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Ayinampudi Srilakshmi

2026-05-01T04:26:00Z

Hossainamzad: starting the post initial version

{{Short description|Telugu poet and writer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ayinampudi Srilakshmi
| image = Ayinampudi Srilakshmi.jpg
| education = B.Ed.
| birth_date = 15 August 1967{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}}
| birth_place = Bodhan, Nizamabad district
| constituency =
| office =
| alma_mater =
| term_start =
| spouse =
| children =
| profession =
| party =
}}
[[File:Ayinampudi Srilakshmi in Aazadi ka Kavi Sammelanam in Ravindra Bharathi (03.04.2021).jpg|thumb|Reciting poetry during the Aazadi ka Kavi Sammelan at Ravindra Bharathi, Hyderabad, on 3 April 2021]]
'''Ayinampudi Srilakshmi''' is a Telugu poet and [[writer]]. She has been serving as an announcer at [[All India Radio]] Hyderabad for over two and a half decades. Srilakshmi has authored numerous articles, [[books]], and poems. She has also created several documentaries.<ref>Family Film, Zindagi, Namaste Telangana, Hyderabad, 5 July 2011, page 10.</ref> She has hosted various programs on cinema and conducted interviews with renowned personalities on [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inampudishreelaxmi.com/ |title=About Inampudi Sreelaxmi |website= |access-date=2015-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801122906/http://inampudishreelaxmi.com/ |archive-date=2015-08-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, she received the Telangana State Excellence Award for Women-2020 from the [[Government of Telangana]] for her contribution to literature.<ref name="30 Women Awards">{{cite news |last1=Eenadu |first1=Highlights |title=Awards for 30 Women |url=https://www.eenadu.net/statenews/mainnews/general/30/220042792 |accessdate=9 March 2020 |date=8 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308132559/https://www.eenadu.net/statenews/mainnews/general/30/220042792 |archivedate=8 March 2020 |work= |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Ayinampudi Srilakshmi felicitation in Ugadi Kavi Sammelanam in Ravindra Bharathi (29.03.2017).jpg|thumb|Receiving honors at the Ugadi Kavi Sammelanam in 2017]]
She was born on 15 August 1967{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} in [[Bodhan]], [[Nizamabad district]]. Her ancestors migrated from Andhra Pradesh in the 1940s.<ref name="Journey for Society">{{cite news|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/aksharayan-for-society-1921042401311717|title=Journey for Society|last1=Andhrajyothy|date=24 April 2021|work=www.andhrajyothy.com|accessdate=5 May 2021|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505180244/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/aksharayan-for-society-1921042401311717|archivedate=5 May 2021}}</ref> She graduated in science from Giriraj College, pursued a master’s degree in Political Science from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University, and completed a B.Ed. from [[Osmania University]]. She currently works as a government employee at [[All India Radio]] Hyderabad as an announcer. Srilakshmi has a profound interest in poetry and filmmaking. She has published several articles, books, and poems on diverse topics, including fine arts and cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-06|title=The tireless 'Aksharayanam' {{!}} Nava Telangana|url=https://www.navatelangana.com/article/maanavi/1194473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106102539/https://www.navatelangana.com/article/maanavi/1194473|archive-date=2022-11-06|access-date=2022-11-06|website=Nava Telangana}}</ref>

== Literary Contributions ==
She began her literary journey during her school days, writing poetry and editing the school magazine. In 2000, she served as an editorial member of the special issue of Indur magazine. She has written reviews of works by various poets and authors in ''Yojana'' and ''[[Prajashakti]]''. She published ''Alalavaana'' in 2001 and ''Drukkonam'' (Visual Images) in 2003. In 2011, she published a long poem titled ''Life@Charminar,'' introducing a new literary form called a docu-poem. This work won the Special Jury Award at the 5th Kafiso National Film Festival. Her poem ''Vennela Dukhham'' won the Ranjani Kundurti Award on 18 January 2012.<ref name="CM Liked Poem">{{cite news |last1=Namaste Telangana |first1=Telangana |title=The Poem by Ayinampudi Srilakshmi Praised by CM KCR |url=https://www.ntnews.com/telangana/cm-kcr-most-favorite-poetry-on-corona-virus-19419 |accessdate=26 March 2020 |work=NT News |date=26 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326095053/https://www.ntnews.com/telangana/cm-kcr-most-favorite-poetry-on-corona-virus-19419 |archivedate=26 March 2020 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Works ==
[[File:Ayinampudi Srilakshmi in Bathukamma Celebrations in Raj Bhavan, Hyderabad (04.10.2019) 01.jpg|thumb|Participating in Bathukamma celebrations at Raj Bhavan, Hyderabad, on 4 October 2019]]

=== Poetry Collections ===
# ''Alalavaana''
# ''Drukkonam''
# ''Darwaza Meeda Chandamama''
# ''Kavithvame O Galaxy''

=== Long Poems ===
# ''Life@Charminar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teblog.kinige.com/?m=201205|title=May {{!}} 2012 {{!}} Kinige Blog|website=|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-04-08|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507222551/https://teblog.kinige.com/?m=201205}}</ref>
# ''Wounded Heart'' (translated into English as ''Monologue of a Wounded Heart'' and into Kannada as ''Gayagunda Hrudaya Swagatha'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vihanga.com/|title={{!}} Telugu Women Magazine|website=vihanga.com|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>

=== Epistolary Literature ===
# ''Kotha Premalekhalu'' (New Love Letters)

=== Documentaries ===
She has produced documentaries on social issues and cultural heritage. Her creative contributions extend to fine arts and cinema, exploring untold stories and unheard voices.

== Awards and recognition ==
* ''Special Jury Award'' at the 5th Kafiso National Film Festival for ''Life@Charminar''
* ''Ranjani Kundurti Award'' in 2012 for the poem ''Vennela Dukhham''
* ''Telangana State Excellence Award for Women'' in 2020

== See also ==
* [[All India Radio]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Pradip Kumar Mohanty

2026-04-23T05:08:32Z

Hossainamzad: created new bio!

{{short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Justice (title)|Justice]]
| name = Pradip Kumar Mohanty
| honorific_suffix = Judicial Member, [[Lokpal]]
| image =
| caption =
| office = Chairperson of [[Lokpal|Lokpal of India]]
| status = Additional Charge
| term_start = 28 May 2022
| term_end = 26 February 2024
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor = [[Pinaki Chandra Ghose]]
| successor = [[Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar]]
| office1 = Judicial Member of [[Lokpal]]
| term_start1 = 23 March 2019
| term_end1 = 10 June 2024
| nominator1 = 
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|11th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 March 2017
| term_end2 = 9 June 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Virender Singh (judge)|Virender Singh]](10th) Himself (Acting)
| successor2 = [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel]] (Acting) [[Aniruddha Bose]] (12th)
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|6|10}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| father = Jugal Kishore Mohanty
| spouse = Kalpana Mohanty
| alma_mater = Madhusudan Law College, Cuttack
}}
'''Pradip Kumar Mohanty''' (born 10 June 1955) is an Indian attorney and [[jurist]] currently serving as a Judicial Member of [[Lokpal]] Committee since 23 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qrius.com/lokpal-meet-the-men-and-women-who-will-probe-corruption/|title=Lokpal: Meet the men and women who will probe corruption|website=qrius.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> He retired from the post on 23 March 2024. He is former [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of the [[Jharkhand High Court]].

==Early life and family==
Mohanty was born at [[Cuttack]] in an aristocratic [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family with reputed legal background. His father, Late Jugal Kishore Mohanty was the Chief Justice of [[Sikkim High Court]] and maternal grandfather, Late Rajkishore Das was also a judge of [[Orissa High Court]]. Mohanty studied in the [[Ravenshaw Collegiate School]] of Cuttack and graduated from the [[Ravenshaw College]] in 1974. He passed Law from [[Madhusudan Law College]] of Cuttack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/honble-chief-justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty|title=Hon'ble The Chief Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Mohanty started practice of law in the constitutional, criminal and civil matters in the Orissa High Court. He was elected as the Secretary of the Orissa High Court Bar Association. He appeared on behalf of various Municipalities and also became the Additional Government Advocate in the High Court. Mohanty was the Special Public Prosecutor in [[Graham Staines]] murder case. On 7 March 2002 he was appointed an Additional Judge of the Orissa High Court and thereafter became the Permanent Judge in 2004. He also served as the Acting Chief Justice of the court several times. Mohanty was nominated as Chairman of NSA Advisory Board constituted under [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]], 1980. On 7 October 2016 he was transferred to the [[Jharkhand High Court]] as Acting Chief Justice. On 24 March 2017, he became the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of the [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125123/http://odishasuntimes.com/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 August 2018|title=Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty appointed as Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/justice-p-k-mohanty-takes-charge-as-jhc-cj/story-f56szDJ8l2RA0y3BRm8dEK.html|title=Justice P K Mohanty takes charge as JHC CJ|last=Saran|first=Bedanti|date=25 March 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> Justice Mohanty retired on 9 June 2017 from the post.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/justice-pradip-kumar-mohanty-becomes-cj-of-jharkhand-hc/1014307|title=Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty becomes CJ of Jharkhand HC|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

He was appointed Judicial Member of Lokpal Committee on 23 March 2019 along with 3 other Judicial members and served till 23 March 2024. On 28 May 2022, he was appointed as the acting Chairperson of the [[Lokpal]] after the superannuation of the first Lokpal chairperson [[Pinaki Chandra Ghose]] and served their till 26 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Mohanty gets additional charge of Lokpal chairperson |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/justice-mohanty-gets-additional-charge-of-lokpal-chairperson-101653677561284.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}{{Sitting Members of Lokpal Committee}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Pradip Kumar}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jharkhand High Court]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Vinay Kumar (politician)

2026-04-22T02:22:26Z

Hossainamzad: Put Up New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Kumar
| office = [[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 22 Nov 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Pratibha Singh]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 12 December 2023
| term_end1 = 22 November 2025
| 2blankname1 = Speaker
| 2namedata1 = [[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]
| predecessor1 = [[Hans Raj (politician)|Hans Raj]]
| successor1 = Vacant
| office2 = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| 2blankname2 = Deputy CM
| 2namedata2 = Mukesh Agnihotri
| term_start2 = 20 December 2012
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Prem Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Prem Singh]]
| constituency2 = [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency|Sri Renukaji]]
| governor2 = [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
| birth_name = Vinay Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|3|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Maina Bagh, [[Sirmour district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]], [[Asia]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Smt. Seema Bhushan
| parents = *[[Prem Singh (Renukaji)|Prem Singh]] (father)
*Vidya Devi (mother)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix = MLA of [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency|Sri Renukaji]]
| native_name_lang = विनय कुमार
| image = Vinay Kumar of Sri Renukaji, Deputy speeker of Himachal Pradesh Vidhan sabha l.jpg
}}

'''Shri Vinay Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिमला |first=अंकुश डोभाल |date=2023-12-19 |title=कौन हैं हिमाचल विधानसभा के नए उपाध्यक्ष विनय कुमार? सदन में निर्विरोध हुआ चयन |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-assembly-winter-session-who-is-new-deputy-speaker-vinay-kumar-unopposed-elected-in-assembly-ann-2564404 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er, incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-12-19 |title=Vinay Kumar unanimously elected as Himachal Assembly Deputy Speaker |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/vinay-kumar-unanimously-elected-as-himachal-assembly-deputy-speaker-1503251406.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> and former [[deputy speaker]] of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He is a former [[Under-Secretary of State for India|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]] of the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Vinay Kumar appointed Himachal deputy speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/vinay-kumar-appointed-himachal-deputy-speaker-101703005970011.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-20 |title=Renukaji MLA is deputy speaker |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/news/vinay-kumar-elected-deputy-speaker-himachal-pradesh-assembly/articleshow/106139870.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is also the president of [[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidhansabha |first=Himachal |date=2023 |title=Hon'ble Deputy Speaker, Vinay Kumar |url=https://evidhan.nic.in/Member/Details/66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-22 |title=Congress appoints Vinay Kumar as new Himachal PCC chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/congress-appoints-vinay-kumar-as-new-himachal-pcc-chief/article70312457.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vinay Kumar was born in a [[agriculturist]] [[Koli people|Koli]] family in Vill. Maina Bagh, Shri Renuka Ji, District Sirmour, [[Himachal Pradesh]]. His parents are Prem Singh and Vidya Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirmour News: बिरादरी के विधायकों को कैबिनेट में जगह मिलने पर कोली समाज गदगद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/sirmour/two-mla-of-community-got-place-in-cabinet-koli-samaj-feel-happy-nahan-news-c-177-1-ssml1028-14992-2023-12-20 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vinay}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]

Ashanthan

2026-04-21T05:49:42Z

Hossainamzad:

{{Short description|Indian artist (1968–2018)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Ashanthan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mahesh V. K.
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Edappally]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|01|31|1968}}
| death_place =
| field = [[Painting]], [[sculptor]]
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards = [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi |Kerala Lalithakala Akademi Award]] (1998, 1999 and 2007)
| children =
| spouse =
}}
'''Mahesh V. K.''' better known as '''Ashanthan''' (1968 – 31 January 2018) was a painter and sculptor from Kerala, India. He also worked in the amateur theatre. He has won the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] Award three times.

==Biography==
Ashanthan was born in 1968, in [[Edappally]] in [[Eranakulam district]] of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=ARTIST DIRECTORY |url=http://www.kalakeralam.com/artistd/asanthan.htm |website=kalakeralam.com |date=31 December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011231034401/http://www.kalakeralam.com/artistd/asanthan.htm |archive-date=2001-12-31}}</ref> His original name was Mahesh V. K.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=our online |title=Artist Ashanthan passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2018/Feb/01/artist-ashanthan-passes-away-1766386.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He was born to Kuttappan and Kurumba of Peelyad Thambil house in Ponekara, Edappally.<ref name="madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=ഡെസ്ക് |first1=വെബ് |title=ചിത്രകാരൻ അശാന്തൻ അന്തരിച്ചു {{!}} Painter Asanthan Dies-Kerala News {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/painter-asanthan-dies-kerala-news/2018/jan/31/419618 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=31 January 2018 |language=ml}}</ref> He also served as a teacher of painting and architecture at the Eka Art Gallery in [[Fort Kochi]] and the Changampuzha Memorial Library in Edappally.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

Ashanthan died on 31 January 2018.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

==Career==
Ashanthan studied painting for four years at 'Chitrashailam' and later worked as a teacher at the same institution for about 10 years.<ref name="New Indian Express"/> Later, he left his job and devoted his full time to art. He became active in the arts after earning a diploma in painting and sculpture.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=ചിത്രകാരൻ അശാന്തൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/01/31/09-chn-obit-asanthan.html |work=ManoramaOnline |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> An expert in various styles of painting, Ashanthan had organized various painting exhibitions within and outside the country.<ref name="Manorama"/> He was also active in amateur theater through directing, acting, and art direction.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Ashanthan worked completely away from the commercial arts scene.<ref name="madhyamam"/> Various aspects of nature can be seen in his paintings. Folk arts such as mudiyattam, kathirukala and thudipattu have also been the subject of his paintings.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web| title = Capturing the beauty of nature| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/capturing-the-beauty-of-nature/article2544770.ece| publisher = The Hindu Daily| date = 2011-10-17| accessdate = 2018-02-01| archive-date = 2018-01-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180131133147/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/capturing-the-beauty-of-nature/article2544770.ece| url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref>

He has held art exhibitions in over 200 locations, including abroad, and has participated in over 90 art camps.

==Awards and honors==
Ashanthan received the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi Award]] in 1998, 1999 and 2007.<ref name=academy43>{{cite web | title = കേരള ലളിത കലാ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ | url = https://www.lalithkala.org/content/state-awards | publisher = കേരള ലളിത കലാ അക്കാദമി | accessdate = 2018-02-03 | archive-date = 2017-07-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710044216/https://www.lalithkala.org/content/state-awards }}</ref> He also received the first C. N. Karunakaran Memorial Award.<ref name=kaumudi343>{{cite news | title = Artist Ashanthan dies | url = http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=102713 | publisher = കൗമുദി ഓൺലൈൻ | date = 2018-01-31 | accessdate = 2018-01-31 | archive-date = 2018-02-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180203082958/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=102713 }}</ref>

After Ashanthan's death, an exhibition titled 'Shanthasmarana' was organized by the Kerala Lalitha Kala Akademi at the Durbar Hall Art Gallery in Kochi, curated by Shaju Nellai, as a tribute to him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Binoy |first1=Anna |title=Pointing out truth, even after death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/May/21/pointing-out-truth-even-after-death-1817685.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The 2018 [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University Art Festival]] was named ''Ashantham'' in his honor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Special |title='Asantham' to pay tribute to late artist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/asantham-to-pay-tribute-to-late-artist/article22899170.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 March 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Since 2019, Edappally Vadakkumbhagam Service Cooperative Bank has been organizing a state-level art exhibition and awarding the 'Ashanthan Award' in memory of him.<ref>{{cite news |title=അശാന്തം 2023 സംസ്ഥാനതല ചിത്ര പ്രദർശന ഉദ്ഘാടനം |url=https://www.keralasabdam.in/news/inauguration-of-ashantam-2023-state-level-film-exhibition/ |work=www.keralasabdam.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Disrespect to Ashanthan's body==
The Kerala Lalitha Kala Akademi, the hall's authorities, decided to keep Ashanthan's body at the Durbar Hall Arts Centre in Eranakulam for public viewing. Although the hall and the temple are in different compounds, the officials of the Shiva temple near the hall asked the Akademi officials to leave the body.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Kerala: Temple objects to artist's body kept for homage in nearby art gallery hall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-temple-objects-to-artists-body-kept-for-homage-in-nearby-art-gallery-hall-5048584/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The temple officials said that the temple pujas had not ended and that keeping the body there for public viewing would defile the temple. Although the Lalitha Kala Akademi activists spoke to the temple authorities, in the meantime a group of people tore down and destroyed the posters and other items displayed at the Durbar Hall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anandan |first1=S. |title=Ruckus over displaying artist's body |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ruckus-over-displaying-artists-body-near-temple/article22612864.ece#:~:text=A%20group%20of%20miscreants%20created%20boisterous%20scenes%20in,artist%20Asanthan%20for%20the%20public%20to%20pay%20homage. |work=The Hindu |date=31 January 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In response, Akademi Secretary Ponniyam Chandran and Kerala State Culture Minister [[A. K. Balan]] said that the opposition was part of the [[Hindutva]] agenda.<ref name="Indian Express"/> The then Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] commented that some communalists had shown cruelty to the painter's body and were insulting the body by spreading propaganda that the nearby temple would be impure, and that society should isolate such savages.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayalee |first1=Marunadan |title='ചിത്രകാരന്റെ മൃതദേഹത്തോട് ചില വർഗീയ വാദികൾ കാണിച്ചത് ക്രൂരത; തൊട്ടടുത്ത ക്ഷേത്രം അശുദ്ധമാക്കുമെന്ന പ്രചാരണം നടത്തി മൃതദേഹത്തെ അപമാനിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു; ഇത്തരം കാടൻ മനസ്ഥിതിക്കാരെ സമൂഹം... |url=https://marunadanmalayalee.com/pinarayi-98440 |work=marunadanmalayalee.com |date=2 February 2018 |language=ml}}</ref> Singer and music director [[Shahabaz Aman]] commented that it would be the first time in the history of mankind that an artist has been so humiliated and left this earth.<ref name="M">{{cite news |title='അശാന്തന്‍ മടങ്ങിയത് അപമാനിതനായി, കേരളം ഇതിനു വലിയ വില കൊടുക്കേണ്ടി വരും' {{!}} artist ashanthan death controversy {{!}} artist ashanthan {{!}} Shahabaz Aman on artist ashanthan death |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shahabaz-aman-on-painter-asanthan-mahesh-s-death-asanthan-controversy-casteism-kerala-1.2575311 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203081957/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shahabaz-aman-on-painter-asanthan-mahesh-s-death-asanthan-controversy-casteism-kerala-1.2575311 |archive-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> Many artists and cultural activists also protested this disrespect, and Akademi executive member Kavita Balakrishnan resigned from her position.<ref>{{cite news |title=Artists decry insult to Asanthan's body {{!}} Artists decry insult to Asanthan's body |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020218/artists-decry-insult-to-asanthans-body.html |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=2 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balan |first1=Saritha S. |title='Shaken our pride in Kerala': Outrage at alleged casteist remarks on artist's body |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/shaken-our-pride-kerala-outrage-alleged-casteist-remarks-artist-s-body-75873 |work=The News Minute |date=4 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balan |first1=Saritha S. |title='Asanthan humiliated': Kerala Lalithakala member quits, row post Dalit artist's death |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/asanthan-humiliated-kerala-lalithakala-member-quits-row-post-dalit-artist-s-death-76016 |work=The News Minute |date=6 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

There was also an argument that the temple authorities objected to placing Ashantan's body in the hall because he was a [[Dalit]], but temple secretary Balagopal said that the temple took this approach not because the deceased was a Dalit, but as part of the temple ritual.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Sanjay Kenekar

2026-04-21T04:19:50Z

Hossainamzad: Put Up New Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 20 March 2025
| predecessor = [[Ramesh Karad]]
| constituency = ''elected by the Members of Legislative Assembly''
| birth_name = Sanjay Kisanrao Kenekar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|07|17}}
| birth_place = At.Khokadpura, [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1998–present)
| spouse = Vaishali Kenekar
| parents = Kisanrao Kenekar (Father) Kokilabai Kenekar (Mother)
}}
'''Sanjay Kisanrao Kenekar''' is a politician and OBC face of the BJP from [[Sambhajinagar (District)|Sambhajinagar district]]. He is active member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council bypolls: BJP announces 3 candidates |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-legislative-council-bypolls-bjp-announces-3-candidates-9889055/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, he was elected as a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Five Mahayuti leaders take oath as MLCs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/five-mahayuti-leaders-take-oath-as-mlcs-9899017/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
* In BJP he has a 35-year political journey from 1998 to 2024.
* Initially, he started his political journey and worked as an activist in the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) in 1988. After that, he worked in BJP organisation for 12 years, from the ward president to state president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* He has also held the post of BJP city president.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* He was elected to the [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Municipal Corporation]] and worked as a corporator for 15 years.
* He served as Deputy Mayor of [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Municipal Corporation]] at the age of 23.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] founded the Bharatiya Janata Party's Kamgar Aghadi in 2008. He served as the state general secretary from 2008 to 2010.
* 2013 - President, BJP Labor Morcha, Maharashtra from 2013-2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Kenekar Appointed As State Bjp Workers Morcha President |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/mah-mum-sanjay-kenekar-appointed-as-state-bjp-workers-morcha-president-4354939-nor.html |website=Divya Marathi}}</ref>
* He worked as the state president of the Bharatiya Janata Party's Workers' Alliance for 6 years.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* He was appointed the Chairman of MHADA by the Government of Maharashtra on July 13, 2019.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
* 2022 -He has also held the post of BJP City president and BJP General Secretary, Maharashtra in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-19 |title=मविआविरुद्ध आक्रमक आंदोलन केल्याचा फायदा: आमदारांऐवजी संजय केणेेकरांची भाजप सरचिटणीसपदी नियुक्ती |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/aurangabad/news/advantage-of-aggressive-movement-against-mavia-appointment-of-sanjay-kenekar-as-bjp-general-secretary-instead-of-mla-130334204.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919021324/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/aurangabad/news/advantage-of-aggressive-movement-against-mavia-appointment-of-sanjay-kenekar-as-bjp-general-secretary-instead-of-mla-130334204.html |archive-date=2022-09-19 |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-16 |title=BJP state general secy Kenekar gets MLC ticket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/bjp-state-general-secy-kenekar-gets-mlc-ticket/articleshow/119083483.cms |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2025 - Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra Legislative council]], Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=2025-03-21 |title=गुलमंडीतील नारळ विक्रेता ते आमदार; विधान परिषदेवर संजय केणेकर यांची बिनविरोध निवड |url=https://www.lokmat.com/chhatrapati-sambhajinagar/from-coconut-seller-in-gulmandi-to-mla-bjps-sanjay-kenekar-elected-unopposed-to-legislative-council-a-a320/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kenekar, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Rattan Singh

2026-04-21T00:08:53Z

Hossainamzad: created new bio!

{{Short description|Sikh prince}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rattan Singh {{nobold|{{small|Gadwai}}}}
| image = Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh seated underneath a red canopy with Gurmukhi and Perso-Arabic inscriptions, with Rattan Singh, Kahn Singh, and Fateh Singh, circa 19th century (cropped).jpg
| caption = Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (left) with Rattan Singh (right)
| birth_date = 1805
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = 1845
| death_place = Amritsar, Punjab, Sikh Empire
| spouse = Raj Devi Bhagbhari Kanwar
| issue = Gurdit Singh Thakur Singh Bhagwan Singh
| house =
| father =
| mother =
}}
'''Rattan Singh Gadwai''' (1805–1845) was an official who served [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]. There are claims that he was a son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Datar Kaur, however this claim is in-dispute, as Rattan Singh belonged to a different caste from Ranjit Singh and evidence suggests he served as a non-biologically-related official in his court, not as a son.

== Claim as Ranjit Singh's son ==
It is claimed that he was the second son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire and his [[queen consort]], [[Datar Kaur|Maharani Datar Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahanian Koharan Tehsil .Amritsar District .AmritsarState .Punjab |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc0L06O1eac |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> His elder brother, [[Maharaja Kharak Singh]] was the second Maharaja of the Sikh Empire and nephew, [[Nau Nihal Singh|Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh]] was the third Maharaja. The former reigned for less than four months, and the latter barely four weeks.

He was the grandson of [[Maha Singh|Sardar Maha Singh]], second chief of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]] and [[Raj Kaur|Rajmata Raj Kaur]]. [[Ran Singh Nakai|Sardar Ran Singh]], third chief of the [[Nakai Misl]] and [[Karmo Kaur|Sardarni Karmo Kaur]] were his maternal grandparents. His cousin [[Kahan Singh Nakai]] was the last Nakai chief.

It is widely known that Datar Kaur gave birth to a son, Kharak Singh who is known as the only son of Ranjit Singh and Datar Kaur. But, according to the documents such as Sajra Nasbe and Kursinama (pedigree table), as well as a painting of Ranjit Singh with Rattan Singh affirm that Datar Kaur and Ranjit Singh had another son named Rattan Singh born in 1805.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yudhvir Rana|date=May 1, 2015|title=Descendants of Maharaja Ranjit Singh stakes claim on Gobindgarh Fort {{!}} India News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/descendants-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh-stakes-claim-on-gobindgarh-fort/articleshow/47123514.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince Victor's UK mansion auction: Kin write to Queen – The Times Of India – Chandigarh, 9/1/2020|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOICG/2020/09/01&entity=Ar00714&sk=58B20E14&mode=text&fbclid=IwAR2fM8cMnaTiDz2675LVPgJ-w5DOVf3GWilAz8Eh0zm69or_kGjATDTRnQQ|access-date=2021-10-09|website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=People must value manuscripts: Curator|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/people-must-value-manuscripts-curator-683769|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

Rattan Singh was born to Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his second wife and queen consort, Maharani Datar Kaur, the daughter of [[Ran Singh Nakai]] the third ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]]. He was the younger brother of Kharak Singh who succeeded their father as the second [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]].

He was married to Raj Devi and Bhagbhari Kanwar and had three sons, Gurdit Singh, Thakur Singh and Bhagwan Singh. He served under [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] and his elder brother, [[Kharak Singh]] during the [[Battle of Shopian|Battle of Shopian in 1819]]. He was granted the [[Jagatpur, Punjab|Jagatpur Bajaj]] estate as his jagir.

During the reign of [[Sher Singh|Maharaja Sher Singh]] a large part of his jagir was confiscated by Raja Hira Singh Dogra, who did the same with his half brothers, [[Kashmira Singh]] and [[Pashaura Singh]].

He died during battle in 1845.

== Descendants ==
[[File:Photograph of Sardar Thakur Singh, commandant of Jagatpur Sikha.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Sardar Thakur Singh, commandant of Jagatpur Sikha]]
In 2020 Sandeep Singh Sukerchakia, his descendant, wrote a detailed letter to [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] insisting the inclusion of Punjabi Language in the New [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] official Language Bill of 2020. In 2021, he appealed to [[Imran Khan]], the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] to have a thorough probe into the incident of vandalism of the statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yudhvir Rana|date=Aug 18, 2021|title=Seventh generation descendent of Maharaja Ranjit Singh writes to Imran {{!}} India News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/seventh-generation-descendent-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh-writes-to-imran/articleshow/85432426.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Misl]]
* [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]
* [[Maharani Datar Kaur]]
* [[Sikh Empire]]
*[[Maharaja Kharak Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire}}

[[Category:1805 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]

Harjit Singh Grewal

2026-04-19T10:58:46Z

Hossainamzad: Starting a bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harjit Singh Grewal
| birth_date = {{age|66}}
| parents =
| birth_place =
| image =
| office = Vice President [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 2017
| office2 = Vice Chairman, NACOF
| term_start2 = 2015
| predecessor2 =
| office3 = Chairman, Punjab Khadi and Village Industries Board
| term3 = 2013-2017
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| other_party =
| children = Prateek Grewal
| father = Harnek Singh
| mother =
| website = {{Facebook|SardarHarjitSinghGrewal}}
| spouse = Pinky Grewal
| profession = Agriculture
| alma_mater = [[D.A.V. College, Jalandhar]]
}}

'''Harjit Singh Grewal''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]]. He is one of the senior leaders of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]]. He served as the State Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-27 |title=Parkash Singh Badal, Vijay Sampla mourn former MLA Raj Khurana's death |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parkash-singh-badal-vijay-sampla-mourn-former-mla-raj-khuranas-death-4446474/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is currently serving as a member of the National Executive of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Vocal against farmers, BJP's Harjeet Grewal gets key role |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/vocal-against-farmers-bjps-harjeet-grewal-gets-key-role-321550 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Harjit Singh Grewal played a key role in the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers' protest]]. Grewal met the [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister]] as well as the [[Amit Shah|Union Home Minister]] on several occasions to resolve the issue of the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers' protest]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Two Punjab BJP leaders meet PM Modi, tell him farm issue needs solution fast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/two-punjab-bjp-leaders-meet-pm-modi-tell-him-farm-issue-needs-solution-fast-7134335/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also remained as the Chairman of Khadi Board.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=Rajpura seat: Harjit Singh Grewal faces disapproval from local BJP leaders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rajpura-seat-harjit-singh-grewal-faces-disapproval-from-local-bjp-leaders/story-t3qdG7tw19kD1BArkgD6tK.html |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the Star Campaigners for BJP in Punjab for the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022 Punjab Assembly Elections]]. He contested the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] Elections in 2017 from [[Rajpura Assembly Constituency|Rajpura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=Rajpura seat: Harjit Singh Grewal faces disapproval from local BJP leaders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rajpura-seat-harjit-singh-grewal-faces-disapproval-from-local-bjp-leaders/story-t3qdG7tw19kD1BArkgD6tK.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers' protest]], Grewal advised the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] that being a purely religious body, by getting involved into the farmers’ agitation, the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] is going completely against the mandate given to it under The [[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925|Sikh Gurdwaras Act]], 1925 and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] Act 8 of 1925 that describe the prime role of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] to manage gurdwara affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Farmers stir: SGPC snubs BJP leader Harjit Grewal's advice |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/farmers-stir-sgpc-snubs-bjp-leader-harjit-grewals-advice-223509 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers' protest]] Grewal was a part of the committee that was made to discuss the issues of the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers' protest]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=Voices grow within BJP in support of farmers, party hints 'will fall in line' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/voices-grow-within-bjp-in-support-of-farmers-party-hints-will-fall-in-line-7351872/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

When [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's]] security was breached in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Grewal claimed that windows of some buses were smashed and some workers were beaten up who were coming to attend the rally of the [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-01-06 |title=PM Modi's security lapse {{!}} No democracy left in Punjab, says BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-modis-security-lapse-no-democracy-left-in-punjab-says-bjp/article38142121.ece |access-date=2022-04-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In November 2021, Grewal was amongst the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders who met the [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister]] seeking to reopen the Kartarpur corridor before the [[Gurpurb|Gurpurab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=BJP leaders from Punjab meet PM Modi, seek Kartarpur corridor reopening |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/bjp-leaders-from-punjab-meet-pm-modi-seek-kartarpur-corridor-reopening-101636921453904.html |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In the month of July, 2021 some farmers entered Grewal's fields and destroyed the paddy saplings transplanted on 1.5 acres of land in Dhanaula, [[Barnala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab: Farmers destroy BJP leader's land, uproot paddy and plough it with tractor; case filed [WATCH] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/punjab-farmers-destroy-bjp-leader-s-land-uproot-paddy-and-plough-it-with-tractor-case-filed-watch/779677 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=3 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Now {{!}} |first=Times |title=Punjab: Angry farmers uproot paddy saplings from BJP leader's field in Dhanaula village |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/punjab-angry-farmers-uproot-paddy-saplings-from-bjp-leaders-field-in-dhanaula-village/videoshow/84087748.cms |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Economic Times |date=3 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> An FIR was registered against the farmers who were involved in destroying the paddy saplings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Barnala farmers protest against FIR registered on BJP leader's complaint |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/barnala-farmers-protest-against-fir-registered-on-bjp-leader-s-complaint-101635539041147.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|SardarHarjitSinghGrewal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Harjit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barnala district]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tea-garden community

2026-04-16T16:33:27Z

Hossainamzad: Put Up Details

{{Short description|Multicultural group in Assam, India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{POV|date=September 2023}}{{Unbalanced|date=September 2023}}}}
The '''Tea-garden community''' is a term for a multiethnic, multicultural group of tea garden workers and their descendants in [[Northeast India]] (formerly the [[Assam province]]). They are primarily concentrated in the modern state of [[Assam]], where they have been notified as [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC) and are loosely referred to as ''Tea Tribes''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://teatribes.assam.gov.in/information-services/tea-tribes-community | title=Tea Tribes Community | Tea Tribes | Government of Assam, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025112029/https://teatribes.assam.gov.in/information-services/tea-tribes-community |archive-date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF ASSAM |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/assam.pdf |website=ncbc.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|2011|p=235}}</ref> They are the descendants of peoples from multiple tribal and caste groups brought by the British colonial planters as [[indentured labour]]ers from the regions of present-day [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] into [[colonial Assam]] during the 1860-90s in multiple phases to the newly established tea gardens. They are primarily found in districts with a large concentration of tea estates, such as [[Upper Assam]] districts of [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]] and [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], and [[Barak Valley]] districts of [[Cachar district|Cachar]] and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement (District-Wise) showing number of Tea-Gardens with details regarding total area acquired as Ceiling Surplus and Encroachment of Ceiling Surplus Land by the Tea-Gardens {{!}} DIRECTORATE OF LAND REQUISITION ACQUISITION & REFORMS {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://dlrar.assam.gov.in/information-services/list-of-tea-gardens-in-assam |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=dlrar.assam.gov.in}}</ref> The total population is estimated to be around 7 million,<ref name="baartalaap.in">{{cite web | url=https://baartalaap.in/2021/08/27/assam-attsa-demand-for-st-status-to-tea-tribes-community-writes-to-cm/ | title=Assam: ATTSA demand for ST status to tea tribes community, writes to CM }}</ref> of which an estimated 4.5 million reside in residential quarters built inside 799 tea estates spread across tea-growing regions of Assam. Another 2.5 million reside in the nearby villages spread across those tea-growing regions. They speak multiple languages, including [[Sora language|Sora]], [[Odia language|Odia]], Assam Sadri, [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Kui language (India)|Kui]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]] and [[Mundari language|Mundari]]. Assam Sadri, distinguished from the [[Sadri language]],<ref name="distinguished-nagpuri"/> serves as lingua franca among the community.<ref name="lingua-franca">"For socio-economic, socio-political and other socio-cultural reasons, most of the adivasis of Assam have opted for AS as their first language. Besides, the lingua franca provides one linguistic identity to the various adivasi groups." {{harvcol|Dey|2011|p=8}}</ref>

A sizeable section of the community, particularly those having [[Scheduled Tribe]] status in other states of India and living mainly in the village areas other than tea gardens, prefers to call themselves "[[Adivasi]]" and are known by that term in Assam, whereas the [[Tribes of Assam|Scheduled Tribes of Assam]] are known as "[[Tribe]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/battleground-assam-no-party-can-take-adivasis-for-granted/articleshow/51627719.cms|title=Battleground Assam : No party can take Adivasis for granted|website=Economic Times|last1=Mitra|first1=Naresh}}</ref> Many tea garden community members are tribals such as [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Santal people|Santhal]], [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]], [[Gonds]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], among others. According to the Lokur Committee (1965) they formed around 20 lakh.<ref>{{cite report| title= The report of the advisory committee on the revision of the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|url=https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/Statistics/OtherReport/LokurCommitteeReport.pdf |publisher=Department of Social Security, Govt of India|pages=18–19}}</ref> They have been demanding Scheduled Tribe status in Assam, but the tribal organisations of Assam are against it, which has resulted in several clashes between them and deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boomlive.in/the-story-of-adivasis-in-assam/|title=The story of Adivasis in Assam|website=Boomlive|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tea-tag-blurs-st-status-adivasis/cid/453735|title=Tea tag blurs ST status:Adivasis|website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarmah |first1=Jayanta Krishna |last2=Hazarika |first2=Joyjit |date=5 June 2015 |title=Politics of Scheduled Tribe Status in Assam |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/14/commentary/politics-scheduled-tribe-status-assam.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=55 |issue=14 |pages=7–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma |first=Dhruba Pratim |chapter=Demand of ‘Tea Tribes’ for Scheduled Tribe Status in Assam: A Review |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299877366 |editor-first=Sandhya |editor-last=Goswami |title=Troubled Diversity: The Political Process in Northeast India |location=Delhi |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford Academic |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199453337.003.0006 |pages = 104–121|isbn=978-0-19-945333-7 |access-date= 25 Mar 2024 }}</ref>

==History==
{{broader|History of tea in India}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
In the 19th century, the British found Assam suitable for tea cultivation and wanted to increase their revenue by planting tea plantations, so they brought labourers from different parts of the country to clear large tracts of forest and make tea gardens. Tea garden workers were brought to the tea plantations of [[Assam]] in several phases from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century from the tribal heartland of central-eastern India as indentured labourers. During the 1840s, tribal people throughout the [[Chota Nagpur Division]] were revolting against expanding British control, and the scarcity of cheap labour to work in the expanding tea industry of Assam led the British authorities to recruit primarily Tribals and some backward-class Hindus as indentured labourers to work in Assam's tea gardens. Thousands of people recruited as labourers died of diseases during the journey to Assam, and hundreds who tried to flee were killed by the British authorities as punishment for breaching their contracts.[[File:Map of the Tea countries of Assam and Cachar - compiled by Major Briggs - btv1b53172875h.jpg|thumb|The 1870 map illustrating the early tea estates, their proprietors, and the cultivation regions of Assam.]]

===Recruitment===
{{Multiple image
|image1=The empire of India (1913) (14757681996).jpg
|image2=Assamese women in costume, picking tea leaves by Bourne & Shepherd.jpg
|image3=The romance of plant life, interesting descriptions of the strange and curious in the plant world (1907) (14596118838).jpg
|footer=Newly immigrated tea garden workers at work in colonial Assam (c. 1907–1913)}}
At the start of tea plantations in the province, the Assam company had brought in Chinese staff, around 70 at its peak, and paid them four to five times more wages compared to local labour. The former were dispensed with in 1843 and labourers from Assam were the only ones working in the plantations until 1859 which was around 10,000 vis-a-vis the requirement for 16,000-20,000 for existing cultivation. Most of these were then recruited from the [[Bodo–Kachari people|Kachari]] tribe of the then [[Darrang district]], and peasants from nearby villages during their agricultural slack season. {{sfn|Guha|1977|p=15}}

In 1841 the first attempt was made by the Assam Company to recruit labourers from outside the province. In this attempt, 652 people were forcibly recruited, but due to an outbreak of cholera, most of them died. Those who survived fled. In 1859 the Workmen's Breach of Contract Act was passed, which instituted harsh penalties for indentured labourers who broke their contracts, including flogging. It alleviated the scarcity of labourers on the plantation by recruiting from outside Assam through contracts. "Arakattis," or brokers, were appointed to recruit labour from outside the area. In 1870, the "Sardari System" was introduced to recruit labourers.

Majority of the labour force was recruited from areas such as [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chota Nagpur]], [[Santal Parganas district|Santal Parganas]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Central Provinces]], and [[Madras Presidency]].{{efn|This includes areas from the later-created Orissa province.}} Most came from the tribal communities of Chottanagpur and Santhal Parganas and constituted 59 and 50 percent of the total men and women respectively in 1878. These consisted of the [[Munda people|Mundas]], [[Kurukh people|Oraons]], [[Kharia people|Kharias]], [[Kol people|Kols]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]], [[Santal people|Santhals]], and castes such as [[Kurmi|Kurmis]], and Murasis.{{sfn|Behal|2014|p=255-256}} This was followed by communities from Orissa, Central Provinces, [[Palamu district]] in then Bihar, and Madras Presidency. They consisted of those classified as semi-aboriginal castes such as the [[Ghasi|Ghasis]], [[Bauri (caste)|Bauris]], [[Turi (caste)|Turis]], and Goraits, A smaller number were recruited from low-caste Hindu communities like the [[Bhogta|Bhogtas]], [[Rautia|Rautias]], [[Chamar|Chamars]], and [[Paswan|Dusadhs]].{{sfn|Behal|2014|p=255-256}}{{Multiple image
|image1=Map shewing the recruiting districts in Bengal, United Provinces, Central Provinces and Madras.jpg
|caption1= Map showing the recruiting district of tea garden community of Assam
|image2=Principal tea growing tracks in Assam, 1906.jpg
|caption2=Principal tea growing tracks in Assam, 1906}}

Conditions of recruitment of labour from [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] were inhuman. Arakattis resorted to several fraudulent practices and physical force.

