Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1978

2026-05-08T09:57:09Z

HoracePettigrew: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Glory (TV series)

2026-05-08T03:21:27Z

HoracePettigrew: created new post more to come

{{Short description|Indian streaming television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Sports films|Sports]]
| creator = Karmanya Ahuja [[Karan Anshuman]]
| writer = Karmanya Ahuja [[Karan Anshuman]] Vaibhav Vishal
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Karan Anshuman
* Kanishk Varma
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divyenndu]]
* [[Pulkit Samrat]]
* Suvinder Vicky
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Sayani Gupta]]
* [[Sikandar Kher]]
}}
| music =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = Arif Mir Nishant Pandey
| location = 
| cinematography = John Schmidt
| editor =
| runtime = 47–60 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2026|05|01|df=y}}
}}

'''''Glory''''' is a [[Hindi]]-language [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[Sports film|sports]] television series written and directed by [[Karan Anshuman]] and Kanishk Varma for [[Netflix]]. It stars [[Divyenndu]], [[Pulkit Samrat]] and Suvinder Vicky as pivotal role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glory |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/glory-web-series-130739 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets360]] |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Glory’ trailer: Netflix series promises high-stakes boxing drama with thrills and suspense |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/glory-trailer-netflix-boxing-drama-thrills-and-suspense-divyendu-pulkit-sharma-murder-mystery/article70877546.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

It was released on [[Netflix]] on 1 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghav |first1=Vanshika |title=OTT releases this month (May 2026): Glory, Citadel Season 2, The Punisher- 11 new titles coming on Netflix, Prime Video, JioHotstar and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ott-releases-this-month-may-2026-glory-citadel-season-2-the-punisher-10-new-titles-coming-on-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-and-more-1777541874371 |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[WION|Wion]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divyenndu]] as Devinder Singh
* [[Pulkit Samrat]] as Ravinder Singh
* Suvinder Vicky as Raghubir Singh
* [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]] as Gudiya
* [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] as Bharti
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Viju Sangwan
* [[Sayani Gupta]] as Joyna Hazarika
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Sarpanch
* [[Sikandar Kher]] as Kookie Yadav
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as DSP
* [[Vishal Vashishtha]] as Inspector
* Tanisha Sharma as Sonika
* Kunal Thakur as Raka Singh Beniwal
* Vladimir Angelove as Alexei Rustinov
* Yugam Sood as Nihal Singh

== Release ==
''Glory'' started to premier at [[Netflix]] from 1 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghav |first1=Vanshika |title=New OTT releases this week (April 27-May 3, 2026): Glory to Lawrence of Punjab- 7 movies and TV shows coming on Netflix, Prime Video and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/new-ott-releases-this-week-april-27-may-3-2026-glory-to-lawrence-of-punjab-7-movies-and-tv-shows-coming-on-netflix-prime-video-and-more-1777197536819 |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[WION|Wion]] |date=27 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=OTT releases this week (April 27 to May 3): 'Wuthering Heights', 'Glory', 'The Kerala Story 2', 'Aadu 3' and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/ott-releases-this-week-april-27-to-may-3-wuthering-heights-glory-the-kerala-story-2-aadu-3-and-more/articleshow/130605464.cms |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anuj Kumar for ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated the series "a cohesive whole for viewers attuned to logical consistency and tonal balance."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=‘Glory’ series review: Karan Anshuman shines light on the darkness around the Olympic dream |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/glory-series-review-karan-anshuman-suvinder-vicky-divyenndu-pulkit-samrat-kashmira-pardeshi/article70928029.ece | url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series 2/5 stars and raised concern about violence shown stating "Animals aren’t spared either."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |author1-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Glory review: Divyenndu, Suvinder Vicky’s loose and scatter-shot show wastes its potential |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/glory-review-divyenndu-suvinder-vickys-loose-and-scatter-shot-show-wastes-its-potential-10665463/ | url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Joel Keller of ''[[New_York_Post#Decider|Decider]]'' stated the series as "it’s a pretty dark and violent story."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keller |first1=Joel |title='Glory' Netflix Review: Stream It Or Skip It? |url=https://decider.com/2026/05/01/glory-netflix-review/ |access-date=4 May 2026 |work=[[New_York_Post#Decider|Decider]] |date=1 May 2026}}</ref> Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "The idea is strong: use a whodunit to peel back emotional layers. And initially, it works."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Bhavna |title=Glory review: A sports thriller that is ambitious, but not quite a knockout |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/glory-review-netflix-boxing-drama-family-trauma-pulkit-samrat-divyenndu-suvinder-vicky-2904340-2026-05-01 |access-date=4 May 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Suchin Mehrotra of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' stated "shamelessly pulpy crime drama in recent memory — emotionally potent, generically promiscuous, and rich with festering old wounds."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Suchin |title=Glory Web Series Review {{!}} Suchin Mehrotra {{!}} THR India |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/thr-video/thr-reviews/glory-web-series-review-suchin-mehrotra-thr-india |access-date=4 May 2026 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' felt the violence is extreme."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title=‘Glory’ review: Show about boxing, family and revenge knocks itself out of the ring |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1092509/glory-review-show-about-boxing-family-and-revenge-knocks-itself-out-of-the-ring |access-date=4 May 2026 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' praised Divyenndu's performance and wrote "Divyenndu delivers a stellar performance."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=Glory Series Review: A pulpy experiment that works in bits and pieces |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2026/May/01/glory-series-review-a-pulpy-experiment-that-works-in-bits-and-pieces |access-date=8 May 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Abhimanyu Mathur ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Glory is a good example of ‘what could have been’, which has been the story of Indian OTT since the pandemic."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=Glory review: Pulkit Samrat, Divyenndu's boxing whodunnit could have been a knockout but the punches just don't land |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/glory-review-pulkit-samrat-divyenndu-boxing-whodunnit-could-have-been-a-knockout-but-the-punches-just-dont-land-netflix-101777620398204.html |access-date=8 May 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 May 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the series 3 stars in their review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Web Series Review: GLORY works due to its blend of boxing, family drama and mystery, along with massy moments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-glory-works-due-to-its-blend-of-boxing-family-drama-and-mystery-along-with-massy-moments/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 May 2026 |language=en |date=1 May 2026}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Shachi Chaturvedi from ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' stated "the narrative could have benefited from tighter storytelling."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Shachi |title=Glory Review: Divyenndu, Pulkit Samrat Power A Gritty Thriller That Wobbles Midway |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/glory-review-divyenndu-pulkit-samrat-power-a-gritty-thriller-that-wobbles-midway-ws-l-10066947.html |access-date=8 May 2026 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=1 May 2026}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35668375}}
* {{Netflix title|81591213}}

{{Netflix original current series}}
{{Netflix original upcoming series}}
[[Category:2020s crime television series]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2026 web series debuts]]

Santosh Sobhan

2026-05-06T21:05:05Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating a details first draft

{{short description|Indian actor, born 1995}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Indian patronymic|Santosh|Sobhan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santosh Sobhan
| image = Santosh Shoban.jpg
| caption = Santosh in 2022
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|12 July 1995|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2011{{ndash}}present
| father = [[Sobhan]]
| relatives = [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]] (uncle) [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] (brother)
}}

'''Chittajalu Santosh Sobhan''' (born 12 July 1995) is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. Son of film director [[Sobhan]], Santosh made his debut in the film ''[[Golconda High School]]'' (2011). His successful films include ''[[Ek Mini Katha]]'' (2021) and ''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Does the Dubbed Diwali Films fail to impress the Telugu audience? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/does-the-dubbed-diwali-films-fail-to-impress-the-telugu-audience/articleshow/87543332.cms|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Times of India|date=5 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Santosh was born on 12 July 1995 to Telugu film director [[Sobhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |date=12 July 2021 |title=Birthday wishes to young hero santosh shobhan |url=https://telugu.santoshammagazine.com/2021/07/12/birthday-wishes-to-young-hero-santosh-shobhan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103154751/https://telugu.santoshammagazine.com/2021/07/12/birthday-wishes-to-young-hero-santosh-shobhan/ |archive-date=3 January 2022 |website=Santosham magazine |language=te}}</ref> His uncle [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati]] was a comedian in Telugu films and his younger brother is actor [[Sangeeth Sobhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-04|title=పెళ్ళికోసం త‌పించే ప్రేమ్ కుమార్గా సంతోష్!|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/santosh-shobhan-headlines-hilarious-entertainer-prem-kumar/|website=NTV Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

Santosh completed his graduation in [[mass communication]] but opted to pursue a career in films like his father.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2015-11-27|title=My passion for cinema comes from my dad: Santosh Sobhan|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-27/My-passion-for-cinema-comes-from-my-dad-Santosh-Sobhan/189173|website=The Hans India}}</ref> He first appeared in [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]-directed sports film ''[[Golconda High School]]'' in 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=17 January 2011|title=Review: Golconda High School is brilliant|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-golconda-high-school/20110117.htm|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Santosh made his debut as a lead in [[Ram Mohan P.]]'s ''[[Thanu Nenu]]'', alongside [[Avika Gor]]. Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' called him a "surprise element" while ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} Y. Sunitha Chowdhary wrote that he showed a "lot of ease" and reminded her of actor [[Srinivas Avasarala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2015-11-27|title=Thanu Nenu: Juvenile journey|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thanu-nenu-juvenile-journey/article7923421.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following ''Thanu Nenu,'' Santosh took a break from films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2016-04-28|title=Santosh bags another movie|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280416/santosh-bags-another-movie.html|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Santosh returned to cinema in 2018 with ''[[Paper Boy]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Paper Boy Movie Review {2/5}: A predictable love story which turns into a sobfest with endless sermons and unnecessary drama|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paper-boy/movie-review/65621261.cms|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref> The following year, he appeared in TV series ''The Grill.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title='Kirrak Party' director Sharan Koppisetty's new web-series 'The Grill' a|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kirrak-party-director-sharan-koppisettys-new-web-series-the-grill/articleshow/70055273.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The Times of India|date=3 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Santosh a played a young adult who suffers from small penis syndrome in ''[[Ek Mini Katha]]''. Ram Venkat Srikar of [[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']] appreciated his performance, writing, "Santosh Shoban’s reticent performance entwined with the deadpan dialogue delivery brilliantly complements the smutty humour."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=29 May 2021|title='Ek Mini Katha' review: Small issues don't deter bigger laughs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/may/29/ek-mini-katha-review-small-issues-dontdeter-bigger-laughs-2308912.html|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Later that year, Santosh starred in [[Maruthi]]-directed ''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]'', alongside [[Mehreen Pirzada]]. In his review of the film, Murali Krishna CH of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated: "Santosh Sobhan gives a decent performance, but he has to work on his expressions."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title='Manchi Rojulochaie' movie review: An enjoyable festive entertainer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/06/manchi-rojulochaie-movie-review-an-enjoyable-festive-entertainer-2379988.html|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Santosh has appeared in ''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (2023 film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-01-06 |title='Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' actor Santosh Soban: A moment of epiphany made me realise I am living my dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-santosh-soban-discusses-his-telugu-movie-kalyanam-kamaneeyam/article66345281.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> followed by [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]'s ''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]'', opposite [[Malvika Nair|Malavika Nair]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Nandini Reddy's next Telugu film is 'Anni Manchi Sakunamule'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santosh-sobhan-and-malvika-nair-in-nandini-reddys-film/article35146256.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and ''[[Prem Kumar (film)|Prem Kumar]]''.

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2011
|''[[Golconda High School]]''
|Gowtham
|Child actor
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=17 January 2011|title=Review: Golconda High School is brilliant|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-golconda-high-school/20110117.htm|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Bangaru Kodipetta]]''
|Venu
|Supporting role
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-proud-to-have-made-my-debut-as-a-hero-with-paper-boy-santosh-sobhan/articleshow/65733632.cms|title=Paper Boy turned out to be a game-changer for me: Santosh Sobhan|last= Nyayapati|first=Neeshita|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Thanu Nenu]]''
|Kiran
|Debut as lead actor
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2015-11-27|title=Thanu Nenu: Juvenile journey|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thanu-nenu-juvenile-journey/article7923421.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Paper Boy]]''
|Ravi
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Paper Boy Movie Review {2/5}: A predictable love story which turns into a sobfest with endless sermons and unnecessary drama|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paper-boy/movie-review/65621261.cms|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Ek Mini Katha]]''
|Santosh
|Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=29 May 2021|title='Ek Mini Katha' review: Small issues don't deter bigger laughs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/may/29/ek-mini-katha-review-small-issues-dontdeter-bigger-laughs-2308912.html|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]''
|Santosh "Santu"
|
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title='Manchi Rojulochaie' movie review: An enjoyable festive entertainer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/06/manchi-rojulochaie-movie-review-an-enjoyable-festive-entertainer-2379988.html|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]''
|Viplav
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2022 |title=Like Share & Subscribe Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/like-share-subscribe/movie-review/95297249.cms |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" |2023
| ''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (2023 film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]''
|Shiva
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugucinema.com/news/first-look-of-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-is-out
|title= First look of 'Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' is out|website= Telugucinema.com|date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sridevi Shoban Babu]]''
|Shoban Babu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2023 |title=Sridevi Shoban Babu Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sridevi-shoban-babu/movieshow/85588083.cms|access-date=2023-02-20 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''
|Rishi
|
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Nandini Reddy's next Telugu film is 'Anni Manchi Sakunamule'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santosh-sobhan-and-malvika-nair-in-nandini-reddys-film/article35146256.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Prem Kumar (film)|Prem Kumar]]''
|Prem Kumar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-02|title=Glimpse of Santosh Shoban's 'Prem Kumar' is out|url=https://telanganatoday.com/glimpse-of-santosh-shobans-prem-kumar-is-out|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''[[Couple Friendly]]''
|Shiva
|
|
|-
|{{pending film|Joruga Hushaaruga Shikaaru Podhama}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|
|-
|{{pending film|Parimala and Co.}}
|{{TBA}}
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|Production no. 4}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/265369/santosh-sobhan-youtube-girl-another-baby | title=Santosh Sobhan & YouTube Girl – Another Baby? | date=30 October 2023 }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|''The Grill''
|Arjun
|[[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]
|Web Debut
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title='Kirrak Party' director Sharan Koppisetty's new web-series 'The Grill' a|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kirrak-party-director-sharan-koppisettys-new-web-series-the-grill/articleshow/70055273.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The Times of India|date=3 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[The Baker and The Beauty (web series)|''The Baker and The Beauty'']]
|Vijay Krishna Dasaripalle
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-09-13|title='The Baker and the Beauty' series review: Good old fairytale romance, and some more|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/the-baker-and-the-beauty-series-review-santhosh-shobhan-scores-in-this-telugu-web-series/article36429430.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|9922589}}
*{{Instagram|santoshsoban}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santosh Sobhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Bihar

2026-05-05T09:10:32Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating new data added tags

<noinclude>
{{topic|Bihar}}
{{Deletionlist|Bihar|India}}
</noinclude>

==Articles for deletion==

{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital}}

[[Category:Wikipedia deletion sorting|Bihar]]
[[Category:Wikipedia deletion sorting by Indian state|Bihar]]

Pramod Ranjan

2026-04-30T00:46:13Z

HoracePettigrew: stub

{{short description|Indian journalist and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Promod Ranjan
| image = Pramod Ranjan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1980}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], Bihar
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]]
| occupation = Journalist author social work
| spouse =
| children =
| citizenship =Indian
}}

'''Pramod Ranjan''' (born in February 1980) is an Indian author, social worker and journalist.<ref>{{cite news|title=एक यायावर पत्रकार|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/Providing-a-voice-to-the-dispossessed-majority/article14238773.ece|accessdate=13 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926045745/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/Providing-a-voice-to-the-dispossessed-majority/article14238773.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He has worked for ''Bharatendu Shikhar ([[Shimla]])'', ''Gram Parivesh'', ''Dhramshala based [[Divya Himachal]]'', ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', and ''[[Amar Ujala]]''. He was managing editor of the [[Forward Press (magazine)|Forward Press]] magazine from 2011 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:फारवर्ड प्रेस में प्रमोद रंजन के अधिकारों पर चल सकती है कैंची|url=http://mediakhabar.com/pramod-ranjan-forward-press/|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=MediaKhabar|language=Hindi|date=16 March 2013|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215748/http://mediakhabar.com/pramod-ranjan-forward-press/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:दो मैनेजिंग एडिटरों दिलीप मंडल और प्रमोद रंजन की फेसबुकी जंग|url=http://old1.bhadas4media.com/print/16323-2013-12-04-14-07-34.html|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=Bhadas4Media|language=Hindi|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080122/http://old1.bhadas4media.com/print/16323-2013-12-04-14-07-34.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:फारवर्ड प्रेस में नियुक्तियों का दूसरा चरण आरंभ|url=http://mediamorcha.com.managewebsiteportal.com/entries/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=MediaMorcha|language=Hindi|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323090033/http://mediamorcha.com.managewebsiteportal.com/entries/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pramod Ranjan was born on 22 February 1980 in [[Patna]], Bihar. He attended government primary and secondary schools in [[Nalanda district]]. Ranjan did [[M.Phil.]] (Social concerns of Phaniswarnath Renu's journalism) and PhD Scholar at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]], New Delhi where he wrote dissertations titled "Social Concerns of Phaniswarath Renu's Journalism" and "The Question of Liberation from Caste in Novels by Non-[[Dwija|Dwij]] Hindi Authors". He is known for his engaging, writings on society, politics and internal democracy in the media in northern India.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:एक यायावर पत्रकार|url=http://www.streekaal.com/2014/06/personality-journalist.html|accessdate=4 March 2017|publisher=Streekaal A Feminist Magazine|language=Hindi|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215732/http://www.streekaal.com/2014/06/personality-journalist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career in journalism==
===Literary and cultural contributions===
Pramod Ranjan's journalistic focus has been the rights of the [[Backward Classes]], [[Adivasi]]s, [[Dalit]]s and other oppressed communities. He has tried to bring the discourse on OBC-Dalit issues from the margins of [[Hindi literature]] to the mainstream. He is credited with the misinterpretation of many [[Hindu]] legends in the name of [[Bahujan]] angle. He has also justified it by claiming it as the Bahujan cultural movement by glorified it by presenting it as "lies" fed to the media regarding the Mahishasur Martyrdom Day celebrations organized by [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] students. He tried to show that the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] discredit this movement by attributing it to the organizations of the Far Left and terming it [[Anti-national (India)|anti-national]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pramod Ranjan – Jawaharlal Nehru University|url=https://jnu.academia.edu/PramodRanjan|work=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]]|accessdate=13 March 2017|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608015810/http://jnu.academia.edu/PramodRanjan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:एक यायावर पत्रकार|url=http://www.streekaal.com/2014/06/personality-journalist.html|accessdate=4 March 2017|publisher=Streekaal A Feminist Magazine|language=Hindi|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215732/http://www.streekaal.com/2014/06/personality-journalist.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Resurrecting Mahisasur: He Sat In A Room, Without A Wink Of Sleep – And The BJP Got Cornered|url=http://www.indiaresists.com/mahisasur-smriti-irani-forward-press-pramod-ranjan/|work=IndiaResists|date=March 2016|accessdate=13 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220210/http://www.indiaresists.com/mahisasur-smriti-irani-forward-press-pramod-ranjan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He also worked as one of the two editors of socio- political monthly ''Jan Vikalp'' published from [[Patna]]. since January 2007 to March 2008. He was Senior Correspondent in Patna Bureau of ‘Prabhat Khabar’ March 2008 to January 2010. He joined ''[[Forward Press (magazine)|Forward Press]]'' as Managing Editor from May 2011– to November 2013 and appointed its Consulting Editor from November 2013. Pramod Ranjan completed seven years with ''Forward Press''. Now it is currently published under the supervision of Mr. Ranjan.<ref>{{cite news|title=एक यायावर पत्रकार|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/Providing-a-voice-to-the-dispossessed-majority/article14238773.ece|accessdate=13 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926045745/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/Providing-a-voice-to-the-dispossessed-majority/article14238773.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:सत्ता पाए मुसलमान भी दलितों पर रहम नहीं करते'|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/multimedia/2016/04/160414_dalit_ambedkar_vk|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=[[BBC]]|language=Hindi|date=14 April 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011607/http://www.bbc.com/hindi/multimedia/2016/04/160414_dalit_ambedkar_vk|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books==
* Hindi Sahityotihas Ka Bahujan Paksha (Edited) Ananya Prakashan, New Delhi (2016)
* Mahishasur: Ek Jannayak (edited), ''The Marginalised Prakashan'', [[Wardha]] (2016). Also available in English under the title ''Mahishasur: A People's Hero''<ref>{{cite news|title=जेएनयू में महिषासुर शहादत दिवस मनाया|url=http://hindi.starlive24.in/cities/delhi---ncr/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE/56142.html|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=Star Live 24|archive-date=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512163048/http://hindi.starlive24.in/cities/delhi---ncr/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE/56142.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ranjan|first1=Pramod|title=Mahishasura – Smashwords|date=2016|isbn=978-8-18761-854-6|url=https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/649073|work=[[Smashwords]]|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220955/https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/649073|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bahujan Sahitya ke Prastavna (edited), ''The Marginalised Prakashan'', [[Wardha]] (2016). Also available in English under the title The Case for Bahujan Literature<ref>{{cite news|title=Bahujan literature: Beyond the arguments or debates|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/02/bahujan-literature-beyond-the-arguments-or-debates/|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=Forward Press|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313222102/https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/02/bahujan-literature-beyond-the-arguments-or-debates/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ranjan|first1=Pramod|title=Bahujan Sahitya Ki Prastaawanaa – HINDI|date=2016|isbn=978-8193258422}}</ref>
* Periyar ke Pratinidhi Vichar (edited), ''The Marginalised Prakashan'', [[Wardha]] (2016)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ranjan|first1=Pramod|title=Periyaar ke Pratinidhi Vichar|date=2016|isbn=978-8193258460}}</ref>
* Bhagana Ki Nirbhayaein (Edited with H. L. Dusadh & Jitendra Yadav) Dushadh Prakashan, Lucknow (2014)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ranjan|first1=Pramod|title=भगाणा की निर्भयाएं|date=2014|isbn=978-81-87618-46-1|url=https://www.academia.edu/14778604|via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>
* Bahujan Rajniti Ki Nai Umeed: Jitan Ram Manjhi (Edited with H. L. Dusadh & Jitendra Yadav) Dushadh Prakashan, Lucknow (2014)<ref>{{cite news|title=बहुजन राजनीति की नई उम्‍मीद जीतनराम मांझी|url=https://www.academia.edu/13960535|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>
* Media Main Hissedari (Writer) Pragya Samajik Sodha Sansthan, [[Patna]], Bihar (2009)<ref>{{cite news|script-title=hi:रणवीर सेना और बिहार के अखबार|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2015/08/ranvir-sena-and-bihars-newspapers-hindi/|accessdate=13 March 2017|publisher=Forward Press|language=Hindi|date=8 August 2015|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805215727/https://www.forwardpress.in/2015/08/ranvir-sena-and-bihars-newspapers-hindi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Baad: Ek Ankahi Kahani, Freethinkers, Patna, Bihar (2008)

== Controversies ==
* Famous Dalit writer [[Kanwal Bharti]] posted a comment on Facebook wall against about him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamorcha.com/entries/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0|title=कंवल भारती को प्रमोद रंजन का उत्तर|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234636/http://mediamorcha.com/entries/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bhadas4media.com/old1/article-comment/18080-2014-02-26-19-11-45.html|title=No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140920140128/http://bhadas4media.com/old1/article-comment/18080-2014-02-26-19-11-45.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 2014, [[Delhi Police]] raided Forward Press office and seized print magazines after an FIR by two fanatics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/07/forward-press-aur-bauddhik-loktantra_pramod-ranjan/ |title=फारवर्ड प्रेस और बौद्धिक लोकतंत्र |date=July 2016 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019060650/https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/07/forward-press-aur-bauddhik-loktantra_pramod-ranjan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The action of Delhi police was criticized by many scholars, organizations than as Forward Press Magazine, a Hindi-English bilingual monthly of Dalits and Bahujans, and forcibly seized copies of their October special issue on Bahujan Sramana Tradition'बहुजन-श्रमण परंपरा विशेषांक' along with arresting four employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bhadas4media.com/print/2052-forward-press-journo-arrest|title=No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|access-date=14 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011211732/http://www.bhadas4media.com/print/2052-forward-press-journo-arrest|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalit magazine in its October issue published an article derogatory to Hindu Goddess Durga and Delhi Police raided the office of Forward Press and reportedly confiscated copies of the magazine's October issue,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.oneindia.com/india/dalit-magazine-insults-durga-angers-hindus-1539929.html|title = Dalit magazine insults 'Durga,' angers Hindus|date = 13 October 2014|access-date = 14 October 2014|archive-date = 20 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141020062033/http://news.oneindia.in/india/dalit-magazine-insults-durga-angers-hindus-1539929.html|url-status = live}}</ref> who is being maliciously targeted and threatened with arrest has stated in a press release that the October issue of the magazine has attempted a Bahujan reading of the story of Mahishasur and Durga through the medium of pictures and essays. [[All India Backward Students Forum|AIBSF]] celebrated Mahisasur's birthday at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] campus on the same day 9 October

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.janvikalp.blogspot.in Pramod Ranjan's website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Pramod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Prince (2022 film)

2026-04-29T08:20:08Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{Short description|2022 film directed by K. V. Anudeep}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Prince 2022 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. V. Anudeep]]
| screenplay = [[S. R. Prabhakaran]] Anand Narayanan
| story = K. V. Anudeep Mohan Sato
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Suniel Narang
* Pushkar Ram Mohan Rao
* [[D. Suresh Babu]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
* Maria Ryaboshapka
* [[Sathyaraj]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Sree Venkateswara Cinemas LLP
* [[Suresh Productions]]
}}
| distributor = Suresh Productions Gopuram Cinemas
| released = {{film date|2022|10|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} ₹40 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title='Prince' box office collection week 1: Sivakarthikeyan starrer likely to see its end of theatre screening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/prince-box-office-collection-week-1-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-likely-to-see-its-end-of-theatre-screening/articleshow/95137673.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124020715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/prince-box-office-collection-week-1-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-likely-to-see-its-end-of-theatre-screening/articleshow/95137673.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Prince''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by [[K. V. Anudeep]], who co-wrote the script with Anand Narayanan and Mohan Saro. The film is produced by Sree Venkateswara Cinemas LLP and [[Suresh Productions]]. It stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]], alongside Maria Ryaboshapka and [[Sathyaraj]] in the lead roles. [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Subbu Panchu]], [[Sathish Krishnan]] and [[VTV Ganesh]] appear in supporting roles. The film follows Anbu, a teacher from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], who falls in love with Jessica, a British teacher at his school, which attracts opposition from some of the town's residents.

The film was officially announced in January 2022 under the tentative title ''#SK20'', as it is Sivakarthikeyan's 20th film as the lead actor, and the official title was announced in June 2022. [[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2022. It was shot predominantly in [[Karaikudi]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late September. The film has music composed by [[Thaman S]], cinematography handled by [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] and editing by [[Praveen K. L.]]

''Prince'' was released on 21 October 2022. The film received mixed reviews from critics and became a [[Box-office bomb|box office bomb]].

== Plot ==
Anbarasan (Anbu) is a popular social science teacher at a secondary school in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. Anbu, whose father is Ulaganathan, comes from a wealthy and successful family. In Ulaganathan's village, [[Caste system in India|the Indian caste system]] and religion are the basis of society; Ulaganathan eschews these conventions and encourages other villagers to do the same. Ulaganathan is embarrassed because his daughter married her cousin without his consent; he hopes Anbu will not do the same and makes him sign a document promising not to do so.

Jessica, a British woman born and raised in India, begins working as an English teacher at Anbu's school. Anbu develops a crush on her. Jessica's father, Williams, wants to return to England; Boopathy challenges the ownership of his land and discriminates against Williams, stating he is not Indian. Jessica's student Mahesh scores poorly on a test; the principal is disappointed in Jessica, so Anbu decides to tutor Mahesh, and Mahesh's grade improves. Jessica notices, and she develops a liking for Anbu. Anbu confesses his love for Jessica; she is initially doubtful but soon reciprocates his feelings. Williams takes his case to the police, but it is withdrawn. Anbu tells his parents about Jessica, who meets them. She states she is from the French Colony of Cambridge. Ulaganathan likes Jessica, and Anbu and Jessica are happy.

Anbu starts supporting Williams's case, telling Boopathy to stop, but Williams still dislikes Anbu. Ulaganathan believed Jessica was French, but when he realised she was British, he disapproved of Anbu's relationship with her, mainly because the British killed Ulaganthan's grandfather. At a pub, Anbu and Jessica celebrate Anbu's friend's birthday. They inadvertently start celebrating when the [[England cricket team]] defeats [[India national cricket team|the Indian side]], and Boopathy believes they are celebrating India's defeat. A fight ensues, and Anbu hits Boopathy's head, which starts bleeding. Williams sees this and realises Anbu is a good man. He invites Anbu for dinner; Anbu learns Williams' family has lived in India for 50 years.

Every year, the school gives Ulaganthan the honour of raising the Indian flag on [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]]. This year, he is not allowed because of Anbu's actions in hitting Boopathy and supporting the British. Ulaganthan wrongly believes Boopathy owns the land. Ulaganathan is angry and waits with some villagers at Williams' house. Ulaganathan confronts Williams, who wants to talk with Ulaganthan in private. When he tries to guide Ulaganathan into his house, the villagers pull on Williams, causing Ulaganthan to fall into the mud. The villagers spread rumours Williams pushed Ulaganathan into the mud. The villagers assemble in front of Williams' house and throw rocks at it.

