28|issue=1|year=2005|pages=79–102|s2cid=217537998|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0141987042000280021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="colonial-desire">{{cite book|last=Young|first=Robert J C|title=Colonial desire: hybridity in theory, culture, and race|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-05374-7|pages=236|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVrYhV9FEsEC}}</ref><br />
<br />
With Malaysia experiencing a wave of immigrations from China, the Middle East, India, and southeast Asia, and a wave of different colonial powers (Portuguese, Dutch, English), many other terms have been used for half-castes. Some of these include ''cap-ceng'', ''half-breed'', ''mesticos''. These terms are considered pejorative.<ref>{{cite journal|title=THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY AT THE PERIPHERY: A MINORITY REPORT ON THE PORTUGUESE QUEST FOR BUMIPUTERA STATUS|author=Gerard Fernandis|journal=Kajian Malaysia|volume=XXI|number= 1&2|year= 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The White Man's Burden and Brown Humanity: Colonialism and Ethnicity in British Malaya|author=A.J. Stockwell|journal= Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science|volume=10|number=1|year=1982|pages=44–68|doi=10.1163/156853182X00047}}</ref><br />
<br />
Half-castes of Malaya and other European colonies in Asia have been featured in both non-fiction and fictional works. Brigitte Glaser notes that half-caste characters in literary works from the 18th through the 20th century were predominantly portrayed with prejudice—as degenerate, low, inferior, deviant, or barbaric. Ashcroft, in his review, considers this literary portrayal consistent with the morals and values of the colonial era, when European colonial powers regarded people from different ethnic groups as inherently unequal in abilities, character, and potential. Laws were enacted that made sexual relations and marriage between ethnic groups illegal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Racism, Slavery, and Literature (Editor: Wolfgang Zach, Ulrich Pallua)|author=Brigitte Glaser|pages=209–232|isbn=978-3631590454|publisher=Peter Lang GmbH|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts |author=Ashcroft |author2=Griffiths |author3=Tiffin |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415428552 |edition=2}}</ref><br />
<br />
===New Zealand===<br />
The term ''half-caste'' to classify people based on their birth and ancestry became popular in New Zealand from the early 19th century. Terms such as ''Anglo-New Zealander'' suggested by John Polack in 1838, ''Utu Pihikete'' and ''Huipaiana'' were alternatively but less used.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Meredith|title=A Half-Caste on the Half-Caste in the Cultural Politics of New Zealand|year=2001|url=http://lianz.waikato.ac.nz/PAPERS/paul/Paul%20Meredith%20Mana%20Verlag%20Paper.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
===South Africa===<br />
[[File:Mestizo.jpg|thumb|In the 19th century, paintings of half-caste people were in demand and eagerly traded in Europe. Above painting shows [[Mestizo]] with caption.]]<br />
Sociological literature on South Africa, including the pre-colonial, colonial and [[apartheid]] eras, refers to half-caste as anyone born from admixing of White and people of color. An alternate, less common term, for half-caste was ''Mestizzo'' (conceptually similar to [[Mestizo]] in Latin American colonies).<ref name=berghe>{{cite book|title=South Africa: A Study in Conflict|author=Pierre van den Berghe|publisher=University of California Press|year=1967|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southafricastudy00vand/page/13 13–25]|isbn=978-0520012943|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/southafricastudy00vand/page/13}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Griqua people|Griqua]]'' (Afrikaans: ''Griekwa'') is another term for half-caste people from intermixing in South Africa and [[Namibia]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The imperial factor in South Africa in the nineteenth century: Towards a reassessment|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=3| issue=1|year=1974|doi=10.1080/03086537408582423| author=A. Atmore|author2=S. Marks| pages=105–139}}</ref><br />
<br />
People of mixed descent, the half-caste, were considered inferior and slaves by birth in the 19th-century hierarchically arranged, closed colonial social stratification system of South Africa. This was the case even if the father or mother of half-caste person was a European.<ref name=berghe/><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Percival|title=An account of the Cape of Good Hope|publisher=Baldwin|year=1804|isbn=978-0217773904|url=https://archive.org/stream/anaccountcapego00percgoog#page/n4/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=O.F. Mentzel|title=A description of the African Cape of Good Hope - 1787 (See volume II; also see other Mentzel records and books|year=1944|publisher=The Van Riebeeck Society|url=http://www.vanriebeecksociety.co.za/catalogue.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
Also, during the apartheid eras, [[Indian South Africans|Indians]] were treated as the [[upper middle class]] that was virtually superior to half-caste [[Coloureds]].{{cn|date=September 2023}}<br />
<br />
===United Kingdom===<br />
In the United Kingdom, the term when used primarily applies to those of mixed Black and White parentage, although can extend to those of differing heritages as well.<ref name=Hill2>{{cite web|title=Half-Caste, Bi-racial, Mixed-Race or Black?| author=J. Hill|year=2010|url=http://www.colorfultimes.com/2010/03/society/race-society/ethnicity-identity/halfcaste-biracial-mixedrace-black/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sociologist [[Peter J. Aspinall]] argues that the term was coined by 19th-century British colonial administrations, and eventually started to be used as a descriptor of multiracial Britons in the 20th century who had partial white ancestry. From the 1920s to 1960s, Aspinall argues it was "used in Britain as a derogatory racial category associated with the moral condemnation of '[[miscegenation]]{{'"}}.<ref name=Aspinall>{{cite journal|title=The Social Evolution of the Term 'Half-Caste' in Britain: The Paradox of its Use as Both Derogatory Racial Category and Self-Descriptor|first=Peter J.|last=Aspinall|journal=Journal of Historical Sociology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=503–526|year=2013|doi=10.1111/johs.12033}}</ref><br />
<br />
The National Union of Journalists has stated that the term half-caste is considered offensive today. The union's guidelines for race reporting instructs journalists to "avoid words that, although common in the past, are now considered offensive".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nuj.org.uk/news/updated-nuj-race-reporting-guidelines-and-efj-manifesto/|title=Updated NUJ race reporting guidelines and EFJ manifesto|website=National Union of Journalists|language=en|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> NHS Editorial guidance states documents should "Avoid offensive and stereotyping words such as coloured, half-caste and so forth".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/aboutnhschoices/documents/nhs_choiceseditorial_style_guide_v2.1.pdf|title=NHS Choices, Editorial Style Guide V2.1|website=NHS Choices}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Half-caste in other colonial empires==<br />
[[File:Zambo.jpg|thumb|right|<br />
The term ''half-caste'' was widely used by colonial administrators in the [[British Empire]]. In Spanish colonies, other terms were in use for half-caste people; the above painting, for example, shows a Zamba. The caption India in the painting refers to native Indian American woman.]]<br />
<br />
The term ''half-caste'' was common in British colonies, however it was not exclusive to the [[British Empire]]. Other colonial empires [[Spanish Empire|such as Spain]] devised terms for mixed-race children. The Spanish colonies devised a complex system of [[casta]]s, consisting of [[mulatto]]s, [[mestizo]]s, and many other descriptors. [[French colonial empire|French colonies]] used terms such as [[Métis]], while [[Portuguese Empire|the Portuguese]] used the term ''[[mestiço]]''. French colonies in the [[Caribbean]] referred to half-caste people as ''Chabine'' (female) and ''Chabin'' (male). Before the [[American Civil War]], the term [[Métis people (United States)|''mestee'']] was commonly applied in the United States to certain people of mixed descent.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wallace Gesner|title=Habitants, Half-Breeds and Homeless Children: Transformations in Metis and Yankee-Yorker Relations in Early Michigan|journal=Michigan Historical Review|volume=24|issue=1|date=Jan 1998|pages=23–47|doi=10.2307/20173718|jstor=20173718}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Race, Gender, & Comparative Black Modernism|url=https://archive.org/details/racegendercompar0000wilk|url-access=registration|author=Jennifer M. Wilks|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3364-4|date=2008-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
Other terms in use in colonial era for half-castes included creole, casco, cafuso, caburet, cattalo, citrange, griffe, half blood, half-bred, [[half-breed]], high yellow, hinny, hybrid, ladino, liger, mamaluco, mixblood, mixed-blood, mongrel, mule, mustee, octoroon, plumcot, quadroon, quintroon, sambo, tangelo, xibaro. The difference between these terms of various European colonies usually was the [[Race (human classification)|race]], [[ethnic group|ethnicity]] or [[casta|caste]] of the father and the mother.<ref>{{cite book|title=The English people overseas|author=Aubrey Wyatt Tilby|author-link=A. Wyatt Tilby|year=1912|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=vCkuAQAAIAAJ&rdid=book-vCkuAQAAIAAJ&rdot=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ann Laura Stoler]] has published a series of reviews on half-caste people and ethnic intermixing during the colonial era. She states that colonial control was predicated on distinguishing who was white and who was native, determining which children could become citizens of the empire and who remained subjects, as well as who had hereditary rights and who did not. These issues were debated by colonial administrators and led to regulations imposed by the authorities. At the start of colonial empires, mostly European males—and later indentured laborers from India, China, and Southeast Asia—traveled to distant colonies; during this early period, intermixing was accepted, approved, and even encouraged. Over time, however, differences were emphasized, and colonial authorities moved to restrict, then disapprove, and finally forbid sexual relationships between groups to maintain so-called purity of blood and limit inheritable rights.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ann Stoler|year=1989|title=Rethinking colonial categories: European communities and the boundaries of rule|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=31|number=1|pages=134–61|doi=10.1017/s0010417500015693|s2cid=145116007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ann Stoler|year=1989|title=Making Empire respectable: The politics of race and morality in 20th century colonial cultures|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=16|number=4|pages=634–660|doi=10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030|hdl=2027.42/136501|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=PAUL SHANKMAN|title=Interethnic Unions and the Regulation of Sex in Colonial Samoa, 1830-1945|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=110|number= 2|date=June 2001|pages= 119–147|jstor=20706988|pmid=18163284}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ann Stoler|year=1992|title=Sexual affronts and racial frontiers: European identities and the cultural politics of exclusion in colonial Southeast Asia|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume= 34|number=3|pages=514–551|doi=10.1017/s001041750001793x|s2cid=145246006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Wikisource|1=The Last of the Tasmanians/Chapter 9|2=A chapter from The Last of the Tasmanians (includes story of one half-caste family)}}<br />
<br />
===General concepts===<br />
*[[Race (human classification)]]<br />
*[[Caste]]<br />
*[[Miscegenation]]<br />
*[[Euphemism treadmill]]<br />
<br />
===Historical applications of the mixed-caste concept===<br />
*Between white/European and black/African:<br />
:*[[Mulatto]]<br />
:*[[Quadroon]]<br />
:*[[Octoroon]]<br />
<br />
*Between white/European and Native American / American Indian:<br />
:*[[Mestee]]<br />
::*[[Métis]], a people descended from [[fur trade in North America|fur traders]] (Scottish and French-Canadian) and [[marriage a la facon du pays|their native wives]]<br />
:*[[Mestizo]], a word common in Latin America, particularly Mexico<br />
<br />
*Between white and Asian:<br />
:*[[Kutcha butcha]]<br />
:*[[Anglo-Indian]]<br />
:*[[Luso-Indian]]<br />
:*[[Burgher people]], partly European and partly Sri Lankan.<br />
:*Eurasian (mixed ancestry)<br />
:*[[Indo people]] (similar group in the [[Dutch East Indies]])<br />
<br />
*Other:<br />
:*[[Mischling]] (formerly used German expression for a person of mixed ancestry. In [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] term for persons defined under the [[Nuernberg Laws|Nuremberg Laws]] as being non-Jewish but as having a significant amount of Jewish ancestry/"blood". Since then regarded as pejorative.)<br />
<br />
*In literature:<br />
:*[[Half Caste (poem)]]<br />
:*[[Half-elf]] (also "[[halfling]]" under some uses of the term), a human–elf hybrid featured in many works of [[fantasy literature]] and, as a [[character class]] and/or a description of a [[non-playing character]], in many [[role-playing game]]s derived from or inspired by the fantasy genre<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Half-Caste}}<br />
[[Category:Caste]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs]]<br />
[[Category:Multiracial affairs]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_modernism&diff=492466Buddhist modernism2026-02-11T03:14:30Z<p>House of Dontics: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|New movements based on reinterpreted Buddhism}}<br />
{{distinguish|Secular Buddhism}}<br />
{{WesternBuddhism}}<br />
{{buddhism}}<br />
'''Buddhist modernism''' (also referred to as '''modern Buddhism''',{{sfn|Lopez|2002|p=10}} '''modernist Buddhism''',<ref>Prebish/Baumann, 2002</ref> '''Neo-Buddhism''',<ref>{{cite book|author=H. L. Seneviratne|title=The Work of Kings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0IyA_CtW64C |year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74866-5|pages=25–27}}</ref> and '''Protestant Buddhism'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahan |first=David L. |date=March 30, 2015 |title=Buddhist Modernism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0041.xml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |language=en}}</ref>) are new movements based on modern era reinterpretations of [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|McMahan|2008|pp=5–7, 32–33, 43–52}}<ref name=gowans91/><ref name=lopez39/> David McMahan states that modernism in Buddhism is similar to those found in other religions. The sources of influences have variously been an engagement of Buddhist communities and teachers with the new cultures and methodologies such as "Western [[monotheism]]; [[rationalism]] and [[Naturalism (philosophy)|scientific naturalism]]; and [[Romanticism|Romantic]] expressivism".{{sfn|McMahan|2008|pp=6-10}} The influence of monotheism has been the internalization of [[Creator in Buddhism|Buddhist gods]] to make it acceptable in modern [[Western world|Western]] society,{{sfn|McMahan|2008|pp=54}} while scientific naturalism and romanticism has influenced the emphasis on current life, empirical defense, reason, psychological and health benefits.{{sfn|McMahan|2008|pp=63-68, 85-99, 114–116, 177, 250-251}}<br />
<br />
The Neo-Buddhism movements differ in their doctrines and practices from the historical, mainstream [[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist traditions. A co-creation of Western Orientalists and reform-minded Asian Buddhists, Buddhist modernism has been a reformulation of Buddhist concepts that has de-emphasized traditional Buddhist doctrines, cosmology, rituals, monasticism, clerical hierarchy and icon worship.<ref name=mcmahanoup1/> The term came into vogue during the colonial and post-colonial era studies of Asian religions, and is found in sources such as [[Louis de La Vallée-Poussin]]'s 1910 article.<ref name=poussin129>{{cite journal | last=de la Vallee Poussin | first=Louis | title=VI. Buddhist Notes: Vedanta and Buddhism | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=42 | issue=1 | year=1910 | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00081697 | pages=129–140| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428646 }}, Quote: "A historical study of Neo-Buddhism would be very interesting, as an episode of the intellectual conquest of the East by the West and vice versa."</ref><br />
<br />
Examples of Buddhist modernism movements and traditions include [[Humanistic Buddhism]], [[Secular Buddhism]], [[Engaged Buddhism]], [[Navayana]], the Japanese-initiated new lay organizations of [[Nichiren Buddhism]] such as [[Soka Gakkai]], [[Girō Seno’o]]’s Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism, the [[Dobokai]] movement and its descendants such as Oneness Buddhism, [[Sanbo Kyodan]] and the missionary activity of [[Zen in the United States|Zen masters in the United States]], the [[New Kadampa Tradition]] and the missionary activity of [[Tibetan Buddhist]] masters in the West (leading the quickly growing [[Buddhism in France|Buddhist movement in France]]), the [[Vipassana movement|Vipassana Movement]], the [[Triratna Buddhist Community]], [[Dharma Drum Mountain]], [[Fo Guang Shan]], [[Won Buddhism]], the Great Western Vehicle, [[Tzu Chi]], and Juniper Foundation.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Buddhist modernism emerged during the late 19th-century and early 20th-century colonial era, as a co-creation of Western Orientalists and reform-minded Buddhists.<ref name=mcmahanoup1>{{citation | last=McMahan | first=David L. | title=Buddhism | chapter=Buddhist Modernism | publisher=Oxford University Press | doi=10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0041 | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-539352-1 }}</ref><ref name="Lopez1995p15"/><ref>{{cite book|first1=Heinz|last1=Bechert|author1-link=Heinz Bechert|first2=Hellmuth|last2=Hecker|author3=Duy Tu Vu|title=Buddhismus, Staat und Gesellschaft in den Ländern des Theravāda-Buddhismus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjUvAAAAYAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Metzner|language=de|via=Google Books}}</ref> It appropriated elements of Western philosophy, psychological insights as well as themes increasingly felt to be secular and proper. It de-emphasized or denied ritual elements, cosmology, gods, icons, rebirth, karma, monasticism, clerical hierarchy and other Buddhist concepts. Instead, modernistic Buddhism has emphasized interior exploration, satisfaction in the current life, and themes such as cosmic interdependence.<ref name=mcmahanoup1/> Some advocates of Buddhist modernism claim their new interpretations to be original teachings of the Buddha, and state that the core doctrines and traditional practices found in Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism are extraneous accretions that were interpolated and introduced after Buddha died. According to McMahan, Buddhism of the form found in the West today has been deeply influenced by this modernism.<ref name=mcmahanoup1/>{{sfn|Lopez|2008}}<ref name="Lopez1995p15">{{cite book|first=Donald S.|last=Lopez|title=Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWAS2viSfoC|year=1995|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-49309-1|pages=15–17, 46–47, 112–119}}</ref><br />
<br />
Buddhist modernist traditions are reconstructions and a reformulation with emphasis on rationality, [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]], compatibility with modern science about body and mind.{{sfn|McMahan|2008|pp=63–68, 85–99, 114–116, 176–177, 250-253}}<ref>{{cite book|first=J.J.|last=Clarke|title=Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YOGAgAAQBAJ| year=2002|publisher =Routledge|isbn= 978-1-134-78474-5|pages=100–104, 212–220}}</ref> In the modernistic presentations, Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist practices are "[[detraditionalize]]d", in that they are often presented in such a way that occludes their historical construction. Instead, Buddhist modernist traditions often employ an essentialized description of their tradition, where key tenets are reformulated in universal terms, and the modernistic practices significantly differ from Asian Buddhist communities with centuries-old traditions.<ref name=mcmahanoup1/><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen C. Berkwitz|title=Buddhism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CRCD96RNxfwC |year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-782-1|pages=101–102, 179–183, 245, 268–270}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher W. Gowans|title=Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8KBAAAQBAJ |year=2014| publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-317-65935-8|pages= 18–23, 78–94}}</ref><br />
<br />
===History===<br />
The earliest western accounts of Buddhism were by 19th-century European travelers and Christian missionaries who, according to James Coleman, portrayed it as another "heathen religion with strange gods and exotic ceremonies", where their concern was not understanding the religion but to debunk it.{{sfn|Coleman|2002|pp=55-56}} By mid 19th-century, European scholars gave a new picture but once again in concepts understood in the West. They described Buddhism as a "life-denying faith" that rejected all the Christian ideas such as "God, man, life, eternity"; it was an exotic Asian religion that taught [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]], which was explained then as "annihilation of the individual". In 1879, Edwin Arnold's book ''The Light of Asia'' presented a more sympathetic account of Buddhism, in the form of the life of the Buddha, emphasizing the parallels between the Buddha and the Christ.{{sfn|Coleman|2002|pp=55-56}} <br />
<br />
The sociopolitical developments in Europe, the rise of scientific theories such as those of Charles Darwin, in late 19th-century and early 20th-century created interest in Buddhism and other eastern religions, but it was studied in the West and those trained in Western education system with the prevalent cultural premises and [[modernism]].{{sfnm|Coleman|2002|1pp=56-58, 72-87|McMahan|2008|2pp=6–24, 32–33, 43–52, 62, 84–90}} The first comprehensive study of Buddhist modernism in the Theravada tradition as a distinct phenomenon was published in 1966 by [[Heinz Bechert]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Heinz|last1=Bechert|first2=Hellmuth|last2=Hecker|author3=Duy Tu Vu|title=Buddhismus, Staat und Gesellschaft in den Ländern des Theravāda-Buddhismus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjUvAAAAYAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Metzner|pages=60–68|language=de|via=Google Books}}</ref> Bechert regarded Buddhist modernism as "modern Buddhist revivalism" in postcolonial societies like Sri Lanka. He identified several characteristics of Buddhist modernism: new interpretations of early Buddhist teachings, de-mythologisation and reinterpretation of Buddhism as "scientific religion", social philosophy or "philosophy of optimism", emphasis on equality and democracy, "activism" and social engagement, support of Buddhist nationalism, and the revival of meditation practice.{{sfn|Webb|2005|p=213}}<br />
<br />
==Japan: Neo-Buddhism==<br />
The term Neo-Buddhism and modernism in the context of Japanese Buddhist and [[Western world|Western]] interactions appear in late 19th-century and early 20th-century publications. For example, Andre Bellesort used the term in 1901,<ref>{{cite book|author=Andre Ballesort|title=The Living Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvwvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA424 |year= 1901|publisher =Littell, Son and Company|page =424}}</ref> while [[Louis de La Vallée-Poussin]] used it in a 1910 article.<ref name=poussin129/> According to James Coleman, the first presenters of a modernistic Buddhism before a Western audience were [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] and [[Soyen Shaku]] in 1893 at [[Parliament of the World's Religions|The World Congress of Religion]]. Shaku's student [[D.T. Suzuki]] was a prolific writer, fluent in English and he introduced Zen Buddhism to Westerners.{{sfn|Coleman|2002|pp=7-9, 57-60}}<br />
<br />
=== "New Buddhism" and Japanese Nationalism ===<br />
Scholars such as [[Martin Verhoeven]] and Robert Sharf, as well as Japanese Zen monk G. Victor Sogen Hori, have argued that the breed of Japanese Zen that was propagated by New Buddhism ideologues, such as Imakita Kosen and Soyen Shaku, was not typical of Japanese Zen during their time, nor is it typical of Japanese Zen now. Although greatly altered by the [[Meiji Restoration]], Japanese Zen still flourishes as a monastic tradition. The Zen tradition in Japan, aside from the New Buddhism style of it, required a great deal of time and discipline from monks that laity would have difficulty finding. Zen monks were often expected to have spent several years in intensive doctrinal study, memorizing sutras and poring over commentaries, before even entering the monastery to undergo koan practice in sanzen with the roshi.{{sfn|Satō|Nishimura|1973}} The fact that Suzuki himself was able to do so as a layman was largely a result of New Buddhism.<br />
<br />
At the onset of the Meiji period, in 1868, when Japan entered into the international community and began to industrialize and modernize at an astounding rate, Buddhism was briefly persecuted in Japan as "a corrupt, decadent, anti-social, parasitic, and superstitious creed, inimical to Japan's need for scientific and technological advancement."{{sfnm|Sharf|1993|1p=3|Josephson|2006}} The Japanese government dedicated itself to the eradication of the tradition, which was seen as foreign, incapable of fostering the sentiments that would be vital for national, ideological cohesion. In addition to this, industrialization had taken its toll on the Buddhist establishment as well, leading to the breakdown of the parishioner system that had funded monasteries for centuries.{{sfn|Sharf|1993|p=4}} In response to this seemingly intractable state of turmoil, a group of modern Buddhist leaders emerged to argue for the Buddhist cause.{{sfn|Sharf|1993|p=4}} These leaders stood in agreement with the government persecution of Buddhism, stating that Buddhist institutions were indeed corrupted and in need of revitalization.<br />