From 15 December 1859 to 21 November 1861, the Assam Company brought the first batch of 2,272 recruits from outside. From of the total, 250 died on the way to Assam. From 2 April 1861 to 25 February 1862, 2,569 people were recruited and sent to Assam in two batches via the Brahmaputra river route. During the journey 135 died or got drowned, and 103 absconded. Between 1 May 1863 and 1 May 1866, 84,915 labourers were recruited, but 30,000 had died by June 1866.{{sfn|Guha|1977|p=18}}

From 1877 to 1929, 419,841 recruits entered Assam as indentured labourers, including 162,188 males, 119,582 females and 138,071 children. From 1938 to 1947, 158,706 recruits came to Assam. They were brought to Assam through three riverine routes, two along the [[Brahmaputra]] and one via the [[Surma River|Surma]].

Under the Workmen's Breach of Contract Act of 1859, Sections 490 and 492 of the Indian Penal Code (1860) and the Labour Act of 1863, as amended in 1865, 1870 and 1873, runaway workers could be punished by the Government alone. Yet the planters themselves generally disciplined such workers, inflicting upon them punitive tortures of all kinds. For labour was too precious to be sent out of their tea gardens to police and jail custody.{{sfn|Guha|1977|p=18}}

''Debarken Depots'' were used to carry the bonded labours. Some of the ''Debarken Depots'' in the Brahmaputra were [[Tezpur]], [[Silghat]], Kokilamukh, [[Dibrugarh]], etc. ''Debarken Depots'' in Surma (Barak) were [[Silchar]], Katigorah, [[Karimganj]] etc. Labourers were brought in ships, in conditions that were far lower than required for the transport of animals. Steamers were overcrowded with recruits and it was highly unhygienic. These conditions led to the spread of cholera among the labourers which led to the death of many among them in the journey.

===Under British colonial rule===
After the journey, their life in the tea gardens was also difficult. Planters made barracks known as the ''Coolie line'' for the labourers and these were overcrowded. "Coolie" was a term used by tea garden authorities to denote labourers, and is now considered to be a derogatory term by the community.

In these barracks, each tea garden labourer had barely twenty-five square feet of area for their personal use. Many of the tea gardens insisted on a morning muster of the labours. They were not allowed to remain absent in their duty for a single day even when they were unwell. The labourers did not enjoy any personal freedom at all, and were even forbidden to meet labourers working at other tea gardens. Prior permission from the manager of the tea gardens was necessary for the marriage of the labourers.

In addition to emigrant labourers, tea planters also forced labourers to increase the birth rate, so that each garden could garner enough labour force. Abortion was strictly prohibited.
{{Multiple image|
|image1=Assamese tea coolies being paid by European man by Bourne & Shepherd.jpg
|caption1=Tea garden worker in queue for wages
|image2=Assamese tea coolies at factory by Bourne & Shepherd.jpg
|caption2=A gathering of tea garden workers outside of the tea processing factory
}}

The wages paid to labourers were very low. This forced the whole of family members to work in the tea garden.

From 1865–1881 men labourers were paid only ₹5 per month and women ₹4 per month. The situation remained the same up to 1900. It was only by an Act of 1901 that wages increased to ₹5.5 for men and ₹4.5 for women. Children's wages remained the same. These rates of pay compared extremely unfavourably with other manual work available: in the early 1880s an unskilled railway construction labourer earned ₹12 to 16 per month (3 times more than tea garden labour).

The tea garden labourers suffered under legal bondage. Their lives were governed by the Workmen's Breach of Contract Act (Act 3 of 1859). Under this act employees were liable to prosecution, and even imprisonment, for breach of contract. Inertia, refusal to work and desertion were likewise punishable offenses for which the workers could be flogged, subjected to physical torture and imprisoned under the provisions of this act. Flogging was common practice in the tea gardens. The then Chief Commissioner Assam Fuller commented on the condition of labourers, "...They were deprived of all their freedom and their derogatory conditions and atrocities remind one of the slaves running in Africa and the global slave trade."

In addition to this, the tea garden manager might abuse the workers physically. A tea garden manager in Darrang district caught a boy in an attempt at burglary, and he was beaten to death. His dead body was subsequently found with marks that showed that he had been cruelly beaten. In Cachar district, a boy was flogged to death because he did not salute the European manager. The most notorious incident was a shooting in which a tea garden labourer was killed by the European planter of the Kharial Tea Estate of Cachar in 1921 after refusing to provide his daughter as a concubine to the planter for a night. Facing such atrocities, many tea garden labourers often become insane. Many such sufferers were confined in the jail set up at Tezpur in 1876 for insane people.

===Health conditions during colonial times===
Thousands of labourers died annually due to the lack of availability of health care. The gardens did not appoint any doctors. Though the colonial government tried to make tea gardens appoint European medical officers and send health reports to the government regularly, tea gardens failed to comply. Most of the gardens didn't have hospitals to treat labourers in ill health. Most of the gardens appointed some trained physicians, called LMP (Learned Medical Practitioners), only after 1889, when Berry White Medical School was set up at Barbari, Dibrugarh.

===State of education during colonial rule===
A report published by a European DPI in 1917–18 stated that as many as 2 lakh children of school-going age were in the tea gardens of Assam, but not even 2% turned up for primary education. The numbers of the schools and students' enrolment were in papers and files only. In 1950 there were 5,00,416 of children who could attend the lower primary schools, but only 29,361 children attended. It was just meagre 6%. From 1946–50, there were only four college students from tea gardens. The number of students who attended high schools, including M. E. schools, during this period was Jorhat – 29, Dibrugarh – 15, Golaghat – 22, Titabor – 04, Nagaon – 10, Lakhimpur – 12, Tezpur – 41 and Mangaldai – 05.

The tea planters never encouraged education to garden labourers as it would prevent them from physical labor or encourage protest against exploitation. Even after Indian independence, the amount spent on tea garden education in the first five-year plan was just 0.26 million (2.6 lakhs), i.e., not even ten paise per tea garden labourer.

The medium of instruction had also created problems in the tea gardens. Different tribes and castes had their own language and literature in the school owing largely to their original places. In tea gardens, three languages were primarily spoken by the labours: [[Santali language|Santhali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], and [[Mundari language|Mundari]]. But commonly [[Sadri language|Sadri]] was used and outside the tea gardens the Assamese language was used as a medium of communication. Therefore Narayan Ghatowar, a prominent intellectual of the community, advocated that [[Assamese language|Assamese]] be imparted in the schools only by teachers who knew Sadri.

===Participation in Indian independence movement===
Though the community remained oppressed as plantation labourers, they still had the anti-colonial anti-British attitude alive in their mindset.

Noted historian [[Amalendu Guha]] remarks, "Illiterate, ignorant, unorganised and isolated from their homes as they were, the plantation workers were weak and powerless against the planters." Still, several times they tried to protest against the atrocities of the planters and managers at their respective estates: for example, protest of 1884 in Bowalia T.E.,{{sfn|Guha|1977|p=46}} and the strike of Halem T.E. in 1921.{{sfn|Guha|1977|p=13}}

Numbers of people from the community actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Some of the names of the participants are Gajaram Kurmi, Pratap Gond, Shamburam Gond, Mohanchal Gond, Jagamohan Gond, Bidesh Kamar Lohar, Ansa Bhuyan, Radhu Munda, Gobin Tanti, Ramsai Turi, Bishnu Suku Majhi, Bongai Bauri, Durgi Bhumij, etc. Some of the freedom fighters who became martyrs are Christison Munda, Doyal Das Panika, Mongol Kurku,Sukhdew Chik Baraik, Bhedla Proja, Tehlu Saora and Bankuru Saora. Christison Munda ignited a revolt across the tea garden regions of Rangapara in 1915 and was publicly hanged at Phulbari T.E (near Rangapara) by colonial authorities in 1916. Malati Mem, alias "Mangri" Oraon of Tezpur Ghogara TE (near Tezpur), became the first ever woman martyr of Assam in 1921. She was killed by colonial police while participating in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. The names of these tea garden labourers never got any importance in the histography, but as Guha quoted, "It must be admitted that these Adivasis joined in the Indian Independence movement, not because of the Assamese middle class, the Congress or the Assamese non-state organizations, but in spite of them."

==Demographics==
[[File:Kalaigaon Tea Garden workers.jpg|thumb|Tea Garden workers in a tea garden near [[Kalaigaon]], [[Darrang district]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Active Tea Garden Worker Population by State and District — Tea Board Baseline Survey, 2018
! class="unsortable"| State !! District !! Permanent worker !! Temporary worker !! Total worker
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|| [[Changlang district|Changlang]]|| 229 || 1,136 || 1,365
|-
| [[East Siang district|East Siang]]|| 217 || 423 || 640
|-
| [[Longding district|Longding]]|| 46 || 100 || 146
|-
| [[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dipang Valley]]|| 286 || 185 || 471
|-
| [[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]]|| 35 || 20 || 55
|-
| [[Namsai district|Namsai]]|| 0 || 460 || 460
|-
| [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]|| 21 || 29 || 50
|-
| [[Tirap district|Tirap]]|| 78 || 190 || 268
|-
| [[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]|| 0 || 50 || 50
|-
| [[West Siang district|West Siang]]|| 52 || 130 || 182
|-
| rowspan="26" |[[Assam]]|| [[Baksa district|Baksa]]|| 3,666 || 2,137 || 5,803
|-
| [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]|| 16,012 || 16,230 || 32,242
|-
| [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]|| 310 || 650 || 960
|-
| [[Cachar district|Cachar]]|| 25,154 || 17,722 || 42,876
|-
| [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]|| 24,342 || 28,281 || 52,623
|-
| [[Darrang district|Darrang]]|| 1,604 || 1,680 || 3,284
|-
| [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]|| 1,133 || 2,396 || 3,529
|-
| [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]|| 63,884 || 59,605 || 123,489
|-
| [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]|| 146 || 196 || 342
|-
| [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]|| 373 || 394 || 767
|-
| [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]|| 33,323 || 23,934 || 57,257
|-
| [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]|| 6,913 || 5,699 || 12,612
|-
| [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]|| 38,172 || 20,788 || 58,960
|-
| [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]|| 359 || 912 || 1,271
|-
| [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]|| 1,212 || 1,596 || 2,808
|-
| [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]|| 8,799 || 3,983 || 12,782
|-
| [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]|| 2,351 || 4,528 || 6,879
|-
| [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]|| 8,108 || 7,976 || 16,084
|-
| [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]|| 651 || 500 || 1,151
|-
| [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]|| 12,817 || 8,196 || 21,013
|-
| ''[[North Lakhimpur]]''|| 376 || 406 || 782
|-
| [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]|| 15,339 || 13,746 || 29,085
|-
| ''[[Sivasagar]]''|| 4,300 || 3,835 || 8,135
|-
| [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]|| 38,128 || 36,617 || 74,745
|-
| [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]|| 64,960 || 57,823 || 122,783
|-
| [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]|| 18,972 || 22,413 || 41,385
|-
| [[Meghalaya|Maghalaya]]|| [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-bhoi]]|| 48 || 56 || 104
|-
| [[Mizoram]]|| [[Champhai district|Champhai]]|| 0 || 40 || 40
|-
| [[Nagaland]]|| [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]|| 0 || 100 || 100
|-
| [[Sikkim]]|| [[South Sikkim]]|| 402 || 164 || 566
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Tripura]]|| [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]|| 941 || 532 || 1,473
|-
| [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]|| 2,154 || 513 || 2,667
|-
| [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]|| 387 || 128 || 515
|-
| [[South Tripura district|South tripura]]|| 100 || 192 || 292
|-
| [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]|| 1,294 || 1732 || 3,026
|-
| [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]|| 2,189 || 1,088 || 3,277
|}

An ethno-linguistic minority, the population of the community is primarily rural areas and estimated to be around 7 million (70 lakhs), or nearly 20% of Assam's total population (based on 1931 census projection).<ref name="baartalaap.in"/>{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Begum |first=Farzana |title=Socio Economic Development of the Tea Tribes of Assam |publisher=Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes |publication-date=2017 |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74131/1/AIRT_2017_0004_report.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Other than Assam, they also live neighbouring states Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura.

In Assam, they dominates in the districts of a significant portion of [[Upper Assam]], including [[Sonitpur]], due to the high density of tea gardens and plantations in this region. Districts of [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Darrang]], [[Golaghat district]], [[Charaideo district]], [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council]] (KAAC) areas, [[Dhubri district]], [[Barak Valley]] areas, [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] (BTC) areas, and [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]] (NC Hills) areas of Assam also have a significant population of the community. They form nearly 11%<ref>{{cite web |title=C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> and 6.2%<ref>{{cite web |title=C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=23 August 2020}} Note: Bedia, Odia, Saora, Santali, kurukh, Munda, Gowala, Teli etc all Tea-garden communities together makes nearly 6%.</ref> of the total population in the Barak Valley region and BTR region respectively. According to the 1921 census, total population of tea garden community was {{formatnum:1220808}}, among whom the prominent groups were [[Munda people|Munda]] (149,851), [[Pano (caste)|Pan]] (92,353), [[Santal people|Santal]] (78,736), [[Gondi people|Gond]] (50,960), and [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] (39,739). In the 1951 estimate, their population stood at {{formatnum:1583457}}, forming around 20 percent of the state population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Assam Govt Reserves 3% Seats In Govt Jobs For Tea Tribes, Know Why This Is A Historic Decision |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/north-east/assam-govt-reserves-3-seats-in-govt-jobs-for-tea-tribes-know-why-this-is-a-historic-decision-616654.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-16 |title=ATTSA demands inclusion of all 112 tea tribes in Assam ST list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/attsa-demands-inclusion-of-all-112-tea-tribes-in-assam-st-list/articleshow/68015364.cms |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Apart from those other notable communities were [[Bhuiya]] (83,383), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (72,003), [[Kamar (caste)|Kamar]] (67,902), [[Bauri (caste)|Bauri]] (62,430), [[Ahir]] (53,294), [[Chamar]] (51,733), [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] (39,037), [[Ghasi]] (32,703), [[Kurmi]] (31,794), Khadiyal (31,324), [[Nai (caste)|Napit]] (18,350), [[Odia people|Odia]] (16,835), [[Telaga|Telinga]] (15,927), [[Rajuar|Rajwar]] (15,213), Jalandha (13,535), [[Mahli]] (13,506), [[Kharwar]] (13,476), [[Musahar]] (13,317), [[Bhogta]] (12,058), [[Paswan|Dosadh]] (11,703), [[Kahar]] (10,666), [[Bagdi (caste)|Bagdi]] (10,664), and [[Gowala (caste)|Gowala]] (10,255).<ref name=1951Estimate>{{cite web |title=Estimated Population by Castes, 5. Assam – Census 1951 |year=1954 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30196/download/33377/44094_1951_POP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308003624/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30196/download/33377/44094_1951_POP.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |access-date=7 March 2024 }}</ref>

Although the Tea Garden population comprises diverse tribal and caste groups of various ethno-linguistic origins, primarily from eastern India, these groups have undergone [[Integration of immigrants|integration]] and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]], forming new composite local identities through [[Cultural amalgamation|intergroup interaction]]. Larger groups may retain certain original characteristics, but [[endogamy]] is generally less rigid than in their regions of origin. The list of tribes and castes are:
;Notified tea garden communities<ref>{{cite press release|title=Central list of OBCs for the state of Assam |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=87106 |agency=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs |date=31 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Hazarika |editor-first=N.A. |title=Bulletin of the Assam institute of research for tribals and scheduled castes |volume=1 |others=Issue. XVI |year=2006 |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73974/1/AIRT_2006_0004_book.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230925155301/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73974/1/AIRT_2006_0004_book.pdf |archive-date= 25 September 2023 |page=20 |chapter=The tea and ex-tea garden tribes of Assam – a profile |author-last=Sharma Thakur |author-first=G. C. |location=Guwahati }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
# [[Ahir|Ahirgoala]]
# Arya Mala
# [[Asur people|Asur]]
# Barhai
# Basphor
# Bhokta
# [[Bauri (caste)|Bauri]]
# Bowri
# [[Bhuyan]]
# [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
# [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]]
# Beldar
# Baraik
# Bhatta
# Basor
# [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]]
# Baijara
# [[Bhil]]
# [[Bonda people|Bondo]]
# Binjia
# [[Birhor people|Birhar]]
# Birjia
# Beddi
# [[Chamar]]
# Chowdhari
# [[Chero|Chere]]
# [[Chik Baraik|Chick Banik]]
# Dandari
# Dandasi
# Dusad
# Dhanwar
# [[Ganda (caste)|Ganda]]
# Gonda
# [[Gondi people|Gond]]
# [[Ghasi|Ghansi]]
# Gorait
# Ghatowar
# [[Hari caste|Hari]]
# Holra
# Jolha
# [[Kewat|Keot]]
# Koiri
# Khonyor
# [[Kurmi]]
# Kawar
# Karmali
# Korwa
# [[Ho people|Kol]]
# Kalahandi
# Kalihandi
# Kotwal
# [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
# [[Kumhar]]
# [[Kharwar|Kherwar]]
# Khodal
# [[Khonds|Khond]]
# [[Koya (tribe)|Koya]]
# Kondpan
# Kohor
# [[Karmakar|Kormakar]]
# [[Kisan people|Kishan]]
# [[Lohar (caste)|Lahar]]
# [[Lodha people|Lodha]]
# Lodhi
# Madari
# [[Mahli]]
# Mahali
# Modi
# [[Kudmi Mahato|Mahato]]
# [[Mal Paharia people|Malpatharia]]
# Manki
# Majwar
# [[Mirdha (tribe)|Mirdhar]]
# [[Munda people|Munda]]
# Nonia, Nunia
# Nagesia
# Nagbansi
# Nath
# [[Kurukh people|Oraon]]
# Pasi
# Paidi
# [[Pano (caste)|Pan]]
# Panika
# Parja
# Patratanti
# Pradhan
# [[Rajuar|Rajwar]]
# Saora
# [[Santal people|Santhal]], Santal
# Sabara
# Turi
# [[Telugu people|Telenga]]
# Tassa
# [[Tanti|Tantubai]]
# Teli
# [[Tanti]]
{{div col end}}
{{break}}
;Other tea garden communities{{sfn|Sengupta|2009}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cnAAAAYAAJ |title=Religion and Society |date=1990 |publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tea garden labourers of north east India: a multidimensional study on the Adivasis of the tea gardens of north east India|publisher=Vendrame Institute|year=1990|isbn=|editor-last=Karotemprel|editor-first=S|location=Sacred Heart Theological College (Shillong, India)|language=English|oclc=27070953|editor2-last=Datta-Ray|editor2-first=B|department=North-East India Council for Social Science Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OsLGZKYP5MC |title=Socio-economic and Political Problems of Tea Garden Workers: A Study of Assam |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-098-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=1951Estimate/>
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
# [[Bania (caste)|Bania]]
# [[Banjara]]
# Bagti
# Bhakta
# [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]]
# [[Dom (caste)|Dom]]
# [[Gour (caste)|Gour]]
# Gossain
# Ganjhu
# [[Gowala (caste)|Gowala]]
# Karwa
# [[Kisan (caste)|Kishan]]
# Malar
# Nayak/Patnaik
# Rajput
# [[Relli (caste)|Reily]]
# [[Reddy]]
# [[Raut (caste)|Rout]]
# [[Rautia]]
# [[Sunar|Sonar]]
# [[Sabar people|Savar]]
# [[Sora people|Saora]]
# [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbonshi]]
{{div col end}}
{{break}}
===Languages===
[[File:Non-Native Languages of Assam.jpg|thumb|[[People of Assam|Immigrant]] languages of Assam, 2011 census ''* [[Assam#Languages|Bengali speakers]] are selectively excluded—although the language is spoken by millions among the tea garden communities, it is also widely spoken by native populations, totaling nearly 9 million speakers in the state.''|border|599x599px]]
{{Switcher
|[[File:Sadri language distribution - Assam.svg|300px]]|Distribution of Sadri
|[[File:Bhojpuri language distribution - Assam.svg|300px]]|Distribution of Bhojpuri
|[[File:Odia language distribution - Assam.svg|300px]]|Distribution of Odia
|[[File:Santali language distribution - Assam.svg|300px]]|Distribution of Santali
|[[File:Mundari language distribution - Assam.svg|300px]]|Distribution of Mundari (incl. Munda)
|[[File:Kurukh language distribution - Assam.svg|300px]]|Distribution of Kurukh
}}

According to the 2011 census, the prominent languages spoken by the tea garden community are [[Nagpuri language|Sadani/Sadri]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Kurukh people|Kurukh/Oraon]], and [[Munda languages|Munda]].{{efn|name=Munda-Mundari|The Munda and Mundari languages are linguistically considered the same, with Munda being a subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family and Mundari being a spoken language within that subgroup. However, in Assam, the term "Munda language" is primarily used by the [[Munda people|Munda]] ethnic group, while "Mundari" is used by both the Munda and [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] ethnic groups, and the terms are loosely interchangeable. Consequently, census classifications treat them as two distinct languages based on enumerated responses.}} Additionally, [[Mundari language|Mundari]],{{efn|name=Munda-Mundari}} [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], and [[Savara language (Dravidian)|Savar]] also have notable speakers.<ref name=2011CensusASLang>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, Assam - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Among these, Sadri is predominantly spoken as a first language and serves as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' among the multilingual ethnic groups. However, Sadri spoken in Assam slightly differs from the native [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpuri]] variant and has several sub-varieties that arise due to dominant linguistic groups, differing in their phonological, morphological, and syntactic features.<ref>"(I)n Assam, there are sub-varieties within AS. In different areas of Assam, Sadri speakers refer to the link language by different names: ''baganiya'', ''chilo-milo'', ''achi-jachi'', ''aunla-jaunla''. These sub-varieties emerged depending on the strength of a particular community in a given area. For instance, if the number of adivasis from the Munda community is higher in a particular garden or locality, the AS spoken in that area will have more Munda features. These sub-varieties in AS exist primarily because of the borrowing of the lexical words along with the phonological, morphological and syntactic features of their indigenous languages; in other words, their original mother tongue" {{harvcol|Dey|2011|p=4}}</ref> Nagpuri Sadri, on the other hand, exhibits linguistic features from the Bihari group of languages like [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], etc., making it often considered a dialect of Bhojpuri. Meanwhile, the Assam Sadri sub-varieties are influenced by languages that are [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]], and [[Tai-Kadai|Tai-Kradai]], hence it is often called Assam Sadri or Bagania bhasa.<ref name="distinguished-nagpuri">"Sadri as spoken in Assam has been labeled as Assam Sadri to distinguish it from the Sadri spoken in Chota Nagpur Plateau, better known as Nagpuria Sadri." {{harvcol|Dey|2011|p=4}}</ref><ref>"Navarangi (1965) states that NS, spoken in Chota Nagpur area, shares its linguistic features with languages of the Hindi speaking area like Bhojpuri, Magahi and others. In case of AS we have a different story. Assam has languages from five language families: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burman and Tai Kadai." {{harvcol|Dey|2011|p=8}}</ref> However, with a steady rise in literacy levels, newer generations of those multilingual ethnic groups are becoming fluent in standard [[Hindi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and [[English language|English]].

The Tea garden communities of Assam are undergoing a language shift due to different socio-cultural and linguistic environments compared to their native states. Various groups within the tea garden community are shifting to a lingua franca language, Sadri, while others are transitioning to Bengali and Assamese to varying degrees. Among the tribal groups, languages such as Ho, Gondi, Kui, Bhumij, and Korwa are experiencing significant decreases in the number of speakers from 1931 to 2011, with percentage changes ranging from -65.4% to -95.4%.

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2right col3right col4right"
|+ Table of [[language shift]]
! Language !! Speaker in 1931{{efn|The language speakers in 1931 also include some adjacent areas of modern Assam, such as [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Bangladesh]].}}<ref>{{cite book |first=C.S. |last=Mullan |title=Census of India, 1931 |volume=III |others=Assam. Part. '''II''' – Table |year=1932 |pages=213–250 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32442/download/35623/33937_1931_TAB.pdf }} [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/18967/GIPE-016866.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Alt URL]</ref> {{nobold|{{small|([[Assam Province]])}}}}!! Speaker in 2011<ref name=2011CensusASLang /> {{nobold|{{small|(modern [[Assam]])}}}}!! {{abbr|Pct.|Percentage}} of Change
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|| 3,587 || 18,863 || 425.1%
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|| 2,035 || 7,660 || 276.3%
|-
| [[Hindi]]{{efn|The Hindi language includes Sadri/Nagpuri, Bhojpuri, Khortha, Chhattisgarhi, Kurmali, and various other languages, all of which have notable speakers in Assam and are classified within the Hindi language group by the census.}} || 589,841 || 2,101,435 || 256.3%
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|| 4,317 || 11,641 || 169.3%
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| 2,106 || 5,229 || 148.2%
|-
| [[Santali language|Santali]]|| 101,049 || 213,139 || 110.6%
|-
| [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]/Oraon || 56,258 || 73,437 || 30.5%
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]|| 202,689 || 218,552 || 7.8%
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| 30,786 || 26,630 || -13.5%
|-
| [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]|| 16,245 || 10,546 || -35.1%
|-
| [[Savara language|Savara]]|| 9,340 || 5,900 || -36.9%
|-
| [[Kharia language|Kharia]]|| 14,358 || 8,921 || -37.8%
|-
| [[Mundari language|Mundari]]|| 159,156 || 95,716 || -39.9%
|-
| [[Ho language|Ho]]|| 1,729 || 598 || -65.4%
|-
| [[Gondi language|Gondi]]|| 49,104 || 5,855 || -88.1%
|-
| [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]|| 6,180 || 518 || -91.6%
|-
| [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]|| 16,797 || 952 || -94.3%
|-
| [[Korwa language|Korwa]]|| 6,825 || 317 || -95.4%
|}

===Education===
In July 2021, Kudmali Sahitya Sabha of Assam opposed the imposition of Sadri language in primary school for tea-tribes and demand inclusion of the Kurmali language in the school curriculum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/imposing-sadri-language-as-mother-tongue-in-primary-schools-opposed-548290|title=Imposing Sadri language as mother tongue in primary schools opposed|publisher=sentinelassam|date=21 July 2021|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> In July 2021, Adivasi Sahitya Sabha of Assam urged the education minister of Assam, Ronuj Pegu, to promote Adivasi/tribal languages such as Santali, Mundari, Kurukh, Kharia and Gondi. The president of Adivasi Sahitya Sabha of Assam opposed the use of Sadri or Bagania language in schools by claiming it as an artificial language and opposed the term Tea-tribe by claiming it as self-created nomenclature.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-assam-tribune/20210729/281891596312186|title=Introduction of Adivasi languages in School demanded|publisher=pressresder|date=21 July 2021|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

===Religion===

The majority of the population of the community follows [[Hinduism]] and [[Sarnaism]], while [[Christianity|Christians]] account for about 15% of the population.

Hindus worship different deities during different seasons of a year. Most (if not all) of the Hindus are animistic in nature and worship tribal and tantra-related gods. The influence of mainstream Vedic Hinduism is minimal and animistic [[Shaktism]] dominates in religious practices.

The ancient tribal religion Sarnaism is also deeply rooted among a sizeable section of tea garden workers. They believe in a universal supreme God and worship him/her in different names like Marangburu, Mahadeo, and Singboga.

[[Vaishnavism]] is also steadily gaining footholds among a section of the Hindu population of the community.

They are very religious-minded people and love to worship nature. Many trees are considered sacred and are worshipped. Nearly every village has religious temples and sacred ground (jaher than) for community worship.

However, increasing conversions into Christianity have led many of them into adopting Christianity and many churches have been built as a result. Nearly one million are now Christians in the state. [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]], [[Santhals]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]] and [[Mundas]] are among the major tribes who have been mostly converted by the Christian missionaries. [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and [[Protestantism]] are the major denominations among Adivasi Christians.

==Culture==
===Festivals===
[[File:Karam Festival in Assam.jpg|thumb|Karam Festival in North Lakhimpur, Assam]]
Festivals are an important part of their lives and are generally deeply connected to their religion and their culture. They celebrate many festivals during different seasons. Almost every major Hindu festival is celebrated by the community, with Christians celebrating Christian festivals.

Major festivals celebrated by the community are [[Holi|Fagua]], [[Karam (festival)]], [[Jivitputrika|Jitia]], [[Sohrai]], [[Mage Parab]], [[Baha parab]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu Puja]], [[Sarhul]], [[Nawakhani]]/[[Nuakhai]], [[Lakshmi puja|Lakhi puja]], [[Manasa]] Puja, [[Durga puja]], [[Diwali]], [[Good Friday]], [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]].

===Music and dance===
Music is an important component of the community. Their music is usually collectively performed for a variety of occasions like weddings, festivals, the arrival of seasons, ushering-in of new life, and harvests. The community is rich in a variety of music and dances. Through the folk music and dance, they try to convey their perspective on social issues and define their daily lifestyles and their history.

[[Dhol]]s, [[Taal (instrument)|Manjiras]], Madars, Kartals, Tamaks, Nagaras, Nishans, and [[Bansuri]]s are some of the musical instruments used by them.

'[[Jhumair]]' is a famous folk dance form among the community. This dance is a folk dance prevalent in [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].
[[File:Tea Tribe Dance of Assam.jpg|thumb|Jhumur dance troupe]]
It has become famous among the community although traditionally different ethnic groups and tribes have different folk dances. [[Karma Naach|Karam dance]] is an important dance form that is performed during the Karam festival by boys and girls alike. Other folk dances are [[Chhau dance]], Sambalpuri [[Dalkhai]] dance, [[Santal]], Kurukh dance of [[Oraon people|Oraon]] tribe and Kharia dance of [[Kharia people|Kharia]] tribe, which are performed on different occasions.

[[File:Kurukh dance of Oraons .jpg|thumb|Kurukh dance]]
[[File:Santhali dance.jpg|thumb|Santhali dance]]
[[Dhol]]s, Mandars, and Kartals are the traditional musical instruments used during the dance for music. Usually, the traditional dress of red-bordered white saris is adorned by female dancers along with jewellery and ornaments before performing the dance. Male dancers wear dhotis and kurtas with white turbans on their heads.

== Socio-economic conditions ==
They are one of the most backward and exploited communities in [[Assam]] due to decades of continuous exploitation by tea estate management and neglect on the part of the government. Though the younger generations are better-educated and are becoming professionals in various fields, there are not many of those in the community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Rajib |date=16 February 2019 |title=ATTSA demands inclusion of all 112 tea tribes in Assam ST list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/attsa-demands-inclusion-of-all-112-tea-tribes-in-assam-st-list/articleshow/68015364.cms |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Diganta |date=2020-09-22 |title=Work life experience of Adivasi (indigenous) workers in Tea Plantation Industry on conflict-ridden areas in India: A qualitative study in Assam |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pa.2446 |journal=Journal of Public Affairs |language=en |doi=10.1002/pa.2446 |issn=1472-3891|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The literacy rate of the community is one of the lowest in Assam, particularly among girls and women. Due to this, girls are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and early marriages are prevalent among them.

Since the majority of the community are still labourers, they live in labour lines built inside tea-estates and established by tea planters. These estates are located in remote areas and this contributes to the backwardness and exploitation of them by the tea planters. The labourers in a way have to live with the basic facilities provided by the tea planters. The tea planters usually exploit the workers every possible way.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2016 |title=How Assam's Tea Gardens Are Rooted In The Abuse And Torture Of Labourers |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/how-assams-tea-gardens-are-rooted-in-the-abuse-and-torture-of-l_b_10001090 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=HuffPost India}}</ref> Violence and agitation of labourers against the management is common, where the state machinery normally protects the tea-planters. Non-education, poverty, addiction of males to country-beer, poor standard of living, rising population and inadequate health facilities provided to them are the problems in their lives. There are instances when tea-planters do not even supply the life-saving drugs when workers are dying out of epidemics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2017 |title=Healthcare gaps ail tea gardens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/healthcare-gaps-ail-tea-gardens/articleshow/58390329.cms |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Pranab Kumar |last1=Das Gupta |first2=Iar Ali |last2= Khan |title= Impact of Tea Plantation Industry on the Life of Tribal Labourers |year=1983 |others=Memo. 57 |url=http://itdaplain.ap.gov.in/pdfViewer.jsp?pdf=959&id=digital |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |oclc=12023216 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Amal Ku. |last1= Das |first2=Hemendra Nath |last2=Banarjee |title= Impact of tea industry on the life of the tribals of West Bengal |publisher=Tribal Welfare Department, GoI|url=https://aptribes.ap.gov.in/pdfViewer.jsp?pdf=1958&id=digital |year=1964 |oclc=1821283}}</ref>

The [[Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha]] has been instrumental in improving the lives of tea garden labourers. Reputed Tea Associations such as [[Indian Tea Association|Assam Branch Indian Tea Association (ABITA)]] and Bharatiya Cha Parishad (BCP) have been working with organizations such as [[UNICEF]] and the [[Government of Assam]] to improve the lives of the tea garden labourers. The ABITA has embarked on a partnership with [[National Rural Health Mission|National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)]] of the [[government of India]] promoted and partnered by the [[government of Assam]]. This assistance of the government of Assam for an all-inclusive Medicare system is now available in 105 estates of its membership. The residents of the estates have benefited from the PPP mode as was decided by the government of Assam since 2007. Another unique direction that the ABITA took was its partnership with [[UNICEF]]. An intervention which started in 2000 through the Education, Creche Development & Nutrition Programme, later expanded and diversified into a more structured intervention to promote health, nutrition, sanitation and child rights amongst the tea workers population.

[[File:Plucking tea in a tea garden of Assam.jpg|thumb|A woman picking tea in a Tea garden of Assam]]
The tea industry is a crucial part of the [[Indian economy]]. Assam produces 55% of India's total production of tea. It is a labour-intensive industry and highly dependent on a large workforce. It is the only sector where the majority of the workers are female.<ref>{{cite web |title=DNA India | Latest News, Live Breaking News on India, Politics, World, Business, Sports, Bollywood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-plight-of-women-workers-in-assam-s-tea-gardens-198134 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}

About one million labourers are dependent on Assam's tea industry and almost all of them are the descendants of those who were brought to Assam as labourers by East India Company, mostly from Jharkhand and Orissa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |date=18 March 2018 |title=Assam rally to assert indigenous tag |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-rally-to-assert-indigenous-tag/cid/1444556 |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The sacrifice, toil and hard work of these labourers gave shape to the tea industry of Assam. However, the story behind the tea cultivation, plucking and processing of tea leaves in the plantations is one of exploitation and untold hardships for the tea labourers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagaraj |first=Anuradha |date=19 December 2017 |title=Indian tea plantation owners shoot at workers demanding bonus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-labour-tea-idUSKBN1EC1YB |access-date=28 May 2025 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> These labourers are still living with the basic facilities provided by the tea planters or companies. Poor standard of living and lack of education and health facilities are the main problems of tea labourers.

Literacy level among the community is only 46%, one of the lowest against Assam's 72% overall literacy rate as tea garden management and other vested interests hinder in their educational development.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Avik |date=18 January 2019 |title=73 tea tribes not included in ST list, says Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/73-tea-tribes-not-included-in-st-list-says-assam-chah-mazdoor-sangha.html |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref>

The government of Assam has a full fledged "Tea-tribes and Adivasi welfare department" for looking after the socio-economic welfare of the community.<ref>{{cite web | title=Home | website=Government Of Assam, India | date=2012-01-01 | url=http://ttwd.assam.gov.in | access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> There also exist an Adivasi Development Council and Tea & Ex-Tea Garden Tribes Development Council to look after specific development needs of the community.<ref>{{cite web | title=Home | website=Government Of Assam, India | date=2012-01-01 | url=http://wptbc.assam.gov.in | access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref> But Adivasi students' organisation AASAA has demanded an extension of the area of the Adivasi Development Council to all parts of Assam, as it is currently operational in only sixth scheduled areas of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2019 |title=Submit list for land pattas to tea community: Assam CM to AASAA |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/submit-list-for-land-pattas-to-tea-community-assam-cm-to-aasaa.html |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref>

There have also been demands for the formation of an autonomous satellite council for Adivasis in Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=Assam: Adivasis stage protest at Hojai demanding ST status |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-adivasis-stage-protest-at-hojai-demanding-st-status.html |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2017 |title=JACTA demands autonomous council for tea tribes, Adivasis |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/national-news/jacta-demands-autonomous-council-for-tea-tribes-adivasis |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=The Sentinel}}</ref>

===Demand for Scheduled Tribe status===
The tea garden community of Assam is largely composed of tribal groups, popularly known as [[Adivasi|Adivasis]], such as the [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Santal people|Santhal]], [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] (Oraon), [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], and several others.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2016 |title=Congress, BJP Woo Assam's Tea-Tribes in the Race for Swing Votes |url=https://www.thequint.com/assembly-elections-2016/2016/04/12/congress-bjp-woo-assams-tea-tribes-that-can-swing-the-votes |website=The Quint}}</ref> Historically, they were regarded by the colonial administration as a distinct social group, separate from the native population of Assam. After independence, this distinction continued due to socio-political considerations, and they were not included in the [[List of Scheduled Tribes|Presidential Scheduled Tribes list]], which required a community to be indigenous to the respective state or union territory. Successive post-independence commissions, including the [[Kalelkar Commission|Kalelkar]], [[Mandal Commission|Mandal Commissions]], Backward Classes Commission, and the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission (1961), maintained this position by classifying them under the category of [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]] (OBCs), while the Dhebar Commission and later the A. K. Chand and Pataskar Commissions supported their inclusion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Diganta |title=Demand for Scheduled Tribe status for Adivasis in Assam, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2025.2498404 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=0 |issue=0 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2025.2498404 |issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

However, these Adivasi groups are recognised as [[Scheduled Tribes]] (STs) in the states and union territories where they are considered indigenous, such as [[Tribes of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]], [[List of Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal|West Bengal]], [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Odisha]], and Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2019 |title=Talk of ST status for Assam's 'tea tribes' may give BJP fillip in election year, but real benefits miles away at ground zero Elections on the GO, Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/talk-of-st-status-for-assams-tea-tribes-may-give-bjp-fillip-in-election-year-but-real-benefits-miles-away-at-ground-zero-6126691.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref> This socio-political distinction between the Adivasi and the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Assam|indigenous tribal populations of Assam]] has given rise to identity politics. The Adivasi communities have continuously demanded inclusion in the Scheduled Tribes list, citing socio-economic backwardness and lack of land rights, while the existing Scheduled Tribes have opposed their inclusion on the grounds of their non-indigenous origin, as defined by the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Nava Kishor |date=February 2016 |title=Making of Tea Tribes in Assam: Colonial Exploitation and Assertion of Adivasi Rights |url=http://joais.in/Journal/Feb-2016@.pdf |journal=Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies |volume=IV |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |issn=2394-5524 |s2cid=221088574}}</ref>

The prolonged controversy regarding the inclusion of Adivasis in the Scheduled Tribes list gave rise to several militant and protest organisations on both sides, leading to incidents of violence, killings, and displacement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/12-hr-bandh-seeking-st-status-for-adivasis-cripples-western-assam/articleshow/67593160.cms|title=12-hr bandh seeking ST status for Adivasis cripples western Assam - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2019 }}</ref> Political parties have at times extended intermittent support for the inclusion of Adivasis, particularly during elections; however, such efforts have often fallen through due to constitutional constraints and opposing political pressures. For instance, on 1 August 1977, the Government of Assam recommended nine notable tribes including Gond, Munda, Oraon, Santhal, Saora, Pan, Praja, Bhil and Koya for inclusion in the list; however, the [[Registrar General of India]] (RGI) did not concur with the proposal. Similarly, in 2011, the Government of Assam constituted an three members expert committee to assess the demands of the Adivasi communities for Scheduled Tribe recognition. The committee identified 36 groups as Scheduled Tribes, 27 as Scheduled Castes and 11 as Other Backward Classes in their respective states of origin, thus fulfilling the eligibility criteria and recommending their inclusion in Assam’s Scheduled Tribes list. The state government subsequently forwarded the proposal of 36 tribal groups to the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]] and the RGI. However, the RGI maintained its earlier position, stating:<ref name=":1" />

{{blockquote|It was decided not to include the Tea Garden Labourers in the list of Scheduled Tribes of Assam on the ground that these are migrants from other states and over generations have lost their tribal characteristics. Further, this office had also argued that inclusion of Tea Garden Labourers in the list of Scheduled Tribes in Assam was contrary to the spirit of ''Article 342'' of the Constitution, which specifies that listing of communities as Scheduled is not ‘universal’ or applicable throughout the country.}}

According to S.D. Pando, one of the three members of the expert committee reported that among the 96 ethnic groups who are officially listed as Tea-tribes in Assam, nearly 40 are recognised as "Tribals" or [[Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) in other parts of India, while the "non-tribals" among the Tea-garden community distributed in 50 groups are categorized as [[Scheduled castes]] (SC) and Other Backward classes (OBC) in states outside Assam like Jharkhand and Odisha. The population of these 50 "non-tribals" ethnic groups is less than two lakhs (200,000), according to government estimates compared to the substantially higher population of the 40 "tribal" groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/govt-cautious-in-st-exercise-to-avoid-cases/cid/1529497|title=Govt cautious in ST exercise to avoid cases|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

On 8 January 2019, the central government led by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] approved The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Bill 2019 in Cabinet to accord "Scheduled Tribe" status to at least 36 tribes of this community and tabled it in [[Parliament]]. The bill passed in the [[Lok Sabha]] but failed to make it through [[Rajya Sabha]] on the last day of the budget session due to lack of time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/centre-approves-st-status-to-koch-rajbongshis-tea-tribes-tai-ahoms-morans-motoks-and-chutiyas|title=Centre approves ST status to Koch-Rajbongshis, Tea tribes, Tai Ahoms, Morans, Motoks, and Chutiyas|website=G Plus}}</ref>

===Increase in wage issue===
The issue of wage is another issue gripping the majority members of this community. They are demanding an increase in daily wages of tea garden workers of the state from the existing daily wage of ₹167 ($2.1) to ₹350 ($5).