Williams decides to return to England with his family. Anbu and his friends start fighting the protesting villagers, but they call the police, and the officers take Anbu and his friends away. The villagers exile Anbu from the village for a week. Jessica goes to Ulaganthan's house and tells him the truth. On behalf of the [[British Raj|Britishers who ruled India]], she apologises for ruling them. Ulaganathan and his wife feel pity for Jessica and her family. Anbu makes a speech and is ejected and says patriotism or humanity. The villagers realise their mistake and let Anbu back in. Anbu catches up with Williams, Jessica and their grandmother, who the police pulled over. They all apologise, and Ulaganthan welcomes them back into the village, promising to treat them respectfully, and accepts Anbu's and Jessica's relationship.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Anbarasan (Anbu) Anand (In telugu version)
* Maria Ryaboshapka as Jessica
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Ulaganathan and Veluchami
* [[Premgi Amaren]] as Boopathy
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as DRO
* Pramodhini as Aanand's mother
* Carl A. Harte as William Shafton
* Svetlana Grigorashchenko as Jessica's grandmother
* Sabita Roy as abroad guy's wife
* [[Rethika Srinivas]] as school principal
* [[Sathish Krishnan]] as Anbu's friend
* Prankster Rahul as Anbu's friend
* Finally Bhaarath as Anbu's friend
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Doctor
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]]
* Gnanaprasad as Boopathy's henchman
* Smrudhi as Malar
* Anandha Kannan as Ulaganathan's son-in-law
* Hari Shankar Nath P as vegetable shop Ganapathy
* Master Shakthi as Mahesh
* Madhavan as a student
* Saathvik as a student
* S. R. Ranjith as a reporter
* Hello Kandasamy as villager
* George Vijay as a villager
* Finally Raj as a villager
* [[Anandaraj]] as Inspector Muthupandi (cameo appearance)
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as abroad guy (cameo appearance)
* [[K. V. Anudeep]] (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In July 2021, [[K. V. Anudeep]], who made his debut that year with ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'', was reported to join hands with [[Sivakarthikeyan]] for his next directorial. Production was reportedly set to begin after the actor completed his commitments to [[Doctor (2021 film)|''Doctor'']] (2021), [[Don (2022 film)|''Don'']] (2022) and ''[[Ayalaan]]'' (2024); sources claimed that it would be filmed in both the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to do a bilingual with 'Jathi Ratnalu' director Anudeep |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-do-a-bilingual-with-jathi-ratnalu-director-anudeep/articleshow/84342602.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131190955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-do-a-bilingual-with-jathi-ratnalu-director-anudeep/articleshow/84342602.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 1 January 2022, the occasion of [[New Year]], the project was officially announced. Tentatively titled ''SK 20'', music composer [[Thaman S]] was chosen to compose the score, in his first collaboration with both the actor and director. Producers Suniel Narang, Suresh Babu D and Pushkar Ram Mohan Rao of banners Sree Venkateshwara Cinemas and [[Suresh Productions]] were revealed to jointly fund the venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2022 |title='SK 20': Sivakarthikeyan's character and storyline revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/sk-20-sivakarthikeyans-character-and-storyline-revealed/videoshow/88718504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/sk-20-sivakarthikeyans-character-and-storyline-revealed/videoshow/88718504.cms |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 10 February 2022 with the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-10 |title=The shooting of 'SK 20' begins with a muhurat puja; Sathyaraj joins Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-shooting-of-sk-20-begins-with-a-muhurat-puja-sathyaraj-joins-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/89477943.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411111734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-shooting-of-sk-20-begins-with-a-muhurat-puja-sathyaraj-joins-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/89477943.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's film with Anudeep is titled 'Prince' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-film-with-anudeep-is-titled-prince/articleshow/92109104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614033329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-film-with-anudeep-is-titled-prince/articleshow/92109104.cms |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Though many sources reported the film would be a bilingual Tamil and Telugu production, Sivakarthikeyan said it was filmed only in Tamil.<ref name="Actual Language">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=19 October 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan: The success of Prince will foster more Tamil-Telugu collaborations |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/oct/19/sivakarthikeyan-interview-prince-35798.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021223820/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/oct/19/sivakarthikeyan-interview-prince-35798.html |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In June 2022, it was announced that the film was titled ''Prince.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's SK 20 titled Prince |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/09/sivakarthikeyans-sk-20-titled-prince-32045.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622150400/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/09/sivakarthikeyans-sk-20-titled-prince-32045.html |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
Sivakarthikeyan reportedly received {{INRConvert|30|c|lk=off}} as remuneration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-07 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to receive Rs.30 crore for 'SK 20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-receive-rs-30-crore-for-sk-20/articleshow/88751495.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915120149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-receive-rs-30-crore-for-sk-20/articleshow/88751495.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In February 2022, Ukrainian actress Maria Ryaboshapka was reported to have been cast in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-14 |title=Ukrainian actress Maria Riaboshapka to romance Sivakarthikeyan in 'SK 20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-riaboshapka-to-romance-sivakarthikeyan-in-sk-20/articleshow/89560796.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328023856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-riaboshapka-to-romance-sivakarthikeyan-in-sk-20/articleshow/89560796.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The following month, she was confirmed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-21 |title=Ukrainian actress Maria Ryaboshapka joins Sivakarthikeyan's 'SK20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-ryaboshapka-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sk20/articleshow/90361293.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422201822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-ryaboshapka-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sk20/articleshow/90361293.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ryaboshapka, despite playing a British woman who teaches English, was not fluent in the language, and memorised her dialogues after converting them to the Ukrainian script.<ref name=":0" />

[[Principal photography]] commenced on 10 February 2022 with the first schedule in [[Karaikudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Shooting of Sivakarthikeyan-Anudeep KV film to begin tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/feb/09/shooting-of-sivakarthikeyan-anudeep-kv-film-to-begin-tomorrow-29645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151954/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/feb/09/shooting-of-sivakarthikeyan-anudeep-kv-film-to-begin-tomorrow-29645.html |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=A glimpse from 'SK 20' movie sets released on Sivakarthikeyan's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-glimpse-from-sk-20-movie-sets-released-on-sivakarthikeyans-birthday/articleshow/89641857.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-glimpse-from-sk-20-movie-sets-released-on-sivakarthikeyans-birthday/articleshow/89641857.cms |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule concluded in March and the same month, the team moved to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] for the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-26 |title=Sivakarthikeyan meets Chief Minister amidst the shooting for 'SK 20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-meets-chief-minister-amidst-the-shooting-for-sk-20/articleshow/90461300.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512050740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-meets-chief-minister-amidst-the-shooting-for-sk-20/articleshow/90461300.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ryaboshapka joined the sets in the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ukrainian actress Maria Riaboshapka to romance Sivakarthikeyan in 'SK 20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-riaboshapka-to-romance-sivakarthikeyan-in-sk-20/articleshow/89560796.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218183221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-riaboshapka-to-romance-sivakarthikeyan-in-sk-20/articleshow/89560796.cms |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian actress Maria Ryaboshapka joins Sivakarthikeyan's 'SK20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-ryaboshapka-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sk20/articleshow/90361293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ukrainian-actress-maria-ryaboshapka-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sk20/articleshow/90361293.cms |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In May 2022, 90 percent of filming was completed; only a song was left to shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2022 |title=Watch: Sivakarthikeyan shooting for 'SK 20' in Pondicherry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-bts-of-sk-20-shooting-a-dance-sequence-in-pondicherry/articleshow/91866861.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-bts-of-sk-20-shooting-a-dance-sequence-in-pondicherry/articleshow/91866861.cms |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title='SK 20' team shoots a song sequence in Pondicherry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sk-20-team-shoots-a-song-sequence-in-pondicherry/articleshow/91832329.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621214742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sk-20-team-shoots-a-song-sequence-in-pondicherry/articleshow/91832329.cms |archive-date=21 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The final schedule commenced in May 2022 in Pondicherry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Sivekarthikeyan's SK20 To Clash With Karthi's Viruman On Vinayagar Chaturthi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sivekarthikeyans-sk20-to-clash-with-karthis-viruman-on-vinayagar-chaturthi-5284669.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609100526/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sivekarthikeyans-sk20-to-clash-with-karthis-viruman-on-vinayagar-chaturthi-5284669.html |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan says Simbu was emotional after watching 'Don' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-says-simbu-was-emotional-after-watching-don/articleshow/92075127.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627005535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-says-simbu-was-emotional-after-watching-don/articleshow/92075127.cms |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in late September following some [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|re-shoots]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Shooting of Sivakarthikeyan's Prince wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/30/shooting-of-sivakarthikeyans-prince-wrapped-up-35188.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052452/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/30/shooting-of-sivakarthikeyans-prince-wrapped-up-35188.html |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prince
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Thaman S]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2022}}
| recorded = 2021–2022
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration}}
| language = Tamil Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Thaman S]]
| prev_title = [[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Varisu]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Prince
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Bimbiliki Pilaapi
| single1date = 1 September 2022
| single2 = Jessica
| single2date = 23 September 2022
| single3 = Who Am I?
| single3date = 14 October 2022
}}
}}

[[Thaman S]] composed the music for ''Prince'', it is his first collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan collaborates with S Thaman, to write song lyrics for his Telugu film 'SK 20' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-collaborates-with-s-thaman-to-write-song-lyrics-for-his-telugu-film-sk-20/articleshow/88661074.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019061624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-collaborates-with-s-thaman-to-write-song-lyrics-for-his-telugu-film-sk-20/articleshow/88661074.cms |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first single "Bimbiliki Pilapi" was released on 1 September 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Bimbiliki Pilaapi, first song from Sivakarthikeyan's Prince is out |url=https://telugucinema.com/videos/bimbiliki-pilaapi-first-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-prince-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902033204/https://telugucinema.com/videos/bimbiliki-pilaapi-first-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-prince-is-out |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Bimbilikki Pilapi, the first single from Prince out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/01/bimbilikki-pilapi-the-first-single-from-prince-out-34311.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902033604/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/01/bimbilikki-pilapi-the-first-single-from-prince-out-34311.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> the second single "Jessica" was released on 23 September,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Jessica, second single from Prince to be out tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/22/jessica-second-single-from-prince-to-be-out-tomorrow-34931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925183502/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/22/jessica-second-single-from-prince-to-be-out-tomorrow-34931.html |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and the third single "Who Am I?" was released on 14 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Third single from Prince Who Am I out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/14/third-single-from-prince-who-am-i-out-35625.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019062105/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/14/third-single-from-prince-who-am-i-out-35625.html |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bimbiliki Pilapi
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Ramya Behara]], Sahithi Chaganti
| title2 = Jessica
| length2 = 4:42
| lyrics2 = [[Arivu]]
| extra2 = Thaman S
| title3 = Who Am I?
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = Arivu
| extra3 = Arivu
| total_length = 11:10
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bimbiliki Pilapi
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]], Ramya Behara, Sahithi Chaganti
| title2 = Jessica
| length2 = 4:42
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = Thaman S
| title3 = Who Am I?
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = Dinker Kalvala
| total_length = 11:10
}}

== Release ==

''Prince'' was released on 21 October 2022, three days before [[Diwali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan: 'Prince retains flavour of Jaathi Ratnaalu' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-prince-would-retain-the-same-flavour-of-jaathi-ratnaalu-821675/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022072734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-prince-would-retain-the-same-flavour-of-jaathi-ratnaalu-821675/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Prince to hit big screens on Oct 21 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/10/04/sivakarthikeyans-prince-to-hit-big-screens-on-oct-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004144312/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/10/04/sivakarthikeyans-prince-to-hit-big-screens-on-oct-21 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> It had been planned for release on 31 August that year but the release was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's SK 20 release date is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-s-sk-20-release-date-out-164530 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151954/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-s-sk-20-release-date-out-164530 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Streaming rights for the film were sold to [[Disney+ Hotstar]], where it began streaming from 25 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Prince' to stream on OTT from November last week |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/14/prince-gets-ott-release-date-36622.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114194619/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/14/prince-gets-ott-release-date-36622.html |archive-date=14 November 2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Prince'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=26 October 2022 |title=Prince box office collection Day 5: Sivakarthikeyan's film witnesses a huge drop |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prince-box-office-collection-day-5-sivakarthikeyan-film-witnesses-a-huge-drop-2289477-2022-10-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165737/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prince-box-office-collection-day-5-sivakarthikeyan-film-witnesses-a-huge-drop-2289477-2022-10-26 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |quote=The film has been receiving mixed reviews from the critics and audience alike.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=HERE's what happened when Karthi watched Sardar and Sivakarthikeyan watched Prince FDFS |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-what-happened-when-karthi-watched-sardar-and-sivakarthikeyan-watched-prince-fdfs/3510653e3e435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109081421/https://www.ottplay.com/news/heres-what-happened-when-karthi-watched-sardar-and-sivakarthikeyan-watched-prince-fdfs/3510653e3e435 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |quote=It opened to negative reviews at the box office with feedback that the comedy falls flat.}}</ref> ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 3.25 stars out of 5 and wrote; "Sivakarthikeyan's film is a laugh riot and a total paisa vasool".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Prince Review: Sivakarthikeyan is A Laugh Riot |url=https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/prince-review-sivakarthikeyan-laugh-riot-163228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022121449/https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/prince-review-sivakarthikeyan-laugh-riot-163228 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5; according to the reviewer; "Director Anudeep's brand of comedy is unique and might not be for everyone".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=21 October 2022 |title=Prince movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's absurd comedy drama works in parts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/prince-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-absurd-comedy-drama-works-in-parts-8222691/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021084439/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/prince-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-absurd-comedy-drama-works-in-parts-8222691/ |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote: "Prince has interesting elements and does make you laugh at times, but just that it feels like a film that would have worked better had it come a few years back when he was still not the big thing he is today. Unfortunately, he has set his bars high".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=21 October 2022 |title='Prince' Review: Sivakarthikeyan's Film Is a Quirky Take on Love |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/anudeep-kv-sivakarthikeyan-sk-prince-movie-review-maria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021123729/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/anudeep-kv-sivakarthikeyan-sk-prince-movie-review-maria |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> According to M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'', who rated the film 2 stars out of 5; "Even Sivakarthikeyan, who turns on the comic persona from his early films that made him a star, is only able to just about keep the film from sinking".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=21 October 2022 |title=Prince Movie Review : This comedy falls flat despite quirky premise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/prince/movie-review/95002364.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021044116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/prince/movie-review/95002364.cms |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote: "''Prince'' is a madcap comedy that tries to make the audience laugh throughout its runtime. But, you get only occasional laughs in the latter half."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=21 October 2022 |title=Prince Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan and Anudeep's madcap flick offers sporadic laughs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prince-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-and-anudeep-madcap-flick-offers-sporadic-laughs-2287978-2022-10-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021043812/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prince-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-and-anudeep-madcap-flick-offers-sporadic-laughs-2287978-2022-10-21 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5, calling it a mixed bag and writing; "For those who enjoy the grand comic set-up with momentary payoff, for those who have the patience to relate with such elaborate set up, it is an enjoyable entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=22 October 2022 |title=Prince movie review: A partly effective spoof or a juvenile joke? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prince-movie-review-a-partly-effective-spoof-or-a-juvenile-joke-11498871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022084938/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prince-movie-review-a-partly-effective-spoof-or-a-juvenile-joke-11498871.html |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 1 star out of 5 and wrote; "Romance, comedy or reference to colonial history, Telugu director Anudeep KV's first foray into Kollywood has no grasp of all three".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=21 October 2022 |title=Prince review: Sivakarthikeyan's attempt at romantic comedy is a cringe-fest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prince-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-attempt-romantic-comedy-cringe-fest-169116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021125732/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prince-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-attempt-romantic-comedy-cringe-fest-169116 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Lakshmi Subramanian of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' also rated the film 1 star out of 5 and wrote: "Sivakarthikeyan looks good as always. But the actor fails to deliver the laughs that ''Prince'' promised."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=21 October 2022 |title=Prince review: Laughter not guaranteed |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/10/21/prince-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-sathyaraj-laughter-not-guaranteed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021143146/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/10/21/prince-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-sathyaraj-laughter-not-guaranteed.html |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film's rating 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote; "The title ''Prince'' doesn't bear much relevance to the actual film, except as a tribute to its star actor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2 October 2022 |title=Prince Movie Review: A reasonably effective mindless comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/oct/21/prince-movie-review-an-effective-mindless-comedy-let-down-by-an-under-written-screenplay-35868.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021133929/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/oct/21/prince-movie-review-an-effective-mindless-comedy-let-down-by-an-under-written-screenplay-35868.html |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film failed at the box office and Sivakarthikeyan agreed to compensate distributors who lost money.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Sivakarthikeyan compensates for 'Prince' loss; gives Rs 3 crores to distributors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-compensates-for-prince-loss-gives-rs-3-crores-to-distributors/articleshow/96733123.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-compensates-for-prince-loss-gives-rs-3-crores-to-distributors/articleshow/96733123.cms |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Anudeep]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Telangana State Waqf Board

2026-04-26T17:41:44Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating the info initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Telangana State Waqf Board
|image =
|image_border =
|image_size = 
|image_alt = 
|caption =
|map = 
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = 
|abbreviation =
|formation = 1954
|extinction = 
|type = 
|status = 
|purpose = Management, regulation and to protect endowment properties of Muslims in Telangana, India
|headquarters = Central Waqf Council, New Delhi-110017
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|coordinates = 
|region_served = India
|num_members =
|language = [[English language|English]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] 
|leader_title = Chairman
|leader_name = Mohammed Masiullah Khan.
|main_organ = Council
|parent_organization = 
|affiliations = [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of Telangana]]
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website =
|remarks =
}}

'''Telangana State Waqf Board''' (formerly '''A.P. State Waqf Board'''), is a [[Constitution of India|constituted]] [[Board of directors|Board]] established by the 1954 Central Act to manage, regulate and protect the exclusive affairs of Muslim endowment ([[Waqf]]) properties, Waqf institutions and [[Marriage Records]] of the Muslim community of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is generally known and writes under the name and style of Muslim Waqf Board.

The then chairman of A.P State Waqf Board Mr. Syed Ahamed Ali (Alhaj Syed Ahamed Ali) during the time of the then Chief Minister Mr. N.T.Rama Rao. Mr. Ahamed Ali who was initially a businessman worked very efficiently during his tenure as Waqf Board Chairman. He was a key person in establishing Imdad Ghar in Vijayawada which is now a major source of revenue for Waqf Board in Vijayawada.

It was formerly known as Umoor-E-Mazhabi established in 1396 and Fasli during the [[Nizams]] rule in [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name="Strategies-to-Develop-Waqf">{{cite web| url=http://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Strategies-to-Develop-Waqf-Administration-in-India-by-Hasanuddin-Ahmed-Ahmadullah-Khan1.pdf |title=Strategies to Develop Waqf Administration in India, by Hasanuddin Ahmed and Ahmadullah Khan1| accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref>

==History==
Muslim Waqf Board was constituted under provisions of the Waqf Act in July 1996. Andhra Pradesh has the distinction of being the first state in India to have framed elections rules under this Act and conducted elections and, thus, the A.P.S. Waqf Board has the distinction of being the first board in the country to have been constituted under the provisions of the new Act. Under the provisions of Waqf Act 1995 the Waqf Board is a corporate body having perpetual succession.

==Administration==
Telangana state waqf board is headed by Chairman of Waqf board, under the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://waqf.telangana.gov.in/ | title=Telangana State WAQF Board | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806194331/https://waqf.telangana.gov.in/ | archive-date=2020-08-06}}</ref>

===During Nizams===

[[His Exalted Highness]] the [[7th Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] promulgated a regulation of 1349 Fasli, known as Hyderabad Endowment Regulations under which a Nazim Umoor E Mazhabi (Director, Ecclesiastical Department) was appointed to supervise Waqf administration on behalf of the government. These regulations though brief, provided for every important aspect of Waqf administration in the erstwhile Hyderabad government. It contained 16 sections and provided for registration of Waqf properties, maintenance of Kitab Ul Awqaf ([[Wakf|Waqf]] Register) (S3-11) in the prescribed manner by the Nazim.<ref name="Strategies-to-Develop-Waqf"/>

The unique feature of the Hyderabad Endowment Regulations, 1349 Fasli was its secular character which provided for registration and the supervision of not only the [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] Waqfs but endowments of all religions. Therefore, the rules made under these regulations were very exhaustive, numbering about 525.<ref name="Strategies-to-Develop-Waqf"/>

==Properties==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:white; width:75%;"
|+properties<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Andhra Pradesh Wakf Board - Hyderabad |url=http://apwakfboard.ap.nic.in/Powers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304204017/http://apwakfboard.ap.nic.in/Powers.htm |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=apwakfboard.ap.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="color:white;"
! ! style="background:#811541; width:25%;"| Region
! ! style="background:#811541; width:25%;"|Number of institutions
! ! style="background:#811541; width:25%;"| Area in acres
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;" | [[Telangana]]
|! ! align=center| 32,157(90%)
|! ! align=center| 77,538 (53.3%)
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| [[Rayalaseema]]
|! ! align=center| 1,616 (4.5%)
|! ! align=center| 27,044 (18.6%)
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra]]
|! ! align=center| 1,930 (5.4%)
|! ! align=center| 40,929 (28.1%)
|-
|! ! style="background:lemonchiffon;"| Total
|! ! align=center| 35,703
|! ! align=center| 145,511
|}

==Welfare activities==
The Muslim Waqf Board of [[Andhra Pradesh|A.P.]] looks after the benefits of Muslim residents of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and in general [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They organize mass marriages of Muslims communities' poor people. They provide or sponsor vocational technical training for Muslim youths.<ref name="THindu1">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1717326.ece| title=State Wakf Board to conduct free mass marriage| date=22 April 2011| publisher=www.thehindu.com| accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref>

The Muslim Waqf Board sponsors orphanages in many cities of A.P. The most famous one is Anees-ul-Gurba, an orphanage at [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name="fullyhyd">{{cite web| url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/andhra-pradesh-wakf-board-tightens-screws-for-lessees-orphanages-2427| title=Wakf Board Chairman On Surprise Tour| accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref>

==Encroachment==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}
{{Confusing section|date=July 2023|reason=unclear who is encroaching on whom}}
In Telangana alone, more than 55000 Acres of land out of 77000 acres have been encroached by miscreants. Most of the huge projects came up near IT Corridor in Hyderabad, belongs to waqf, prime example, Lanco Hills. Telangana Waqf Board is trying to digitise the waqf land records and Telangana State government is also taking measures to protect the waqf land. Recently, Telangana Government has banned registration of waqf and endowment lands.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130808102134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-21/hyderabad/30305902_1_wakf-act-wakf-land-wakf-institutions AP Waqf properties]

[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Waqf boards]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]

Cyclone Midhili

2026-04-26T07:52:20Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Cyclonic Storm Midhili
| image = Midhili 2023-11-17 0100Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Midhili approaching [[Bangladesh]] early on 17 November
| formed = 15 November 2023
| dissipated = 18 November 2023
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 50
| pressure = 996
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 40
| pressure = 995
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2023
| fatalities = 10 total
| missing = 25<ref name="missing">{{cite news|last=Hossain|first=Sohrab|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/25-fishermen-still-missing-year-3774921|title=25 fishermen still missing for a year|work=The Daily Star|date=13 December 2024|access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>
| damage = 109000000
| areas = [[Bangladesh]], [[Northeast India]]
| ibtracs = 2023317N10094
| refs = <ref name="IMD Report"/>
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Cyclonic Storm Midhili'''{{efn|The name ''Midhili'' ([[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]]: މިދިލި; [[Help:IPA/Maldivian|[mid̪ili]]]) was contributed by the [[Maldives]] and refers to the [[Terminalia catappa|tropical almond]] (''Terminalia catappa'') in [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://odishabytes.com/cyclonic-storm-midhili-forms-over-bay-190km-off-odisha-coast-know-who-named-it-the-meaning/|title=Cyclonic Storm 'Midhili' Forms Over Bay, 190KM Off Odisha Coast; Know Who Named It & The Meaning|work=Odisha Bytes|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117041641/https://odishabytes.com/cyclonic-storm-midhili-forms-over-bay-190km-off-odisha-coast-know-who-named-it-the-meaning/|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}} was a [[tropical cyclone]] which impacted [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]] in mid-November 2023. The fifth [[tropical cyclone naming|named]] storm of the [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|annual North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Midhili formed as a [[low-pressure area]] in the southeastern [[Bay of Bengal]] on 14 November. The system tracked west-northwest but turned northward on the next day. The system tracked north-northeast on 16 November and continued to gain strength. Early on 17 November, the system attained cyclonic storm statue and received the name Midhili. Midhili further strengthened to a severe cyclonic storm, just before making landfall in [[Patuakhali District]] of Bangladesh. The cyclone weakened immediately after landfall, and dissipated on the next day over [[Tripura]], India.

Warnings were issued to several ports of Bangladesh. Port operations were suspended, and vessels were shifted to safe locations. Flights and ship vessels' journeys were cancelled in advance of the cyclone, which led to hundreds of people being stranded. Midhili brought strong winds and heavy rains to Bangladesh and triggered flooding. Farmlands were inundated, resulting in massive crop damage. Over 160,000 farmers were affected by the cyclone. Electric wires were broken by fallen trees, which blocked the road, and interrupted train services and electricity supply. Many places in Bangladesh experienced power outages. Over 1,400 houses were damaged or destroyed. Midhili killed ten people and 25 others were missing in Bangladesh,<ref name="missing"/> while damage in brickfield industry reached $109 million (2023 [[United States dollar|USD]]). Its remnants moved into [[Tripura]], brought rainfalls and caused crop damage, but no fatalities were reported in the state.