<br />
This Japanese movement became known as ''Shin Bukkyō'' ('New Buddhism'). The leaders themselves were university-educated intellectuals who had been exposed to a vast body of Western intellectual literature. The fact that what was presented to the West as Japanese Zen would be so commensurate with the Enlightenment critique of "superstitious," institutional, or ritual-based religion is due to this fact, as such ideals directly informed the creation of this new tradition. This reformulation work has roots in the writings of [[Eugène Burnouf]] in the 1840s, who expressed his liking for "the Brahmins, the Buddhists, the Zoroastrians" and a dislike for "the Jesuits" to [[Max Muller]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tomoko Masuzawa|title=The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Quu3VvTFnnAC |year=2012|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-92262-1|pages= 125–126, 294}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Donald S. Lopez|author2= Peggy McCracken|title=In Search of the Christian Buddha: How an Asian Sage Became a Medieval Saint|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_hk3AwAAQBAJ |year= 2014|publisher= W. W. Norton & Company|isbn= 978-0-393-08915-8|pages= 188–191}}</ref> Imakita Kosen, who would become D.T. Suzuki's teacher in Zen until his death in 1892, was an important figure in this movement. Largely responding to the Reformation critique of elite institutionalism, he opened Engakuji monastery to lay practitioners, which would allow students like Suzuki unprecedented access to Zen practice.<br />
<br />
Advocates of New Buddhism, like Kosen and his successor Soyen Shaku, not only saw this movement as a defense of Buddhism against government persecution, they also saw it as a way to bring their nation into the modern world as a competitive, cultural force. Kosen himself was even employed by the Japanese government as a "national evangelist" during the 1870s.{{sfn|Sharf|1993|p=7}} The cause of Japanese nationalism and the portrayal of Japan as a superior cultural entity on the international scene was at the heart of the Zen missionary movement. Zen would be touted as the essential Japanese religion, fully embodied by the [[bushido]], or samurai spirit, an expression of the Japanese people in the fullest sense, in spite of the fact that this version of Zen was a recent invention in Japan that was largely based on Western philosophical ideals.<br />
<br />
Soyen Shaku, Suzuki's teacher in Zen after Kosen's death in 1892, claimed "Religion is the only force in which the Western people know that they are inferior to the nations of the East ... Let us wed the [[Great Vehicle]] [Mahayana Buddhism] to Western thought...at Chicago next year [referring to the 1893 World Parliament of Religions] the fitting time will come."{{sfn|Verhoeven|1998|p=217}} According to Martin Verhoeven, "The spiritual crisis of the West exposed its Achilles' heel to be vanquished. Though economically and technologically bested by the Western powers, Japan saw a chance to reassert its sense of cultural superiority via religion."{{sfn|Verhoeven|1998|p=217}}<br />
<br />
===D.T. Suzuki===<br />
For a number of reasons, several scholars have identified [[D.T. Suzuki]]—whose works were popular in the West from the 1930s onward, and particularly in the 1950s and 60s—as a "Buddhist Modernist." Suzuki's depiction of [[Zen|Zen Buddhism]] can be classified as Buddhist Modernist in that it employs all of these traits. That he was a university-educated intellectual steeped in knowledge of [[Western philosophy]] and literature allowed him to be particularly successful and persuasive in arguing his case to a Western audience. As Suzuki presented it, Zen Buddhism was a highly practical religion whose emphasis on [[direct experience]] made it particularly comparable to forms of [[mysticism]] that scholars such as [[William James]] had emphasized as the fountainhead of all religious sentiment.{{sfn|James|1902}} As McMahan explains, "In his discussion of humanity and nature, Suzuki takes Zen literature out of its social, ritual, and ethical contexts and reframes it in terms of a language of metaphysics derived from German Romantic [[idealism]], English [[Romanticism]], and [[Transcendentalism|American Transcendentalism]]."{{sfn|McMahan|2008|p=125}} Drawing on these traditions, Suzuki presents a version of Zen that has been described by hostile critics as detraditionalized and essentialized:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
Zen is the ultimate fact of all philosophy and religion. Every intellectual effort must culminate in it, or rather must start from it, if it is to bear any practical fruits. Every religious faith must spring from it if it has to prove at all efficiently and livingly workable in our active life. Therefore Zen is not necessarily the fountain of Buddhist thought and life alone; it is very much alive also in Christianity, [[Mohammedan]]ism, in [[Taoism]], and even positivistic [[Confucianism]]. What makes all these religions and philosophies vital and inspiring, keeping up their usefulness and efficiency, is due to the presence in them of what I may designate as the Zen element.{{sfn|Suzuki|1996|p=129}}<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Scholars such as Robert Sharf have argued that such statements also betray inklings of nationalist sentiment, common to many early Buddhist Modernists, in that they portray Zen, which Suzuki had described as representing the essence of the Japanese people, as superior to all other religions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=James |title=The Zen of Anarchy: Japanese Exceptionalism and the Anarchist Roots of the San Francisco Poetry Renaissance |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religion-and-american-culture/article/abs/zen-of-anarchy-japanese-exceptionalism-and-the-anarchist-roots-of-the-san-francisco-poetry-renaissance/A7A2E6F21FD1A3562AC6BBB37C9F06D6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=October 7, 2024 |date=June 18, 2018 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=207–242 |doi=10.1525/rac.2009.19.2.207 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Sharf|1993}}<br />
<br />
==India: Navayana==<br />
A [[Neo-Buddhist movement]] was founded by the Indian [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] in the 1950s.<ref name="Robinson2003p192">{{cite book|author=Gary Tartakov|editor=Rowena Robinson|title=Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ |year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566329-7|pages=192–213}}</ref>{{sfn|Queen|2015|pp=524–525}} Ambedkar held a press conference on October 13, 1956, announcing his rejection of many traditional interpretations of practices and precepts of [[Theravada]] and [[Mahayana]] vehicles, as well as of [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Queen|2015|pp=524–529}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Skaria | first=A | title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question | journal= Journal of South Asian Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=38 | issue=3 | year=2015 | doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 | pages=450–452| doi-access=free }}, Quote: "Here [Navayana Buddhism] there is not only a criticism of religion (most of all, Hinduism, but also prior traditions of Buddhism), but also of secularism, and that criticism is articulated moreover as a religion."</ref> He then adopted Navayana Buddhism, and converted between 500,000 and 600,000 Dalits to his [[Neo-Buddhist movement|Neo-Buddhism movement]]. He perceived it was necessary for them to convert for advancing equality and societal change.<ref name="Jacobsen2015p361"/>{{sfn|Queen|2015|pp=524–529}}<ref name="Buswell2013p34">{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2013| publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn =978-1-4008-4805-8|page=34}}</ref> All the elements of religious modernism, state Christopher Queen and Sallie King, may be found in Ambedkar Buddhism where his ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' abandons the traditional precepts and practices, then adopts science, activism and social reforms as a form of Engaged Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christopher S. Queen|author2=Sallie B. King|title=Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I5-tjMKJ1ykC&pg=PA65|year= 1996|publisher= State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2843-6|pages=65–66}}</ref> Ambedkar's formulation of Buddhism is different from Western modernism, states Skaria, given his synthesis of the ideas of modern [[Karl Marx]] into the structure of ideas by the ancient Buddha.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Skaria | first=A. | title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question | journal= Journal of South Asian Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=38 | issue=3 | year=2015 | doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 | pages=450–465| doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Ambedkar, several of the core beliefs and doctrines of traditional Buddhist traditions such as [[Four Noble Truths]] and [[Anatta]] as flawed and pessimistic, may have been inserted into the Buddhist scriptures by wrong headed Buddhist monks of a later era. These should not be considered as Buddha's teachings in Ambedkar's view.<ref name="KeownPrebish2013p24"/><ref name="Jacobsen2015p361">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Zelliot|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ| year=2015 |publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn =978-1-317-40357-9|pages= 13, 361–370}}</ref> Other foundational concepts of Buddhism such as Karma and Rebirth were considered by Ambedkar as superstitions.<ref name="KeownPrebish2013p24"/><br />
<br />
Navayana abandons practices and precepts such as the institution of monk after renunciation, ideas such as karma, rebirth in afterlife, samsara, meditation, nirvana and Four Noble Truths considered to be foundational in the Buddhist traditions.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Damien Keown|author2=Charles S. Prebish|title= Encyclopedia of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ |year= 2013 |publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-98588-1|page=25}}, Quote: "(...) The Buddhism upon which he settled and about which he wrote in ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' was, in many respects, unlike any form of Buddhism that had hitherto arisen within the tradition. Gone, for instance, were the doctrines of karma and rebirth, the traditional emphasis on renunciation of the world, the practice of meditation, and the experience of enlightenment. Gone too were any teachings that implied the existence of a trans-empirical realm (...). Most jarring, perhaps, especially among more traditional Buddhists, was the absence of the Four Noble Truths, which Ambedkar regarded as the invention of wrong-headed monks".</ref> Ambedkar's Neo-Buddhism rejected these ideas and re-interpreted the Buddha's religion in terms of [[Class conflict|class struggle]], social equality and social justice.<ref name="Jacobsen2015p361"/><ref name="KeownPrebish2013p24">{{cite book|author1=Damien Keown|author2=Charles S. Prebish|title= Encyclopedia of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-98588-1|pages= 24–26}}</ref><ref name=blackburn1>Anne M. Blackburn (1993), [http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8805/2712 Religion, Kinship and Buddhism: Ambedkar's Vision of a Moral Community], The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 16 (1), 1-22</ref><br />
<br />
Ambedkar called his version of Buddhism [[Navayana]] or ''Neo-Buddhism''.<ref>{{cite book|author= Christopher S. Queen|title= Engaged Buddhism in the West|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S7QEAAAAYAAJ|year= 2000|publisher= Wisdom Publications|isbn= 978-0-86171-159-8|page= 23}}</ref> His book, ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' is the holy book of Navayana followers.{{sfn|Queen|2015|pp=524–531}} According to Junghare, for the followers of Navyana, Ambedkar has become a deity and he is worshipped in its practice.<ref>I. Y. Junghare (1988), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178254 Dr. Ambedkar: The Hero of the Mahars, Ex-Untouchables of India], Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, (1988), pp. 93-121, "(...) the new literature of the Mahars and their making of the Ambedkar deity for their new religion, Neo-Buddhism. (...) Song five is clearly representative of the Mahar community's respect and devotion for Ambedkar. He has become their God and they worship him as the singer sings: "We worship Bhima, too." (...) In the last song, Dr. Ambedkar is raised from a deity to a supreme deity. He is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient."</ref><br />
<br />
==West: Naturalized Buddhism==<br />
{{Main|Buddhism in the West}}<br />
Other forms of Neo-Buddhism are found outside Asia, particularly in European nations.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Pace | first=Enzo | title=A peculiar pluralism | journal=Journal of Modern Italian Studies | publisher=Taylor and Francis | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2007 | doi=10.1080/13545710601132979 | pages=86–100| s2cid=144876289 }}</ref> According to [[Bernard Faure]] – a professor of Religious Studies with a focus on Buddhism, Neo-Buddhism in the forms found in the West is a modernist restatement, a form of spiritual response to anxieties of individuals and the modern world that is not grounded in its ancient ideas, but "a sort of impersonal flavorless or odorless spirituality". It is a re-adaptation, a kind of Buddhism "a la carte", that understands the needs and then is reformulated to fill a void in the West, rather than reflect the ancient canons and secondary literature of Buddhism.<ref name="Faure2011p139">{{cite book|author=Bernard Faure|title=Unmasking Buddhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hf1Sm6K6Ze8C |year=2011|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn= 978-1-4443-5661-8|pages=139–141}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some Western interpreters of Buddhism have proposed the term "naturalized Buddhism" for few of these movements. It is devoid of rebirth, karma, nirvana, realms of existence, and other concepts of Buddhism, with doctrines such as the Four Noble Truths reformulated and restated in modernistic terms.<ref name=gowans91/><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen R. Prothero|title=The White Buddhist: the Asian odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dd8GAAAAYAAJ |year=1996|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=128|isbn=9780253330147 }}, Quote: "In addition to a restatement of the Four Noble Truths and the Five Precepts for lay Buddhists, the fourteen propositions included: an affirmation of religious tolerance and of the evolution of the universe, a rejection of supernaturalism, heaven or hell, and superstition, and an emphasis on education and the use of reason."</ref>{{refn|group=note|According to Owen Flanagan, the proportion of people in North America that believe in heaven is about the same as the proportion of East and Southeast Asia who believe in rebirth. But, 'rebirth' is considered superstitious by many in the West while 'heaven' is not, adds Flanagan, though a reflective naturalistic approach demands that both 'heaven' and 'rebirth' be equally questioned".<ref>{{cite book|author=Owen Flanagan|title=The Bodhisattva's Brain: Buddhism Naturalized|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wkkvC13wRIC|year=2011|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-29723-3|pages=2–3, 68–70, 79–80}}</ref> According to Donald S. Lopez, Buddhist movements in the West have reconstructed a "Scientific Buddha" and a "modern Buddhism" unknown in Asia, "one that may never have existed there before the late 19th-century".<ref name=lopez39>{{cite book|author=Donald S. Lopez|title=The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIqdIEkvl0MC |year=2012|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15913-4|pages=39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124}}</ref>}} This "deflated secular Buddhism" stresses compassion, impermanence, causality, selfless persons, no Bodhisattvas, no nirvana, no rebirth, and a naturalist approach to well-being of oneself and others.<ref name=spiro39/> Meditation and spiritual practices such as [[Vipassana]], or its variants, centered around self-development remain a part of the Western Neo-Buddhist movements. According to James Coleman, the focus of most vipassana students in the west "is mainly on meditation practice and a kind of down-to-earth psychological wisdom."{{sfn|Coleman|2002|p=110}}{{refn|group=note|According to Coleman, the goal in Theravada Buddhism "is to uproot the desires and defilements in order to attain nibbana (nirvana in Sanskrit) and win liberation from the otherwise endless round of death and rebirth. But few Western Vipassana teachers pay much attention to the more metaphysical aspects of such concepts as rebirth and nibbana, and of course very few of their students are celibate monks. Their focus is mainly on meditation practice and a kind of down-to-earth psychological wisdom. "As a result," one respected Vipassana teacher writes, "many more Americans of European descent refer to themselves as Vipassana students rather than as students of Theravada Buddhism."{{sfn|Coleman|2002|p=110}}}}<br />
<br />
For many western Buddhists, the rebirth doctrine in the Four Noble Truths teaching is a problematic notion.{{sfn|Konik|2009|p=ix}}{{sfn|Hayes|2013|p=172}}{{sfn|Lamb|2001|p=258}}<ref group=web name="BB-rebirth">Bhikkhu Bodhi, [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_46.html ''Does Rebirth Make Sense?'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|See also:<br>* [[James Ishmael Ford|James Ford]], [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/monkeymind/2015/08/the-karma-and-rebirth-debate-within-contemporary-western-buddhism-some-links-to-follow.html ''The Karma and Rebirth Debate Within Contemporary Western Buddhism: Some Links to Follow'']}} According to Lamb, "Certain forms of modern western Buddhism [...] see it as purely mythical and thus a dispensable notion."{{sfn|Lamb|2001|p=258}} Westerners find "the ideas of [[karma]] and rebirth puzzling", states [[Damien Keown]] – a professor of Buddhist Ethics. It may not be necessary to believe in some of the core Buddhist doctrines to be a Buddhist, though most Buddhists in Asia do accept these traditional teachings and seek better rebirth.<ref name=keown60/>{{refn|group=note|Vast majority of Buddhist lay people, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices motivated with rebirth into Deva realm.{{sfn|Trainor|2004|p=62}} Fowler and others concur with Trainor, stating that better rebirth, not nirvana, has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists. This they attempt through merit accumulation and good ''kamma''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Merv Fowler |title=Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC |year=1999 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-66-0 |page=65 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, '''Quote:''' "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Gowans|title=Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbU4Hd5lro0C|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-46973-4|page=169}}</ref>}} The rebirth, karma, [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|realms of existence]] and cyclic universe doctrines underpin the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism.<ref name=keown60/> It is possible to reinterpret the Buddhist doctrines such as the Four Noble Truths, states Keown, since the final goal and the answer to the problem of suffering is [[nirvana]] and not rebirth.<ref name=keown60>{{cite book|author=Damien Keown|title=Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-R_mmpC33sC |year=2009|publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-6883-5|pages=60–63, 74–85, 185–187}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Konik,<br />
{{blockquote|Since the fundamental problems underlying early [[Indian Buddhism]] and [[Buddhism in the West#Contemporary Western Buddhism|contemporary western Buddhism]] are not the same, the validity of applying the set of solutions developed by the first to the situation of the second becomes a question of great importance. Simply putting an end to rebirth would not necessarily strike the western Buddhist as the ultimate answer, as it certainly was for early Indian Buddhists.{{sfn|Konik|2009|p=ix}}}}<br />
<br />
Traditional Buddhist scholars disagree with these modernist Western interpretations. [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]], for example, states that rebirth is an integral part of the Buddhist teachings as found in the sutras, despite the problems that "modernist interpreters of Buddhism" seem to have with it.<ref group=web name="BB-rebirth"/>{{refn|group=note|Bhikkhu Bodhi: "Newcomers to Buddhism are usually impressed by the clarity, directness, and earthy practicality of the Dhamma as embodied in such basic teachings as the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the threefold training. These teachings, as clear as day-light, are accessible to any serious seeker looking for a way beyond suffering. When, however, these seekers encounter the doctrine of rebirth, they often balk, convinced it just doesn't make sense. At this point, they suspect that the teaching has swerved off course, tumbling from the grand highway of reason into wistfulness and speculation. Even modernist interpreters of Buddhism seem to have trouble taking the rebirth teaching seriously. Some dismiss it as just a piece of cultural baggage, "ancient Indian metaphysics," that the Buddha retained in deference to the world view of his age. Others interpret it as a metaphor for the change of mental states, with the realms of rebirth seen as symbols for psychological archetypes. A few critics even question the authenticity of the texts on rebirth, arguing that they must be interpolations.<br>A quick glance at the Pali suttas would show that none of these claims has much substance. The teaching of rebirth crops up almost everywhere in the Canon, and is so closely bound to a host of other doctrines that to remove it would virtually reduce the Dhamma to tatters. Moreover, when the suttas speak about rebirth into the five realms — the hells, the animal world, the spirit realm, the human world, and the heavens — they never hint that these terms are meant symbolically. To the contrary, they even say that rebirth occurs "with the breakup of the body, after death," which clearly implies they intend the idea of rebirth to be taken quite literally."<ref group=web name="BB-rebirth"/>}} [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]], as another example, rejects the "modern argument" that "one can still obtain all the results of the practice without having to accept the possibility of rebirth." He states, "rebirth has always been a central teaching in the Buddhist tradition."<ref group=web name="TB_Rebirth">Thanissaro Bhikkhu, [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/truth_of_rebirth.html ''The Truth of Rebirth. And Why it Matters for Buddhist Practice'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|Thanissaro Bhikkhu: "A second modern argument against accepting the canonical accounts of what's known in awakening — and in particular, the knowledge of rebirth achieved in awakening — is that one can still obtain all the results of the practice without having to accept the possibility of rebirth. After all, all the factors leading to suffering are all immediately present to awareness, so there should be no need, when trying to abandon them, to accept any premises about where they may or may not lead in the future.<br>This objection, however, ignores the role of appropriate attention on the path. As we noted above, one of its roles is to examine and abandon the assumptions that underlie one's views on the metaphysics of personal identity. Unless you're willing to step back from your own views — such as those concerning what a person is, and why that makes rebirth impossible — and subject them to this sort of examination, there's something lacking in your path. You'll remain entangled in the questions of inappropriate attention, which will prevent you from actually identifying and abandoning the causes of suffering and achieving the full results of the practice.<br><br>In addition, the terms of appropriate attention — the four noble truths — are not concerned simply with events arising and passing away in the present moment. They also focus on the causal connections among those events, connections that occur both in the immediate present and over time. If you limit your focus solely to connections in the present while ignoring those over time, you can't fully comprehend the ways in which craving causes suffering: not only by latching on to the four kinds of nutriment, but also giving rise to the four kinds of nutriment as well.<ref group=web name="TB_Rebirth"/>}}{{refn|group=note|Konik further notes: {{blockquote|No doubt, according to the early Indian Buddhist tradition, the Buddha's great discovery, as condensed in his experience of nirvana, involved the remembrance of his many former existences, presupposing as fact the reality of a never-ending process of rebirth as a source of deep anxiety, and an acceptance of the Buddha's overcoming of that fate as ultimate liberation.{{sfn|Konik|2009|p=ix}}}}}}<br />
<br />