As cited, ₹167 as a daily wage for tea garden workers did not fulfill the provisions of the Minimum Wage Act, 1948, as it is below the Assam government's prescribed minimum wage for organized workers (₹290). Wages in the tea gardens of [[Barak Valley]] are even more meagre (₹115 per day). Also, according to the Plantation Labour Act, 1951, and the Minimum Wage Act, 1948, costs associated with housing, medical and electricity could not be included as part of minimum wages.

Southern states of India have been successful in increasing the daily wages of tea garden workers while maintaining the industry profitable. The daily wage is ₹310 ($5) in [[Kerala]].

It is estimated that 10 lakhs (1 million) labourers, including casual workers working in over 850 tea gardens, are deprived of their right of minimum wages in Assam.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

Though in 2018 the wages of tea garden workers improved considerably to ₹167 by the government of Assam, it is still well below the ₹350 demanded by the workers. The wages of tea garden labourers are revised every few years through agreements between the Consultative Committee of Plantation Associations (CCPA) and the Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha (ACMS). Tea garden labourers of the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] in Assam get ₹167 as a daily wage, but including statutory and non-statutory benefits and other benefits, their daily wage is around ₹214 per day. They also get housing facilities from the tea garden management and avail free medical benefits.

===Human rights issues===
{{Prose|section|date=January 2026}}
The persecution of the community is mainly political and ethnic in nature. They are increasingly becoming the victims of a volatile social and political situation in Assam. The violence upon the community has risen following the rise of ethnic nationalism and related militancy across the state and violent arising out of border disputes of Assam with other states. There were two ethnic clashes between Bodo and Adivasi during the 1990s at the height of the [[Bodoland|Bodoland statehood movement]] when [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]] (NDFB) militants initiated ethnic cleansings against the Adivasi population in Kokrajhar. Hundreds of people from both communities were victims of those ethnic clashes. Thousands of people were made homeless in the clashes of 1996 and 1998.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |date=26 September 1998 |title=Bloodshed in Assam |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm |archive-date=22 October 2007 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

A tripartite Adivasi Peace Accord signed between the Central Ministry of Home Affairs, the government of Assam and 8 armed cease fire Adivasi rebel groups on 15 September 2022 guaranteed the formation of an Adivasi Welfare and Development Council with headquarters at Guwahati along with a special development package of Rs.1000 crores for socio-economic and educational upliftment of Adivasi communities with focused infrastructure development in Adivasi inhabiting villages/tea gardens of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |date=15 September 2022 |title=Adivasi council, armed cadre rehab — what Modi govt's peace pact with Assam rebel outfits promises |url=https://theprint.in/india/adivasi-council-armed-cadre-rehab-what-modi-govts-peace-pact-with-assam-rebel-outfits-promises/1130027/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=The Print}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Central Government signed peace agreement with tribals and tea garden workers in Assam |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/government-signed-peace-agreement-with-tribals-and-assam-tea-garden-workers-1663333912-1 |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

* 8 Adivasi students lost their lives in police firing at Paneri in Udalguri district on 25 July 2003 when they were blocking the national highway during the 12 hour Assam Bandh by All Adivasi Students Association of Assam (AASAA) demanding Scheduled Tribes status.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |date=26 July 2003 |title=Eight students killed in Assam police firing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eight-students-killed-in-Assam-police-firing/articleshow/96582.cms |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2003 |title=4 Adivasi students dead, 8 hurt in police firing | Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/4-Adivasi-students-dead-8-hurt-in-police-firing/articleshow/95840.cms |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* In November 2007, five individuals lost their lives and at least 250 were injured when a rally demanding Scheduled Tribe status by All Adivasi Students Association of Assam (AASAA) turned violent between the participants and locals in [[Guwahati]], the state capital of Assam. A teenage tribal girl and a woman were molested in the daylight during the violence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2007 |title=Dispur rally runs amok Curfew, bandh choke Guwahati |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/dispur-rally-runs-amok-curfew-bandh-choke-guwahati/cid/669601 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
* Many living in the border areas of [[Sonitpur]], and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] districts have lost their lives during violence arising out of the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border dispute from 1992 to 2014 due to attacks by armed miscreants from the Arunachal Pradesh side.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-arunachal-can-resolve-border-dispute/article22863464.ece|title='Assam, Arunachal can resolve border dispute'|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-02-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* In October–November 2010, thousands of Tribals, including women and children, were forcefully evicted by the Forest Department of Assam without prior notice from the Lungsung forest area under Haltugaon Forest division in Kokrajhar district of Assam due to illegal encroachment of forest lands. The Forest department burnt down hundreds of houses in 59 villages in the Lungsung forest area during the eviction drive and perpetrated various atrocities on the Adivasi villagers, mostly Santhals and Oraons. About 1200 to 1400 families, comprising over 7000 persons, were rendered homeless.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Preetam B. |date=17 September 2016 |title=Bandh over eviction in Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bandh-over-eviction-in-assam/cid/1419496 |access-date=2018-09-23 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref>
* In August 2014, at least 10 Tribal villagers lost their lives and several were injured near Uriamghat and [[Morangi]] in the district of Golaghat due to alleged attacks by armed Naga miscreants supported by NSCN militants. At least 10,000 people were displaced, mostly Adivasis, following the attacks in [[Morangi]], Golaghat district. A border dispute between Assam and Nagaland is cited as one of the reasons for the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bora |first1=Pranab |last2=Saikia |first2=Ritupallab |date=15 August 2014 |title=Stench of ethnic cleansing - Relief camps fill up as boundary dispute toll rises to four |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/stench-of-ethnic-cleansing-relief-camps-fill-up-as-boundary-dispute-toll-rises-to-four/cid/318325 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
* During the [[December 2014 Assam violence]], many innocent Adivasi villagers lost their lives to militant attacks by NDFB(S). It all started on 21 December 2014, when two NDFB(S) cadre were killed in an encounter with security personnel. In retaliation, on 23 December 2014, 65 Tribal Adivasi villagers lost their lives in the simultaneous attacks by [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB(S)]] militants armed with AK 47/56 series weapons in the three districts of Sonitpur, Kokrajhar and Chirang in one of the worst massacres in the history of Northeast India. Among the dead were 18 children and 21 women. In retaliation, the Adivasis killed three [[Bodo people|Bodos]] in a village near Behali in Sonitpur district and set fire to the houses of [[Bodo people|Bodos]] in Phuloguri village. Further, during the clash, another 14 were killed. The total death toll reached 85. Both communities burned houses and damaged properties at different parts of the state. The violence also spread to [[Udalguri district]]. Nearly 0.3 million people from both Adivasi and Bodo community got internally displaced due to retaliatory violence after the attacks. It led to widespread public protests across different parts of Assam in which again three tribal Adivasi protesters lost their lives in police firing in [[Dhekiajuli]]. Widespread condemnation happened across the nation against the massacre. As a result, the Indian Army launched "Operation All Out" to hunt down the NDFB(S) militants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |date=23 December 2014 |title=Death toll in Assam militant attacks rises to 48 with recovery of more bodies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Death-toll-in-Assam-militant-attacks-rises-to-48-with-recovery-of-more-bodies/articleshow/45620522.cms |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* At least 168 people, mostly tea workers, including women, died in the [[2019 Assam alcohol poisonings]], one of the worst hooch tragedies of India in the districts of Jorhat and Golaghat on 21–25 February 2019.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references />

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Behal |first=Rana Partap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQsVrgEACAAJ |title=One Hundred Years of Servitude: Political Economy of Tea Plantations in Colonial Assam |date=2014 |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-93-82381-43-3 |language=en|ref={{harvid|Behal|2014}}}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=Argument selection in Sadani/Sadri as spoken in Assam |publisher=Tezpur University |degree=PhD |year=2011 |hdl=10603/9001 |s2cid=130189780|last=Dey |first=Lucky}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Bikash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOTmjwEACAAJ |title=Tea Plantation Workers of Assam and the Indian National Movement, 1921-1947 |date=2016 |publisher=Ratna Sagar |isbn=978-93-84092-17-7 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |url=https://ia904608.us.archive.org/11/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.463094/2015.463094.Planter-raj-To_text.pdf|title=Planter-Raj to Swaraj: Freedom Struggle Politics in Assam 1826-1947|date=1977 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |isbn=|language=en|ref={{harvid|Guha|1977}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Phukan |first=Umananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYg6AAAAMAAJ |title=The Ex-tea Garden Labour Population in Assam: A Socio-economic Study |date=1984 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pulloppillil |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDluAAAAMAAJ |title=Identity of Adivasis in Assam |date=1999 |publisher=Indian Publishers Distributors |isbn=978-81-7341-080-2 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Dutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLAzAAAAMAAJ |title=Tea Garden Labourers of North East India: A Multidimensional Study on the Adivasis of the Tea Gardens of North East India |last2=Karotemprel |first2=Sebastian |last3=Datta-Ray |first3=B. |date=1990 |publisher=Vendrame Institute |isbn=978-81-85408-00-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |year=2011 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/b11ba477-73c0-4a92-b158-043a50ef88e5/648153.pdf |title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India |publisher=Duke University Press |language=en|isbn=9780822350491}} [https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.052/ Alt URL]
*{{Cite book |last=Sengupta|first=Sarthak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6p9OG1wltMC|title=The Tea Labourers of North East India: An Anthropo-historical Perspective |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-306-3 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tea-garden community}}
*[https://ttwd.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/list-of-tea-garden-at-assam List of tea garden at Assam]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326020057/https://ttwd.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/list-of-tea-garden-at-assam |date=26 March 2024 }}
*[http://www.unicef.org/india/state_profiles_2712.htm Village Planning has lifesaving impact for the Tea Tribes in Assam]
*[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2424/stories/20071221501301800.htm Tribal Turmoil (Including a history of exploitation)]
*[http://www.ijtemt.org/vol1issue6/tea_tribes.html Tea Tribes are lagging behind in the Process of Urbanization : A Study on Selected Tea Gardens of Jorhat District, Assam]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150701030605/http://www.scholarsworld.net/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Paper-18.pdf PATHETIC PLIGHT OF THE TEA TRIBES IN COLONIAL ASSAM (1826-1947A.D): A BRIEF STUDY ]

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Tea industry in Assam]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Assam]]

Dhod Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:35Z

Hossainamzad: Created New Post First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhod
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-34-Dhod.svg
| mla = [[Gordhan Verma]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| established = 1977
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sikar district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 34
}}

'''Dhod Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Dhod constituency covers all voters from parts of [[Sikar|Sikar tehsil]], which include [[Dhod|ILRC Dhod]], [[Sihot Bari|ILRC Sihot Bari]], [[Sihot Chhoti|ILRC Sihot Chhoti]], [[Doojod|ILRC Doojod]], and [[Gothra Bhookran]], [[Kudan, Rajasthan|Kudan]] and [[Raseedpura]] of [[Dadiya|ILRC Dadiya]]; and part of [[Dantaramgarh|Danta Ramgarh tehsil]], which includes [[Losal Municipal Board]], [[Bhagatpura]], [[Bheema, Sikar|Bheema]], [[Jana, Sikar|Jana]], [[Sangalia]] and [[Khood]] of [[Losal|ILRC Losal]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1977 || [[Ramdev Singh Maharia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1980 || [[Ramdev Singh Maharia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1985 || [[Ramdev Singh Maharia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1990 || [[Ramdev Singh Maharia]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1993 || [[Amara Ram]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1998 ||Amara Ram<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2003 || Amara Ram<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2008 || [[Pema Ram]]<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2013 || [[Gordhan Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2018 || [[Parasram Mordiya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2023 || [[Gordhan Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhod<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gordhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85543}}
|percentage = 42.3
|change = +17.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pema Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:72165}}
|percentage = 35.69
|change = +3.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagdish Prasad Danodia
|votes = {{formatnum:34487}}
|percentage = 17.05
|change = -22.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Mahesh Mordia
|votes = {{formatnum:3350}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1383}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13378}}
|percentage = 6.61
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202223}}
|percentage = 72.45
|change = -2.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = BJP
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhod<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parasram Mordiya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:75142}}
|percentage = 39.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pema Ram
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:61089}}
|percentage = 32.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gordhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46667}}
|percentage = 24.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1775}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14053}}
|percentage = 7.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:190239}}
|percentage = 75.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhod<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gordhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88668
|percentage = 54.91
|change = +30.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pema Ram
|votes = 43597
|percentage = 27.00
|change = -9.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nopa Ram
|votes = 22507
|percentage = 13.94
|change = -19.94
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhod<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pema Ram
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 47840
|percentage = 36.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parasram Mordiya
|votes = 44695
|percentage = 33.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gordhan
|votes = 31948
|percentage = 24.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|27.49|74.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Sikar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Lambi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:33Z

Hossainamzad: new post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lambi
| map_image = 83-Lambi.svg
| mla = [[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:165263}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 83
}}
'''Lambi Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 83) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Muktsar district|Sri Muktsar Sahib district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref> A [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] was used in Lambi in the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 Assembly polls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-polls-in-high-profile-seats-ec-leaves-no-scope-for-rivals-to-complain/story-HUY23sWhjP6pY9igbIJMmO.html|title=Punjab polls: In high-profile seats, EC leaves no scope for rivals to complain|author=Gurpreet Singh Nibber|work=Hindustan Times|date=30 December 2016|accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref> It is part of the Bathinda [[Lok Sabha]] constituency, which is represented by [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]. The total number of voters in this constituency is 155,556 and there are 168 polling stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabdata.com/Punjab-Assembly/Lambi-MLA.html|title=Lambi Constituency in Punjab}}</ref>

[[Parkash Singh Badal]] has been a record four times chief minister of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/parkash-singh-badal.html|title=Parkash Singh Badal biography|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He has won five consecutive times from Lambi constituency from 1997 to 2017.

== List of MLAs ==
Members of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] Lambi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/lambi.html|title=Elections in India – Lambi constituency|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
!Year
! Name
! Portrait
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1962
| Ujagar Singh
|
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1967
| S. Chand
|
|-
|1969
| rowspan="2" | Dana Ram
| rowspan="2" |
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1972
|-
|1977
|[[Gurdas Singh Badal]]
|
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1980
| rowspan="2" |Hardipinder Singh
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|1985
|-
|1987
|[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|
| ||[[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
|-
|1992
|[[Gurnam Singh Abulkhurana]]
|[[File:Gurnam-singh-abulkhurana.jpg|50px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1997
| rowspan="5" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:PRAKASH SINGH BADAL.JPG|65px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|2002
|-
|2007
|-
|2012
|-
|2017<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|2022
|[[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Lambi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Gurmeet Singh Khuddian]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes=66313|percentage=48.87|change={{increase}}32.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Parkash Singh Badal]]|votes=54,917|percentage=40.47|change={{decrease}}9.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jagpal Singh Abul Khurana|votes=10,136|percentage=7.47|change={{decrease}}32.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Jaswinder Singh|votes=1,318|percentage=0.97|change={{increase}}0.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,226|percentage=0.9|change={{increase}}0.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rakesh Dhingra|votes=1,116|percentage=0.82|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=11,396|percentage=8.4|change={{decrease}}8.74}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,35,697|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:165825}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Aam Aadmi Party|loser=Shiromani Akali Dal|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: [[Lambi, Muktsar|Lambi]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 66,375
|percentage = 49.54
|change = -6.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Capt. Amarinder Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,605
|percentage = 32.54
|change = -2.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jarnail Singh (born 1973)|Jarnail Singh]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 21,254
|percentage = 15.86
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,101
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Gurmeet Singh Ranghreta
|party = [[Punjab Labour Party|PLP]]
|votes = 730
|percentage = 0.54
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,770
|percentage = 17.00
|change = -3.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,34,089
|percentage = 85.77
|change = -1.46
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing = -6.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: [[Lambi, Muktsar|Lambi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 67,999
|percentage = 55.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Maheshinder Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,260
|percentage = 35.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gurdas Singh Badal]]
|party = People's Party of Punjab
|votes = 5,352
|percentage = 4.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Parveen Kumari
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,773
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Puran Singh
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 1,239
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,739
|percentage = 20.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,22,174
|percentage = 87.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
*[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.06|74.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]

Monisha Mohan Menon

2026-04-14T06:30:03Z

Hossainamzad: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Fight Club (2023 film)]]

8 Vasantalu

2026-03-18T11:52:25Z

Hossainamzad: starting first info w/ refs

{{short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Phanindra Narsetti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 8 Vasantalu
| image = 8 Vasantalu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Phanindra Narsetti
| writer = Phanindra Narsetti
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Naveen Yerneni
* Y. Ravi Shankar
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Ananthika Sanilkumar
* Hanu Reddy
* Raviteja Duggirala
* Kanna Pasunoori
}}
| cinematography = Vishwanath Reddy Chelumalla
| editing = Shashank Mali
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|06|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''8 Vasantalu''''' ({{Translation|Eight Springs}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[coming-of-age]] [[romantic drama film|romantic drama]] film written and directed by Phanindra Narsetti, and produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=Ananthika Sanilkumar and Ravi Duggirala starrer '8 Vasantalu' set for OTT premiere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ananthika-sanilkumar-and-ravi-duggirala-starrer-8-vasantalu-set-for-ott-premiere/articleshow/122339555.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film features Ananthika Sanilkumar, Hanu Reddy and Raviteja Duggirala in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='8 Vasantalu Trailer': Ananthika Anchors This Modern Romance |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/8-vasantalu-trailer-ananthika-anchors-this-modern-romance |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

''8 Vasantalu'' was released in theatres on 20 June 2025 and received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-29 |title=Ananthika Sanilkumar's 8 Vasantalu to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/29/ananthika-sanilkumars-8-vasantalu-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
Shuddhi Ayodhya is a young writer and martial artist raised by her mother in Ooty after the death of her army father. With clarity, courage and creative talent, she pours her grief into writing and emerges as a rising literary voice. When Varun walks into her life, love briefly blooms before heartbreak sets her on a path of self-reinvention. As Shuddhi moves through these emotional seasons, the film explores how each “spring” transforms her.

== Cast ==
* Ananthika Sanilkumar as Shuddhi Ayodhya
* Raviteja Duggirala as Sanjay
* Hanu Reddy as Varun
* Sanjana Hardageri as Anitha
* Kanna Pasunoori as Karthik
* Sameera Kishore as Yashoda
* Swaraj Rebbapragada as Master
* Sumant Vilas Nitturkar as Rahul

== Music ==
The soundtrack and background score is composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-03 |title='Andhamaa Andhamaa' from 8 Vasantalu is a groovy yet gentle romantic number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/03/andhamaa-andhamaa-from-8-vasantalu-is-a-groovy-yet-gentle-romantic-number |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-06-11 |title='Parichayamila' from 8 Vasantalu is a rousing romantic melody |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/11/parichayamila-from-8-vasantalu-is-a-rousing-romantic-melody |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Vanamali]]
| all_music =
| title1 = Andhamaa Andhamaa
| length1 = 4:36
| extra1 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], Aavani Malhar
| title2 = Parichayamila
| length2 = 3:24
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
}}

== Release ==
''8 Vasantalu'' was released 20 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-16 |title='8 Vasantalu' trailer: Ananthika leads Phanindra Narsetti's poetic romance drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/8-vasantalu-trailer-ananthika-leads-phanindra-narsettis-poetic-romance-drama/article69700563.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The post-theatrical digital distribution rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] and was released on 11 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-07 |title=8 Vasantalu locks streaming date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/07/8-vasantalu-locks-streaming-date |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-10 |title=Narivetta and Saaree to 8 Vasantalu and Karki: Check out the latest Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada OTT releases on Netflix, Hotstar, Prime Video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/narivetta-and-saaree-to-8-vasantalu-and-karki-check-out-the-latest-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada-ott-releases-on-netflix-hotstar-prime-video/articleshow/122363424.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote in her review that, "Technically, the film has a strong backbone. While Phanindra Narsetti's vision is clear and poetic, a tighter edit in the latter half could have helped maintain the flow".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-07-12 |title='8 Vasantalu' Review: A soulful journey worth experiencing on Netflix |url=https://telanganatoday.com/8-vasantalu-review-a-soulful-journey-worth-experiencing-on-netflix |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "ambitious" and is like a "poem that's too conscious of its style", while opining that it "lacks soul".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-06-20 |title='8 Vasantalu' movie review: Phanindra Narsetti's romance drama is ambitious but lacks soul |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/8-vasantalu-movie-review-phanindra-narsettis-romance-drama-is-ambitious-but-lacks-soul/article69715980.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Echoing the same, Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "This is not a straight-up bad film. It's an over-written one that desperately wants to matter", while appreciating the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-20 |title=8 Vasantalu review: A potentially stunning drama lost in its own vanity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jun/20/8-vasantalu-review-a-potentially-stunning-drama-lost-in-its-own-vanity |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' was highly positive towards the cinematography and sound design, by Vishwanath Reddy and Hesham Abdul Wahab respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Vasantalu Movie Review: A poetic journey of love and loss, burdened by indulgent writing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/8-vasantalu/movie-review/122007936.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31316162}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2013]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]

2018 IFA Shield

2026-03-11T03:41:53Z

Hossainamzad: starting basic details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = IFA Shield
| year = 2018
| other_titles = IFA Shield 2018
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| dates = 5–19 July 2018
| num_teams = 20 (8 in final round)
| champions = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| count = 29
| runner-up = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| matches = 15
| goals = 57
| attendance =
| top goal scorer =
| player =
| prevseason = [[2017 IFA Shield|2017]]
| nextseason = [[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]}}
The '''2018 IFA Shield''' was the 122nd edition of the [[IFA Shield]]. The tournament was designed as a U19 youth football tournament since 2015. 8 clubs participated in final round in the edition.

==Venue==
All the matches were held at [[Barasat Stadium]], [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] and Howrah Stadium.

==Qualifying round==
14 teams participated in the qualifying round and Bengal Football Academy as the winners of qualifiers. [[FC Pune City]] later withdrew from the tournament and were replaced by runners-up of qualifying round, SAIL (Burnpur) Academy.<ref>{{cite web|title=IFA Shield 2018:Defending champions Pune pull out|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/ifa-shield-2018-revised-fixture-list-after-defending-champions-pune-pull-out|access-date=5 July 2018|work=Sportskeeda|date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/122nd_ifa_shield_2018/qlf_result.html#04_july |title=Kolkata Football |access-date=5 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150616/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/122nd_ifa_shield_2018/qlf_result.html#04_july |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Final round==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.kolkatafootball.com/122nd_ifa_shield_2018/main_fixture.html kolkatafootball.com]


|team1=EB|team2=BUR |team3=ATK |team4=MSC


|win_EB=3 |draw_EB=0 |loss_EB=0 |gf_EB=13 |ga_EB=1
|win_BUR =2 |draw_BUR =0 |loss_BUR =1 |gf_BUR =6 |ga_BUR =6
|win_ATK =0 |draw_ATK =1 |loss_ATK =2 |gf_ATK =1 |ga_ATK =5
|win_MSC=0 |draw_MSC=1 |loss_MSC=2 |gf_MSC=1 |ga_MSC=9



|name_EB=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|name_BUR =SAIL (Burnpur)
|name_ATK =[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|col_A=#ccffcc

|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to the [[#Semi-finals|semifinals]]

}}</onlyinclude>

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B

|update=complete
|source=[http://www.kolkatafootball.com/122nd_ifa_shield_2018/main_fixture.html kolkatafootball.com]


|team1=MB|team2=TFA |team3=BFA |team4=CB


|win_MB=3 |draw_MB=0 |loss_MB=0 |gf_MB=11 |ga_MB=1
|win_CB=0 |draw_CB=0 |loss_CB=3 |gf_CB=2 |ga_CB=13
|win_TFA =2 |draw_TFA =0 |loss_TFA =1 |gf_TFA =8 |ga_TFA =5
|win_BFA =1 |draw_BFA =0 |loss_BFA =2 |gf_BFA =5 |ga_BFA =7


|name_MB=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_CB=[[Churchill Brothers]]
|name_TFA =[[Tata Football Academy]]
|name_BFA =Bengal Football Academy

|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to the [[#Semi-finals|semifinals]]

|col_A=#ccffcc
}}</onlyinclude>

==Semi-finals==
{{Footballbox
|round =
|date = 16 July 2018
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 4–1
|aet = yes
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en/news/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-tata-football-academy/17i1zg1nzrclx1exa55ju6rzhh Report]
|team2 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
|goals1 =
* [[Telem Suranjit Singh|T. Suranjit Singh]] {{goal|64}}
* Gurmukh Singh {{goal|114}}
* Dip Saha {{goal|120+1}}
* Jhantu Prasad {{goal|120+2}}
|goals2 =
* Chetan Hansdah {{goal|49}}
|stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location =
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
{{Footballbox
|round =
|date =17 July 2018
|time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 2–1
|report = [http://www.goal.com/en/news/ifa-shield-2018-mohun-bagan-sail-burnpur-academy-report/4urd4dvomdv11ia7ct3wkh0e3 Report]
|team2 = SAIL (Burnpur)
|goals1 =
* Asif Ali Molla {{goal|25}}
* Subha Ghosh {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
* Israfil Deewan {{goal|27}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location =
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}

==Final==
{{Footballbox
|round =
|date = 19 July 2018
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–1
|aet=yes
|penaltyscore=4–2
|report =[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ifa-shield-2018-final-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/j6y20z37bjfl1sis75e18br1b Report]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Dip Saha {{goal|83}}
|goals2 = Sourav Das {{goal|47}}
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|location =
|attendance =5000
|referee =
|result =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IFA seasons}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}

[[Category:IFA Shield seasons]]
[[Category:2018 in domestic association football cups|Ifa Shield]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Indian football|Ifa Shield]]

Maanvi Gagroo

2026-03-06T02:51:05Z

Hossainamzad: reworked section further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maanvi Gagroo
| image = Maanvi Gagroo at Randeep Hooda’s wedding reception (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gagroo in 2023
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| known_for = ''[[TVF Tripling]]'' ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''
| eduction =
| education = [[The Mother's International School]],
[[Gargi College]](University of Delhi)
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|Kumar Varun|2023}}
}}
'''Maanvi Gagroo''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Hindi]] films and television,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sriti Jha and Maanvi Gagroo holiday in Kerala, slay it in beachwear |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/sriti-jha-and-maanvi-gagroo-holiday-in-kerala-slay-it-in-beachwear-1529672-2019-05-20 |website=[[India Today]] |date=20 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maanvi Gagroo is redefining fashion for all curvy women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/celeb-style/maanvi-gagroo-is-redefining-fashion-for-all-curvy-women/articleshow/75406496.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 April 2020 }}</ref> She has worked in various web series like ''[[TVF Pitchers]], [[TVF Tripling]]'', and ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maanvi Gagroo: I hope star culture does not come to OTT, as they'll come with their own baggage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/maanvi-gagroo-i-hope-star-culture-does-not-come-to-ott-as-they-ll-come-with-their-own-baggage-101612537469468.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 February 2021 }}</ref>
At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], she won [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series]] for her performance in the ''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling Season 3]]''.

== Personal life and background ==
Maanvi Gagroo was born in a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] family to Surender and Urmil Gagroo in [[New Delhi]]. She went to [[The Mother's International School, New Delhi]] and earned her bachelor’s degree in psychology from [[Gargi College|Gargi College, University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2016 |title=All about Maanvi Gagroo: Bit roles in Bollywood to web series star |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/exclusive-meet-maanvi-gagroo-the-cheerful-animated-web-series-star/story-wPPCSgPkyCnUyKkjsMBo5H.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Maanvi married Kumar Varun on 23 February 2023 in a private ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanvi Gagroo on Instagram: "In the presence of our close friends and family, today, on this palindrome-ish date, of 23~02~2023, we made it official, in every way. You've loved and supported us in our individual journeys, please continue to bless us in our journey together. Happy #2323 #KGotVi ❤️🧿🙏🏽 Outfit : @shantanugoenkaofficial Styled : @itsbhavyapatel_ Saree drapped : @dolly.jain Assisted by @mahimajainofficial Jewellery : @mortantra MUA : @komzy_le Hair : @fouzikazi_makeupndhair Captured by @raabta.studios" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Co_3Z-OLQkT/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanvi Gagroo gets married to Kumar Varun; shares wedding pics |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/maanvi-gagroo-gets-married-to-kumar-varun-shares-wedding-pics-57126.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=Maanvi Gagroo finally speaks about life after marriage to Kumar Varun: We wanted to get married because... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/maanvi-gagroo-opens-up-about-life-after-marriage-thankfully-married-life-is-the-same-as-life-was-before-101685861966356.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Gagroo began her career with the Disney Channel's television show ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''<ref name= "Hans">Hans News Service, [https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/maanvi-gagroo-loves-be-a-busy-bee-575521 "Maanvi Gagroo loves be a busy bee"], ''[[The Hans India]]'', Hyderabad, 24 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref> in 2007. She is known for her work in web series like ''[[TVF Pitchers]]'', ''[[TVF Tripling]]'', ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''<ref name= "Outlook">Lachmi Deb Roy, [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-maanvi-gagroo-becomes-the-perfect-choice-for-unconventional-roles-on-the-big-screen/341528 "Maanvi Gagroo Becomes The Perfect Choice For Unconventional Roles On The Big Screen"], ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', Mumbai, 1 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref> and ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''. In 2019, she portrayed the character of 'Apsara',<ref name= "The Telegraph">Ushnota Paul, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/maanvi-gagroos-bollywood-welcome/cid/1713300 "Maanvi Gagroo’s Bollywood welcome"], ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', Kolkata, 21 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref name= "Mumbai Mirror">Mumbai Mirror, [https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/maanvi-gagroo-on-ujda-chaman-bala-row-ayushmann-khurrana-and-i-are-mature-enough-to-not-let-it-affect-our-equation/articleshow/71765202.cms "Maanvi Gagroo on Ujda Chaman-Bala row: Ayushmann Khurrana and I are mature enough to not let it affect our equation"], ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', Mumbai, 26 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref> a plus size woman in a comedy movie ''[[Ujda Chaman]]'' opposite [[Sunny Singh Nijjar|Sunny Singh]], for which she wore a fat suit.<ref name="Spotboye">Vickey Lalwani, [https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/ujda-chaman-girl-maanvi-gagroo-reveals-ran-out-of-an-audition-which-required-me-to-do-an-attempt-to-rape-scene-in-a-sleazy-office-exclusive/5dcad6bc87fb571eff7e3c33 "Ujda Chaman Girl Maanvi Gagroo REVEALS 'Ran Out Of An Audition Which Required Me To Do An Attempt-To-Rape Scene In A Sleazy Office'- EXCLUSIVE"], ''[[Spotboye]]'', Mumbai, 12 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref><ref name= "HT">HT Correspondent, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ujda-chaman-actor-maanvi-gagroo-says-ran-out-of-audition-that-required-me-to-do-attempt-to-rape-scene-in-a-sleazy-office/story-d5JwXgzoOqgKeJdnbWMJHM.html "Ujda Chaman actor Maanvi Gagroo says 'ran out of audition that required me to do attempt-to-rape scene in a sleazy office'"], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', New Delhi, 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref> She has worked with [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] in ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''.<ref name= "HT" /> The film deals with the subject of same-sex love and Maanvi played the role of a 'quirky bride'.<ref name= "Outlook" /> In 2023, Maanvi Gagroo won the Filmfare OTT Award for Best Actor, Series (Female): Comedy.<ref>{{cite web|title=2023 Filmfare OTT Awards Winners|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/winners#106|access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Cheetah Girls: One World]] ''
|
| [[English language|English]] film
|<ref name="SundayGuardian">The Sunday Guardian, [https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/movies/11306-i-don-t-want-do-anything-regressive-maanvi "I don’t want to do anything that is regressive: Maanvi"], ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'', New Delhi, 21 October 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''Aamras:The Sweet Taste of Friendship''
| Rakhi Chadha
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
| Aditi
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[?: A Question Mark]]''
| Maanvi
|
|<ref name="TOI">TOI, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/-a-question-mark/movie-review/11914621.cms "A QUESTION MARK MOVIE REVIEW"], ''[[The Times of India]]'', Mumbai, 17 February 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''Life Reboot Nahi Hoti''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Kill Dil]]''
| Jenny
|
|
|-
| ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
| Meetu Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/558557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810062806/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/558557 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2012 |title=PK Movie Review |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]''
| Vinta
|
|<ref name="HollywoodReporter">Deborah Young, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/you-are-my-sunday-review-941635 "‘You Are My Sunday’ (‘Tu Hai Mera Sunday’): Film Review | Mumbai 2016"], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Hollywood, 26 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''Guy in the Sky''
| Mehak
|
|<ref name="HuffPost">Murtaza Ali Khan, [https://www.huffingtonpost.in/murtaza-ali-khan/guy-in-the-sky-a-timely-satire-on-indias-current-political-c_a_22136227/ "'Guy in the Sky': A Timely Satire On India's Current Political Climate"], ''[[HuffPost]]'', New Delhi, 17 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref><ref name="Quint2">Stutee Ghosh, [https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/guy-in-the-sky-review "Guy in the Sky Review: A Subtle Satire That Sparks a Dialogue"], ''[[The Quint]]'', New Delhi, 13 June 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| ''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
| Apsara Batra
|
|
|-
| ''377 AbNormal''
| Shalmalee
|
|<ref name="Quint">Stuti Shukla, [https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/377-ab-normal-zee5-feature-film-depicts-desi-queers-road-to-justice "‘377 Ab Normal’ Beautifully Depicts Desi Queers’ Road to Justice"], ''[[The Quint]]'', New Delhi, 22 March 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
| Rajni "Goggle" Tripathi
|
|<ref name="IT2">Shweta Keshri, [https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/maanvi-gagroo-i-was-constantly-after-tvf-for-tripling-season-2-1494107-2019-04-04 "Maanvi Gagroo: I was constantly after TVF for Tripling Season 2"], ''[[India Today]]'', New Delhi, 4 April 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref>
|}


=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope="col" width="10%"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''
| Ambika ‘Bikki’ Gill
|
|<ref name="HT2">Poorva Joshi, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/exclusive-meet-maanvi-gagroo-the-cheerful-animated-web-series-star/story-wPPCSgPkyCnUyKkjsMBo5H.html "All about Maanvi Gagroo: Bit roles in Bollywood to web series star"], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', New Delhi, 7 October 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[TVF Pitchers]]'' || Shreya || ||<ref name= "Outlook2">Lachmi Deb Roy, [https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/blood-sex-and-gaali-unlimited-web-series-rule-the-roost-content-close-to-reality-scripts-path-to-stardom/302270 "The Websters: How Web Series Are Changing Dictionary of Stardom"], ''[[India Today]]'', Mumbai, 17 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| |2016–2022 || ''[[TVF Tripling]]'' || Chanchal Sharma || 3 seasons ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Permanent Roommates]]'' || Shivani Chhabra || Season 2; Episode: "The Dinner"||
|-
| 2018 || ''The Good Vibes'' || Jonitha Tripathi || ||
|-
|2019–present|| ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]'' || Siddhi Patel || ||<ref name= "Indiatoday">Indo-Asian News Service, [https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/four-more-shots-please-season-2-samir-kochhar-and-shibani-dandekar-join-amazon-prime-series-1614718-2019-11-01 "Four More Shots Please Season 2: Samir Kochhar and Shibani Dandekar join Amazon Prime series"], ''[[India Today]]'', Mumbai, 1 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'' || Tarana Ali || Season 1; Episode: "Pride and Bridezilla" ||
|-
|''Tamashree''
|Tamashree
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Work
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| [[IReel Awards]]
| Best Actress (Comedy)
| ''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html|title=iReel Awards 2019: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners|date=23 September 2019|website=News18|access-date=23 September 2019|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101134453/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actress - Comedy
| ''[[Four More Shots Please!|Four More Shots Please! 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominees-for-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45350.html|title=Nominations for the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020|date=16 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2021 |website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[66th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2021: Irrfan Khan, Taapsee Pannu film Thappad win big; check out the full winners' list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2021-irrfan-khan-taapsee-pannu-thappad-full-winners-list-7248758/ |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actress - Comedy
| ''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling 3]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html|title=Winners Of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out
|date=27 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|language=en-In}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3116470}}
*{{Twitter|maanvigagroo}}
{{Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gagroo, Maanvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Gargi College alumni]]

Pearson Education

2026-03-04T15:53:10Z

Hossainamzad: cleaned up lead also and updated info

{{short description|Education publishing and assessment company}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pearson Education
| logo = Pearson plc 2025.svg
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry =
| genre =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|1998}}<ref name="Pearson Education launched"/>
| hq_location_city = [[London]]
| hq_location_country = England
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = [[Textbook]]s, e-textbooks, tests, assessments
| brands =
| services =
| num_employees = {{circa|20,000}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://plc.pearson.com/en-GB/company/who-we-are |website=pearson.com |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2023
| parent = [[Pearson plc]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|pearson.com}}
}}

'''Pearson Education''', (branded as '''Pearson''' since 2011) is the educational publishing and services subsidiary of the international corporation [[Pearson plc]]. Formed in 1998, when Pearson plc acquired [[Simon & Schuster]]'s educational business and combined it with Pearson's existing education company [[Addison-Wesley]] [[Longman]].<ref name="Pearson Education launched"/> Pearson Education was rebranded as Pearson in 2011.<ref name="About Us 2011"/> In 2016, the diversified parent corporation Pearson plc rebranded to focus entirely on education publishing and services; as of 2023, Pearson Education is Pearson plc's main subsidiary.<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022"/><ref name="rebrand" />

In 2019, Pearson Education began phasing out the prominence of its hard-copy textbooks in favor of digital textbooks, which cost the company far less, and can be updated frequently and easily.<ref name="BBC July 2019"/>

As of 2023, Pearson Education has testing/teaching centers in over 55 countries worldwide; the UK and the U.S. have the most centers.<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022">{{cite web |author1=[[Pearson plc]] |title=Form 20-F: Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 |url=https://plc.pearson.com/sites/pearson-corp/files/pearson/files/pearson-form-20-f-fy22.pdf |website=plc.pearson.com |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |access-date=13 September 2023 |date=31 March 2023}}</ref> The headquarters of parent company Pearson plc are in London, England.<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022"/> Pearson Education's U.S. headquarters were in [[Upper Saddle River, New Jersey]] until the headquarters were closed at the end of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moss |first1=Linda |title=Pearson trims Upper Saddle River employees |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/pearson-trims-upper-saddle-river-employees-sheds-19-cites-shift-to-digital-1.609979 |work=[[NorthJersey.com]] |date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054304/http://www.northjersey.com/news/pearson-trims-upper-saddle-river-employees-sheds-19-cites-shift-to-digital-1.609979 |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of Pearson Education's printing is done by third-party suppliers.<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022"/>

== History==

=== Early history ===
Following the British government's acquisition and nationalization of several of [[Pearson plc|Pearson]]'s aviation, fuel, and energy divisions in the early 1940s,<ref name="IDCH">{{cite book |editor1-last=Long |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Jacques |editor2-first=Derek |editor3-last=Kepos |editor3-first=Paula |title=International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 207 |date=2019 |publisher=[[St. James Press]] / [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] [[Cengage]] |chapter=Pearson plc|oclc=1066283259 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=S. Pearson and Son |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/S._Pearson_and_Son |website=[[Grace's Guide]] |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> the diversified multinational conglomerate entered the education market.<ref name="Global Experience">{{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=Jens |title=Global Experience Industries |date=2009 |publisher=[[Aarhus University Press]] |isbn=978-87-7124-581-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9cKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136}}</ref> It acquired the textbook publisher [[Longman]] in 1968.<ref name="Global Experience"/>

In the late 1980s and 1990s, Pearson plc divested further from a number of its industries and acquired more educational publishing companies, and its education publishing operations became steadily larger and more significant.<ref name="IDCH"/><ref name="timeline">{{cite web |title=Pearson |url=https://ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Pearson.htm |website=[[Northern Illinois University]] Libraries |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> In 1988, Pearson plc purchased [[Addison-Wesley]], the sixth-largest publisher of textbooks in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pearson to acquire Addison-Wesley for $283 million |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/02/15/Pearson-to-acquire-Addison-Wesley-for-283-million/2607571899600/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |date=15 February 1988}}</ref> and merged it with Pearson's educational books subsidiary Longman to create Addison-Wesley Longman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Addison-Wesley to Be Bought for $283 Million |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-02-16-fi-43156-story.html |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=16 February 1988}}</ref><ref name="timeline"/> In 1996, it acquired [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Educational Publishing]] and merged it with Addison-Wesley Longman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilpin |first1=Kenneth N. |title=Pearson to Buy a Publisher From News Corp. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/10/business/pearson-to-buy-a-publisher-from-news-corp.html |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 February 1996}}</ref>

[[Marjorie Scardino]], who was CEO of Pearson plc from 1997 to 2013, increasingly focused the company on education, emphasizing acquisitions in the sector.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baird |first1=Dugald |last2=Sabbagh |first2=Dan |title=Pearson chief executive Marjorie Scardino to step down |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/oct/03/pearson-marjorie-scardino-step-down |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |title=Scardino, Chief of Pearson, to Step Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/business/media/scardino-ceo-of-pearson-to-step-down.html |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 October 2012}}</ref> In 1998, Pearson plc purchased the education division of [[Simon & Schuster]], which included [[Prentice Hall]], [[Allyn & Bacon]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Mark |title=Pearson Hopes To 'Widen the Definition Of Education' |url=https://www.edweek.org/education-industry/pearson-hopes-to-widen-the-definition-of-education/2001/02 |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[Education Week]] |date=21 February 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Selingo |first1=Jeffrey J. |title=British Publisher Announces Plan to Buy Simon & Schuster's Textbook Division |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/british-publisher-announces-plan-to-buy-simon-schusters-textbook-division-103710/ |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=19 May 1998}}</ref> and parts of [[Macmillan Inc.]] including the Macmillan name.<ref name="dustbin">{{cite news |title=Macmillan Rises from the Dustbin |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/3303-macmillan-rises-from-the-dustbin.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=Publishers Weekly |date=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Arm Now">{{cite news |last1=Milliot |first1=Jim |title=Holtzbrinck's U.S. Arm Now Macmillan |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/612-holtzbrinck-s-u-s-arm-now-macmillan.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=Publishers Weekly |date=9 October 2007}}</ref> Later in 1998, Pearson merged with Simon & Schuster's educational business with Addison Wesley Longman to form '''Pearson Education'''.<ref name="Pearson Education launched">{{cite web |title=Pearson Education: World's Leading Education Business Is Launched |url=http://www.pearson.com/news/contents/headline/current/educate.htm/ |website=Pearson.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224164746/http://www.pearson.com/news/contents/headline/current/educate.htm/ |archive-date=24 February 1999 |date=30 November 1998}}</ref>