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Midhili 2023 path.png|colors=new}}
On 14 November, the [[Indian Meteorological Department]] (IMD) noted a [[low-pressure area]] formed over the southeastern [[Bay of Bengal]], near the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and tracked west-northwest.<ref name="IMD Report">{{cite report|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/download.php?path=uploads/report/26/26_1f8548_Cyclonic%20Storm%20Midhili-A%20Brief%20Report_10June2024.pdf|title=Severe Cyclonic Storm "MIDHILI" over the Bay of Bengal (15th-18th November, 2023): A Report|work=Indian Meteorological Department|department=Cyclone Warning Division|date=10 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> Early on the next day, the IMD designated it as a depression. The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) also noted the low on the same day. The system benefited from strong poleward [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], warm [[sea surface temperature]] of {{convert|28|–|29|C|F|abbr=on}} and low [[wind shear]]. Despite the center was partly exposed, the JTWC believed that the system would [[tropical cyclogenesis|become a tropical cyclone]] in a day or two.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory For the Indian Ocean 15 November 18z|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=15 November 2023|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-date=2 September 2024|url-status=dead}} [https://ia800103.us.archive.org/2/items/jtwc-archive-txt-2023/2023-11-15-1740-abioweb.txt Alt URL]</ref> The system gradually turned northward on that day.<ref name="IMD Report"/> Early on 16 November, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression as it turned north-northeast.<ref name="IMD Report"/> Despite the center became completely exposed due to strong wind shear, the JTWC still issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] to the system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory For the Indian Ocean 16 November 0730z (Reissued)|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=16 November 2023|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-date=2 September 2024|url-status=dead}} [https://ia800103.us.archive.org/2/items/jtwc-archive-txt-2023/2023-11-16-0720-abioweb.txt Alt URL]</ref> The JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm and designated as ''07B''.<ref name="JTWC PR1">{{cite web|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt|title=Prognostic Reasoning For Tropical Cyclone 07B (SEVEN) Warning Nr 001|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=16 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902000000/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt|archive-date=2 September 2024|url-status=dead}} [https://ia801707.us.archive.org/7/items/jtwc-archive-prog-2023/2023-11-16-2120-io0723prog.txt Alt URL]</ref> At 00:00 UTC 17 November, the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm, and assigned the name ''Midhili''.<ref name="IMD Report"/> The circulation appeared to be slightly elongated, but deep [[Atmospheric convection|convection]] burst over the northern part of the cyclone.<ref name="JTWC PR1"/> Strong wind shear continued to affect Midhili, but warm waters and strong poleward outflow allowed the cyclone to strengthen slightly. Midhili accelerated northeastward as it situated at the western edge of a [[subtropical ridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt|title=Prognostic Reasoning For Tropical Cyclone 07B (Midhili) Warning Nr 003|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902000000/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt|archive-date=2 September 2024|url-status=dead}} [https://ia801707.us.archive.org/7/items/jtwc-archive-prog-2023/2023-11-17-0730-io0723prog.txt Alt URL]</ref> Although the cyclone remained disorganised, the IMD upgraded Midhili to a severe cyclonic storm at 09:00 UTC.<ref name="IMD Report"/> Between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]] (09:00 and 10:00 UTC), Midhili made landfall near [[Khepupara]] at peak intensity.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/5__TROPICAL_CYCLONE_ADVISORY_NO__5__1200UTC_17_11_20231.pdf|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY NO. 5 FOR NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (THE BAY OF BENGAL AND ARABIAN SEA|work=Indian Meteorological Department|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> Midhili weakened immediately after landfall, and the cyclone weakened to a cyclonic storm at 12:00 UTC, while the JTWC issued its final warning three hours later.<ref name="IMD Report"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt|title=Tropical Cyclone 07B (Midhili) Warning Nr 004|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902000000/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt|archive-date=2 September 2024|url-status=dead}} [https://ia800103.us.archive.org/2/items/jtwc-archive-txt-2023/2023-11-17-1330-io0723web.txt Alt URL]</ref> Midhili weakened to a depression early on 18 November, and soon dissipated over [[Tripura]], India.<ref name="IMD Report"/>

==Preparations==
[[File:ECDM 20231117 TC MIDHILI.pdf|upright=1.25|thumb|A map from the [[Emergency Response Coordination Centre]] about the potential impacts of Midhili]]
As Midhili approached, the [[Bangladesh Meteorological Department]] (BMD) issued the Danger Signal No. 6 for [[Port of Chittagong]], and issued the Danger Signal No. 7 for the [[Port of Payra]] and [[Port of Mongla]] on 17 November, warned that winds of {{convert|62|–|88|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was expected to affect the ports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/3f803j5mzy|title=Chattogram Port suspends cargo handling as Cyclone Midhili hits coast|website=bdnews24.com|date=17 November 2023|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118090746/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/3f803j5mzy|archive-date=18 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/331314/cyclone-midhili|title=Cyclone Midhili: Payra, Mongla port advised to hoist danger signal no 7|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117061553/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/331314/cyclone-midhili|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chittagong Port Authority issued an alert No. 3, which required suspension of cargo loading and unloading. Large vessels were sent to outer anchorage while lighter vessels remained anchored at a safer location.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/721940|title=Cyclone Midhili makes landfall along Bangladesh coast|work=Daily Sun|date=17 November 2023|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118081221/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/721940|archive-date=18 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority announced that all inland waterways were closed and water travels were suspended on 17 November to avoid any accidents during the cyclone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.somoynews.tv/news/2023-11-17/cyclone-midhili-traffic-suspended-on-inland-waterways|title=Cyclone Midhili: Traffic suspended on inland waterways|work=Somoy TV|date=17 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201042408/https://en.somoynews.tv/news/2023-11-17/cyclone-midhili-traffic-suspended-on-inland-waterways|archive-date=1 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 700 people in [[St. Martin's Island]] and [[Teknaf]] were stranded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331452/cyclone-midhili-700-stranded-tourists-return-from|title=Cyclone Midhili: 700 stranded tourists return from Saint Martin's Island|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=18 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

In [[Agartala]], five flights were cancelled in [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]] on 17 November, while four flights were not allowed to land and needed to turn around.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dey|first=Abhishek|url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/cyclone-midhili-disrupts-air-services-in-tripura-sushanta-takes-swift-action/|title=Cyclone "Midhili" disrupts air services in Tripura, Sushanta takes swift action|work=Tripura Chronicle|date=17 November 2023|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522041047/https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/cyclone-midhili-disrupts-air-services-in-tripura-sushanta-takes-swift-action/|archive-date=22 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 500 people were stranded at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/cyclonic-storm-midhili-over-500-stranded-at-agartala-airport-after-flights-cancelled-712710-2023-11-17|title=Cyclonic Storm "Midhili": Over 500 stranded at Agartala airport after flights cancelled|work=IndiaTodayNE|date=17 November 2023|access-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130071635/https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/cyclonic-storm-midhili-over-500-stranded-at-agartala-airport-after-flights-cancelled-712710-2023-11-17|archive-date=30 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Bangladesh===
Midhili made landfall in southern Bangladesh in the afternoon (local time) of 17 November. Winds reached {{convert|102|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in [[Patuakhali]]. [[Bhola (town)|Bhola]] recorded {{convert|249|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 24 hours, the highest rainfall across the nation. [[Chandpur, Bangladesh|Chandpur]] and [[Barisal]] recorded 24-hour rainfall of {{convert|232|mm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|221|mm|in|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/217893/5-die-as-cyclone-midhili-hits-coast-with-heavy-rain|title=5 die as cyclone Midhili hits coast with heavy rain|work=New Age|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117173745/https://www.newagebd.net/article/217893/5-die-as-cyclone-midhili-hits-coast-with-heavy-rain|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten people were reported dead after the cyclone.<ref name="agri damage"/> In [[Cox's Bazar]], a mud wall collapsed due to heavy rains and killed four people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/5-killed-cyclone-midhili-crosses-coast-3472221|title=5 killed as Cyclone Midhili crosses coast|work=Daily Star|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163455/https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/5-killed-cyclone-midhili-crosses-coast-3472221|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Sandwip Upazila]], an elderly man was dead after being hit by a fallen tree branch.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/one-killed-cyclone-midhili-batters-sandwip-3472116|title=One killed as Cyclone Midhili batters Sandwip|work=Daily Star|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117141231/https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/one-killed-cyclone-midhili-batters-sandwip-3472116|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> A girl in [[Mirsharai Upazila]] was killed by a fallen tree at her home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331384/cyclone-midhili-2-killed-in-chittagong-as-tree|title=Cyclone Midhili: 2 killed in Chittagong as tree falls on them|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=17 November 2023|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> A businessperson died in [[Basail Upazila]], also due to a fallen tree.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/cyclone-midhili-elderly-man-dies-tree-falls-him-chattogram-741254|title=Cyclone Midhili: Falling tree, branch kill elderly man, child in Chattogram|work=The Business Standard|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117155708/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/cyclone-midhili-elderly-man-dies-tree-falls-him-chattogram-741254|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 300 fishermen on 20 fishing trawlers were missing in the [[Bay of Bengal]] after going out to the deep sea to catch fish.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331327/cyclone-midhili-300-fishermen-go-missing-in-bay|title=Cyclone Midhili: 300 fishermen go missing in Bay of Bengal|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=17 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117074211/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331327/cyclone-midhili-300-fishermen-go-missing-in-bay|archive-date=17 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Navy]] rescued numerous fisherman, though 25 of them were still missing as of 8 December.<ref name="Trail of damage">{{cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/218064/cyclone-midhili-leaves-trail-of-destruction-triggers-flash-flood-in-bangladesh|title=Cyclone Midhili leaves trail of destruction, triggers flash flood in Bangladesh|work=New Age|date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119014705/https://www.newagebd.net/article/218064/cyclone-midhili-leaves-trail-of-destruction-triggers-flash-flood-in-bangladesh|archive-date=19 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/si5nhypxoq|title=25 fishermen still missing after 20 days|work=Prothom Alo|date=8 December 2023|access-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209015158/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/si5nhypxoq|archive-date=9 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Comilla]], a young man was found dead after the lighter vessel carrying stones capsized due to Midhili.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331530/cyclone-midhili-body-of-missing-youth-recovered|title=Cyclone Midhili: Body of missing youth recovered from Sitakunda|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=19 November 2023|access-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110061045/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331530/cyclone-midhili-body-of-missing-youth-recovered|archive-date=10 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Two more people were killed by a fallen tree in the city.<ref name="Trail of damage"/>

Heavy rains from Midhili triggered flooding in Bangladesh. In [[Bhola District]], {{convert|4321|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of crops were destroyed, which incurred a loss of [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]]800 million (US$7.23 million). A farmer revealed that 20% of the Aman paddy was damaged by floodwaters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailymessenger.net/country/news/10753|title=Cyclone Midhili damaged crops worth taka 80 crore in Bhola|work=The Daily Messager|date=24 November 2023|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> Nearly 500 houses were damaged or destroyed in the district.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331383/cyclone-midhili-destroys-500-homes-in-bhola|title=Cyclone Midhili destroys 500 homes in Bhola|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=17 November 2023|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107133441/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/331383/cyclone-midhili-destroys-500-homes-in-bhola|archive-date=7 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Agriculture]], a total of {{convert|243294|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of crops were damaged, which affected 163,449 farmers and resulted in a loss of ৳3.87 billion (US$35 million).<ref name="agri damage">{{cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/218938/frequent-cyclones-hit-agriculture-hard-in-coastal-bangladesh|title=Frequent cyclones hit agriculture hard in coastal Bangladesh|work=New Age|date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012755/https://www.newagebd.net/article/218938/frequent-cyclones-hit-agriculture-hard-in-coastal-bangladesh|archive-date=29 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Chandpur, Bangladesh|Chandpur]], a large tree fell down and broke the electric wires, which interrupted the vehicles and train services. A road near the [[Kazirbag Eco-Park]] was blocked by a fallen tree, which temporary interrupted train services and road communication.<ref name="7 dead">{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/tf5a6gx33f|title=Cyclone Midhili leaves at least seven dead|work=Prothom Alo|date=18 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119011216/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/tf5a6gx33f|archive-date=19 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Numerous places experienced power outages, including [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Barguna District]], [[Cox's Bazar]], and [[Jhalokathi District]].<ref name="7 dead"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/ti1lh286x5|title=Jhalakhati out of power for 29 hrs after national grid cable severed in cyclone|work=Prothom Alo|date=18 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119013227/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/ti1lh286x5|archive-date=19 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 1,111 houses were damaged across the nation, and 132 others were destroyed.<ref name="Trail of damage"/> Brickfields in Bangladesh suffered severe damage from Midhili, and the loss was amounted to ৳12 billion (US$109 million).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hossain|first1=Sohrab|last2=Chakma|first2=Jagaran|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/brickfields-count-losses-tk-1200cr-cyclone-3476341|title=Brickfields count losses of Tk 1,200cr for cyclone|work=The Daily Star|date=23 November 2023|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223160305/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/brickfields-count-losses-tk-1200cr-cyclone-3476341|archive-date=23 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Northeast India===
The remnants of Midhili brought rainfalls to [[Tripura]], over 100,000 farmers were affected. They blamed the inadequate warnings from the local meteorological department and asked for compensation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Tanmoy|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/cyclone-midhili-tripura-aiks-demands-compensation-for-over-one-lakh-farmers-facing-severe-losses-713991-2023-11-20|title=Cyclone Midhili: Tripura AIKS demands compensation for over one lakh farmers facing severe losses|work=IndiaToday NE|date=20 November 2023|access-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130071053/https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/cyclone-midhili-tripura-aiks-demands-compensation-for-over-one-lakh-farmers-facing-severe-losses-713991-2023-11-20|archive-date=30 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> 339 houses were damaged, in which 12 of them were destroyed. Total damage statewide was unknown, but no fatalities were reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/%E2%80%98midhili%E2%80%99-damages-339%C2%A0houses-across-tripura-12769.html|title='Midhili' damages 339 houses across Tripura|work=Tripura Times|date=18 November 2023|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204025307/https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/%E2%80%98midhili%E2%80%99-damages-339%C2%A0houses-across-tripura-12769.html|archive-date=4 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones|India|Bangladesh}}
*[[Weather of 2023]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2023]]
*[[List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones]]
*[[Cyclone Rashmi]]
*[[Cyclone Mora]]
*[[Cyclone Matmo–Bulbul]]
*[[Cyclone Sitrang]]
*[[Cyclone Remal]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://science.nrlmry.navy.mil/geoips/tcdat/tc2023/IO/IO072023/txt/trackfile.txt JTWC Best Track Data] of Tropical Cyclone 07B (Midhili)

{{2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

[[Category:2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Midhili]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:November 2023 in Asia]]
[[Category:November 2023 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:November 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh|Midhili]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India|Midhili]]
[[Category:Severe cyclonic storms|Midhili]]

The Signature

2026-04-22T18:25:08Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating initial post first draft

{{Short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Signature
| image = The Signature film poster (2024).jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = ''[[Anumati (film)|Anumati]]'' (2013 Marathi film)
| producer = [[K. C. Bokadia]] [[Anupam Kher]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Mahima Chaudhry]]
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Annu Kapoor]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
* [[Neena Kulkarni]]
}}
| cinematography = Krishna Soren
| editing = Anant Kamath
| music =
| studio = Anupam Kher Studio
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|04}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''The Signature''''' is a 2024 [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Gajendra Ahire]] and produced by [[K. C. Bokadia]] and Anupam Kher Studio.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-21 |title=Anupam Kher shares first poster of 'The Signature', a beautiful story of a 'common man' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anupam-kher-shares-first-poster-of-the-signature-a-beautiful-story-of-a-common-man/articleshow/92351356.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705065019/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anupam-kher-shares-first-poster-of-the-signature-a-beautiful-story-of-a-common-man/articleshow/92351356.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Anupam Kher to co-produce 'The Signature' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-to-co-produce-the-signature-exclusive/articleshow/92602249.cms |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111175007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-to-co-produce-the-signature-exclusive/articleshow/92602249.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a Hindi adaptation of the [[National Film Awards|National Award]]-winning 2013 Marathi film ''[[Anumati (film)|Anumati]]'', which originally starred [[Vikram Gokhale]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Shrestha |title=The Signature: Anupam Kher and Mahima Chaudhary's film to premiere on ZEE5 next month |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-signature-anupam-kher-and-mahima-chaudharys-film-to-premiere-on-zee5-next-month/cid/2049448 |website=The Telegraph online |access-date=2024-09-28 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213051700/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-signature-anupam-kher-and-mahima-chaudharys-film-to-premiere-on-zee5-next-month/cid/2049448 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi remake features [[Anupam Kher]] in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Did you know Anupam Kher is reprising Vikram Gokhale's role in Anumati for The Signature? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/did-you-know-anupam-kher-is-reprising-vikram-gokhales-role-in-anumati-for-the-signature/articleshow/104861343.cms |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909131922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/did-you-know-anupam-kher-is-reprising-vikram-gokhales-role-in-anumati-for-the-signature/articleshow/104861343.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Mahima Chaudhry]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-11 |title=Anupam Kher is NOT bald in Mahima Chaudhry's comeback film 'The Signature': First Look REVEALED! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-is-not-bald-in-mahima-chaudhrys-comeback-film-the-signature-first-look-revealed/articleshow/92143358.cms |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621080301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-is-not-bald-in-mahima-chaudhrys-comeback-film-the-signature-first-look-revealed/articleshow/92143358.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Mahima Chaudhry Begins Shooting for The Signature With Anupam Kher Post Cancer Recovery, See Post |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahima-chaudhry-begins-shooting-for-the-signature-with-anupam-kher-post-cancer-recovery-see-post-5350105.html |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913144710/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahima-chaudhry-begins-shooting-for-the-signature-with-anupam-kher-post-cancer-recovery-see-post-5350105.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], and [[Neena Kulkarni]] in supporting roles. The film was premiered on 4 October 2024, on the streaming platform [[ZEE5]] and had an early screening at the Namaste Vietnam Festival in 2023.<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
''The Signature'' centers around an elderly man whose life takes a tragic turn when his wife becomes critically ill and is hospitalized. As her condition worsens, the man faces numerous financial and emotional challenges in his efforts to save her. Despite his growing hopelessness, he finds support from an old college friend who helps him navigate his difficulties.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Signature OTT Release Date: When & Where To Watch Anupam Kher's Film Online |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-signature-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-anupam-khers-film-online |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923005539/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-signature-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-anupam-khers-film-online |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Anupam Kher]] as Arvind, the elderly husband<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Akash |title=Anupam Kher: I have always been the face of change; the problem is that the world has only now acknowledged it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anupam-kher-i-have-always-been-the-face-of-change-the-problem-is-that-the-world-has-only-now-acknowledged-it-101713620055983.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-09-28 |archive-date=2024-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603101345/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anupam-kher-i-have-always-been-the-face-of-change-the-problem-is-that-the-world-has-only-now-acknowledged-it-101713620055983.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Mahima Chaudhry]] as Ambu aka Ambika
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Arvind's close friend
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as hospital owner
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Madhu, Arvind's wife<ref name=":0" />
* Sneha Paul as Nalini
* [[Maira Khan]] as Anjali's daughter
* Harman D'Souza
* Asrar Khan as Jeweller

== Production ==
The film was shot on location in [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Mahima Chaudhry unveils her first look from Anupam Kher's The Signature. Fans call her a hero |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mahima-chaudhry-unveils-her-first-look-from-anupam-kher-s-the-signature-fans-call-her-a-hero-1960711-2022-06-10 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619110011/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mahima-chaudhry-unveils-her-first-look-from-anupam-kher-s-the-signature-fans-call-her-a-hero-1960711-2022-06-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-12 |title=Mahima Chaudhry laughs through her tears in new photoshoot with Anupam Kher. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mahima-chaudhry-laughs-through-her-tears-in-new-photoshoot-with-anupam-kher-watch-1961425-2022-06-12 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625211903/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mahima-chaudhry-laughs-through-her-tears-in-new-photoshoot-with-anupam-kher-watch-1961425-2022-06-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography began on 5 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-20 |title=Anupam Kher wraps shooting of upcoming drama 'The Signature', shares first look poster |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anupam-kher-wraps-shooting-of-upcoming-drama-the-signature-shares-first-look-poster/articleshow/92339413.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213060623/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anupam-kher-wraps-shooting-of-upcoming-drama-the-signature-shares-first-look-poster/articleshow/92339413.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The title was selected through a social media poll and the first look poster was unveiled in June 2024.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Release==
The film was premiered as a [[ZEE5]] original on 4 October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupam Kher’s The Signature poster out! Film to hit streaming in October 2024 - Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anupam-kher-the-signature-poster-hit-streaming-october-2024/b15d31b6b5678 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920221231/https://www.ottplay.com/news/anupam-kher-the-signature-poster-hit-streaming-october-2024/b15d31b6b5678 |url-status=live }}</ref> following its world premiere at the Namaste Vietnam Festival 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Signature: Anupam Kher unveils the title of his 525th film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-signature-anupam-kher-unveils-the-title-of-his-525th-film/5f438e589e242 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702110759/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-signature-anupam-kher-unveils-the-title-of-his-525th-film/5f438e589e242 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Dhaval Roy of the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5, describing it as "a poignant and thought-provoking film that explores the depths of human emotion and the enduring power of love. However, the film's pacing may be slow for some viewers, and the lack of major plot twists might not appeal to those seeking a fast-paced narrative. It's a worthy watch if you appreciate heartfelt storytelling, strong performances, and a nuanced exploration of human relationships."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Signature Review : Anupam Kher Shines in a poignant tale of love, hope, and determination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-signature/ottmoviereview/113896921.cms |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008131645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-signature/ottmoviereview/113896921.cms |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Devesh Sharma from ''[[Filmfare]]'' rates the film 3/5 stars and notes "The production values leave much to be desired. The cinematography is kind of patchy. But technical glitches aside, the film is buoyed by credible performances. It's a real tearjerker, so keep the tissues handy."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=The Signature Movie Review: Anupam Kher leads from the front |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/the-signature-movie-review-68795.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=4 October 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204181924/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/the-signature-movie-review-68795.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commends Anupam Kher's performance, noting that it adds depth and emotion to this remake of the Marathi film ''[[Anumati (film)|Anumati]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suri|first=Risabh|title=The Signature review: Anupam Kher's sensitive drama has issues, but his moving performance makes up for everything|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-signature-review-anupam-khers-sensitive-drama-has-issues-but-his-moving-performance-makes-up-for-everything-101728031426239.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 October 2024|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=4 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004085315/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-signature-review-anupam-khers-sensitive-drama-has-issues-but-his-moving-performance-makes-up-for-everything-101728031426239.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Deepansh Duggal from ''[[Network18 Group|Money Control]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote that "While The Signature isn’t a flawless film, it is an important step towards making conversations around caregivers and compassion fatigue go mainstream. The film shines when it explores the ethical and moral dilemmas around Arvind’s decision and dips when it focuses too much on melodramatic Baghban-style parent-child relationship."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duggal|first=Deepansh|title=The Signature Movie Review: Anupam Kher's Film Is A Painfully Realistic Depiction Of Caregiver Grief And Compassion Fatigue|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/the-signature-movie-review-anupam-khers-film-is-a-painfully-realistic-depiction-of-caregiver-grief-and-compassion-fatigue-article-12835093.html|date=4 October 2024|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003233452/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/the-signature-movie-review-anupam-khers-film-is-a-painfully-realistic-depiction-of-caregiver-grief-and-compassion-fatigue-article-12835093.html|url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and opined "The Signature attempts to delve into the emotional and financial turmoil faced by families during medical crises. Although Anupam Kher delivers a compelling performance, the film falters due to its scattered narrative and lack of depth in execution."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Signature review: Anupam Kher's film weakened by half-baked execution |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-signature-review-anupam-kher-film-weakened-half-baked-execution-2611011-2024-10-04 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 October 2024 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207001220/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-signature-review-anupam-kher-film-weakened-half-baked-execution-2611011-2024-10-04 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Angel Rani of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "It feels more like a documentary — and a dull one at that — on how society treats senior citizens. Often considered “useless” and unworthy of insurance policies."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rani |first1=Angel |title='The Signature' movie review: A journey of medical woes and emotional misfires |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-signature-movie-review-a-journey-of-medical-woes-and-emotional-misfires-3220322section=5 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=5 October 2024}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and highlighted "Anupam Kher is simply brilliant as he captures our attention right from the first frame. Mahima Chaudhary and Annu Kapoor provide apt support with their class acts while Ranvir Shorey makes an impact despite having a very brief role. On the whole, The Signature deserves a watch for Kher and Ahire’s sheer brilliance."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aaglave |first1=Ganesh |title=The Signature movie review: Anupam Kher delivers a brilliant act in a heartbreaking story of love & loss |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-signature-movie-review-anupam-kher-delivers-a-brilliant-act-in-a-heartbreaking-story-of-love-loss-13821868.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 October 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News|ABP Live]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and noted "'Signature’ is not just a movie; it's an emotional journey that reminds us of the value of life and relationships. It not only makes you reflect but also reaffirms our good fortune of witnessing the brilliance of actors like Anupam Kher."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Amit |title=The Signature Review: A Heartfelt Drama With Anupam Kher's Outstanding Performance |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-the-signature-review-on-zee-5-starring-anupam-kher-mahima-chaudhry-annu-kapoor-1721964 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |date=4 October 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217063446/https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-the-signature-review-on-zee-5-starring-anupam-kher-mahima-chaudhry-annu-kapoor-1721964 |url-status=live }}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Nirali Kanabar of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rates the film 3 stars out of 5 and writes "The Signature is a film that will move you to tears. From the beginning to the end, the movie keeps you hooked to the screen despite a few bumps here and there. The film also explores the parent-child relationship as the parents grow old, the struggles that the elderly face, and society's perception of them."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanabar |first1=Nirali |title=The Signature review: Anupam Kher and Neena Kulkarni's story of love, hope and survival will tug at your heartstrings |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-signature-review-anupam-kher-neena-kulkarni-mahima-chaudhry/9d503d372a620 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204123204/https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-signature-review-anupam-kher-neena-kulkarni-mahima-chaudhry/9d503d372a620 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Risha Gangukly of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and mentioned "The movie is well fleshed-out despite not even being two hours long. With emotional dramas becoming a rarity, this movie might be the best watch in some time for people who love the genre."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Risha |title=The Signature Movie Review: Anupam Kher's One Man Act Is A Heartbreaking Story Of Love, Loss, Life |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-signature-movie-review-anupam-khers-one-man-act-is-a-heartbreaking-story-of-love-loss-life-review-113913948 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208081548/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-signature-movie-review-anupam-khers-one-man-act-is-a-heartbreaking-story-of-love-loss-life-review-113913948 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro from the ''[[The Free Press Journal|Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and opined "Overall, the film falls short of the deeply affecting tale it aspires to be. While it tackles weighty themes of love, loss, and healthcare, its narrative is bogged down by weak writing and forced plot devices. The result is a film that feels more concerned with ticking off emotional beats than delivering a truly heartfelt story."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Troy |title=The Signature Review: Anupam Kher, Mahima Chaudhary And Annu Kapoor's Film Is A Melodramatic, With More Flourish Than Feel |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-signature-review-anupam-kher-mahima-chaudhary-and-annu-kapoors-film-is-a-melodramatic-with-more-flourish-than-feel |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal|Free Press Journal]] |date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217063327/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-signature-review-anupam-kher-mahima-chaudhary-and-annu-kapoors-film-is-a-melodramatic-with-more-flourish-than-feel |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28435822}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/the-signature/0-0-1z5629005 The Signature] on [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Signature}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Marathi films]]

Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-21T13:24:33Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating the bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subash Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| constituency1 = [[Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 16 August 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Reyazul Haque Raju|Reyajul Haque]]
| successor1 = [[Kusum Devi]]
| office = [[List of Co-operative ministers of Bihar|Minister of Co-operative]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 9 February 2021
| term_end = 9 August 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Amrendra Pratap Singh]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 January 1963<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|8|16|1963|1|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]], [[New Delhi]], India
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| alma_mater =
| parents = Baban Singh
| website =
| footnotes =
| spouse = [[Kusum Devi]]
| other_party =
| children =
}}

'''Subash Singh''' (15 January 1963 – 16 August 2022) was an Indian politician. He was elected as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in 2015 from [[Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]. In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated the congress candidate and became a cabinet minister in the [[Bihar government]], starting from 2021.

== Bihar Legislative Assembly ==
In the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]] and the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010 Bihar Assembly election]]s, Subash Singh of the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] won the seat by defeating [[Reyazul Haque Raju|Reyajul Haque]] from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He won the election by defeating [[Reyazul Haque Raju|Reyajul Haque]], with a margin of 6500.<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Subash Singh |url=http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2177 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite web |title=Subash Singh |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar-election/candidate/subash-singh/bjp/101 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=bhaskar.com}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|In 2015]], Subash Singh again won the seat by defeating Reyajul Haque from Rashtriya Janata Dal, with a margin of 5074 votes.<ref name="myneta"/><ref name="bhaskar"/>

In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated the congress candidate and became a cabinet minister in the [[Bihar government]], starting from 2021.<ref name="aajtak">{{Cite web |title=गोपालगंज विधानसभा सीट: बीजेपी के गढ़ में क्या विपक्षी दल लगा पाएंगे सेंध? – Gopalganj assembly seat election 2020 Subash Singh bjp rjd jdu |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/gopalganj-assembly-seat-election-2020-subash-singh-bjp-rjd-jdu-1136368-2020-09-27 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=AajTak|date=27 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Subhash Singh Election Results 2020: News, Votes, Results of Bihar Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-candidates-list-2020/subhash-singh-04101-1 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Subhash Singh died at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) in [[New Delhi]] on 16 August 2022. He was ill for a long time, and after a kidney transplant, he was again admitted to the AIIMS.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://forbque.com/bihar-news-former-minister-and-bjp-mla-subhash-singh-died-in-delhi-aiims-was-admitted-for-a-long-time/ |title=Bihar News: Former minister and BJP MLA Subhash Singh died in Delhi AIIMS, was admitted for a long time |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |location=Bihar |work=Forbque}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming Assembly by-polls first battle between GA, BJP in Bihar since change of govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/upcoming-assembly-by-polls-first-battle-between-ga-bjp-in-bihar-since-change-of-govt-101664641551891.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Subhash}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Co-operative ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar People's Party politicians]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Ellenabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:49:04Z

HoracePettigrew: created the info w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ellenabad
| type = SLA
| map_image = Ellenabad Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 46
| state = [[Haryana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Sirsa]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 1,95,308
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Bharat Singh Beniwal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| region =
}}

'''Ellenabad''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] in India. Ellenabad is a part of [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency]]. Bharat Singh Beniwal is the incumbent member of Haryana Legislative Assembly from Ellenabad since 2024.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellenabad Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/ellenabad.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Partap Singh Chautala
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| Lal Chand Khod
|{{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
|1970(Bye-election)
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Chaudhary Brij Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | Bhagi Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Mani Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | Bhagi Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| Sushil Kumar Indora
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|-
| 2010^
| rowspan="4" | [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2021 elections in India#Haryana|2021^]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bharat Singh Beniwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