According to Owen Flanagan, the Dalai Lama states that "Buddhists believe in rebirth" and that this belief has been common among his followers. However, the Dalai Lama's belief in rebirth, adds Flanagan, is not the same as belief in [[reincarnation]], because rebirth in Buddhism is envisioned as happening without an assumption of an "atman, self, soul", rather through a "consciousness conceived along the [[anatta|anatman]] lines".{{sfn|Flanagan|2014|pp=233-234 with note 1}}{{refn|group=note|The Dalai Lama himself is regarded to be an incarnation of the thirteen previous Dalai Lamas, who are all manifestations of [[Avalokitasvara]].{{sfn|Chitkara|1998|p=39}}}} The doctrine of rebirth is considered mandatory in Tibetan Buddhism, and across many Buddhist sects.{{sfn|Flanagan|2014|pp=234-235 with note 5}} According to Melford Spiro, the reinterpretations of Buddhism that discard rebirth undermine the Four Noble Truths, for it does not address the existential question for the Buddhist as to "why live? why not commit suicide, hasten the end of ''dukkha'' in current life by ending life". In traditional Buddhism, rebirth continues the ''dukkha'' and the path to cessation of ''dukkha'' isn't suicide, but the fourth reality of the Four Noble Truths.<ref name=spiro39>{{cite book|author=Melford E. Spiro|title=Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnYou0owQ5MC&pg=PA39 |year=1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04672-6|pages=39–42}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Christopher Gowans, for "most ordinary Buddhists, today as well as in the past, their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth".<ref name="Gowans76"/> Buddhist morality hinges on the hope of well being in this lifetime or in future rebirth, with nirvana (enlightenment) a project for a future lifetime. A denial of karma and rebirth undermines their history, moral orientation and religious foundations.<ref name="Gowans76"/> However, adds Gowans, many Western followers and people interested in exploring Buddhism are skeptical and object to the belief in karma and rebirth foundational to the Four Noble Truths.<ref name="Gowans76">{{cite book|author=Christopher W. Gowans|title=Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8KBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-65935-8|pages=18–23, 76–88}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Gowans groups the objections into three categories. The first objection can be called "consistency objection", which asks if "there is no self (atman, soul), then what is reborn and how does karma work?". The second objection can be called "naturalism objection", which asks "can rebirth be scientifically proven, what evidence is there that rebirth happens". The third objection can be called "morality objection", which asks "why presume that an infant born with an illness, is because of karma in previous life" as seems implied by ''Majjhima Nikāya'' section 3.204 for example. Gowans provides a summary of prevailing answers, clarifications and explanations proffered by practicing Buddhists.<ref name="Gowans76"/>}}<br />
<br />
The "naturalized Buddhism", according to Gowans, is a radical revision to traditional Buddhist thought and practice, and it attacks the structure behind the hopes, needs and rationalization of the realities of human life to traditional Buddhists in East, Southeast and South Asia. Gowan posits that for traditional Buddhists, "naturalized Buddhism" might come across as a pale imitation of what Buddhism means in their life.<ref name=gowans91>{{cite book|author=Christopher W. Gowans|title=Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8KBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-65935-8|pages=18–23, 91–94}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other New Buddhisms==<br />
According to Burkhard Scherer – a professor of Comparative Religion, the novel interpretations are a new, separate Buddhist sectarian lineage and [[Shambhala International]] "has to be described as New Buddhism (Coleman) or, better still, Neo-Buddhism".<ref>{{cite journal | last=Scherer | first=Burkhard | title=Globalizing Tibetan Buddhism: modernism and neo-orthodoxy in contemporary Karma bKa' brgyud organizations | journal=Contemporary Buddhism | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=2012 | doi=10.1080/14639947.2012.669282 | pages=125–137| s2cid=144740283 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In Central and Eastern Europe, according to Burkhard Scherer, the fast growing [[Diamond Way Buddhism]] started by Hannah and [[Ole Nydahl]] is a Neo-orthoprax Buddhism movement. The charismatic leadership of Nydahl and his 600 dharma centers worldwide have made it the largest convert movement in Eastern Europe, but its interpretations of Tibetan Buddhism and tantric meditation techniques have been criticized by both traditional Buddhists and non-Buddhists.<ref>B Scherer (2014), ''Conversion, Devotion and (Trans-)Mission: Understanding Ole Nydahl'', in Todd Lewis (ed.) Buddhists: Understanding Buddhism Through the Lives of Practitioners, Blackwell Wiley, London, pp. 96-106</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=B Scherer | editor=Eugene V. Gallagher|title= Visioning New and Minority Religions: Projecting the future|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=msSVDQAAQBAJ |year= 2017|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-4724-6588-7|pages= 156–164}}</ref><br />
<br />
Others have used "New Buddhism" to describe socially engaged Buddhism. In 2001, David Brazier published his "manifesto of the New Buddhism," calling for a shift from monasticism and traditional doctrines to innovative interpretations engaging with the secular world. He argues that traditional schools like Theravada and Mahayana have become "instruments of state policy for subduing rather than liberating the population" and focus on "individual salvation rather than addressing the roots of world disease."<ref>{{cite book|author=David Brazier|title=The New Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/newbuddhism00davi|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29518-9|pages=xii, 249–250}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Donald S. Lopez Jr.]] uses the term "Modern Buddhism" to describe the entirety of Buddhist modernist traditions, which he suggests "has developed into a kind of transnational Buddhist sect", "an international Buddhism that transcends cultural and national boundaries, creating...a cosmopolitan network of intellectuals, writing most often in English", which he claims is rooted neither in geography nor in traditional schools but is the modern aspect of a variety of Buddhist schools in different locations. Moreover, he suggests that they have their own cosmopolitan lineage and canonical "scriptures," mainly the works of popular and semischolarly authors—figures from the formative years of modern Buddhism, including [[Soyen Shaku]], Dwight Goddard, [[D. T. Suzuki]], and [[Alexandra David-Neel]], [[Shunryu Suzuki]], [[Sangharakshita]] and [[Alan Watts]].<ref>{{harvnb|McMahan|2008|p=9}} citing {{harvnb|Lopez|2002}}</ref> Controversially, he even goes as far to include the [[Fourteenth Dalai Lama]], [[Thich Nhat Hanh]] (Zen master and founder of Plum Village and the global movement for Engaged Buddhism) and [[Chögyam Trungpa]] (Tibetan Buddhist master credited with presenting authentic Buddhist teachings by making a clear distinction between the cultural aspects of Buddhism and the fundamental teachings of Buddhism).<ref>Midal,Fabrice,Chogyam Trungpa: His Life and Vision", page 91</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Buddhism and science]]<br />
* [[Buddhism in the West]]<br />
* [[Global Buddhist Network]]<br />
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]<br />
* [[New religious movements]]<br />
* [[Mindfulness]]<br />
* [[Secular Buddhism]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
;Printed sources<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Chitkara | first =M. G. | year =1998 | title =Buddhism, Reincarnation, and Dalai Lamas of Tibet | publisher =APH}}<br />
* {{Cite book|first=James William|last = Coleman|title=The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-Q6bCGIPhkC|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515241-8}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Flanagan | first =Owen | year =2014 | title =Science for Monks: Buddhism and Science: A BIT of The Really Hard Problem | publisher =MIT Press}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Hayes | first =Richard P. | year =2013 |chapter =The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism | editor-last1 =Queen | editor-first =Christopher | editor-last2 =Williams | editor-first2 =Duncan Ryuken | title =American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship | publisher =Routledge}}<br />
* {{Cite book| last =Keown | first =Damien | year =2000 | title= Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction |edition= Kindle | publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Konik | first =Adrian | year =2009 | title =Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West | publisher =BRIIL}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Lamb | first =Christopher | year =2001 | chapter =Cosmology, myth and symbolism | editor-last =Harvey | editor-first =Peter | title =Buddhism | publisher =Bloomsbury Publishing}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Trainor | first =Kevin | year =2004 | title =Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-517398-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1 = James |first1 = Alan |last2 = Jacqui |first2 = James |title = Modern Buddhism |publisher = Aucana |year = 1989 |isbn = 0-9511769-1-9}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=James|first=William|author-link=William James|title=The varieties of religious experience : a study in human nature|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/621|date=June 1902|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|location=London|pages=534|isbn=0-585-23263-6}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last=Josephson |first=Jason Ānanda |date=2006 |title=When Buddhism Became a "Religion": Religion and Superstition in the Writings of Inoue Enryō |url=https://www.academia.edu/4281706 |journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=143–168}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Lopez | first=Donald S. Jr. |title=Buddhism & science : a guide for the perplexed |series=Buddhism and modernity|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-49312-1 }}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Lopez | first=Donald S. Jr. |title=A Modern Buddhist Bible|isbn=0-8070-1243-2|year=2002|publisher=Beacon Press Books}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Masuzawa|first=Tomoko|title=The invention of world religions, or, How European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism|edition=1st|date=May 2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-50988-4|pages=359}}<br />
*{{citation|last=McMahan|first=David L.|title=The Making of Buddhist Modernism|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518327-6|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183276.001.0001 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1 = Metraux |first1 = Daniel A. |title = The International Expansion of a Modern Buddhist Movement: The Soka Gakkai in Southeast Asia and Australia |publisher = University Press of America |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-7618-1904-2}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1 = Prebish |first1 = Charles S. |last2 = Baumann |first2 = Martin |title = Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia |publisher = University of California Press |year = 2002 |isbn = 0-520-23490-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Satō|first1=Giei|last2=Nishimura|first2=Nishin|title=Unsui: a Diary of Zen Monastic Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtKHC6gW_uMC|access-date= 28 May 2009|edition=illustrated|year=1973|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0272-1|pages=114}}<br />
*{{cite journal| last = Sharf| first = Robert H.|date=August 1993| title = The Zen of Japanese Nationalism| journal = History of Religions| volume = 33| issue = 1| pages = 1–43| publisher = The University of Chicago Press| issn = 0018-2710| jstor = 1062782| doi = 10.1086/463354| s2cid = 161535877}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Suzuki|first=D. T.|author-link=D. T. Suzuki|editor1-last=Barrett|editor1-first=William|title=Zen Buddhism : selected writings of D.T. Suzuki|orig-year=1956|year=1996|publisher=Three Leaves|location=New York|isbn=978-0-385-48349-0|pages=294}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Queen |first=Christopher |editor-first=Steven M. |editor-last=Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Verhoeven|first=Martin|editor1-last=Prebish|editor1-first=Charles|editor2-last=Tanaka|editor2-first=Kenneth|title=The faces of Buddhism in America|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21301-2|pages=370|chapter=Americanizing the Buddha: Paul Carus and the Transformation of Asian Thought}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Webb |first=Russel |year=2005 |url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/BSR/article/view/8780/6250 |title=Heinz Bechert 26 June 1932-14 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=211–216 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v22i2.14041 |access-date=17 October 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410105628/https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/BSR/article/view/8780/6250 |url-status=dead }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
;Web-sources<br />
{{reflist|group=web}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Sharf, R H (1995). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190412103407/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of meditative experience], Numen 42, 228-283<br />
* McMahan, DL (2004). [http://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2008/RLB204/um/6650220/mcmahan_2004.pdf Modernity and the early discourse of scientific Buddhism], Journal of the American Academy of Religion 72 (4), 897-933 <br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
{{Modernism}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Modernism]]<br />
[[Category:Schools of Buddhism]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Aggarwal_(gastroenterologist)&diff=528848Rakesh Aggarwal (gastroenterologist)2026-02-10T02:51:46Z<p>House of Dontics: article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian gastroenterologist}}<br />
{{For|those of a similar name|Rakesh Agrawal (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Rakesh Aggarwal<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1961}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Haryana]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| spouse = Dr. [[Amita Aggarwal]]<br />
| fields = {{ublist | [[Gastroenterology]] |<br />
[[Liver disease]] |<br />
[[Public health]] |<br />
[[Vaccinology]] }}<br />
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry]] |[[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences|Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow]] }}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[AIIMS, New Delhi]] | [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER, Chandigarh]] | [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] | [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] }}<br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = Studies on [[Gastrointestinal disease|Gastrointestinal]] and [[Liver diseases]], [[Viral Hepatitis]]<br />
| awards = {{ublist| 2002&nbsp;[[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }} <br />
}}<br />
'''Rakesh Aggarwal''' (born 1961) is an Indian gastroenterologist, who is currently working as a Professor and Head, Department of Gastroenterology at the Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, India. He was previously the Director of [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research]] (JIPMER), Puducherry, India for 6 years, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2024. Known for his studies on [[Gastrointestinal disease]]s, [[Liver diseases]], and [[Viral Hepatitis]], Aggarwal is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies, namely [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]], and of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2002.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
[[File:AIIMS central lawn.jpg|thumb|left|AIIMS Delhi]]<br />
Rakesh Aggarwal was born in 1961, and spent his childhood in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Grover,_Prof._Anil |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-12-06 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref> After obtaining an MBBS degree in 1983 and completing his residency (with MD General Medicine) in 1986 from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], he joined the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], [[Chandigarh]] for a fellowship in [[gastroenterology]], obtaining his DM (Gastroenterology) degree in 1989.<ref name="Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_aggarval/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313051411/http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_aggarval/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2017 |title=Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> Thereafter, he joined the [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]], Lucknow (SGPGI) as a faculty member in the department of gastroenterology, where he has held the position of a Professor of Gastroenterology since 2008.<ref name="Department of Gastroenterology">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/gastro.html |title=Department of Gastroenterology |date=2017-12-09 |website=Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> In between, he trained at the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] at their [[hepatitis]] branch during 1996-1998 doing laboratory research on [[Hepatitis E]], and at the [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] from where he obtained a master's degree in [[epidemiology]] in 2008.<ref name="Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO" /><br />
<br />
Dr. Rakesh Aggarwal joined as Director, [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research]] (JIPMER) in Pondicherry, India with effect from 1 January 2019, for a five-year term.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/jipmer-gets-new-director/article25884866.ece|title=Jipmer gets new director|date=2019-01-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He left the position as Director JIPMER on 31 December 2024, after completing his the initial term and a further one-year extension period.<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Aggarwal's work is focused in the fields of [[gastroenterology]] and [[hepatology]] with special emphasis on [[viral hepatitis]], in particular [[Hepatitis E]] and [[Hepatitis B]], on which he has conducted research from [[epidemiologic]], clinical and laboratory perspectives.<ref name="Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO" /> He has also contributed to the areas of [[health economics]] and [[immunization]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P17-1738 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017-12-06 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Iri_XaEAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Basu=3AJoyoti=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-12-06 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed several of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rakesh_Aggarwal4 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> Besides, he has mentored several research scholars in their doctoral studies.<ref name="LIST OF Ph.D. STUDENTS (Degree Awarded) (1994 to 07.08.2014)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/res_a/Ph.D._Completed.PDF |title=LIST OF Ph.D. STUDENTS (Degree Awarded) (1994 to 07.08.2014) |date=2014 |website=Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
Aggarwal has been the principal investigator of several projects funded by various Indian funding agencies. ''Biomedical Informatics Centers of ICMR'' was another project managed by him, on sponsorship from the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="ICMR-funded project titled “Biomedical Informatics Centers of ICMR”">{{Cite web |url=http://www.helpbiotech.co.in/2017/05/sgpgi-biomedical-informatics-scientist.html |title=ICMR-funded project titled "Biomedical Informatics Centers of ICMR" |date=3 May 2017 |website=Help BioTech |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> He sits in the Panel of experts on Gastroenterology of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]<ref name="Panel of experts on Gastroenterology">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdsco.nic.in/writereaddata/Sec%20Cdsco.pdf |title=Panel of experts on Gastroenterology |date=2017-12-09 |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> as well as the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee on Viral Hepatitis of the [[World Health Organization]] and has conducted several workshops which included the ''V. S.R. Naik Memorial Workshop on Computers and Informatics in Medicine'' held in 2008<ref name="V S.R. Naik Memorial Workshop on Computers and Informatics in Medicine">{{Cite web |url=http://medind.nic.in/iby/t08/i3/ibyt08i3p287.pdf |title=V S.R. Naik Memorial Workshop on Computers and Informatics in Medicine |date=2008 |website=Med India |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> and the ''Workshop on Scientific Writing'' of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] held in September 2010.<ref name="Workshop on Scientific Writing">{{Cite web |url=http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2010/september/forth_events.pdf |title=Workshop on Scientific Writing |date=2010 |website=Indian Council of Medical Research |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> He was a member of the experts' panel of SAGE Working Group on Hepatitis E from October 2013 to December 2014<ref name="WHO - SAGE Working Group on Hepatitis E (October 2013 to December 2014)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/sage_wg_hep_e_oct13/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018044448/http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/sage_wg_hep_e_oct13/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2014 |title=WHO - SAGE Working Group on Hepatitis E (October 2013 to December 2014) |website=www.who.int |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref> and has also been associated with scientific journals as an editor.<ref name="Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO" /><br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2002.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2007<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-11-24 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received the elected fellowships of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] the same year.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The Indian National Academy of Sciences, the third of the major Indian science academies, elected him as a fellow in 2017.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-09 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref><ref name="Awards and Recognitions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/dir_convoc.pdf |title=Awards and Recognitions |date=2017 |website=Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected bibliography ==<br />
<br />
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/rakesh.aggarwal.1/bibliography/public/<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://tmc.gov.in/credo/index.php/previous-workshop/credo2015 |title=CReDO 2015 |date=November 2015 |website=tmc.gov.in |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-12-09}}<br />
<br />
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Rakesh}}<br />
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention people]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gastroenterologists]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partha_Sarathi_Gupta&diff=524585Partha Sarathi Gupta2026-02-09T06:06:27Z<p>House of Dontics: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian professor 1934 – 1999}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| honorific_prefix = Professor<br />
| name = Partha Sarathi Gupta<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = Partha sarathi Gupta.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- use only if different from full/othernames --><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1934|08|05}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Guptipara]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[West Bengal]]))<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|08|10|1934|08|05}}<br />
| death_place = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Professor of British and European History, [[Delhi University]]<br />
| period = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| home_town = <br />
| title = Ex-President, [[Indian History Congress]] <br />
| boards = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--><br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents =<br />
| relatives =<br />
| awards = [[Ishan Uday]]<br /> Smuts Fellow in Commonwealth History at [[Cambridge University]] (1980-1981)<br /> Fellow of the Royal Historical Society <br />Editorial Advisory Board Member of the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History<br />
| website = <br />
| education = BA, MA, M Phil, PhD<br />
| alma_mater = [[Ballygunge Government High School]] <br /> [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] <small>(BA)</small> <br /> [[Queen's College, Oxford]] <small>(MA, PhD)</small><br />
| thesis_title = <br />
| thesis_url = <br />
| thesis_year = 1956<br />
| school_tradition = Liberalism<br />
| doctoral_advisor = [[Henry Pelling]]<br />
| academic_advisors = [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Christopher Hill]] <br /> [[Keith Thomas (historian)|Keith Thomas]]<br />
| influences = <br />
| era = 1914-1964<br />
| discipline = [[Historian]]<br />
| sub_discipline = Imperialism And The British [[Labour Movement]], Commonwealth History, [[English Civil War]], Documents For The Movement For Independence In India, <br />
| workplaces = <br />
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles--><br />
| notable_students = <br />
| main_interests = <br />
| notable_works = Imperialism And The British Labour Movement, 1914-1964<br /> Towards Freedom: Documents For The Movement For Independence In India, 1943-44<br />
| notable_ideas = <br />
| influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--><br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Partha Sarathi Gupta''' (5 August 1934 – 10 August 1999) was an Indian professor of British and European history at [[Delhi University]] and president of the [[Indian History Congress]]. He was firstborn son of [[Ashoka Gupta]] and Saibal Gupta, an [[Indian Civil Services]] officer in Bengal state of British India. His childhood memory of watching [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s walk through riot-torn Noakhali in 1946 where his mother joined in the walk had a long-lasting impact. He was awarded Eshan scholarship for the highest marks in [[West Bengal]] in [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta]]. Fellow students included [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] winner [[Amartya Sen]] and member of [[Planning Commission (India)|planning commission]] [[Sukhamoy Chakravarty]] in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/sep/13/guardianobituaries3|title = Partha Sarathi Gupta|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 13 September 1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Partha'' was a member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]. He was Smuts Fellow in Commonwealth History at [[Cambridge University]] (1980-1981), and directeur d'études at the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme in [[Paris]] in 1989.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Partho was born in 1934 in [[Guptipara]], [[Bengal]] of British India which is currently in the district of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] in [[West Bengal]]. His father, Shaibal Kumar Gupta was in [[Indian Civil Services]] and mother [[Ashoka Gupta]] was a well known social worker who worked closely with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] during riots of Navakhali. He is the grandson of great Bengali writer of early 20th century [[Jyotirmoyee Devi]].<br />