Pearson Education sold and divested most of its Simon & Schuster divisions in 1999.<ref>
*{{cite web |date=24 May 1999 |title=Pearson Sells Two Former S&S Units |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990524/32256-pearson-sells-two-former-s-amp-s-units.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=PublishersWeekly.com}}
*{{cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=31 May 1999 |title=Wiley, Kluwer Acquire Two Pearson Units |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990531/35347-wiley-kluwer-acquire-two-pearson-units.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=PublishersWeekly.com}}
*{{cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=31 May 1999 |title=Six Macmillan Library Kids Imprints Closed |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990531/40646-six-macmillan-library-kids-imprints-closed.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=PublishersWeekly.com}}
*{{cite web |date=28 June 1999 |title=Macmillan Library Units to Join Gale |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990628/34076-macmillan-library-units-to-join-gale.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=PublishersWeekly.com}}
*{{cite web |last1=Milliot |first1=Jim |last2=Baker |first2=John F. |date=5 July 1999 |title=IDG Books Buys Macmillan General Reference |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990705/24783-idg-books-buys-macmillan-general-reference.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=PublishersWeekly.com}}
</ref> It sold [[Silver Burdett]] Ginn Religion, a Catholic publishing division it operated under the [[Scott Foresman]] imprint, to [[RCL Benziger]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-06 |title=RCL Publishing LLC ("RCL Benziger"), a CFM Religion Publishing Group LLC division, announced today that it has acquired the assets of Silver Burdett Ginn Religion, a Scott Foresman imprint, from Pearson Education |url=http://www.wicksgroup.com/newsContent.asp?pageID=77&newsID=15 |website=Wicks Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015420/http://www.wicksgroup.com/newsContent.asp?pageID=77&newsID=15 |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, Pearson Education sold the Macmillan name to [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group]],<ref name="dustbin"/><ref name="Arm Now"/> which had purchased Macmillan Publishing Ltd. in the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holtzbrinck |url=https://ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Holtzbrinck.htm |website=[[Northern Illinois University]] - University Libraries |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

In 2000, Pearson acquired Virtual University Enterprises, an electronic testing company founded in 1994, and renamed it Pearson VUE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Pearson VUE and What You Should Know Before Showing Up |url=https://emtprep.com/extra/nremt-exams/who-is-pearson-vue-and-what-you-should-know-before-showing-up |website=EMTprep |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> According to the company, as of 2023, it delivers numerous skills tests and certification tests electronically in over 180 countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hameed |first1=Shaj |title=Pearson VUE's innovative solutions revolutionise testing and certification in the Middle East |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/resources/pearson-vues-innovative-solutions-revolutionise-testing-and-certification-in-the-middle-east |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[Arabian Business]] |date=24 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spring |first1=Joel |title=American Education |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O81gCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT30}}</ref>

=== Pearson formation and rebranding ===
Pearson Education was rebranded as simply '''Pearson''' in 2011,<ref name="About Us 2011">{{cite web |title=About Pearson |url=http://www.pearsoned.com/about-us/ |website=pearsoned.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013025843/http://www.pearsoned.com/about-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> and split into Pearson North America and Pearson International.<ref name="my country">{{cite journal |last1=McCleery |first1=Alistair |last2=Bold |first2=Melanie Ramdarshan |title='What is my country?': Supporting Small Nation Publishing |journal=Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies |date=2012 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=119 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79497117.pdf#page=5 |publisher=[[Aberdeen University Press]]|doi=10.57132/jiss.74 }}</ref> A restructuring announced in 2013 combined Pearson North America and Pearson International into one Pearson company<ref name="Times 2015">{{cite news |last1=Booth |first1=Jenny |title=Pearson sells the Financial Times to Japanese newspaper Nikkei for £844m |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/pearson-sells-the-financial-times-to-japanese-newspaper-nikkei-for-pound844m-rq9z8rhg97s |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=[[The Times]] |date=23 July 2015}}</ref> organised around three global lines of business: School, Higher Education, and Professional.<ref name="About us 2013">{{cite web |title=About us: Our qualifications history |url=https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/about-us/about-pearson/our-history.html |website=qualifications.pearson.com |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Global Leaders 2014">{{cite news |title=Global Publishing Leaders 2014: Pearson |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/63065-global-publishing-leaders-2014-pearson.html |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=27 June 2014}}</ref>

Following the sale of its financial news publications ''[[Financial Times]]'' and ''[[The Economist]]'' in 2015, Pearson plc rebranded in January 2016 to focus solely on education, and the corporation adopted a new logo.<ref name="rebrand">{{cite news |last1=Cowdrey |first1=Katherine |title=Pearson rebrand to reflect 100% focus on education |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/pearson-rebrands-reflect-100-focus-education-319864 |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=[[The Bookseller]] |date=7 January 2016}}</ref> The logo features the [[interrobang]] (‽), a combination of a question mark and an exclamation point, to convey a "combination of excitement, curiosity and individuality"<ref name="rebrand"/> and "the excitement and fun of learning".<ref>{{cite web |title=Logo: The Interrobang |url=https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/corporate/global/pearson-dot-com-v2/files/logos/Pearson_Guidelines_Logo.pdf |website=pearson.com |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102802/https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/corporate/global/pearson-dot-com-v2/files/logos/Pearson_Guidelines_Logo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In late 2025, Pearson VUE announced it would rebrand as simply '''Pearson''', with its assessment segment identified as '''Pearson Professional Assessments'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson VUE to rebrand as Pearson Professional Assessments |url=https://www.pearsonvue.com/us/en/about/news/2025/pearson-vue-to-rebrand-as-pearson-professional-assessments.html |website=www.pearsonvue.com |access-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213043502/https://www.pearsonvue.com/us/en/about/news/2025/pearson-vue-to-rebrand-as-pearson-professional-assessments.html |archive-date=13 December 2025 |date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Digital transformation ===
In 2019, Pearson announced it would begin the process of phasing out the publishing of printed textbooks, in a plan to move into a more [[digital first]] strategy.<ref name="BBC July 2019">{{cite news |title=Education publisher Pearson to phase out print textbooks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48998789 |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 July 2019}}</ref> [[Digital textbook|E-textbooks]] will be updated frequently, while printed books will be updated less often.<ref name="BBC July 2019"/> Students wanting printed books will need to rent them.<ref name="BBC July 2019"/> As of 2019, the firm received more than half of its annual revenues from digital sales,<ref name="BBC July 2019"/> and the US accounted for 20 percent of Pearson's annual revenue coming from courseware.<ref name="BBC July 2019"/>

In 2019, Pearson sold its US K-12 courseware business to the private equity firm Nexus Capital Management,<ref>{{cite web| last = Wan| first = Tony| title = Finally: Pearson Sells Its US K-12 Courseware Business—for $250 Million*| work = EdSurge| access-date = 13 October 2019| date = 18 February 2019| url = https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-02-18-finally-pearson-sells-its-us-k-12-courseware-business}}</ref> which rebranded it as Savvas Learning Company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-06 |title=Pearson K12 Spinoff Rebranded as 'Savvas Learning Company' |url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-10-29-former-pearson-k-12-courseware-business-rebrands-as-savvas-learning |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=Market Brief}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Molnar |first1=Michele |title=Pearson K12 Spinoff Rebranded as 'Savvas Learning Company' |url=https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/pearson-k12-spinoff-rebranded-savvas-learning-company/ |website=EdWeek |access-date=1 February 2024 |date=6 May 2020}}</ref> In 2019, Pearson also sold its remaining 25% stake in [[Penguin Random House]] to [[Bertelsmann]].<ref name="retire">{{cite web|last=Calatayud |first=Adria |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pearson-ceo-to-retire-and-company-will-sell-remaining-penguin-random-house-stake-2019-12-18 |title=Pearson CEO to Retire and company will sell remaining Penguin Random House stake |website=MarketWatch |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2022, Pearson Education announced that they intended to sell their digital textbooks as [[NFT]]s, in order to profit from secondhand sales.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pearson plans to sell its textbooks as NFTs|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/02/pearson-plans-to-sell-its-textbooks-as-nfts}}</ref>

In 2022, Pearson acquired ClutchPrep, a Miami-based edtech startup that offers sample questions, test prep and college exam prep video guides. The service has been renamed Channels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clutch Prep acquired by Pearson|url=https://refreshmiami.com/clutch-preps-journey-from-startup-to-exit-what-a-run-it-was/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pearson+ Releases Curated Video & Practice Feature to Enhance Learning Experiences for All College Students|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pearson-releases-curated-video--practice-feature-to-enhance-learning-experiences-for-all-college-students-301599800.html}}</ref>

==Imprints==
Pearson has a number of [[book publishing|publishing]] [[imprint (trade name)|imprints]], including:

* BBC Active (joint venture)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rights & licensing: BBC Active |url=https://www.pearson.com/international-schools/rights-and-licensing.html.html |website=Pearson.com |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
* InformIT<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
** [[Addison-Wesley Professional]]<ref name="Who is InformIT">{{cite web |title=Who is InformIT |url=https://www.informit.com/ |website=InformIT.com |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
** [[Adobe Press]]<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
** [[Cisco Press]]<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
** [[FT Press]]<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
** [[Peachpit Press]]<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
** Que Publishing<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
** [[Sams Publishing]]<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>
* [[Longman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Statements |url=https://plc.pearson.com/sites/pearson-corp/files/pearson/annual-report-2022/Financial_Statements_2022.pdf |website=plc.pearson.com |publisher=[[Pearson plc]] |access-date=8 September 2023 |date=March 2023}}</ref>
* Rigby (outside the United States, where the imprint is owned by [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Rigby |url=https://www.pearson.com/en-au/schools/primary/literacy/rigby/ |website=Pearson.com |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[York Notes]] (partnership)<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKinder |first1=Helen |title=Meet Helen – answering all your York Notes customer service needs! |url=https://www.yorknotes.com/news/meet-helen-answering-all-your-york-notes-customer-service-needs |website=[[York Notes]] |access-date=8 September 2023 |date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

== InformIT ==
InformIT, a subsidiary of Pearson Education, is an online book vendor and an [[electronic publisher]] of technology and education content. It is headquartered in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=InformIT Promotions |url=https://www.informit.com/newsletters/whatsnew.aspx?ni=101&st=66364 |website=informit.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |quote=2023 Pearson Education, InformIT. All rights reserved. 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240}}</ref>

It publishes books, [[e-book]]s, and videos, and its imprints include [[Addison-Wesley Professional]], [[Cisco Press]], Pearson IT Certification, Que Publishing, and [[Sams Publishing]].<ref name="Who is InformIT"/>

InformIT.com is one of the websites of the Pearson Technology Group,<ref name="peachpit/informit">{{cite web |title=Redesigning a Big Umbrella of Websites: The Informit CSS Overhaul |url=https://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=170499 |website=peachpit.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=5 November 2004}}</ref> and one of several sites in the InformIT Network.<ref name="InformIT Network">{{cite web |title=About the InformIT Network |url=https://www.informit.com/about/network.aspx |website=informit.com |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> The site features free articles, blogs, and podcasts on IT topics and products, as well as a bookstore carrying all titles from its imprints.<ref name="InformIT Network"/>

Other sites in the InformIT Network include Peachpit.com.<ref name="peachpit/informit"/> [[Peachpit]] is a publisher that has been producing books on graphic design, desktop publishing, multimedia, web design and development, digital video, and general computing since 1986.<ref name="InformIT Network"/> Peachpit is a publishing partner for Adobe, Apple, Macromedia, and others.<ref name="InformIT Network"/>

In 2001, the Pearson Technology Group and O'Reilly Media LLC formed a joint partnership called [[Safari Books Online]], to offer a web-based electronic library of technical and business books from InformIT's imprint partners and [[O'Reilly Media]].<ref>{{cite web |title=O'Reilly and Pearson Launch Joint Venture |url=https://www.oreilly.com/pub/pr/922 |website=oreilly.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=1 October 2001}}</ref> The InformIT Network offers access to this service via its web sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.informit.com/about/# |website=informit.com |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> Pearson sold its interest in Safari Books Online to O'Reilly in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Reilly |first1=Tim |title=O'Reilly purchases Pearson's stake in Safari |url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2014/08/safari-acquisition.html |website=radar.oreilly.com |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

==Technology products==
Pearson's products include [[MyMathLab]] and [[Mastering Platform]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/09/online_college_classes_textbook_companies_offer_courses_with_minimal_university.html|title=College in a Box|last=Kahn|first=Gabriel|date=2014-09-04|work=Slate|access-date=2018-06-15|issn=1091-2339}}</ref>

In 2006, Pearson School Systems, a division of Pearson Education, acquired PowerSchool, a student information system, and parent portal, from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]; terms of the deal were not disclosed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eschoolnews.com/2006/05/26/pearson-buys-apples-powerschool/|title=Pearson buys Apple's PowerSchool|date=2006-05-26|website=eSchool News|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> PowerSchool was a profitable product for Pearson; in 2014, it generated $97 million in revenue and $20 million in operating income.<ref name="PowerSchool to Vista"/> In 2015, Pearson sold PowerSchool to Vista Equity Partners for $350 million cash.<ref name="PowerSchool to Vista">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2015-06-18-pearson-to-sell-powerschool-to-vista-equity-partners-for-350m|title=Pearson to Sell PowerSchool to Vista Equity Partners for $350M – EdSurge News|date=2015-06-18|website=EdSurge|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>

In 2007, the company developed the youth-oriented [[Online game|online]] quest game ''[[Poptropica]]'', through its Family Education Network. In 2015, Pearson's Family Education Network, along with Poptropica, were sold to the London-based investment group Sandbox Partners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2015-05-26-family-education-network-sold|title=Family Education Network Sold - EdSurge News|date=26 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2010, Pearson purchased [[Cogmed]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Press release: PsychCorp Announces Acquisition of Cogmed|url=https://www.pearsonassessments.com/news/2010/psychcorp-announces-acquisition-of-cogmed.html|work=Pearson|date=July 14, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine| title = Brain Games are Bogus| author = Gareth Cook| magazine = The New Yorker| date = 2013-04-05| url = http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/brain-games-are-bogus}}</ref> a [[brain fitness]] and [[working memory training]] program founded in 1999 by Swedish researcher Torkel Klingberg.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.cogmed.com/history |website=cogmed.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228115308/http://www.cogmed.com/history |archive-date=28 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Torkel Klingberg |url=http://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/Meettheexpert/TorkelKlingberg.aspx |website=pearsonclinical.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405060406/http://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/Meettheexpert/TorkelKlingberg.aspx |archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Cogmed was transferred back to the original founders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Torkel Klingberg |url=http://www.klingberglab.se/torkel-klingberg/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Klingberg lab}}</ref>

In 2016, Pearson acquired [[StatCrunch]], a statistical analysis tool created by Webster West in 1997. Pearson had already been the primary distributor of [[StatCrunch]] for several years.<ref>[http://www.pearsoned.com/news/pearson-acquires-major-statistical-software-firm-integrated-analytics/ "Pearson Acquires Major Statistical Software Firm, Integrated Analytics"] ''Pearson'' (28 July 2016)</ref>

==Partnerships==
In 2007, Pearson partnered with four other higher-education publishers to create [[CourseSmart]], a company developed to sell college textbooks in eTextbook format on a common platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ingram Buys CourseSmart |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/61275-ingram-buys-coursesmart.html |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |access-date=20 September 2023 |date=3 March 2014}}</ref> In 2011, Pearson obtained a five-year, $32 million contract with the [[New York State Department of Education]] to design tests for students in grades 3–8.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Otterman |first1=Sharon |title=In $32 Million Contract, State Lays Out Some Rules for Its Standardized Tests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/13/nyregion/new-york-in-contract-with-pearson-lays-out-rules-for-state-tests.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 August 2011}}</ref>

Que Publishing, a publishing imprint of Pearson based out of Seattle, partnered with [[AARP]] in 2014 to develop and add to a series of technology books for seniors.<ref name="New Tech Books Help People 50+ Get Savvy">{{cite web |url=http://www.aarp.org/about-aarp/press-center/info-11-2014/iphone-for-seniors.html|title=New Tech Books Help People 50+ Get Savvy}}</ref> The series, which includes ''My iPad For Seniors,'' and ''My Social Media for Seniors,'' are large-print and colourful.<ref name="New Tech Books Help People 50+ Get Savvy"/>

==Criticism==
{{see also|Pearson plc#Criticism}}

===Errors in tests===
In the spring of 2012, tests that Pearson designed for the [[NYSED]] were found to contain over 30 errors, which caused controversy. One of the most prominent featured a passage about a talking pineapple on the 8th Grade ELA test (revealed to be based on [[Daniel Pinkwater]]'s ''The Story of the Rabbit and the Eggplant'', with the eggplant changed into a pineapple). After public outcry, the NYSED announced it would not count the questions in scoring.<ref>{{cite news|last=Collins|first=Gail|title=A Very Pricey Pineapple|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/opinion/collins-a-very-pricey-pineapple.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 April 2012|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Other errors included a miscalculated question on the [[Eighth grade|8th Grade]] Mathematics test regarding [[astronomical unit]]s, a 4th grade math question with two possible correct answers, errors in the 6th grade ELA scoring guide, and over twenty errors on foreign-language math tests.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haimson|first=Leonie|title=Pineapplegate continues, with 20 more errors, and finally an apologia from Pearson|date=9 May 2012|url=http://nycpublicschoolparents.blogspot.com/2012/05/pineapplegate-continues-with-20-more.html|publisher=NYC Public School Parents|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{C|Educational publishing companies}}
* [[List of largest UK book publishers]]
* [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]
* [[McGraw-Hill Education]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[https://www.pearson.com/ Official website]

{{Pearson}}
{{Portal bar|Books|Companies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Pearson plc|*]]
[[Category:Educational publishing companies]]
[[Category:Educational publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in London]]
[[Category:Computer book publishing companies]]
[[Category:Educational book publishing companies]]
[[Category:Textbook publishing companies]]
[[Category:Education companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in England]]

Ringa Ringa

2026-03-04T09:49:06Z

Hossainamzad: created data!

{{Short description|2010 Indian film by Sanjay Jadhav}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ringa Ringa
| image =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| producer = Kanchan Satpute Suresh Pai
| writer = Amol Shetge
| starring = [[Sonali Kulkarni]] [[Ajinkya Deo]] [[Bharat Jadhav]] [[Ankush Chaudhari]] [[Aditi Govitrikar]]
| music = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| cinematography = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| editing = Amit Pawar
| studio = Nishant Audio Visuals Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|02|19}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ringa Ringa''''' ('''Marathi''' : रिंगा रिंगा) is a 2010 Indian Marathi-language film directed and written by [[Sanjay Jadhav]] which released in theatres on 19 February 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ringa Ringa |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Ringa-Ringa/0HSVB2QI3PPMGXFTD37GFSCUZ8 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[Prime Video]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Ringa Ringa (Marathi Movie) Review |url=https://thecommonmanspeaks.com/ringa-ringa-marathi-movie-review/ |access-date= |website=The Common Man Speaks |language=en-US}}</ref> The music was composed by Ajay-Atul.<ref>{{cite web |last=Video Palace |date=2012-11-02 |title=Baaygo Baaygo {{!}} Ringa Ringa {{!}} Superhit Dance Song {{!}} Ankush Chowdary, Bharat Jadhav, Ajinkya Deo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CH2CFYC-stw |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en}}</ref>

Starring [[Sonali Kulkarni]] and [[Ajinkya Deo]], [[Ankush Chaudhari]] in the lead roles, it also stars [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Aditi Govitrikar]], [[Santosh Juvekar]], [[Kamlesh Sawant]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naroji |first=Samruddhi |date=2020-04-30 |title=Ajinkya Deo Shares A Throwback With His Favorite Actress Guess Who Is She? |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/ajinkya-deo-shares-a-throwback-with-his-favorite-actress-guess-who-is-she/5eaaa17d74f5ce660a225b8e |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=SpotBoye}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Marathi Chitrapat (मराठी चित्रपट) |date=2022-03-26 |title=Marathi Movie {{!}} रिंगा रिंगा {{!}} Ankush Chaudhari, Ajinkya Deo, Sonali Kulkarni {{!}} Full Marathi Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7hdc7jDKHU |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shrirang Nayak aka Rangarao ([[Ajinkya Deo]]) is almost the top leader in [[Goa]], but things get messy when his security guy, Siddharth ([[Bharat Jadhav]]), tells the ex-leader about some terrorist connection. The ex-leader, Annasaheb Marathe ([[Uday Sabnis]]), tells Rangarao to prove it. Siddharth collects proof, but Rangarao sends Johnny ([[Santosh Juvekar]]) to get rid of him. Before he goes, Siddharth tells his wife, Mansi ([[Sonali Kulkarni]]), about the secret proof.

After Siddharth is gone, Mansi is really sad and starts thinking he's still alive. Rangarao wants to hide the proof, so he tells Vishwas ([[Ankush Chaudhari]]) and Johnny to watch Mansi. They need to get that evidence Siddharth left behind. The story gets more complicated as everyone tries to find the truth and win in this political game.

== Cast ==

* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Mansi Nayak
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as Shrirang Nayak aka Rangarao
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Vishwas
* [[Bharat Jadhav]] as Siddharth
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Johnny
* [[Aditi Govitrikar]] as Dream Girl
* [[Uday Sabnis]] as Chief Minister Annasaheb Marathe
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Goa Inspector
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Mansi's father
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Dr. Shahbagh
* Chandrakant Kanse as Anthony

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5368986}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Jadhav]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Amrutha Ghalige

2026-03-03T22:10:37Z

Hossainamzad: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amrutha Ghalige
| image = Amrutha Ghalige.jpg
| caption = [[Lobby card]]
| director = [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
| producer = S. R. Rajan Bheema Rao K Nagarathna Puttanna Kanagal
| writer =
| screenplay = Puttanna Kanagal
| based_on = {{Based on|''Avadhana''|Dodderi Venkatagiri Rao}}
| starring = [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] [[Padma Vasanthi]] [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = B. S. Basavaraj
| editing = V. P. Krishna
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1984}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Amrutha Ghalige''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅಮೃತ ಘಳಿಗೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The Auspicious Moment}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]], based on the novel ''Avadaana'', by Dodderi Venkatagiri Rao.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1242362414680735745 |user=NFAIOfficial |title=#Adaptation A lobby card for Puttanna Kanagal’s romance drama #AmruthaGalige (1984). The film was based on Dodderi Venkatagirirao’s novel Avadana. |author=National Film Archive of India |author-link=National Film Archive of India |date=24 March 2020}}</ref> The film stars [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Padma Vasanthi]] and [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]].

== Plot ==
This movie deals with the cause and consequences of teenage pregnancy. The heroine (Padmavasanthi), hailing from a poor background, falls in love with an affluent young man (Ramakrishna). The young man impregnates her and leaves her in a lurch. The heroine's classmate (Sridhar) comes forward to marry her and give an identity to her child. Unfortunately, the classmate dies due to an illness soon after. The young man comes back and unexpectedly meets his son. The classmate has written a letter that he had considered the heroine as his sister, and she was as pure as river Ganges. Finally the young man accepts the heroine. This movie has very good songs and great lyrics.

== Cast ==
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Manohar [Manu]
* [[Padma Vasanthi]] as Renuka (Renu)
* [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]] as Madhu
* Jyoti as Manu's Sister
* Kalpanarani as Savitri (Madhu's Sister)
* [[Umashree]]
* B. K. Shankar as Halappa (shopkeeper)

== Production ==
[[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] was studying engineering when he was approached to act in this film. He asked Puttanna Kanagal for a week to make his decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-puttanna-kanagal/article34734491.ece|title=Remembering Puttanna Kanagal|first=Shilpa|last=Anandraj|date=5 June 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203210004/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-puttanna-kanagal/article34734491.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
All songs are composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]], with lyrics written by [[Vijaya Narasimha]]. [[B. R. Chaya]] made her Kannada debut with this film and her rendition of "Hindustanavu Endu" became famous.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/b-r-chaya-i-was-never-burdened-with-household-work-950659.html|title=B R Chaya: I was never burdened with household work|first=Tini Sara|last=Anien|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203205820/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/b-r-chaya-i-was-never-burdened-with-household-work-950659.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Amrutha
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1984
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Sangeetha
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Mayuri Natya Mayuri" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[B. R. Chaya]]
|-
| 2 || "Hindustanavu Endu" || [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| 3 || "Hindustanavu Endu" || [[B. R. Chaya]]
|-
| 4 || "Parvathi Parashivana" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, B. R. Chaya
|-
|}

== Awards ==
* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 1983–84
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[Puttanna Kanagal]]
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – B. S. Basavaraj
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – V. P. Krishna

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0231135|Amrutha Ghalige}}

{{Puttanna Kanagal}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puttanna Kanagal]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

A for Apple

2026-03-03T20:28:30Z

Hossainamzad: cleaned up content for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|2019 Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A for Apple
| image = A_for_Apple_Poster.webp
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = B. Madhu and S. Kumar
| producer = Sudarsanan Kanjiramkulam
| screenplay = Rajesh Jayaraman
| story = [[P. F. Mathews]]
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Tony Sigimon
* Janvi Byju
* [[Sheela]]
* [[Nedumudi Venu]]
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
* [[Salim Kumar]]
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]]
* [[Saju Navodaya]]
* Sajal SS
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]]
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]]
* [[Gourav Menon]]
* Kalyani Nair
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Jerry Amaldev]], [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| editing = V.T. Sreejith
| studio = Swarnalaya Cinemas
| distributor = Swarnalaya Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|7|19}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''A for Apple''''' is a 2019 [[Malayalam language|Malayalam-language]] film directed by the duo B. Madhu and S. Kumar and produced by Sudarsanan Kanjiramkulam.<ref name="TNN1">{{cite news |last1=Antony |first1=Deepa |title=A FOR APPLE MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/a-for-apple/movie-review/70293790.cms |accessdate=28 August 2020 |agency=TNN |publisher= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=19 July 2019}}</ref> The story was by [[P. F. Mathews]] and the screenplay was written by Rajesh Jayaraman. [[Jerry Amaldev]] is the music composer and [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] was the lyricist; [[Bijibal]] composed the background score. [[Tony Sigimon]], [[Janvi Byju]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sheela]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]],<ref name="NR1">{{cite web |title=A For Apple Malayalam Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/24215/malayalam/a-for-apple/ |website=nowrunning.com |date=30 May 2019 |accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref> and [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] acted in the film's major roles.<ref name="fb1">{{cite web |title=A For Apple |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/a-for-apple.html |website=filmibeat.com |accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Years after he left, Achu is back looking for his childhood friend Vishnupriya. Although she has changed beyond his recognition, he still loves her and tries to win her over. Vishnupriya, now a rebel activist, is looking for answers from her past and has no time for love.<ref>{{Citation|title=A For Apple Movie Review {1.0/5}: Critic Review of A For Apple by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/a-for-apple/movie-review/70293790.cms|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref name="TNN1"/><ref name="n1">{{cite news |title=എ ഫോർ ആപ്പിൾ ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://nanaonline.in/news-feeds/start-rolling-a-for-apple/# |accessdate=6 November 2020 |agency=നാന |publisher=നാന }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* Tony Sijimon as Achu
** [[Gourav Menon]] as Young Achu
* Janvi Byju as Vishnupriya
** Baby Niranjana as Young Vishnupriya
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Narayanan
* [[Sheela]] as Lakshmi
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as advocate Ram Mohan
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Ahmed Haji
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Sub Inspector Jayasankar
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Muhammed
* Sajal SS as Anish
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]]
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]]
* [[Saju Navodaya]]
* Kalyani Nair
{{colend}}

==Music==
[[Jerry Amaldev]] was the music director and [[Bijibal]] composed the background score.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |title=ഷീലയുടെ പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'എ ഫോർ ആപ്പിളി'ലെ പുതിയ ഗാനം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/nedumudi-venu-and-sheela-movie-a-for-apple-song-ethra-sundaram-is-out/articleshow/69660003.cms |accessdate=28 August 2020 |agency=TOI സമയം}}</ref> [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] was the lyricist. Sound mixing was done by [[Krishnan Unni]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:30
| title1 = Ethra Sundaram | extra1 = [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] | length1 = 5:58
| title2 = Thottu Thottu Vidarnnu | extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Vijay Yesudas]] | length2 = 3:46
| title3 = Unaram Uyaram | extra3 = [[Dr. Rashmi Madhu]]| length3 = 3:46
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10473174}}

[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Oh My Darling (film)

2026-03-03T09:39:11Z

Hossainamzad: created info!

{{Short description|2023 Indian Malayalam romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oh My Darling
| image = Oh My Darling (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Alfred D' Samuel
| writer = Jineesh K. Joy
| producer = Manoj Sreekanta
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Anikha Surendran]]
* [[Melvin G Babu]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ansar Shah]]
| editing = [[Lijo Paul]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| studio = Ashtree Ventures
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|02|24}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| runtime = 144 minutes
}}
'''''Oh My Darling''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Alfred D' Samuel and produced by Manoj Sreekanta under the banner Ash Tree Ventures. The film stars [[Anikha Surendran]] and [[Melvin G Babu]], along with [[Johny Antony]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] and Archana Menon.

The screenplay and dialogue are written by Jineesh K. Joy. The music is composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], while Ansar Shah has been roped in as the cinematographer and [[Lijo Paul]] has done the editing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oh My DarlingUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/oh-my-darling/movieshow/94958739.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/oh-my-darling/movieshow/94958739.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 24 February 2023.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anikha Surendran]] as Jenny / Jasmine (voice provided by Ajanya Sanju)
* [[Melvin G Babu]] as Joel
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Jacob
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Nancy, Jenny's and Jasmine's mother
* [[Johny Antony]] as Peter
* [[Manju Pillai]] as Mereetta
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Alex
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Mathews
* Shaju Sreedhar as Father Sabumon
* Binu Adimali as Subhramanyan
* Archana Menon as Sicily
* Fukru as Jettish Kumar
* [[Dain Davis]] as Kripanand
*[[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Josemon, Jasmine's husband(Cameo)
* Pauly Valson as Mariyamma (Cameo)
}}

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] started on 17 August 2022. The film noted as debut for director and first film as a protagonist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child actor Anikha Surendran turns leading lady with 'Oh my Darling' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/17/anigha-surendran-heroine-malayalam-movie-release.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081557/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/17/anigha-surendran-heroine-malayalam-movie-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref> for [[Anikha Surendran]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anikha Surendran's 'Oh My Darling' is a rom-com - EXCLUSIVE! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-is-a-rom-com-exclusive/articleshow/93748542.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409002632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-is-a-rom-com-exclusive/articleshow/93748542.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anikha Surendran to headline 'Oh My Darling' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anikha-surendran-to-headline-oh-my-darling/articleshow/93620749.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413152000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anikha-surendran-to-headline-oh-my-darling/articleshow/93620749.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first look of the film was released by [[Mammootty]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's the colourful first look poster of 'Oh My Darling' starring Anikha Surendran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/heres-the-colourful-first-look-poster-of-oh-my-darling-starring-anikha-surendran/articleshow/93857769.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409002636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/heres-the-colourful-first-look-poster-of-oh-my-darling-starring-anikha-surendran/articleshow/93857769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and second look was released on 16 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second look of Anikha Surendran's Oh My Darling out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/16/second-look-of-anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-out-35699.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405091758/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/16/second-look-of-anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-out-35699.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Teaser released on 6 February 2023<ref>{{Cite news |title='Oh My Darling' teaser: Anikha Surendran starrer promises a unique love story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oh-my-darling-teaser-anikha-surendran-starrer-promises-a-unique-love-story/articleshow/97647699.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326005312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oh-my-darling-teaser-anikha-surendran-starrer-promises-a-unique-love-story/articleshow/97647699.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and trailer released on 12 February 2023 with the film theatrical release date 24 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anikha Surendran's Oh My Darling trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/12/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-trailer-out-39895.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405094009/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/12/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-trailer-out-39895.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2023-02-23 |title=With the Malayalam film 'Oh My Darling' due to release, Anikha Surendran confesses to being nervous |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anikha-surendran-turns-lead-actor-in-the-malayalam-film-oh-my-darling/article66539166.ece |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081556/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anikha-surendran-turns-lead-actor-in-the-malayalam-film-oh-my-darling/article66539166.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> South Korean singer Linda Quero croons 'Darling’ song for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korean singer Linda Quero croons 'Darling' song for Anikha Surendran-starrer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/02/18/south-korean-singer-linda-quero-oh-my-darling-song.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081556/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/02/18/south-korean-singer-linda-quero-oh-my-darling-song.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released 24 February 2023 in theatres. A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and stated that "If you were attracted by the K-drama vibes that Oh My Darling's trailer and teasers gave off, this movie will be a major letdown."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh My Darling review: This film has the most absurd take on unintended pregnancy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/oh-my-darling-review-anikha-surendran-melvin-starrer-probably-has-the-most-absurd-take-on-unintended-pregnancy/8cc825d92010 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081556/https://www.ottplay.com/review/oh-my-darling-review-anikha-surendran-melvin-starrer-probably-has-the-most-absurd-take-on-unintended-pregnancy/8cc825d92010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhanya K Vilayil critic of ''[[Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Though 'Oh My Darling' tries to talk about a topic that Malayalam cinema has not talked about yet, even that twist fails to bring the film closer to the audience" and gave 2 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വിരസമായ പ്രണയവും ദുർബലമായ തിരക്കഥയും, 'ഓ മൈ ഡാർലിംഗ്' റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/oh-my-darling-movie-review-rating-anikha-surendran-757479/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081556/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/oh-my-darling-movie-review-rating-anikha-surendran-757479/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Critic from ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=പ്രണയവും ലിപ് ലോക്കും വമ്പൻ ട്വിസ്റ്റുകളും;മലയാള സിനിമ ഇതുവരെ പറയാത്ത വിഷയവുമായി ഓ മൈ ഡാർലിങ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/oh-my-darling/o-my-darling-movie-review-anikha-surendran-oh-my-darling-alfred-d-samuel-1.8338775 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404160813/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/oh-my-darling/o-my-darling-movie-review-anikha-surendran-oh-my-darling-alfred-d-samuel-1.8338775 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[ManoramaOnline]]'' gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അടിച്ചുപൊളി മാത്രമല്ല 'ഓ മൈ ഡാർലിങ്'; റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/02/24/oh-my-darling-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081556/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/02/24/oh-my-darling-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|21908428}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]

Aadhi Pinisetty

2026-03-02T19:27:38Z

Hossainamzad: fixed lead per sources

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aadhi Pinisetty
| image = Aadhi Pinisetty at Maragatha Naanayam audio launch (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pinisetty in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|12|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nikki Galrani]]|2022}}
| parents = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] (father)
| yearsactive = 2006–present
}}

'''Aadhi Pinisetty''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He is the recipient of a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] and a [[SIIMA Award]], in addition to two nominations for [[Filmfare Awards South]].

Born to film director [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]], he debuted in 2006 with the Telugu film ''[[Oka V Chitram]].'' His first prominent role was in the Tamil film ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009), produced by director [[S. Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/eeram-aadhi-again-a-cop-in-rgvs-film/ |title='Eeram' Aadhi, again a cop in RGV's film |publisher=Kollywood Today |date=17 September 2009 |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101001418/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/eeram-aadhi-again-a-cop-in-rgvs-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Aadhi Pinisetty was born into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 November 2018|title=5 Telugu-origin heroes who made it big in Tamil cinema|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-telugu-origin-heroes-who-made-it-big-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/66608189.cms|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823041725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/5-telugu-origin-heroes-who-made-it-big-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/66608189.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] has directed over 50 films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=4 April 2018|title=We are actors, not heroes: Aadhi Pinisetty|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040418/we-are-actors-not-heroes-aadhi-pinisetty.html|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730055709/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040418/we-are-actors-not-heroes-aadhi-pinisetty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Chennai]] and was schooled at [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai|Don Bosco]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Sudhir|date=20 June 2015|title='Fame is fleeting'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fame-is-fleeting/article7336739.ece|access-date=5 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809104510/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fame-is-fleeting/article7336739.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=sundar|first=priyanka|date=23 September 2015|title=Crowning Chennai's capital|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150923/lifestyle-offbeat/article/crowning-chennai%E2%80%99s-capital|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703121843/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150923/lifestyle-offbeat/article/crowning-chennai%E2%80%99s-capital|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career ==

Pinisetty made his debut in 2006 with the [[Teja (director)|Teja]]-directed ''[[Oka V Chitram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oka 'V' Chitram review. Oka 'V' Chitram Telugu movie review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-v-chitram-telugu-movie-review-8286.html|access-date=18 January 2021|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815202102/https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-v-chitram-telugu-movie-review-8286.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He later appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Mirugam]]'' (2007). In 2009, he starred in the supernatural thriller ''[[Eeram]]''. In 2010, he had two releases, ''[[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]'' and ''[[Aadu Puli]]'', which were commercial films and were average grossers, building his commercial value well despite the negative reviews.<ref name="An Interview With Pradeep Pinisetty">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/pradeep.htm|title=An Interview With Pradeep Pinisetty|publisher=cinegoer.com|access-date=19 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008033258/http://www.cinegoer.com/pradeep.htm|archive-date=8 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next films were ''[[Aravaan]]'' (2012), ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' (2013), ''[[Vallinam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]'' (2014) ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' (2015). He has been the successful film, ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016), for which he got critical acclaim, with one reviewer commenting that Aadhi's screen presence elevates the film.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Sarrainodu/movie-review/51940731.cms Sarrainodu Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820051515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Sarrainodu/movie-review/51940731.cms |date=20 August 2021 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22 April 2016). Retrieved on 3 July 2016.</ref> In 2017, he starred in the thriller ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'', which turned out to be a surprise box office success. The same year he starred in the Telugu romantic-drama film ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'', alongside [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]. His portrayal as Arun in the latter was well reviewed by one reviewer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ninnu-kori-is-a-contemporary-take-on-relationships-helped-by-good-performances/article19232231.ece|title='Ninnu Kori' review: A dose of maturity|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 July 2017|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042454/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ninnu-kori-is-a-contemporary-take-on-relationships-helped-by-good-performances/article19232231.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, he appeared in Telugu films with ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'', ''[[Rangasthalam]]'', ''[[Neevevaro]]'' and the bilingual ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''.