^By-Poll

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ellenabad">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ellenabad|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0746.htm |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bharat Singh Beniwal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,865 |percentage=49.14% |change={{increase}}35.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=62,865|percentage=39.67%|change={{decrease}}4.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amir Chand Talwara|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=13,320|percentage=8.41%|change={{decrease}}30.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anjani Ladha|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=1,593|percentage=1.01%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manish Arora|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=885|percentage=0.56%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=545|percentage=0.34%|change={{increase}}0.03}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,000 |percentage=9.47% |change= {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,58,454|percentage=81.03%|change={{increase}}0.01}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,308 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 elections in India#Haryana|2021 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Ellenabad<ref name="Haryana bypolls: INLD leader Abhay Chautala wins Ellenabad Assembly seat by over 80000 votes">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |title=Haryana bypolls: INLD leader Abhay Chautala wins Ellenabad Assembly seat by over 6,700 votes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-bypolls-inld-leader-abhay-chautala-wins-ellenabad-assembly-seat-by-over-6700-votes/articleshow/87487733.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=1 July 2024 |date=2 November 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172914/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-bypolls-inld-leader-abhay-chautala-wins-ellenabad-assembly-seat-by-over-6700-votes/articleshow/87487733.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=1 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=65,992 |percentage=43.69 |change={{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobind Kanda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,253 |percentage=39.23 |change={{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,904 |percentage=13.84|change={{decrease}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=480 |percentage=0.32 |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,739 |percentage=4.46 |change= {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,51,044 |percentage=81.28 |change= {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,86,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=57,055 |percentage=37.86 |change={{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Beniwal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,133 |percentage=29.95 |change={{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,383 |percentage=23.48 |change={{increase}}15.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. P. Sihag |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=6,569 |percentage=4.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Advocate Ravinder Balyan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,947 |percentage=1.29 |change={{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Saroop |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=998 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Verma |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=985 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=737 |percentage=0.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,922 |percentage=7.91 |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,684 |percentage=83.24 |change= {{decrease}}6.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,021 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=69,162 |percentage=46.65% |change={{decrease}}4.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Beniwal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,623 |percentage=38.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Bhadu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,491 |percentage=7.75% |change={{decrease}}38.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurjeet Singh Kaura |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=4,195 |percentage=2.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jas Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,051 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Bana |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=925 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal |party=Independent politician |votes=824 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,539 |percentage=7.78% |change= {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,48,254 |percentage=89.30% |change= {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,019 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2010 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2010 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=64,813 |percentage=50.75% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,586 |percentage=45.87% |change={{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kusum Lata Choudhary |party= |votes=1,353 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,192 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,227 |percentage=4.88% |change= {{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,711 |percentage=88.58% |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Om Prakash Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=64,567 |percentage=51.91% |change={{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,144 |percentage=38.71% |change={{increase}}13.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir Chand Mehta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,618 |percentage=2.91% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Lal Beniwal |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,360 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parshan Singh Khosa |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,605 |percentage=2.09% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhir Kumar Beniwal |party=Smast Bhartiya Party |votes=816 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeram Kasniya |party=Independent politician |votes=748 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,423 |percentage=13.20% |change= {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,24,387 |percentage=86.27% |change= {{increase}}7.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sushil Kumar Indora |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=49,803 |percentage=44.56% |change={{decrease}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,920 |percentage=24.98% |change={{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Keharwala |party=Independent politician |votes=26,972 |percentage=24.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,593 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panna Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,974 |percentage=1.77% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nidhan Ram |party=Lok Dal |votes=1,301 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shish Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,203 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,883 |percentage=19.58% |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,774 |percentage=78.38% |change= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,600 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}9.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Ram |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=50,235 |percentage=54.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Sheo Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,181 |percentage=38.10% |change={{increase}}19.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karnail Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=2,441 |percentage=2.64% |change={{decrease}}30.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwinder Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,741 |percentage=1.89% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nidhan Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,405 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrik Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=823 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,054 |percentage=16.30% |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,334 |percentage=72.74% |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,698 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Ram |party=Samata Party |votes=37,107 |percentage=40.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karnail Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=29,909 |percentage=32.94% |change={{increase}}30.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,071 |percentage=18.80% |change={{decrease}}31.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,907 |percentage=2.10% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahader Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=805 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulwant |party=Independent politician |votes=683 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sucha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=661 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savitri Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahader Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,198 |percentage=7.93% |change= {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,812 |percentage=76.99% |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,585 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,595 |percentage=50.61% |change={{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=25,834 |percentage=33.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagraj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,536 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,129 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,043 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Bishan |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,768 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=789 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,761 |percentage=17.59% |change= {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,228 |percentage=70.75% |change= {{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,127 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=43,912 |percentage=58.74% |change={{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,789 |percentage=38.51% |change={{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrik Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=517 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,123 |percentage=20.23% |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,758 |percentage=78.36% |change= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,705 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=32,341 |percentage=52.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,523 |percentage=42.87% |change={{increase}}36.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udmi Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,946 |percentage=3.15% |change={{decrease}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=657 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buta Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,818 |percentage=9.40% |change= {{decrease}}8.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,869 |percentage=79.32% |change= {{increase}}16.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,052 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagi Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=21,769 |percentage=51.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=14,365 |percentage=33.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,034 |percentage=7.16% |change={{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sakhi Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,670 |percentage=6.30% |change={{decrease}}49.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,404 |percentage=17.48% |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,366 |percentage=62.35% |change= {{decrease}}11.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,560 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,266 |percentage=55.76% |change={{increase}}18.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal |party=Independent politician |votes=15,160 |percentage=31.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,939 |percentage=10.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=900 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahipat |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=630 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,106 |percentage=24.76% |change= {{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,895 |percentage=74.89% |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,516 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=20,816 |percentage=49.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,485 |percentage=36.85% |change={{increase}}36.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pirthi Raj |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,726 |percentage=13.62% |change={{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,331 |percentage=12.68% |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,027 |percentage=71.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,442 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellenabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,208 |percentage=51.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=17,561 |percentage=44.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=748 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=668 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=301 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,647 |percentage=6.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,486 |percentage=72.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,092 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Ellenabad]]
* [[Sirsa district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Haryana}}

{{coord|29.45|74.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Sarada Muraleedharan

2026-04-12T00:45:08Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating basic article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarada Muraleedharan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|4|17}}
| occupation = Civil servant
| batch =
| office = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Kerala
| term_start = 1 September 2024
| term_end = 30 April 2025
| predecessor = [[V. Venu]]
| successor = [[A. Jayathilak]]
| spouse = [[V. Venu]]
}}

'''Sarada Muraleedharan''' <ref name="TOI-2024">{{cite news |title=Sharada Muraleedharan to take over as next chief secy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/sharada-muraleedharan-to-take-over-as-next-chief-secy/articleshow/112689068.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 August 2024 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> (born 17 April 1965) is a retired civil servant of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) of Kerala cadre (1990 batch).<ref name="IASCivilList-2023">{{cite web |title=IAS Civil List (Kerala) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/All_india_services/IAS%20Civil%20List.pdf |publisher=General Administration Department (All India Services), Government of Kerala |format=PDF |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> She served as the 49th [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretary]] of Kerala from 1 September 2024 to 30 April 2025.<ref name="GAD-ChiefSecretaries">{{cite web |title=Chief Secretaries of Kerala |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/index.php/en/chief-secretaries |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

During her career, Muraleedharan held senior positions in the Government of Kerala and on central deputation, including serving as Executive Director of the [[Kudumbashree]] Mission (2006–2012), Chief Operating Officer of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission, Joint Secretary in the Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj, and Director General of the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT).<ref name="Kudumbashree-ED">{{cite web |title=Executive Director's Page |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/183 |publisher=Kudumbashree (State Poverty Eradication Mission), Government of Kerala |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="TNIE-2024">{{cite news |title=Sarada Muraleedharan to be appointed new Chief Secretary of Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/21/sarada-muraleedharan-to-be-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-kerala |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 August 2024 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="IT-2016">{{cite news |title=Make in India Fashion Summit: Aim is to develop great entrepreneurs, says Sarada Muraleedharan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/make-in-india-fashion-summit-nift-sarada-muraleedharan-358884-2016-12-21 |work=India Today |date=22 December 2016 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muraleedharan is from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref name="IndianExpress-2024">{{cite news |title=Kerala's power couple share secret formula: 'Be each other's sounding boards' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/keralas-power-couple-share-secret-formula-9563063/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> She attended the Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="GCW-Alumni">{{cite web |title=Smt. Sarada G Muraleedharan |url=https://gcwtvm.ac.in/smt-sarada-g-muraleedharan/ |publisher=Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
Muraleedharan joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1990 and was allotted the Kerala cadre.<ref name="IASCivilList-2023" />

=== District administration ===
She served as District Collector of Thiruvananthapuram from 18 September 1998 to 18 October 2000.<ref name="TVM-Collectors">{{cite web |title=Former District Collectors |url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/former-district-collectors/ |publisher=District Thiruvananthapuram, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Kudumbashree Mission ===
Muraleedharan served as Executive Director of the Kudumbashree Mission from 12 June 2006 to 1 May 2012.<ref name="Kudumbashree-ED" />

=== State and central government roles ===
On central deputation, she served as Chief Operating Officer of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission under the Ministry of Rural Development, and later as Joint Secretary in the Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj, where she worked on the promotion of Gram Panchayat Development Plans.<ref name="TNIE-2024" /><ref name="Onmanorama-Retire">{{cite news |title=Major revamp in Kerala bureaucracy as Chief Secretary, other top officials retire today |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/04/30/kerala-bureaucracy-revamp-chief-secretary-retire.html |work=Onmanorama |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Director General, NIFT ===
In 2016, Muraleedharan was appointed Director General of the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT).<ref name="IT-2016" />

=== Chief Secretary of Kerala (2024–2025) ===
In August 2024, the Kerala cabinet appointed Muraleedharan as Chief Secretary. She assumed office on 1 September 2024, succeeding the outgoing Chief Secretary, V. Venu (her spouse), who retired on 31 August 2024.<ref name="TNIE-2024" /><ref name="GAD-ChiefSecretaries" />

Media coverage noted that while IAS couples had previously both served as Kerala chief secretaries at different times, this was the first instance in the state where the office passed directly from one spouse to the other.<ref name="IndianExpress-2024" />

Muraleedharan retired on 30 April 2025 and was succeeded by A. Jayathilak.<ref name="GAD-ChiefSecretaries" /><ref name="Onmanorama-Retire" />

== Public statements ==
In March 2025, Muraleedharan received attention after a social media post in which she discussed colourism and gendered stereotyping, following commentary comparing her performance as chief secretary to that of her predecessor and spouse. The post was discussed in Indian media about discrimination linked to skin colour.<ref name="NDTV-2025">{{cite news |title=Sarada Muraleedharan: 'I Dig Black': Kerala Bureaucrat Calls Out Colourism, Comparison To Husband |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sarada-muraleedharan-i-dig-black-kerala-bureaucrat-calls-out-colourism-comparison-to-husband-8013990 |work=NDTV |date=26 March 2025 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Mint-2025">{{cite news |title=Who is Sarada Muraleedharan? Kerala chief secretary confronts skin colour bias |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-sarada-muraleedharan-kerala-bureaucrat-who-spoke-against-skin-colour-bias-with-powerful-message-11743042855594.html |work=Mint |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Muraleedharan is married to [[V. Venu]], a retired IAS officer who served as Chief Secretary of Kerala immediately before her.<ref name="IndianExpress-2024" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muraleedharan, Sarada}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Balmukund Acharya

2026-04-04T03:54:12Z

HoracePettigrew: Starting new entry - done

{{short description|Indian politician and spiritual leader (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balmukund Acharya
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], India
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Joshi]]
| constituency = [[Hawa Mahal Assembly constituency|Hawa Mahal, Jaipur]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| website =
}}

'''Balmukund Acharya''' (born 1 January 1976) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Hawa Mahal Assembly constituency|Hawa Mahal constituency, Jaipur]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Personal life ==
He is [[Acharya]] of Hathoj Dham Jaipur, the sect of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=हवामहल सीट पर बीजेपी ने खेला हिंदुत्व कार्ड, प्रत्याशी बालमुकुंद आचार्य बोले- मां-बेटे की सरकार को जवाब देंगे |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/bjp-gives-ticket-to-balmukund-acharya-from-hawamahal-seat-said-that-double-engine-government-will-be-formed-in-rajasthan/rj20231102235438981981683 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= हाथोज धाम के बालमुकुंद आचार्य महाराज जी का किया सम्मान संवाददाता देवी नारायण शर्मा जयपुर जयपुर सांगानेर प्रियंका |url=https://aimamedia.org/newsdetails.aspx?nid=162290 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=aimamedia.org}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the [[Hawa Mahal Assembly constituency|Hawa Mahal, Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=बालकनाथ, बालमुकुंद, प्रताप पुरी और ओटाराम... राजस्थान के वो 4 महंत, जो BJP के टिकट पर पहुंचे विधानसभा |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections-2023/story/balaknath-balmukund-and-pratap-puri-otaram-4-mahants-wins-rajasthan-assembly-elections-ntc-1831623-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Balaknath balmukund acharya mahant pratap puri otaram dewasi why is in news - राजस्थान चुनाव में बना रिकॉर्ड; बाबा बालकनाथ सहित 4 पुजारी जीते इलेक्शन, चर्चा में क्यों?, राजस्थान न्यूज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-baba-balaknath-balmukund-acharya-mahant-pratap-puri-otaram-dewasi-why-is-in-news-9025268.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 2023 Hawa Mahal Assembly Election Results <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/hawa-mahal</ref>
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Percentage !! Result
|-
| 2023 || Hawa Mahal || Balmukund Acharya || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}Bharatiya Janata Party || 95,989 || 49.18% || Elected
|-
| 2023 || Hawa Mahal || R.R. Tiwari || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}}Indian National Congress || 95,015 || 48.68% || 1st Runner Up
|-
| 2023 || Hawa Mahal || NOTA || None of the Above || 1,463 || 0.75% || N/A
|}

== Controversies ==
Acharya has been accused of making inflammatory statements promoting Hindu nationalism and inciting violence against minority communities. His comments on non-vegetarian food near religious sites and closure of meat stalls have sparked protests and accusations of religious intolerance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=Balmukundacharya, Hawa Mahal BJP MLA, whose tirade against meat vendors went viral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/balmukundacharya-hawa-mahal-bjp-mla-whose-tirade-against-meat-vendors-went-viral-9061667/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sabrang |date=2023-12-05 |title=Rajasthan: Newly elected BJP MLA from Hawa Mahal constituency, Bal Mukund Acharya launches assault on minority-run meat food stalls |url=https://sabrangindia.in/rajasthan-newly-elected-bjp-mla-from-hawa-mahal-constituency-bal-mukund-acharya-launches-assault-on-minority-run-meat-food-stalls/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref>

Acharya argues that wearing the [[hijab]] disrupts school discipline and sets a precedent for students wearing clothes representing various religions. This stance is interpreted by some as an attempt to impose Hindu values and restrict the religious freedom of Muslim students. Later, Muslim students gheraoed the police station, demanding that the MLA stop "vitiating the atmosphere in schools" and apologise for his actions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=In Rajasthan, BJP MLA stirs up hijab row in school, minister says Muslim 'thinking more towards crime' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-bjp-mla-objects-to-hijab-in-school-minister-says-will-talk-to-cm-9133722/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Balmukund}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Heinrich Heine

2026-03-28T11:38:00Z

HoracePettigrew: fixed issues

{{Short description|German poet, writer, and literary critic (1797–1856)}}
{{About|the German writer and poet|the German train route|Heinrich Heine (train)|the German mathematician|Heinrich Eduard Heine}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Heinrich Heine
| image = Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg
| alt =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Harry Heine
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1797|12|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Düsseldorf]], [[Duchy of Berg]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1856|2|17|1797|12|13|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris, [[Second French Empire]]
| occupation = Poet, essayist, journalist, literary critic
| education = [[University of Bonn]] [[University of Berlin]] [[University of Göttingen]] ([[Dr. jur.]])
| movement = [[Romanticism]]
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
*''[[:de:Buch der Lieder (Heine)|Buch der Lieder]]''
*''Reisebilder''
*''[[Die Harzreise|The Harz Journey]]''
*''[[Germany. A Winter's Tale]]''
*''Atta Troll''
*''Romanzero''
*''Geständnisse''}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Mathilde Heine|1841}}
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = {{plainlist|
*[[Salomon Heine]] (uncle)
*[[Gustav Heine von Geldern|Gustav Heine]] (brother)
*[[Karl Marx]] (3rd cousin)}}
| awards =
| signature = Heinrich Heine signature.svg
}}

'''Christian Johann Heinrich Heine'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|n|ə}}; {{IPA|de|ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈhaɪnə|lang|De-Heinrich Heine.ogg}}}} (born '''Harry Heine'''; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a Jewish born German poet, writer and [[literary criticism|literary critic]]. He is best known outside Germany for his early [[lyric poetry]], which was set to music in the form of ''[[Lied]]er'' (art songs) by composers such as [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Franz Schubert]].

Heine's later verse and prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony. He is considered a member of the [[Young Germany]] movement. His radical political views led to many of his works being [[Censorship in Germany|banned by German authorities]]—which, however, only added to his fame.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnIjAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Heine+became+famous+because+of+censorship,+%22 |title=Censorship: Gabler, Mel, and Norma Gabler-President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography |last=Amey |first=L.J. |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Salem Press |isbn=9780893564469 |page=350 |language=en |quote=Ironically, Heine became famous because of censorship, particularly after he wrote a political cycle of poems entitled ''[[Germany. A Winter's Tale]]'' in 1844 that was immediately banned throughout the confederation}}</ref> He spent the last 25 years of his life as an [[expatriate]] in Paris.

As an exile in Paris, Heine became a celebrity avatar reflective of the liberal and cosmopolitan values of the mainstream press.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franzen |first=Jonathan |url=http://archive.org/details/krausprojectessa0000fran |title=The Kraus project : essays by Karl Kraus |date=2014 |publisher=New York, NY : Picador USA |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-250-05603-0 |pages=15, 16 |translator-last=Franzen |translator-first=Jonathan}}</ref><ref name="Kruse 2016">{{Cite book |last=Kruse |first=Joseph Anton |title=Heine und die Folgen |date=2016 |publisher=J.B. Metzler Verlag |isbn=978-3-476-02652-1 |location=Stuttgart}}</ref> To make “an appeal to Heine” was to make an appeal to these values.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kruse |first=Joseph A. |date=1989 |title=Heine und die Französische Revolution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23899076 |journal=Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=325–339 |doi=10.1163/157007389X00280 |jstor=23899076 |issn=0044-3441}}</ref><ref name=":0">[[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]] (1910-it went through many editions in the following years). “Heine and the Consequences.” ''The Kraus project : essays by Karl Kraus''. Translated by Franzen, Jonathan. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Picador USA. pp. 1-135 {{ISBN|978-1-250-05603-0}}.</ref>

In particular, Heine is accused by [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]] of being the vector by which the ''[[feuilleton]]'' spread from France to Germany.<ref name=":1" /> In the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] Heine’s name was invoked as an archetype of the extraordinarily influential Jewish opinion columnist and uber-literati.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-third-reich-sourcebook-anson-rabinbach-sander-l.-gilman-z-library |title=The Third Reich Sourcebook |publisher=University of California |editor-last=Ed. Anton Rabinbach & Sander Gilman |pages=196, 222, 447, 474–75, 630}}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler’s]] propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels|Goebbels]] wanted to purge the German language of Heinrich Heine’s influence but, according to a 1937 article in the [[The New York Times|New York Times]], found that doing so proved impossible in practice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TIMES |first=Wireless to THE NEW YORK |date=1937-05-02 |title=GOEBBELS OPPOSES REWRITING HISTORY; Differs With Nazis Who Would Revaluate German Past in Light of Their Ideas; NATIONAL PRIZES AWARDED; Jannings Gets Film Honor and Elite Guard Official That for the Best Book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/05/02/archives/goebbels-opposes-rewriting-history-differs-with-nazis-who-would.html |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="joest082">{{cite journal |author=Erhard Jöst |author-link=:de:Erhard Jöst |date=December 2008 |title=Eine spannungsgeladene Wirkungsgeschichte |url=https://literaturkritik.de/id/12520 |journal=Literaturkritik |pages=520 |quote=Schließlich wurde als Ziel der NS-Kulturpolitik ausgegeben, den Dichter totzuschweigen. Dabei waren Heines Werke anfangs von dem generellen Verbot nicht betroffen, erst ab dem April 1940 fielen sie ebenfalls unter die pauschale Indizierung jüdischen Schrifttums. |trans-quote=Ultimately, it was formulated as the goal of National Socialist cultural policy to silence the poet. However, his works were initially not covered by a general ban, only in April 1940 did they fall under the blanket indexing of Jewish literature. |number=12 |language=de}}</ref>

But even before that, these associations accrued to Heine and his name became a symbol of the values and manners—both good and bad—of the liberal press.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scholem |first1=Gershom Gerhard |url=http://archive.org/details/lifeinletters19100gers |title=A life in letters, 1914-1982 |last2=Skinner |first2=Anthony David |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-674-00642-3 |pages=8, 312 |quote=Re: the belief in the messianic potentials of technological progress, anti-philosophical values in favor of commodities and commodified metaphors}}</ref><ref>Willi Goetschel, "Heine's Aesthetics of Dissonance," The Germanic Review 90 (2015), p. 304 ff. See also Willi Goetschel, "German Studies in a Post-National Age," Rutgers German Studies Occasional Papers 9 (2009), pp. 13-17.</ref><ref>“תקצירי המאמרים באנגלית / English Abstracts of Hebrew Articles.” ''Kesher / קשר'', no. 22, 1997, pp. 9e–22e. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/23913696</nowiki>. Accessed 3 July 2025.</ref> Today, Heine is best remembered for his well known phrase "''Where they burn books, they will ultimately burn people also''" which ultimately came true in the [[Holocaust]].<ref>Antonio Gallo, [https://medium.com/la-mia-biblioteca/where-they-burn-books-they-will-ultimately-burn-people-also-34b835d13b7d “Where they burn books, they will ultimately burn people also”] Medium.com, December 19, 2019</ref><ref>[https://motl.org/it-was-just-the-prelude-where-they-burn-books-they-will-ultimately-burn-people-too/ “It was just the prelude… Where they burn books, they will ultimately burn people too.”], International March of the Living, May 10, 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goebbels-burnings/ Book Burnings in Germany 1933] PBS</ref>

==Heine’s contribution==
Heine was largely beloved as a popular poet, but he is often recalled by his most relentless critics as a champion of the ''[[feuilleton]]'' and thus of the way that culture was promoted by the newspaper in the 19th and early 20th century overall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stefan Zweig |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176552 |title=The World Of Yesterday |date=1943 |pages=86–93 |quote=Zweig’s characterization of the feuilleton gives a well-disposed and generous reading of the form as a whole in terms of the influence it attains by the turn of the century}}</ref> In this sense, he has a continuing influence despite many changes to the format and style of newspapers over the years. Both aspects of his career were important to his fame.

The ''feuilleton'' had been invented in France as an esoteric means by which criticism of Napoleon’s regime could pass under the radar of censors while remaining on the front page of the newspaper:<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1900-11-03 |title=The Feuilleton: Its Effect Upon Journalism in France |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-commercial-the-feuilleton-i/82910143/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Buffalo Commercial |pages=7}}</ref> by concealing their political polemics against the Napoleonic dictatorship as art criticism, early journalists found they were able to avoid censure and continue publishing their views.<ref name=":3" /> In this sense, the ''feuilleton'' is an ancestor to the Art & Culture section of the newspaper and the talk of the town, but it is also ancestral to the notion that the arts should critique and resist oppressive [[Hegemony|political hegemony]].<ref>“Introduction by Michael Jennings” to [[Walter Benjamin|Walter Benjamin’s]] ''One Way St.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016 pp. i-xxx</ref> In the literature establishing and recalling his legacy, Heine is often held responsible for scaling the effects of this form across Europe.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Kruse 2016"/>

By the pinnacle of his career, Heine was friends with both [[Karl Marx]] and [[James Mayer de Rothschild|Baron de Rothschild]],<ref name=":4" /> and Heine’s 1841 article on [[James Mayer de Rothschild|Rothschild]] provides an example of Heine’s maintenance of a stance of ambiguity on political questions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Letter XXXI by Heine 1841 |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/heine/lutece/ch31.htm |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> Almost every statement in Heine's characterization of Rothschild, a powerful banker, could be read either as a denunciation or a bracingly back-handed compliment—a paean that apotheosizes the power and influence of bankers with cheerful good humor of a spectator who stands in awe of this icon of the same.<ref name=":5" /> Whereas Marx never ceased to foment revolution, Heine’s work became more palliative, increasingly popular, and gradually more representative of liberal values as these values became established norms over the course of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Gutmann |date=2006-01-13 |title=Heine nach 1945 |url=https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/29977/heine-nach-1945/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=bpb.de |language=de}}</ref><ref name="jewishcurrents.org">{{Cite web |title=Heinrich Heine and His Cousin, Karl Marx |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/heinrich-heine-and-his-cousin-karl-marx |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Jewish Currents |language=en}}</ref><ref>“Heine the Dreamer” in Hannah Arendt’s ''The Jewish Writings'' pp. 277-283</ref>

“Heine always remained closer to the [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Saint Simonean’s]] than to Marx,” writes a reviewer from ''[[Jewish Currents]].'' <ref name="jewishcurrents.org"/> As has been noted by [[Walter Benjamin]] and others, individuals (and their consortiums backed by the French [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]]) associated with [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Saint Simone’s]] flavor of socialism invented the public stock-offering as a preferred form of liberation over the more direct forms of armed revolution preferred by the communists along with various other financial instruments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benjamin |first=Walter |url=http://archive.org/details/arcadesproject1999benj |title=The arcades project |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge, MA. : Belknap Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-674-04326-8 |pages=572, 581, 585, 732}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Frederic |url=http://archive.org/details/rothschildsfamil0000mort |title=The Rothschilds : a family portrait |date=1962 |publisher=New York : Atheneum |others=Internet Archive |pages=126–141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arendt |first=Hannah |title=The Jewish writings |date=2007 |publisher=Schocken Books |isbn=978-0-8052-4238-6 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition= |location=New York |pages=120–121 |chapter=Antisemitism & The Enlightenment |quote=Contains detailed notes of Heine’s relationship to this subject}}</ref> The [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Saint Simoneans]] generally did not object to financial instruments or the accumulation of wealth—they were more opposed to laziness and inactivity, than they were inclined towards the leveling of social classes.

[[Walter Benjamin]] elaborates that,”Journalism [in relation to Heine’s contribution] is clearly seen as the expression of the changed function of language in the world of high capitalism. The empty phrase […] is the label that makes a thought marketable.”<ref>[[Walter Benjamin]]. “Karl Kraus”(1931) collected in ''One Way Street & Other Writings'' Verso Books, p. 260</ref>

Heine is at once denounced<ref name=":7">[[Walter Benjamin]]. “Karl Kraus”(1931) collected in [https://ia601408.us.archive.org/29/items/walter-benjamin-one-way-street-and-other-writings/walter-benjamin-one-way-street-and-other-writings.pdf One Way Street & Other Writings] Verso Books, p. 260.</ref> and, by virtue of his massive popularity and influence,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Hofmann |first=Michael |date=2021-07-22 |title=Heine's Heartmobile |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/07/22/heinrich-heine-heartmobile/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=68 |issue=12 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> praised as the inventor of the style characteristic of the ''[[feuilleton]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Karl Kraus |url=http://archive.org/details/heineunddiefolg00kraugoog |title=Heine und die Folgen: Schriften zur Literatur |date=1910 |publisher=A. Langen |location=Munich |pages=10, 11 |language=German}}</ref> He is pilloried as the poet of the “empty phrase.”<ref name=":7" /> Heine is further accused of being the vector by which the feuilleton spread to [[Central Europe]], and thus throughout much of Western Europe.<ref name=":1"/> For [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Kraus]] the model of composition native to the feuilleton of whom Heine serves as his prototype for the form,”is the betrayal of the literary life…Idle chatter is its true substance, and every ''[[feuilleton]]'' poses anew the insoluble question of the relationship between the forces of stupidity and malice, whose expression is gossip.”<ref>[[Walter Benjamin]]. “Karl Kraus”(1931) collected in ''One Way Street & Other Writings'' Verso Books, p. 275</ref>

For [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]], Heine is the master poet of the empty phrase, by which journalism sets up the dominion of ‘topicality’ as the perfectly ambiguous, value-neutral framework for the interpretation of the world and everything in it.<ref>Walter Benjamin. “Karl Kraus”(1931) collected in One Way Street & Other Writings Verso Books, p. 259</ref><ref name=":1"/> Many, including (strangely enough) [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], appear to find this characterization of Heine to be among his virtues and to be associated with his unparalleled greatness as an author of German prose and poetry.<ref>Nietzsche. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52190/52190-h/52190-h.htm Ecce Homo]. page 40</ref>

Praise for Heine from Betty Scholem (mother of [[Kabbalah]] scholar, [[Gershom Scholem]], and [[Bolsheviks|Leninist]] Reichsminister, [[Werner Scholem]]) whose correspondence sent to Jerusalem is often mined by historians for revealing details on a wide variety of subjects<ref>Perhaps most notably the [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|German hyperinflation]] and the appearance of the streets in Berlin [[January 1933|the night]] that Hitler was appointed Chancellor, re: eg by [[Volker Ullrich|Vollker Ullrich]]’s ''Germany, 1923'' 120-121, 235, 237, 338 Werner Scholem p. 333 Arthur 120-121</ref> reflects an exemplary appraisal of Heinrich Heine by a devoted, completist reader of his work.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Scholem |first1=Gershom Gerhard |url=http://archive.org/details/lifeinletters19100gers |title=A life in letters, 1914-1982 |last2=Skinner |first2=Anthony David |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-674-00642-3 |pages=312}}</ref> On [[September 1941|27 September 1941]],<ref>Betty Scholem’s son, [[Werner Scholem]] had been murdered a little over a year before she wrote this letter to her youngest son, [[Gershom Scholem]]. The month that she writes this letter the [https://www.auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/70th-anniversary-of-the-first-mass-gas-killing,848.html first mass-executions by gassing that utilize zyklon-b] as the agent of death are carried out at Auschwitz, killing hundreds of Soviet prisoners. On the day after she posted this letter, Reinhard Heydrich was given executive control of Bohemia as Deputy Reichsminister. Mail took about six to eight days to reach Jerusalem during most of her correspondence with her son, collected in their Briefweschel. By the time this letter reaches Jerusalem several major massacres of Jews in the east have occurred, and the long massacre at [[Babi Yar]] has begun.</ref> she insinuates to her scholarly son that Heine’s writings might be more relevant than an inventory of the mystical documents of [[Judaism]] written in the middle-ages,<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scholem |first1=Gershom Gerhard |title=Mutter und Sohn im Briefwechsel 1917-1946 |last2=Scholem |first2=Betty |last3=Shedletzky |first3=Itta |date=1989 |publisher=C. H. Beck |isbn=978-3-406-33795-6 |location=München}}</ref> telling him:

<blockquote>“I'm still reading Heine's prose works. One of these days, you really must put together a literary anthology of everything Heine ever said about the Bible, Jews, and Judaism. This would be a most interesting compilation, and of the greatest relevance! The philosophers, he said, do a lot of work for nothing. The world is one large cattle pen, though one that's not as easy to clean as the [[Augean stables]] because, during the shoveling, the oxen remain inside and the dung continues to pile up! What do you say about that! Well put, don't you think?”<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>

==Early life==

===Childhood and youth===
[[File:Betty Heine (Isidor Popper).jpg|thumb|Heine's mother, "Betty"]]
Heine was born on 13 December 1797, in [[Düsseldorf]],<ref>{{NDB|8|286|291|Heine, Heinrich|Galley, Eberhard|118548018}}</ref> in what was then the [[Duchy of Berg]], into a [[Jewish]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e261377/Personalities/Heinrich_Heine |title=Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People |website=Anu - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv |access-date=2025-10-05}}</ref> He was called "Harry" in childhood but became known as "Heinrich" after his [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion]] to [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Christianity]] in 1825.<ref>"There was an old rumor, propagated particularly by [[anti-Semites]], that Heine's Jewish name was Chaim, but there is no evidence for it." ''Ludwig Börne: A Memorial'', ed. {{ill|Jeffrey L. Sammons|de}}, Camden House, 2006, p. 13 n. 42.</ref> Heine's father, {{ill|Samson Heine|de}} (1764–1828), was a textile merchant. His mother Peira, [[née]] van Geldern (known as "Betty" or {{ill|Betty Heine|de}}) (1771–1859) was daughter of physician {{ill|Gottschalk van Geldern|de}} (1726–1795) {{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=30–35}} and Sara van Geldern [[née]] Bocková (?-1779).<ref>https://beliana.sav.sk/heslo/heine-heinrich</ref>

Heinrich was the eldest of four children. He had a sister, Charlotte (later {{ill|Charlotte Embden|de}}) (1800–1899), who married merchant {{ill|Moritz Embden|de}} (1790–1866), and two brothers, [[Gustav Heine von Geldern|Gustav]] (1812–1886), later Baron Heine-Geldern and publisher of the Viennese newspaper ''{{ill|Fremden-Blatt|de}}'', and [[Maximilian Meyer Heine|Maximilian]] (1807–1879), who became a physician in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Heine was a third cousin once removed of philosopher and economist [[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883), also born to a German Jewish family in the [[Rhineland]], with whom he became a frequent correspondent in later life.