<br />
===Early life===<br />
<br />
He was a brilliant student and topped state matriculation examination in the year 1949 from [[Ballygunge Government High School]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Power, Politics and the People: Studies in British Imperialism and Indian Nationalism By Partha Sarathi Gupta (Edited with an introduction by Sabayasachi Bhattacharya)|isbn = 978-81-7824-019-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sZsy6AS7SwC|last1 = Gupta|first1 = Partha Sarathi|year = 2002| publisher=Permanent Black }}</ref> He then joined [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] Calcutta and graduated in history by getting highest marks and was given prestigious Eshan scholarship awarded for the highest marks in West Bengal. Fellow students that year included [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Sukhamoy Chakravarty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Gupta, Partha Sarathi |title=Of shared days with Amartya |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=25/26 |issue=4/1 |date=Winter 1998 – Spring 1999 |pages=70–75 |jstor=23005530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/sep/13/guardianobituaries3|title = Partha Sarathi Gupta|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 13 September 1999}}</ref> He went to [[England]] to continue his higher studies from [[The Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College]], [[Oxford University]]. He graduated in modern history specialising in the [[English Civil War]]. He worked closely with his teachers like [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Christopher Hill]] and [[Keith Thomas (historian)|Keith Thomas]]. He became friends with his batchmates [[Raphael Samuel]] and [[Peter Sedgwick]]. His British late-19th-century British railwaymen's union thesis earned him a Doctorate degree under the supervision of [[Henry Pelling]].<br />
<br />
===Teaching positions===<br />
<br />
Gupta in the year 1960, joined [[Burdwan University]] in History Department briefly before joining [[Delhi University]] as a reader. He was teaching economic history before he became a reader in European and British history.<br />
<br />
===Marriage and children===<br />
He married [[Narayani Gupta]] who taught history at [[Indraprastha College for Women]] and joined the [[Jamia Millia Islamia University]] in 1986. She was a consultant with [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br />
Her research has been on [[urban history]], particularly that of [[Delhi]]. She has many books to her credit. She was a founder member of the Conservation Society of Delhi and has been a member of the Delhi Urban Art Commission. She authored books Delhi between Empires 1803-1931, Society, Government and Urban Growth; Delhi Then & Now; and has co-authored Beato's Delhi: 1857 and Beyond. She has been an advisor for Delhi: The Built Heritage, A Listing, Intach, 2000.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br />
<br />
Together they have a son Himadri Shikhar Gupta and a daughter Niharika Gupta.<br />
*Prof Himadri Gupta, alumnus of prestigious [[IIT Kanpur]] and [[Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces]] (MPIKG) at Potsdam (Germany) is Professor at Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science,<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof Himadri Gupta |url=https://www.sems.qmul.ac.uk/staff/h.gupta |website=QMUL School of Engineering and Materials Science |language=en}}</ref> [[Queen Mary University]] of [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sems.qmul.ac.uk/news/4743/the-gupta-group-visits-the-max-planck-institute-in-potsdam|title=The Gupta group visits the Max Planck Institute in Potsdam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://samviti.com/profile/himadri-gupta-MTMy |title=Dr. Himadri Gupta's Scholar Profile |access-date=2019-10-07 |archive-date=2019-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130109/https://samviti.com/profile/himadri-gupta-MTMy }}</ref><br />
*Niharika Gupta is a [[Rhodes Scholar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/alumni/rhodes-scholar-database/|title = Rhodes Scholar Database - Rhodes Trust}}</ref> and alumnus of [[Delhi University]] and [[Balliol College]], [[University of Oxford]]. She worked as the Director of Research at [[Sahapedia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/sahapedia-team | title=Sahapedia Team }}</ref> She is currently working at International Research Division of [[India International Centre]], New Delhi<ref>{{cite web |title=SAMHiTA |url=https://samhita.iicdelhi.in/team |website=samhita.iicdelhi.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Published works==<br />
Imperialism And The British Labour Movement, 1914-1964<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/05vvccz&hl=en-IN&q=Partha+Sarathi+Gupta|title = Partha Sarathi Gupta - Google Search}}</ref><br /><br />
Towards Freedom: Documents For The Movement For Independence In India, 1943-44<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19971020-partha-sarathi-gupta-the-historians-research-took-him-back-to-his-roots-830745-1997-10-20|title=Partha Sarathi Gupta: The historian's research took him back to his roots|date=20 October 1997 }}</ref><br />
Power, Politics and the People: Studies in British Imperialism and Indian Nationalism (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002)<br />
Edited, with Anirudh Deshpande. The British Raj and Its Indian Armed Forces, 1857-1939. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002.<br />
<br />
==Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions==<br />
Eshan scholarship awarded for the highest marks in [[West Bengal]]<br /><br />
Member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]<br /><br />
Smuts Fellow in Commonwealth History at [[Cambridge University]]<br /><br />
Directeur d'études at the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme in Paris<br /><br />
Fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Partha Sarathi}}<br />
[[Category:1934 births]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:1999 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsie_Mackay&diff=498406Elsie Mackay2026-02-07T19:00:45Z<p>House of Dontics: put up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|British actress (1893–1928)}}<br />
{{for|the Australian born actress|Elsie Mackay (actress)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]<br />Lady<br />
| name = Elsie Mackay<br />
| image = Hon. Elsie Mackay.jpg<br />
| caption = Mackay in 1922<br />
| birth_date = 1893<br />
| birth_place = [[Shimla|Simla]], British India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1928|3|13|1893|8|21}}<br />
| death_place = Lost in the [[Atlantic Ocean]]<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Interior designer]], [[Aviator]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dennis Wyndham]]|1917|1922|end=[[Annulment|{{abbr|annul.|annulled}}]]}}<br />
| other_names = Poppy Wyndham, Lady Elsie Mackay<br />
}}<br />
'''Lady Elsie Mackay''' (21 August 1893 – 13 March 1928) was a British [[actress]], [[jockey]], [[interior decorator]] and pioneering [[aviator]] who died attempting to cross the [[Atlantic Ocean]] with [[Walter Hinchliffe]]<ref name="Elsie 01">{{cite news<br />
|title=Two Women<br />
|date=26 March 1928<br />
|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]<br />
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787033,00.html<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121003702/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787033,00.html<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=21 November 2010<br />
|accessdate=9 August 2008<br />
}}</ref> in a single engined [[Stinson Detroiter]].<ref name="Elsie 11">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/making_history.shtml BBC Radio 4 Making History – Elsie Mackay – article and downloadable broadcast]</ref> Her [[stage name]] as an actress was '''Poppy Wyndham'''.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Elsie Mackay was born on 21 August 1893 in [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]], [[West Bengal]], [[British India|India]], to [[James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape]] of Strathnaver, a [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial administrator in India who became chairman of [[P&O]] and Jean Paterson Shanks. Her father was serving as President of the [[Bengal]] [[Chamber of Commerce]], as a member of the Legislative Council of the [[Viceroy of India]], and as a member of the Council of the [[Secretary of State for India]].<br />
<br />
She was reportedly disinherited by her family after eloping with actor [[Dennis Wyndham]] to be married on 23 May 1917. She appeared on the stage and screen as '''Poppy Wyndham''' from 1919 to 1921. This marriage was annulled in 1922.<ref name="disambig">Many sources confuse and conflate her career with that of the Australian born [[Elsie Mackay (Actress)|actress of the same name]], but she was still performing after 1935.That Elsie Mackay was married to the English actor [[Lionel Atwill]] from 1920 until their divorce in 1928.</ref><br />
<br />
As Poppy Wyndham she was the first woman jockey in England, and in her short career on the turf she piloted no less than a dozen winners under the barriers. In the few events from which her sex did not bar her, her colours - yellow and blue - were always present, and always were heavily backed.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
Poppy Wyndham's film career included:<ref name="disambig"/><ref name="Elsie 64">{{cite news<br />
|title=Movies: About Tidal Wave<br />
|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/113773/Tidal-Wave/overview<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605223327/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/113773/Tidal-Wave/overview<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=5 June 2008<br />
|accessdate=9 August 2008<br />
| first=Brooks<br />
|department=Movies & TV Dept.<br />
|work=[[The New York Times]]<br />
|date=2008<br />
| last=Barnes<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Elsie 03">[http://www.citwf.com/person443625.htm The Complete Index To World Film since 1895]</ref><ref name="HollyUp">[http://www.hollywoodupclose.com/movie_stars/celebrity-filmography-Poppy+Wyndham Hollywood upclose – database for Poppy Wyndham]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* ''[[A Great Coup]]'' (1919) as Kate Hampton<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
* ''[[Snow in the Desert]]'' (1919)<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
* ''Many a Slip'' (1919) as The Girl<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
* ''[[A Dead Certainty]]'' (1920) as Pat Stone<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
* ''[[The Town of Crooked Ways]]'' (1920) as Queenie Clay<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
* ''[[The Tidal Wave]]'' (1920) (as Carmen Hale / Columbine)<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
* ''[[A Son of David]]'' (1920) as Esther Raphael<ref name="HollyUp"/><br />
<br />
==Interior design==<br />
After the marriage to Wyndham was annulled she returned to her family and developed a career as an [[interior decorator]], creating lavish interiors, [[state room]]s and public spaces for her father's [[Shipping|shipping line]], the [[P&O]]. In 1923 she launched the {{RMS|Maloja}}, and went on to design much of the interiors for the four P&O "R" class ships of 1925: [[HMS Rawalpindi|SS ''Rawalpindi'']], {{SS|Ranchi}}, {{SS|Ranpura}} and {{SS|Rajputana}}, plus the {{RMS|Viceroy of India}} in 1927.<ref name="Elsie 13">[http://www.freewebs.com/shippinglines/ships1920to1930.htm P & O Line Ships (and technical data) from 1920 to 1930] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130222100/http://www.freewebs.com/shippinglines/ships1920to1930.htm |date=30 January 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Flying==<br />
In 1923, she took up flying, gaining her pilot's licence at the [[De Havilland]] Flying School, probably the second woman since [[World War I]] after 'Mrs Atkey',<ref name="Elsie 28">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deltaaviation.co.uk/DHSOF/about/D_History.htm |title=History of the De Havilland Flying School |access-date=29 May 2008 |archive-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015124747/http://www.deltaaviation.co.uk/DHSOF/about/D_History.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> bought a plane,<ref name="Elsie 12">[http://www.ayrshirepost.net/ayrshire-news/local-news-ayrshire/girvan-news/2008/03/26/so-brave-and-beautiful-102545-20676715/ Ayrshire Post article – So Brave and so Beautiful]</ref> and expressed a determination to be the first woman to fly the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. She was regarded as a contemporary [[role model]] amongst women, with dark looks, graceful manner, and a habitually well-dressed and bejewelled appearance. She was noted for driving her [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls-Royce]] at great speed and was a familiar sight in her [[Avro]] [[biplane]] in the skies over [[South Ayrshire]] and [[Wigtownshire]].<ref name="Elsie 12"/><ref name="Elsie 68">[http://www.jamd.com/search?assettype=g&assetid=3247971&text=Poppy+Wyndham Picture of Elsie in her Avro Biplane at Jamd.com]</ref> She even participated in an "outside loop", the most dangerous of all stunts in air, with Capt. E. C. D. Herne as her pilot. During this manoeuvre her safety-strap broke but she clung to bracing wires while her body swung outside the plane like a stone twirled on the end of a piece of string.<ref name="Elsie 01"/> She was one of the first women in Britain to gain her [[Royal Aero Club]] pilot's licence and was later elected to the advisory committee of pilots to the [[British Empire]] [[Air League]].<ref name="Elsie 11"/><br />
<br />
==Transatlantic flight==<br />
[[File:Glenapp Church Stained Glass (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.56|Window in remembrance of Elsie Mackay at Glenapp Church]]<br />
To achieve her [[Transatlantic flight|transatlantic]] ambition Mackay bought a [[Stinson Detroiter]], having been impressed by the aircraft during [[Ruth Elder]]'s failed 1927 transatlantic attempt (despite an oil leak causing the failure {{convert|300|mi}} from the Azores over the Atlantic<ref>[http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/elder.html Hargrave – Profile of Ruth Elder]</ref>). It was shipped from the US to Britain and delivered to the [[Brooklands]] [[Auto racing|motor racing]] track, which at the time was also used as an airfield. She named it ''Endeavour''. It was a [[monoplane]] with gold tipped wings and a black [[fuselage]], powered by a nine-cylinder, {{convert|300|hp}} [[Wright Whirlwind]] [[Wright Whirlwind#Variants|J-6-9 (R-975) engine]], with a cruising speed of {{convert|84|mph}}.<ref name="Elsie 32">[http://www.wwi-models.org/mail-archive/archive.cci/824 World War I Modeling Page – WGR Hinchliffe forum]</ref><br />
<br />
In early March 1928, the ''[[Daily Express]]'' discovered that Captain Hinchliffe and Mackay were preparing for a transatlantic attempt by carrying out test flights at [[RAF Cranwell]] and were staying at the George Hotel in [[Leadenham]]<ref name="Elsie 22">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegeorgeatleadenham.co.uk/ |title=History of The George Hotel at Leadenham |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040345/http://thegeorgeatleadenham.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> near [[Grantham]]. The story was silenced by Mackay's threatened [[Law|legal action]] as she intended to depart in secret while her father was in [[Egypt]], having promised her family she would not make the attempt.<ref name="Elsie 11"/><br />
<br />
At 8:35&nbsp;am on 13{{nbsp}}March 1928, ''Endeavour'' took off from [[RAF Cranwell]], [[Lincolnshire]],<ref name="Elsie 66">[http://www.wwi-models.org/mail-archive/archive.cci/824 World War I Modeling Page -Hinchliffe forum]</ref> with minimal fuss as Hinchliffe had told only two friends he was going and Elsie registered under the [[pseudonym]] of 'Gordon Sinclair'.'<ref name="Elsie 15">[http://ngb.chebucto.org/Newspaper-Obits/xxviii2.shtml Old News of Newfoundland]</ref> Approximately five hours later, at 1.30&nbsp;pm the chief [[lighthouse keeper]] at [[Mizen Head]] on the south west coast of [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]] saw the monoplane over the village of [[Crookhaven]].<ref name="Elsie 66"/> A French steamer later reported seeing them still on course,<ref name="Elsie 15" /> but [[List of missing aircraft|nothing else is known]].<ref>Roseberry, C.R. (1966), ''The Challenging Skies: The Colorful Story of Aviation's Most Exciting Years, 1919-1939'', pp. 132-134. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.</ref> A crowd of 5,000 is reputed to have waited for them at [[Mitchel Field]], [[Long Island]].<ref name="Elsie 01"/> In December 1928, eight months later, a single piece of identifiable undercarriage (a wheel with a [[serial number]] on it) washed ashore in north west Ireland.<ref name="Elsie 11"/><br />
<br />
==Commemoration==<br />
Elsie Mackay is commemorated by a [[stained glass]] window in the [[chancel]] of Glenapp Church in the [[parish]] of [[Ballantrae]], [[Ayrshire]] (where her father owned the [[Glenapp Castle|Glenapp estate]]).<ref name="Elsie 02">.[http://www.ballantraeparishchurch.org.uk/Ballantrae/Glenapp_History.html Ballantrae Parish Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321232315/http://www.ballantraeparishchurch.org.uk/ballantrae/glenapp_history.html |date=21 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Rhododendron]]s, now somewhat overgrown, spell out "Elsie" on the opposite side of the glen.({{coord|55.0288|-5.014}})<ref name="Elsie 12"/> A street is named after her in [[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador|Gander]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].<ref name="Elsie 30">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaflight.org/street%20names.htm |title=Gander's Historic Street Names |access-date=29 May 2008 |archive-date=5 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605192327/http://www.gaflight.org/street%20names.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her financial legacy was the Elsie Mackay Fund, a £500,000 trust bequeathed by her father that was left to the British nation on 12 December 1928, for 50 years and used to help pay off the [[Government debt|national debt]].<ref name="Elsie 12"/><ref name="Elsie 16">[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=7&CATID=-2088082&FullDetails=True&Gsm=2008-02-12v National Archives – Elsie Mackay Fund]</ref><ref name="Elsie 24">[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1978/dec/04/elsie-mackay-fund Parliamentary reference to the Elsie Mackay Fund in Hansard]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Amelia Earhart]]<br />
* [[Frances Wilson Grayson]]<br />
* [[Amy Johnson]]<br />
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Elsie Mackay (died 1928)}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|0943914|Poppy Wyndham}}<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/making_history_20080527.shtml BBC Radio 4 Making History – Elsie Mackay overview]<br />
* [http://www.elsie-mackay.co.uk/ West over the Waves – Elsie Mackay tribute site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808194956/http://www.elsie-mackay.co.uk/ |date=8 August 2017 }}<br />
* [http://www.airliners.net/photo/Scenic-Airways/Stinson-SM-1-Detroiter/1309615&tbl=photo_info&photo_nr=1&prev_id=&next_id=NEXTID Images and Info of Stinson Detroiter SM-1 at Airliners.net]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234800/http://www.crossingthehorizonbook.com/ Crossing the Horizon, a novel based on Elsie Mackay's flight]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackay, Elsie}}<br />
[[Category:1893 births]]<br />
[[Category:1920s missing person cases]]<br />
[[Category:1928 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ballantrae]]<br />
[[Category:Nobility from South Ayrshire]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Scottish actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Clan Mackay|Elsie]]<br />
[[Category:Daughters of British earls]]<br />
[[Category:British aviation pioneers]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish aviators]]<br />
[[Category:British women aviators]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish interior designers]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish silent film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Scottish stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Missing aviators]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from Shimla]]<br />
[[Category:People lost at sea]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in international waters]]<br />
[[Category:British people in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1928]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from South Ayrshire]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhawanipur,_East_Champaran&diff=491101Bhawanipur, East Champaran2026-01-21T13:30:06Z<p>House of Dontics: added post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other places|Bhawanipur (disambiguation){{!}}Bhawanipur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bhawanipur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|26|10|N|84|44|8|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 16549<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>[[2011 Census of India]]</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 845434<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Motihari<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = 50:48 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = 67%<br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = Motihari<br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhawanipur''' is near [[Areraj]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Bhawanipur is situated at the Bank of [[Burhi Gandak River|River Budhi-Gandak]] which falls in Ganga [[Patna]].<br />
Bhawanipur is situated at a distance of about 40&nbsp;km from [[Motihari]], the district headquarters of [[East Champaran]] district. The [[National Highway 28 (India)|National Highway NH 28]] provides the closest route to Motihari. Bhawanipur falls under the jurisdiction of Sangrampur Police Station. <br />
Bhawani Pur village has two Panchayats: South Bhawani Pur and North Bhawani Pur.<br />
The famous Someshwar Shiv Madir, is located at [[Areraj]] which is at a 15-minute drive from Bhawanipur.<br />
Bhawani Pur belongs to the [[Kesaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kesaria Assembly]] and the [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purvi Champaran]] (Lok Sabha constituency) Lok Sabha of Bihar.<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
Climate is characterised by high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] sub-type for this climate is "[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]" (Humid Subtropical Climate).<br />
<br />
<br />
In 2020, Bhawanipur was among the areas which was affected by flood due to breakdown of the dam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-25 |title=Bihar flood situation worsens as embankments of the Gandak river breach, about a million affected |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/bihar-flood-situation-worsens-as-embankments-of-the-gandak-river-breach-about-a-million-people-affected-in-the-state/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Gaonconnection {{!}} Your Connection with Rural India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Bihar flood: Gandak river breaches embankment in Champaran, several villages inundated; 2000 rescued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-flood-embankment-breached-in-champaran-several-villages-inundated-2000-rescued/story-NmfJlegDDeFpxI0DvoQVvM.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-29 |title=Bihar: Destroyed lives and submerged homes in flood-hit India |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53916612 |access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nearly 1 million people hit by Bihar floods; breach in embankments in two districts |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nearly-1-million-people-hit-by-bihar-floods-breach-in-embankments-in-two-districts/articleshow/77154030.cms |access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref><br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Bhawanipur<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|Jan high C = 24.1<br />
|Feb high C = 26.6<br />
|Mar high C = 32.2<br />
|Apr high C = 36.3<br />
|May high C = 35.9<br />
|Jun high C = 33.8<br />
|Jul high C = 32.1<br />
|Aug high C = 31.9<br />
|Sep high C = 32.1<br />
|Oct high C = 31.5<br />
|Nov high C = 28.8<br />
|Dec high C = 25.4<br />
|Jan low C = 9.1<br />
|Feb low C = 11.4<br />
|Mar low C = 15.9<br />
|Apr low C = 21.1<br />
|May low C = 24.3<br />
|Jun low C = 25.7<br />
|Jul low C = 26<br />
|Aug low C = 26<br />
|Sep low C = 25.5<br />
|Oct low C = 21.8<br />
|Nov low C = 14.6<br />
|Dec low C = 10<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 16<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 4<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 10<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 26<br />
|May precipitation mm = 57<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 195<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 320<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 314<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 226<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 92<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 8<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 1<br />
|source 1 = climate-data<ref name=climate-data><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url =https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/bihar/bhawanipur-174762/<br />
|title=climate-data.org<br />
|year=2020<br />
}}<br />
Retrieved on 09 January 2020.<br />
</ref><br />
|date=January 2020<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Tirhut Division}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in East Champaran district]]<br />
<br />
{{EastChamparan-geo-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Rollin&diff=545602We Rollin2026-01-20T07:00:05Z<p>House of Dontics: started post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox song<br />