In 2022, he was cast in the sports comedy film ''[[Good Luck Sakhi]]'' as well as the bilingual movies ''[[Clap (2022 film)|Clap]]'' and ''[[The Warriorr]]''. Then, Aadhi and [[Hansika Motwani|Hansika]] both deliver performances in line with their roles requirements in the Tamil science-fiction crime comedy film, ''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/partner/movie-review/103064268.cms|title = Partner Movie Review : A flat sci-fi comedy}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

In March 2022, Pinisetty got engaged to his long-time girlfriend and actress [[Nikki Galrani]] with whom he co-starred in ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' (2015) and ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=PICS: Aadhi Pinisetty and Nikki Galrani get engaged; Seek blessings for their new journey |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aadhi-pinisetty-girlfriend-nikki-galrani-get-engaged-intimate-ceremony-1054004 |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013085417/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aadhi-pinisetty-girlfriend-nikki-galrani-get-engaged-intimate-ceremony-1054004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They married on 18 May 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Aadhi and Nikki Galrani look so much in love in FIRST wedding pics - Movies News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aadhi-and-nikki-galrani-look-so-much-in-love-in-first-wedding-pics-see-here-1951636-2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520041906/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aadhi-and-nikki-galrani-look-so-much-in-love-in-first-wedding-pics-see-here-1951636-2022-05-19 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in a private function attended by close family and friends.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2022-05-19 |title=தெலுங்கு முறைப்படி ஆதி - நிக்கி கல்ராணி திருமணம் {{!}} Aadhi tieknotted with Nikki Galrani |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/105214/cinema/Kollywood/Aadhi-tieknotted-with-Nikki-Galrani.htm |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519123855/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/105214/cinema/Kollywood/Aadhi-tieknotted-with-Nikki-Galrani.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2006
| ''[[Oka V Chitram]]'' || P. Balaram || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Credited as Pradeep Pinisetty ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-chitram-to-vichitram/article3217814.ece|title=From Chitram to Vichitram|date=14 April 2006|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101204935/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-chitram-to-vichitram/article3217814.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2007
| ''[[Mirugam]]'' || Ayyanar || rowspan="5" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
| ''[[Eeram]]'' ||ACP Vasudevan|| ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| [[Ayyanar (film)|''Ayyanar'']] || Prabha / Ayyanar || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''[[Aadu Puli]]'' || Idhayakanni || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
| ''[[Aravaan]]'' || Varipuli / Chinna || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' || Malli || Telugu || ||
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Basketball coach
| rowspan="3" |Tamil|| Cameo appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' || Veera Mahendran || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2015
| ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]''
| rowspan="2" | Saga
| rowspan="2" | [[Multiple-language version|Bilingual film]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''[[Malupu]]''|| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || Vairam Dhanush
|
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' || Senguttuvan || Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' || Arun || rowspan="4" | Telugu || ||
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''|| Seetharam || ||
|-
| ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || Chelluboina Kumar Babu || ||
|-
|''[[Neevevaro]]''|| Kalyan || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''
| rowspan="2" |SI Nayak
| Tamil
| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
|''[[Ranarangam]]''
|Afgani's son|| ||
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Good Luck Sakhi]]''
| Goli Raju || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Clap (2022 film)|Clap]]''
|Kathir
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2019|title=Aadhi Pinisetty's next in Telugu is a sports drama|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aadhi-pinisetty-s-next-telugu-sports-drama-109962|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721053226/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aadhi-pinisetty-s-next-telugu-sports-drama-109962|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Vishnu
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Warriorr]]''
| rowspan="2" | Guru
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="TW">{{Cite web|title=Ram Pothineni's The Warrior will be something beyond the usual cop film: Lingusamy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ram-pothinenis-the-warrior-will-be-something-beyond-the-usual-cop-film-lingusamy/articleshow/88945917.cms|access-date=17 January 2022|website=The Times of India|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117071113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ram-pothinenis-the-warrior-will-be-something-beyond-the-usual-cop-film-lingusamy/articleshow/88945917.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
| ''[[Veerapandiyapuram|Sivudu]]'' || Sivudu || Acted only in Telugu version
|
|-
! scope="row" |2023
|''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]''
|Sridhar
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=காமெடிக்கு நாங்க கியாரன்டி! |url=http://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-manoj-dhamodharan-interview-about-partner-movie |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921015708/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-manoj-dhamodharan-interview-about-partner-movie |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=No pair for Hansika in 'Partner'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/no-pair-for-hansika-in-partner-news-tamil-tdvkQbaeiddbc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321102242/http://www.sify.com/movies/no-pair-for-hansika-in-partner-news-tamil-tdvkQbaeiddbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2025
|''[[Sabdham (film)|Sabdham]]''
|Ruben|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-14 |title=Aadhi Pinisetty's Telugu-Tamil bilingual Sabdham announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aadhi-pinisettys-telugu-tamil-bilingual-sabdham-announced/articleshow/96218683.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''
| Netra
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
| <ref name="‘Akhanda 2: Thandavam’: Aadhi Pinisetty on board Nandamuri Balakrishna-Boyapati Sreenu film">{{cite news |last1=|first1=|title=‘Akhanda 2: Thandavam’: Aadhi Pinisetty on board Nandamuri Balakrishna-Boyapati Sreenu film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akhanda-2-thandavam-aadhi-pinisetty-nandamuri-balakrishna-boyapati-sreenu/article69198822.ece|accessdate=19 November 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=9 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119131906/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akhanda-2-thandavam-aadhi-pinisetty-nandamuri-balakrishna-boyapati-sreenu/article69198822.ece|archivedate=19 November 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Drive (2025 film)|Drive]]''
|Jaidev Reddy
|
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Maragadha Naanayam 2}}
|
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Maragadha Naanayam 2 to star Sathyaraj and Priya Bhavani Shankar alongside Aadhi Pinisetty |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/15/maragadha-naanayam-2-to-star-sathyaraj-and-priya-bhavani-shankar-alongside-aadhi-pinisetty |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | ref
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
|''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]''
|Dr. Uday
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Segment: "Fuzzy, Purple, and Full of Thorns"
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2025
|''[[Mayasabha (TV series)|Mayasabha]]''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Kakarla Krishnama Naidu]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|
|-
|}

==Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
|''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]''|| Sokkana Ponna ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
|''[[Malupu]]''|| Chalaki Pilla ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|''[[Sarrainodu]]''
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Awards of 2016|2016]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2016|url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|access-date=5 January 2021|website=APSFTVTDC|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022042657/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|2018
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|access-date=5 January 2021|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|date=15 September 2018|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list live updates: Baahubali 2 and Rajakumara turn best movies [Photos]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015075146/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|[[66th Filmfare Awards South|2019]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|access-date=5 January 2021|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms|access-date=5 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3942577|name=Aadhi}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinisetty, Aadhi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Yashwantrao Holkar

2026-03-02T18:30:51Z

Hossainamzad: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|Maharaja of Indore from 1799 to 1811}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Yashwantrao Holkar seated.jpg
| name = Yashwant Rao Holkar
| succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] 6th [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Indore State|Indore]]
| caption =
| native_lang1 =
| native_lang1_name1 =
| title = Maharaj Maharajidhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Alija Bahadur
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| full name = Yashwant Rao Holkar
| coronation = 6 January 1799
| predecessor = [[Kashi Rao Holkar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1776|12|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Wadgaon, [[Maratha Confederacy]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1811|10|28|1776|12|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bhanpura]], [[Malwa]], [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| reign = (as regent. 1799–1807) (r. 1807–1811)
| successor = [[Malhar Rao Holkar III]]
| spouse = Ladabai , [[Krishna Bai Holkar]], Tulsabai
| father = [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]]
| mother = Yamunabai Holkar
| issue = Bhimabai, [[Malhar Rao Holkar III]].
}}

'''Maharaja Yashwant Rao Holkar''' (3 December 1776 – 28 October 1811) also known as '''Jaswantrao Holkar''', was the Raja of [[Indore State]] and a well-known military officer belonging of the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] clan of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holkar |first=Ghanshyam |title=Maharaja Yashwant Rao Holkar |publisher=Notion Press, Inc. |year=2018 |isbn=9781642498691 |pages=13-14 |language=Hindi}}</ref> A gifted military leader, he was educated in accountancy as well as literate in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Urdu]]. During his reign, Holkar entered into conflict with the British [[East India Company]], which was expanding into Central India from the coast. He fought the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] against the British, and was able to compel them into enter into a treaty relationship with him that recognised Holkar as a sovereign and independent ruler despite suffering several defeats at their hands, thereby escaping the humiliating [[Subsidiary alliance|subsidiary alliance treaty]] unlike other Maratha chiefs. His early death, however, led to most of his other strategies to stymie [[Company rule in India|EIC expansion]] remaining unrealised.<ref>Notes relative to the transactions in the Marhatta empire</ref>

== Early rebellion ==
Yashwant Rao was the third son of Tukoji Rao. Tukoji appointed his eldest son Kashi Rao as his successor and head of Holkar state. Tukoji's second son Malhar Rao rebelled against his father's decision, and Jaswant joined his ranks. The rebels plundered Malwa and Khandesh, leading Kashi Rao to call in the army of [[Daulat Rao Scindia]]. Scindia's army led a surprise attack on the rebel camp, leading to the death of Malhar and Jaswant was wounded and fled.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons |year=1950 |volume=IV: 1789–1803 |pages=138–140}}</ref>

Jaswant Rao took protection under [[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghuji I]], a friend of his father [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji]]. One his way to Nagpur, he met Bhawani Shankar who became a loyal servant. Once Daulat Rao became aware of Jaswant Rao's presence in Nagpur, he sent a letter to Raghuji telling him to arrest Jaswant as a rebel. Bhawani Shankar helped engineer Jaswant's escape from Nagpur.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=165–168}}

Jaswant Rao, who was plundering the nearby countryside, initially claimed he was only attacking Kashi Rao's villages in order to be granted a jagir as was his birthright. Kashi Rao himself was an unpopular ruler, and was despised by servants of the Holkar throne for being subservient to Daulat Rao Sindia. Jaswant then began claiming to represent the interests of his infant nephew Khande Rao II (son of Malhar Rao), and asked the [[Peshwa]] to recognize Khande Rao as the head of the Holkars and Jaswant Rao as his regent. Jaswant's campaigns of plunder attracted jungle robbers, Grasias, [[Pindari|Pindharis]], and Afghans (notably Mir Khan). In Khandesh, Jaswant received many allies. He was hired by Anand Rao Pawar, Raja of Dhar, but upon his employer's failure of payment he looted the state. At this point he had raised an army of 2,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry. {{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=165–169}}

He then defeated two battalions that were under the command of Chevalier Dudrenec, the commander of Kashi Rao's main army. Jaswant entered Maheshwar, from where Dudrenec had fled to Indore. After back and forth between the two armies, Dudrenec was defeated and acknowledged Jaswant Rao as head of the Holkars.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=169–170}}

== Conflict with Sindhia and Peshwa ==

=== Battle of Poona ===
He conquered [[Sendhwa]], [[Chalisgaon]], [[Dhule]], [[Malegaon]], [[Parol]], [[Ner, Yavatmal]], [[Ahmadnagar]], [[Rahuri]], [[Nashik]], [[Sinnar]], [[Dungargaon]], [[Jamgaon]], [[Pharabagh]], [[Gardond]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Kurkumb]], [[Narayangaon]], [[Baramati]], [[Purandar taluka|Purandhar]], [[Saswad]], [[Moreshwar]], [[Thalner]], and [[Jejuri]]. On Sunday, 25 October 1802, on the festival of Diwali, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the combined armies of Scindia and Peshwa at [[Hadapsar]], near Pune. This [[Battle of Poona]] took place at [[Ghorpadi]], [[Wanawdi]], and [[Hadapsar]]. Yashwantrao Holkar had ordered his army not to attack first and wait until 25 cannonballs were fired from other side; when 25 cannonballs were fired, Yashwantrao Holkar ordered his army to attack. As soon as he won the war, he ordered his army not to harm the civilians of [[Pune]]. When the [[Peshwa]] learned that he was defeated, he fled from Pune via Parvati, Wadgaon, to [[Sinhagad]].<ref name="Naravane1">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65}}</ref> Yashwantrao Holkar asked the Peshwa to return to Pune. If Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar wanted to arrest the Peshwa, he would have arrested him; but he sent food to Peshwa so that he didn't suffer.

The British also had to check the French influence in India. The British Government feared that if they had not adopted measures for the restoration of the Peshwa's authority, Yashwantrao Holkar would have either attacked the company's territories, or those of their ally the Nizam of [[Hyderabad]]. They felt, therefore, the restoration of the Peshwa under the protection of the British power was a measure indispensably requisite for the defence, not only of the territories of their allies, but of their own possessions bordering on the Maratha dominions in the peninsula of India.<ref>Notes relative to the transactions in the Marhatta empire: Fort William, Governor-General Wellesley. 15 December 1803. P. 19, 20</ref>

=== Peshwai ===
The flight of Peshwa left the government of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha state]] in the hands of Yashwantrao Holkar.<ref>C A Kincaid and D B Parasnis, A history of the Maratha people. Vol III pg 194</ref> After conquering Pune, the capital of the Maratha Empire, Yashwantrao Holkar took the administration in his hands and appointed his men. The Conquest of Pune left Holkar in charge of the administration and he took some constructive steps to rebuild the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="Majumdar">[[R. C. Majumdar]] (general editor) and A.D. Pusalker (assistant editor). [[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]. Bombay [Mumbai], Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1951.</ref> He appointed Amrutrao as the [[Peshwa]].<ref>Wg Cdr (Retd.) Dr. M. S. Narawane, Battles of the Honourable East India Company. pg 65</ref><ref>Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire:1789-1803. pg 179</ref> All except Gaekwad chief of Baroda, who had already accepted British protection by a separate treaty on 29 July 1802, supported the new regime.

== War with the British ==

=== Siege of Delhi ===
In [[Delhi]], the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]] had become puppet monarch of his new masters, the British who successfully replaced Marathas after defeating Sindhia. On 8 October 1804, to gain control over the emperor, Holkar marched towards Delhi and attacked the army of Colonel [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] and Berne. The [[Siege of Delhi (1804)]] lasted for more than a week, but Holkar could not succeed because the emperor sent his army for the British defenders with Colonel Ochterlony and supported by [[Lord Lake]]. Assessing the situation, Holkar changed the plan, and postponed the siege. Admiring his bravery, the Emperor Shah Alam gave him the title of ''Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar Alija Bahadur'' as a token of admiration for his bravery.<ref name="Majumdar" />

=== Battles ===
{{Main|Battle of Bharatpur|Battle of Deeg}}
The failure of General Lake to conquer the fort of Bharatpur shattered the myth of invincibility of British arms, and raised the fears about the revival of Maratha Confederacy to counter Wellesley's military designs in India. This came as an anti-climax to [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]]'s 'forward policy'. The British Prime Minister was therefore constrained to retort that "the Marquis had acted most imprudently and illegally, and that he could not be suffered to remain in the government". Thus Wellesley was recalled.<ref>J. L. Mehta, Advanced study in the history of modern India – 1707–1813. P. 649</ref>

== Attempting to unite the Maratha Confederacy and rest of the Indian kings ==
[[File:Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh meeting with the Maratha, Yashwant Rao Holkar, and Mir Khan in 1805.jpg|thumb|[[Maratha]] chief Yashwantrao Holkar (right) meeting with [[Sikh]] ruler [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (left).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/helmet/ranjit/index.html#1 |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh &#124; Sikh Helmet}}</ref>]]
Yashwantrao Holkar, Satara Chattrapati, and Chatarsinh met at Sabalgad. It was decided that, united, they would uproot the British from Indian soil. However Daulat Rao Scindia, unlike his predecessor, had become very passive after the Treaty of Surji Anjangaon, he had lost his morale to fight the British and preferred to have friendly relations with them rather than fight a losing war. In September 1805, Holkar reached [[Ajmer]]. Maharaja [[Man Singh of Marwar]] sent his army to support Holkar, however, this army was intercepted by Scindia and destroyed. This was a sign that Scindia had chosen the British side.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA179 Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals] by Tony McClenaghan, pg 179</ref> Yashwantrao Holkar sent letters to the rest of the kings of India, appealing to them to fight against the British. The King of Jaipur, Bhosale of Nagpur, accepted his appeal but did not give any direct help. When the British learned that Holkar was planning a grand war for independence, they informed Lord Lake to pursue Holkar. In a letter dated 15 February 1806 to Vyankoji Bhosale of Nagpur he states:
{{Cquote|The Maratha state had been grasped by foreigners. To resist their aggression, God knows, how during the last two and a half years I sacrificed everything, fighting night and day, without a moment's rest. I paid a visit to Daulatrao Sindia and explained to him how necessary it was for all of us to join in averting foreign domination. But Daulatrao failed me. It was mutual cooperation and goodwill which enabled our ancestors to build up, the Maratha states. But now we have all become self-seekers. You wrote to me that you were coming for my support, but you did not make your promise good. If you had advanced into Bengal as was planned, we could have paralyzed the British Government. It is no use of now talking of past things. When I found myself abandoned on all sides, I accepted the offer which the British agents brought to me and concluded the war.}}

As soon as the British learned this, they sent Bagh Singh, uncle of Ranjit Singh, to prevent Ranjit Singh from supporting Yashwantrao Holkar. The British requested Ranjit Singh to immediately break off all communications with the Maratha.<ref>The history of British India, Volume 3 By James Mill. p.685</ref> Afterwards Yaswantrao had fled to the Sikh Empire where the British asked Ranjit Singh to arrest him. Ranjit Singh disagreed and stated that Yaswantrao would be allowed into his territory as long as they remain 30 kos away from the Sikh army. After an agreement the British stated that the warrant of arrest would not be on Yaswantrao's head and he would be safely put back on the throne. Ranjit Singh agreed and put Yaswantrao Holkar back.

Afterwards during the Sikh-Phulkian Wars Bharapur accepted Ranjit Singh's supremacy although the British annexed the states and signed the Treaty of Lahore with them.<ref>The Sikhs, by Khushwant Singh p81</ref> [[Afghan–Maratha War#Initial campaign and success|The Marathas earlier had expanded their sway into Punjab]], capturing the whole region,however, they broke their alliance with the [[Sikhs]] after it which led to mistrust between them.

Afraid of the possibility of Holkar uniting the Indian [[Raja]]s against them, the British decided to make peace with him. Yashwant Rao then proceeded to sign a treaty with the British on 24 December 1805, at Rajghat (then in [[Punjab]], which is now in [[Delhi]]). Yashwant Rao was known to be the only king in India whom the British approached to sign a peace treaty on equal terms. The British returned all his territory, and accepted his dominion over [[Jaipur]], [[Udaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Bundi]] and also affirmed not to interfere in matters relating to the Holkars. He had to give up claims to Bundelkhand and territories to the north of Chambal river. The Marathas, thus, were defeated and reduced to British vassalage, with Peshwa under British control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |title=A Brief History of Modern India |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-7930-819-6 |edition=28th |location=New Delhi |pages=108 |language=English}}</ref> Yashwantrao could maintain some independence and the victorious king reached [[Indore]] and started ruling his newly expanded kingdom.<ref name="Majumdar" />

== Holkar-British treaty ==
[[File:Chhatri of Yashwantrao Holkar in Bhanpura.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Chhatri of Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar at Bhanpura]][[Lord Lake]] denounced the abandonment of Indian allies by the company, resigned his post in protest, and returned to England.<ref>J. L. Mehta, Advanced study in the history of modern India – 1707–1813. P. 652</ref>

In a letter dated 14 March 1806 addressed to Mr. Sherer, [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe]], who witnessed the treaty, states, "But why do I constantly harp upon the character of our Government? I believe it is because I am compelled to feel that we are disgraced; and that [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] is the prevailing power in Hindostan." Mr. Metcalfe many years later looking back admitted that the measures adopted by Sir George Barlow were necessitated and it was hardly possible to have followed any other course.<ref>The life and correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe, Vol 1 p. 208.</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Maratha State in 1805]]

His battles were significant in the history of Indian wars and the title given to him by the Mughal Emperor gave him a prominent position amongst the rulers of India.<ref>Sutherlands Sketches pg 64, Somerset Playne Op. Cit. pg 87</ref>

== Legacy ==
He was a gifted organizer and he was skilled in arts of warfare. The various branches of the army were organized on the sound military basis. As a military strategist he ranks among the foremost generals who have ever trod on Indian soil. His heroic achievements shed a noble luster on his military genius, political sagacity, and indefatigable industry. He was one of the greatest and most romantic figures on the stage of Indian history.<ref>Hemchandra Rai, Flowers of Hindostan, 1932, p.261, 262.</ref> Yashwant Rao Holkar rose to power from initial nothingness entirely by dint of his personal valour and spirit of adventure. So great was his personality that even in those troublesome times, no state or power could venture to commit aggression on his territory; and this influence kept the Holkar State secure even after his death for some years.

== See also ==
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Battle of Farrukhabad]]
* [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Books ==
* (Adv Vijaykumar N Dudhbhate)
* [https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/zunj-marathi-book-yashwantrao-holkar/ Zhunj] (झुंज) By N.S. Inamdar
* [[Maharaja]] [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]] By [[Sanjay Sonawani]]
* [[Shrimanr Maharaj]] [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]] : Maratheshahiakhercha Adwitiya Swatantryaveer By [[Narahar Raghunath Phatak]]
* [https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/books-on-ahilyabai-holkar/ Waqai-Holkar] By [[Mohan Singh]], English Translation:- Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Edited By:- Raghubir Sinh.*( Hindustani yeshwantacha iteehas by principal madhukar salgare .Marathi edition 2017
* [https://ahilyabaiholkar.in/books-on-ahilyabai-holkar/ Maharaja Yashwant Rao Holkar : Bhartiya Swatantra Ke Mahanayak] By Ghanshyam Holkar (PhD)

== External links ==
* [https://www.bhaskar.com/article/MP-BPL-yashwantrao-holkar-the-great-glory-of-india-2892136.html Yashwantrao Holkar The Great Glory of India] एक ऐसा शासक, जिसके सामने अंग्रेजों ने हरबार टेक दिए घुटने

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Holkar|Holkar]] Dynasty||3 December 1776||27 October 1811}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khande Rao Holkar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Indore]] | years=1807 – 1811}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Malhar Rao Holkar III]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holkar}}
[[Category:1776 births]]
[[Category:1811 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Indore State]]
[[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:People of the Second Anglo-Maratha War]]

Khulna Medical College

2026-02-27T09:21:13Z

Hossainamzad: improve article additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Government medical school in Khulna, Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Khulna Medical College
| native_name = খুলনা মেডিকেল কলেজ
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = KMC-logo.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Khulna Medical College
| caption =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1992|7|8|p=y}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[medical school]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Khulna Medical University]]
| principal = Professor Dr Golam Mashud
| academic_staff = 135
| administrative_staff =
| students = 900
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Chhoto Boyra, [[Khulna]]
| state = [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| coor = {{coord|22.8291|N|89.5370|E|type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{cvt|40.25|acre}}
| language = English
| website = {{URL|kmc.gov.bd}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Khulna Medical College''' (KMC) ({{langx|bn|খুলনা মেডিকেল কলেজ}}) is a [[Public university|government]] [[medical school]] in [[Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]]. It is affiliated with [[Khulna Medical University]]. It is located in the city of Khulna, near the inter-district Bus Stand at the entrance to the city.

Khulna Medical College was established in 1992. The legendary person of KMC is Professor Dr Golam Mashud, head of the department of Hepatology. Now he is the running Principal of Khulna Medical College. He joined as principal in 06/03/2025.

==National and international recognition==
This institute is recognized by BCPS ([[Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons]]) for postgraduate training and it has been included in WHO directory of medical colleges. As such graduates from this college can take part in USMLE examination in the United States.

==Departments==
*[[Anatomy]]
*[[Anesthesiology]]
*[[Blood Transfusion]]
*[[Burn & Plastic Surgery]]
*[[Cardiology]]
*[[Cardiac Surgery]]
*[[Community Medicine]]
*[[Dermatology]]
*[[Forensic Medicine]]
*[[Gastroenterology]]
*[[Gynaecology]] and [[Obstetrics]]
*[[Hepatology]]
*[[Medicine]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Neurology]]
*[[Neurosurgery]]
*[[Ophthalmology]]
*[[Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery]]
*[[Orthopedics]]
*[[Otorhinolaryngology]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Pathology]]
*[[Pediatric Surgery]]
*[[Pediatrics]]
*[[Pharmacology]]
*[[Psychiatry]]
*[[Radiology]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Respiratory Medicine]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Surgical Oncology]]
*[[Urology]]

==Campus==
The academic building, adjacent to the hospital, is a four-story building which houses both administrative and academic sections: administration, students' areas, and office of the Principal. For educational purposes, there are classrooms, galleries, a library, and an audio-visual unit. There are four large galleries for combined classes and six student residences, along with quarters for staff and officers of the college and hospital.

==Organization and administration==
Khulna Medical College is affiliated with [[Khulna Medical University]], Khulna.

==Academics==
Prospective students take an admission test conducted by the Ministry of Health. Students selected are then admitted on the basis of their choice. The students receive a [[MBBS]] degree after the completion of their fifth year and after passing the final Professional MBBS examination. This college is directly regulated by Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council, an affiliate of the Bangladesh Ministry of Health.

==Club==
Khulna Medical College has 3 clubs approved by the college. They are [[Khulna Medical College Cultural Society]], Khulna Medical College Debating Club and Khulna Medical College Sports Club. Apart from this, the Medicine Club, Khulna Medical College Unit has been conducting its activities which are managed by the Central Executive Council of the Medicine Club. There are also student-led voluntary organization [[Red Nucleus Association]] and [[Dawah Society of KMC]].

== KMC DAY ==
"KMC Day" is celebrated at Khulna Medical College on 8 July. Note: The first admission process was started on 8 July 1992 in Khulna Medical College.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:KMC Hostel.jpg|Birsreshtho Ruhul Amin Boys Hostel, KMC
File:Academic Building , Khulna medical college.jpg|Academic Building, KMC
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of medical colleges in Bangladesh]]

==References==
https://mefwd.gov.bd/site/view/go_ultimate/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%20%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A5%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|kmc.gov.bd}}

{{Public Medical Colleges of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Khulna]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Khulna]]

Anup Ranjan Pandey

2026-02-27T02:50:06Z

Hossainamzad: starting a data v1

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|07|21}}
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], India
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Anup Ranjan Pandey''' is an Indian traditional Chhattisgarhi folk theatre artist. He received the [[Padma Shri Award]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-26 |title=बस्तर बैंड को देश में पहचान दिलाने वाले अनूप पांडेय होंगे पद्मश्री से सम्मानित |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/raipur-founder-of-bastar-band-anup-pandey-to-be-awarded-with-padma-shri-cgpg-1668663.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-25 |title=Chhattisgarh: Teejan Bai selected for Padma Vibhushan; Bastar band creator Anup Ranjan Pandey to get Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-teejan-bai-selected-for-padma-vibhushan-bastar-band-creator-anup-ranjan-pandey-to-get-padma-shri/articleshow/67694484.cms |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-18 |title=A Note of Pride |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2021/11/18/a-note-of-pride/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Tribal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2024}}

{{India-theat-stub}}
{{India-artist-stub}}

Constituent assembly

2026-02-22T06:32:32Z

Hossainamzad: quick cleaned up section per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Body of representatives convened to draft or adopt a new constitution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{About|the political meeting|customs or traditions relating to a Constitution|Constitutional convention (political custom)}}
[[File:Convención Constituyente Chile 4-julio-2021.jpg|thumb|400px|Opening session of the 2021 [[Constitutional Convention (Chile)|Chilean constitutional convention]]]]

A '''constituent assembly''' (also known as a '''constitutional convention''', '''constitutional congress''', or '''constitutional assembly''') is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a [[constitution]]. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected by [[Direct election|popular vote]], drawn by [[sortition]], appointed, or some combination of these methods.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oloka-Onyango, Joseph.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/849441803|title=Constitutionalism in Africa : creating opportunities, facing challenges|date=2001|publisher=Fountain Publishers|isbn=9970-02-271-7|oclc=849441803}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghai|first=Yash|title=The Role of Constituent Assemblies in Constitution Making|url=https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-08/the_role_of_constituent_assemblies_-_final_yg_-_200606.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328115417/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2017-08/the_role_of_constituent_assemblies_-_final_yg_-_200606.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-28 }}</ref> Assemblies are typically considered distinct from a regular [[legislature]], although members of the legislature may compose a significant number or all of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3.1.2 Constitutional assemblies|url=https://constitutionmakingforpeace.org/cmp_handbook/3-1-2-constitutional-assemblies/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Constitution Making for Peace|language=en-US}}</ref> As the fundamental document constituting a state, a constitution cannot normally be modified or amended by the state's normal legislative procedures in some jurisdictions;<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Macfarlane|editor-first= Emmett |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1046612703|title=Constitutional Amendment in Canada|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4426-1900-5|oclc=1046612703}}</ref> instead a constitutional convention or a constituent assembly, the rules for which are normally laid down in the constitution, must be set up. A constituent assembly is usually set up for its specific purpose, which it carries out in a relatively short time, after which the assembly is dissolved. A constituent assembly is a form of [[representative democracy]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newar Bdair.|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3286293|title=Newar Bdair – The Constituent Power|date=2001|publisher=Fountain Publishers|ssrn = 3286293|isbn=9970-02-271-7|oclc=3286293}}</ref>

Unlike forms of constitution-making in which a constitution is unilaterally imposed by a sovereign lawmaker, the constituent assembly creates a constitution through "internally imposed" actions, in that members of the constituent assembly are themselves citizens, but not necessarily the political leaders, of the country for which they are creating a constitution.<ref>''Id''. at 125</ref> As described by Columbia University Social Sciences Professor [[Jon Elster]]:

"Constitutions arise in a number of different ways. At the non-democratic extreme of the spectrum, we may imagine a sovereign lawgiver laying down the constitution for all later generations. At the democratic extreme, we may imagine a constituent assembly elected by [[universal suffrage]] for the sole task of writing a new constitution. And there are all sorts of intermediate arrangements."<ref>Axel Hadenius, ed., [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521573115 Democracy's Victory and Crisis], Ch 7: Ways of constitution-making by Jon Elster (p. 123); Cambridge University Press, 1997. 431 pp {{ISBN|9780521573115}}</ref>
{{horizontal TOC}}

== By country ==
{{For|a full list of constituent assemblies|List of constituent assemblies}}

=== Australia ===
[[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|Australia]] held four constitutional conventions, one each in 1891, 1897, 1973, and [[Australian Constitutional Convention 1998|1998]].

=== Bangladesh ===
The [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]] was the first and, to date, the only constitution-making body of [[Bangladesh]], convened in 1972 by the government of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] following the country's independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Kabedul |title=গণপরিষদের বিতর্কের আলোকে বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান জন্মকথা |date=September 2023 |publisher=Mowla Brothers |isbn=978-984-97686-5-4 |location=Dhaka |pages=7 |language=bn |trans-title=The Birth Story of Bangladesh's Constitution in Light of the Constituent Assembly Debates}}</ref> It comprised representatives elected in the national and provincial council elections of [[Pakistan]] held in 1970. As the assembly was formed with representatives elected under the [[Legal Framework Order, 1970]], issued by Pakistan's then-military ruler and President [[Yahya Khan]], several political parties and political leaders, including [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]], [[Badruddin Umar]], [[A. S. M. Abdur Rab|A.S.M. Abdur Rab]], [[Farhad Mazhar]], and others, have labeled this assembly as illegitimate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Firoz |date=May 2015 |editor-last=Muhammad |editor-first=Anu |editor-link=Anu Muhammad |title=বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান ও রাষ্ট্রের গতিমুখ: সূচনাকাল |trans-title=The Constitution of Bangladesh and the Trajectory of the State: The Early Years |url=https://sarbojonkotha.info/pdf/bangladesh-sanbidhan-3.pdf |journal=Sarbojonkotha |pages=86-98 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520093704/https://sarbojonkotha.info/pdf/bangladesh-sanbidhan-3.pdf |archive-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazhar |first=Farhad |title=গণঅভ্যুত্থান ও গঠন: বাংলাদেশে গণরাজনৈতিক ধারার বিকাশ প্রসঙ্গে |publisher=Rastrochinta |year=2023 |isbn=978-984-97818-0-6 |location=Dhaka |publication-date=August 2023 |pages=148-180 |language=bn |trans-title=Mass Uprising and Constitution: On the Development of People's Political Consciousness in Bangladesh |chapter=গঠন ও গঠনতন্ত্র}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Umar |first=Badruddin |title=সমাজ রাষ্ট্র বিবর্তন: জ্ঞানতাপস আব্দুর রাজ্জাক গুণিজন বক্তৃতামালা (২০১৭-২০১৮) |publisher=Bengal Publications |year=2019 |isbn=978-984-93718-7-8 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Ahrar |location=Dhaka |pages=156-182 |language=bn |chapter=আর্থ-সামাজিক-রাজনৈতিক পরিবর্তনের ধারা}}</ref> However, despite the controversies and opposition, Sheikh Mujib's uncompromising leadership enabled the Constituent Assembly to draft and enact the [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Constitution]] in less than a year. However, from the time of its drafting until today, the constitution has been often labelled as "[[Fascism|fascist]]"<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-07 |title=Interview: Situation In Bangladesh Challenging, But Happy That A Fascist Rule Has Ended, Cultural Icon Farhad Mazhar To ETV Bharat |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!international/situation-in-bangladesh-challenging-but-happy-that-a-fascist-rule-has-ended-says-bangladesh-intellectual-farhad-mazher-enn24080703442 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> and criticized for fostering [[autocracy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Constitution needs rewriting to bar autocracy |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/constitution-needs-rewriting-bar-autocracy-3704011 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> and failing to adequately safeguard [[human rights]].

In the aftermath of [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)]], the [[Yunus Ministry|Interim government of Bangladesh]] is mulling over convening a new constituent assembly to draft a new inclusive democratic constitution, ensuring the inviolability of human dignity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Constituent assembly to be convened for charter reform: Nahid |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/76602 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924185219/https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/76602 |archive-date=September 24, 2024 |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Chile ===
{{main|Constitutional Convention (Chile)}}

As of May 2021 Chile is the most recently elected constitutional assembly. The 155 members of this assembly were [[2021 Chilean Constitutional Convention election|elected between 15 and 16 May 2021]]. The assembly has gender parity (50% females and 50% males) and has 17 seats reserved for people belonging to indigenous peoples. The assembly is granted 12 months to draft a new constitution, which has to be ratified by referendum once written, with [[compulsory voting]].

=== Costa Rica ===
{{main|Constituent Assembly of Costa Rica}}

Immediately after the [[Costa Rican Civil War|1948 Costa Rican Civil War]] that overthrew the [[Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia|Rafael Angel Calderón]] Government, the leaders of the victorious side called for the [[1948 Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly election|election of a Constituent Assembly]] in the same year. The Assembly successfully drafted and approved the current [[Costa Rican Constitution]].

===Denmark===
[[Image:Grundlovgivende rigsforsamling - Constantin Hansen.jpg|thumb|''[[The Danish Constituent Assembly]]''. Painting by [[Constantin Hansen]] (1864).]]
The [[Danish Constituent Assembly]] ({{Langx|da|Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling}}; lit. ''The Constitution giving Assembly of the Realm'') of 1848 established the [[Constitution of Denmark]] in 1849 ({{langx|da|Danmarks Riges Grundlov}}; lit. ''The [[Constitution of Denmark|Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark]]'') and formalized the transition from [[absolute monarchy]] to [[constitutional monarchy]]. The assembly consisted of members of which 114 were directly elected in October 1848, 38 were appointed by the king and the rest were government ministers.<ref name="Demokratiets etablering">{{cite web|url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/perioder/det-unge-demokrati-1848-1901/demokratiets-etablering-den-grundlovgivende-forsamling/|title=Demokratiets etablering: Den Grundlovgivende Forsamling|language=da|website=danmarkshistorien.dk|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924022131/https://danmarkshistorien.dk/perioder/det-unge-demokrati-1848-1901/demokratiets-etablering-den-grundlovgivende-forsamling/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The constituent assembly met at [[Christiansborg Palace (2nd)|Christiansborg Palace]] in [[Copenhagen]] and first met on 23 October 1848.<ref name="Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling">{{cite web|url=http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/Den_Grundlovgivende_Rigsforsamling|title=Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling {{!}} Gyldendal – Den Store Danske|language=da|website=denstoredanske.dk|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> The assembly was overall split in three different groupings: the [[National liberalism|National liberals]], the Friends of Peasants, and the [[conservatism|Conservatives]]. A key topic for discussion was the political system, and the rules governing elections.<ref name="Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling"/><ref name="Demokratiets etablering"/> On 25 May 1849, the constituent assembly approved the new constitution, and on 5 June 1849 it was signed by [[Frederick VII of Denmark|King Frederick VII]]. For this reason, it is also known as the ''June constitution''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/danmarks-riges-grundlov-af-5-juni-1849-junigrundloven/|title=Danmarks Riges Grundlov, 5. juni 1849 (Junigrundloven)|website=danmarkshistorien.dk|language=da|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> Today, 5 June is known as [[Constitution Day (Denmark)|Constitution Day]] in [[Denmark]].

=== European Union ===
The [[Convention on the Future of Europe|European Convention]] (2001) drafted the [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe|Constitution for Europe]] for approval by the [[European Council]] and ratification by the [[List of European Union member states|member states]]. This constitution was abandoned after being rejected in [[2005 French European Constitution referendum|French]] and [[2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum|Dutch referendums]], and was replaced by the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.

=== France ===
{{main|National Constituent Assembly (France)}}

During the [[French Revolution]] (from July 1789 to September 1791) a [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale constituante}}) was formed when representatives assembled at the only location available – a tennis court – and swore the [[Tennis Court Oath]] on June 20, 1789, promising that they would not adjourn until they had drafted a new constitution for France. [[Louis XVI]] recognized the validity of the National Constituent Assembly on June 27, 1789.<ref>Paul R. Hanson, ''The A to Z of the French Revolution'' (2013) pp 85–86</ref>

See also [[1848 French Constituent Assembly election]].

=== Germany ===
[[Parlamentarischer Rat]] (Parliamentary Council) (1948) – Drafted the [[Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law of the Federal Republic]] for ratification by the ''[[States of Germany|Länder]]''. This council was not recognized as legitimate by Soviet-occupied [[East Germany]], which drafted its own constitution in 1949 and would not accept the Basic Law until [[German reunification]] in 1990.

=== Iceland ===
On 27 November 2010, Iceland held an election for a [[Icelandic Constitutional Assembly|constitutional assembly]], with 522 people competing for 25 delegate seats. The assembly, in session for four months from early April until late July 2011, drafted a new constitution and passed it unanimously with 25 votes and no abstentions. On 20 October 2012 the parliament put the bill to a national referendum, in which 67% of the voters supported the bill. Further, 67% of the voters supported equal voting rights (one person, one vote) and 83% supported national ownership of natural resources, two key provisions of the bill. Parliament has failed to ratify the bill, however, inviting accusations that the political class is trying to thwart the will of the people by disrespecting the result of the 2012 constitutional referendum.

=== Ireland ===
In September 1922 the [[Third Dáil]] enacted the [[Irish Free State Constitution]] while "sitting as a Constituent Assembly in this Provisional Parliament".<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922 |url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1922/act/1/enacted/en/html |website=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) |pages=Preamble |no-pp=y |language=en}}</ref> The Dáil had been elected [[1922 Irish general election|in June 1922]] as a provisional parliament to which the [[Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)|Provisional Government]] established in January 1922 was [[Responsible government|responsible]]. When the Free State Constitution [[came into force]] in December 1922, the Third Dáil continued as [[Free State Dáil|the lower house]] of the [[Oireachtas (Irish Free State)|Free State Oireachtas]] (parliament). Whether the Oireachtas had unlimited power to amend the Constituent Assembly's enactment became a matter of legal and political controversy in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction |work=The Origins of the Irish Constitution |publisher=RIA |url=https://www.ria.ie/sites/default/files/introduction-to-the-origins-of-the-irish-constitution.pdf}}</ref>

The [[8th Dáil]], elected [[1933 Irish general election|in 1933]], finalised the draft [[Constitution of Ireland]] in 1937, although the Dáil was seldom described in this context as a "constituent assembly". [[Éamon de Valera]], the instigator of the 1937 Constitution, stated, "The only way in which you can get a Constitution is to get the people themselves to enact it or get them to elect a Constituent Assembly to enact it".<ref>{{cite web |first1=Éamon |last1=de Valera |title=Bunreacht na hEireann (Dréacht)—Dara Céim |trans-title=Constitution of Ireland (Draft)—Second Stage |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1937-05-11/29/#para_477 |website=Dáil Éireann (8th Dáil) debates |publisher=Houses of the Oireachtas |access-date=6 December 2025 |language=en-ie |date=11 May 1937}}</ref> In his view, "the people themselves" enacted the constitution when the Dáil's draft was [[Irish constitutional plebiscite, 1937|approved by a plebiscite]] on 1 July 1937.

[[List of Irish constitutional conventions|Other Irish constitutional conventions]] have met. The 2012–2014 [[Constitutional Convention (Ireland)|Constitutional Convention]] was a quasi [[citizens' assembly]] which proposed various changes to law; of those involving [[Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland|amending the constitution]], the [[Government of the 31st Dáil|then government]] accepted six,<ref>{{cite web |title=2013-2014 Convention on the Constitution |url=https://citizensassembly.ie/previous-assemblies/2013-2014-convention-on-the-constitution/ |website=Citizens' Assembly |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref> three of which were put to referendum, of which two passed.{{#tag:ref|The successes were [[Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|same-sex marriage]] and [[Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|abolishing blasphemy]]; the failure was [[Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2015|reducing the presidential minimum age]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland’s Previous Referendums |url=https://www.electoralcommission.ie/referendums-info/previous-referendums/ |website=Electoral Commission |access-date=6 December 2025 |date=8 March 2024}}</ref>}}

=== India ===
{{Main|Constituent Assembly of India}}

The Constituent Assembly of [[India]] was elected to write the [[Constitution of India]], and served as its first [[Parliament]] as an independent nation. It was set up as a result of negotiations between the leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] and members of the British [[Cabinet Mission]]. The constituent assembly was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly, which existed under the [[British Raj]]. It first met on December 9, 1946, in [[Delhi]]. On August 15, 1947, India became an independent nation, and the Constituent Assembly started functioning as India's Parliament. [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]] drafted the Constitution of India in conjunction with the requisite deliberations and debates in the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly approved the Constitution on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as [[Constitution Day (India)|Constitution Day]]), and it took effect on January 26, 1950 — a day now commemorated as [[Republic Day]] in India. Once the Constitution took effect, the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India.

=== Indonesia ===
{{Main|Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia}}

The Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia was established to draw up a permanent constitution. Its membership was elected in November 1955, and it met for the first time in November 1956. After four sessions, it failed to agree on the fundamental basis for the state. It was dissolved in 1959, and the original constitution imposed by presidential decree.(OTP)

===Italy===
{{main|Constituent Assembly of Italy}}

The Constituent Assembly of Italy was established in 1946 in the wake of [[Fascism in Italy|Fascist Italy]]'s defeat during World War II. It was elected with universal suffrage, simultaneously with a [[referendum]] about the adoption of Republic or the continuation of monarchy. Voters chose Republic, and the new assembly had the task to approve the new republic governments, as well as to write a new constitution. This was approved on 22 December 1947.

It was dissolved on 31 January 1948, to be replaced by the new [[Parliament of Italy]].

=== Mexico ===
The [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]] sent deputies to the [[Cortes of Cádiz|Cortes of Cadiz]], which enacted the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|1812 Constitution]]. By the time this Constitution was enacted, an insurgency [[Mexican War of Independence|fighting for independence]] from Spain was already established.

The first Constituent Congress of independent Mexico, known as the [[Congress of Chilpancingo|Congress of Anahuac]], was first gathered in [[Chilpancingo]] whilst the war of independence was still ongoing. During the opening of Congress, [[José María Morelos]] outlined its program in a document called ''[[Sentimientos de la Nación]]'' (Feelings of the Nation), which was the first antecedent of the various Constitutions of Mexico. Being persecuted by [[Royalist (Spanish American independence)|royalist]] troops, the Congress fled Chilpancingo and gathered in [[Apatzingán]].

On October 22, 1814, the Congress enacted the Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America (''Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana''), known as the [[Constitution of Apatzingán]]. The 1814 Constitution entered into force in the territories dominated by the insurgents, but as the war continued and the first insurgent leaders (like Morelos) were defeated, it was largely forgotten.