Düsseldorf at the time was a town with a population of around 16,000. The [[French Revolution]] and subsequent Revolutionary and [[Napoleonic Wars]] involving Germany complicated Düsseldorf's political history during Heine's childhood. It had been the capital of the [[Duchy of Jülich|Duchy of Jülich-Berg]], but was under French occupation at the time of his birth. It then passed to the [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Elector of Bavaria]] before being ceded to [[Napoleon]] in 1806, who turned it into the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Berg]], one of three French states he established in Germany. It was first ruled by [[Joachim Murat]], then by Napoleon himself. Upon Napoleon's downfall in 1815, it became part of [[Prussia]].

Thus Heine's formative years were spent under French influence. The adult Heine would always be devoted to the French for introducing the [[Napoleonic Code]] and trial by jury. He glossed over the negative aspects of French rule in Berg: heavy taxation, conscription, and economic depression brought about by the [[Continental Blockade]], which may have contributed to his father's bankruptcy. Heine greatly admired Napoleon as the promoter of revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality and loathed the political atmosphere in Germany after Napoleon's defeat, marked by the conservative policies of the Austrian chancellor [[Klemens von Metternich]], who attempted to reverse the effects of the French Revolution.

Heine's parents were not particularly devout. They sent him as a young child to a Jewish school where he learned a smattering of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], but thereafter he attended Catholic schools. Here he learned French, which became his second language – although he always spoke it with a German accent. He also acquired a lifelong love for Rhenish folklore.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=35–42}}

In 1814, Heine went to a business school in Düsseldorf, where he learned to read English, the commercial language of the time.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|p=47}} The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle [[Salomon Heine]], a millionaire banker in [[Hamburg]]. In 1816, Heine moved to Hamburg to become an apprentice at Heckscher & Co, his uncle's bank, but displayed little aptitude for business. He learned to hate Hamburg, with its commercial ethos, but it would become one of the poles of his life alongside Paris.

When he was 18, Heine almost certainly had an unrequited love for his cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. Whether he then transferred his affections, equally unsuccessfully to her sister Therese is unknown. {{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=42–46}} This period in Heine's life is not clear but it seems that his father's business deteriorated, making Samson Heine effectively the ward of his brother Salomon. {{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=47–51}}

===Universities===
Salomon realised that his nephew had no talent for trade, and it was decided that Heine should enter law. So, in 1819, Heine went to the [[University of Bonn]], then in Prussia. Political life in Germany was divided between conservatives and liberals. The conservatives, who were in power, wanted to restore things to the way they were before the [[French Revolution]]. They were against German unification because they felt a united Germany might fall victim to revolutionary ideas. Most German states were [[absolute monarchy|absolutist monarchies]] with a censored press. The opponents of the conservatives, the liberals, wanted to replace absolutism with representative, constitutional government, equality before the law, and a free press.

At the [[University of Bonn]], liberal students were at war with the conservative authorities. Heine was a radical liberal and one of the first things he did after his arrival was to take part in a parade which violated the [[Carlsbad Decrees]], a series of measures introduced by Metternich to suppress liberal political activity.{{sfn|Robertson|1988|pages=14–15}}

Heine was more interested in studying history and literature than law. The university had engaged the famous literary critic and thinker [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]] as a lecturer, and Heine heard him talk about the {{Lang|de|[[Nibelungenlied]]}} and [[Romanticism]]. Though he would later mock Schlegel, Heine found in him a sympathetic critic for his early verses. Heine began to acquire a reputation as a poet at Bonn. He also wrote two tragedies, ''Almansor'' and ''William Ratcliff'', but they had little success in the theatre.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=55–70}}

After a year at Bonn, Heine left to continue his law studies at the [[University of Göttingen]]. Heine hated the town. It was part of [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]], then also rulers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the power Heine blamed for bringing Napoleon down.

Here, the poet experienced an aristocratic snobbery absent elsewhere. He hated law as the [[German Historical School|Historical School of law]] he had to study was used to bolster the reactionary form of government he opposed. Other events conspired to make Heine loathe this period of his life: he was expelled from a [[Burschenschaft|student fraternity]] for [[anti-Semitism]], and he learned that his cousin Amalie had become engaged. When Heine challenged another student, Wiebel, to a duel, the first of ten known incidents throughout his life, the authorities stepped in, and he was suspended from the university for six months. His uncle then decided to send him to the [[University of Berlin]].{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=70–74}}

[[File:Friedrich Hegel mit Studenten Lithographie F Kugler.jpg|thumb|Hegel with his Berlin students, by [[Franz Theodor Kugler|Franz Kugler]]]]
Heine arrived in Berlin in March 1821. It was the biggest, most cosmopolitan city he had ever visited, with its population of about 200,000. The university gave Heine access to notable cultural figures as lecturers: the Sanskritist [[Franz Bopp]] and the Homer critic [[Friedrich August Wolf|F. A. Wolf]], who inspired Heine's lifelong love of [[Aristophanes]]. Most important was the philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], whose influence on Heine is hard to gauge. He probably gave Heine and other young students the idea that history had a meaning which could be seen as progressive.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=74–81}} Heine also made valuable acquaintances in Berlin, notably the liberal [[Karl August Varnhagen von Ense|Karl August Varnhagen]] and his Jewish wife [[Rahel Varnhagen|Rahel]], who held a leading salon.

Another friend was the satirist [[Karl Immermann]], who had praised Heine's first verse collection, ''Gedichte'', when it appeared in December 1821.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=81–85}} During his time in Berlin, Heine also joined the ''Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Juden'', a society which attempted to achieve a balance between the Jewish faith and modernity. Since Heine was not very religious in outlook, he soon lost interest, but he also began to investigate [[Jewish history]]. He was particularly drawn to the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Spanish Jews of the Middle Ages]]. In 1824, Heine began a historical novel, ''Der Rabbi von [[Bacherach]]'', which he never finished.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=89–96}}<ref>[[:s:The Works of Heinrich Heine/Vol. 1/The Rabbi of Bacharach|The Rabbi of Bacharach]] on Wikisource.</ref>

In May 1823, Heine left Berlin for good and joined his family at their new home in [[Lüneburg]]. Here he began to write the poems of the cycle ''Die Heimkehr'' ("The Homecoming"). He returned to Göttingen where he was again bored by the law. In September 1824, he decided to take a break and set off on a trip through the [[Harz]] mountains. On his return, he started writing an account of it, ''[[Die Harzreise]]''.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=96–107}}

On 28 June 1825, after obtaining his [[Doctor of Law#Germany|PhD]] and to heighten his chances of employment, Heine was baptized as an Evangelical Lutheran [[Christian]] in [[Heilbad Heiligenstadt|Heiligenstadt]]. The Prussian government had been gradually restoring discrimination against Jews. In 1822, it introduced a law excluding Jews from academic posts, and Heine had ambitions for a university career. As Heine said in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture". In any event, Heine's conversion, which was reluctant, never brought him any benefits in his career.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=107–110}}{{sfn|Robertson|1988|pages=84–85}} A quarter of a century later, he declared: "I make no secret of my Judaism, to which I have not returned, because I never left it."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1992 |isbn=0-09-177593-0 |editor-last=Barnavi |editor-first=Eli |pages=172–173 |chapter=German Jewry}}</ref>

===Julius Campe and first literary successes===
Heine now had to search for a job. He was only really suited to writing but it was extremely difficult to be a professional writer in Germany. The market for literary works was small and it was only possible to make a living by writing virtually non-stop. Heine was incapable of doing this so he never had enough money to cover his expenses. Before finding work, Heine visited the North Sea resort of [[Norderney]] which inspired the [[free verse]] poems of his cycle ''Die Nordsee''.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=113–118}}

[[File:Heine Buch der Lieder 1827.jpg|thumb|First page of first edition of Heine's ''Buch der Lieder'', 1827]]
In Hamburg one evening in January 1826 Heine met {{ill|Julius Campe|de}}, who would be his chief publisher for the rest of his life. Their stormy relationship has been compared to a marriage. Campe was a liberal who published as many dissident authors as he could. He had developed various techniques for evading the authorities. The laws of the time stated that any book under 320 pages had to be submitted to censorship. The authorities thought long books would cause little trouble as they were unpopular. One way around censorship was to publish dissident works in large print to increase the number of pages beyond 320.

The censorship in Hamburg was relatively lax but Campe had to worry about Prussia, the largest German state and largest market for books. It was estimated that one-third of the German readership was Prussian. Initially, any book which had passed the censor in a German state was able to be sold in any of the other states, but in 1834 this loophole was closed. Campe was reluctant to publish uncensored books as he had bad experiences with print runs being confiscated. Heine resisted all censorship; this issue became a bone of contention between the two.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=118–124}}

However, the relationship between author and publisher started well: Campe published the first volume of ''Reisebilder'' ("Travel Pictures") in May 1826. This volume included ''[[Die Harzreise]]'', which marked a new style of German travel-writing, mixing Romantic descriptions of nature with satire. Heine's ''{{ill|Buch der Lieder|de|Buch der Lieder (Heine)}}'' followed in 1827. This was a collection of already published poems. No one expected it to become one of the most popular books of German verse ever published, and sales were slow to start with, picking up when composers began setting Heine's poems as [[Lieder]].{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=124–126}} For example, the poem "Allnächtlich im Traume" was set to music by [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Felix Mendelssohn]]. It contains the ironic disillusionment typical of Heine:

[[File:Heinrich Heine.jpg|thumb|Heine, 1829]]
<poem lang="de" style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">
Allnächtlich im Traume seh ich dich,
Und sehe dich freundlich grüßen,
Und laut aufweinend stürz ich mich
Zu deinen süßen Füßen.

Du siehst mich an wehmütiglich,
Und schüttelst das blonde Köpfchen;
Aus deinen Augen schleichen sich
Die Perlentränentröpfchen.

Du sagst mir heimlich ein leises Wort,
Und gibst mir den Strauß von Zypressen.
Ich wache auf, und der Strauß ist fort,
Und das Wort hab ich vergessen.</poem>

<poem style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">
Nightly I see you in dreams – you speak,
With kindliness sincerest,
I throw myself, weeping aloud and weak
At your sweet feet, my dearest.

You look at me with wistful woe,
And shake your golden curls;
And stealing from your eyes there flow
The teardrops like to pearls.

You breathe in my ear a secret word,
A garland of cypress for token.
I wake; it is gone; the dream is blurred,
And forgotten the word that was spoken.
(Poetic translation by [[Hal Draper]])</poem>
{{clear|left}}

Starting from the mid-1820s, Heine distanced himself from [[Romanticism]] by adding irony, sarcasm, and satire into his poetry, and making fun of the sentimental-romantic awe of nature and of [[figures of speech]] in contemporary poetry and literature.<ref>''Neue Gedichte'' (New Poems), citing: DHA, Vol. 2, p. 15</ref> An example are these lines:

<poem lang="de" style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">
Das Fräulein stand am Meere
Und seufzte lang und bang.
Es rührte sie so sehre
der Sonnenuntergang.

Mein Fräulein! Sein sie munter,
Das ist ein altes Stück;
Hier vorne geht sie unter
Und kehrt von hinten zurück.</poem>

<poem style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">
A mistress stood by the sea
sighing long and anxiously.
She was so deeply stirred
By the setting sun

My Fräulein!, be gay,
This is an old play;
ahead of you it sets
And from behind it returns.</poem>
{{clear|left}}

The [[blue flower]] of [[Novalis]], "symbol for the [[Romantic movement]]", also received withering treatment from Heine during this period, as illustrated by the following quatrains from ''Lyrisches Intermezzo'':<ref>Perry, Beate Julia, ''Schumann's Dichterliebe and Early Romantic Poetics: Fragmentation of Desire'', Cambridge University Press; 2002, p. 87-88</ref>

<poem lang="de" style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">Am Kreuzweg wird begraben
Wer selber brachte sich um;
dort wächst eine blaue Blume,
Die Armesünderblum'.

Am Kreuzweg stand ich und seufzte;
Die Nacht war kalt und stumm.
Im Mondschein bewegte sich langsam
Die Armesünderblum'.</poem>
<poem style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">At the cross-road will be buried
He who killed himself;
There grows a blue flower,
Suicide’s flower.

I stood at the cross-road and sighed
The night was cold and mute.
By the light of the moon moved slowly
Suicide’s flower.</poem>
{{clear|left}}

Heine became increasingly critical of [[despotism]] and reactionary [[chauvinism]] in Germany, of nobility and clerics but also what he viewed as “narrow mindedness” of ordinary people and of the rising German form of [[nationalism]], especially in contrast to the French and the [[French Revolution|revolution]]. Nevertheless, he made a point of stressing his love for his [[Fatherland]]:
<blockquote>
Plant the [[Flag of Germany|black, red, gold banner]] at the summit of the German idea, make it the standard of free mankind, and I will shed my dear heart's blood for it. Rest assured, I love the Fatherland just as much as you do.
</blockquote>

===Travel and the Platen affair===
[[File:Platen-Hallermünde, August Graf von.jpg|thumb|Count von Platen, target of Heine's satire in ''Die Bäder von Lucca'']]
The first volume of travel writings was such a success that Campe pressed Heine for another. ''Reisebilder II'' appeared in April 1827. It contains the second cycle of North Sea poems, a prose essay on the North Sea as well as a new work, ''Ideen: Das Buch Le Grand'', which contains the following satire on German censorship:{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=127–129}}<ref>Heine, ''Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand'', Chapter 12</ref>
<poem style="margin-left:2em;">
The German Censors  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——    idiots    ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——
——  ——  ——  ——  ——</poem>

Heine went to England to avoid what he predicted would be controversy over the publication of this work. In [[London]] he cashed a cheque from his uncle for [[pound sterling|£]]200 (equal to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|200|1827}}}} today), much to Salomon's chagrin. Heine was unimpressed by the English: he found them commercial and prosaic, and still blamed them for the defeat of Napoleon.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=129–132}}

On his return to Germany, [[Johann Friedrich Cotta (publisher)|Cotta]], the liberal publisher of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] and [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], offered Heine a job co-editing a magazine, ''Politische Annalen'', in [[Munich]]. Heine did not find work on the newspaper congenial, and instead tried to obtain a professorship at Munich University, with no success.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=132–138}} After a few months he took a trip to northern Italy, visiting [[Lucca]], Florence and Venice, but was forced to return when he received news that his father had died. This Italian journey resulted in a series of new works: ''Die Reise von München nach Genua'' (''Journey from Munich to Genoa''), ''Die Bäder von Lucca'' (''The Baths of Lucca'') and ''Die Stadt Lucca'' (''The Town of Lucca'').{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=138–141}}

''Die Bäder von Lucca'' embroiled Heine in controversy. The aristocratic poet [[August von Platen-Hallermünde|August von Platen]] had been annoyed by some [[epigram]]s by [[Karl Immermann|Immermann]] which Heine had included in the second volume of ''Reisebilder''. He counter-attacked by writing a play, ''Der romantische Ödipus'', which included anti-Semitic jibes about Heine. Heine was stung and responded by mocking Platen's homosexuality in ''Die Bäder von Lucca''.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=141–147}} This back-and-forth ad hominem literary polemic has become known as the {{Interlanguage link|Platen affair|de|Platen-Affäre}}.

==Paris years==
[[File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|thumb|[[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]]'s ''Liberty Leading the People'', celebrating France's [[1830 revolution]]]]

===Foreign correspondent===

Heine left Germany for France in 1831, settling in Paris for the remainder of his life. His move was prompted by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 that had made [[Louis-Philippe]] the "Citizen King" of the French. Heine shared liberal enthusiasm for the revolution, which he felt had the potential to overturn the conservative political order in Europe.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=150–155}} Heine was also attracted by the prospect of freedom from German censorship and was interested in the new French [[Utopianism|utopian]] political doctrine of [[Saint-Simonianism]]. Saint-Simonianism preached a new social order in which [[meritocracy]] would replace hereditary distinctions in rank and wealth. There would also be female emancipation and an important role for artists and scientists. Heine frequented some Saint-Simonian meetings after his arrival in Paris but within a few years his enthusiasm for the ideology – and other forms of utopianism – had waned.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=159–168}}{{sfn|Robertson|1988|pages=36–38}}

Heine soon became a celebrity in France. Paris offered him a cultural richness unavailable in the smaller cities of Germany. He made many famous acquaintances (the closest were [[Gérard de Nerval]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Frederic Chopin]], [[Hector Berlioz]] and [[Franz Liszt]]) but he always remained something of an outsider. He had little interest in French literature and wrote everything in German, subsequently translating it into French with the help of a collaborator.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=168–171}}
[[File:Heinrich Heine 1837.jpg|thumb|Heine, 1837]]
In Paris, Heine earned money working as the French correspondent for one of Cotta's newspapers, the ''[[Allgemeine Zeitung]]''. The first event he covered was the [[Salon of 1831]]. His articles were eventually collected in a volume entitled ''Französische Zustände'' ("Conditions in France").{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=172–183}} Heine saw himself as a mediator between Germany and France. If the two countries understood one another there would be progress. To further this aim he published ''De l'Allemagne'' ("On Germany") in French (begun 1833). In its later German version, the book is divided into two: ''[[Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland]]'' ("On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany") and ''Die romantische Schule'' ("The Romantic School").{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=188–197}}

Heine was deliberately attacking [[Germaine de Staël|Madame de Staël]]'s book ''[[On Germany|De l'Allemagne]]'' (1813) which he viewed as reactionary, Romantic and obscurantist. He felt de Staël had portrayed a Germany of "poets and thinkers", dreamy, religious, introverted and cut off from the revolutionary currents of the modern world. Heine thought that such an image suited the oppressive German authorities. He also had an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] view of the past, seeing it as mired in superstition and atrocities. "Religion and Philosophy in Germany" describes the replacement of traditional "spiritualist" religion by a [[pantheism]] that pays attention to human material needs. According to Heine, pantheism had been repressed by Christianity and had survived in German folklore. He predicted that German thought would prove a more explosive force than the French Revolution.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=188–197}}

[[File:Mathilde Heine photography.jpg|thumb|Heine's wife "Mathilde" (Crescence Eugénie Mirat)]]
Heine had had few serious love affairs, but in late 1834, he made the acquaintance of a 19-year-old Paris shopgirl, Crescence Eugénie Mirat, whom he nicknamed "Mathilde". Heine began a relationship with her. She was illiterate, knew no German, and had no interest in cultural or intellectual matters. Nevertheless, she moved in with Heine in 1836 and lived with him for the rest of his life. They were married in 1841.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=197–205}} Condescension typifies the ways in which 'Mathilde' has been presented. For example, Heine's niece, Maria Embden-Heine Rocca, accused her of often disturbing the poet's work in the heat of creativity.<ref>Maria Embden-Heine Rocca, ''Erinnerungen an Heinrich Heine'' (Berlin, 1881)</ref> However, Käthe Freiligrath-Kroecker's memoir of Heine includes the observation that the poet was "positively proud of the fact that his wife was unable to understand what he was to the world."<ref>Käthe Freiligrath-Kroeker, ''Poems Selected from Heinrich Heine'' (London, 1887)</ref> As Keston Sutherland has remarked, "What if she could never understand? What loss was that, to her, or him, or anyone else? Is their love not manifest in the many passages of his poetry that she would never read that luxuriate in the emptiness of understanding...?"<ref>Keston Sutherland, ''Meditations'' (Amsterdam, 2024)</ref>

===Young Germany and Ludwig Börne===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
Heine and his fellow radical exile in Paris, [[Ludwig Börne]], had become the role models for a younger generation of writers who were given the name "[[Young Germany]]". They included [[Karl Gutzkow]], [[Heinrich Laube]], [[Theodor Mundt]] and [[Ludolf Wienbarg]]. They were liberal, but not actively political. Nevertheless, they still fell foul of the authorities.

In 1835, Gutzkow published a novel, ''Wally die Zweiflerin'' ("Wally the Sceptic"), which contained criticism of the institution of marriage and some mildly erotic passages. In November of that year, the German Diet consequently banned publication of works by the Young Germans in Germany and – on Metternich's insistence – Heine's name was added to their number. Heine, however, continued to comment on German politics and society from a distance. His publisher was able to find some ways of getting around the censors and he was still free to publish in France.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=205–218}}{{sfn|Robertson|1988|p=20}}

Heine's relationship with his fellow dissident Ludwig Börne was troubled. Since Börne did not attack religion or traditional morality like Heine, the German authorities hounded him less, although they still banned his books as soon as they appeared.

Börne was the idol of German immigrant workers in Paris. He was a republican, while Heine was not. Heine regarded Börne, with his admiration for [[Robespierre]], as a puritanical neo-Jacobin and remained aloof from him in Paris, which upset Börne, who began to criticise him, mostly semi-privately. In February 1837, Börne died. When Heine heard that Gutzkow was writing a biography of Börne, he began work on his own, severely critical "memorial" of the man.

When the book was published in 1840, it was universally disliked by the radicals and served to alienate Heine from his public. Even his enemies admitted that Börne was a man of integrity, so Heine's ''ad hominem'' attacks on him were viewed as being in poor taste. Heine had made personal attacks on Börne's closest friend [[Jeanette Wohl]], so Jeannette's husband challenged Heine to a duel. It was the last Heine ever fought – he received a flesh wound in the hip. Before fighting, he decided to safeguard Mathilde's future in the event of his death by marrying her.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=233–242}}

[[File:Max Liebermann Illustration Der Rabbi von Bacherach.jpg|thumb|An illustration by [[Max Liebermann]] for a 1920s edition of Heine's historical novel ''Der Rabbi von Bacherach'']]
Heine continued to write reports for Cotta's ''Allgemeine Zeitung'', and, when Cotta died, for his son and successor. One event which really galvanised him was the 1840 [[Damascus Affair]] in which Jews in Damascus had been subject to [[blood libel]] and accused of murdering an old Catholic monk. This led to a wave of anti-Semitic persecution.

The French government, aiming at imperialism in the Middle East and not wanting to offend the Catholic party, had failed to condemn the outrage. In contrast, the Austrian consul in Damascus had assiduously exposed the blood libel as a fraud. For Heine, this was a reversal of values: reactionary Austria standing up for the Jews while France temporised. Heine responded by dusting off and publishing his unfinished novel about the persecution of Jews in the Middle Ages, ''Der Rabbi von Bacherach''.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=243–244}}

===Political poetry and Karl Marx===
German poetry took a more directly political turn when the new [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]] ascended the Prussian throne in 1840. Initially it was thought he might be a "popular monarch" and during this honeymoon period of his early reign (1840–42) censorship was relaxed. This led to the emergence of popular political poets (so-called ''Tendenzdichter''), including [[Hoffmann von Fallersleben]] (author of ''[[Deutschlandlied]]'', the German anthem), [[Ferdinand Freiligrath]] and [[Georg Herwegh]]. Heine looked down on these writers on aesthetic grounds – they were bad poets in his opinion – but his verse of the 1840s became more political too. Heine's mode was satirical attack: against the Kings of Bavaria and Prussia (he never for one moment shared the belief that Frederick William IV might be more liberal); against the political torpor of the German people; and against the greed and cruelty of the ruling class. The most popular of Heine's political poems was his least typical, ''[[Die schlesischen Weber]]'' ("The Silesian Weavers"), based on the uprising of weavers in [[Peterswaldau]] in 1844.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=253–260}}{{sfn|Robertson|1988|pp=22–23}}

[[File:D02S0150 01JIIz.jpg|thumb|The front page of [[Karl Marx|Marx]]'s ''Vorwärts'', featuring Heine's poem "''Die schlesischen Weber''"]]
In October 1843, Heine's distant relative and German revolutionary, [[Karl Marx]], and his wife [[Jenny von Westphalen]] arrived in Paris after the Prussian government had suppressed Marx's radical newspaper. The Marx family settled in Rue Vaneau. Marx was an admirer of Heine and his early writings show Heine's influence. In December Heine met the Marxes and got on well with them. He published several poems, including ''Die schlesischen Weber'', in Marx's new journal ''Vorwärts'' ("Forwards"). Ultimately Heine's ideas of revolution through sensual emancipation and Marx's [[scientific socialism]] were incompatible, but both writers shared the same negativity and lack of faith in the bourgeoisie.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018|reason=The claim that Heine's ideas of revolution through sensual emancipation and Marx's scientific socialism were incompatible warrants further explanation and a source.}}

In the isolation he felt after the Börne debacle, Marx's friendship came as a relief to Heine, since he did not really like the other radicals. On the other hand, he did not share Marx's faith in the industrial proletariat and remained on the fringes of socialist circles. The Prussian government, angry at the publication of ''Vorwärts'', put pressure on France to deal with its authors, and Marx was deported to Belgium in January 1845. Heine could not be expelled from the country because he had the right of residence in France, having been born under French occupation.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|p=285}} Thereafter, Heine and Marx maintained a sporadic correspondence, but in time their admiration for each other faded.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=260–265}}{{sfn|Robertson|1988|pages=68–70}} Heine always had mixed feelings about [[communism]]. He believed its radicalism and materialism would destroy much of the European culture that he loved and admired.

In the French edition of "Lutetia" Heine wrote, one year before he died: "This confession, that the future belongs to the Communists, I made with an undertone of the greatest fear and sorrow and, oh!, this undertone by no means is a mask! Indeed, with fear and terror I imagine the time, when those dark [[iconoclasm|iconoclasts]] come to power: with their raw fists they will batter all marble images of my beloved world of art, they will ruin all those fantastic anecdotes that the poets loved so much, they will chop down my [[Lauraceae|Laurel]] forests and plant potatoes and, oh!, the herbs chandler will use my Book of Songs to make bags for coffee and snuff for the old women of the future – oh!, I can foresee all this and I feel deeply sorry thinking of this decline threatening my poetry and the old world order – And yet, I freely confess, the same thoughts have a magical appeal upon my soul which I cannot resist .... In my chest there are two voices in their favour which cannot be silenced .... because the first one is that of logic ... and as I cannot object to the premise "that all people have the right to eat", I must defer to all the conclusions....The second of the two compelling voices, of which I am talking, is even more powerful than the first, because it is the voice of hatred, the hatred I dedicate to this common enemy that constitutes the most distinctive contrast to communism and that will oppose the angry giant already at the first instance – I am talking about the party of the so-called advocates of nationality in Germany, about those false patriots whose love for the fatherland only exists in the shape of imbecile distaste of foreign countries and neighbouring peoples and who daily pour their bile especially on France".<ref>Heine's draft for ''Préface'' in the French edition of ''Lutezia'' (1855), DHA, Vol. 13/1, p. 294.</ref>

In October–December 1843, Heine made a journey to Hamburg to see his aged mother, and to patch things up with Campe with whom he had had a quarrel. He was reconciled with the publisher who agreed to provide Mathilde with an annuity for the rest of her life after Heine's death. Heine repeated the trip with his wife in July–October 1844 to see Uncle Salomon, but this time things did not go so well. It was the last time Heine left France.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=265–268}} At the time, Heine was working on two linked but antithetical poems with Shakespearean titles: ''Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen'' (''[[Germany. A Winter's Tale]]'') and ''Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum'' (''Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream''). The former is based on his journey to Germany in late 1843 and outdoes the radical poets in its satirical attacks on the political situation in the country.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=268–275}}

''Atta Troll'', begun in 1841 after a trip to the [[Pyrenees]], mocks the literary failings Heine saw in the radical poets, particularly Freiligrath. It tells the story of the hunt for a runaway bear, Atta Troll, who symbolises many of the attitudes Heine despised, including a simple-minded egalitarianism and a religious view which makes God in the believer's image. Atta Troll conceives God as an enormous, heavenly polar bear. Atta Troll's cubs embody the nationalistic views Heine loathed.{{sfn|Robertson|1988|pages=24–26}}

''Atta Troll'' was published in 1847. ''Deutschland'' appeared in 1844 as part of a collection ''Neue Gedichte'' ("New Poems"), which gathered all the verse Heine had written since 1831.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=275–278}} In the same year Uncle Salomon died. This put a stop to Heine's annual subsidy of 4,800 francs. Salomon left Heine and his brothers 8,000 francs each in his will. Heine's cousin Carl, the inheritor of Salomon's business, offered to pay him 2,000 francs a year at his discretion. Heine was furious; he had expected much more from the will and his campaign to make Carl revise its terms occupied him for the next two years.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=278–285}}

In 1844, Heine wrote series of musical [[feuilleton]]s over several different music seasons discussing the music of the day. His review of the musical season of 1844, written in Paris on 25 April 1844, is his first reference to [[Lisztomania (phenomenon)|Lisztomania]], the intense fan frenzy directed toward [[Franz Liszt]] during his performances. Heine was not always honorable in his musical criticism. That same month, he wrote to Liszt suggesting that he might like to look at a newspaper review he had written of Liszt's performance ''before'' his concert; he indicated that it contained comments Liszt would not like.<ref name="Walker, Alan 1997, p. 164">Walker, Alan, ''Franz Liszt: The virtuoso years, 1811–1847'', Cornell University Press; Rev. ed edition, 1997, p. 164</ref>

Liszt took this as an attempt to extort money for a positive review and did not meet Heine. Heine's review subsequently appeared on 25 April in ''Musikalische Berichte aus Paris'' and attributed Liszt's success to lavish expenditures on bouquets and to the wild behaviour of his hysterical female "fans". Liszt then broke relations with Heine. Liszt was not the only musician to be blackmailed by Heine for the nonpayment of "appreciation money". Meyerbeer had both lent and given money to Heine, but after refusing to hand over a further 500 francs was repaid by being dubbed "a music corrupter" in Heine's poem ''Die Menge tut es''.<ref name="Walker, Alan 1997, p. 164"/>

===Last years: the "mattress-grave"===
[[File:Heinrich Heine, teckning av Charles Gleyre.jpg|right|thumb|Heine on his sickbed, 1851]]

In May 1848, Heine, who had not been well, suddenly fell paralyzed and had to be confined to bed. He would not leave what he called his "mattress-grave" (''Matratzengruft'') until his death eight years later. He also experienced difficulties with his eyes.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=295–297}} It had been suggested that he suffered from [[multiple sclerosis]] or [[syphilis]], although in 1997 it was confirmed through an analysis of the poet's hair that he had suffered from chronic [[lead poisoning]].<ref>''{{ill|Bundesgesundheitsblatt|de}}'' (in German). '''48''' (2): 246–250. 2005.</ref>

He bore his sufferings stoically and he won much public sympathy for his plight.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|p=297}} His illness meant he paid less attention than he might otherwise have done to the [[1848 revolutions|revolutions which broke out in France and Germany]] in 1848. He was sceptical about the [[Frankfurt Parliament|Frankfurt Assembly]] and continued to attack the King of Prussia.