| name = We Rollin<br />
| type = single<br />
| artist = [[Shubh]]<br />
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| released = 17 September 2021<br />
| genre = *[[Hip hop]]<br />
*[[pop rap]]<br />
*[[Indian hip hop|Indian hip-hop]]<br />
| length = 3:19<br />
| label = Shubh<br />
| writer = Shubh<br />
| producer = Anabolic Beats<br />
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|RLhuPD2ASKE|"We Rollin"}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
"'''We Rollin'''" is a single by [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] rapper-singer [[Shubh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Rollin Fame Shubh Might Be Coming Up With A New Track. Details Inside |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/384485-We-Rollin-Fame-Shubh-Might-Be-Coming-Up-With-A-New-Track-Details-Inside |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapper Shubh's India Tour Cancelled After Alleged Support For 'Khalistan' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rapper-shubhs-india-tour-cancelled-after-alleged-support-for-khalistan-4406648 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title='Elevated' Fame Shubh Shares Distorted Map Of India, Kangana Wants Punjabi Singer To Be Jailed |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/elevated-fame-shubh-shares-distorted-map-of-india-kangana-wants-punjabi-singer-to-be-jailed-596733.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> The song was music composed by Anabolic Beatz, and written by Shubh, The song was released on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Who is Canada-based singer Shubh, and why is he controversial? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/who-is-canada-based-singer-shubh-and-why-is-he-controversial-101695037254484.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-19 |title=Breaking: Punjabi Rap Superstar Shubh Releases Ruthless Debut Album 'Still Rollin' - Culture Haze |url=https://culturehaze.com/breaking-punjabi-rap-superstar-shubh-releases-ruthless-debut-album-still-rollin/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Canada-based Singer Shubh's Still Rollin Tour CANCELLED In India After Outrage |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/canada-based-singer-shubhs-still-rollin-tour-cancelled-in-india-after-outrage-8584878.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The song appeared in the [[UK Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music]] Chart and UK Punjabi Chart and [[Apple Music]] India Daily Chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100: India on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/th/playlist/top-100-india/pl.c0e98d2423e54c39b3df955c24df3cc5}}</ref> We Rollin has Crossed 264 Million views on [[YouTube]] May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=SHUBH |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/63190/shubh/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bollywoodproduct |date=2023-05-10 |title=Most Viewed Punjabi Songs on YouTube |url=https://bollywoodproduct.in/most-viewed-punjabi-songs/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Bollywood Product |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Shubh's 'We Rollin' Surpasses a 100 Million Listens on Spotify - Culture Haze |url=https://culturehaze.com/shubhs-we-rollin-surpasses-a-100-million-listens-on-spotify/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 singles]]<br />
[[Category:2021 songs]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mubarak_Begum&diff=518670Mubarak Begum2026-01-16T00:43:28Z<p>House of Dontics: adding a post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian singer (1936–2016)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --><br />
| name = Mubarak Begum<br />
| image = Mubarak Begum.jpeg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = ur<br />
| background = solo_singer<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|01|05}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sujangarh]], [[Churu district]], Rajasthan, India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2016|07|18|1936|01|05}}<br />
| death_place = [[Jogeshwari]], [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]<br />
| occupation = Singer<br />
| instrument = Vocalist<br />
| years_active = 1949 {{endash}} 1981<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mubarak Begum''' (5 January 1936 {{endash}} 18 July 2016) was an Indian vocalist who sang in the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] languages. She was a playback singer<ref name=cineplot>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/music/mubarak-begum-interview/|archive-date=11 October 2011|author=Lata Khubchandani|date=5 September 2010|access-date=14 June 2022|url-status =dead|title=Mubarak Begum – Interview|website=Cineplot.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011084650/http://cineplot.com/music/mubarak-begum-interview/}}</ref><ref name=IndianExpress>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/remembering-mubarak-begum-the-voice-that-belonged-to-hindi-films-golden-era-2923452/|title =Remembering Mubarak Begum: The voice that belonged to Hindi films' Golden era|date = 19 July 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> in [[Bollywood]] films during the 1950s and 1960s. She had also recorded and given public performances in a number of other genres, including [[Ghazal]] and [[Na`at]].<ref name=Tribune2>{{cite news |title='Notes from the past', profile of Mubarak Begum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081012/spectrum/main4.htm |access-date=14 June 2022 |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India|date=12 October 2008|author=Siraj Khan}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Mubarak Begum started her career with light music recitals performed for [[All India Radio]], India's national public radio station. Her career as a playback singer began in 1949, with the Indian Hindi-language film ''[[Aiye]]''. It was the Indo-Pakistani composer [[Nashad]] (not to be confused with Indian composer [[Naushad]]) who gave Begum her first break. The first song she recorded for films was "Mohe Aane Lagi Angrayi, Aaja Aaja" (''[[Aiye]]'' (1949). She also sang a duet with the then-upcoming [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in the same film. A well-recognized song in her career was "Kabhi Tanhaiyon Mein Yun", composed by [[Snehal Bhatkar]] for [[Kidar Sharma]]'s film ''[[Hamari Yaad Aayegi]]'' (1961).<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=cineplot/><ref name=TH/><br />
<br />
===Popular songs===<br />
Mubarak Begum sang a total of 178 songs for [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] during her career, and the total number of films where her songs have appeared is 115. For a complete list of her songs, see [[List of songs recorded by Mubarak Begum]]. The following is a short list of her most popular songs:<br />
<br />
*"Mujh ko Apne Gale Lagalo, Aye Mere Hamrahi", with lyrics by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], and music by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] (from ''[[Hamrahi (1963 film)|Hamrahi]]'', 1963)<ref name=ndtv/><ref name=Tribune2/><br />
*"Kabhi Tanhaayon Mein Yun, Hamari Yaad Aayegi", with lyrics by [[Kidar Sharma]], and music by [[Snehal Bhatkar]] (from ''[[Hamari Yaad Aayegi]]'', 1961)<ref name=Tribune2/><br />
*"Neend Ud Jaaye Teri, Chain se Sone Wale" (from ''[[Juaari]]'', 1968)<br />
*"Woh na aayenge palat kar", with lyrics by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], and music by [[S. D. Burman]] (from [[Devdas (1955 film)|''Devdas'', 1955]])<ref>[https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/devdas_1955.htm Mubarak Begum song on hindigeetmala.net] Retrieved 14 June 2022</ref><br />
*"Hum haal-e-dil sunayenghe, sunyay ke na sunyay", with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], and music by [[Salil Chowdhury]] (from ''[[Madhumati]]'', 1958)<ref name=TH/><br />
*"Wada humse kiya, dil kisi ko diya" (from [[Saraswatichandra (film)|''Saraswatichandra'']], 1968)<ref name=IndianExpress/><br />
*"Be-murawwat bewafa begana-e dil aap hain", with lyrics by [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]], and music by C. Arjun (from ''[[Susheela (film)|Susheela]]'', 1966)<ref>[https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/sushila.htm Mubarak Begum's film song on hindigeetmala.net] Retrieved 14 June 2022</ref><br />
*"Ae dil bataa hum kahan aa gaye" (from ''Khooni Khazana'', 1965)<br />
*"Kuchh Ajnabi se aap hain" (from ''[[Shagoon|Shagun]]'', 1964)<ref name=Tribune2/><br />
*"Ayji ayji yaad rakhna sanam" (from ''[[Daku Mansoor]]'', 1961)<br />
*"Shama Gul Karke Na Jao Yun" (from ''Arab Ka Sitara'', 1961)<br />
*"Sanwariya teri yaad mein ro ro marenge hum" (from ''Ramu Toh Deewana Hai'', 1980)<ref name=IndianExpress/><br />
*"Humein Dum Daike, Sautan Ghar Jana" a duet with [[Asha Bhosle]], with lyrics by [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], and music by Iqbal Qureshi (from ''[[Yeh Dil Kisko Doon]]'', 1963)<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=cineplot/><ref name=TH/><br />
*"Yeh moonh aur masoor ki daal", with Sharda (from [[Around the World (1967 film)|''Around the World'']] (1967)<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Mubarak Begum was born into a [[Muslim]] family at [Jhunjhunu] a district town in [[Rajasthan]]. She was married to Mr. Shaikh, a man from her own community, and she was the mother of two children, a son and a daughter. Her husband and daughter are both no longer living; in her later years, she lived with her son, daughter-in-law and granddaughter.<br />
<br />
Although she was a well-known singer, Begum was not able to capitalize on her talents. She did not have the savvy "networking" skills that are so important in careers connected to the entertainment industry, and her career remained stilted as a result. While a competent singer, she was not as skilled in business matters. She was more interested in the music than the money, and her day-to-day expenses and generosity did not allow her to save much money. In a 2016 interview, given before she died, when asked, she said that the Pakistani ghazal singer [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] was her favorite singer.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCj7EMR9Ya8 A Tribute to legendary singer Mubarak Begum, Interview with Mubarak Begum on YouTube] Published 20 April 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2022</ref><br />
<br />
Begum's daughter, who had been suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]], died in October 2015, after which Begum's own health took a serious downturn. In May 2016, the press reported that Begum was in hospital and that her family were unable to pay her medical bills. She lived in a one-bedroom apartment in Behram Bagh, in the [[Mumbai]] suburb of [[Jogeshwari]], with her family, consisting of a son, daughter-in-law, and granddaughter.<ref name=ndtv/> Her sole income was a pension which she received from her late husband's employer. This pension was reported by Indian news channel [[NDTV]] to be Rs. 800 ($12) per month<ref name=ndtv>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mubarak-begum-once-a-famous-singer-needs-help-515388 Mubarak Begum once a famous singer needs help] NDTV, Updated 7 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2022</ref> and by Indian newspaper ''[[Zee Media Corporation#Newspaper|DNA]]'' to be Rs. 3000/- ($45) per month;<ref name=dna>[https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bollywood-takes-mubarak-begum-to-heart-1529551 Bollywood takes Mubarak Begum to heart] ''Daily News and Analysis'', Published 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2022</ref> both figures are extremely paltry by Indian standards, and utterly inadequate for a person's sustenance. Begum was dependent on her son, Hussain Shaikh, who earned an uncertain income by freelancing as a chauffeur, and Begum was cared for by her daughter-in-law.<ref name=dna/><br />
<br />
Begum's daughter-in-law, Zarina Hussain Shaikh, told the press that the actor [[Salman Khan]] was virtually the only person from the Hindi film industry who was helping the family financially, on a sustained, long-term basis. He had been paying the full costs of all medicine required by the elderly Begum. The singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] consoled Begum after the death of her daughter and grieved with her. In June 2016, [[Vinod Tawde]], a [[BJP]] minister in the government of [[Maharashtra]], stepped in to help the family. Tawde found that there were no government schemes under which he could release money to Begum's family, therefore he asked a charitable trust run by people close to him to help, and they provided Begum with some money.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
*''[[Aiye]]'' (1949) (her debut film, music by [[Nashad|Shaukat Ali Nashad]])<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=TH/><br />
*''Basera'' (1950)<br />
*''Dolti Naiya'' (1950)<br />
*''Phoolon Ka Haar'' (1951) (music by [[Hansraj Behl]])<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''Mamta'' (1952)<br />
*''Mordhawj'' (1952)<br />
*''Sheesha'' (1952)<br />
*''Char Chand'' (1953)<br />
*''Daera'' (1953)<br />
*''Dharma Patni'' (1953)<br />
*''Africa'' (1954)<br />
*''Aamir'' (1954)<br />
*''Aulad'' (1954)<br />
*''[[Chandni Chowk (film)|Chandni Chowk]]'' (1954)<br />
*''Dak Babu'' (1954)<br />
*''Gawaiya'' (1954)<br />
*''Gul Bahar'' (1954)<br />
*''Har Jeet'' (1954)<br />
*''Maan'' (1954)<br />
*''Rishta'' (1954)<br />
* ''[[Shabaab (film)|Shabaab]]'' (1954) (music by [[Naushad]])<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''Sangam'' (1954)<br />
*''Tatar Ke Chor'' (1954)<br />
*''Baradari'' (1955)<br />
*''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955) (music by [[S.D. Burman]])<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=TH/><br />
*''Jasoos'' (1955)<br />
*''Patit Pawan'' (1955)<br />
*''Khandan'' (1955)<br />
*''[[Kundan (1955 film)|Kundan]]'' (1955)<br />
*''Rukhsana'' (1955)<br />
*''Sau Ka Note'' (1955)<br />
*''Sakhi Lutera'' (1955)<br />
*''Aan Baan'' (1956)<br />
*''Awara Shahzadi'' (1956)<br />
*''Badal Aur Bijli'' (1956)<br />
*''Baghdad Ka Jadoo'' (1956)<br />
*''Baghi Saudagar'' (1956)<br />
*''Dhola Maru'' (1956)<br />
*''Fighting Queen'' (1956)<br />
*''Harihar Bhakti'' (1956)<br />
*''Jungle Queen'' (1956)<br />
*''Lal-E-Yaman'' (1956)<br />
*''Rangeen Raatein'' (1956)<br />
*''Sultana Daku'' (1956)<br />
*''Fashion'' (1957)<br />
*''Gateway of India'' (1957)<br />
*''Maharani'' (1957)<br />
*''Paisa'' (1957)<br />
*''Parvin'' (1957)<br />
*''Patal Pari'' (1957)<br />
*''Chetak Rana Pratap'' (1958)<br />
*''Jungle Princess'' (1958)<br />
*''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958) (music by [[Salil Chowdhury]])<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=TH/><br />
*''Sim Sim Marjina'' (1958)<br />
*''Behram Daku'' (1959)<br />
*''Chini Jadugar'' (1959)<br />
*''Maa Ke Ansoo'' (1959)<br />
*''Jalim Jadugar'' (1960)<br />
*''[[Mughl-e-Azam]]'' (1960)<br />
*''Return of Mr. Superman'' (1960)<br />
*''Veer Durghadas'' (1960)<br />
*''Arab Ka Sitara'' (1961)<br />
*''Daku Mansoor'' (1961)<br />
*''Dekhi Teri Bombay'' (1961)<br />
*''Gypsy Girl'' (1961)<br />
*''[[Hamari Yaad Aayegi]]'' (1961) (her most popular film song, music by [[Snehal Bhatkar]])<ref name=cineplot/><ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=TH/><br />
*''Piya Milan Ki Aas'' (1961)<br />
*''Shahi Farman'' (1961)<br />
*''Zindagi Aur Khwab'' (1961)<br />
*''Cobra Girl'' (1963)<br />
*''[[Hamrahi (1963 film)|Hamrahi]]'' (1963) (music by [[Shankar-Jaikishan]])<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''Sunehre Nagin'' (1963)<br />
*''[[Yeh Dil Kisko Doon]]'' (1963)<br />
*''Aandhi Aur Toofan'' (1964)<br />
*''Balma Bada Nadan'' (1964) <br />
*''Fariyad'' (1964)<br />
*''Hameer Haath'' (1964)<br />
*''Kab Ho Hain Gawana Hamaar'' (1964)<br />
*''Magic Carpet'' (1964)<br />
*''Marvel Man'' (1964)<br />
*''Naihar Chutal Jai'' (1964) <br />
*''Pahadi Nagin'' (1964)<br />
*''Punar Milan'' (1964)<br />
*''Qawwali Ki Raat'' (1964)<br />
*''[[Shagoon (1964 film)|Shagoon]]'' (1964)<br />
*''Tarzan and Captain Kishore'' (1964)<br />
*''[[Arzoo (1965 film)|Arzoo]]'' (1965)<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''Black Arrow'' (1965)<br />
*''Khooni Khazana'' (1965)<br />
*''Main Hoon Jadugar'' (1965)<br />
*''Mohabbat Isko Kehte Hain'' (1965)<br />
*''More Man Mitwa'' (1965)<br />
*''[[Kaajal]]'' (1965)<br />
*''Tarzan and the King Kong'' (1965)<br />
*''Gagola'' (1966)<br />
*''[[Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare (1966 film)|Neend Humari Khwab Tumhare]]'' (1966) (music by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]])<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''Professor Aur Jadugar'' (1966)<br />
*''Sushila'' (1966)<br />
*''[[Teesri Kasam]]'' (1966)<br />
*''Zimbo Finds a Son'' (1966)<br />
*''Awara Ladki'' (1967)<br />
*''Around the World'' (1967)<br />
*''Mera Bhai Mera Dushman'' (1967)<br />
*''Poonam Ki Chand'' (1967)<br />
*''[[Juaari]]'' (1968) (music by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]])<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' (1968)<ref name=cineplot/><br />
*''Hum Ek Hain'' (1969)<br />
*''Chetna'' (1970)<br />
*''Chandan'' (1971)<br />
*''Annadata'' (1972)<br />
*''Ek Bechara'' (1972)<br />
*''Chattan Singh'' (1974)<br />
*''Subah Zaroor Ayegi'' (1977)<br />
*''Ramu Toh Deewana Hain'' (1980)<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=TH/><br />
*''Sister'' (1980)<br />
*''Ganga Mang Rahi Balidan'' (1981)<br />
*''Nai Imarat'' (1981)<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Mubarak Begum died on 18 July 2016 in Mumbai, India at age 80.<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=TH>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Legendary-playback-singer-Mubarak-Begum-dies-at-80/article60461373.ece Legendary playback singer Mubarak Begum dies at 80] ''The Hindu'', Published 19 July 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2022</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of songs recorded by Mubarak Begum]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0610803}}<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100110/spectrum/main7.htm 'Leading singers stifled my voice: Mubarak Begum', The Tribune newspaper]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Mubarak}}<br />
[[Category:1930s births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women ghazal singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Churu district]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian performers of Islamic music]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic music]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Rajasthan]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhoranj_Assembly_constituency&diff=467401Bhoranj Assembly constituency2026-01-09T07:04:46Z<p>House of Dontics: small expanded lead per standard format also</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bhoranj<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 36<br />
| map_image = 36-Bhoranj constituency.svg<br />
| mla = Suresh Kumar <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:82738}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhoranj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. It is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ByeElec2017/Results/36-Bhoranj.pdf Bye Elections Results 2017]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhoranj.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Bhoranj Assembly constituency]</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Ishwar Dass Dhiman]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2017 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2017 By-election]] || Dr. Anil Dhiman <br />
|- <br />
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Kamlesh Kumari Yadav]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Suresh Kumar (Himachal politician)|Suresh Kumar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhoranj}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Kumar (Himachal politician) | Suresh Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,779 |percentage=43.16% |change={{increase}}2.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Anil Dhiman|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=24,719|percentage=43.05%|change={{decrease}}11.06}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pawan Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=6,861|percentage=11.95%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajni Kaushal|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=463|percentage=0.81%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jarnail Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=302|percentage=0.53%|change={{decrease}}0.42}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=293|percentage=0.51%|change={{decrease}}0.19}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60 |percentage=0.10% |change= {{decrease}}13.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=57,417|percentage=69.40%|change={{increase}}1.13}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,738 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.31 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.96 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhoranj<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh Kumari Yadav |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,961 |percentage=54.12% |change={{increase}}1.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Suresh Kumar (Himachal politician) |Suresh Kumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,069|percentage=40.78%|change={{increase}}6.32}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Praveen Kaushal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=491|percentage=0.95%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=362|percentage=0.70%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhani Ram Shukla|party=Independent politician|votes=308|percentage=0.60%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,892 |percentage=13.34% |change= {{decrease}}4.36 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=51,669|percentage=68.26%|change={{increase}}6.79}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,689 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.96 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Bhoranj}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Anil Dhiman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,434 |percentage=52.16% |change={{decrease}}7.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmila Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,144 |percentage=34.46% |change={{decrease}}2.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,630 |percentage=9.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ramesh Chand Dogra |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kusum Azad |party=Independent politician |votes=403 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=263 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,290 |percentage=17.70% |change= {{decrease}}4.88 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,848 |percentage=61.47% |change= {{decrease}}3.13 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,209 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.72 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.07 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhoranj}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ishwar Dass Dhiman]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,323 |percentage=59.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,908 |percentage=36.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=891 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram Shukla |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh Mastana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=363 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,415 |percentage=22.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,131 |percentage=64.60% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,411 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bhoranj]]<br />
* [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]<br />
* [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|31.34|76.77|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amrita_Sher-Gil%27s_paintings_at_Lahore_(1937)&diff=486160Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)2026-01-08T05:13:54Z<p>House of Dontics: added a data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1937 exhibition of Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil in sari.jpg|thumb|right|Amrita Sher-Gil]]<br />
<br />
The Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], exhibited 33 of her paintings at her '''One-man Show''' in the ballroom at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held from 21 to 27 November 1937. Four paintings were sold in total; ''[[The Little Girl in Blue]]'' (1934), ''[[The Story Teller (painting)|The Story]]'' (1937), ''Pink Self-portrait'', and ''[[The Vina Player]]'' (1937).<br />
<br />
At the opening, Punjab's finance minister, [[Manohar Lal (economist)|Manohar Lal]], praised the self-portrait she did not like. [[Charles Fabri]] commended the exhibition in general, though criticised the show for being too ornate. The attendance was good. With eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] per entry, the exhibition made around ₹25 a day from entrance fees alone.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil painting South Indian Villagers Going to Market 1937 Simla.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amrita Sher-Gil]] painting ''[[South Indian Villagers going to Market]]'' with three of its models, photographed in 1937 at her home in Simla.]]<br />
[[Amrita Sher-Gil]] exhibited 33 of her paintings, dubbed her "One-man Show", in the ballroom at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held from 21 to 27 November 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418>Sundaram, pp. 418-423</ref><ref name=Singh1975>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N Iqbal |date=1975 |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001838 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=209–217 |jstor=23001838 |issn=0376-9771 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Having checked into Faletti's a week before the opening, she arranged invitations, oversaw plans for lighting, and unpacked her artwork.<ref name=Dalmia.98/><br />
<br />
==Opening==<br />
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|thumb|right|Exhibition opening at Lahore 1937]]<br />
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil and Dalip Singh Majithia.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil and Dalip Singh Majithia 1937 Lahore]]<br />