After independence was consummated on September 27, 1821, and based on the ''[[Plan of Iguala|Plan de Iguala]]'' and the [[Treaty of Córdoba]], the [[Provisional Government Junta|Provisional Governing Junta]] was stablished. The Junta proclaimed the [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|Act of Independence of the Mexican Empire]] and acted as a ''de facto'' legislative assembly until February 24, 1822, when the Constituent Congress was gathered. On May 19, 1822, the Constituent Congress proclaimed [[Agustín de Iturbide]] as Emperor. The relations between Emperor and Congress were always problematic, a situation that led to the dissolution of Congress by Iturbide on October 31, 1822, without a formal Constitution being enacted.

After the dissolution of Congress, Iturbide created the [[National Institutional Junta|National Instituent Junta]], which enacted the [[Provisional Political Bylaws of the Mexican Empire]] on December 18, 1822. The dissolution of Congress had resulted in an armed revolution under the ''Plan de Casa Mata'', which called for the establishment of a Federal Republic and for the restoration of the Constituent Congress. Iturbide was forced to abdicate and he reinstalled the Constituent Congress.

The Congress then created a provisional government, called the [[Provisional Government of Mexico|Triumvirate]], and enacted the Constituent Act of the Mexican Federation, by which the former Provinces of Mexico were transformed into free and sovereign States. After this, a Constituent Congress was formed with the participation of the States and it enacted the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|1824 Constitution]].

Many disputes aroused between federalists and centralists, which resulted in political instability and in 1836 the ''[[Siete Leyes]]'' (Seven Laws) were enacted. The ''Siete Leyes'' dissolved the federation and created a unitary republic, but that ended in 1846 when the Constitutive and Reforms Act was enacted and the 1824 Constitution, and thus the federation, was restored.

On October 16, 1854, President [[Juan Álvarez]], under the ''[[Plan of Ayutla|Plan de Ayutla]]'', decreed the formation of another Constituent Congress, which met in 1856. During the presidency of [[Ignacio Comonfort]], the Constituent Congress enacted the [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|1857 Constitution]], which was liberal in character. The Constitution was not well received by the church and Mexican conservatives, and the [[Plan of Tacubaya|''Plan de Tacubaya'']] called for its derogation. This events led to the [[Reform War]], which the liberals won, then restoring the 1857 Constitution and adding to it the [[Reform laws|Reform Laws]].

After the [[Porfiriato]], and whilst the [[Mexican Revolution]] was still being fought, President [[Venustiano Carranza]] formed a Constituent Congress, which met in [[Querétaro City|Querétaro]] and enacted the still-current [[Constitution of Mexico|Political Constitution of the United Mexican States]] of 1917.

=== Nepal ===
{{main|2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly}}

Nepal had two [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent assemblies]], the last one being elected after its [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|predecessor]] failed to deliver a constitution, despite multiple extensions. It also served as the country's parliament.
Finally Nepal had made constitution with 89% majority. Nepal has adopted [[federalism]] since.

=== Poland ===
[[Great Sejm|The Great Sejm]] (also known as ''Four-Year Sejm'') was held between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the [[Federation|federative]] [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] politically and economically. These attempts were made by writing [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]] that was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the Commonwealth and its system of [[Golden Liberty|Golden Liberties]]. The constitution lasted for merely a year because of the [[Polish–Russian War of 1792|Polish-Russian War of 1792]] and the [[Third Partition of Poland]].

=== Philippines ===
[[Philippines|The Philippines]] has had several conventions:

* 1898 – drafted the 1898 [[Malolos Constitution]], the basic law of the [[First Philippine Republic]], the first constitutional republic in Asia. The drafted constitution was written by [[Felipe Calderón y Roca]] and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the [[Malolos Congress]] by [[Apolinario Mabini]] and [[Pedro Paterno]]. After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was enacted on 21 January 1899.
* 1935 – to draft a constitution to create the autonomous [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] under the U.S. [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]]. The constitution was also used in the 3rd Republic (1946) until the passage of the 1973 constitution. Members were elected through the [[1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election]]
* 1971 – to draft a revised constitution to replace the old U.S. [[1935 Philippine Constitution|1935 Philippine constitution]]. Members were elected through the [[1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election]]. The system of government changed from presidential to parliamentary to presidential-parliamentary (in 1984 amendment).
* 1986 – The ex-constitution lasted until the downfall of [[Ferdinand Marcos]] in 1986 and [[Corazon Aquino]] appointed members to draft the 1987 Constitution through the [[Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986|1986 Commission]].

=== Russia ===
{{main|Russian Constituent Assembly}}

The [[Russian Constituent Assembly]] was established in [[Russia]] in the wake of the [[October Revolution]] of 1917 to form a new constitution after the overthrow of the [[Russian Provisional Government]].

===Sri Lanka===
The Sri Lankan Parliament approved the creation of a [[Sri Lanka Constitutional Assembly]] on March 9, 2016, proposed by [[Prime Minister]] [[Ranil Wickramasinghe]]. The assembly will draft a new constitution for [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/34501/resolution-on-constitutional-assembly-passed-in-parliament|title=Resolution on Constitutional Assembly passed in Parliament|website=www.adaderana.lk|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>

===Turkey===
[[Constituent Assembly of Turkey]] was established in 1961 after the [[1960 Turkish coup d'état]] to prepare a democratic [[Turkish Constitution of 1961|constitution]]. The constitution was prepared and approved by the voters in a referendum of 1961.

=== United States ===

====Federal====
{{Main|Constitutional Convention (United States)}}

[[File:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.jpg|thumb|''[[Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States]]'', by [[Howard Chandler Christy]] (1940)]]
The [[Philadelphia Convention|U.S. Constitutional Convention]] drafted the still-current [[United States Constitution]] in 1787. Its delegates were appointed by the states, not directly elected, and not all states sent delegates; moreover, the convention was originally charged with drafting amendments to the [[Articles of Confederation]] rather than a new constitution.<ref>See ''The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787'' (Edited by Max Farrand; revised edition in Four Volumes, Yale University Press, 1966).</ref>

The US Constitution contains no provision for its own replacement (and because of the presence of [[entrenched clauses]] it cannot be revoked through an amendment). [[Article Five of the United States Constitution|Article V]] of the Constitution does permit Congress to appoint a [[Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution|national constitutional convention]] to propose amendments but it has never done so. While Congress has the option to submit both its own proposals for amendments and those of a national convention to [[State ratifying conventions|state conventions]] rather than the state legislatures for ratification; this process has been used only once (for the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-first Amendment]]).

====States====
[[File:1830VAConstConv01.jpg|thumb|left|''The Virginia Constitutional Convention, 1830'' (George Catlin, {{circa|1830}}). Many state constituent assemblies, like the 1830 Virginia Constitutional Convention, were highly formalized but the legitimacy of the constitution they drafted depended on whether it was authorized by the people, not whether a particular procedure was followed.]]

A long tradition in the use of constituent assemblies exists at the state level of [[Constitutionalism]]. In fact, constituent assemblies met in the states before the formation of the Federal Constitution in 1787 as well as after its ratification. Since 1776 nearly 150 state constitutional conventions have met to draft or revise state constitutions.<ref>Albert L. Sturm, "The Development of American State Constitutions," 12 ''Publius'' (1982), 57–98.</ref>

These early state constitutional conventions frequently did not use procedural steps like popular ratification that became commonplace in the mid-19th century. Yet they were considered to be constituent assemblies that exercised their authority as that of the people.<ref>Marc W. Kruman, ''Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America'' (Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997), 1–33; Christian G. Fritz, "Alternative Visions of American Constitutionalism: Popular Sovereignty and the Early American Constitutional Debate," 24 ''Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly'' (1997), 322–29; Christian G. Fritz, ''American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008) at pp. 31–35 {{ISBN|978-0-521-88188-3}}</ref> As ''American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War'' by Christian G. Fritz notes:.
<blockquote>"A legitimate constitution depended on whether the sovereign people authorized it, not whether a particular procedure was used or whether revolutionary conventions were free of other responsibilities, such as passing ordinary legislation. It was the people as the sovereign who authorized drafting those first [state] constitutions that gave them their legitimacy, not whether they used procedures that matched what was later understood to be necessary to create fundamental law."<ref>Fritz, ''American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008) at p. 33 {{ISBN|978-0-521-88188-3}} For more on the role of the requirement of complying with specific procedures and processes, see Christian G. Fritz, [http://www.common-place.dreamhost.com/pasley/?page_id=491 "America's Unknown Constitutional World,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511193704/http://www.common-place.dreamhost.com/pasley/?page_id=491 |date=2011-05-11 }} Bonus Article, ''Common-Place'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (Oct. 2008)</ref> </blockquote>

American state constituent assemblies in the 19th and 20th centuries reflected many qualities of a citizen's movement.<ref>Laura J. Scalia, ''The Remaking of State Constitutions: The Uses of Liberalism in Designing Electoral Laws'', 1820–1850 (Northern Illinois Univ. Press, 1999); John J. Dinan, ''The American State Constitutional Tradition'' (Univ. Press of Kansas, 2006).</ref> From the start of state American constitution-making, delegates to constitutional conventions studied earlier state models of constitutions. They often self-consciously "borrow[ed]" constitutional text and provisions from other states. They often used in their drafting and debates compact and pocket-sized compilations of all the existing American constitutions, so that the constituent's assembly could draw upon the latest in constitutional design.<ref>Marsha L. Baum and Christian G. Fritz, "American Constitution-Making: The Neglected State Constitutional Sources," 27 ''Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly'' (2000), 199–242.</ref> The powers of these state constituent assemblies were also highly contested, with some claiming that they had unlimited legal power and others claiming that they must operate within the pre-existing legal landscape.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com">{{Citation |title=The American Tradition of Constituent Power|date = 16 December 2014|ssrn = 2538970|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2538970|last1 = Partlett|first1 = William| doi=10.2139/ssrn.2538970 |url-access = subscription}}</ref> In the end, a common law of constituent power emerged which held that elected constituent assemblies had limited powers.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com"/>

Several [[U.S. state]]s have held multiple conventions over the years to change their particular [[State constitution (United States)|state's constitutions]].

* [[Missouri]] has held six,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 15, 2024 |title=MISSOURI STATE ARCHIVES - Missouri Constitutions, 1820-1945 |url=https://cdm16795.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16795coll1 |website=Missouri State Archives}}</ref> in 1820, 1845, 1865, 1875, 1922, and 1945.
* [[Michigan]] has held four,<ref>{{cite web|title=CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/historical/miconstitution1835.htm|website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}</ref> in 1835,<ref>[[Michigan#19th century|19th Century Michigan History]]</ref> 1850, 1908 and 1963.<ref>{{cite web|title=Michigan Legislature – CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(5ninlvjzbx2fckfdnyncleek))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-Constitution|website=www.legislature.mi.gov}}</ref>
* [[Massachusetts]] has held six, in [[Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1778|1778]], [[Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779–1780|1779–80]], 1820–21, [[Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853|1853]], 1917–18, and most recently 2016.
* The [[Constitution of New York]] has been amended, or re-established de novo, through nine Constitutional Conventions: in 1776–1777, 1801, 1821, 1846, 1867–1868, 1894, 1915, 1938, and 1967; a Constitutional Commission in 1872–1873; and a Judicial Convention in 1921.
* [[Vermont]]'s [[Constitution of Vermont (1777)|first constitution]] was drafted by a convention that met in July 1777 and revised by a convention that met in 1786, both of these conventions occurring when Vermont was still independent of the United States. Vermont was [[Admission to the Union|admitted]] into the United States in 1791 and its government continued to function under the 1786 constitution. Two years later in 1793 held another convention to bring some provisions of its constitution into line with the Constitution of the United States.
* [[Virginia Conventions]] have included six unlimited meetings. Constitutions were promulgated by fiat in 1776, 1864 and 1901–02, and ratified by referendum in 1829–30, 1850, and 1868. Limited Conventions and Constitutional Commissions resulting in revisions were held in 1927, 1945, 1956 and 1968. Subsequently, the state legislature proposes amendments that are ratified in popular referendum.<ref>Dinan, John. "The Virginia State Constitution: a reference guide", {{ISBN|0-313-33208-8}}, 2006, pp. 8–24.</ref>

==== State constitutional conventions ====
All 50 states have had at least one Constitutional Convention, numbering over 233. 11 were illegal and defeated by arms ([[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] and [[Dorr Rebellion|Dorr's Rebellion]]). 12 were illegal and won through arms ([[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], [[Republic of Texas]], and [[Vermont Republic]]). 37 were made in accordance with a Federal enabling law.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sturm|first=Albert L.|date=1982|title=The Development of American State Constitutions|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3329673|journal=Publius|volume=12|issue=1|pages=57–98|doi=10.2307/3329673|jstor=3329673|issn=0048-5950|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!State
! colspan="17" |Constitutional conventions
|-
!Alabama
|[[Constitution_of_Alabama#History|1819]]
|[[Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War#Secession|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Alabama#History|1865]]
|[[Constitution_of_Alabama#History|1867]]
|[[Constitution_of_Alabama#History|1875]]
|[[Alabama_Constitution_of_1901|1901]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Alaska
|[[Constitution_of_Alaska#Constitutional_convention|1955–56]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Arizona
|[[Constitution_of_Arizona#History|1910]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Arkansas
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#1836_Constitution|1836]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#1861_Constitution|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#1864_Constitution|1864]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#1868_Constitution|1868]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#1874_Constitution|1874]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#History|1917–18]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#History|1969–70]]
|[[Constitution_of_Arkansas#History|1978–80]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!California
|[[California Constitutional Conventions#Monterey Convention of 1849|1849]]
|[[California Constitutional Conventions#Sacramento Convention of 1878–79|1878–79]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Colorado
|[[Constitution of Colorado#1864Convention|1864]]
|[[Constitution of Colorado#1865Convention|1865]]
|[[Constitution of Colorado#1875Convention|1875–76]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Connecticut
|[[History_of_the_Connecticut_Constitution#1818Convention|1818]]
|[[History_of_the_Connecticut_Constitution#1902Convention|1902]]
|[[History_of_the_Connecticut_Constitution#Constitution_of_1965|1965]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Delaware
|[[Delaware_Constitution_of_1776#Background|1776]]
|[[Delaware_Constitution_of_1792|1792]]
|[[Delaware_Constitution_of_1831|1831]]
|[[Constitution_of_Delaware#History|1853]]
|[[Constitution_of_Delaware|1897]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Florida
|[[Florida Constitutional Convention of 1838|1838–39]]
|[[Constitution_of_Florida#Ordinance_of_Secession_and_the_1861_Constitution_of_Florida|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Florida#The_1865_Florida_Constitution_(not_approved)|1865]]
|[[Constitution_of_Florida#The_1868_Florida_Constitution|1868]]
|[[Florida Constitution of 1885|1885]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Georgia
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#Antebellum_constitutions_(1776,_1777,_1790,_1798,_and_1861)|1777]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#Antebellum_constitutions_(1776,_1777,_1790,_1798,_and_1861)|1788]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1789Conventions|1789]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1789Conventions|1789]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1789Conventions|1789]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1795Convention|1795]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1795Convention|1798]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1795Convention|1833]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1795Convention|1839]]
|[[Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#Post-bellum_constitutions_(1865,_1868,_and_1877)|1865]]
|[[Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868|1868]]
|[[Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)#1877Convention|1877]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!Hawaii
|[[Constitution_of_Hawaii#History|1950]]
|[[Constitution_of_Hawaii#1968Convention|1968]]
|[[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|1978]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Idaho
|[[Idaho Constitutional Convention|1889]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Illinois
|[[First Illinois Constitutional Convention|1818]]
|[[Constitution_of_Illinois#Subsequent_conventions|1847]]
|[[Constitution_of_Illinois#1862Convention|1862]]
|[[Constitution_of_Illinois#Subsequent_conventions|1869–70]]
|[[Constitution_of_Illinois#1862Convention|1920–22]]
|[[Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention|1969–70]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Indiana
|[[Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitutional_Convention|1815]]
|[[Constitution_of_Indiana#1850Convention|1850–51]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Iowa
|[[Constitution_of_Iowa#Conventions|1844]]
|[[Constitution_of_Iowa#Conventions|1846]]
|[[Constitution_of_Iowa#Conventions|1857]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Kansas
|[[Topeka_Constitution|1855]]
|[[Lecompton_Constitution|1857]]
|[[Leavenworth_Constitution|1858]]
|[[Wyandotte_Constitution#Duelling_constitutions|1859]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Kentucky
|[[Constitution_of_Kentucky#The_1792_Constitution|1792]]
|[[Constitution_of_Kentucky#The_1799_Constitution|1799]]
|[[Constitution_of_Kentucky#The_1850_Constitution|1849–50]]
|[[Constitution_of_Kentucky#The_1891_Constitution|1890–91]]
|
||
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Louisiana
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1812|1812]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1845|1845]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1852|1852]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#%22Louisiana_Constitution_of_1861%22|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1864|1864]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1868|1868]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1879|1879]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1898|1898]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1913|1913]]
|[[Constitution_of_Louisiana#Louisiana_Constitution_of_1921|1921]]
|[[Constitution of Louisiana|1973–74]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Maine
|[[Constitution_of_Maine#History|1819]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Maryland
|[[Constitution_of_Maryland#Background,_drafting,_and_ratification|1776]]
|[[Constitution_of_Maryland#Background,_drafting,_and_ratification|1850–51]]
|[[Maryland_Constitution_of_1864#Ratification|1864]]
|[[Constitution_of_Maryland#1867Convention|1867]]
|[[Constitution_of_Maryland#1967Convention|1967–68]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Massachusetts
|[[Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779–1780|1779–80]]
|[[Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1820–1821|1820]]
|[[Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853|1853]]
|[[Constitution_of_Massachusetts#Constitutional_conventions|1917–19]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Michigan
|[[Constitution_of_Michigan#1835_Constitution|1835]]
|[[Constitution_of_Michigan#1850_Constitution|1850]]
|[[Constitution_of_Michigan#1867Convention|1867]]
|[[Constitution_of_Michigan#1908_Constitution|1907–08]]
|[[Constitution_of_Michigan|1961–62]]
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!Minnesota
|[[Minnesota_Constitution#The_Enabling_Act|1857]]
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!Mississippi
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi|1817]]
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi#1832_Constitution|1832]]
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi#Background|1851]]
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi#Background|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi#1865Convention|1865]]
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi#1868_Constitution|1868]]
|[[Constitution_of_Mississippi#1890Convention|1890]]
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!Missouri
|[[Constitution of Missouri#1820ConstitutionalConvention|1820]]
|[[Constitution of Missouri#1845ConstitutionalConvention|1845-6]]
|[[Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863|1861–63]]
|[[Constitution of Missouri#1865ConstitutionalConvention|1865]]
|[[Constitution of Missouri#1875ConstitutionalConvention|1875]]
|[[Constitution of Missouri#1922ConstitutionalConvention|1922–23]]
|[[Constitution of Missouri#1943ConstitutionalConvention|1943–44]]
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!Montana
|[[Constitution_of_Montana#History|1866]]
|[[Constitution_of_Montana#1884Convention|1884]]
|[[Constitution_of_Montana#1889Convention|1889]]
|[[Constitution_of_Montana#1972Convention|1971–72]]
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|-
!Nebraska
|[[Constitution_of_Nebraska#Conventions|1871]]
|[[Constitution_of_Nebraska#Conventions|1875]]
|[[Constitution_of_Nebraska#1919Convention|1919–20]]
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!Nevada
|[[Constitution_of_Nevada#History|1863]]
|[[Constitution_of_Nevada#History|1864]]
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!New Hampshire
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#1776_Constitution|1776]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1778–79]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire|1781–83]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1791–92]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1850–51]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1876]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1889]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1902]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1912]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1918–23]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1930]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1938–41]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1948]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1956–59]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1964]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1974]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Hampshire#History|1984]]
|-
!New Jersey
|[[History_of_the_New_Jersey_State_Constitution#Constitution_of_1844|1844]]
|[[History_of_the_New_Jersey_State_Constitution#Drafting|1947]]
|[[History_of_the_New_Jersey_State_Constitution#Subsequent_amendments|1966]]
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!New Mexico
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1910_Constitutional_Convention|1848]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1910_Constitutional_Convention|1849]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1850Convention|1850]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1910_Constitutional_Convention|1889–90]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1910_Constitutional_Convention|1907]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1910_Constitutional_Convention|1910]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_Mexico#1969_Constitutional_Convention|1969]]
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|-
!New York
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitution_of_New_York,_1777|1776–77]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1801|1801]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1821|1821]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1846|1846]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1867%E2%80%931868|1867]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1894|1894]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1915|1915]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1938|1938]]
|[[Constitution_of_New_York#Constitutional_Convention_of_1967|1967]]
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|-
!North Carolina
|[[Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Constitution_of_1776|1776]]
|[[North_Carolina_Constitutional_Convention_of_1835|1835]]
|[[Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Convention_of_1861%E2%80%931862|1861–62]]
|[[Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Constitution_of_1868|1865–66]]
|[[Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Constitution_of_1868|1868]]
|[[Constitution_of_North_Carolina#Convention_of_1875|1875]]
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|-
!North Dakota
|[[Constitution_of_North_Dakota#1889Convention|1889]]
|[[Constitution_of_North_Dakota#1971Convention|1971–72]]
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|-
!Ohio
|[[Ohio Constitutional Convention (1802)|1802]]
|[[Constitution_of_Ohio#1851_Constitution|1850–51]]
|[[Constitution_of_Ohio#1873_Constitutional_Convention|1873]]
|[[Ohio_Constitutional_Convention_(1912)|1912]]
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|-
!Oklahoma
|[[Constitution_of_Oklahoma#1906Convention|1906–07]]
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!Oregon
|[[Oregon Constitutional Convention|1857]]
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|-
!Pennsylvania
|[[Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776|1776]]
|[[Pennsylvania_Constitution|1789–90]]
|[[Pennsylvania_Constitution|1837–38]]
|[[Pennsylvania_Constitution|1872–73]]
|[[Pennsylvania_Constitution|1967–68]]
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|-
!Rhode Island
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Constitutional_Convention|1841]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Constitutional_Convention|1842]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Conventions|1944]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Conventions|1951]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Conventions|1955]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Conventions|1958]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Conventions|1964–69]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#Conventions|1973]]
|[[Constitution_of_Rhode_Island#1984_Constitutional_Convention|1986]]
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|-
!South Carolina
|[[Constitution_of_South_Carolina#Constitution_of_1790|1790]]
|[[Constitution_of_South_Carolina#1861Convention|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_South_Carolina#Constitution_of_1865|1865]]
|[[Constitution_of_South_Carolina#1868Convention|1868]]
|[[Constitution_of_South_Carolina#Constitution_of_1895|1895]]
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|-
!South Dakota
|[[South_Dakota#Conventions|1883]]
|[[South_Dakota#Conventions|1885]]
|[[South_Dakota#Conventions|1889]]
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|-
!Tennessee
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#1796_constitution|1796]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#1835_constitution|1834]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#1870_constitution|1870]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#Conventions|1953]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#Conventions|1959]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#Conventions|1965]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#Conventions|1971]]
|[[Constitution_of_Tennessee#Conventions|1977]]
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|-
!Texas
|[[Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas#Constitutional_Convention_and_ratification|1836]]
|[[Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas#Statehood|1845]]
|[[Constitution_of_Texas#Conventions|1861]]
|[[Constitution_of_Texas#Conventions|1866]]
|[[Constitution_of_Texas#Conventions|1868–69]]
|[[Constitution_of_Texas#Conventions|1876]]
|[[Constitution_of_Texas#Attempts_at_revision|1974]]
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|-
!Utah
|[[Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895|1895]]
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!Vermont
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1777]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#1786Convention|1786]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#1793Convention|1793]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1814]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1822]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1828]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1836]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1843]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1850]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#Conventions|1857]]
|[[Constitution_of_Vermont#1870Convention|1870]]
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|-
!Virginia
|[[Fifth Virginia Convention|1776]]
|[[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830|1829–30]]
|[[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850|1850–51]]
|[[Wheeling Convention|1861]]
|[[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1864|1864]]
|[[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868|1867–68]]
|[[Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1902|1901–02]]
|[[Virginia_Conventions#Limited_Constitutional_Convention_of_1945|1945]]
|[[Virginia_Conventions#Limited_Constitutional_Convention_of_1956|1956]]
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|-
!Washington
|[[Constitution_of_Washington#1878_constitution|1878]]
|[[Constitution_of_Washington#1889_constitution|1889]]
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|-
!West Virginia
|[[Constitution_of_West_Virginia#History|1861–63]]
|[[Constitution_of_West_Virginia#1872Convention|1872]]
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|-
!Wisconsin
|[[Constitution_of_Wisconsin#Creation_of_the_Wisconsin_Constitution|1846]]
|[[Constitution_of_Wisconsin|1847–48]]
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|-
!Wyoming
|[[Wyoming_Constitution|1889]]
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|}

==== Legislative restrictions surpassed ====
State legislatures put restrictions on conventions that were not followed in these cases.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoar |first=Roger Sherman |url=http://archive.org/details/constitutionalco00hoaruoft |title=Constitutional conventions, their nature, powers, and limitations |date=1917 |publisher=Boston, Little |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=111}}</ref>

* Georgia 1789 proposed alternatives instead of accepting or rejecting a constitution.
* Illinois 1862 and 1869 disregarded a requirement for an oath.
* New York 1867 worked past its deadline and submitted its work later.
* Pennsylvania 1872 against restriction altered the Bill of Rights.
* Alabama 1901 increase delegate pay above limit.
* Michigan 1908 submitted its work in November not April.

== Countries without an entrenched constitution ==
A few countries do not have an [[Constitution#Entrenchment|entrenched constitution]], which can thus be amended by normal legislative procedures; the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Constitution of New Zealand|New Zealand]] and [[Basic Laws of Israel|Israel]] are examples. In these countries there is no need to call constituent assemblies, and no provision to do so, as the legislature can effectively modify the constitution.

Although it lacks a written constitution, the United Kingdom has had several conventions at the subnational level including:

* [[Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention]] (1975–1976) – a failed attempt to find a solution to the status of [[Northern Ireland]].
* [[Scottish Constitutional Convention]] (1989) – produced a plan for Scottish [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution]].

The constitution of New Zealand consists of a collection of statutes (Acts of Parliament), Treaties, Orders-in-Council, Letters Patent, decisions of the Courts and unwritten constitutional conventions. Because it is not supreme law, the constitution is comparatively easy to reform, requiring only a majority of Members of Parliament to amend it.

The constitutional law of Israel is determined by the [[Knesset]] which, since 1949, serves as the country's ongoing constituent assembly. The Knesset has the power to create [[Basic Laws of Israel]], laws which are entrenched legislation and will become part of a "future" constitution of Israel, as well as "regular" statutory legislation.

==See also==

*[[List of constituent assemblies]]
*[[Constitutional Commission]]
*[[Convention Parliament (England)|Convention parliament]]
*[[Constituent Cortes]]
*[[National Constituent Assembly (disambiguation)]]
*[[Third Dáil]], also called the Constituent Assembly

==Presentation==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

 

[[Category:Constituent assemblies| ]]
[[Category:American constitutional conventions]]

Appasaheb Marathe

2026-02-06T05:46:36Z

Hossainamzad: starting the post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=May 2021}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sakharam Purushottam (aka Appasaheb) Marathe
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|06|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vengurla]], [[Sindhudurg]] [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date|1969|8|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
}}

'''Appasaheb Marathe''' was a businessman from [[Maharashtra]] state in India. He is the founder of Marathe Udyog Bhavan. He was born into a Maharastrian Brahmin family to Purushottam Marathe and Janakibai on 18 June 1911, in [[Vengurla|Vengurle]], a village in [[Konkan]] region.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=The Business Giant of Karachi and Bombay |url=https://indianmemoryproject.com/204 |access-date=2021-07-18 |website=indianmemoryproject.com|date=4 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=वेंगुर्ला ते मुंबई व्हाया कराची; फिनिक्सभरारी एका मराठी उद्योजकाची (life journey marathi businessman) |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/vengurla-mumbai-karachi-life-journey-marathi-businessman/ |access-date=2021-07-18 |website=lokmat.com}}</ref> He lost his father at an early age. Due to extreme poverty at home he was forced to leave his native place after his matriculation and move to [[Mumbai]] for his livelihood. There he started working in a shop known as P. Shah & Co.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Between 1948 and 1958, he was into trading anything and everything, according to Yashwant Marathe – The Story of Appasaheb|url=http://nsoj.in/stories/between-1948-and-1958-he-was-into-trading-anything-and-everything-according-to-yashwant-marathe-grandson-of-appasaheb |date=2018-03-19 |access-date=2021-01-30|website=nsoj.in}}</ref>

== Early life in Karachi ==
In the year 1931-32, he was transferred to the [[Karachi]] branch of P. Shah & Co as a manager. However, his entrepreneurial spirit did not let him continue his job, so after getting accustomed to a new life in Karachi and having gathered enough experience of business, he started his own chemical shop called Fairdeal Pharmacy. During his stay there between 1942 and 1944, with the help of Shri N. P. Patwardhan who was a relative and a partner in the Company, he started a mechanical workshop by the name 'Sunbeam Engineering Works'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2011|title=Article on Appasaheb|url=http://marathepratishthan.org/hitgujpdfshow.php?id=62&&pageno=3|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-27|website=marathepratishthan.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427072351/http://marathepratishthan.org/hitgujpdfshow.php?id=62&&pageno=3 |archive-date=2021-04-27 }}</ref>
He also founded 'The Sindh Industrial and Pharmaceutical Company Ltd.' in 1942. It produced vitamin-rich [[Shark liver oil]] under the brand name 'SIPOL',<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=अप्पासाहेब |url=https://sarmisal.in/yeshwant-marathe/appasaheb/ |access-date=2021-07-18 |website=sarmisal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2014 |title=Sameer Paranjape: कराचीतील मराठी विश्व (दै. दिव्य मराठी - २०११चा दिवाळी अंक) |url=http://samirparanjape.blogspot.com/2014/03/blog-post_9.html |website=samirparanjape.blogspot.com}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2021}} a substitute to imported cod liver oil, which was in short supply due to World War 2.

== Return to Mumbai ==
In 1947, he had to wind up all activities in Karachi and had to return to India due to the partition of the country.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto5"/> He could get away unscathed in these troubling times due to his sweet and friendly nature of getting along with everyone.

== Establishment of various business enterprises ==
After having to reluctantly return from Karachi, he had a desire to start his own business of manufacturing and so he established 'Sachin and Company' with the help of a relative Shri Patwardhan, which started getting government tenders for supply of machinery tools, hardware, etc. to factories.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto5" /> Another step forward in this direction was the establishment of a manufacturing unit named 'Sachin Engineering Corporation' in 1959 in a rented space in [[Bandra]], with an intention of manufacture and sale of his own industrial goods. As this space also proved to be too small, Appasaheb took another space of 1600 sq. m. in an industrial area belonging to [[Portuguese Church (Mumbai)|Portuguese Church]] in [[Dadar]] on lease for 99 years and constructed a huge building named Marathe Udyog Bhavan where all his activities were concentrated.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto5" />

He established a company named Alpha Electricals to make battery connectors required by TELCO.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4" /> In addition to having TELCO and Premier as clients, he also started supplying radio parts to Philips. In 1955, he founded Swifts Limited which supplied tools and stainless steel tea and coffee jugs to [[Air India]]. For this, he took the agency of [[Gedore]], a German company. His three companies, namely, Sachin Engineering Corporation, Swift Pvt. Ltd. and Alpha Electricals manufactured spare parts for use in automobiles, radios, typewriters, duplicating machines, etc. Similarly he continued his business expansion by taking agency of Rallis India Limited for Rallis fans and Wolf brand electric hand tools which were very popular at the time.<ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto5" /> Later Appasaheb developed [[Gestetner]] Stencil Duplicator as a cheaper alternative to the Spirit Duplicator.<ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto5" /> Installing the necessary machinery, he also did turning, hardening and grinding jobs as well as manufactured special navigation lights for ships and water bags.

In the year 1967, Appasaheb manufactured an Offset Printing Machine. Since at that time no one was making offset machines in India, it proved to be a pioneering venture in the country.

== Personal life ==
Appasaheb, was married to Indira and had two children with her, son Suresh and daughter Vimal.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto5" />

== Death ==
Appasaheb died of a heart attack on August 28, 1969, at the age of 58.

== Awards and Memorials ==
As a token of recognition of his immense work in the field of industry, the road leading to Marathe Udyog Bhavan was named as Appasaheb Marathe Marg, in the year 1974.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2018 |title=Appasaheb Marathe Marg: Where two philosophies intersect |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/appasaheb-marathe-marg-where-two-philosophies-intersect-5106501/lite/ |access-date=2021-07-18 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
The Swift Company received the Import Substitution Award from the Government of India in 1978 for being the first manufacturer of offset printing machines.

== Social contributions ==
Appasaheb Marathe Award was instituted 35 years ago in Balmohan Vidyamandir to be awarded to the student who excelled in English in the 10th class exams.

Appasaheb Marathe was appointed as Trustee of School at [[Kurla]], Mumbai founded by Karachi Maharashtriya Shikshan Prasarak Mandal.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appasaheb, Marathe}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Sindhudurg district]]

2017 North Indian cold wave

2026-01-10T13:31:36Z

Hossainamzad: starting the info more to come

{{Short description|Weather event in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox storm
| name = January 2017 North India cold wave
| image = North India Zonal Map 14July2013.png
| caption = North India zonal map
| pressure =
| lowest temperature = {{convert|-12.4|C|F|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cold-wave-intensifies-in-kashmir-gulmarg-coldest-at-minus-12-4-4466033/|title= Gulmarg cold|work= [[The Indian Express]]| agency= [[Press Trust of India]] |date=9 January 2017}}</ref>
| date formed = 3 January 2017
| maximum amount =
| casualties = At least 16 in North India due to cold weather, another 25 due to avalanches in Kashmir<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.yahoo.com/death-toll-deadly-kashmir-avalanches-rises-25-135423675.html|title= Death toll rises to 25| agency= [[Agence France-Presse]] |date= 30 January 2017| access-date= February 2, 2017}}</ref>
| stormtype = [[Cold wave]], [[avalanche]]s, [[rainfall]], [[snowfall]]
| areas affected = [[North India]], [[Kashmir Valley]]
}}
[[North India]] was devastated by a [[cold wave]] during the month of January 2017. This occurrence had a severe effect on several North Indian [[States of India|states]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/light-rain-fog-likely-this-weekend/articleshow/56432412.cms|title=North India, under cold wave|work=[[The Times of India]]| date= 10 January 2017}}</ref> including [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/cold-wave-to-aggravate-in-next-few-days/articleshow/56396997.cms|title= Cold wave intensifies in North India|work= The Times of India|date= 8 January 2017| access-date= February 2, 2017}}</ref> and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The lowest temperature in [[Gulmarg]] due to the cold wave was recorded at {{convert|-12.4|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cold-wave-intensifies-in-kashmir-gulmarg-coldest-at-minus-12-4-4466033/|title= Kashmir gets snow fall|work= The Indian Express| agency= Press Trust of India |date= 9 January 2016}}</ref> The banks of [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]] froze. [[Keylong]] of Himachal Pradesh and [[Kargil]] of Jammu and Kashmir witnessed low temperatures of {{convert|-13.9|C|F|abbr=on}}.

Several army camps in [[Kashmir]] bound sectors were damaged and many people died in avalanches in Kashmir districts near the [[Line of Control]] during the last few days of January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-avalanches-hit-gurez-sector-in-jk-6-soldiers-killed-several-missing-army/articleshow/56793885.cms|title= Avalanches hit Kashmir|work= The Times of India|date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

== Effect==
The minimum temperatures in some parts of North Indian states fell below freezing, with rainfall and [[snowfall]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Parts of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/cold-wave-grips-n-gujarat-abu-freezes-at-2c/articleshow/56505428.cms|title= North Gujarat, under cold wave|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> and [[Madhya Pradesh]] were<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mercury-freefall-bhopal-and-indore-continue-to-shiver/articleshow/56529867.cms|title= Central India, feels cold wave|work= The Times of India|date= 13 January 2017}}</ref> affected by the cold wave, with a fall in temperatures at night. Due to intense [[fog]] and lack of visibility, several trains running through North India were delayed and rescheduled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cold-wave-intensifies-in-north-india-train-services-affected/|title= Cold wave effects train schedules|work= The Indian Express| date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Seven people in [[Shimla]] lost their lives due to the cold wave.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/7-die-in-shimla-as-much-of-north-india-sees-seasons-lowest-temperature/articleshow/56486985.cms|title= Cold wave affecting life|work= The Times of India|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Nine people died in parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chill-grips-north-india-mercury-continues-to-dip/story-9dty3FyGxY8JsGiKoYRT3M.html|title= Deaths in North India, due to cold wave|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date= 14 January 2017}}</ref> capital [[Lucknow]] where the temperature fell to {{convert|0.1|C|F|abbr=on}}. Three people died due to fog related accidents in North India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/three-killed-in-fog-related-accidents-fresh-snow-in-himachal-pradesh-and-uttarakhand-3184432.html|title= Fog accidents|publisher= [[Firstpost|First Post]]|date= 2 January 2017}}</ref>

India's capital [[New Delhi]] witnessed minimum temperatures of {{convert|3.4|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-continues-to-freeze-temperature-falls-to-5-year-low-on-thursday-morning/story-P8YqN0X0bK47kZb2VDybIJ.html|title= Delhi cold |work= Hindustan Times |date= 12 January 2017}}</ref> Several schools of [[Noida]] and [[Delhi]] were closed, due to the severity of the [[cold wave]]. The [[western disturbances]] which creates an upper air [[cyclonic]] circulation over Jammu and Kashmir caused rainfall in [[Chandigarh]], which was recorded by [[India Meteorological Department]] as the heaviest rainfall in Chandigarh in the last 22 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/65-mm-rain-in-24-hours-22-year-record-drowns-in-chandigarh/story-M7sqL7YD6kl2ReErVOkoIJ.html|title= Chandigarh received heaviest rainfall|work=Hindustan Times|date= 8 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Kashmir avalanches ===
[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir location map UN view.svg|thumb|right|India Jammu and Kashmir location map, UN view]]
Five people including an army officer, died in an [[2017 Gurez sector avalanche|avalanche]] in [[Kashmir]]. Four members of a family were killed in avalanches in the [[Ganderbal]] and [[Bandipora]] districts of Kashmir. One army officer died due to an avalanche on an army camp at [[Sonamarg]].
Fifteen Indian soldiers died and several soldiers went missing due to three avalanches that hit the [[Gurez]] and [[Kupwara]] Sectors of Kashmir, Bandipora district near the [[Line of Control]] on 26 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/one-officer-dead-after-avalanche-hits-army-camp-in-kashmir-say-police/story-VVIN6fpXAcozsjJFHW5iNK.html|title= Indian soldiers died in Kashmir avalanches|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

A rescue team operated immediately to search for missing soldiers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/five-soldiers-missing-after-hit-by-avalanche-in-kupwara/articleshow/56829711.cms|title= Rescue operations to search missing|work= The Times of India|date=28 January 2017}}</ref> and helped the civilians evacuate from snowfall and avalanche-prone villages of Gurez to safer areas. The rescue operations by [[Indian Army]], saved five army personnel trapped under snow by the avalanche that had hit the Army post in [[Kupwara]] district. All five later succumbed to their injuries while recuperating in hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/five-soldiers-in-machil-succumb-to-injuries/articleshow/56872775.cms|title= Rescued soldiers die due to injuries|work= The Times of India|date= 30 January 2017}}</ref> Three corpses of victims were retrieved during the rescue operations in the [[Gurez]] sector.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Cold wave}}
{{Disasters in India in 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North India cold wave}}
[[Category:2017 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2010s cold waves]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Cold waves in Asia]]
[[Category:January 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]

Sanjib Sarkar

2026-01-08T00:49:36Z

Hossainamzad: Put Up Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{unreliable sources|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sanjib Sarkar
| image = Music Director Sanjib Sarkar With Bappi Lahiri.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sarkar with [[Bappi Lahiri]] at the premiere of ''Umformung: The Transformation''
| birth_name = Sanjib Sarkar<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.enigmatixweb.com/in-conversation-with-sanjiv-routh-sarkar/|title=In Conversation with Sanjiv Routh Sarkar|date=15 February 2016|newspaper=enigmatix media – Entertainment & web Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-20|archive-date=19 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219040000/http://www.enigmatixweb.com/in-conversation-with-sanjiv-routh-sarkar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| alias = Sanju
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1986|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Bankura]], West Bengal, India
| origin =
| genre = [[Bollywood]], [[film music]]
| instrument = {{flat list|
*Electronic keyboard
*Vocals
*Percussion
*[[Pump organ|Harmonium]]
*[[Melodica]]
}}
| occupation = {{flat list|
* Composer
* [[Sound designer]],
* [[Background music|Background]] music director }}
| years_active = 2014
| label = [[Saregama]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saregama.com/artist/sanjib-sarkar_43185/songs|title=Listen to Sanjib Sarkar songs online, Sanjib Sarkar songs MP3 download|website=saregama.com|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
| website = {{Official website|http://octavestudiokolkata.in/}}
}}

'''Sanjib Sarkar''' ({{langx|bn|সঞ্জীব সরকার}}) is an Indian [[sound designer]], music director and film [[score composer]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/new-kid-on-the-block-160969.html|title=New kid on the block|date=20 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/blog/2016/08/15/music-director-sanjib-sarkar-all-set-to-make-his-mark-in-tollywood/|title=Music director Sanjib Sarkar career profile|date=15 August 2016|website=sholoanabangaliana.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gomolo.com/news-sanjib-sarkar-a-new-kid-on-the-block/30144|title=Sanjib Sarkar – A 'new kid on the block'|date=10 August 2016|newspaper=gomolo.com|access-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>

==Early life==

He was born on 16 November 1986 in [[Bankura]], West Bengal, India, to [[Bengali people|Bengali]] parents, Debi Prasad Sarkar and Ratna Sarkar. He stayed in Bankura until he was 18, when Sarkar moved to [[Kolkata]] after completing Higher Secondary from Akui Union high School, He started learning classical music from his Guruji Sri Provash Dey and received training in [[Sound Design]] from Sri. Pankaj Seal ([[SRFTI]])<ref>[http://freedomofthespeech.in/sanjib-sarkar-new-kid-on-the-block]{{dead link|date=July 2018}}</ref>

== Education ==

He is an alumnus of [[Bangabasi Morning College]] ([[University of Calcutta]]).