When the revolution collapsed, Heine resumed his oppositional stance. At first he had some hope [[Napoleon III|Louis Napoleon]] might be a good leader in France, but he soon began to share the opinion of Marx towards him as the new emperor began to crack down on liberalism and socialism.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=298–302}} In 1848 Heine also returned to religious faith. In fact, he had never claimed to be an atheist. Although Heine was a [[Cultural Christian|Cultural Lutheran Christian]] and believed in [[God]], Heine was [[Skepticism|skeptical]] of organized religion.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=305–310}}

He continued to work from his sickbed: on the collections of poems ''Romanzero'' and ''Gedichte (1853 und 1854)'', on the journalism collected in ''Lutezia'', and on his unfinished memoirs.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=310–338}} During these final years Heine had a love affair with the young [[Camille Selden]], who visited him regularly.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=341–343}} He died on 17 February 1856 and was interred in the Paris [[Cimetière de Montmartre]].

His tomb was designed by Danish sculptor [[Louis Hasselriis]]. It includes Heine's poem ''Where?'' ({{langx|de|Wo?}}) engraved on three sides of the tombstone.

[[File:Das Grab Heines.JPG|thumb|upright|Heine's grave in Paris]]
<poem lang="de" style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">
Wo wird einst des Wandermüden
Letzte Ruhestätte sein?
Unter Palmen in dem Süden?
Unter Linden an dem Rhein?

Werd' ich wo in einer Wüste
Eingescharrt von fremder Hand?
Oder ruh' ich an der Küste
Eines Meeres in dem Sand?

Immerhin! Mich wird umgeben
Gottes Himmel, dort wie hier,
Und als Totenlampen schweben
Nachts die Sterne über mir.</poem>

<poem lang="de" style="margin-left:1em; float:left;">
Where shall I, the wander-wearied,
Find my haven and my shrine?
Under palms will I be buried?
Under lindens on the Rhine?

Shall I lie in desert reaches,
Buried by a stranger's hand?
Or upon the well-loved beaches,
Covered by the friendly sand?

Well, what matter! God has given
Wider spaces there than here.
And the stars that swing in heaven
Shall be lamps above my bier.
(translation in verse by L.U.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/poemsofheinrichh00heinuoft/poemsofheinrichh00heinuoft_djvu.txt |title=Poems of Heinrich Heine |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>)</poem>
{{clear|left}}

His wife Mathilde died in 1883. The couple had no children.{{sfn|Sammons|1979|pp=343–344}}

==Legacy==
{{Quote box|width=20%|quote=The highest conception of the lyric poet was given to me by Heinrich Heine. I seek in vain in all the realms of millennia for an equally sweet and passionate music. He possessed that divine malice without which I cannot imagine perfection... And how he employs German! It will one day be said that Heine and I have been by far the first artists of the German language.|author=[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]|source=''[[Ecce Homo (book)|Ecce Homo]]''<ref>[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], ''A Nietzsche Reader'', Translated by [[R. J. Hollingdale]], Penguin 1977, p. 147</ref>}}

Among the thousands of books [[book burning|burned]] on Berlin's [[Bebelplatz|Opernplatz]] in 1933, following the [[Nazi]] raid on the [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]], were works by Heinrich Heine. To memorialize the event, one of the most famous lines of Heine's 1821 play ''Almansor'', spoken by the Muslim Hassan upon hearing that Christian conquerors burned the [[Quran]] at the marketplace of Granada, was engraved in the ground at the site: {{lang|de|"Das war ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen."}} ("That was but a prelude; where they burn books, they will ultimately burn people as well.")<ref>Heinrich Heine, [http://hhp.uni-trier.de/Projekte/HHP/Projekte/HHP/searchengine/werke/baende/D05/enterdha?pageid=D05S0016&bookid=D05&lineref=Z34&mode=2&textpattern=koran&firsttid=0&widthgiven=30|Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe der Werke]; Hrsg. Manfred Windfuhr (Hamburg 1973-1997), Bd. 5, page 16</ref>

In 1835, 98 years before [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] seized power in Germany, Heine wrote in his essay "The History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany":{{sfn|Reid Busk|2014}}
<blockquote>Christianity – and that is its greatest merit – has somewhat mitigated that brutal Germanic love of war, but it could not destroy it. Should that subduing talisman, the cross, be shattered, the frenzied madness of the ancient warriors, that insane Berserk rage of which Nordic bards have spoken and sung so often, will once more burst into flame. This talisman is fragile, and the day will come when it will collapse miserably. Then the ancient stony gods will rise from the forgotten debris and rub the dust of a thousand years from their eyes, and finally [[Thor]] with his giant hammer will jump up and smash the Gothic cathedrals. ...

Do not smile at my advice – the advice of a dreamer who warns you against Kantians, Fichteans, and philosophers of nature. Do not smile at the visionary who anticipates the same revolution in the realm of the visible as has taken place in the spiritual. Thought precedes action as lightning precedes thunder. German thunder is of true Germanic character; it is not very nimble, but rumbles along ponderously. Yet, it will come and when you hear a crashing such as never before has been heard in the world's history, then you know that the German thunderbolt has fallen at last. At that uproar the eagles of the air will drop dead, and lions in the remotest deserts of Africa will hide in their royal dens. A play will be performed in Germany which will make the French Revolution look like an innocent idyll.{{sfn|Kossoff|1983|pages=125–126}}</blockquote>

The North American Heine Society was formed in 1982.<ref>[https://heine.research.uconn.edu North American Heine Society], [[University of Connecticut]]</ref>

=== Heine in Nazi Germany ===
Heine's writings were abhorred by the Nazis and one of their political mouthpieces, the ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'', made noteworthy efforts to attack him. Within the pantheon of the "Jewish cultural intelligentsia" chosen for anti-Semitic demonization, perhaps nobody was the recipient of more National Socialist vitriol than Heinrich Heine.{{sfn|Dennis|2012|pp=110–123}} When a memorial to Heine was completed in 1926, the paper lamented that Hamburg had erected a "Jewish Monument to Heine and Damascus...one in which ''[[Glossary of Nazi Germany#Alljuda|Alljuda]]'' ruled!".<ref>"Ein Heinrich Heine-Denkmal in Hamburg", ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'', October 1926; as found in ''Heinrich Heine im Dritten Reich und im Exil'' by [[Hartmut Steinecke]] (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2008), pp. 10-12.</ref>

Editors for the ''Völkischer Beobachter'' referred to Heine's writing as [[Degenerate art|degenerate]] on multiple occasions, as did [[Alfred Rosenberg]].<ref>[[Alfred Rosenberg]], ''[[The Myth of the 20th Century]]''. ([https://archive.org/details/TheMythOfTheTwentiethCentury_400 Text])</ref> Correspondingly, as part of the effort to dismiss and hide Jewish contribution to German art and culture, all Heine monuments were removed or destroyed during [[Nazi Germany]] and Heine's books were suppressed and, from 1940 on, banned.<ref name="joest082"/>

The popularity of many songs to Heine's lyrics represented a problem for the policy of silencing and proposals such as bans or rewriting the lyrics were discussed.<ref name="joest082"/> However, in contrast to an often-made claim,<ref>First in 1935 by [[Walter A. Berendsohn]] (''Der lebendige Heine im germanischen Norden'') and often repeated, e.g., in {{cite journal|journal=Jewish Social Studies|first=Hannah|last=Arendt|author-link=Hannah Arendt|title=The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition|volume=6|issue=2|year=1944|page=103|quote=Though they dub its author 'unknown', the Nazis cannot eliminate the Lorelei from the repertoire of German song.}}</ref> there is no evidence that poems such as "{{ill|Die Lorelei (song)|de|Die Lore-Ley|lt=Die Lorelei}}" were included in anthologies as written by an "unknown author".<ref>{{cite book |author=Anja Oesterheld |chapter='Verfasser unbekannt'? Der Mythos der Anonymität und Heinrich Heines Loreley |editor=Stephan Pabst |title=Anonymität und Autorschaft. Zur Literatur und Rechtsgeschichte der Namenlosigkeit |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=2011 |pages=325–358 |language=de}}</ref>

===Music===
Many composers have set Heine's works to music. They include [[Robert Schumann]] (especially his Lieder cycle ''[[Dichterliebe]]''), [[Friedrich Silcher]] (who wrote a popular setting of "Die Lorelei", one of Heine's best known poems), [[Franz Schubert]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Fanny Hensel]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Hugo Wolf]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], [[Edward MacDowell]], [[Clara Ross]], [[Elise Schlick]], [[Elise Schmezer]], [[Sophie Seipt]], [[Charlotte Sporleder]], [[Maria Anna Stubenberg]], [[Pauline Volkstein]], [[Clara Schumann]] and [[Richard Wagner]]; and in the 20th century [[Gerald Hugh Tyrwhitt-Wilson, 14th Baron Berners|Lord Berners]], [[Yehezkel Braun]], [[Hans Werner Henze]], [[Paul Lincke]], [[Nikolai Medtner]], [[Carl Orff]], [[Harriet P. Sawyer]], [[Marcel Tyberg]]<ref>[https://buffalonews.com/news/performers-revel-in-premiere-of-tyberg-songs/article_af469c63-9f8d-57bd-9466-bc102ba693ae.html Buffalo News. Performers revel in premiere of Tyberg songs]</ref> and [[Lola Carrier Worrell]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Office|first=Library of Congress Copyright|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDshAQAAIAAJ|title=Musical Compositions: Part 3|date=1908|publisher=Library of Congress.|language=en}}</ref>

Heine's play ''William Ratcliff'' was used for the libretti of operas by [[César Cui]] (''[[William Ratcliff (Cui)|William Ratcliff]]'') and [[Pietro Mascagni]] (''[[Guglielmo Ratcliff]]''). [[Frank Van der Stucken]] composed a "symphonic prologue" to the same play.

In 1964, [[Gert Westphal]] and the [[Attila Zoller|Attila-Zoller]] Quartet released the vinyl "Heinrich Heine Lyrik und Jazz". In 2006 Philips/Universal launched a republication on CD.

[[Wilhelm Killmayer]] set 37 of his poems in [[Song cycles (Killmayer)|his song book]] ''{{lang|de|Heine-Lieder}}'', subtitled ''Ein Liederbuch nach Gedichten von Heinrich Heine'', in 1994.<ref name="Heine">{{cite web
| url = https://www.schott-music.com/en/heine-songs-noc39275.html
| title = Heine Songs
| publisher = [[Schott Music|Schott]]
| access-date = 2025-10-05
}}</ref>

[[Morton Feldman]]'s ''I Met Heine on the Rue Fürstemberg'' was inspired by a vision he had of the dead Heine as he walked through Heine's old neighborhood in Paris: "One early morning in Paris I was walking along the small street on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]] where [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]]'s studio is, just as it was more than a century ago. I'd read his journals, where he tells of [[Chopin]], going for a drive, the poet Heine dropping in, a refugee from Germany. Nothing had changed in the street. And I saw Heine up at the corner, walking toward me. He almost reached me. I had this intense feeling for him, you know, the Jewish exile. I saw him. Then I went back to my place and wrote my work, ''I Met Heine on the Rue Fürstemberg''."<ref>{{cite book|last=Feldman|first=Morton|author-link=Morton Feldman|editor-last=Friedman|editor-first=B. H.|editor-link=B. H. Friedman|title=Give My Regards to Eighth Street|date=2000|publisher=Exact Change|location=Cambridge|isbn=1-878972-31-6|pages=120–121}}</ref>

===Controversy===
[[File:Heine Bronx 1.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Lorelei]], the [[Lorelei Fountain]] – Heine Memorial – is located in the Bronx, New York City.]]
In the 1890s, amidst a flowering of affection for Heine leading up to the centennial of his birth, plans were made to honor Heine with a memorial. These were strongly supported by one of Heine's greatest admirers, [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]], Empress of Austria. The empress commissioned a statue from the sculptor [[Louis Hasselriis]].<ref name="Levy (2005)" /> This statue, originally located at [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]], Empress Elisabeth's palace in Corfu, was later removed by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] after he acquired Achilleion in 1907,<ref name="Shanks (1996)">{{cite book |last1=Shanks |first1=Michael |title=Classical Archaeology of Greece: Experiences of the Discipline |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415085212 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8DoQ8SQPP8C&pg=PA169 |language=en}}</ref> but it eventually found a home in [[Toulon]].<ref name="Levy (2005)">Richard S. Levy, Heine Monument Controversy, in ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution'', ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.295</ref> This became the inspiration for [[Tony Harrison]]'s 1992 [[film-poem]], ''[[The Gaze of the Gorgon]]''.<ref name="Shanks (1996)" />

Another memorial, a sculpted fountain, was commissioned for [[Düsseldorf]]. While at first the plan met with enthusiasm, the concept was gradually bogged down in [[anti-Semitic]], [[nationalism|nationalist]], and religious criticism; by the time the fountain was finished, there was no place to put it. Through the intervention of [[German American]] activists, the memorial was ultimately transplanted into [[the Bronx]], New York City (in Philadelphia already in 1855 was printed the complete edition of Heine's works in German language).<ref>Rolf Hosfeld, ''Heinrich Heine: Die Erfindung des europäischen Intellektuellen – Biographie'' (Munich 2014), p. 153</ref> While the memorial is known in English as the [[Lorelei Fountain]], Germans refer to it as the Heinrich Heine Memorial.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/realestate/27scap.html "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine"] by [[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 27 May 2007.</ref> After years of controversy,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/31/world/west-gemran-universities-what-to-call-them.html "West German Universities: What to Call Them?"] by [[John Vinocur]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 31 March 1982</ref> the University of Düsseldorf was named [[Heinrich Heine University]]. Today the city honours its poet with a boulevard (Heinrich-Heine-Allee) and a modern monument.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In Israel, the attitude to Heine has long been the subject of debate between [[secular]]ists, who number him among the most prominent figures of [[Jewish history]], and the religious who consider his conversion to Christianity to be an unforgivable act of betrayal. ''Ha-‘Ir'' (''העיר'' – ''The City'', a [[Left-wing politics|left]]-leaning Tel Aviv magazine) sarcastically suggested that "The Exiling of Heine Street" symbolically re-enacted the course of Heine's own life. Since then, a street in the Yemin Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem<ref>[http://www.HaGalil.com/postcards/jerusalem.htm Jewish Postcards from... haGalil onLine.] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140804212936/http://www.hagalil.com/postcards/jerusalem.htm |date=4 August 2014 }}</ref> and, in Haifa, a street with a beautiful square and a community center have been named after Heine.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

A Heine Appreciation Society is active in Israel, led by prominent political figures from both the left and [[political right|right]] camps. His quote about burning books is prominently displayed in the [[Yad Vashem]] [[Holocaust]] museum in Jerusalem. It is also displayed in the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] and in the pavement in Frankfurt am Main.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

<gallery>
File:HeineMonument.jpg|Heine monument in Düsseldorf
File:Heine-Denkmal Frankfurt.JPG|Heine monument in Frankfurt, the only pre-1945 one in Germany
File:Heinrich Heine Brocken 2017.jpg|Monument on Mount [[Brocken]], Germany
File:Waldemar Grzimek - Heinrich-Heine-Denkmal IIb 01.jpg|Heine monument in Berlin
File:Heinrich Heine grave.JPG|Heine's bust on his grave in Montmartre, Paris
File:Heines grab, Gedicht, fot I Nowicka.jpg|The poem ''Where?'' (Wo?) on Heine's grave
File:Heine, der Wandermüde2.jpg|Grave and poem "Wo?"
File:DBP 1956 229 Heinrich Heine.jpg|A 1956 German stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of Heine's death
File:Stamp of USSR 1947.jpg|A 1956 Soviet stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of Heine's death
File:Plaque at Bebelplatz.jpg|Plaque at the Nazi book burning memorial on Bebelplatz in Berlin, Germany, with a quote from Heine's play ''Almansor''
File:Goarshausen Heinrich Heine bust2.jpg|Bust of Heinrich Heine, [[Sankt Goarshausen]] at the foot of the Lorelei rock
File:HeineHeinrich.jpg|Heine statue in [[Toulon]]; commissioned by [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]] for [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]], it was removed by [[Wilhelm II]]
</gallery>

==Works==
A list of Heine's major publications in German. All dates are taken from {{harvnb|Sammons|1979}}.

* 1820 (August): ''Die Romantik'' ("Romanticism", short critical essay)
* 1821 (20 December<ref>The title page says "1822"</ref>): ''Gedichte'' ("Poems")
* 1822 (February to July): ''Briefe aus Berlin'' ("Letters from Berlin")
* 1823 (January): ''Über Polen'' ("On Poland", prose essay)
* 1823 (April): ''Tragödien nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo'' ("Tragedies with a Lyrical Intermezzo") includes:
[[File:Plaque at Bebelplatz.jpg|thumb|Plaque at the Nazi book burning memorial on Bebelplatz in Berlin, Germany. The plaque has a quote from Heinrich Heine's play Almansor (written 1821–1822). "Where they burn books, in the end they will also burn human beings" (Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen) about burning of Quran in Granada that was expected to be followed by burning humans (Muslims then Jewish) in 1500s.]]
**''Almansor'' (play, written 1821–1822)
**''William Ratcliff'' (play, written January 1822)
**''Lyrisches Intermezzo'' (cycle of poems)
* 1826 (May): ''Reisebilder. Erster Teil'' ("Travel Pictures I"), contains:
**''[[Die Harzreise]]'' ("The Harz Journey", prose travel work)
**''Die Heimkehr'' ("The Homecoming", poems)
**''Die Nordsee. Erste Abteilung'' ("North Sea I", cycle of poems)
* 1827 (April): ''Reisebilder. Zweiter Teil'' ("Travel Pictures II"), contains:
** ''Die Nordsee. Zweite Abteilung'' ("The North Sea II", cycle of poems)
** ''Die Nordsee. Dritte Abteilung'' ("The North Sea III", prose essay)
** ''Ideen: das Buch le Grand'' ("Ideas: The Book of Le Grand")
** ''Briefe aus Berlin'' ("Letters from Berlin", a much shortened and revised version of the 1822 work)
* 1827 (October): ''{{ill|Buch der Lieder|de|Buch der Lieder (Heine)}}'' ("Book of Songs"); collection of poems containing the following sections:
**''Junge Leiden'' ("Youthful Sorrows")
**''Die Heimkehr'' ("The Homecoming", originally published 1826)
**''Lyrisches Intermezzo'' ("Lyrical Intermezzo", originally published 1823)
**"Aus der ''Harzreise''" (poems from ''Die Harzreise'', originally published 1826)
**''Die Nordsee'' ("The North Sea: Cycles I and II", originally published 1826/1827)
* 1829 (December): ''Reisebilder. Dritter Teil'' ("Travel Pictures III"), contains:
**''Die Reise von München nach Genua'' ("Journey from Munich to Genoa", prose travel work)
**''Die Bäder von Lucca'' ("The Baths of Lucca", prose travel work)
**''Anno 1829''
* 1831 (January): ''Nachträge zu den Reisebildern'' ("Supplements to the Travel Pictures"), the second edition of 1833 was retitled as ''Reisebilder. Vierter Teil'' ("Travel Pictures IV"), contains: [[File:Reisebilder.tif|thumb|''Reisebilder'', 1831]]
**''Die Stadt Lucca'' ("The Town of Lucca", prose travel work)
**''Englische Fragmente'' ("English Fragments", travel writings)
* 1831 (April): ''Zu "Kahldorf über den Adel"'' (introduction to the book "Kahldorf on the Nobility", uncensored version not published until 1890)
* 1833: ''Französische Zustände'' ("Conditions in France", collected journalism)
* 1833 (December): ''Der Salon. Erster Teil'' ("The Salon I"), contains:
** ''Französische Maler'' ("French Painters", criticism)
** ''Aus den Memoiren des Herren von Schnabelewopski'' ("From the Memoirs of Herr Schnabelewopski", unfinished novel)
* 1835 (January): ''Der Salon. Zweiter Teil'' ("The Salon II"), contains:
** ''[[Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland]]'' ("On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany")
** ''Neuer Frühling'' ("New Spring", cycle of poems)
* 1835 (November): ''Die romantische Schule'' ("The Romantic School", criticism)
* 1837 (July): ''Der Salon. Dritter Teil'' ("The Salon III"), contains:
** ''Florentinische Nächte'' ("Florentine Nights", unfinished novel)
** ''Elementargeister'' ("Elemental Spirits", essay on folklore)
* 1837 (July): ''Über den Denunzianten. Eine Vorrede zum dritten Teil des Salons.'' ("On the Denouncer. A Preface to Salon III", pamphlet)
* 1837 (November): ''Einleitung zum "Don Quixote"'' ("Introduction to ''Don Quixote''", preface to a new German translation of ''[[Don Quixote]]'')
* 1838 (November): ''Der Schwabenspiegel'' ("The Mirror of Swabia", prose work attacking poets of the Swabian School)
* 1838 (October): ''Shakespeares Mädchen und Frauen'' ("Shakespeare's Girls and Women", essays on the female characters in Shakespeare's tragedies and histories)
*1839: ''Anno 1839''
* 1840 (August): ''Ludwig Börne. Eine Denkschrift'' ("Ludwig Börne: A Memorial", long prose work about the writer [[Ludwig Börne]])
* 1840 (November): ''Der Salon. Vierter Teil'' ("The Salon IV"), contains:
** ''Der Rabbi von Bacherach'' ("The Rabbi of Bacharach", unfinished historical novel)
** ''Über die französische Bühne'' ("On the French Stage", prose criticism)
* 1844 (September): ''Neue Gedichte'' ("New Poems"); contains the following sections:
**''Neuer Frühling'' ("New Spring", originally published in 1834)
**''Verschiedene'' ("Sundry Women")
**''Romanzen'' ("Ballads")
**''Zur Ollea'' ("Olio")
**''Zeitgedichte'' ("Poems for the Times")
** it also includes ''Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen'' (''[[Germany. A Winter's Tale]]'', long poem)
*1847 (January): ''Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum'' (''Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream'', long poem, written 1841–46)
* 1851 (September): ''Romanzero''; collection of poems divided into three books:
**''Erstes Buch: Historien'' ("First Book: Histories")
**''Zweites Buch: Lamentationen'' ("Second Book: Lamentations")
**''Drittes Buch: Hebräische Melodien'' ("Third Book: Hebrew Melodies")
* 1851 (October): ''Der Doktor Faust. Tanzpoem'' ("Doctor Faust. Dance Poem", ballet libretto, written 1846)
* 1854 (October): ''Vermischte Schriften'' ("Miscellaneous Writings") in three volumes, contains:
**Volume One:
***''Geständnisse'' ("Confessions", autobiographical work)
***''Die Götter im Exil'' ("The Gods in Exile", prose essay)
***''Die Göttin Diana'' ("The Goddess Diana", ballet scenario, written 1846)
***''Ludwig Marcus: Denkworte'' ("Ludwig Marcus: Recollections", prose essay)
***''Gedichte. 1853 und 1854'' ("Poems. 1854 and 1854")
**Volume Two:
***''Lutezia. Erster Teil'' ("Lutetia I", collected journalism about France)
**Volume Three:
***''Lutezia. Zweiter Teil'' ("Lutetia II", collected journalism about France)

===Posthumous publications===
* ''Memoiren'' ("Memoirs", first published in 1884 in the magazine ''Die Gartenlaube''). Published as a book in English as ''The Memoirs of Heinrich Heine and Some Newly-Discovered Fragments of His Writings with an Introductory Essay by Thomas W. Evans, M.D.'' (1884). London: George Bell & Sons.