The exhibition was opened by Punjab's finance minister, [[Manohar Lal (economist)|Manohar Lal]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/> Over 150 people attended on that day.<ref name=FabriNov1936>{{cite news |last1=Fabri |first1=Charles L. |title=Two art exhibitions: Miss Sher0Gil and Miss Townsend |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=24 November 1937 |location=Lahore |page=10}}</ref> Dressed in a gold-bordered sari, twice wrapped covering a brocade blouse, and wearing large Tibetan jewellery, Sher-Gil greeted guests at the entrance.<ref name=Dalmia.98/> Attendees included [[Dalip Singh Majithia]], [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji]], [[Diwan Chaman Lall]], Justice [[Bakshi Tek Chand]], [[Lahore Museum]]'s curator [[K. N. Sitaram]], Kanwar Dalip Singh of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], and [[Bhim Sen Sachar]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><ref name=Dalmia.98>Dalmia, 98-99</ref><ref name=Ananth2007.24>Ananth, p. 24</ref> Students of [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] attended.<ref name=Dalmia.103>Dalmia, 103-105</ref> The ''[[Civil and Military Gazette|Civil and Military Gazette's]]'' art critic Fabri was also present.<ref name=CMGDec1941>{{cite news |title=Well known artist dies in Lahore |work=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |date=7 December 1941 |page=4}}</ref> It was there that Sher-Gil and Fabri first met.<ref name=Dalmia.100>Dalmia, 100-102</ref> The governor, [[Herbert William Emerson|Sir Herbert William Emerson]], and Lady Emerson, visited the exhibition for a private viewing on 24 November.<ref name=C&MG27Nov1937>{{cite news |title=Miss Sher-Gil's paintings: Punjab governor visits exhibition |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=27 November 1937 |location=Lahore |page=4}}</ref><ref name=Sundaram2010.424>Sundaram, pp. 424-429</ref><br />
<br />
==Exhibits==<br />
[[File:Catalogue contents Lahore exhibition 1937.jpg|thumb|left|1937 Catalogue]]<br />
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil at Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil at her 1937 Lahore Exhibition]]<br />
Paintings exhibited included ''[[Young Man with Apples]]'' (1932), ''[[Sleep (Sher-Gil)|Sleep]]'' (1933), ''[[Professional Model|A Professional Model]]'' (1933), ''The Little Girl in Blue'' (1934), ''[[Three Girls (painting)|Three Girls]]'' (1935), ''[[Bride's Toilet|The Bride's Toilet]]'' (1937), and ''The Story Teller'' (1937).<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/> The previous year, ''Sleep'' and ''Group of Young Girls'' had been displayed at the exhibition hall in the [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.266>Sundaram, pp. 266-270</ref> Hoping that the wealthy art collector, [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Nawab Salar Jung]] would purchase them, Sher-Gil was disappointed when after keeping them for several days the Nawab returned them, commenting that he had "no use for these [[Cubism|Cubist]] pictures".<ref name=Sundaram2010.271/> Re-exhibited at the November 1937 Lahore show, they did not sell and remained in Sher-Gil's possession.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
<br />
The self-portrait was bought by a person who subsequently commissioned Sher-Gil to do two portraits of Mrs Hiralal.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/> Also, at Lahore, Sher-Gil painted two commissioned paintings, which she did not approve of and left them unsigned.<ref name=Dalmia.103/> Other paintings she completed there included ''The Red Brick House'' and a portrait of [[Helen Chaman Lall]].<ref name=Dalmia.103/><br />
<br />
==Response==<br />
Four paintings were sold in total.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430>Sundaram, pp. 430-431</ref> Tyabji later recalled that "the exhibition was well attended", and that Sher-Gil appreciated that he bought ''The Story Teller''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/>{{efn|Catalogued as ''The Story'' in the original programme.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/>}} With the help of Chamanlall, ''The Little Girl in Blue'' was sold to Fabri.<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/> ''The Vina Player'', Sher-Gil's mother's favourite, was initially not for sale, but then acquired by the Lahore Museum, through the encouragement of Fabri and Sita Ram.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><ref name=Sundaram2010.424/> The other painting sold was titled ''Pink Self-portrait''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430>Sundaram, pp. 430-431</ref>{{efn|No such painting title in the programme, though several self-portraits are listed.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/>}}<br />
<br />
At the opening, Manohar Lal praised the self-portrait she did not like.<ref name=Dalmia.98/> Fabri called the show a "revelation",<ref name=Singh1975/> and "a feast for the eyes".<ref name=Dalmia.98/> He called her work "essentially modern without being fantastic", while criticising it for being "decorative to the extreme".<ref name=Dalmia.98/> With eight annas per entry, the exhibition made around ₹25 a day from entrance fees alone.<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/> On 24 November 1937, reviews of the exhibition in the ''Civil and Military Gazette'' coincided with reviews of the block-buster film ''[[Jeevan Prabhat]]''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/> One newspaper reported of the artwork that "each one seemed to excel the other in art and presentation".<ref name=Singh1975/><br />
<br />
==List of paintings exhibited==<br />
This is a list of the 33 paintings exhibited at Lahore in 1937 as catalogued and titled in the original programme:<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Catalogue number!!Title !! Image!! Catalogue price (1937)!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''[[Bride's Toilet|The Bride's Toilet]]''||[[File:Amrita Sger-Gil Bride's Toilet.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]<br />
|₹1,500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|One of Sher-Gil's South Indian trilogy.<ref name=Dalmia2013.201>Dalmia, p. 201</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''[[Brahmacharis (painting)|Brahmacharis]]''|| [[File:Brahmacharis 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]|| ₹1,500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|One of Sher-Gil's South Indian trilogy.<ref name=Dalmia2013.201/><br />
|-<br />
|3 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''[[Hill Men|Villagers in Winter]]'' || ||₹1,500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
<br />
|Later known as ''Hill Men''.<ref name=Tillotson1997>{{cite journal |last1=Tillotson |first1=G.H.R. |title=A Painter of Concern: Critical Writings on Amrita Sher-Gil |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=57–72 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002294 |issn=0376-9771|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|4 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''[[Hill Women]]'' ||[[File:Women-Painting of Amrita Sher Girl (cropped).jpeg|frameless|upright=1.13]]<br />
|₹1,500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|Depicts a girl and three young women.<ref name=Haupt2016>{{cite book |last1=Haupt |first1=Christina |title=Amrita Sher-Gil and the representations of non-western female bodies |date=2016 |publisher=Grin |location=Norderstedt |isbn=978-3-6684-887-7-9 |pages=5–7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|5 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''[[The Vina Player]]'' || [[File:The Vina Player (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]<br />
| Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|Sold to the [[Lahore Museum|Museum of Lahore]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/><br />
|-<br />
|6 ||''Greeting'' || ||₹200<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|7 ||''[[Woman and Children of Travancore]]'' || ||₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|[[Vivan Sundaram]] notes that this painting was later renamed ''Fruit Vendors'',<ref name=Sundaram2010.772>Sundaram, p. 772</ref> though the exhibition catalogue lists both these as separate paintings (see 22).<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|-<br />
|8 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''The Man in White''||[[File:Man in White 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || ₹350<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|Offered ₹250<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/><br />
|-<br />
|9 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''Mother India'' ||[[File:Mother India 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] ||₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|10 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''Head of a Girl'' ||[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Head of Girl 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]|| ₹150<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''[[Three Girls (painting)|Group of Young Girls]]'' ||[[File:Group of Three Girls 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] ||₹700<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
<br />
|Won the gold medal at the annual exhibition of the [[Bombay Art Society]] in 1937.<ref name=Dalmia2013.77>Dalmia, pp. 77-78</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|12 ||{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}:<br>''[[The Little Girl in Blue]]'' ||[[File:The Little Girl in Blue by Amrita Sher-Gil.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]<br />
<br />
|₹150<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
<br />
|Bought at the 1937 exhibition by [[Charles Fabri]] with the assistance of [[Diwan Chaman Lall]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/><br />
<br />
Fetched ₹18.69 crore, or $2.67 million in 2018, through auction at Sotheby's, Mumbai.<ref name=Tripathi2018>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Smita |title=Tyeb Mehta and Amrita Sher-Gil to lead Sotheby's first auction in India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/tyeb-mehta-and-amrita-sher-gil-to-lead-sotheby-s-first-auction-in-india/cid/1676887 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113052353/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/tyeb-mehta-and-amrita-sher-gil-to-lead-sotheby-s-first-auction-in-india/cid/1676887|archive-date=13 November 2023|work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=28 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Tribune2028>{{cite news |title=Amrita Sher-Gil's 'The Little Girl in Blue' fetches Rs 18.69 crore |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/amrita-sher-gil-s-the-little-girl-in-blue-fetches-rs-18-69-crore-691393 |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=Tribune |date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112082104/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/amrita-sher-gil-s-the-little-girl-in-blue-fetches-rs-18-69-crore-691393 |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=Shaw2021>{{Cite thesis |title=Why Now?: The Euro-U.S. Canon Adopts Tarsila do Amaral and Amrita Sher-Gil Almost 90 Years Later |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64k1h1vj |publisher=UC Davis |date=2021 |language=en |first=Amanda |last=Shaw-Johnson}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|13 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''[[Woman on Terrace|On the Terrace]]''||[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Woman on Terrace 1935 Amritsar.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || ₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|14 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''Girl with Pitcher'' ||[[File:Girl with Pitcher 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || ₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|15 ||''Study in Green'' ||[[File:Self-Portrait in Green Amrita Sher-Gil 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|16 ||{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}:<br>''[[Professional Model|A Professional Model]]'' || || Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17 ||{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}:<br>''[[Sleep (Sher-Gil)|Sleep]]'' ||[[File:Painting Sleep 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || ₹1,000<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
<br />
|Earlier in 1937, [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Nawab Salar Jung]] had initially shown interest in it, though did not buy it. Later, Sher-Gil left it with Chaman Lall to "palm off", but it did not sell.<ref name=Sundaram2010.271>Sundaram, pp. 271-285</ref><br />
|-<br />
|18 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''Siesta'' ||[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Siesta 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || ₹750<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|19||''Landscape'' || || ₹100<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/> <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|20 ||''Self-Portrait'' ||[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Self-portrait October 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] ||Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/> ||Sold for ₹700.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/><br />
|-<br />
|21 ||{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''My Father'' ||[[File:Portrait of Father SherGil 1935 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|22 ||''Fruit Vendors'' ||[[File:Fruit Vendors 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || ₹250<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|Vivan Sundaram notes that this painting was renamed from ''Woman and Children of Travancore'' (see 7),<ref name=Sundaram2010.772>Sundaram, p. 772</ref> though the exhibition catalogue lists both these as separate paintings.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|-<br />
|23 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}:<br>''[[South Indian Villagers going to Market|South Indian Peasants going to Market]]''<br />
| <br />
|₹1,500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/> <br />
|One of Sher-Gil's South Indian trilogy, later known as ''South Indian Villagers Going to Market''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.201/><br />
|-<br />
|24||''The Girl in Red'' || || ₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|25 ||{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}:<br>''[[Young Man with Apples]]'' ||[[File:Young Man with Apples.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] ||₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|26 ||''Torso'' || || Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|27 ||''The Dreamer'' || || ₹500<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|28 ||''The Girl with the Glove'' || || ₹400<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|29 ||''Corner of a Studio in Paris'' ||[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil View from Studio.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]] || Not for sale<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|30 ||''Painting'' || || ₹350<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|Shortly after the exhibition, Sher-Gil wrote to [[Karl Jamshed Khandalavala|Karl Khandalavala]] that she was sending him (among five paintings), "my fantasy", "which I have called ''Painting''".<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><ref name=Sundaram2010.430/><br />
|-<br />
|31 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''[[The Story Teller (painting)|The Story]]'' ||<br />
|₹350<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|Bought at the exhibition by [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.424/><br />
<br />
In 2023 it was sold for Rs 61.8 crore, equivalent to $7.45m.<ref name=CMGDec1941/><ref name=TET2023>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=Amrita Sher-gil's 'The Story teller' is now the most expensive Indian painting! Oil on canvas masterpiece fetches Rs 61.8 cr at Delhi auction |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amrita-sher-gils-the-story-teller-is-now-the-most-expensive-indian-painting-oil-on-canvas-masterpiece-fetches-rs-61-8-cr-at-delhi-auction/articleshow/103770939.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 September 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926085547/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amrita-sher-gils-the-story-teller-is-now-the-most-expensive-indian-painting-oil-on-canvas-masterpiece-fetches-rs-61-8-cr-at-delhi-auction/articleshow/103770939.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lal2023>{{cite news |last1=Lal |first1=Neeta |title=The Story Teller: A closer look at Amrita Sher-Gil's record-breaking $7.45m painting |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art-design/2023/09/22/the-story-teller-amrita-sher-gil/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=The National |date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030144932/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art-design/2023/09/22/the-story-teller-amrita-sher-gil/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|32 ||{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}:<br>''Dressing the Bride'' || [[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Dressing the Bride 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]|| ₹700<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|33 ||''Head'' || || ₹150<ref name=Sundaram2010.418/><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Ananth |first1=Deepak |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: An Indian Artist Family of the Twentieth Century |date=2007 |publisher=Schirmer/Mosel |isbn=978-3-8295-0270-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd7qAAAAMAAJ |language=en }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}<br />
<br />
{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}<br />
<br />
{{Lists of paintings}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century paintings]]<br />
[[Category:Portrait art]]<br />
[[Category:1937 in British India]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Colombians&diff=504045Indian Colombians2026-01-07T20:05:19Z<p>House of Dontics: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Indigenous peoples in Colombia}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| native_name = {{lang|es| colombianos indios}}<br />
| flag = {{flagicon|Colombia}}{{flagicon|India}}<br />
| population = 153 - 5,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colombia - International immigration |access-date=8 December 2024 |url=https://www.datosmacro.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia |website=Datosmacro.com |archive-date=11 July 2018<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711034440/https://www.datosmacro.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://littleindia.com/news/132/ARTICLE/1346/2006-10-12.html |title=Overseas Indian Population 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408041232/https://littleindia.com/news/132/ARTICLE/1346/2006-10-12.html |archive-date=8 April 2010 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Little India }}</ref><br />
| languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Catholicism]], [[Islam]]<br />
| related_groups = [[Asian Colombians]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Indian Colombians''' are [[Indian people|Indian]] immigrants in Colombia and their descendants. The Indian community in Colombia is not as large as other [[Asian Colombian]] communities, but there are some places in Colombia where they have an established presence with Indian-owned businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Colombia-India relations |url=http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216114159/http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 |archive-date=16 December 2007 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=[[Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> The vast majority of Colombians who have Indian ancestry are of [[Indo-Caribbean people|Indo-Caribbean]] origin, this includes those from [[Indo-Guyanese|Guyana]], [[Indo-Surinamese|Suriname]], and [[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidad and Tobago]]. Of Indian nationals in Colombia, most cite work related motivations as their reason for relocating to Colombia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=15 December 2014 |title=Indios en Colombia |url=https://www.semana.com/indios-colombia/204043/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=[[Semana]] |language=spanish}}</ref> Many of them came from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The first recorded arrival of Indians in Colombia was during the 19th century.<br />
<br />
At the beginning of the 20th century, [[Islam in India|Indian Muslim]] migrants settled in the towns of the [[Cauca River]] valley, some just temporarily and others permanently, to engage in the commercial activity demanded by the new working population of the nascent [[sugar industry]]. These immigrants brought a variety of products to rural areas, both granting [[credit]] and accepting [[barter]].<ref name=":1">Navarrete Pelaz, María Cristina (2017). ''Inmigrantes del este de la India en el valle del río Cauca''. [Immigrants from Eastern India in the Cauca River Valley.] (in Spanish) [[University of Valle|Universidad del Valle]]. ISBN 978-958-765-324-3</ref><br />
<br />
The migration from India into Colombia increased between the 1960s and the 1980s, with immigrants settling in areas of the Pacific region, such as [[Cali]] and on the Caribbean coast of Colombia.<br />
<br />
In recent years, Indian migrant workers in the oil industry have come to many Latin American countries, including Colombia. In 2014, ''Migración Colombia'' reported that 343 Indians entered Colombia, with only 48 of them being women.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Today, small communities of Indian Colombians can be found in [[Bogotá]], [[Cali]], [[Barranquilla]], and [[Medellín]],<ref name=":0" /> and [[Santa Marta]].<br />
<br />
== Culture and religion ==<br />
In cities like Barranquilla, there are important Indian restaurants and events, as well as established Indian businesses.<br />
<br />
With the arrival of Indians, particularly immigrant workers from Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname, came the introduction of numerous prominent Indian religions such as [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Miran el cielo con distintos ojos |url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/blogs/salderrio/miran-el-cielo-con-distintos-ojos/1227 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328031424/https://www.elcolombiano.com/blogs/salderrio/miran-el-cielo-con-distintos-ojos/1227 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=[[El Colombiano]] |language=es-CO}}</ref><br />
===Hinduism===<br />
{{Excerpt|Hinduism in Colombia}}<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Colombia}}<br />
* [[Colombia–India relations]]<br />
* [[Immigration to Colombia]]<br />
* [[Indian diaspora]]<br />
* [[Romani people in Colombia]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Indian diaspora}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Colombia]]<br />
[[Category:Indian diaspora in South America]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saria_Assembly_constituency&diff=533219Saria Assembly constituency2026-01-06T00:15:13Z<p>House of Dontics: started a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Saria<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Chhattisgarh<br />
| established = 2003<br />
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
| electors = 121,178<br />
| mla = Dr. Shakajeet Nayak<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
<b>Saria Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Dr. Shakajeet Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2003===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Saria<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shakajeet Nayak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,962 |percentage=37.84% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Virajeshwar Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=21,669 |percentage=20.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaganath Panigrahi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,305 |percentage=18.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Parivesh Mishra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,235 |percentage=8.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nem Chand Agrawal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,245 |percentage=5.91% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jawahar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,539 |percentage=4.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tathagat Shrivastava |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,103 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,293 |percentage=17.32% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,619 |percentage=87.21% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,178 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psammophis_longifrons&diff=527016Psammophis longifrons2025-12-16T04:01:22Z<p>House of Dontics: creating!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of snake}}<br />
{{speciesbox<br />
| name = Long sand racer<br />
| image = Stout Sand snake Psammophis longifrons by Krishna Khan Amravati.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Subadult ''Psammophis longifrons''<br />
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author3=Mohapatra, P. |author4=Kulkarni, N.U. |author5=Thakur, S. |author6=Deepak, V. |year=2013 |title=''Psammophis longifrons'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172688A1367315 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172688A1367315.en |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref><br />
| genus = Psammophis<br />
| species = longifrons <br />
| authority = [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1890<br />
| synonyms = <br />
| range_map = <br />