==Career==

After completed his graduation he started composing jingle music for various brands including:

* [[Emami]] Healthy & Tasty Oil,
* [[Asian Paints Ltd|Asian Paints]],
* [[MTS (network provider)|MTS Mobile]],
* Trendy World Garments,
* Turtle Clothing,
* Cookme (Spice),
* Anmol Feeds,
* Cute Soap,
* [[Bandhan Bank]]

==Film music==

Sarkar's first film score was for ''[[Sudhamoy Babur Advut Galpo]]'', directed by Anindya Chatterjee and released in 2011. In 2014, his score for ''[[Masoom (2014 film)|Masoom]]'' included the song "Halka Nesha Halka". He received several awards at film festivals for his music for the 2016 film ''[[Umformung: The Transformation]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebeaconkolkata.co.in/you-need-to-know-about-this-movie-from-kolkata-that-has-stormed-all-film-festivals-umformung-the-transformation/|title=You need to know about this movie from Kolkata that has stormed all film festivals! Umformung-The Transformation – The Beacon Kolkata|first=Soham|last=Biswas|date=6 February 2016|website=thebeaconkolkata.co.in|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>

==Works==
===Feature films===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Singer !! Production !! Ref.
|-
|2018 || ''Lust''|| Emhyr Alharic || Background Music & Sound Design || Nez Moving Pixels ||<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/city-filmmaker-sudeep-ranjan-sarkars-film-to-premiere-at-cannes/articleshow/63625038.cms |title = City filmmaker Sudeep Ranjan Sarkar's film to premiere at Cannes – Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8237252/ |title = Lust a Cinema| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Paradiso'' || Emhyr Alharic || [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]] || Nez Moving Pixels ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.absoluteindianews.com/index.php?pagedate=2017-2-16&edcode=62&subcode=62&mod=1&pgnum=2 |title=Absoluteenglish |website=epaper.absoluteindianews.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221012125/http://epaper.absoluteindianews.com/index.php?pagedate=2017-2-16&edcode=62&subcode=62&mod=1&pgnum=2 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Umformung: The Transformation]]'' || Sudeep Ranjan Sarkar ||[[Akshaya Rao]], & Angelina Grace || Nez Moving Pixels ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Umformung-The-Transformation-reflects-the-extremes-of-our-society/articleshow/53861298.cms|title='Umformung – The Transformation' reflects the extremes of our society – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 January 2017 |access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Langto - The Film]]'' || Sourish Dey || Subhankar Panda & Soumallya Mitra || Octave Studio Kolkata ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Chhip Suto Char]]'' || Susanta Saha || Abheri Gupta || Frienever Motions Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/news-chhip-suto-char-eyeing-an-endapril-release/27224|title='Chhip Suto Char' eyeing an end-April release|website=gomolo.com|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Na Jene Mon]]'' || Abhisek Roy || [[Rupankar]], [[Akriti Kakkar]], Arun Daga & Prasenjit Mallick || Golden Deer Entertainment ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Masoom (2014 film)|Masoom]]'' || Partha Sarathi Joardar || [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]] & Madhuri Dey || PB Films ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/masoom/movie-review/30109766.cms|title=Masoom Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Masoom by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]'' || Jeet Chatterjee || Background Music & Sound Design || [[Sony Aath]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/celeb/jeet-chatterjee-and-saheb-bhattacharya-movies-list/345828/8422|title=List of Jeet Chatterjee & Saheb Bhattacharya movies together|website=gomolo.com|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Sudhamoy Babur Advut Galpo]]'' || Anindya Chatterjee || Background Music || [[Tara Muzik]] ||
|}

====Horror films====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Channel !! Production !! Ref.
|-
| 2012 || ''Saheb Barir Bhoot'' ||[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment]] || [[Sony Aath]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Circuit House'' ||[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment]] || [[Sony Aath]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Jangaler Oi Banshita'' ||[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment]] || [[Sony Aath]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Dorja Ta Khola Thak'' ||[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment]] || [[Sony Aath]] ||
|}

===Television===

He has composed title tracks for television series including:
* ''Disha''
* ''Mukti Snan''
* ''Hiyar Majhe''
* ''Arundhutir Chiti''
* ''Ektu Sukher Khonje''

===Other===

He also composed music for various corporate films, short films and documentary films including:
* Expedition Challenge for [[National Institute of Building Sciences|NIBS]]
* [[Larsen & Toubro]] Tubes for Anthelion Technology
* Reincarneation (Documentary)
* Poisonman Vs Ross
* Rhythm Of Soul (Bengali Short Film)
* Sri Gourio Math
* H2O (Bengali Short Film)
* Putul Nach (Bengali Short Film)
* Dhoni (Bengali Short Film)
* Nayer Meye (Bengali Short Film)
* Mofu Tofu (Bengali Short Film)
* Rojnamcha (Daily Journal)
* She (Bengali Short Film)
* Status (Bengali Short Film)

==Albums==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Singer !! Note !! Record label !! Ref.
|-
| 2009 || Shishir Bheja Jochhna ||Various || Music Composer || UD Series ||
|-
| 2014 || Road Side Garden ||The National Beats Band || Music Producer || [[Octave Studio Kolkata]] ||
|-
| 2014 || JKB ||Rana Dev || Music Producer || [[Octave Studio Kolkata]] ||
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1 = Mon Amar
|extra1 = [[Akriti Kakkar]]
|length1 = 4:24
|title2 = Oh Baby
|extra2 = [[Rupankar]] & Sanjib
|length2 = 3:16
|title3 = Dard Ka Daria
|extra3 = [[Akshaya Rao]]
|length3 = 3:54
|title4 = Jara Chunle
|extra4 = Shaoli Mukherjee
|length4 = 2:43
|title5 = Ferari Mon
|extra5 = Arun Daga
|length5 = 3:26
|title6 = Hale Dil
|extra6 = Prosenjit Mallick, Sangrami
|length6 = 4:52
|title7 = Aaji E Badal Dhara
|extra7 = Rimi Biswas
|length7 = 4:54
|title8 = Aamar Shesh Kodita
|extra8 = Rimi Biswas
|length8 = 4:11
|title9 = Halka Nesha Halka
|extra9 = Madhuri Dey & [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]]
|length9 = 5:03
}}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Award
! Film
!Category
! Location
! Year
!Result
! Ref
|-
|[[Anandalok Puraskar]]
|[[Masoom (2014 film)|Masoom]]
|Best Music
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2014
|{{won}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian film music directors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://octavestudiokolkata.in/}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm4664829|name=Sanjib Sarkar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Sanjib}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Barbari goat

2025-12-26T08:47:13Z

Hossainamzad: revise

{{Short description|Indian breed of goat}}
{{Infobox goat breed
| name = Barbari
| image = Barbari Goat.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt = Barbari billy
| image_caption =
| status = [[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|page=145}}
| altname = {{ubl|Bari|Sai Bari|Thori Bari|Titri Bari|Wadi Bari}}
| country =
| distribution = {{ubl|[[Haryana]], India|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India| [[Uttar Pradesh]], India|[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan|[[Sindh]], Pakistan}}
| standard =
| use = dual-purpose, meat and milk{{r|fao}}
| maleweight = 38 kg{{r|fao}}
| femaleweight = 23 kg{{r|fao}}
| maleheight = 71 cm{{r|fao}}
| femaleheight = 56 cm{{r|fao}}
| type =
| skincolour =
| woolcolour =
| facecolour =
| horns =
| beard =
| tassels =
| note =
}}

The '''Barbari''' or '''Bari''' is a [[list of goat breeds|breed]] of small domestic [[goat]] found across a wide area in India and Pakistan. It is distributed in the states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India, and in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] provinces of Pakistan.{{r|mason|page=361|dad|dad2}}
[[File:Barbari goat.jpg|thumb]]

== History ==

The Barbari is thought to have originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; a suggestion that it came from, and is named for, the [[Somalia|Somali]] port city of [[Berbera]] is disputed.{{r|mason|p=361|pram|p2=30}} It is one of twenty classified breeds in India and is found mainly in arid and semi-arid areas of the north-west of the country.{{r|osman|p=71}} It is distributed in the states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India, and in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] provinces of Pakistan.{{r|mason|page=361|dad|dad2}} It is also reported from Mauritius, Nepal and Vietnam.{{r|dad3}} In 2024 the world population was {{notatypo|estimated at about}} 3.4 million, based on data reported by India alone.{{r|dad3}} Population data for Pakistan dates from 2006, when the total was {{notatypo|estimated at about}} 2.3 million.{{r|dad}}

== Characteristics ==

The Barbari is a small goat of compact form. The head is small and neat, with small upward-pointing ears and small horns. The coat is short and is most commonly white, spotted with brownish red; solid colours also occur.{{r|mason|page=361}} There is a [[polled (livestock)|polled]] strain, the Thori Bari.{{r|mason|page=361}}

== Use ==

The Barbari is a dual-purpose breed, reared both for [[goat's meat|meat]] and for [[goat's milk|milk]], and is well adapted for arid and semi-arid Indian and Pakistani conditions. It is a seasonal breeder and is used for [[intensive farming]]. The milk yield is approximately {{nowrap|107 litres}} in a [[lactation]] of about 150 days.{{r|fao}}

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
<references>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>

<ref name=osman>Osman Mahgoub, I.T. Kadim, E.C. Webb (2012). ''Goat Meat Production and Quality''. Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|9781845938499}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=PAK&specie=Goat&breed=Barbari&external=1&lang=en Barbari / Pakistan (Goat)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2024.</ref>

<ref name=dad2>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=IND&specie=Goat&breed=Barbari&external=1&lang=en Barbari / India (Goat)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2024.</ref>

<ref name=dad3>[https://dadis-transboundary-breed-ws.web.app/?species=Goat&transboundary=Barbari&external=1&lang=en Transboundary breed: Barbari]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2024.</ref>

<ref name=fao>R.M. Acharya (1982). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030201215932/http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6532E/X6532E02.htm ''Sheep and goat breeds of India'']. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 30. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived 1 February 2003.</ref>

<ref name=mason>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361 ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>

<ref name=pram>Pramila Umaraw, Akhilesh K. Verma, Pavan Kumar (2017). [https://link-springer-com.Bharatpedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71294-9_3 Barbari Goats: Current Status]. In: João Simões, Carlos Gutiérrez (editors) (2017). ''Sustainable Goat Production in Adverse Environments: Volume II''. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-319-71294-9_3}}. {{isbn|9783319712932}}, pages 29–40.</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Goat breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Goat breeds originating in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Goat breeds]]
[[Category:Livestock in Punjab]]
[[Category:Meat goat breeds]]

{{goat-stub}}

{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}

Ram Dulari Sinha

2025-12-06T07:13:11Z

Hossainamzad: fixed citations as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician (1922–1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Dulari Sinha
| image = File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|12|8}}
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj district, India|Manikpur]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| residence = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|8|31|1922|12|8}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| office = Governor of Kerala
| term_start = 23 February 1988
| predecessor = [[P. Ramachandran]]
| successor = [[Sarup Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = [[Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha]]
| children = Dr. Madhurendra Kumar Singh
| nationality = [[India]]n
| date =
| year =
| order = 9th
| term_end = 12 February 1990
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| parliament1 = [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sarangdhar Sinha]]
| successor1 = [[Ramavatar Shastri]]
| termstart1 = 1962
| termend1 = 1967
| constituency1 = [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]
| 1blankname2 = Constituency
| 1namedata2 = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| termstart2 = 1980
| termend2 = 1988
| succeeded2 = [[Hari Kishore Singh]]
| predecessor2 = Thakur Girjanandan Singh
| 1blankname = Chief minister
| 1namedata = [[E. K. Nayanar]]
| parents = Mahendra Singh
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Patna University]]
}}

'''Ram Dulari Sinha''' (8 December 1922 – 31 August 1994) was a nationalist, freedom fighter, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Lok Sabha|parliamentarian]], [[Union Minister]], and Governor. She was the first woman in Bihar to have master's degree and she was also the first woman from Bihar to be appointed Governor. Nonetheless she was the elected Vice Chairperson of the International Labour Organisation.

Sinha was a distinguished figure, serving as a Member of Parliament [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency]] respectively. She was Member of First [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Majorganj Assembly constituency]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] and was also elected to the Vidhan Sabha from [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency]] several times.

She was from Bihar and holding ministerial positions in various central ministries. Possessing a strong educational background, she actively participated in the freedom movement and remained dedicated to advocating for the rights of the working class even after independence. She played a leadership role in numerous labor organizations and campaigned against social issues such as the dowry system, purdah system, and untouchability.

==Freedom movement and Early Political Life ==
She hailed from Gopalganj, belonged to [[Rajput]] caste Bihar, and was deeply involved in the Indian freedom movement. Sinha's name commands immense respect in Bihar, owing to her significant contributions. Her entire family was deeply engaged in the freedom movement. In 1947-48, she assumed the role of General Secretary of the [[Bihar Pradesh Youth Congress]]. Concurrently, she was appointed the Organization Secretary of the [[Bihar Pradesh Mahila Congress Committee|Bihar Mahila Congress]], showcasing her dedication and leadership within the political sphere.

Her political journey commenced with her victory in the [[Majorganj Assembly constituency|Majorganj constituency]] of Bihar during the legislative elections of 1951. Later, she represented [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Lok sabha constituency]] in the 3rd Lok Sabha in 1962.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Smt. Ram Dulari Sinha |url=https://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php/the-governor/previous-governors/126-smt-ram-dulari-sinha |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== As Union state minister and Governor of Kerala ==
In subsequent years, she secured consecutive re-elections to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] from the [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj constituency]] in 1969 and 1972. During the period from 1971 to 1977, she served as a State Cabinet Minister in the Government of Bihar, managing various portfolios including Labour and Employment, Tourism, Sugar Cane, Social Welfare, and Parliamentary Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नारी शक्ति: दहेज, पर्दा और छूआछूत के खिलाफ लड़ती रहीं रामदुलारी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/lok-sabha-election/story-lok-sabha-elections-2019-former-woman-mp-ram-dulari-from-bihar-fight-worked-against-untouchability-2488465.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

Ramdulari Sinha assumed a leadership role in multiple labor organizations and actively campaigned against prevalent social issues. In recognition of her efforts and leadership, she was elected as the Vice President of the [[International Labour Organization|International Labor Organization]], a United Nations agency, in 1973.
[[File:Ram Dulari Sinha with the leaders of kerala.jpg|thumb|Ram Dulari Sinha with the leaders of Kerala]]
She again secured two consecutive victories in the Lok Sabha from the [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar parliamentary constituency]] in 1980 and 1984. During her tenure from 1980 to 1984, she served in various Union Ministries of State, managing portfolios. She was [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|union minister of State of Information and Broadcasting]] from 8 June 1980 - 19 October 1980, then of [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry Labor and Rehabilitation]] from 19 October 1980 to 15 January 1982. She got the portfolio [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel and Mines]] from 15 January 1982 to 14 February 1983 and [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] from 14 February 1983 to 7 February.

Subsequently, from 1984 to 1985, she held the position of [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for Home Affairs]] twice in the Government of India under prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] from 7 February 1984 to 31 October 1984 and [[Rajiv Gandhi]] from 4 November 1984 to 25 September 1985.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Ram Dulari Sinha Governor.jpg|thumb|Ram Dulari Sinha, as Governor of Kerala]]
She became the [[Governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] on 23 February 1988 to 12 February 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title= पूर्व राज्यपाल रामदुलारी सिन्हा की जयंती होगी ऐतिहासिक: मधुरेंद्र|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=5 December 2018 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/sitamarhi/news/former-governor-ramdulari-sinha-will-be-the-birth-anniversary-madhurendra-040146-3344981.html}}</ref>

== Election results ==
'''Lok Sabha Election results'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Votes Polled !! Vote % !! Winner
|-
| 1962 || [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]|| 101687 || 44.89% || Yes
|-
| 1980 || [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]|| 174188 || 41.95% || Yes
|-
| 1984 || [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]|| 254881 || 52.45% || Yes
|}
'''Bihar State Assembly Election results'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Votes Polled !! Vote % !! Winner
|-
| 1951 || [[Majorganj Assembly constituency|Majorganj]]|| 11520 || 51.73% || Yes
|-
| 1969 || [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]|| 15197 || 36.09% || Yes
|-
| 1972 || [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]|| 19749 || 42.36% || Yes
|}

== Death ==
Ram Dulari Sinha, having won many a battle in her time, and died on 31 August 1994 of heart attack, after a bypass surgery which was done by Dr. Naresh Trehan the renowned cardiologist at the Escorts Hospital, Delhi.

== See also ==
*[[List of governors of Kerala]]
*[[Gopalganj district, India]]
*[[Sheohar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ram Dulari Sinha}}
*[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1660.htm LssNew/biodata]
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf Eci.nic.in]
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_BIHAR.pdf Eci.nic.in]
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatisticalReport%201969%20Bihar.pdf Eci.nic.in]
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_Bh_72.pdf Eci.nic.in]
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf Eci.nic.in]
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf Eci.nic.in]
*
* [https://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php/the-governor/previous-governors/126-smt-ram-dulari-sinha]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Ram Dulari}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Governors of Kerala]]
[[Category:Women in Bihar politics]]
[[Category:People from Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women state governors of India]]
[[Category:Women in Kerala politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]

Natasha Palha

2025-12-06T06:51:44Z

Hossainamzad: small expanded lead per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian tennis player (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Natasha Palha
| image = Natasha Palha in 2022.png
| caption = Palha in 2022
| country =
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|17}}
| birth_place = Goa, India
| height =
| turnedpro =
| retired =
| plays = Right (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = $46,353
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=159|lost=162}}
| singlestitles = 0
| highestsinglesranking = No. 492 (13 October 2014)
| doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=100|lost=130}}
| doublestitles = 5 [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]]
| highestdoublesranking = No. 418 (2 May 2016)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 957 (21 October 2019)
| Team = yes
| FedCupresult = 2–0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's tennis}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games#Medalists|Women's doubles]]}}
}}

'''Natasha Palha''' (born 17 January 1994) is an Indian tennis player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2017/10/20/interview-with-natasha-palha/|title=Interview with Natasha Palha|last=indiantennisdaily|date=2017-10-20|website=Indian Tennis Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>

She was the Indian National Grass Court Tennis champion in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Vishnu-Natasha-win-national-grass-court-meet/articleshow/29018320.cms | title=Vishnu, Natasha win national grass court meet | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=18 January 2014 | accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/House-praises-tennis-star-Palha/articleshow/39839664.cms | title=House praises tennis 'star' Palha | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 August 2014 | accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100124145 | title=Natasha Palha | publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]] | accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asianage.com/tennis/sania-mirza-lead-home-campaign-959 | title=Sania Mirza to lead home campaign | publisher=[[Asian Age]] | date=3 April 2015 | accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

In her career, Palha won five doubles titles on the [[ITF Women's Circuit]]. She reached career-high [[WTA rankings]] of 492 in singles and 418 in doubles and she competed on the pro circuit until July 2019.

Playing for [[India Fed Cup team]], Palha has a win–loss record of 2–0.

==ITF finals==
===Singles: 5 (0–5)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
! Legend
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| $25,000 tournaments
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| $10,000 tournaments
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (0–4)
|-
|Clay (0–1)
|}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable" style=font-size:97%
!Result
!No.
!Date
!Location
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 1.
| 12 May 2012
| [[New Delhi]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Pei-chi]]
| 4–6, 2–6
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2.
| 20 April 2013
| [[Chennai]], India
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]
| 3–6, 1–6
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 3.
| 2 August 2014
| New Delhi, India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]
| 2–6, 4–6
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 4.
| 31 October 2015
| [[Raipur]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishika Sunkara]]
| 5–7, 6–3, 2–6
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 5.
| 28 November 2015
| [[Gulbarga]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerna Bhambri]]
| 0–6, 4–6
|}

===Doubles: 14 (5–9)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
! Legend
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| $25,000 tournaments
|- style="background:#ccccff;"
| $15,000 tournaments
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| $10,000 tournaments
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (3–5)
|-
|Clay (2–3)
|-
|Grass (0–1)
|}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!No.
!Date
!Location
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 1.
| 6 May 2011
| [[Hyderabad]], India
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee So-ra (tennis)|Lee So-ra]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Han Na-lae]]
| 3–6, 2–6
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1.
| 22 March 2013
| Hyderabad, India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sharmada Balu]] {{flagicon|IND}} Sowjanya Bavisetti
| 6–1, 6–4
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 2.
| 19 April 2013
| Chennai, India
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]] {{flagicon|IND}} Ankita Raina
| 5–7, 6–3, [10–6]
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2.
| 26 April 2013
| [[Lucknow]], India
| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhi Chilumula {{flagicon|JPN}} Emi Mutaguchi
| 4–6, 6–7(4–7)
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 3.
| 28 June 2013
| New Delhi, India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara {{flagicon|HUN}} Naomi Totka
| 4–6, 6–4, [11–13]
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 4.
| 12 October 2013
| [[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
| Hard
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Karina Venditti
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anna Morgina]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yana Sizikova]]
| 3–6, 2–6
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3.
| 8 February 2014
| Sharm El Sheikh
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CHN}} Gai Ao
| {{flagicon|SVK}} Dagmara Bašková {{flagicon|NED}} Janneke Wikkerink
| 6–4, 6–1
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 5.
| 15 March 2014
| Sharm El Sheikh
| Hard
| {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Dea Herdželaš]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nina Stojanović]] {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Ana Veselinović]]
| 0–6, 6–4, [6–10]
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 6.
| 11 April 2014
| Chennai, India
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu
| 0–6, 6–7(4–7)
|- style="background:#f0f8ff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 7.
| 9 August 2014
| [[Bangalore]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ching-wen]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu {{flagicon|IND}} Prarthana Thombare
| 4–6, 6–0, [6–10]
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 8.
| 20 June 2015
| [[Fergana]], Uzbekistan
| Hard
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Vlada Ekshibarova]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Tadeja Majerič]]
| 5–7, 3–6
|- style="background:#ccccff;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 4.
| 4 February 2017
| [[Cairo]], Egypt
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Sandra Samir]] {{flagicon|USA}} Shelby Talcott
| 6–2, 6–1
|- style="background:#ccccff;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 5.
| 3 March 2017
| [[Gwalior]], India
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]] {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Chandra Rana
| 6–4, 6–2
|- style="background:#ccccff;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 9.
| 21 October 2017
| [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjala Yadlapalli]]
| 4–6, 1–6
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palha, Natasha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Asian Games tennis players for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]

{{India-tennis-bio-stub}}

Preeti Shenoy

2025-11-25T07:08:05Z

Hossainamzad: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian woman writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Preeti Shenoy
| image = Preeti nitya.jpg
| caption = Author Preeti Shenoy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|12|21|df=y}}
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Fiction, nonfiction
| notableworks =
| website = {{URL|https://preetishenoy.com/}}
}}

'''Preeti Shenoy''' is an Indian author, speaker and illustrator.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/in/docs/Nielsen-India-Consumer-Rankings-City-Rankings.pdf
| title = Nielsen India Consumer Rankings
| publisher = Nielsen.com
| accessdate = 23 February 2015
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://forbesindia.com/article/special/forbes-india-celebrity-100-nominees-list-for-2015/41475/1/
| title = Forbes India Celebrity 100 Nominees List for 2015; Forbes India Blog
| publisher = Forbesindia.com
| accessdate = 9 September 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151105055809/http://forbesindia.com/article/special/forbes-india-celebrity-100-nominees-list-for-2015/41475/1
| archive-date = 5 November 2015
| url-status = dead
}} {{cite web
| url = http://forbesindia.com/article/special/forbes-india-celebrity-100-nominees-list-for-2014/39097/1
| title = Forbes Celebrity 100 Nominees List 2014
| work = Forbes India
}} {{cite web
| url = http://forbesindia.com/article/special/forbes-india-celebrity-100-nominees-list/34337/1
| title = Forbes Celebrity 100 Nominees List 2013
| work = Forbes India
}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
During her school years, Shenoy studied at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} Shenoy is also a self-taught artist.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Writing career ==

After writing as a blogger, Shenoy published her first book, ''34 Bubblegums and Candies'', a collection of short stories based on real-life incidents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/15/stories/2008101550580300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081018191025/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/15/stories/2008101550580300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 October 2008 | title = Life is beautiful | date = 15 October 2008 | work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 23 February 2015}}</ref>

The second book by Shenoy, ''[[Life Is What You Make It]]'', was published on 1 January 2011 and became a national bestseller, along with its sequel, ''Wake Up, Life Is Calling''.<ref name="Jain 2019">{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Siddhi |title=Preeti Shenoy on good writing and promotion of reading |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/preeti-shenoy-on-good-writing-and-promotion-of-reading#read-more |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=[[The Quint]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

''Tea for Two and a Piece of Cake'' was published by RHI on 1 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2917833.ece | title = Along the way | date = 22 February 2012 | work = The Hindu | author = Catherine Rhea Roy | accessdate = 23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2012/02/25/ArticleHtmls/HT-NIELSEN-top-BOOKSCAN-10-FICTION-1-Revolution-25022012014001.shtml?Mode=1 | title = Hindustan Times e-Paper | work = Hindustan Times | accessdate = 23 February 2015 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Her fourth book, ''The Secret Wish List'' was released in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://epaper.dnaindia.com/epapermain.aspx?pgNo=5&edcode=820004&eddate=2013-1-04 | title = DNA E-Paper – Daily News & Analysis -Mumbai, India
| work = Daily News and Analysis | accessdate = 23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article1408019.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150223192911/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article1408019.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 February 2015 | title = Preeti's secret wish list | last = Bansal | first = Varsha | date = 5 January 2013
| work = The New Indian Express | accessdate = 23 February 2015
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/of-that-neversinking-ship/article4391365.ece | title = Of that never-sinking ship... | date = 8 February 2013
| work = The Hindu | accessdate = 23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-specials-revealed-the-books-india-read-in-2012/20121227.htm | title = REVEALED: The books India read in 2012! - Rediff Getahead | date = 27 December 2012
| work = Rediff.com | accessdate = 23 February 2015
}}</ref>

Her fifth book, ''The One You Cannot Have'' was released in November 2013. In December 2014, she released yet another fiction novel, ''It Happens for a Reason'', the story of a single mother Vipasha. Her book ''Why We Love The Way We Do'' is a collection of essays on relationships. ''It's All in the Planet's'' was published in September 2016. ''A Hundred Little Flames'' was released in November 2017. ''Love A Little Stronger'' was released on 27 April 2018. ''The Rule Breakers'' was released on 17 September 2018.
Preeti's latest book is 'All the Love you deserve', release on 17 November 2023.

== Reception ==
Mishra from Times of India says about her book a 100 little flames, ''<nowiki/>'Shenoy develops these two characters beautifully, making both of men completely credible. Gopal Shankar, in particular, is the elderly relative all of us have in our families - grouchy and opinionated but, in this case, we are treated to a wonderful back story that explains exactly why this is the case.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book Review: A Hundred Little Flames - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/book-review-a-hundred-little-flames/articleshow/62115552.cms|access-date=2021-03-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

[[The Free Press Journal|Freepress Journal]] remarks about Wake Up Life is Calling ''<nowiki/>'You can actually feel the protagonist Ankita’s pain as the story proceeds. There were instances when the reader wanted to close the book because it was too daunting — a life so depressing. But as I kept ‘moving on’, I knew something would definitely change. Bipolar disorder — as scary as it may sound — is something which the author has broken down to simple bits for people to understand.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wake up to good mental health|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/wake-up-to-good-mental-health|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' has described her as "one of India's most popular authors".<ref name="goodreads.com">{{cite web
| url = http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/2872571.Preeti_Shenoy
| title = Preeti Shenoy
| accessdate = 18 November 2015
}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
She was awarded an Indian of the Year award by Brands Academy<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/writer-preeti-shenoy-bags-indian-of-the-year-award-117070100346_1.html | title = DESIblitz presents Asian Literature at Birmingham Literature Festival 2017 | work = Business Standard
}}</ref> and also received a business excellence award from the New Delhi Management Institute.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Is-it-written-in-the-stars/article15421115.ece | title = It is written in the stars | work = The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20140908-how-four-writers-announced-their-success-and-took-the-indian-bestseller-mainstream-805062-2014-08-28 | title = A League of Their Own | work = India Today}}</ref>

She was a keynote speaker at the Birmingham Literature Festival.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.desiblitz.com/content/desiblitz-asian-literature-birmingham-literature-festival | title = DESIblitz presents Asian Literature at Birmingham Literature Festival 2017 | publisher = DESIblitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/author-preeti-shenoy-unveils-the-cover-of-her-new-book-a-hundred-little-flames-at-birmingham-literary-festival-2017/
| title = Author Preeti Shenoy Unveils the Cover of Her New Book A Hundred Little Flames at Birmingham Literary Festival 2017
| publisher = International News and Views
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.birmingham-box.co.uk/event/stories-crossing-borders-an-afternoon-with-preeti-/
| title = Stories Crossing Borders: An Afternoon with Preeti
| publisher = The Box
}}</ref>

She has also won the AutHer People Choice Award for her book 'When Love Came Calling'.<ref>{{ cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/auther-awards-2021-declares-its-top-winners/photostory/81590883.cms| title=AutHer Awards 2021 declares its top winners}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = 34 Bubblegums and Candies
| publisher = Srishti Publishers
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-81-88575-68-8
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = Life is What You Make it
| publisher = Srishti Publishers & Distributors
| year = 2011
| isbn = 978-93-80349-30-5
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/life-is-what-you-make-it/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = Tea for Two and a Piece of Cake
| publisher = Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited
| year = 2012
| isbn = 978-81-8400-127-3
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/tea-for-two-and-a-piece-of-cake/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = The Secret Wish List
| publisher = Westland Limited
| year = 2012
| isbn = 978-93-82618-18-8
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/the-secret-wishlist/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = The One You Cannot Have
| publisher = Westland Limited
| year = 2013
| isbn = 978-93-83260-68-3
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/the-one-you-cannot-have/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = It Happens for a Reason
| publisher = Westland Limited
| year = 2014
| isbn = 978-93-84030-74-2
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/it-happens-for-a-reason/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = Love, Kisses and All Things Warm
| publisher = Westland Limited
| year = 2015
| isbn = 978-93-84030-97-1
| url = https://www.amazon.in/Love-Kisses-All-Things-Warm-ebook/dp/B00TIM2Y8C
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = Why We Love The Way We Do
| publisher = Westland Limited
| year = 2015
| isbn = 978-93-85724-18-3
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/why-we-love-the-way-we-do/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = It's All in the Planet's
| publisher = Westland Limited
| year = 2016
| isbn = 978-93-86036-45-2
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/books/its-all-in-the-planets/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = A Hundred Little Flames
| publisher = Westland Publications Limited
| year = 2017
| isbn = 978-93-86850-42-3
| url = http://www.preetishenoy.com/hundred-little-flames/
| author-mask = 1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = Love A Little Stronger
| publisher = Srishti Publishers & Distributors
| year = 2018
| isbn = 978-93-87022-13-3
| url = https://www.preetishenoy.com/book/love-a-little-stronger/
| author-mask = 1

}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = The Rule Breakers
| publisher = Westland
| year = 2018
| isbn = 978-93-87578-67-8
| url = https://www.preetishenoy.com/book/the-rule-breakers/
| author-mask = 1

}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = Wake Up, Life is Calling
| publisher = Srishti Publishers & Distributors
| year = 2019
| isbn = 978-93-87022-60-7
| url = https://www.preetishenoy.com/book/wake-up-life-is-calling/
| author-mask = 1
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Shenoy
| first = P.
| title = The Magic Mindset: How to Find Your Happy Place
| publisher = HarperCollins
| year = 2021
| isbn = 978-93-54227-73-8
| url = https://preetishenoy.com/book/the-magic-mindset/
| author-mask = 1
}}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.preetishenoy.com}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenoy, Preeti}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian bloggers]]
[[Category:Indian women bloggers]]

Manu Bhandari v. Kala Vikas Motion Pictures Ltd.

2025-11-06T05:31:25Z

Hossainamzad: new a details.

{{Short description|Indian legal case}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}

'''Mannu Bhandari v. Kala Vikas Motion Pictures Ltd''' (AIR 1987 Delhi 13) is a landmark case in the area of [[Indian copyright law]]. It is the first decision from the Indian higher judiciary that clarified the scope and ambit of [[moral rights]] under the [[Indian copyright law]].

== Facts of the case ==
The plaintiff in this case, [[Mannu Bhandari]], was a famous Hindi language novelist. The defendant produced a motion picture titled Samay Ki Dhara based on plaintiff's novel Aap Ka Bunty. Though the movie was made under an agreement with the plaintiff, the plaintiff was not happy with the way her work was treated during the adaptation of the novel into the movie. The plaintiff feared that her image would be tarnished if the distorted version of her novel was allowed to be presented through the movie. Hence the plaintiff sought permanent injunction against the screening and exhibition of the movie. Though the parties in the case reached a settlement before the judgment was delivered by the Court, the parties requested the Court to deliver its judgment, as the scope of protection of moral rights in India had not yet been clarified by the higher judiciary in India.

== Most important issue discussed by the Court==
What is the scope and ambit of Section 57 of the Copyright Act, 1957?

== Key aspects of the judgement==
The court clarified the following important observations in this case<ref>{{cite web |title=Mannu Bhandari vs Kala Vikas Pictures Pvt. Ltd. And ... on 8 August, 1986 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/331111/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> -
* Section 57 of the Copyright Act, 1957, which deals with moral rights protection in India, lifts the author's status beyond the material gains of copyright and gives it a special status.
* Author's right to restrain distortion of his work is not limited to cases of literary reproduction of his work. The restraint order in the nature of injunction can be passed even in cases where a film is produced based on the author's novel.
* The language of section 57 is of the widest amplitude and cannot be restricted to ‘literary’ expression only. Visual and audio manifestations are directly covered.
* The special protection given to the author's under the Indian copyright law is emphasised by the fact that the remedies of a restraint order or damages can be claimed "even after the assignment either wholly or partially of the said copyright"
* Section 57 thus clearly over-rides the terms of the contract of assignment of copyright. To put it differently, any contract of assignment has to be read subject to the provisions of Section 57 and the terms of contract cannot negate the special rights and remedies guaranteed by Section 57.
* By reading the contract with section 57, it is obvious that modifications, which are permissible, are such modifications, which do not convert the film into an entirely new version from the original novel.
* The modifications should not distort or mutilate the original novel.

After giving due consideration to the facts of the case, the court directed the defendant in this case to make certain modifications and deletions in the movie before screening it. However, as the parties had reached a settlement before the judgment was pronounced, the court didn't enforce its findings.

== Relevance of the decision from a comparative perspective ==
[[Civil law (legal system)|Civil law countries]] like [[France]] and [[Germany]] give high importance to [[moral rights]] protection. For example, German copyright law protects three kinds of moral rights: Right of attribution, integrity, and disclosure. So from a comparative perspective, these countries define moral rights much more widely than India does. On the other hand, the concept of moral rights has witnessed strong resistance in the United States. In 1990, the United States recognized, for the first time, a limited set of [[moral rights]] for a limited class of works. These were set out in the “[[Visual Artists Rights Act]]” of 1990, and are now embodied in Section 106-A of the American [[Copyright Act of 1976]]. Section 106-A does not extend to a host of works such as films that are protected under European moral rights regime.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary

2025-10-30T13:19:57Z

Hossainamzad:

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}{{Infobox protected area
| name = Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Ghatigaon, Gwalior district, Madhya Pradesh, India
| area = 511
| established = 1981
}}

'''Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] situated at [[Ghatigaon]] in [[India]]. Ghatigaon covers 511.0 km² in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state, west of the city of [[Gwalior]].<ref>"Ghatigaon". ''Protected Planet''. Accessed 5 May 2020. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/9247]</ref> It extends to [[Tigra Dam]], and includes part of the reservoir.

It was established in 1981 to protect habitat of the [[great Indian bustard]] ''(Ardeotis nigriceps)''. It is home to many other birds, as well as [[blackbuck]] ''(Antilope cervicapra)'', [[chital]] ''(Axis axis)'', [[wild boar]], and [[striped hyena]] ''(Hyaena hyaena)''.<ref>"Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary". Wildlife in India Foundation. Accessed 5 May 2020. [https://wildlifeinindia.in/ghatigaon-wildlife-sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117040509/http://wildlifeinindia.in/ghatigaon-wildlife-sanctuary/|date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

The sanctuary in the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion. The predominant vegetation is low shrubland and woodland. The predominant tree species is [[Senegalia catechu|khair]] (''Senegalia catechu''), with [[Diospyros melanoxylon|tendu]] (''Diospyros melanoxylon''), [[Vachellia leucophloea|reonjha]] (''Vachellia leucophloea''), and others. Shrubland species include ''[[Zizyphus]]'' spp. and the grasses ''[[Eragrostis tenella]], [[Aristida hystrix]]'', and ''[[Apluda mutica]]''.<ref> Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (1997) ''Wildlife Sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement''. APH Publishing, 1997.</ref>

==External links==
* [https://wildlifeinindia.in/ghatigaon-wildlife-sanctuary/ Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary (Wildlife in India Foundation)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117040509/http://wildlifeinindia.in/ghatigaon-wildlife-sanctuary/ |date=2020-01-17 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.166|77.927|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}

[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gwalior district]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]

{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Department of Publication

2025-10-06T20:29:33Z

Hossainamzad: Created First Entry Initial Version

The '''Department of Publication,''' a subordinate office of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] at [[Government of India]] acquires, stocks and makes available books on various subjects.

It became an independent department in 1973 and provides all government publications. It provides information on publication programs, various agents and agencies along with information on [[publishing]] and distribution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Publication of Ministry of Urban Development |url=https://www.india.gov.in/department-publication-ministry-urban-development |website=National Portal of India|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction {{!}} Department of Publication|url=http://deptpub.nic.in/introduction#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Publication,%20located,Urban%20Affairs,%20Government%20of%20India.&text=It%20is%20also%20responsible%20for,and%20sale%20of%20Government%20publications.|access-date=2021-01-18|website=deptpub.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Publish-company-stub}}

[[Category:Publishing in India]]

Mannargudi railway station

2025-08-20T06:57:59Z

Hossainamzad:

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mannargudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Mannargudi Railway Station (MQ).jpg
| image_caption = Front view of Mannargudi Railway Station (MQ)
| address = JN St, Mannai Nagar, [[Mannargudi]], [[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur Junction]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.6751|79.4531|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = 17 metre
| line = [[Nagapattinam–Tiruchirappalli line]]
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| parking = Yes
| opened = 2011
| closed =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MQ<ref name="Station Code">{{cite web| url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/railway-station/MQ| website=Mustseeindia| title=Mannargudi Railway Station| access-date=13 July 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227043524/http://www.mustseeindia.com/railway-station/MQ| archive-date=27 December 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref>
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Tiruchirappalli}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = Mannargudi railway station
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
}}
'''Mannargudi railway station''' (station code: MQ) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=8 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station in [[Tiruvarur district]] serving the town of [[Mannargudi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The railway station is located off the JN St, Mannai Nagar of Mannargudi. Electrification works were completed by March 2021

==Location==
The railway station is located off the JN St, Mannai Nagar of Mannargudi. The nearest bus depot is located in [[Mannargudi]] while the nearest airport is situated {{convert| 86|km}} away in [[Tiruchirappalli]].