==Editions in English==
* ''Poems of Heinrich Heine, Three hundred and Twenty-five Poems'', Translated by [[Louis Untermeyer]], Henry Holt, New York, 1917.
* ''The Complete Poems of Heinrich Heine: A Modern English Version'' by [[Hal Draper]], Suhrkamp/Insel Publishers Boston, 1982. {{ISBN|3-518-03048-5}}
* ''Religion and Philosophy in Germany, a fragment'', Tr. James Snodgrass, 1959. Boston, MA (Beacon Press). {{LCCN|59-6391}} [https://archive.org/details/religionandphilo011616mbp Available online].
* ''On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany and Other Writings'', Ed. Terry Pinkard, Tr. Howard Pollack-Milgate. New York (Cambridge University Press), 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-521-86129-8}}

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Die Lotosblume]]
* [[Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf]]
* [[Heinrich Heine Prize]]
* ''[[The Gaze of the Gorgon]]''

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Dennis|first=David B.|title=Inhumanities: Nazi Interpretations of Western Culture|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Kossoff|first=Philip|year=1983|title=Valiant Heart: A Biography of Heinrich Heine|pages=125–126|publisher=Associated University Presses|isbn=9780845347621}}
* {{cite journal|last=Reid Busk|first=Michael|title=Rag-and-Bone Angel: The Angelus Novus in Charles Bernstein's ''Shadowtime''|journal=[[Journal of Modern Literature]]|pages=1–15 [14]|volume=37|number=4|date=Summer 2014|doi=10.2979/jmodelite.37.4.1|jstor=0.2979/jmodelite.37.4.1|s2cid=171072437}}
* {{cite book|last=Robertson|first=Ritchie|author-link=Ritchie Robertson|title=Heine|series=Jewish Thinkers|location=London|publisher=Halban|year=1988|isbn=9781870015929}} Also published in New York by Grove Press, 1988.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sammons|1979}}|reference={{ill|Jeffrey L. Sammons|de|lt=Sammons, Jeffrey L.}} (1979). ''Heinrich Heine: A Modern Biography''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.}}
* {{cite book|last=Sammons|first=Jeffrey L.|year=2006|title=Heinrich Heine: Alternative Perspectives 1985–2005|publisher=Königshausen & Neumann|isbn=9783826032127}}

==Further reading==
* [[Gabriele Annan|Annan, Gabriele]]. [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/08/10/end-of-the-line/ "End of the Line"] (review of Ernst Pawel, ''The Poet Dying: Heinrich Heine's Last Years in Paris'', ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', August 10, 1995).
* [[Max Brod|Brod, Max]] (1957). ''Heinrich Heine: The Artist in Revolt''. New York: [[New York University Press]].
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Heine, Heinrich | volume= 13 |last1= Ferrier |first1= James Walter |author1-link= |last2= Robertson |first2= John George |author2-link= John George Robertson | pages = 213–215 |short=1}}
* [[Michael Hofmann|Hofmann, Michael]], [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/07/22/heinrich-heine-heartmobile/ "Heine's Heartmobile"] (review of George Prochnik, ''Heinrich Heine: Writing the Revolution'', ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', July 22, 2021).
* [[Alfred Meissner|Meissner, Alfred]]. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433088436757&view=1up&seq=525 "The Last Years of Heinrich Heine", ''Putnam's Monthly'', November 1856, pp. 517-526].
* Müller, Ingo: Maskenspiel und Seelensprache. Zur Ästhetik von Heinrich Heines Buch der Lieder und Robert Schumanns Heine-Vertonungen (= Rombach Wissenschaft), 2 Volumes, Baden-Baden 2020. Volume 1: Heinrich Heines Dichtungsästhetik und Robert Schumanns Liedästhetik, ISBN 978-3-96821-006-3. Volume 2: Heinrich Heines Buch der Lieder und Robert Schumanns Heine-Vertonungen, Baden-Baden 2020, ISBN 978-3-96821-009-4.
* Müller, Ingo: “Aber was ist daran gelegen, wer unter der Maske steckt?” – Zum Topos der Ununterscheidbarkeit von Antlitz und Maske im Kontext von Heinrich Heines Dichtungsästhetik des Rollenspiels. In: Jahrbuch der Deutschen Schillergesellschaft, ed. by Alexander Honold, Christine Lubkoll, Steffen Martus and Sandra Richter, Vol. 68 (2024), Göttingen 2025, pp. 155–179.
* [[Ernst Pawel|Pawel, Ernst]] (1995). ''The Poet Dying: Heinrich Heine's Last Years in Paris''. New York: [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]].
* Prochnik, George (2020). ''Heinrich Heine: Writing the Revolution''. New Haven, Connecticut: [[Yale University Press]].
* Selden, Camille (1884). ''The Last Days of Heinrich Heine'' (translated into English by Clare Brune). London: Remington & Co.
* {{cite book|last=Skolnik|first=Jonathan|title=Jewish Pasts, German Fictions: History, Memory, and Minority Culture in Germany, 1824–1955|location=Stanford, California|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2014|ref=none}}
* Stigand, William (1880). ''The Life, Work, and Opinions of Heinrich Heine'' (two volumes). New York: J. W. Bouton.
* Weissberg, Liliane (2007). "Heinrich Heine Writes About His Life", ''MLN'', Vol. 122, No. 3, German Issue (April 2007), pp. 563–572.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=both}}
{{Commons}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1049 | name=Heinrich Heine}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Heine, Heinrich|name=Heinrich Heine|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Heinrich Heine}}
* {{Librivox author |id=69}}
* The German classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: masterpieces of German literature translated into English" 1913–1914 {{cite web|title=''Heinrich Heine'' |url=https://archive.org/stream/germanclassicsof06franuoft#page/n13/mode/2up|access-date=24 September 2010}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090915185556/http://web.mac.com/nickriddle/iWeb/Outremer/heine.html Parallel German/English text] of Heine's poem Geoffroy Rudel and Melisande of Tripoli
* [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1904846,00.html Deutsche Welle's] review of Heinrich Heine in 2006, 150 years after his death
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060206091702/http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/piece.pl?pid=313 Art of the States: The Resounding Lyre] – musical setting of Heine's poem "Halleluja"
*{{ChoralWiki|prep=of texts by}}
* [http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2009/08/loving-herodias Loving Herodias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418075809/http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2009/08/loving-herodias |date=18 April 2012 }} by David P. Goldman, ''First Things''
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259683/Heinrich-Heine Heinrich Heine (German author)], Britannica Online Encyclopedia

{{Heinrich Heine}}
{{Romanticism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heine, Heinrich}}
[[Category:Heinrich Heine| ]]
[[Category:1797 births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Düsseldorf]]
[[Category:19th-century Christians]]
[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:19th-century German writers]]
[[Category:19th-century German male writers]]
[[Category:German Jews]]
[[Category:German Christians]]
[[Category:German duellists]]
[[Category:German emigrants to France]]
[[Category:German Lutherans]]
[[Category:19th-century German poets]]
[[Category:German male poets]]
[[Category:German satirists]]
[[Category:German satirical poets]]
[[Category:German skeptics]]
[[Category:Allgemeine Zeitung people]]
[[Category:European social liberals]]
[[Category:German travel writers]]
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[[Category:Bellini scholars]]

Essential Commodities Act, 1955

2026-03-25T19:09:50Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Essential Commodities Act, 1955
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide, in the interest of the general public, for the control of the production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce, in certain commodities.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1579/1/A1955__10.pdfAct No. 10 of 1955]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 1955
| date_assented = 1 April 1955
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by = Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mpa.gov.in/bills-list | title=Bills List | Ministry OF Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India }}</ref>
| repeals = Essential Commodities Ordinance, 1955 (1 of 1955)
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}
The '''Essential Commodities Act, 1955''' ('''ECA''') is an [[Act of Parliament|act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] that was established to ensure the delivery of certain commodities or products, the supply of which, if obstructed due to [[Hoarding (economics)|hoarding]] or [[Black market|black marketing]], would affect the normal life of the people. This includes [[foodstuff]], [[Drug|drugs]], [[fuel]] ([[Petroleum product|petroleum products]]) etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fcamin.nic.in/Events/EventDetails.asp?EventId=1507&Section=Annual%20Report&ParentID=0&child_continue=1&child_check=0 |title=Ministry of Consumer Affairs of the Government of India. Official Website. Annual Report 2005 - 2006, Chapter IV, 'Essential Commodities Act 1955'. |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223258/http://fcamin.nic.in/Events/EventDetails.asp?EventId=1507&Section=Annual%20Report&ParentID=0&child_continue=1&child_check=0 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ECA, 1955">{{cite web|title=ECA, 1955|url=http://haryanafood.nic.in/Acts_1_Brown.html|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925053555/http://haryanafood.nic.in/Acts_1_Brown.html|archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> This act was modified by the '''Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020''' as part of the [[Indian farm reforms 2020|2020 Indian farm reforms]].

The ECA was enacted in 1955 and has since been used by the Government to regulate the production, supply, and distribution of a host of commodities declared ‘essential’ to make them available to consumers at a fair price. Additionally, the government can also fix the [[minimum support price]] (MSP) of any packaged product that it declares an “essential commodity”.

The list of items under the Act includes [[Drug|drugs]], [[Fertilizer|fertilizers]], [[Legume|pulses]], and [[Cooking oil|edible oils]], as well as [[petroleum]] and [[Petroleum product|petroleum products]]. The centre can add new commodities to the list as and when the need arises, and take them off the list once the situation improves.

== Usage ==
If the Centre finds that a certain commodity is in short supply and its price is spiking, it can notify stock-holding limits on it for a specified period. The States act on this notification to specify limits and take steps to ensure that these are adhered to. Anybody trading or dealing in the commodity, be it wholesalers, retailers, or even importers are prevented from stockpiling it beyond a certain quantity.

A State can, however, choose not to impose any restrictions. But once it does, traders have to immediately sell into the market any stocks held beyond the mandated quantity. This improves supplies and brings down prices. As not all shopkeepers and traders comply, State agencies conduct raids to get everyone to toe the line and the errant are punished. The excess stocks are auctioned or sold through fair price shops.

== Background ==
The ECA was enacted in 1955 and has since been used by the Government to regulate the production, supply, and distribution of a whole host of commodities that it declares ‘essential’ to make them available to consumers at fair prices.

On 14 March 2020, the [[Union government|Union Government]] brought masks and hand-sanitizers under the act to make sure that these products—key for preventing the spread of [[COVID-19]]—are available to people at the right price and in the right quality during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Masks, sanitizers put under Essential Commodities Act |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/masks-sanitisers-put-under-essential-commodities-act/article31062832.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=@businessline |language=en}}</ref> As of 1 July 2020, however, the Government has removed masks and hand-sanitizers from its Essential Commodity List.

==Amendments==
=== Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act 2020 ===
In May 2020, Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] suggested that the Act will be amended and stock limit will be imposed only under exceptional circumstances such as [[famine]] or other calamities. There will be no stock limit for processors and supply chain owners based on their capacity and for exporters based on the export demand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NEWS|first=OMMCOM|title=Centre To Amend Essential Commodities Act; Deregulate Pulses, Onion|url=https://www.ommcomnews.com/business-news/centre-to-amend-essential-commodities-act-deregulate-pulses-onion|access-date=2020-05-19|website=ommcomnews.com|date=15 May 2020|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108013918/https://www.ommcomnews.com/business-news/centre-to-amend-essential-commodities-act-deregulate-pulses-onion|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Explained {{!}} Amendments to Essential Commodities Act|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/explained-the-amendments-in-essential-commodities-act-5274551.html|access-date=2020-05-19|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> It would also end some punitive measures. It will also deregulate agricultural produce such as pulses, onion, potato and cereals, edible oils, and oilseeds, to realize better prices for farmers.<ref name=":0" />

The '''''Essential Commodities (Amendment) Ordinance''''' was promulgated on 5 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department), Government of India|date=5 June 2020|title=Essential Commodities (Amendment) Ordinance|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/219748.pdf|access-date=30 July 2020|website=E-Gazette of India}}</ref> The [[Lok Sabha]] passed the ordinance to amend ''Essential Commodities Act'' on 15 September 2020, and [[Rajya Sabha]] passed it on 22 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-clears-bill-to-amend-essential-commodities-act/articleshow/78131275.cms|title = Lok Sabha clears bill to amend Essential Commodities Act|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref> On 27 September 2020, the bill became an act after receiving approval from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].The Act has been already gazetted .<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parliament|first=Indian|date=|title=Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act 2020|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222038.pdf|access-date=26 December 2020|website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref>

The ordinance amends the ''Essential Commodities Act'' to allow the [[Government of India]] to delist certain commodities as essential, allowing the government to regulate their supply and prices only in cases of war, famine, extraordinary price rises, or natural calamities. The commodities that have been deregulated are food items, including cereals, pulses, potatoes, onion, edible oilseeds, and oils.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-03|title=Cabinet amends Essential Commodities Act, approves ordinance to ease barrier-free trade|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-amends-essential-commodities-act-farmers-6440842/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> These can only be regulated in the extraordinary circumstances previously mentioned, by imposing limits on the number of stocks of such items that can be held by persons. The Ordinance states that government regulation of stocks will be based on rising prices, and can only be imposed if there is a 100% increase in retail price (in the case of horticultural produce) and a 50% increase in retail price (in the case of non-perishable agricultural food items). These restrictions will not apply to stocks of food held for public distribution in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020|url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/essential-commodities-amendment-bill-2020|access-date=2020-07-30|website=PRSIndia|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, the Parliamentary Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution had submitted a report to the Union Government recommending implementation of the Essential Commodities Act, 2020. The Essential Commodities Act, 2020 was one among the three controversial [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]] that led to the year long [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]. [[Bhagwant Mann]] publicly released his statement that was made during the Committee meeting on 5 June 2020. In his statement, Mann had raised concerns that these farm laws would increase hoarding. Removal of onions and tomato from the list of Essential Commodities, would lead to price rise due to illegal stockpiling to increase the price and then selling at higher prices. This will create hardships for the poor. He also raised the issue of hoarding of potatoes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhagwant Mann releases statement before House panel, dares Harsimrat to come clean |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-releases-statement-before-house-panel-dares-harsimrat-to-come-clean-7242303/ |access-date=10 February 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Farm unions began the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]] against [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm acts]] that were passed by the [[Parliament of India]] in September 2020. The acts, often called the Farm Bills,<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 January 2021|title=Farm Bills have potential to represent significant step forward for agriculture reforms in India: IMF|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/farm-bills-have-potential-to-represent-significant-step-forward-for-agriculture-reforms-in-india-imf/article33577480.ece|access-date=27 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> have been described as "anti-farmer laws" by many farmer unions,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Palnitkar|first1=Vaibhav|date=21 September 2020|title=Here's Why Farmers Are Protesting the 3 New Agriculture Ordinances|work=[[The Quint]]|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/farmers-protesting-the-3-new-ordinances|url-status=live|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113722/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/farmers-protesting-the-3-new-ordinances|archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Singh|first2=Karan Deep|last3=Kumar|first3=Hari|date=30 November 2020|title=Angry Farmers Choke India's Capital in Giant Demonstrations|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/world/asia/india-farmers-protest.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201005737/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/world/asia/india-farmers-protest.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and politicians from the opposition who say it would leave farmers at the "mercy of corporates".<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2020|title=Ordinance to put farmers at mercy of corporates|language=en|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/ordinance-to-put-farmers-at-mercy-of-corporates-99720|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211211443/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/ordinance-to-put-farmers-at-mercy-of-corporates-99720|archive-date=11 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Sagar|date=22 September 2020|title=Now, farmers will be back to serfdom, at the mercy of big corporates: Manish Tewari|language=en|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/now-farmers-will-be-back-to-serfdom-at-the-mercy-of-big-corporates-manish-tewari-891010.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006071235/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/now-farmers-will-be-back-to-serfdom-at-the-mercy-of-big-corporates-manish-tewari-891010.html|archive-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

By mid December, the Supreme Court of India had received a batch of petitions asking for the removal of blockades created by the protesters around Delhi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Vaidyanathan|first=A|date=16 December 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Centre-Farmers' Committee, Suggests Supreme Court, Or "Talks Will Fail"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/farm-laws-row-supreme-court-says-government-negotiations-wont-work-proposes-panel-that-includes-centre-farmers-2339353|access-date=17 December 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217002139/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/farm-laws-row-supreme-court-says-government-negotiations-wont-work-proposes-panel-that-includes-centre-farmers-2339353|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the implementation of the farm laws in January 2021. Farmer leaders welcomed the stay order, which remains in effect.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Iftikhar|first=Fareeha|date=12 January 2021|title=Farmers reject SC committee, demand repeal of farm laws|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/farmers-reject-sc-committee-demand-repeal-of-farm-laws-101610463856179.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119075509/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/farmers-reject-sc-committee-demand-repeal-of-farm-laws-101610463856179.html|archive-date=19 January 2021|access-date=15 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 January 2021|title=Government will abide by Supreme Court order on farm laws: President Kovind|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-will-abide-by-supreme-court-order-to-stay-rollout-of-farm-laws-president-kovind/article33692792.ece|access-date=9 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A Supreme Court appointed committee submitted its confidential report before the court.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Supreme Court-appointed farm laws committee invites views, suggestions before February 20|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/supreme-court-news/supreme-court-appointed-farm-laws-committee-invites-views-suggestions-before-february-20/|access-date=9 February 2021|website=India Legal|language=en-US}}</ref>

Six state governments ([[Kerala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]] and [[West Bengal]]) passed resolutions against the farms acts,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|editor-last=Rai|editor-first=Arpan|title=West Bengal passes resolution against three farm laws, sixth state to do so|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-passes-resolution-against-three-farm-laws-sixth-state-to-do-so-101611832758966.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and three states (Punjab, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan) have tabled counter legislation in their respective state assemblies.<ref name=":35">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-31|title=Toeing Punjab and Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan introduces three bills to counter Centre's farm laws|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-punjab-now-rajasthan-introduces-three-bills-to-negate-impact-of-centres-farm-laws-6911249/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> None of the counter legislation passed the respective state governors.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-18|title=Will move SC if President doesn't give assent to Punjab amendments: CM|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/will-move-sc-if-president-doesn-t-give-assent-to-punjab-amendments-cm-101616063175466.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web|last=Bhandari|first=Prakash|date=2020-12-26|title=Congress government in Rajasthan upset with Governor for withholding farm Bills passed by Vidhan Sabha|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/congress-government-in-rajasthan-upset-with-governor-for-withholding-farm-bills-passed-by-vidhan-sabha|access-date=2021-03-26|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 October 2020|title=Chhattisgarh governor returns government's proposal to hold Assembly session to negate farm laws|url=https://scroll.in/latest/976280/chhattisgarh-governor-returns-governments-proposal-to-hold-assembly-session-to-negate-farm-laws|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 19 November 2021, the union government decided to repeal the bills,<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|last=Saaliq|first=Sheikh|date=19 November 2021|title=India to repeal controversial farm laws that led to protests|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-india-narendra-modi-77a931b25cf3a74727cf9514169a68cd|access-date=2021-11-19|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> and both houses of Parliament passed the Farm Laws Repeal Bill, 2021 on 29 November.<ref name = "TH37762376">{{Cite news|date=2021-11-30|title=Parliament clears Farm Laws Repeal Bill without a debate|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-clears-farm-laws-repeal-bill-without-a-debate/article37762376.ece|access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref> Following the announcement of the repeal of the farm laws, farmer unions continued with the demand for guaranteed minimum support prices (MSPs), reminding the government of the aim of [[doubling farmers' income]] by 2022; and the 2004 [[MS Swaminathan]]–headed [[National Commission on Farmers]] reports.<ref name="Mishra">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Dheeraj|date=27 December 2020|title=Reality Belies Modi Govt Claims of Implementing Swaminathan Commission's Report|url=https://thewire.in/government/reality-belies-modi-government-implementing-swaminathan-commission-recommendations|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Wire}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [https://www.gkmirror.in/2021/01/essential-commodities-act-1955-kya%20hai.html Essential Commodities Act 1955 क्या है?]
*[[Indian farm reforms 2020|2020 Indian farm reforms]]
*''[[Essential Services Maintenance Act]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1955]]
[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:Commodity markets in India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1955 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Commodity and futures law]]

Classical language

2026-03-25T15:12:24Z

HoracePettigrew: expanded content

{{short description|Old language with established literature or use}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2024}}
A '''classical language''' is any [[language]] with an independent literary tradition and a large body of ancient written [[literature]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hart|first1=George|title=Statement on the status of Tamil as a Classical Language|url=https://southasia.berkeley.edu/statement-status-tamil-classical-language|publisher=Institute for South Asia Studies, UC Berkeley|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812034850/https://southasia.berkeley.edu/statement-status-tamil-classical-language|archive-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> Typically associated with civilizations of antiquity, these languages serve as foundational sources for [[History|historical]], [[Philosophy|philosophical]], [[Religion|religious]], and [[Science|scientific]] texts, often enduring long after their everyday spoken use has declined.

Many classical languages are considered [[Extinct language|extinct]] or no longer in [[vernacular]] use, while some exist in [[Sacred language|liturgical]] or [[Literary language|literary]] contexts. Those that are still in use today tend to show highly [[Diglossia|diglossic]] characteristics in areas where they are used, as the difference between spoken and written language has widened over time.

== Classical studies in Europe ==
{{Main|Classics}}
[[File:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Homer]] in the [[British Museum]], London]]
In the context of traditional European [[classical studies]], the "classical languages" refer to [[ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[classical Latin|Latin]], which were the literary languages of the Mediterranean world in [[classical antiquity]].

Greek was the language of [[Homer]] and of [[Classical Athens|classical Athenian]], [[Hellenistic]] and [[Byzantine]] historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to the vocabulary of English and many other European languages, and has been a standard subject of study in Western educational institutions since the [[Renaissance]]. [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] forms of Ancient Greek roots are used in many of the scientific names of species and in other scientific terminology. [[Koine Greek]], which served as a [[lingua franca]] in the Eastern Roman Empire, remains in use today as a sacred language in some [[Eastern Orthodox churches]]. Eventually Koine Greek gave rise to [[Medieval Greek]] and then [[Modern Greek]].

Latin became the lingua franca of the early [[Roman Empire]] and later of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. Despite the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Latin language continued to flourish in the very different social and economic environment of the [[Middle Ages]], not least because it became the official language of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].

In Western and Central Europe and in parts of northern Africa, Latin retained its elevated status as the main vehicle of communication for the learned classes throughout the Middle Ages and subsequently in the [[Early modern period]]. In the 21st century, Latin is still taught in the United States, mostly in elite private schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accredited Schools |url=https://classicallatin.org/accredited-schools/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Classical Latin School Association - |language=en-US}}</ref>

Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helander |first=Hans |date=2012-04-01 |title=The Roles of Latin in Early Modern Europe |url=https://journals.openedition.org/annuaire-cdf/1783 |journal=L'Annuaire du Collège de France. Cours et travaux |volume=111 |issue=111 |pages=885–887 |doi=10.4000/annuaire-cdf.1783 |s2cid=160298764 |issn=0069-5580}}</ref> Some of the last major international treaties to be written in Latin include the [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] in 1738 and the [[Treaty of Belgrade]] in 1739; after the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–48) international diplomacy was conducted predominantly in French. [[French language|French]] (itself a [[Romance language]], a language that evolved from Latin) replaced [[Latin]] as the prestige language of politics, trade, education, diplomacy, military and international relations ([[lingua franca]])<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Sue|date=2006|title=French as a lingua franca|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annual-review-of-applied-linguistics/article/abs/french-as-a-lingua-franca/709F93AD0A5A7E7162C6E170FCA59E43|journal=Annual Review of Applied Linguistics|volume=26|pages=35–60|doi=10.1017/S0267190506000031|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Laureys, Marc, ''Political Action'' in {{harvnb|Knight|Tilg|2015|p=356}}</ref> It retained this role until approximately the middle of the 20th century, when it was [[International English|replaced by English]] (a [[Germanic language]]).<ref name="andaman.org">[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm The World's 10 Most Influential Languages]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312042140/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm |date=12 March 2008 }}. ''Top Languages''. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Battye |first1=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pya2KY8upAUC&pg=PA2 |title=The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction |last2=Hintze |first2=Marie-Anne |last3=Rowlett |first3=Paul |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-203-41796-6 |language=en |access-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104351/https://books.google.com/books?id=pya2KY8upAUC&pg=PA2 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Like French, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] also evolved from Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Comparán Rizo |first1=Juan José |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caqn_7i6tvkC&pg=PA17 |title=Raices Griegas y latinas |publisher=Ediciones Umbral |isbn=978-968-5430-01-2 |page=17 |language=es |access-date=22 August 2017 }}</ref> At present, it is the second most used language in international trade, and the third most used in politics, diplomacy and culture after English and French.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070918102605/http://www.quadernsdigitals.net/index.php?accionMenu=secciones.VisualizaArticuloSeccionIU.visualiza&proyecto_id=361&articuloSeccion_id=4463 "¿Por qué los brasileños deben aprender español?"]}} – Copyright 2003 Quaderns Digitals Todos los derechos reservados ISSN 1575-9393.</ref>

Latin was not supplanted for scientific purposes until the 18th century, and for formal descriptions in [[zoology]] as well as [[botany]] it survived to the later 20th century. The modern international [[binomial nomenclature]] holds to this day: taxonomists assign a Latin or Latinized name as the scientific name of each [[species]].

[[Vulgar Latin]], the range of non-formal [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward, is the ancestor of the Romance languages ([[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], etc.). The Romance languages spread throughout the world owing to the period of [[European colonialism]] beginning in the 15th century. There are more than 900 million native speakers of Neo-Latin languages found worldwide, mainly in the [[Americas]], [[Europe]], and parts of [[Africa]]. French, Spanish, and Portuguese also have many non-native speakers; they are widely used as [[lingua franca]]s.<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=M. Paul|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|chapter=Summary by language size|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |archive-date=2013-02-02|url-status=dead|title=Ethnologue : Languages of the World|edition=16|publisher=Ethnologue|isbn=978-1556712166|date=2009-05-30|pages=1248}}</ref>

== Classical languages in Asia ==
[[File:Edward Sapir.jpg|thumb|Edward Sapir (1884-1939), linguist, around 1910]]
In terms of worldwide cultural importance, [[Edward Sapir]] in his 1921 book ''[[Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech|Language]]'' extends the list to include [[classical Chinese]], [[Classical Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] and [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]]:

<blockquote>When we realize that an educated [[Japanese people|Japanese]] can hardly frame a single literary sentence without the use of Chinese resources, that to this day [[Thai language|Siamese]] and [[Burmese language|Burmese]] and [[Khmer language|Cambodgian]] bear the unmistakable imprint of the Sanskrit and [[Pali language|Pali]] that came in with Hindu Buddhism centuries ago, or that whether we argue for or against the teaching of Latin and Greek [in schools,] our argument is sure to be studded with words that have come to us from [[Rome]] and [[Athens]], we get some indication of what early Chinese culture and [[Buddhism]], and classical [[Mediterranean civilization]] have meant in the world's history. There are just five languages that have had an overwhelming significance as carriers of culture. They are classical Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Greek, and Latin. In comparison with these, even such culturally important languages as [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[French language|French]] sink into a secondary position.<ref>{{cite book | last =Sapir| first=Edward| author-link =Edward Sapir | title =Language: An introduction to the study of speech | publisher =Harcourt, Brace and Company| date =1921| location =New York| page =164| url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12629| isbn =4-87187-529-6| access-date=February 17, 2006}}</ref></blockquote>

In this sense, a classical language is a language that has a broad influence over an extended period of time, even after it is no longer a [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]] in its original form. If one language uses roots from another language to coin words (in the way that many [[European languages]] use Greek and Latin [[Root (linguistics)|roots]] to devise new words such as "telephone", etc.), this is an indication that the second language is a classical language.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In comparison, [[living language]]s with a large sphere of influence are known as [[world language]]s.

The use of Classical Chinese in writing remained nearly universal until the late 19th century, culminating with the widespread adoption of [[written vernacular Chinese]] with the [[May Fourth Movement]] beginning in 1919. Spoken Chinese evolved faster than the written form. The vernacular [[Old Chinese]] eventually give rise to [[Middle Chinese]] in the Middle Ages. Middle Chinese give origin to local [[Chinese language]] varieties forming a branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language family]], many of which are not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]]. The varieties are typically classified into several groups: [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Wu Chinese|Wu]], [[Min Chinese|Min]], [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Jin Chinese|Jin]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Yue Chinese|Yue]], though some varieties remain unclassified. Modern [[Standard Chinese]] is based in Mandarin and is the national [[lingua franca]] of China, one of the official languages of the [[United Nations]] and of [[Singapore]], and one of the national languages of [[Taiwan]].

Outside the learned sphere of written [[Classical Sanskrit]], vernacular colloquial dialects ([[Prakrit]]s) continued to evolve. Sanskrit co-existed with numerous other Prakrit languages of ancient India. The oldest attested Prakrits are the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] canonical languages [[Pali]] and [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]], respectively. By medieval times, the Prakrits had diversified into various [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]]. ''[[Apabhraṃśa]]'' is the conventional cover term for transitional dialects connecting late Middle Indo-Aryan with early modern Indo-Aryan, spanning roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The largest languages that formed from Apabhraṃśa were [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Hindustani, spoken in North India and Pakistan is the lingua franca of the region and have two standard registers, known as [[Hindi]] (Prakritised and Sanskritised register written in the Brahmic script) and [[Urdu]] (Persianised and Arabised register written in the Perso-Arabic script), which serve as official languages of the governments of India and Pakistan, respectively.

Classical Arabic is the register of the Arabic language on which [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is based. Modern Standard Arabic is its direct descendant used today throughout the [[Arab world]] in writing and in formal speaking, for example prepared speeches, some radio and television broadcasts and non-entertainment content. In the Arab world little distinction is made between Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic and both are normally called al-fuṣḥā (الفصحى) in Arabic, meaning 'the most eloquent'. Geographically, modern Arabic varieties are classified into five groups: [[Maghrebi Arabic|Maghrebi]] (including the [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]], [[Algerian Arabic|Algerian]], [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]], [[Libyan Arabic|Libyan]], [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniya]] and [[Algerian Saharan Arabic|Saharan]] dialects), Egyptian (including [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]] and [[Sudanese Arabic|Sudanese]]), [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Mesopotamian]], [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine]] and [[Peninsular Arabic]] (including [[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]], [[Emirati Arabic|Emirati]], [[Kuwaiti Arabic|Kuwaiti]], [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]], [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]], [[Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni]], [[Omani Arabic|Omani]], etc)<ref name="Al-Wer-Concise-Encyclopedia">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=Maghrebi+Egyptian+Mesopotamian+Levantine+Peninsular+Arabic&pg=PA54|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|last=Al-Wer|first=E.|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0080877747|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilve|editor2-first=Sarah|page=53,54|chapter=Arabic Languages, Variation in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisele |first=John C. |date=1987 |title=Arabic dialectology: A Review of Recent Literature |journal=Al-'Arabiyya |volume=20 |issue=1/2 |pages=199–269 |jstor=43191695 }}</ref> Speakers from distant areas, across national borders, within countries and even between cities and villages, can struggle to understand each other's dialects.<ref name="economist-2018">{{cite news |title=Arabic, a great language, has a low profile |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2018/10/20/arabic-a-great-language-has-a-low-profile |date=2018-10-20 |access-date=2020-06-24 }}</ref>.