| range_map_caption = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Psammophis longifrons''''', the '''stout sand snake''' or '''long sand racer''', is a species of snake found in India.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Vyas|first=Raju|title=Collection of a stout sand snake|year=1897 |journal=Hamadryad |volume=12|issue=2|pages=7–8}}</ref> It can grow to a maximum length of {{convert|57|in|cm|abbr=off|0}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nande|first=Raghavendra|author2=Deshmukh, Sawan|title=Snakes of Amravati District including Melghat, Maharashtra, with important records of the Indian Egg-Eater, Mountain Trinket Snake and Indian Smooth Snake|journal=Zoos' Print Journal|date=December 2007|volume=22|issue=12|url=http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2007/December/2920-2924.pdf|doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.1653.2920-4|pages=2920–2924|access-date=2011-03-22|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180517/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2007/December/2920-2924.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Greyish above in front, browner behind, the scales edged with black, particularly those of vertebral region. The top of the head is uniform greyish brown, or the scales are edged with black. Greyish or yellowish below. Total length 1230 mm, tail 375 mm. Of considerably stouter build than the other Indian member of this genus.<ref name="Smith 1943"/><br />
<br />
Maxillary teeth 12 or 13, 2 in the middle very strongly enlarged, and preceded and followed by a distinct interval; internasal small, 1/2 or less than 1/2 the length of prefrontals; frontal long and narrow, not longer than its distance from end of snout, the anterior end suddenly not enlarged, not greatly broader there than in the middle, not in contact with the preocular; temporals 2+2, 8 [[supralabials]] 4th and 5th touching eye. V.166–175; C.79–93; A.2.<ref name="Smith 1943"/><br />
[[File:Psammophis longifrons.jpg|thumb|Stout sand snake (Maharashtra)|left]]<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
In [[Maharashtra]] it is reported from Bombay presidency north of 19 degree (Thana and Damanganga districts, Bulsar, Panch Mahal), C.P(Nagpur) and [[Amravati]]. In [[Gujarat]]; [[Surat]], Valsad, Navsari. In [[Madhya Pradesh]] it is recorded from [[Ujjain]] and [[Hoshangabad]]. These records show that this species is distributed in a very narrow range, including three western Indian states, namely Gujarat (central and south), Maharashtra (northern) and Madhya Pradesh (mainly southern west).<br />
<br />
==Food and behaviour==<br />
Its habits are both terrestrial and arboreal.<ref name=IUCN/><br />
<br />
In captivity (for a short period), it was observed that the snakes were timid and well set without any aggression. Five types of lizards (''Hemidactylus flaviviridis'', ''H. triedrus'', ''Calotes versicolor'', and ''Eutropis carinata'' and four types of frogs (''Duttaphrynus melanostictus'', ''Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis'', ''Sphaerotheca breviceps'', and ''Polypedates maculatus'') were provided and accepted as food.<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
A female collected in [[Gujarat]] laid eight capsule shaped eggs.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name="Smith 1943">{{cite book|last=Smith|first= Malcolm A.|author-link=Malcolm Arthur Smith|year=1943| title=The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes |publisher=Secretary of State for India (Taylor and Francis, printers) |place=London |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/fbi/016/index.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Psammophis |species=longifrons |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
*Vyas and Patel (2013), NOTES ON DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL HISTORY OF ''Psammophis longifrons'' BOULENGER 1896 (SERPENTES: PSAMMOPHIIDAE: PSAMMOPHIINAE) IN GUJARAT, INDIA. Russian Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 20, No. 3, 2013, pp.&nbsp;217 – 222<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Boulenger|first=G. A.|title=Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum|year=1896|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London|pages=xiv, 727}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3005650}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Psammophis|longifrons]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1890]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Colubrids-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Kishtwar_massacres&diff=4821102001 Kishtwar massacres2025-12-14T08:11:54Z<p>House of Dontics: added a info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mass killings in Jammu & Kashmir, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = 2001 Kishtwar massacres<br />
| image = Jammu and Kashmir Kishtwar district.svg<br />
| caption = Location of Kishtwar District in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| location = [[Kishtwar District]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br />
| motive = [[Islamic terrorism]]<br />
|target = [[Hindu]]s<br />
| date = May–August 2001<br />
| fatalities = 43<br />
| injuries = 5<br />
| perps = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A series of massacres of [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Pahari]]-[[Hindus]] in May–August 2001 by [[Islamic terrorists]] took place in the erstwhile [[Doda district]] (present-day [[Kishtwar district]]) of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, wherein 43 Hindus were killed.<ref name=SATP>{{cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/data_sheets/massacres.htm |title=Major Massacres by Terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir |work=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref><ref name=Swami>{{cite magazine |date=18 August 2001 |last=Swami |first=Praveen |url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30251542.ece/ |title= DISTURBED DODA |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=18 |issue=17}}</ref><ref name=Tribune>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010805/main1.htm|title=Ultras massacre 17 in Doda|work=The Tribune|date=5 August 2001}}</ref> The massacres took place at villages and temporary summer camps called ''dhok''s in remote meadows used by local shepherds.<ref name=TOI>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sant Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/land-dispute-led-to-kishtwar-massacre/articleshow/1630110123.cms# |date=30 November 2001 |title=Land dispute led to Kishtwar massacre |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The massacres were committed by members of [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]],<ref name=Swami/> a Pakistan-based terrorist group. One massacre is believed to have been instigated by local Muslim shepherd tenants involved in a dispute over the pastures.<ref name=TOI/> The massacres triggered tensions across the [[Jammu region]].<ref name=Rediff>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/04jk.htm|title=Militants massacre 15 Hindu villagers in Doda|work=Rediff|date=4 August 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
An [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|armed insurgency]] began in the former state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in northern India in 1989. Several Islamic militant groups were active in the insurgency, and many massacres of Hindus were committed by militants and terrorists in the region, especially in the late 1990s onward.<ref>{{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict |year=2021 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26271-1 |page=126}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Massacres==<br />
The first massacre happened on 10 May 2001 at [[Atholi, Kishtwar|Atholi]] village, in which seven Hindus were killed.<ref name=Swami/><ref name=Tribune/> The second massacre happened on 21 July 2001 at Cheerji in Kishtwar in which 15 Hindus were killed.<ref name=SATP/> In the third incident at Tagood the next day, four more Hindu villagers were killed.<ref name=SATP/><ref name=Swami/> A fourth mass killing took place at Shrotidhar on 2 August 2001, in which 17 more Hindus were killed,<ref name=Tribune/> thereby bringing the total number of killed to 43. The shepherds killed at Shrotidhar belonged to village Ladder, and were from the Rajput and Dalit castes. The shepherds were lined up and shot dead by the terrorists. Some shepherds survived by fleeing the scene and others played dead and hid among the dead bodies.<ref name=Swami/> A further five villagers were seriously injured in the attack.<ref name=Rediff/> All four massacres took place in Hindu-majority [[Paddar]] valley.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
The last rites of the victims of the Shrotidhar massacre were held in Atholi. The ceremony saw some violence and vandalism.<ref name=Swami/> A complete bandh was observed in [[Jammu]] the following day in protest. Groups of demonstrators protesting against the Kishtwar carnage torched Pakistani flags and effigies of [[Pervez Musharraf]] in Jammu, Kathua and Udhampur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010807/main3.htm|title=Complete bandh in Jammu areas|work=The Tribune|date=6 August 2001|first=M.L.|last=Kak}}</ref> Mujib-ur-Rahman, a commander of the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] involved in the massacres, was shot dead by police in Doda on 6 August. Another commander was killed by the police five days later.<ref name=Swami/><br />
<br />
Following the massacres, the centre and state governments promised to set up dhok defence committees (DDCs) on the pattern of [[Village Defence Guards|village defence committees]] (VDCs), to protect shepherds from militant attacks.<ref name=TOI/> Home Minister L.K. Advani, also promised new laws to help end violence against vulnerable Hindu communities. On August 9, the state government ordered the imposition of the Disturbed Areas Act in the districts of Doda, Udhampur, Jammu and Kathua.<ref name=Swami/><br />
<br />
These killings were subsequently discussed in Indian parliament with opposition criticizing the Government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/07/stories/0207000j.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050524050144/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/07/stories/0207000j.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Doda killings find echo in Parliament|date=1 August 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
[[List of terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kashmir conflict}}<br />
{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishtwar massacres, 2001}}<br />
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:2001 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:August 2001 in India]]<br />
[[Category:August 2001 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Doda district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Line_(Hyderabad_Metro)&diff=492028Blue Line (Hyderabad Metro)2025-12-12T06:06:25Z<p>House of Dontics: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Line of Hyderabad's metro}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox rail line<br />
| box_width = <br />
| name = Blue Line<br />
| other_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| color = {{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|blue}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = 350<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = Hyderabad metro blue line at Tarnaka station<br />
| type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]<br />
| system = [[Hyderabad Metro]]<br />
| locale = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India<br />
| start = [[Raidurg metro station|Raidurg]] <br />
| end = [[Nagole metro station|Nagole]]<br />
| stations = 23<br />
| routes = <br />
| daily_ridership = <br />
| ridership2 = <br />
| open = {{Start date|2017|11|29|df=y}}<br />
| owner = {{ubl|[[Larsen & Toubro]] (90%)|[[Government of Telangana]] (10%)}}<br />
| operator = Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (HMRL)<br />
| character = Elevated<br />
| depot = [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]<br />
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]]<br />
| linelength_km = 27<br />
| tracklength_km = <br />
| tracklength = <br />
| tracks = <br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}<br />
| minradius = <br />
| racksystem = <br />
| routenumber = <br />
| linenumber = <br />
| electrification = 25 kV, [[alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]<br />
| speed_km/h = 80<br />
| speed = <br />
| signalling = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_ft = <br />
| elevation = <br />
| website = <br />
| map = {{Hyderabad Metro Blue Line Route}}<br />
| map_state = expanded<br />
| embedded = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Blue Line''' is a part of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] system in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The line is 27&nbsp;km long and spans 23 stations from [[Nagole metro station|Nagole]] to [[Raidurg metro station|Raidurg]]. It was funded by a [[public–private partnership]] (PPP),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Skywalks to connect Metro with schools & malls: NVS Reddy &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/skywalks-to-connect-metro-with-schools-malls-nvs-reddy/articleshow/64103055.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Jyotika|date=26 July 2017|title=How metro rail networks are spreading across India|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ylEObaYWxcC7lGO2E2e4wJ/The-rise-of-metro-rail-network-in-India.html|website=Livemint}}</ref> with the state government holding a minority equity stake.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2007|title=EPC vs PPP in metro rail|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14944|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202082910/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14944|archive-date=2 December 2007|access-date=18 April 2013|publisher=Projectsmonitor.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A special purpose vehicle company, L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd (L&TMRHL), was established by the construction company [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Next Station Is... &#124; Outlook India Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-next-station-is/292626|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|title=Eyeing non-fare revenues, L&T Metro Hyderabad takes up transit oriented development|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/eyeing-non-fare-revenues-lt-metro-hyderabad-takes-up-transit-oriented-development/article29167871.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref> to develop the Hyderabad Metro rail project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=N.V.S. Reddy to be AP Govt nominee on L&T Metro Rail board|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/N.V.S.-Reddy-to-be-AP-Govt-nominee-on-LampT-Metro-Rail-board/article20397817.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref><ref name="sixthyear">{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad metro on tricky track, running on losses &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-metro-running-in-losses-rs-1300-crore-interest-per-annum-paid-for-rs-12k-crore-debt-nvs-reddy/articleshow/70527742.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[groundbreaking]] (''Bhoomi Puja'') for the project was conducted on 26 April 2012,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3356327.ece |title=L&T performs Bhoomi Puja for Hyderabad metro |date=26 April 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and construction began with pillar erection on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3500043.ece |title=L&T metro rail schedule on track |date=7 June 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A {{convert|16.8|km|mile|adj=on}} stretch of the Blue Line from Nagole to [[Ameerpet metro station|Ameerpet]], with 14 stations, was inaugurated on 28 November 2017 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], and opened to the public the next day<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Metro: PM Modi inaugurates Hyderabad Metro Rail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pm-modi-inaugurates-hyderabad-metro-rail/articleshow/61833627.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi flags off Hyderabad Metro|url=http://www.express.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hyderabad-metro-4959534/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163208/https://www.express.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hyderabad-metro-4959534/|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref> The 10&nbsp;km section between Ameerpet and [[HITEC City metro station|HITEC City]], with 8 stations, was opened on 20 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Hyderabad metro Blue Line reaches Hi-Tec City|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/hyderabad-metro-blue-line-reaches-hi-tec-city/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=International Railway Journal|language=en}}</ref> Three stations on the section were opened later. Peddamma Gudi, [[Madhapur metro station|Madhapur]], and [[Jubilee Hills Check Post metro station|Jubilee Hills Check Post]] were opened on 30 March, 13 April and 18 May 2019 respectively.<ref name="jubileehillscheckpostmetro">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/low-footfall-at-metro-rail-station-on-inaugural-day/article27174725.ece|title=Low footfall at metro rail station on inaugural day|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=19 May 2019|issn=0971-751X|website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
The final 1.5&nbsp;km section from [[HITEC City metro station|HITEC City]] to Raidurg was opened on 29 November 2019. Authorities decided not to construct the proposed Cyber Gateway station which would have been located between HITEC City to Raidurg stations because they felt that there was "too short a distance" between Cyber Gateway and the Raidurg terminus. As a result, the Blue Line has 23 stations instead of the originally proposed 24.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Geetanath |first1=V. |title=All set for metro ride up to Raidurg |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/all-set-for-metro-ride-up-to-raidurg/article30100320.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=27 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In phase 2, Hyderabad Airport will connected by metro from [[Raidurg metro station]] and the Blue Line is proposed to be extended by 5&nbsp;km from Nagole to [[LB Nagar metro station|LB Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Hyderabad Metro News: Three new corridors in phase 2 of Hyderabad Metro|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-new-corridors-in-phase-2-of-metro/articleshow/74309031.cms|access-date=2021-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Blue Line will further be extended by 800 metres for multi-level Raidurg station,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/metro-line-to-be-extended-up-to-mindspace-junction-for-multi-level-raidurg-station-in-hyderabad/article66525088.ece|title=Metro line to be extended up to Mindspace junction for multi-level Raidurg station in Hyderabad}}</ref> from where [[Hyderabad Airport Metro Express]] will commence. The alignment to [[Shamshabad RGI Airport]] from the [[Raidurg metro station]] will be through [[Khajaguda]] - Nanakramguda Road. The 31&nbsp;km-long [[Hyderabad Airport Express Metro]] link will cost around {{INRConvert|6250|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2022}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/airport-express-metro-on-track-telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-to-lay-foundation-on-dec-9/articleshow/95812041.cms|title=Airport Express Metro on track, Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao to lay foundation on December 9|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Construction==<br />
Blue Line sections were opened as indicated below.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|blue}};" |<span style="color:WHITE;">'''Blue Line'''</span><br />
|-<br />
! Stage<br />
! Extension date<br />
! colspan="2"|Terminal Stations<br />
! Length<br />
! Stations<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || 29 November 2017||[[Ameerpet metro station|Ameerpet]] || [[Nagole metro station|Nagole]] || 16.8&nbsp;km|| 14<br />
|-<br />
| 3/1 || 20 March 2019 || [[HITEC City metro station|HITEC City]] || Ameerpet || 10&nbsp;km ||8<br />
|-<br />
| 3/2 || 29 November 2019 || [[Raidurg metro station|Raidurg]] || HITEC City || 1.5&nbsp;km ||1<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 |Total ||Raidurg||Nagole||{{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}}||23<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Stations==<br />
There are 23 operational stations on the Blue Line along with 10 proposed stations. All stations are elevated. <br />
<br />
=== Interchanges ===<br />
Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other railway lines, will be provided at the following stations:<br />
<br />
* Ameerpet (Connects to the [[Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Red Line]], which runs from Miyapur to LB Nagar)<br />
* Parade Ground (Connects to the [[Green Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Green Line]], which runs from JBS Parade Ground to M.G. Bus Station and to the Jubilee Bus Station)<br />
* {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Secunderabad East}} (Connects to the [[Secunderabad railway station]])<br />
* {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Begumpet}} (Connects to the [[Begumpet railway station]])<br />
* Nagole (Connects to the proposed [[Corridor IV (Hyderabad Metro)|Corridor IV]], which runs from Nagole to RGIA)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|blue}};" |<span style="color:WHITE;">'''Blue Line'''</span><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|#<br />
! colspan="2"|Station Name<br />
! rowspan="2"|Opened<br />
! rowspan="2"|Connections<br />
! rowspan="2"|Alignment<br />
|-<br />
! [[English language|English]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Kokapet Neopolis<br />
|కోకాపేట్ నియోపోలిస్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Movie Towers<br />
|సినిమా టవర్స్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Khanapur<br />
|ఖానాపూర్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|ORR Junction<br />
|ఓ ఆర్ ఆర్ జంక్షన్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Puppalguda<br />
|పుప్పల్గూడ<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Wipro Circle<br />
|విప్రో సర్కిల్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Golf Course<br />
|గోల్ఫ్ కోర్స్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|Nanakramguda<br />
|నానక్రంగూడ<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Khajaguda<br />
|ఖాజాగూడ<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Biodiversity Junction<br />
|జీవవైవిధ్య జంక్షన్<br />
|Proposed<br />
|None<br />
|Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|11|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Raidurg}} || రాయదుర్గ్ || 29 November 2019 || Airport Shuttle || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|12|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|HITEC City}} || హైటెక్ సిటీ || 20 March 2019 || Airport Shuttle || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|13|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Durgam Cheruvu}} || దుర్గం చెరువు || 20 March 2019 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|14|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Madhapur}} || మాదాపూర్ || 13 April 2019 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|15|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Peddamma Gudi}} || పెద్దమ్మ గుడి || 30 March 2019|| None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|16|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Jubilee Hills Check Post}} || జూబ్లీహిల్స్ చెక్ పోస్ట్ || 18 May 2019 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|17|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Road No 5 Jubilee Hills}} || రోడ్ నెం.5 జూబ్లీ హిల్స్ || 20 March 2019 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|18|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Yusufguda}} || యూసుఫ్గూడ || 20 March 2019 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|19|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Taruni Madhura Nagar}} || మధుర నగర్ || 20 March 2019 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|20|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Ameerpet}} || అమీర్పేట || 29 November 2017 || {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Red|croute}}|| Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|21|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Begumpet}} || బేగంపేట || 29 November 2017 || [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Hyderabad_MMTS|20x20px|up]] {{stnlnk|Begumpet|}} <br /> Airport Shuttle|| Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|22|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Prakash Nagar}} || ప్రకాష్ నగర్ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|23|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Rasoolpura}} || రసూల్పురా || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|24|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Paradise}} || ప్యారడైజ్ || 29 November 2017 || Airport Shuttle || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|25|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Parade Ground}} || పరేడ్ గ్రౌండ్ || 29 November 2017 || {{rint|bus}} [[Jubilee Bus Station]] <br /> {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Green|croute}}|| Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|26|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Secunderabad East}} || సికింద్రాబాద్ తూర్పు || 29 November 2017 || {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]] <br /> Airport Shuttle|| Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|27|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Mettuguda}} || మెట్టుగూడ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|28|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Tarnaka}} || తార్నాక || 29 November 2017 || Airport Shuttle || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|29|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Habsiguda}} || హబ్సిగూడ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|30|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|NGRI}} || ఎన్ జి ఆర్ ఐ || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|31|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Stadium}} || స్టేడియం || 29 November 2017 || None || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|32|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Uppal}} || ఉప్పల్ || 29 November 2017 || Airport Shuttle || Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|33|| {{stl|Hyderabad Metro|Nagole}} || నాగోల్ || 29 November 2017 || {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Purple|croute}} (''<small>Proposed</small>'')|| Elevated<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Line Map==<br />
{{maplink-road |from=BlueLineHyderabadMetro.map}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Transport in Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]<br />