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Important trains==

List of some important train which originate/ Terminates at Mannargudi railway station
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Train name
|-
| 16863 / 16864 || [[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Mannargudi Weekly Express]]
|-
| 16179 / 16180 || [[Mannai Express]]
|-
| 17407 / 17408 || [[Pamani Express]]
|-
| 16615 / 16616 || [[Chemmozhi Express]]
|-
|76801 / 76802
|[[Mannargudi - Tiruchchirappalli DEMU]]
|-
|56001 / 56002
|[[Mannargudi - Mayiladuthurai Passenger]]
|}

Other stations which are directly connected with the {{stnlnk|Manamadurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Transport in Mannargudi]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Water management in Chennai

2025-08-15T01:05:23Z

Hossainamzad: Put Up A Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
The coastal city of [[Chennai]] has a metropolitan population of 10.6 million as per 2019 census. As the city lacks a perennial water source, catering the water requirements of the population has remained an arduous task. On 18 June 2019, the city's reservoirs ran dry, leaving the city in severe crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48672330|title=India's sixth largest city 'runs out of water'|date=2019-06-18|access-date=2019-06-18|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosado|first=Daniel|title=Rethinking Urban Water Management Through Drivers-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses Framework Application in Chennai, India|journal=Environmental Management|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=2024-08-06|doi=10.1007/s00267-024-02022-z |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-024-02022-z|pmc=11438619}}</ref>

Although three rivers flow through the metropolitan region and drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]], Chennai has historically relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish its water reservoirs since the rivers are polluted with sewage. With the population increasing over the decades, the city has faced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. An earlier [[Veeranam Lake|Veeranam Lake project]] aimed at augmenting the city's water supply failed. However, the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources. In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and [[rainwater harvesting]] (RWH) by [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board|Chennai Metro Water]] at its [[Anna Nagar]] Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages. Moreover, newer projects like the [[Telugu Ganga project]], which brings water from rivers such as the [[Krishna River]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], have eased water shortages. The city has constructed a couple of [[Desalination|sea water desalination plants]] to further increase the water supply, with the two functioning since 2010 and 2013, respectively. A third one has been planned. However, Chennai is expected to face a huge deficit of 713 million litres per day (MLD) as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD in 2026. As of 2017, the total volume of water harvested was 339 mcft and [[groundwater recharge]] was 170 mcft.<ref name="TH_VanishingWaterbodies">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = The vanishing waterbodies of Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 1 April 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-vanishing-waterbodies-of-chennai/article23404437.ece
| access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>

The expanded Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) has nearly 4,100 water bodies, with a potential storage capacity of 150,000 million cubic feet.<ref name="Hindu_OneMoreDesalPlant">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Chennai to get one more desalination plant, at Perur
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 22 June 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-to-get-one-more-desalination-plant-at-perur/article24224290.ece
| access-date = 28 July 2018}}</ref>

==History==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" align=right
|-
! Year
! Volume of water harvested (mcft)
! Groundwater recharge (mcft)<ref name="TH_VanishingWaterbodies"/>
|-
| 1893 || 1,335 || 667
|-
| 1954 || 1,038 || 519
|-
| 1973 || 689 || 344
|-
| 2006 || 371 || 185
|-
| 2017 || 339 || 170
|}
Until the middle of the 19th century, Chennai city received water from shallow wells and tanks, such as the [[Nungambakkam tank]], in the region. The first proposal to tap water from [[Kortalayar river]] situated about 160 km northwest of the city was forwarded by Fraser, a civil engineer. The {{INR}} 1.85-million project involved construction of a masonry weir across Kortalayar River at [[Tamaraipakkam]] and diverting the water into [[Cholavaram lake]] and further into the [[Red Hills Lake]] by means of a channel. This established the first scientifically designed [[water distribution system]] in the city. The primary works were completed in 1870, and in 1872, a valve house at Red Hills and a gravity-aided earthen supply channel to supply water were built. Within the city, water was delivered by gravity into a masonry shaft at [[Kilpauk]], where the channel ended. From here, the [[cast iron]] mains of the city branched off to carry water to different parts of the city. According to J. W. Madeley, a pioneer of Chennai water supply and sewerage system during 1914–1918, these were considered sufficient for an anticipated population of 660,000 in 1961 at a rate of 25 gallons per head per day. However, the need for further improvement was felt in 1936.<ref name="CMW_History">{{cite web
| title = Historical Background
| publisher = Chennai Metro Water
| url = http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/about/history.htm
| access-date = 21 Jul 2013}}</ref>

Estimates say that the expanse of water bodies in and around Chennai contracted from 12.6 square kilometers in 1893 to 3.2 square kilometers in 2017. There were about 60 large water bodies in the Chennai area at one time, but as of 2017, they have come down to just 28, most of which are small.<ref name="MM_TimeToRestore">{{cite journal | title = Time to restore vanishing water bodies | journal = Madras Musings | volume = XXVIII | issue = 2 | date = 1–15 May 2018 | url = http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-28-no-2/time-to-restore-vanishing-water-bodies/ | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>

==Primary water sources==
Chennai is entirely dependent on ground water resources to meet its water needs. Ground water resources in Chennai are replenished by rainwater and the city's average rainfall is 1,276 mm.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Srinivasan
| first = M. S.
| title = Desalination: Answer to Chennai's water woes
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 15 September 2003
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2003/09/15/stories/2003091500010900.htm
| access-date = 21 Jul 2013}}</ref> Chennai receives about 985 million liters per day (mld) from various sources against the required amount of 1,200 mld. This demand is expected to rise to 2,100 mld by 2031. Water to the city's residents is being supplied from desalination plants at Nemelli and Minjur; aquifers in Neyveli, Minjur and Panchetty; [[Cauvery]] water from [[Veeranam lake]]; [[Krishna River]] from Andhra Pradesh; [[Poondi reservoir]]; and lakes at [[Red Hills Lake|Red Hills]], [[Chembarambakkam]] and [[Sholavaram]].<ref name="TOI_WaterNeedsToDoubleIn3Years">{{Cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = As population surges, Chennai's water needs to double in 3 years
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 2 August 2014
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/As-population-surges-Chennais-water-needs-to-double-in-3-years/articleshow/39454917.cms
| access-date = 9 Aug 2014}}</ref>

Supply of ground water to the residents and sewage management in Chennai is taken care of by the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board (MetroWater). As of 2011, MetroWater is catering for a population of 5 million. With the expansion of the corporation area from 174 sq km to 426 sq km, which increased the number of wards of the Chennai Corporation from 155 to 200 and the number of zones from 10 to 15, MetroWater's customer base is expected to increase by an additional 1.7 million when the new areas are covered.<ref name="Hindu_MetroWaterToFathomNeeds"/> As of 2012, MetroWater supplies about 830 million litres of water every day to residents and commercial establishments.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Water level in reservoirs goes up over past ten days
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 14 December 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-level-in-reservoirs-goes-up-over-past-ten-days/article4196796.ece
| access-date = 15 Dec 2012}}</ref> Of about 800 mld supplied to the city, nearly 710 mld is transmitted through pipeline. It is estimated that the demand of the expanded city would be 1,044 mld. Similarly, MetroWater has to provide infrastructure to treat and dispose an additional 219 mld of sewage estimated to be generated in the merged areas.<ref name="Hindu_MetroWaterToFathomNeeds">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Metrowater to fathom needs of merged areas
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2611090.ece
| access-date = 21 Jul 2013}}</ref>

Chennai, after having grown into a metropolis, is now the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] (CMA) for planning purposes. The CMA has 22 water courses, including three rivers, a canal, and four reservoir tanks.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Thooyavan
| first = Kr.
| title = River basins, not stretches, should be looked at
| volume = XX
| issue = 4
| date = 1–15 June 2010
| url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%204/river-basins-not-stretches-should-be-looked-at.html
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref> This also includes 16 minor waterways.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Public consultation for Adyar river restoration to be held in Chennai on Wednesday
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 17 February 2014
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Public-consultation-for-Adyar-river-restoration-to-be-held-in-Chennai-on-Wednesday/articleshow/30576189.cms
| access-date = 18 Feb 2014}}</ref>

The city has three rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal, namely, the [[Cooum]], the [[Adyar River|Adyar]], and the [[Kosasthalaiyar River|Kosasthalaiyar]], which divide the city into north–south sections. The [[Buckingham canal]] connects all the three rivers.

There are four reservoirs in the city, namely, Red Hills, Cholavaram, Poondi and Chembarambakkam, with a combined capacity of 11,057 mcft. The Red Hills reservoir has a capacity of 3,300 mcft. The Cholavaram reservoir has a capacity of 881 mcft. The Poondi reservoir has a capacity of 3,231 mcft. The Chembarambakkam reservoir has a capacity of 3,645 mcft. The reservoirs lose 5 mcft daily due to evaporation.<ref name="Hindu_RainsReplenishReservoirs">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Rains replenish city's reservoirs
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rains-replenish-citys-reservoirs/article4023519.ece
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref> A fifth reservoir is being planned.<ref name="TOI_StateMovesCentreFor5thReservoir">{{Cite news
| title = State moves Centre for fifth reservoir in Chennai
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 21 November 2012
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/11/21&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00704&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212925/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/11/21&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00704&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 March 2016
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref>

According to the records of the Water Resources Department, only 19 of the 29 major waterbodies in the city's periphery can be restored. Nine lakes cannot be rejuvenated owing to encroachments, including those in [[Valasaravakkam]], [[Virugambakkam]], [[Mogappair]], [[Adambakkam]], [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]], [[Senneerkuppam]], [[Thalakancheri]], [[Ullagaram]], and [[Maduravoyal]]. Once rejuvenated completely, the remaining lakes will have a combined storage capacity of 1,000 million cubic feet (mcft). In addition, if the four primary reservoirs are desilted by a metre, an additional water volume of about 500 mcft can be stored.<ref name="TH_VanishingWaterbodies"/>

The city supplies 830 million litres of water per day. The city will get additional 1030 mld from sources such as Minjur desalination plant (100 mld), Krishna water (500 mld), Nemeli desalination plant (100 mld), Nemeli desalination plant-2 (150 mld) and Cauvery water from Veeranam Tank (180 mld).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Chennai: new plant to ensure water supply
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The New Indian Express
| date = 12 June 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-new-plant-to-ensure-water-supply/265605-62-130.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130714224221/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-new-plant-to-ensure-water-supply/265605-62-130.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 July 2013
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref> In 2026 planned to get another additional 400 mld from Perur Desalination Plant which is the fourth Desalination Plant in the City.

By December 2013, with the Nemmeli plant's contribution going up from 80 to 100 MLD, the desalination plants in Nemmeli and Minjur and the new Veeranam project contribute more than 60 percent of the city's supply, which then was 575 MLD.<ref name="Hindu_NemmeliDesalGeneratesFull">{{cite news
| title = Nemmeli desal plant generates at full capacity
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 December 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nemmeli-desal-plant-generates-at-full-capacity/article5490472.ece
| access-date = 21 Mar 2014}}</ref>

It is estimated that as many as 3,600 tanks in and around the Chennai metro area (covering the whole of Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur districts), if properly preserved and networked, can provide five times the quantum of water that the city needs in normal times. Water harnessed through these tanks is estimated to be about 80,000 million cubic feet (TMC).<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = T.
| title = Well-maintained tanks can bail out city
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 11 September 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/well-maintained-tanks-can-bail-out-city/article19656761.ece
| access-date = 30 September 2017}}</ref>

As of 2018, nearly 50 to 60 percent of the water supplied in Chennai and its suburbs is through private water tankers, which supply about 20,000 tanker loads of water every day, sourced from areas such as [[Mambakkam]], [[Tiruporur]], [[Poonamallee]], [[Ayapakkam]], and [[Manjambakkam]]. About 80 percent of households in the Chennai Metropolitan Area consume packaged drinking water. About 20 million liters of packaged drinking water are sold in the city daily.<ref>{{cite news
| title = To tackle water crisis, Metrowater pitches in
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 16 October 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/to-tackle-water-crisis-metrowater-pitches-in/article25231742.ece
| access-date = 16 October 2018}}</ref>

===Management of the resources===

====Water level and quality====
The water level varies between different regions of the city, such as sandy, clay, and rock areas. Sandy areas include New Washermenpet, George Town, Manali, Porur and Besant Nagar, where the water level stood between 5 m and 6 m in 2012. Clay areas include Kolathur, Pulianthope, Ambattur, Sholinganallur, K.K.Nagar and Virugambakkam, where the level was at 5.5 m to 6 m in 2012. Hard rock areas include Guindy, Perungudi, Taramani and Velachery, where the level stood at 6.5 metre in the same period. Unlike sandy area, recharge and dip in water level in hard rock areas is faster. The water quality too varies across the city. In 2012, the level of total dissolved solids ranged between 600 parts per million (ppm) and 1,500 ppm across the city against the permissible limit of 500 ppm.<ref name="Hindu_5000RWHToComeUp"/>

The water level and quality is monitored by the Metrowater from 145 observation wells spread across the expanded city. As of 2012, the average water level in the city ranges between 5 and 6 metre. The water level dips to its maximum during June when there is not much recharge. The level raises to a shallow depth of 1.5 m to 2m in January, immediately after the northeast monsoon.<ref name="Hindu_5000RWHToComeUp">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
|author2=Deepa H. Ramakrishnan
| title = 5,000 RWH structures to come up in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 April 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3343121.ece
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref>

Although Chennai scores high in the working ratio in water utility, a measure of their operational efficiency, financial health and stability, compared to most of the other Indian cities, it still shows a poor working ratio, according to a study by Ernst & Young.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Water utilities in major cities have weak working ratios: E&Y
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 May 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article3449022.ece?ref=wl_opinion
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, the Chennai Corporation began work on construction of 5,000 rainwater harvesting structures in stormwater drains.<ref name="Hindu_5000RWHToComeUp"/>

====Treatment plants====
Chennai has [[reverse osmosis]] plants, namely, at [[Velachery]], [[Nochikuppam]], [[Kasimedu]], and [[Ayodhyakuppam]]. The plants take in raw brackish water from bore wells, store in tanks, and then purify before supply.

Water treatment plants are located at [[Kilpauk]] (270 mld), [[Puzhal]] (300 mld), [[Vadakuthu]] (Veeranam Lake source) (180 mld), and [[Chembarambakkam]] (530 mld).

==Sewage management==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2019}}

===Sewage===
As of 2019, Chennai generates 550 million liters of sewage every day.<ref name="TOI_2ndSewagePlant">{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
| title = Second sewage treatment plant from November 29, Chennai to get 20MLD more
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 23 November 2019
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/second-sewage-treatment-plant-from-nov-29-city-to-get-20mld-more/articleshow/72192188.cms
| access-date = 29 December 2019}}</ref> The sewage system in the city was designed in 1910 for an estimated 1961 population of 660,000. Some modifications were in 1958.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ann
| first = Ekatha
| title = Rain opens city's filthy underbelly
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 October 1567
| url = http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Rain-opens-citys-filthy-underbelly-22102014004026
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20141026151056/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Rain-opens-citys-filthy-underbelly-22102014004026
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 October 2014
| access-date = 26 October 2014}}</ref> A comprehensive improvement to the city sewerage system was designed in 1958 for an estimated 1976 population of 2.55 million and a 1991 population of 2.72 million at a sewage flow rate of 110 lpcd in 1976 and 180 lpcd in 1991. The city was divided into five zones with proposals for five independent disposal works. It was planned to isolate the system of collection, transmission and disposal of sewage in each zone in order to obviate the difficulties of the relay system. Presently, the sewerage network in Chennai city has covered 98 percent of its old area covering 174 sq km. As the capacity of sewers was limited, during rainy days they became surcharged due to ingress of storm water. Any surplus of sewage in excess of pumping stations capacity was drained into the nearby natural water courses of the city, namely, Cooum river, Adyar river, Buckingham canal and Otteri nullah.

===Sewage treatment===
Until 2005–06, the total capacity of the sewage treatment plants in the city was 222 million litres a day. With the JNNURM project, there was a capacity addition in the city and its periphery with the total volume rising to 486 MLD. As of 2011, another two plants with a total capacity of 114 MLD were under construction.

===Tertiary treatment plant===
In October 2019, a 45-MLD tertiary treatment plant began its operations at [[Kodungaiyur]].<ref name="TH_2ndTreatmentPlant"/>

A {{INR}}4,862.1-million second tertiary treatment plant at Koyambedu with a capacity of 45 million liters a day (MLD) started functioning from November 2019. It caters to the SIPCOT industrial belt in [[Irungattukottai]], [[Sriperumbudur]] and [[Oragadam]]. This freed up nearly 25 MLD of freshwater from Chembarambakkam lake that had been provided for industrial use so far for domestic water supply. The treated wastewater will be supplied to 691 industries through a 60-km-long pipeline. The Koyambedu plant is India's largest tertiary treatment reverse osmosis plant.<ref name="TH_2ndTreatmentPlant">{{cite news
| title = City gets its second tertiary treatment plant at Koyambedu
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 30 November 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-gets-its-second-tertiary-treatment-plant-at-koyambedu/article30119590.ece
| access-date = 29 December 2019}}</ref>

There are provisions to increase each of these plant's capacity to 60 MLD. These plants treat and reuse nearly 20 percent of the sewage generated in the city.<ref name="TH_2ndTreatmentPlant"/>

==Water projects==

===Brought-in water projects===

====New Veeranam Project====
In 2004, during Jayalalitha's regime, the New Veeranam Project was inaugurated to supply 180 MLD water to Chennai as additional source of water, drawing water from [[Veeranam Lake]]. Located about 225 km south of Chennai, the tank is situated in the tail of the [[Cauvery river]] system in the state as it gets the supply through the [[Vadavar channel]] from the [[Lower Anicut]] on the [[Coleroon]] (Kollidam) besides rainwater from its own catchment area. The capacity of the lake is 1,465 mcft. According to the Policy Note of the State Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department for 2012–2013, MetroWater supplies about 765 MLD to domestic consumers in the city and about 65 MLD of water to bulk consumers such as adjacent local bodies and industries located in the Chennai Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = CM orders release of 185 MLD to Chennai from Veeranam tank
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cm-orders-release-of-185-mld-to-chennai-from-veeranam-tank/article4025883.ece
| access-date = 14 Jul 2013}}</ref>

;Mechanism
The lake water is treated at Vadakuthu Water Treatment Plant by pumping raw water at a distance of 20 km from Sethiathope to Vadakuthu through 1,775 mm diameter mild steel pipe.<ref name="CMW_AboutUs"/> The treated water is then pumped at a distance of 8 km to break pressure tank at [[Kadampuliyur]] through 1,750 mm diameter mild steel pipe,<ref name="CMW_AboutUs"/> from where the water is conveyed to a distance of about 230 km<ref name="Hindu_VeeranamTankWaterRises">{{Cite news
| title = Veeranam tank water rises
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 10 August 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/veeranam-tank-water-rises/article5007647.ece
| access-date = 18 Aug 2013}}</ref> through the mild steel pipe of 1,875 mm and 1,500 mm dia by gravity to [[Porur]] water distribution station in Chennai.<ref name="CMW_AboutUs"/> From this distribution station, water is pumped to a distance of 1.2 km and distributed to Chennai city through trunk mains and water distribution stations.<ref name="CMW_AboutUs">{{cite web
| title = About Us
| publisher = Chennai Metro Water
| url = http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/about/about.htm
| access-date = 21 Jul 2013}}</ref>

===Desalination projects===

====Minjur desalination plant====
{{Main|Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant}}
The first seawater desalination plant in the city was commissioned in July 2010 at Minjur with a capacity of 100 mld.

====Nemmeli Desalination Plant====
{{Main|Nemmeli Seawater Desalination Plant}}
The second desalination plant was commissioned at Nemmeli in February 2013 and the city got an additional supply of 100 mld of water.

====Third desalination plant====
The third desalination plant near the Nemmeli plant with a capacity of 150 MLD at a cost of {{INR}} 12,593.8 million, planned in 2013, being built on a 10.50-acre plot of vacant land near the existing plant at Nemmeli is expected to be completed by December 2021.<ref name="Hindu_NemmeliDesalGeneratesFull"/><ref name="TH_WorkOnThirdBegins">{{Cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Work on a third desalination plant in Nemmeli to begin by October-end
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 18 October 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/work-on-a-third-desalination-plant-to-begin-by-this-month-end/article29729178.ece
| access-date = 28 December 2019}}</ref>

====Fourth desalination plant====
In 2018, the fourth desalination plant was planned at Perur along the East Coast Road with a capacity to treat 400 million liters of water a day at a cost of {{INR}} 39,121.6 million.<ref name="Hindu_OneMoreDesalPlant"/><ref>{{Cite news
| last = Rohit
| first = T. K.
| title = Panel clears 400 MLD desalination plant on ECR
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 4 June 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/panel-clears-400-mld-desalination-plant-on-ecr/article24074441.ece
| access-date = 7 August 2018}}</ref> As of 2019, the cost increased to {{INR}} 60,780 million and is expected to be completed by 2024 when it will serve 2.3 million people in southern suburbs of Chennai and areas such as Virugambakkam and Porur.<ref name="TH_WorkOnThirdBegins"/>

===Thervoykandigai Reservoir===
In November 2012, the state government sought permission from the Union ministry of environment and forests for environmental clearance to build a one-tmcft reservoir at Thervoykandigai in [[Tiruvallur district]] to augment drinking water supply for the city, which if realized, would become the fifth reservoir in the metropolitan region. As the project alignment also included about 56 acres of reserve forest area, the state also sought clearance from the forest department. The reservoir will be built by linking Kannankottai and Thervoykandigai tanks. To carry water to the new reservoir, an off-take canal from Kandaleru–Poondi canal for about 8.3 km will be built. The state also initiated the acquisition of 1.378.16 acres, roughly estimated to cost {{INR}} 1,600 million.<ref name="TOI_StateMovesCentreFor5thReservoir"/> The [[Thervoy Kandigai reservoir]] commissioned on 21 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-5th-reservoir-for-chennai-on-november-21/articleshow/79255643.cms|title=Amit Shah to inaugurate 5th reservoir for Chennai on November 21 | Chennai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The reservoir has been constructed at a cost of Rs 380 crore and around 1,485 acres of land acquired <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chennai-s-new-source-water-five-things-know-about-thervoy-kandigai-reservoir-138041|title = Chennai's new source of water: Five things to know about Thervoy Kandigai reservoir|date = 20 November 2020}}</ref>

==Future projects==
The existing reservoir capacity is expected to be augmented by 4.20 TMC ft at a cost of {{INR}} 18,510 million. The new storage capacity will be created at Thervaikandigai, Thirukandalam and Ramanjeri by 1 TMC ft each. Another 0.9 TMC ft will be added by restoring six tanks, namely, Nemam, Porur, Iyambakkam, Ambattur, Korattur and Madhavaram and a further 0.3 TMC ft by deepening the Cholavaram tank. There is also a proposal to build a 400-MLD desalination plant to fill the present gap in water supply in the city.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} In 2011, the Chief Minister ordered desilting of few more lakes in the metropolitan area at a cost of {{INR}} 1,300 million. The Cholavaram lake will be desilted and strengthened at a cost of {{INR}} 5 million and the capacity will be increased to 1,080 million tmc ft. The Porur lake will be desilted and deepened further at a cost of {{INR}} 200 million and its capacity will be increased to 70 million tmc ft. The banks of Ayanambakkam lake will be strengthened, the water body will be deepened and its capacity will be increased to 314 million tmc ft at a cost of {{INR}} 300 million. The Nemam lake will be refurbished and its capacity will be increased to 577 million tmc ft at a total cost of {{INR}} 795 million. A total of 568 million tmc ft water can be stored additionally in these lakes with this initiative.<ref name="NewsToday_WaterProblemSolved">{{Cite news
| title = Jayalalithaa : Chennai water problem solved
| newspaper = News Today Net.com
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 December 2011
| url = http://newstodaynet.com/newsindex.php?id=27602%20&%20section=7
| access-date = 20 Dec 2011}}</ref>

In October 2013, the Ministry of Earth Sciences and the Tamil Nadu government proposed to set up a 10 MLD low-temperature thermal desalination plant about 40 km from Chennai. A detailed project report is being prepared by Larsen and Toubro and the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), which is expected to complete the report in 18 months. The operating cost of producing per litre of water in the barge-mounted desalination plant is 19 paise.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Shivakumar
| first = C.
| title = Thermal desalination is the new spring
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 17 October 2013
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Thermal-desalination-is-the-new-spring/2013/10/17/article1838983.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017122614/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Thermal-desalination-is-the-new-spring/2013/10/17/article1838983.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 17 October 2013
| access-date = 19 Oct 2013}}</ref>

With the city's water supply position remaining grim over the past few years owing to considerable reduction in water flowing into Chennai's drinking water reservoirs, Tamil Nadu government has cleared yet another desalination plant at Nemmeli on East Coast Road. The plant, with a capacity of 150 MLD, is estimated to cost {{INR}} 13,720 million.<ref name="Hindu_NemmeliDesalGeneratesFull"/>

==See also==
* [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]
* [[2015 South Indian floods]]
{{Portal bar|India|Water}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/ Official website of Chennai Metro Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823042753/http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/ |date=23 August 2009 }}
* [http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/case-study-chennai-metropolitan-water-supply/1/203655.html Quenching Chennai's Thirst: A case study]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}

[[Category:Geography of Chennai]]
[[Category:Government of Chennai]]
[[Category:Environment of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Water resource management in India|Chennai]]
[[Category:Water management|Chennai]]

Jagjivan Ram Shramik Mahavidyalaya

2025-08-03T10:17:29Z

Hossainamzad: further refine structure for accuracy also

{{Short description|College in Bihar, India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=September 2022}}
{{One source|date=September 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university |
name =Jagjivan Ram Shramik Mahavidyalaya|
image = |
established = 1957|
type = Undergraduate College|
principal = |
city = Jamalpur, [[Munger]] |
state = [[Bihar]] |
country = [[India]] |
colors = |
affiliations = [[Munger University]]
|
website = https://jrscollege.org |
}}

'''Jagjivan Ram Shramik Mahavidyalaya''', also known as '''J.R.S. College''', established in 15 August 1957, is a general degree college in [[Munger]], [[Bihar]]. It is a [[constituent college]] of [[Munger University]] and offers undergraduate courses in science, arts and commerce.

==Departments==

===Science===

*Chemistry
*Physics
*Mathematics
*Zoology
*Botany

===Arts ===

*English
*Hindi
*Bangla
*Economics
*Political Science
*Philosophy
*History

==Accreditation==
Jagjivan Ram Shramik Mahavidyalaya was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.jrscollege.org}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Munger University]]
[[Category:Education in Munger district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}

Lancelot Sanderson

2025-07-29T08:35:18Z

Hossainamzad:

{{short description|British politician and judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Lancelot Sanderson Conservative MP.jpg|thumb|Lancelot Sanderson, Conservative MP]]
'''Sir Lancelot Sanderson''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KC}} (24 October 1863 – 9 March 1944) was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and judge in [[British India]].

A [[barrister]] of the [[Inner Temple]], he was appointed [[Recorder (judge)|Recorder]] of [[Wigan]] in 1901<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27378|page=7472|date=19 November 1901}}</ref> and [[took silk]] in 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27531|page=1415|date=3 March 1903}}</ref>
He was elected as [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)|Appleby division]] of [[Westmorland]] at the [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910 general election]], regaining a formerly Conservative seat which had been held by [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] MPs since [[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900]].<ref name="craig1918-1949">{{cite book
|last=Craig
|first=F. W. S.
|author-link= F. W. S. Craig
|title=British parliamentary election results 1918–1949
|orig-year=1969
|edition=3rd
|year=1983
|publisher= Parliamentary Research Services
|location=Chichester
|isbn= 0-900178-06-X
|page=412
}}</ref> He was re-elected in [[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|the general election of December 1910]], but [[resignation from the British House of Commons|resigned his seat]]<ref name="hoc-resignations">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-04731.pdf |title=Appointments to the Chiltern Hundreds and Manor of Northstead Stewardships since 1850 |author=Department of Information Services |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |date=9 June 2009 |access-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206041753/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-04731.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2011 }}</ref> and recordership in October 1915, when he was appointed Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court|High Court of Judicature]] in [[Calcutta]] after Justice [[Lawrence Hugh Jenkins]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29368|page=11337|date=16 November 1915}}</ref> Upon his resignation from that position in 1926, Sanderson was appointed to the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] and sat on the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] from 1934 until 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34211|page=6697|date=25 October 1935}}</ref> He died in [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] aged 80.

Sanderson was also a [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lancelot Sanderson player profile|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/32/32582/32582.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref> He played two [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches; the first for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] in 1884, and the second for the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] four years later.<ref>{{cite web|title=First-class matches played by Lancelot Sanderson|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/32/32582/First-Class_Matches.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 March 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-lancelot-sanderson | Lancelot Sanderson }}
* {{Rayment-hc|external links=y|date=March 2012}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)|Appleby]]
| years = [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910]] – [[1915 Appleby by-election|1915]]
| before = [[Leif Jones]]
| after = [[Cecil Lowther]]
}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before=Sir [[Lawrence Hugh Jenkins]] | title=[[Calcutta High Court#List of Chief Justices|Chief Justice of Bengal]] | years=1915–1926 | after=Sir [[George Claus Rankin]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanderson, Lancelot}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Lancashire cricketers]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]

{{UK-law-bio-stub}}
{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{England-Conservative-UK-MP-1860s-stub}}

Bank of Bombay (1720)

2025-07-16T22:13:53Z

Hossainamzad: starting initial pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian bank (now dissolved)}}
{{distinguish|Bank of Bombay}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bank of Bombay
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Public sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = Defunct
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1720
| founder = [[East India Company]]
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1770|03|31}}
| location_city = [[Bombay]]
| locations = [[Bombay Presidency]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Loans, Deposits
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage =
}}

The '''Bank of Bombay''' was the [[List of oldest banks in India|second-oldest bank in India]] after [[The Madras Bank (1683)]]. It was started in 1720, and lasted until 1770.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|last=Lentin|first=Sifra|title=Indian banking's chequered history|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/indian-banking-history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515055124/http://www.gatewayhouse.in:80/indian-banking-history |website=www.gatewayhouse.in|archive-date=15 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://groww.in/blog/the-evolution-of-banking-in-india/|title=The Evolution of Banking in India|date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

The bank is one of the three oldest Banks in India, along with [[The Madras Bank (1683)]] and the [[Bank of Hindostan]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/banking/evolution-of-banking/list-of-4-banks-in-india-before-independence/5336|title=List of 4 Banks in India Before Independence|date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

== History ==

=== Founding ===

The bank was founded in 1720. The initial capital of the bank was 100,000 [[Indian Rupee|rupees]] and the amount was financed by the [[East India Company]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Banking, Trade and Commerce|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/banking.html|url-status=live|access-date=May 22, 2021|website=cultural.maharashtra.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729034954/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in:80/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/banking.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref>

The bank was founded by the British employees of the East India Company in Bombay, [[Bombay Presidency]]. The Bank's initial headquarters were in the [[Bombay Castle]].<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pelley|first1=J. W.|last2=Little|first2=G. H.|last3=Linn|first3=T. C.|last4=Hall|first4=F. F.|date=February 1976|title=Lipoamide dehydrogenase in serum: a preliminary report|journal=Clinical Chemistry|volume=22|issue=2|pages=275–277|doi=10.1093/clinchem/22.2.275|issn=0009-9147|pmid=2395|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Management ===

The bank was staffed by mostly British nationals who were drawn mainly from the East India Company.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/building-an-indian-bank-pnb-s-swadeshi-roots/story-KEkTtPjYZFavysXKaxB3RK.html|title=Building an Indian bank: PNB's Swadeshi roots|date=7 April 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The bank was managed by the government of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="auto2"/>

=== Final Years ===

In the 1760s, the bank owned a sum of 28,00,000 rupees to its creditors. Moreover the assets mortgaged to the Bank had fallen into disrepair. The bank found itself in a precarious financial situation. The government of the [[Bombay Presidency]] decided to write off the dues of the bank and establish [[Bank of Bombay|a new bank with the same name]] to take its place.<ref name="auto2"/>

The Bank wound up its operations in 1770.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum|website=rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>

== Legacy ==

The bank is chiefly notable for being only [[List of oldest banks in India|the second bank founded in India]], making it older than all other Indian banks except [[The Madras Bank (1683)]].<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/banking/history-of-banking-in-india.html|title=History of Banking in India|website=www.thecivilindia.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

In 1840, [[Bank of Bombay|another bank of the same name]] was founded to take its place. However this 1840 bank has survived to the present day in the form of the [[State Bank of India]], through its predecessor the [[Imperial Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bankingsutranet.wordpress.com/2017/07/31/history-of-banking/|title=History of Banking in India : Era of Indian Banking Industry|date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of oldest banks in India]]
*[[List of banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gatewayhouse.in/indian-banking-history/ History of the Bank of Bombay]
* [https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/banking/evolution-of-banking/list-of-4-banks-in-india-before-independence/5336 History of the Bank]
* [http://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/banking/history-of-banking-in-india.html History of the Bank]

{{Banking in India}}
{{SBI}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bank of Bombay}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1720]]

Bihar Politics

2025-07-11T14:25:59Z

Hossainamzad: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Politics of Bihar]]
{{rcs|
{{r from alternative}}
{{r from merge}}
}}

Abdul Momin (politician)

2025-06-01T21:21:22Z

Hossainamzad: slightly cleaned up structure additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{about|the Bangladeshi politician|the 24th sultan of Brunei|Abdul Momin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Momin
| native_name = আবদুল মোমিন
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Abdul Momin (politician).jpg
| constituency_MP = [[Netrokona-2]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 28 October 2001
| term_end = 16 July 2004
| predecessor = [[Fazlur Rahman Khan (politician)|Fazlur Rahman Khan]]
| successor = [[Abu Abbas]]
| constituency_MP1 = [[Netrokona-4]]
| parliament1 = Bangladesh
| term_start1 = 14 July 1996
| term_end1 = 13 July 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Lutfozzaman Babar]]
| successor1 = Lutfozzaman Babar
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2004|07|16|df=y|75}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| spouse = [[Rebecca Momin]]
| birth_date = 1929
}}
'''Abdul Momin''' (1929 – 16 July 2004) was a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Netrokona-4]] and [[Netrokona-2]] constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of 7th Parliament Members |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-7th-parliament-members-bangla |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064449/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/7th%20Parliament%20.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of 8th Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/8th%20Parliament%20.pdf |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918161135/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/8th%20Parliament%20.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> He also served as the [[Ministry of Food (Bangladesh)|food minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=1st death anniversary of Liberation War organiser, former minister Abdul Momin observed |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/1st-death-anniversary-of-liberation-war-organiser-former-minister-abdul-momin-observed |access-date=2023-07-12 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Momin was married to [[Rebecca Momin]]. Momin died on 16 July 2004 in [[Bangladesh Medical College Hospital]], Dhaka, Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=AL's Netrakona MP Momin passes away |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/07/16/d40716011919.htm |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=The Daily Star |agency=UNB |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055209/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/07/16/d40716011919.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Momin, Abdul}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Netrokona District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of food of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

{{Mymensingh-AL-politician-stub}}

Reginald Maxwell (civil servant)

2025-04-19T18:22:35Z

Hossainamzad: created data!

{{Short description|British administrator and civil servant}}
'''Sir Reginald Maitland Maxwell''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCIE|KCSI}} (24 August 1882 – 29 July 1967) was a British administrator in India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he spent much of his career in the [[Bombay Presidency]], before moving into the service of the [[Government of India]]. He was Home Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Governor-General's Executive Council]] from 1938 to 1944.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=31 July 1967 |title=Sir Reginald Maxwell |work=[[The Times]] |pages=8}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Who's Who|title=Maxwell, Sir Reginald Maitland|id=53793|type=was}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Reginald Maxwell was the son of John Maxwell, of Richmond, head of a London publishing firm.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 August 1941 |title=Sketch of Sir Reginald Maxwell's Career |work=Indian Information |publisher=Government of India |pages=181 |volume=9 |issue=78}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> His grandfather, also [[John Maxwell (publisher)|John Maxwell]], was also a publisher, while the novelist [[W. B. Maxwell]] was an uncle.<ref name=":2" /> On his mother's side, his grandparents were the long-time proprietors of the [[Theatre Royal, Edinburgh]].<ref name=":2" />

Maxwell was educated at [[Marlborough College]] and [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He passed into the [[Indian Civil Service]] by examination in 1905, arrived in India in November 1906, and spent the next 30 years in the [[Bombay Presidency]]. He was private secretary to the [[Governor of Bombay]], [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|Sir George Lloyd]], from 1920 to 1921. He also served as private secretary to [[Frederick Sykes|Sir Frederick Sykes]] from 1929 to 1931.<ref name=":0" />

He retired from the ICS in 1944 and returned to the United Kingdom, where he was appointed Adviser to the Secretary of State for India, which he held until Indian independence in 1947.<ref name=":0" />

Maxwell was also a noted collector of butterflies, giving 6,000 specimens to the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London between 1950 and 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darby |first=Michael |title=The British Foundations of Indian Entomology |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2024 |pages=206}}</ref>

== Honours ==
Maxwell was appointed CIE in 1923, CSI in 1933, knighted KCSI in 1939, and GCIE in 1944.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|80620|Sir Reginald Maitland Maxwell}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maxwell, Reginald}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:British lepidopterists]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford]]

Niranjan Kaushik

2024-07-23T07:47:53Z

Hossainamzad: created a data!

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter and film director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2023}}
{{COI|date=January 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niranjan Kaushik
| image =
| birth_place = India
| alma_mater = Mithibai College
| occupation = Filmmaker
| notable_works = 9 Hours (Disney+Hotstar), Karenjit Kaur (Zee5), Candy (Voot)
}}

<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Mad Men: Who Wants To Be Don Draper? |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/live/indias-mad-men-who-wants-to-be-don-draper/39637/1 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='9 Hours' trailer shows up the violent side of robberies - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/9-hours-trailer-shows-up-the-violent-side-of-robberies/articleshow/91746269.cms |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=ChakaaChak gifts 'ease of cleaning' in its new campaign, Marketing & Advertising News, ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/chakaachak-gifts-ease-of-cleaning-in-its-new-campaign/90775757 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bapna |first=Amit |title=Ad folks who took a mid professional plunge to go solo |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ad-folks-who-took-a-mid-professional-plunge-to-go-solo/articleshow/8674805.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref>'''Niranjan Kaushik''' is an Indian born film director, show-runner, content creator / curator, screenwriter and an advertising professional. His works include [[9 Hours]] ([[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]+[[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=9 Hours trailer out: Krish Jagarlamudi's series gives peek into the violent side of robberies |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/may/23/9-hourstrailer-out-krish-jagarlamudis-series-givespeek-into-the-violent-side-of-robberies-31685.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Candy ([[Voot]]), [[Karenjit Kaur – The Untold Story of Sunny Leone|Karenjit Kaur]] ([[ZEE5|Zee5]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Pooja Biraia |date=21 December 2019 |title=Web works |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2019/12/20/web-works.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> and advertising for brands like [[Lee Cooper]], [[L'Oréal|L'Oreal Paris]], [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]], [[Volkswagen]], [[HSBC]], [[Asian Paints]], [[Cadbury]], [[Hitachi]] and [[Airtel India|Airtel]]. Besides advertising, he's written extensively for [[Gentleman (magazine)|''Gentleman'']]. In the past, he has also written for the Bollywood film magazine ''Star & Style'',.

He grew up in Mumbai, went to school, and later to college in the same city, and is a graduate in chemistry from the University of Bombay. He speaks English, Hindi, Marathi and Tamil fluently and is reasonably conversant with Spanish, Telugu and Gujarati.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-12-27 |title=Rewind 2022: The pick of Telugu web series, sports and political dramas to meet-cute stories |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rewind-2022-the-pick-of-telugu-web-series/article66306435.ece |access-date=2023-01-17 |issn=0971-751X}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]

33 kV Substation, Perunad

2023-05-21T03:00:19Z

Hossainamzad: starting basic info w/ infobox

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Companies|date=January 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala State Electricity Board Limited
| logo = K.S.E.B Logo.png
| type = Public Sector Company
| foundation = February 16, 2012
| parent = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| location =[[Perunad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| key_people = ''' Jibin Samuel''' (Assistant Engineer) 

'''Linu M Rajan''' (Sub Engineer)
| area_served =[[Kerala]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Electric power transmission|Transmission]]
| products = [[Electricity]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [http://www.kseb.in/ kseb.in]
}}
'''33 kV substation, Perunad''' is a transmission part of Kerala State Electricity Board, a public sector agency of under the Government of Kerala, India, that transmits the electricity supply in the state. Established in 2012, the agency comes under the authority of the Department of Power.

Perunad Substation inaugurated by Minister [[Aryadan Muhammed]].

==General==
There is only 1 no. 5 MVA, 33 kV Power transformer installed in the bay. The station auxiliary supply is taken from a 250 kVA, 11 kV transformer which is tapped from the 11 kV bus, in the station.

In addition to RPG 1 and RPG 2.2 No: 11 kV feeders in the 11 kV bus. One is an 11 kV town feeder from this station for feeding the nearby [[Vadasserikkara]], [[Perunad]] area. Hence 11 kV town and 11 kV Perunad breaker can be put in alternate use. Similarly two 11 kV AB switches are installed in the substation compound for the selection of 11 kV TOWN/PERUNAD supply. The maintenance of the ABs and its DPs are carried out by Electrical section Vadasserikkara.

The custodian of feeders such as RPG-1, RPG-2, 33 kV PTPE etc. are Electrical section [[Vadasserikkara]].

The 11 kV Town/Perunad feeder can be extended to 11 kV Vadasserikkara feeder from the [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]] 110 kV substation. Usually this is done by the field staff of Electrical section, Vadasserikkara by closing the 11 kV Delta AB. During the failure of the 33 kV PTPE feeder, the SHEP R-PND is connected to the grid through 11k V Vadasserikkara feeder, the load in the Vadasserikkara feeder is regulated by Electrical section Vadasserikkara for easy synchronisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kseb.in/downloads/Reports/52nd-aar-kseb.pdf |title=Annual Administration Report {{!}} Kerala State Electricity Board |access-date=2015-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209153902/http://www.kseb.in/downloads/Reports/52nd-aar-kseb.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-09 }}</ref>

==Introduction==
The substation is fed from 110 kV substation Pathanamthitta through one 33 kV feeder (33 kV PTPE feeder). The two 11 kV feeders RPG 1.RPG-2 are fed from the small 2x2 MW hydroelectric project at Ranni Perunad works under the tail race of 12 MW, Maniyar Hydro Electric Project by [[Carborundum Universal]] Ltd. The RPG-1 and RPG-2 are mainly used for the power evacuation from R-PND SHEP while on generation and also used for taking auxiliary supply from R-PND 33 kV substation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ksebnet.com/kseboard/filedownload.asp?FileName=transfers%2FDriverGT10.pdf |title=Kerala State Electricity Board |access-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101747/http://www.ksebnet.com/kseboard/filedownload.asp?FileName=transfers%2FDriverGT10.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Feeder==

{| class="wikitable" id="toc" : left; margin-left: 2em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="3"
!colspan="3"|'''Feeders in Perunad substation'''
|-
|'''Feeder Name'''||'''Voltage Level'''||'''Handling Electrical Section'''
|-
|RPG-1||11 kV||Vadasserikkara Section
|-
|RPG-2||11 kV||Vadasserikkara Section
|-
|PTPE||33 kV||Vadasserikkara Section
|-
|[[Perunad]]||11 kV||Vadasserikkara Section
|-
|Perunad Town||11 kV||Vadasserikkara Section
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electric power transmission infrastructure in India]]

Nawapara Airport

2022-09-19T04:49:23Z

Hossainamzad: adjusted details and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Nuapada Airstrip]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}