* [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Hyderabad Metro|blue line=yes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hyderabad Metro]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molasur&diff=518315Molasur2025-12-05T03:47:23Z<p>House of Dontics: adding a article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{original research|date=October 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Molasur<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| postal_code = 602106<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_alt = <br />
| image_seal = <br />
| seal_alt = <br />
| image_shield = <br />
| shield_alt = <br />
| etymology = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9167733|79.8612392|}}<br />
| coor_pinpoint = <br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Village<br />
| subdivision_name = <br />
| subdivision_type1 = <br />
| subdivision_name1 = <br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| seat_type = <br />
| seat = <br />
| government_footnotes = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_party = <br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| leader_title3 = <br />
| leader_name3 = <br />
| leader_title4 = <br />
| leader_name4 = <br />
| legislature =<br />
| upper_house =<br />
| lower_house =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --><br />
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> --><br />
| area_note = <br />
| area_water_percent = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_blank1_title = <br />
| area_blank2_title = <br />
<!-- square kilometers --><br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_land_km2 = <br />
| area_water_km2 = <br />
| area_urban_km2 = <br />
| area_rural_km2 = <br />
| area_metro_km2 = <br />
| area_blank1_km2 = <br />
| area_blank2_km2 = <br />
<!-- hectares --><br />
| area_total_ha = <br />
| area_land_ha = <br />
| area_water_ha = <br />
| area_urban_ha = <br />
| area_rural_ha = <br />
| area_metro_ha = <br />
| area_blank1_ha = <br />
| area_blank2_ha = <br />
| length_km = <br />
| width_km = <br />
| dimensions_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_note = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| timezone1 = <br />
| utc_offset1 = <br />
| timezone1_DST = <br />
| utc_offset1_DST = <br />
| postal_code_type = <br />
| area_code_type = <br />
| area_code = <br />
| iso_code = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Molasur''' is a village in [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram District]], Tamil Nadu, India, near [[Sunguvarchatram|Sunguvarchathram]]. It is located {{cvt|24|km}} east of the district headquarters of [[Kanchipuram]], {{cvt|5|km}} from [[Sriperumbudur]], and {{cvt|50|km}} from the state capital [[Chennai]]. Molasur is administered by a village panchayat. Sogandi and Nandimedu are nearby villages belonging to Molasur Panchayat.<br />
<br />
.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
Traditionally, the economy of the village had been based on local merchandise and agriculture. A few notable (Ex Panchayat Presidents and Councilors) people rich and had double floor bungalows and cars, assets, and properties on the road front. Most of the landlords were from the upper castes and most of the Thiruvallur Main Road front properties are occupied by Telugu-speaking castes, like Telugu Chettiyars, Reddyar and Naidus,. Most of them were moneylenders. New economic policies were adopted by nearby companies, like Flextronics. After that, the growth of the local economy drastically Decreased. Most of the people were educated and worked in multinational corporations. Few people worked for government bodies and Most of the women's shop less selling Fruits and Seasonal food. This new industrialization has helped to reduce the village's crime rate, including robbery and theft. . With the economy growing, land prices increased, leaving the majority of people landless. Landlords began looting public lands and government lands with the help of bureaucrats.<br />
<br />
==Transport and Communication==<br />
Government buses are the primary mode of transportation. Villagers also use motorcycles and cars. The nearby junction for transportation is [[Sunguvarchatram|Sunguvarchathram]] which is on the Bangalore National Highway. There buses run to [(Pondichery to Tindivanam Buses Available and share autos Available)].<br />
<br />
Mobile phones are widely used. Advanced networks like 3G and 4G are widely used in the village.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Education is central to the development of the village. The government school started as an elementary school now middle school but was then upgraded to a High school. After a few years, it became a higher secondary school and it is now a center for public examinations. In the past, Molasur School was the only school for surrounding villages. Students from more than 2 villages studied at this institution. Most of the teachers at the school were [[Tamil language|Tamil-speaking]] people. Some of the teachers were able to support talented students by paying their expenses. The Molasur School was built on Government Land.<br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
The three major religions in the village are Hindu, Islam, and Christianity. Many of the Hindus are meat-eaters, but some abstain from pork or beef.<br />
<br />
Since the Hindu people are the original settlers of Molasur village, the caste system divides them and most of the areas are occupied according to their caste. In Odai Theru and Palla Molasur are scheduled castes and tribes; Thriuvallur High Road is occupied by [[Vanniyar]]s, [[Mudaliar]] and [[Chettiar|Chettiyars]]; the nearby Ramadoss Theater is inhabited by Acharis (also known as Smiths); the Karumariamman Koil area is occupied by Vaniiyars, and [[Irular]] have a separate area nearby Thiruvallur road. In the 1960s, Nadar Hindus from the south of Tamil Nadu migrated for business. Later on, the education and the economy and the Dravidian movements made them unite politically and socially.<br />
<br />
At the time of British rule, a group of predominantly Roman Catholic Christians migrated from Andhra and settled in Molasur. St Joseph church festival celebrated on May 1 is the famous festival celebrated in Molasur. Madha koil festival is very famous and all religious people used to participate.<br />
<br />
Islamic believers in Molasur migrated from other parts of Tamil Nadu like Idaikazhinaadu (Coastal Mahabalipuram), [[Vandavasi]], [[Pallapatti, Karur|Pallapatty]], and [[Attur]]. There are also a few people from the time of Sultan and Nawab rule who are [[Urdu]] speakers. There are two mosques in Molasur and the main mosque is in the junction in [[Sunguvarchatram]]. Most Muslims follow the [[Sunni]] tradition of Islam and some Urdu speaking Muslims believe in [[Sufism in India|Sufism]]. Muslims were mostly merchants, butchers and exporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/632623-molasur-tamil-nadu.html|title=2011 Census |website=Molasur Population- Viluppuram, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=24 July 2018 |ref=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanchipuram district]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eran_boar_inscription_of_Toramana&diff=498606Eran boar inscription of Toramana2025-11-09T05:29:19Z<p>House of Dontics: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox artifact<br />
|image = [[File:Eran boar inscription.jpg|300px]]<br />
|name = Eran boar inscription of Toramana<br />
|image_caption = Eran boar inscription of [[Alchon Huns]] ruler [[Toramana]]<br />
|material = Red sandstone statue<br />
|size = <br />
|writing = Sanskrit<br />
|created = 14 June 510<ref>{{cite web | last=Fleet | first=John Faithfull | title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors| website=Internet Archive | date=22 September 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n82/ | ref={{sfnref|Internet Archive|2015}} | access-date=9 November 2025 | page=77}}</ref><br />
|period = Gupta era<br />
|place = [[Eran]]<br />
|discovered = Eran<br />
|discovered_coords = <br />
|location = Eran<br />
| map =<br />
{{Location map<br />
| India<br />
| width = 250px<br />
| float = center<br />
| border = <br />
| caption = Location of the Eran boar inscription of Toramana<br />
| alt = <br />
| relief = yes<br />
| AlternativeMap = <br />
| overlay_image = <br />
| label = Eran<br />
| label_size = <br />
| position = <br />
| background = <br />
| mark = <br />
| marksize = <br />
| link = <br />
| lat_deg = 24.09<br />
| lon_deg = 78.16<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
The '''Eran boar inscription of Toramana''', is a stone inscription found in [[Eran]] in the [[Malwa]] region of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is 8 lines of Sanskrit, the first three of which are in meter and the rest in prose, written in a North Indian script. It is carved on the neck of a freestanding {{convert|11|feet}} high red sandstone [[Varaha]] statue, a zoomorphic iconography of Vishnu avatar, and dated to the 6th century. The inscription names king [[Toramana]], ruler of the [[Alchon Huns]], as ruling over Malwa ("governing the earth") and records that a [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] is dedicating a stone temple to Narayana (Vishnu).<br />
<br />
==Date==<br />
The inscription does not give any date, but mentions [[Toramana]] is "governing the earth", which is interpreted to mean the Malwa region site where this inscription is found. According to Radhakumud Mookerji, this means that the inscription was made after 510 CE when the Gupta king [[Bhanugupta]] and his local chief [[Goparaja]] had lost Malwa region after Toramana's invasion. It must be before 513 CE, because Toramana died in Varanasi while on his campaign to conquer eastern India.<ref name="Mookerji">The Gupta Empire, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1959 [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA120 p.120]</ref> <br />
<br />
The inscription was made by a Vishnu devotee named [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], the younger brother of the deceased Maharaja [[Mātṛviṣṇu]], who is the same person who also erected a pillar in Eran. John Fleet calls it an inscription belonging to 6th-century [[Vaishnavism]], a tradition of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{harvp|Fleet|1888}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description== <br />
The inscription is written under the neck of the boar, in 8 lines of [[Sanskrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]]. The boar represents the God [[Varaha]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. The inscription was found in 1838 by T.S. Burt, who brought it to the attention of James Prinsep. It was published in 1838 by Prinsep with a translation.{{sfn|Fleet|1888|pp=158-160}} In 1861, FitzEdward Hall disagreed with Prinsep's report and published a revised edition of the inscription and a new translation. Fleet published his own translation and interpretation of the inscription in 1888.{{sfn|Fleet|1888|pp=158-160}} The translations for the inscription vary significantly, though the central theme is similar.{{sfn|Fleet|1888|pp=158-160}}<ref name=cunningham84/><br />
<br />
The region around the inscription, the boar sculpture's wall is covered with reliefs, predominantly of [[rishi]]s (sages) and saints of Hinduism. This iconography follows the Hindu texts where the boar avatar is symbolically shown to be protective of the saints and scholars. Goddess earth (Bhudevi, Prithivi) is depicted with a woman sculpture hanging on to the right tusk of the boar.{{sfn|Chadhar|2017|pp=18-19}} On the shoulder of the boar is a small shrine. The boar along with the site is damaged, and cracks run across the boar, one of the cracks passes through the inscription.{{sfn|Fleet|1888|pp=158-160}}<br />
<br />
===John Fleet's Translation===<br />
[[File:Location of the Eran boar inscription of Toramana.jpg|thumb|The Eran boar, under the neck of which the Toramana inscription can be found (area indicated in red).]]<br />
The John Fleet translation of the inscription reads:<br />
{{quote|<br />
[[Om]] ! Victorious is the god ([[Vishnu]]), who has the form of a [[Varaha|Boar]]; who, in the act of lifting up the earth {out of the waters}, caused the mountains to tremble with the blows of {his} hard snout ; {and) who is the pillar {for the support) of the great house which is the three worlds !<br />
<br />
(Line 1 .)— In the first year; while the [[Maharajadhiraja]], the glorious [[Toramana]] of great fame {and} of great luster, is governing the earth.<ref name="Sinha">Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. by Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha [https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA79 p.79]</ref><ref>Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna [http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase9?language=en] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101061621/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase9?language=en |date=2019-11-01 }}</ref><br />
<br />
(L. 2 .)— On the tenth day of (the month) [[Phalguna]], — on this {lunar day}, {specified} as above by the regnal year and month and day, {and} invested as above with its own characteristics.<br />
<br />
(L. 3 .)— By [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]],— the younger brother, obedient to him {and} accepted with favour by him, of the Maharaja [[Mātṛviṣṇu]], who has gone to heaven; who was excessively devoted to the Divine One; who, by the will of (the god) Vidhatri, was approached {in marriage-choice} by the goddess of sovereignty , as if by a maiden choosing (him) of her own accord {to be her husband} ; whose fame extended up to the border of the four oceans; who was possessed of unimpaired honour and wealth ; {and} who was victorious in battle against many enemies; who was the son of the son’s son of Indravishnu; who was attentive to his duties; who celebrated sacrifices; who practiced private study {of the scriptures}; who was a [[Brahman]] saint; {and) who was the most excellent {of the followers} of the Maitreya clan {gotra} (Maitreya gotra came from the linage of sage [[Brighu]]) who was the son’s son of Varunavishnu, who imitated the virtuous qualities of {his} father;— and who was the son of Harivishnu, who' was the counterpart of {his} father in meritorious qualities, {and} was the cause of the advancement of his race<br />
<br />
(L. 6.)— (By this [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]]) accomplishing, in unison with {the previously expressed wishes of} him, a joint deed of religious merit, for the sake of increasing the religious merit of (his) parents, this stone temple of the divine (god) [[Narayana]], who has the form of a [[Boar]] {and} who is entirely devoted to {the welfare of} the universe, has been caused to be made in this his own [[vishaya]] of [[Airikina]].<br />
<br />
(L. 8.)— Let prosperity attend all the subjects, headed by the cows and the [[Brahman]]s!<br />
|Eran boar inscription, Translator: Fleet{{sfn|Fleet|1888|pp=160-161}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |page=329-330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Hall & Cunningham Translation===<br />
[[File:5th century Toramana inscription Varaha 1893 photo.jpg|thumb|The inscription and nearby relief.]]<br />
[[File:Eran boar inscription of Toramana.jpg|thumb|Imprint of the Eran boar inscription of Toramana.]]<br />
[[File:Maharajadhiraja Sri Toramana on Eran boar inscription.jpg|thumb|{{center|Inscription:<br />[[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka haa.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dhi.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad to.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad_r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad maa2.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|14px]]<br /> ''Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Toramāṇa''<br />"Great King of Kings, Lord Toramana"<br /> in the [[Gupta script]], in the Eran boar inscription.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n4 158]-161 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254}}</ref>}}]]<br />
{{Quote|<br />
<poem><br />
Triumphant is the God who, in the likeness of a Boar, lifted up the earth;<br />
who, by blows of his hard snout, tossed the mountains aloft; <br />
the upholding pillar of that vast mansion, the threefold world. <br />
<br />
In the first year that the auspicious Toramana, sovereign of great kings,<br />
of extended fame and wide-spread effulgence, is governing the earth; <br />
on the tenth day of Phalguna; <br />
even so, in the year and month and on the day of his reign before mentioned, <br />
during the first watch of the said lunar day <br />
as circumstantiated of the great grandson of Indra Vishnu, —a Brahman saint, <br />
of the illustrious Maitrayaniya monarchs, <br />
who took delight in his duties, celebrated solemn sacrifices, <br />
and well read in the scriptures; <br />
grandson of Varuna Vishnu, who imitated the excellencies of his father; <br />
son of Hari Vishnu, who was the counterpart of his sire, <br />
and derived prosperity to his race, that is to say, <br />
of the great king [[Mātṛviṣṇu]], who was departed to elysium <br />
a most devout worshipper of Bhagavat, who, by the will of the Ordainer, <br />
acquired, like as a maiden sometimes elects her husband, the splendour of royalty; <br />
of fame recognized as far as the four oceans; of unimperfect wealth; <br />
victorious in many a battle over his enemies, — <br />
the younger brother, [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], who did him due obeisance, <br />
and was revered because of his favour; <br />
whose righteous deeds have been notably unintermitted;— <br />
with purpose to advance the merit of his mother and father, <br />
in his dominions, in this town of Erakaina [Eran] <br />
has caused this substantial temple of the adorable Narayana, <br />
in form a boar, affectionately attached to the world, to be constructed. <br />
<br />
May happiness attend the kine, the Brahmans, the magnates, and all the subjects.<br />
</poem><br />
|Eran boar inscription, Archaeological Survey Report, Translator: Hall<ref name=cunningham84>A. Cunningham (1880), [https://archive.org/stream/reporttoursinbu01cunngoog#page/n95/mode/2up/search/eran Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa], Archaeological Survey of India, Volume 10, Calcutta, pages 84-85, {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Chadhar |first1=Mohan Lal |title=Archaeology of Central India : Prof. V.D. Jha commemoration volume |date=2017 |publisher=Friends publication |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789383158812}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Fleet |first=J.F. |author-link=John Faithfull Fleet |year=1888 |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum |volume=3 |publisher=Government of India, Central Publications Branch |location=Calcutta | url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795/2015.358795.Corpus-Inscriptionum#page/n379/mode/2up| quote={{PD-notice}}}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]<br />
[[Category:Alchon Huns]]</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churma&diff=470812Churma2025-10-18T09:09:01Z<p>House of Dontics: fixed citations and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian dish}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox food<br />
| name = Churma<br />
| image = Dal bati churma.jpg<br />
| caption = Dal bati churma<br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| region = [[Punjab]] [[Bihar]], [[Awadh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| course = <br />
| served = <br />
| main_ingredient = [[Bajri]]/[[wheat]], [[ghee]], [[jaggery]]<br />
| variations = <br />
| calories = <br />
| other = <br />
}}<br />
'''Churma''' is a popular [[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani]], [[Bihari cuisine|Bihari]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ObhhAAAAIAAJ&q=churma+bihar Bihar District Gazetteers: Patna (& suppl. 2 v.)(1971)]</ref> [[Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradeshi]], [[Haryanvi cuisine|Haryanvi]], and [[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]] [[delicacy]] from [[India]].<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.mdurohtak.ac.in/pdf/Food%20of%20Haryana%20The%20Great%20Desserts.pdf | title=Food of Haryana: The Great Desserts | first=Ashish | last=Dahiya | year=2013 | isbn=((978-93-81818-13-5)) | publisher=IHTM-MDU / MDU Rohtak | access-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Churma-chutney-behind-exploits-of-Hry-players/articleshow/7012770.cms Churma, chutney behind exploits of Hry players]</ref> In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], the dish is called ''churi''.<ref>Aziz, Khursheed Kamal(2006) A Journey Into the Past: Portrait of a Punjabi Family, 1800-1970. Khursheed Kamal Aziz [https://books.google.com/books?id=DCxuAAAAMAAJ&q=churi+roti+punjab]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Birinder Pal|title='Criminal' Tribes of Punjab|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2012|isbn=9781136517860|pages=70}}</ref> It is coarsely ground [[wheat]], crushed and cooked with [[ghee]] and [[sugar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hoskote|first=Arunima|title=Heirloom Treasures: The Cultural Tapestry of India|publisher=Notion Press|year=2020|isbn=9781648996900|pages=355}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In [[Haryana]], churma is made by mashing up [[roti]] in [[ghee]] and [[jaggery]]. It is also sometimes served without ghee, especially as a diet for the [[Wrestling in India|wrestlers]] sparring in the [[Akhara#Dangal|dangal]] of [[akhara]]s.<ref name=jatsit>[https://www.dailyo.in/lifestyle/haryana-dangal-diwali-sweets-milk-laddoo-batasha-chhaas/story/1/13582.html Bite this! Festivals and the Sweet Haryanvi], [[DailyO]], 20 October 2016.</ref> It is usually served either with a tall glass of warm milk, [[lassi]], or with sour [[kadhi]].<br />
<br />
In [[Rajasthan]], churma is made in lots of variations. It is made by mashing up [[roti]] made of either [[Pearl millet|bajra]] (see [[pearl millet]]) or [[Wheat|gehu]] (see [[wheat]]) with [[Desi]] [[ghee]] and sugar ( shakkar / khand / bura / kasar ) or [[jaggery]] pieces. It is commonly eaten with [[kadhi]], [[dal]] and topped with ghee. 'Dade ka Churma' often called 'Rajasthani Churma', is a special kind of churma that is native to Rajasthan. It is made by [[sifting]] wheat flour, [[Semolina|suji]] (see [[semolina]] ) and [[Flour|besan]] (see [[gram flour]]). They are [[Kneading|kneaded]] into a dough adding melted [[ghee]] and milk. Small 'lois' (dough balls) are made, and fried till golden brown. After the lois cool down, they are ground to a coarse powdery texture. Following this, powdered sugar, cardamom and dry fruits are mixed in. It is a popular companion to the dish [[dal bati]]<ref name=":0" /> and is eaten often at social events/celebrations and served with dal.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dal bati churma]]<br />
* [[Katt Bafla]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian dishes|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian desserts]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthani cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthani desserts]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{india-cuisine-stub}}</div>House of Donticshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagladiya_River&diff=470741Pagladiya River2025-07-29T13:28:05Z<p>House of Dontics: brief enhance content for accuracy further</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|River in India}}<br />
{{Infobox river<br />
| name = Pagladiya River<br />
| native_name =<br />
| name_other = Pagladia River <br />
| name_etymology = <br />
| nickname = <br />
<!---------------------- IMAGE--><br />
| image = File:Pagladiya River in Nalbari.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Pagladiya River in [[Nalbari district]]<br />
| image_alt = <br />
<!---------------------- MAPS --><br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br />
| pushpin_map_size = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
<!---------------------- LOCATION --><br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa]] & [[Nalbari]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| subdivision_type4 = <br />
| subdivision_name4 = <br />
| subdivision_type5 = <br />
| subdivision_name5 = <br />
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --><br />
| length = <br />
| width_min = <br />
| width_avg = <br />
| width_max = <br />
| depth_min = <br />
| depth_avg = <br />
| depth_max = <br />
| discharge1_location = <br />
| discharge1_min = <br />
| discharge1_avg = <br />
| discharge1_max = <br />
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --><br />
| source1 = Bhutan Hill<br />
| source1_location = Deothang, [[Bhutan]]<br />
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|26|51|24.5|N|91|24|54.2|E|display=inline}}<br />
| source1_elevation = <br />
| mouth = [[Brahmaputra River]]<br />
| mouth_location = <br />
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|15|18.9|N|91|25|59.7|E|display=inline}}<br />
| mouth_elevation = <br />
| progression = Pagladiya River - [[Brahmaputra River]]<br />
| river_system = <br />
| basin_size = <br />
| basin_landmarks = <br />
| basin_population = <br />
| tributaries_left = <br />
| tributaries_right = <br />
| waterbodies = <br />
| waterfalls = <br />
| bridges = <br />
| ports = <br />
| custom_label = <br />
| custom_data = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Pagladiya River''' is a northern bank [[tributary]] of the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Brahmaputra_Board_Eng.pdf|title=About Brahmaputra Board}}</ref> The Pagladiya River originates in the [[Bhutan]] hills and flows through [[Baksa District]] and [[Nalbari district]] before its confluence with the [[Brahmaputra River]]. Pagladiya River is perennial, very shallow, and is characteristically known for flash floods and high discharge rates.<ref name=Pagladiya>{{cite journal|title= Study on the channel migration pattern of Jia-Bhareli, Puthimari and Pagladiya tributaries of the Brahmaputra river using remote sensing Technology|citeseerx= 10.1.1.589.7108}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Pagladiya river from Sonkuriha bridge.jpg|thumb|Pagladiya River from Sonkuriha bridge in [[Nalbari district]]]]<br />
<br />
==Relict of Pagladiya==<br />
The Pagladiya basin has been developed by the actively migrating nature of the stream and resulted a basin of complex migration pattern. The relict of the earlier Pagladiya known as Mora Pagladiya (Dead Pagladiya) can still be seen in the form of abandoned channel passing through Khagrabari and Barama of [[Baksa District]].<ref name=Pagladiya/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-river-stub}}</div>House of Dontics