== General usage ==
{{Original research|date=November 2022}}
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2023}}
The following languages are generally taken to have a "classical" stage. Such a stage is limited in time and is considered "classical" if it comes to be regarded as a literary "golden age" retrospectively.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Thus, [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] is the language of 5th to 4th century BC [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and, as such, only a small subset of the varieties of the [[Greek language]] as a whole. A "classical" period usually corresponds to a flowering of literature following an "archaic" period, such as [[Classical Latin]] succeeding [[Old Latin]], [[Sumerian language|Classical Sumerian]] succeeding Archaic Sumerian, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] for its continuous literature, Classical Sanskrit succeeding [[Vedic Sanskrit]], [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]] succeeding [[Old Persian]]. This is partly a matter of terminology, and for example [[Old Chinese]] is taken to include rather than precede [[Classical Chinese]]. In some cases, such as those of [[Persian language|Persian]], the "classical" stage corresponds to the earliest attested literary variant.<ref>{{Citation| last=Ramanujan|first= A. K.|author-link = A. K. Ramanujan|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher= New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. 329|year = 1985|isbn=0-231-05107-7|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nIybE0HRvdQC}}Quote (p.ix–x) "Tamil, one of the four classical languages of India, is a Dravidian language ... These poems (''[[Sangam literature]]'', 1st century BC to 3rd century AD) are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilization."</ref>

===Antiquity===
* [[Sumerian language#Stages|Classical Sumerian]] (literary language of [[Sumer]], c. 26th to 23rd centuries BC) [[Sumerogram]]s were used in [[Cuneiform]] even for non-Sumerian texts until the writing system went out of use around the first century AD
* [[Egyptian language#Middle Egyptian|Middle Egyptian]] (literary language of [[Ancient Egypt]] from c. the 20th century BC to the 4th century AD)
* [[Akkadian language#Development|Old Babylonian]] (the Akkadian language from c. 20th to 16th centuries BC, the imitated standard for later literary works)
* [[Akkadian language#Development|Middle Assyrian]] (the Akkadian language from c. 16th to 13th centuries BC)
* [[Vedic Sanskrit]] (the form of Sanskrit before Classical standardization was used in Vedic texts from c. 15th to 5th centuries BC)
* [[Avestan|Old Avestan]] (the language of the [[Avesta]], 15th to 5th centuries BC)
* [[Biblical Hebrew|Classical Hebrew]] (the language of the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]], in particular of the [[Nevi'im|prophetic books]] of c. the 7th and 6th centuries BC)
* [[Old Persian]] (court language of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], 6th to 4th centuries BC)
* [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] ([[Attic Greek|Attic dialect]] of the 5th century BC; [[Koine Greek|Koine dialect]] of the [[Hellenistic period]] and [[Greece in the Roman era|Roman era]], 323 BC to 330 AD)
* [[Classical Chinese]] (based on the literary language, [[Yayan (language)|Yayan]], used in the capital [[Luoyang]] of the [[Eastern Zhou|Eastern Zhou Dynasty]] from c. the 5th century BC)
* [[Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]] (described by [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]] [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Ashtadhyayi]] of the 4th century BC)<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Panini.html Article "Panini" from ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (Sixth Edition) at Encyclopedia.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA21 |title= The Sanskrit epics, Part 2| volume = 12|first= J. L. |last= Brockington|page = 28|publisher = BRILL| year=1998|isbn=978-90-04-10260-6}}</ref>
* [[Old Tamil|Classical Tamil]] ([[Sangam literature]] c. 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD, defined by [[Tolkāppiyam]])<ref>{{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|year = 1997|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India: On Tamil Literature of South India|publisher=BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 378|isbn=90-04-03591-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&q=smile+of+murugan}} Quote: "Chart 1 literature: 1. the "Urtext" of the ''Tolkappiyam'', i.e. the first two sections, ''Ezhuttatikaram'' and ''Collatikaram'' minus later interpolations, '''ca. 100 BC''' 2. the earliest strata of bardic poetry in the so-called ''Cankam'' anthologies, '''ca. 1 Cent. BC–2 Cent. AD.'''"</ref>
* [[Pali#Pali literature|Classical Pali]] (Buddhist canon used this language from 2nd centuries BC)
* [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (a [[Prakrit]] language, was the official language of the Satavahana dynasty c. 2nd century BC)
* [[Classical Latin]] (literary language of the 1st century BC)
* [[Mandaic language|Classical Mandaic]] (literary [[Aramaic]] of [[Mandaeism]], 1st century AD)
* [[Syriac language#History|Classical Syriac]] (literary [[Aramaic]] of [[Syriac Christianity]], 3rd to 5th centuries)
* [[Middle Persian]] (court language of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Empire]], 3rd to 7th centuries)
* [[Coptic language|Classical Coptic]] (language of Egypt and the [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]], 3rd to 13th centuries, liturgical language to the present day)

===Middle Ages===
* [[Geʽez]], language of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]; the [[Garima Gospels]] are dated from the 5th century to the 10th century by various scholars.
* [[Classical Armenian]], the oldest attested form of [[Armenian language|Armenian]] from the 5th century and literary language until the 18th century
* [[Classical Arabic]], based on the language of the [[Quran|Qur'an]], 7th century to present; liturgical language of [[Islam]]
* [[Kannada#Old Kannada|Classical Kannada]], court language of [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta empire]]; earliest available literary work is the ''[[Kavirajamarga|Kavirājamārga]]'' of AD 850.<ref name=BritannicaLit>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2008. "Kannada literature" Quote: "''The earliest literary work is the ''Kavirājamārga'' (c. AD 850), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model.''"</ref>
* [[Old Saxon#Literature|Old Saxon]], language of Saxon Christian literature, 9th to 12th centuries
* [[Old English]], language of ''[[Beowulf]]'' and the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' with many divergent written dialects, but partially standardized in [[West Saxon dialect|West Saxon]] form
* [[Old French]], language of [[chivalric romance]], 8th to 14th centuries
* [[Old Georgian]], language of Georgia, 5th to 11th centuries
* [[Old East Slavic]], language of the [[Kievan Rus']], 9th to 13th centuries
* [[New Persian#Classical Persian|New Persian]], language of classical [[Persian literature]], 9th to present
* [[Old Nubian]], language of [[Nubia]], 9th or 10th to 15th centuries
* [[Assamese language#Magadhan and Gauda-Kamarupa stages|Old Assamese]], the earliest form of [[Assamese language]], attested between 7th to 12th century CE and emerged during the [[Kamarupa kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-24|title=ASSAMESE (অসমীয়া)–THE HISTORY|url=https://protelostudios.com/assamese/|access-date=2024-10-23 | website=www.protelostudios.com|language=en |quote=The Indo-Aryan language in Kamarupa had differentiated by the 7th-century, before it did in Bengal or Orissa.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=2025-02-09 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA3 |language=en |quote=To find out the written specimens of the Assamese literature, we are to go back to the period of the songs and aphorisms composed by the Buddhist Siddhacharyas between the 8th and the 12th centuries A.D. |author1=Ayyappappanikkar |publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=Assamese language {{!}} Assamese Dialects, Brahmaputra Valley & Eastern India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Assamese-language |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=Assamese literary tradition dates to the 13th century. Prose texts, notably buranjis (historical works), began to appear in the 16th century.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-08-31 |title=Charyapads as the Oldest Written Specimen of Assamese Literature|url=https://www.neliti.com/publications/429892/charyapads-as-the-oldest-written-specimen-of-assamese-literature#:~:text=While%20dividing%20this%20era%2C%20Charyapad,written%20specimen%20of%20Assamese%20literature.|journal=International Journal of Health Sciences|doi=10.53730/ijhs.v6nS1.6513 |language=en |quote=Charyapads are considered as the first written specimen of Assamese literature. |last1=Deka |first1=Joy Jyoti |last2=Boro |first2=Akashi Tara |pages=7028–7034 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Old Bengali]], the earliest forms of the [[Bengali Language]], emerged during the [[Kingdom of Gauda]], 7th to 12th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Das |editor1-first=Amitava |editor2-last=Sanyal |editor2-first=Rajat |editor3-last=Chakraborty |editor3-first=Rajib |title=Classical Bangla |date=2025 |publisher=[[Institute of Language Studies and Research]] (ILSR), Kolkata |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=9788198479358 |page=386 |quote=The beginning of literary expression in Bengali in the 7th century AD as Caryāpada relates that the language developed over a considerable period before it reached the present status of literary expression in the 7th century. The oral traditions-proverbs, riddles, folks, stories which are the staple of the Bengali culture germinated before the written literature and were handed down from generation to generation. .... Caryāpada, which was composed in the 7th century AD, is the earliest literary expression (discovered so far) in Bengali language. Its composition in the 7th century is proof enough of a thirteen hundred years of ancestry of Bengali language in the written form. .... According to French scholar Sylvain Levi, in 657 A.D. during the period of King Narendra Deb, Matsyendranath who is also known as Mīnanātha according to Näthagitikā, travelled to Nepal. He was the founder and propagator of Nathism and also happens to be the oldest writer in the Bengali language, as has been recognized by many.}}</ref>
* [[Old Javanese]], language of [[Javanese literature|Old Javanese]] literature, used primarily during [[Javanese people#Ancient Javanese kingdoms and empires|Hindu-Buddhist]] Javanese kingdom era from 10th to 15th centuries<ref name="H.Cresse">{{cite journal |last1=Cresse |first1=Helen |title=Old Javanese Studies: A Review of the Field |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=2001 |volume=1 |issue=157 |pages=3–33 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003816 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43472268 |access-date=23 February 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ogloblin">{{cite book |last=Ogloblin |first=Alexander K. |year=2005 |chapter=Javanese |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAShwSYLbUYC&pg=PA590 |editor1=K. Alexander Adelaar |editor2=Nikolaus Himmelmann |location=London dan New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=590–624 |isbn=9780700712861 }}</ref>
* [[Old Church Slavonic]], language of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during its Golden Age, 10th century earliest manuscript is [[Freising manuscripts]]
* [[Classical Tibetan]], religious and literary language of Tibet, 10th century to present
* [[Classical Japanese]], language of [[Heian period]] literature, 10th to 12th centuries
* [[Middle Korean]], language of [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]], 10th to 16th centuries
* [[Old Occitan]], language of the [[troubadour]]s, 11th to 14th centuries
* [[Middle High German]], language of [[Middle High German literature|Medieval German literature]], 11th to 14th centuries
* [[Old Church Slavonic#Serbian recension|Old Serbian]], language of [[Serbia]] before its conquest by the [[Ottoman Empire]], 11th to 14th centuries
* [[Telugu language|Classical Telugu]]: the earliest available literary work is the Telugu Mahabharata, AD 1067.
* [[Malayalam|Classical Malayalam]]: the earliest extant prose work is the ''Ramacharitam'', 12th century.{{sfn|Nair|1997|p=301}}
* [[Odia language|Classical Odia]], language of [[Odia literature]], the earliest attested history of [[Old Odia]] language dates back to ganga dynasty 7th to12th century CE<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajaguru |first=Satyanarayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BswxmAEACAAJ |title=Inscriptions of Orissa: C. 600-1100 A.D. |date=1966 |publisher=Gouri Kumar Brahma, M.A., D. Ed. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Old Norse]], language of the [[Viking Age]], from the 12th century
* [[Middle Bulgarian]], language of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]], 12th to 15th centuries
* [[Middle Low German]], language of the [[Hanseatic League]], 12th to 17th centuries
* [[Old Uyghur]], Turkic language spoken in [[Qocho]] from the 9th–14th centuries and in Gansu
* [[Sagas of Icelanders|Classical Icelandic]], the language of the [[Sagas of Icelanders|Icelandic sagas]], 13th century
* [[Old Catalan|Classical Catalan]], language of literature in the [[Crown of Aragon]], 13th to 14th centuries
* [[Mandinka language|Classical Manding]], language of the [[Mali Empire]], 13th to 16th centuries
* [[Ruthenian language|Old Ruthenian]], one language of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], 13th to 16th centuries
* [[Old Anatolian Turkish]], 11th to 15th centuries
* [[Geʽez#13th to 14th centuries|Classical Ge'ez]], language of [[Ethiopian literature#Medieval literature (1200–1672)|Golden Age of Ge'ez literature]], 13th to 16th centuries
* [[Early Modern Irish#Classical Gaelic|Classical Irish or Classical Gaelic]], language of the 13th to 18th centuries Scottish and Irish Gaelic literature
* [[Wolof language|Classical Wolof]], language of the [[Jolof Empire|Wolof Empire]], 13th to 19th centuries
* [[Middle English]], language of [[The Canterbury Tales]], 14th to 15th centuries, with many divergent written dialects, but partially standardized on London speech
* [[Middle French]], language of the [[French Renaissance]], 14th to 17th centuries
* [[History of the Hungarian language#Old Hungarian (10th to 15th centuries)|Classical Hungarian]], language of [[Hungarian literature]], 14th to 15th centuries
* [[Songhay languages|Classical Songhai]], lingua franca of the [[Songhai Empire]], 14th to 16th centuries
* [[Early New High German]], language of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[German Renaissance]], and the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]], 14th to 17th centuries
* [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]], language of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], 14th to 18th centuries
* [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], classical Turkic language of Central Asia and the Volga, 14th to early 20th centuries
* [[Old Khmer|Angkorian Old Khmer]], language of the [[Khmer Empire]], from 14th century
* [[Rekhta]], poetic language of [[Delhi]] and the Northern/Central Indian subcontinent, 13th-18th century, became standardized as [[Urdu]] in the 19th century.

===Amerindian languages===
* [[Classic Maya language|Classical Maya]] (the language of the mature [[Maya civilization]], 3rd to 9th centuries)
* [[Classical Nahuatl]] (lingua franca of 16th-century central Mexico)
* [[Classical Quechua]] (lingua franca of the 16th-century [[Inca Empire]])
* [[Classical Kʼicheʼ]] (a [[Mayan languages|Mayan language]] of 16th-century [[Guatemala]])
* [[Tupi language|Classical Tupi]] (language of 16th to 18th centuries [[Brazil]])

===Early modern period===
* [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (one of two major literary traditions of Northern India during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule led to its use by poets, 14th to 18th centuries)
* [[Braj literature|Braj Bhasha]] (the second of two major literary traditions in early modern Northern India used by poets, 15th-19th centuries)
* [[Italian language#Renaissance|Renaissance Italian]] (language of the [[Italian Renaissance]], 15th to 16th centuries)
* [[History of Portuguese|Late Old Portuguese]] (language of [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portuguese Golden Age]], 15th to 16th centuries)
* [[Early Modern Spanish]] (language of the [[Spanish Golden Age]], 15th to 17th centuries)
* [[Azerbaijani literature#Classical era|Classical Azeri]] (lingua franca of the Caucasus Mountain region and language of Azeri literature, 15th to 18th centuries)
* [[Lithuanian language#Old Lithuanian|Old Lithuanian]] (the other language of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], 16th to 17th centuries)
* [[Early Modern English]] (language of the [[King James Version|King James Bible]], the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'', and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], 16th to 17th centuries)
* [[Middle Polish]] (language of the [[Polish Golden Age]], 16th to 18th centuries)
* [[Ottoman Turkish#History|Classical Ottoman Turkish]] (language of poetry and administration of the [[Ottoman Empire]], 16th to 19th centuries)
* [[Manchu language]] (language of the Manchus who ruled China, 16th–20th centuries)
* [[History of the Dutch language#Standardization and Modern Dutch|Early Modern Dutch]] (language of the [[Dutch Golden Age]], 17th century)
* [[History of French#Modern French|Early Modern French]] (language of [[France]] under [[Louis XIV]] to [[Napoleon]], 17th to 18th centuries)
* [[Judaeo-Spanish#History|Classical Ladino]] (language of [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic Jewish literature]], 17th to 19th centuries)
* [[History of the Russian language#Empire (18th–19th centuries)|Classical Russian]] (language of the [[Russian Empire]], 18th to 19th centuries)
* [[Classical Mongolian language]] (the language of Mongolian literature and translations of Tibetan Buddhist religious texts from 1700 to 1900)
* [[Sadhu bhasha|Sadhu Bhasha]] (the modern language Bengali from 1820s to 1940s)
* [[Yiddish#Secularization|Classical Yiddish]] (language of the [[Yiddishist movement|Yiddish Renaissance]], 19th–20th centuries)
* [[Classical Newar]] (lingua franca in India-Tibet trade)

== See also ==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Classical language
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*[[Ancient language]]
*[[Aureation]], an aspect of the influence of a classical language on a later language
*[[Classical Languages of India|Classical languages of India]]
*[[Classicism]]
*[[Classics]]
*[[Golden age (metaphor)]]
*[[Lingua franca]]
*[[List of lingua francas]]
*[[List of languages by first written account]]s
*[[Literary language]]
*[[Sacred language]]
*[[Official language]]
*[[Standard language]]
*[[World language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Knight |editor1-first=Sarah |editor2-first=Stefan |editor2-last=Tilg |date=2015 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-088699-8 |ol=OL28648475M}}
*{{cite book |last=Nair|first=K. Ramachandran|editor=Ayyappapanicker|title=Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology |year= 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-0365-0|chapter= Malayalam}}

==Further reading==
*Ashdowne, Richard. 2009. "Accidence and Acronyms: Deploying electronic assessment in support of classical language teaching in a university context." ''Arts and Humanities in Higher Education'' 8, no. 2: 201–16.
*Beach, Adam R. 2001. "The creation of a classical language in the eighteenth century: standardizing English, cultural imperialism, and the future of the literary canon." ''Texas Studies in Literature and Language'' 43, no. 2: 117+.
*Coulson, Michael. 1976. ''Sanskrit: An Introduction to the Classical Language.'' Sevenoaks, Kent: Hodder and Stoughton.
*Crooker, Jill M., and Kathleen A. Rabiteau. 2000. "An interwoven fabric: The AP Latin examinations, the SAT II: Latin test, and the national "standards for classical language learning." ''The Classical Outlook'' 77, no. 4: 148–53.
*Denizot, Camille, and Olga Spevak. 2017. ''Pragmatic Approaches to Latin and Ancient Greek.'' Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
*Eschbach-Szabo, Viktoria, and Shelley Ching-yu Hsieh. 2005. "Chinese as a classical language of botanical science: Semiotics of transcription." ''Kodikas/Code. Ars Semeiotica: An International Journal of Semiotics'' 28, nos. 3–4: 317–43.
*{{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43878-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
* {{cite book |title=A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese |last=Goswami |first=Upendra Nath |year=1970 |publisher=Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Assam}}
*Gruber-Miller, John. 2006. ''When Dead Tongues Speak: Teaching Beginning Greek and Latin.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Hymes, Robert. 2006. "Getting the Words Right: Speech, Vernacular Language, and Classical Language in Song Neo-Confucian 'Records of Words'." ''Journal of Song-Yuan Studies'' 36: 25–55. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496297.
*Koutropoulos, Apostolos. 2011. "Modernizing classical language education: communicative language teaching & educational technology integration in classical Greek." ''Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge'' 9, no. 3 (2011): 55–69.
*Tieken, Herman. 2010. "Blaming the Brahmins: Texts lost and found in Tamil literary history." ''Studies in History'' 26, no. 2: 227–43.
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Mathew W S |last=Toulmin |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |publisher=The Australian National University |year=2006}}
*Watt, Jonathan M. 2003. "Classical language instruction: A window to cultural diversity." ''International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities, and Nations'' 3: 115–24.
*Whitney, William Dwight. 1971. ''Sanskrit Grammar: Including Both the Classical Language, and the Older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana.'' 12th issue of the 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Classical languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Classical languages| ]]

Sathish Ninasam

2026-03-25T04:13:09Z

HoracePettigrew: general added structure based on references and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Indian Kannada film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sathish Ninasam
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shiva
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|06|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Yaladahalli, [[Mandya]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names = Sathish Ninasam
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Film producer|Singer|Lyricist}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse =
| children =
| mother = Chikkathayamma
}}

'''Shiva''',<ref>{{cite news |title= Sathish Neenasam celebrates his birthday today |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Sathish-Neenasam-celebrates-his-birthday-today/articleshow/20681151.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 20 June 2013 |accessdate= 21 June 2014}}</ref> known by his [[Stage name|screen name]] '''Sathish Ninasam''', is an Indian actor who appears in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada films]]. Having made his film debut with ''[[Madesha]]'' (2008), Sathish appeared in small but significant roles in films like ''[[Manasaare]]'' (2009), ''[[Pancharangi]]'' (2010), ''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]'' (2011) and ''[[Anna Bond]]'' (2012). He shot to fame after his performance in ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' (2012). Sathish marked his debut as a hero in his 2013 film ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]],'' which received critical acclaim nationally and internationally.<ref>{{cite news |title= Chasing new frontiers |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chasing-new-frontiers/article5121242.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 13 September 2013 |accessdate= 12 June 2014 |archive-date= 30 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140830234512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chasing-new-frontiers/article5121242.ece |url-status= live }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Theatre ===
Sathish began acting in street plays and gave more than a hundred shows in hundreds of villages and towns. He soon joined an amateur theatre group called 'Janadhani'. His first play from the troop was 'Smashana Kurukshetra', written by [[Kuvempu]], in which he played 'Dharmaraya'. Sathish's life changing moment was when he joined [[Ninasam]], a theatre institute in [[Heggodu]], [[Shimoga district]] of [[Karnataka]], where he completed a diploma course in acting.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Irfan Khan loved my acting in Lucia |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-irfan-khan-loved-my-acting-in-lucia/20130816.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804170013/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-irfan-khan-loved-my-acting-in-lucia/20130816.htm |archive-date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=12 June 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Following the course, he performed in several plays giving more than a hundred shows, across Karnataka, before landing in [[Bangalore]] in 2006. Indian literature and World literature has inspired him in his work and his life.

===Film===
Following his theatre career, Sathish appeared in Kannada [[Soap opera|TV soaps]] such as ''Paramapada'', ''Takadimitha'' etc.<ref name="DH1">{{cite news |date=24 November 2013 |title=Silver lining after a storm |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/370611/silver-lining-storm.html |url-status=live |accessdate=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102032/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/370611/silver-lining-storm.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> After his stint in television for a year, he started his career in films in 2008, when he was offered a role in ''[[Madesha]]''. He then appeared in small but significant roles in films like ''[[Manasaare]]'', ''[[Pancharangi]]'', ''[[Lifu Ishtene]]'' and [[Anna Bond]]. His role in ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' won him a nomination for SIIMA Award. Sathish marked his debut as a hero in the critically acclaimed psychological drama film ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'', in 2013. The film premiered at the [[London Indian Film Festival]] in July 2013 and won the best film award and his performance won him accolades from critics and audiences.<ref name="rediff" />

Sathish's next releases of 2014 were ''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]'' (2014) and ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' (2014), both of which won him praise from critics.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasad S|first1=Shyam|title=Movie review: Anjada Gandu|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Anjada-Gandu/articleshow/29618140.cms|accessdate=29 September 2014|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Movie review: Kwatle Satisha |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Kwatle-Satisha/articleshow/33920953.cms |newspaper= Bangalore Mirror |date= 19 April 2014 |accessdate= 18 November 2014 |archive-date= 29 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030643/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Kwatle-Satisha/articleshow/33920953.cms |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Kwatle Sathisha review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Kwatle-Sathisha/movie-review/34010999.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 20 April 2014 |accessdate= 18 November 2014 |archive-date= 12 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223559/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Kwatle-Sathisha/movie-review/34010999.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>

His next film ''[[Love in Mandya]]'' was released on 28 November 2014 which won the hearts of the audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title= Love in Mandya review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Love-in-Mandya/movie-review/45320338.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 29 November 2014 |accessdate= 3 December 2014}}</ref> He was nominated for Best Actor [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] 2015, [[IIFA Utsavam]] Awards 2015 for Best Actor and won the [[Santosham Film Awards]] 2015 for Best Hero. In 2015 November, he made his mark as a producer with the release of his film ''[[Rocket (2015 film)|Rocket]]'' under the banner Sathish Picture House.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Rocket/movie-review/49968773.cms | title=Rocket Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> He also played the lead in the film which won him the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] Award 2016 for Best Actor (Critics).

The films that followed were ''[[Beautiful Manasugalu]]'' (2017) which was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/jan/21/review-beautiful-manasugalu---beautiful-indeed-1561815.html|title=Review: Beautiful Manasugalu - Beautiful indeed|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> His film [[Ayogya (2018 film)|''Ayogya'']] (2018) was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ninasam-sathish-talks-about-his-journey-from-mandya-to-movies/article29219872.ece|title=Decoding the Kannada hit 'Ayogya' with actor Ninasam Sathish|date=22 August 2019|work=The Hindu|last=R.|first=Shilpa Sebastian}}</ref> He won the [[Filmfare Awards]] for Best Actor.

The films that followed were ''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]'' (2019), ''[[Brahmachari (2019 film)|Brahmachari]]'' (2019), and ''[[Petromax (2022 film)|Petromax]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/mar/01/chambal-movie-review-this-sathish-ninasam-starrer-is-an-honest-thriller-1942395.html|title='Chambal' movie review: This Sathish Ninasam-starrer is an honest thriller|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Brahmachari Movie Review: Ninasam Sathish, Aditi Prabhudeva starrer is not short of entertainment quotient - Bangalore Mirror|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/brahmachari-movie-review-ninasam-sathish-aditi-prabhudeva-starrer-is-not-short-of-entertainment-quotient/articleshow/72295932.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130180202/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/brahmachari-movie-review-ninasam-sathish-aditi-prabhudeva-starrer-is-not-short-of-entertainment-quotient/articleshow/72295932.cms |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=2020-10-10|website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/16/petromax-kannada-film-review-mixing-mature-humour-with-important-values-2477014.html | title='Petromax' Kannada film review: Mixing mature humour with important values }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{{Pending films key}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
|-
!Year!! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes || {{Ref.}}
|-
|2008|| ''[[Madesha]]'' || Guru Narayan's henchman || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009||''[[Manasaare]]'' || Sathish || ||
|-
| ''[[Yogi (2009 Kannada film)|Yogi]]'' || KK's brother || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010||''[[Pancharangi]]''|| Bus driver || ||
|-
|''[[Eno Onthara]]'' || Surya's friend || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011|| ''[[Rangappa Hogbitna]]'' || Shalini's lover || ||
|-
|''[[Gun (2011 film)|Gun]]'' || Ganesh's friend || Credited as Sathish ||
|-
|''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' || Farmer || ||
|-
|''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]'' || Shivakumar "Shivu" || ||
|-
|''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || Cab driver || ||
|-
|''[[Kaanchaana]]'' || Bikshuk Nair || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012|| ''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]'' || Manju / Madhu || Simultaneously shot in [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|''[[Anna Bond]]'' || Surya Honalkere || ||
|-
| ''[[Addhuri]]'' || Auto driver || ||
|-
| ''[[Hosa Prema Purana]]'' || Rahul || ||
|-
|''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'' || Kwatle Sathisha || Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Kannada) ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013|| ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'' || Nikhil and Nikki || [[Dual role]]; debut as lead ||
|-
|''[[Dyavre]]'' || Chinkara || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014|| ''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]'' || Santhu || ||
|-
|''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' || Sathish || ||
|-
|''[[Love in Mandya]]'' || Karna || Santhosham Award for Best Hero Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Kannada) Nominated, IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actor (Kannada) ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015|| ''[[Murari (2015 film)|Muraari]]'' || Kavya's lover || Cameo appearance || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/muraari/movie-review/47396279.cms|title=Muraari Movie Review|work=The Times of India|author=Sunayana Suresh}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rocket (2015 film)|Rocket]]'' || Rakesh || SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Critics) ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016||''[[Beautiful Manasugalu]]'' || Prashanth || ||
|-
|''[[Tiger Galli]]'' || Vishnu and Shiva || [[Dual role]] ||
|-
|2018||''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]''|| Siddegowda || [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada]] Nominated—City Cine Award for Best Actor – Kannada Nominated—[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor - Kannada|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male) – Kannada]] Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]''
|Subhash
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahmachari (2019 film)|Brahmachari]]''
|Ramu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/02/sathish-ninasam-goes-the-brahmachari--way-1958892.html|title=Sathish Ninasam goes the 'Brahmachari' way|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828145637/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/02/sathish-ninasam-goes-the-brahmachari--way-1958892.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Dear Vikram]]''||Vikram|| ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/sathish-ninasam-shraddha-srinath-lead-godhra-shooting-in-kurnool/articleshow/69355695.cms|title=ಕರ್ನೂಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನೀನಾಸಂ ಸತೀಶ್, ಶ್ರದ್ಧಾ ಜೋಡಿ|date=16 May 2019|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828145639/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/sathish-ninasam-shraddha-srinath-lead-godhra-shooting-in-kurnool/articleshow/69355695.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Petromax (2021 film)|''Petromax'']]
|Shivappa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sathish Ninasam and Vijayaprasad's Petromax to take off with new story - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Sep/28/sathish-ninasam-and-vijayaprasads-petromax-to-takeoff-with-new-story-2202702.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.newindianexpress.com|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930204247/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/sep/28/sathish-ninasam-and-vijayaprasads-petromax-to-takeoff-with-new-story-2202702.amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sathish Ninasam and Hariprriya to work right through Dasara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-hariprriya-to-work-right-through-dasara/articleshow/78789868.cms|access-date=2020-10-22|website=The Times of India|date=22 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''[[Matinee (2024 film)|Matinee]]''
|Arun
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sathish Ninasam and Rachita Ram team up once again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-rachita-ram-team-up-once-again/articleshow/78446303.cms|access-date=2020-10-02|website=The Times of India|date=2 October 2020 |language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011202818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-rachita-ram-team-up-once-again/articleshow/78446303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[The Rise of Ashoka]]''
| Ashoka
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=My hunger for cinema has grown post The Rise of Ashoka: Sathish Ninasam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2026/Feb/25/my-hunger-for-cinema-has-grown-post-the-rise-of-ashoka-sathish-ninasam |website=Cinema Express |access-date=25 March 2026 |language=en |date=25 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Pagaivanuku Arulvai}}|| {{TBA}} ||Completed; Tamil film || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/satish-ninasam-tamil-debut-title-to-be-launched-in-switzerland/articleshow/66953357.cms|title=Satish Ninasam Tamil debut title to be launched in Switzerland|website=The Times of India|date=5 December 2018 |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Dasara}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/sathish-ninasam-and-sharmiela-mandre-unite-for-a-murder-mystery/articleshow/70991818.cms|title=Sathish Ninasam and Sharmiela Mandre unite for a murder mystery|website=The Times of India|date=6 September 2019 |access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005204526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/sathish-ninasam-and-sharmiela-mandre-unite-for-a-murder-mystery/articleshow/70991818.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films produced
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rocket (2015 film)|Rocket]]'' ||
|-
|2016
|''Chowkabara''
|Won the State award for 'Best Short Film'
|-
|2017
|''Kaaji''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Dear Vikram]]''
|
|-
|2022
|[[Petromax (2022 film)|''Petromax'']]
|
|}

===As singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of songs
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]'' || "Anjada Gandu"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rocket (film)|Rocket]]'' || "Rangi Rangi"
|-
|2021
|''DNA''
|"Naavyaaru Yellinda"
|-
|2022
|Album song
|"Avva Kele"
|-
|2022
|Album song
|"Ashariravaani"
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
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* {{Twitter}}

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Ganesh Chaturthi

2026-03-18T15:48:49Z

HoracePettigrew: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Hindu religious festival}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Ganesh Chaturthi
| type = Hindu
| longtype = Religious
| image = Khairathabad Vinayakudu 2021.jpg
| caption = [[Khairatabad Ganesh]], Hyderabad
| official_name = Vinayaka Chaturthi, Vinayaka Chavithi
| nickname = Chavithi, Chouthi, Ganeshotsav, Gauri Ganesh
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s around the world
| begins = {{Hindu festival date}}
| ends = 5 and 7, & 9, 11 days after the start and 21 days after the start only in some regions of India
| celebrations = Chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts, prayers, processions, idol immersion
| significance = Commemorates the birth of the elephant-headed deity [[Ganesha]]
| frequency = Annual
| date = Varies depending on lunar cycle as per Hindu calendar or Panchang
| month = September - October
| date2025 = 2025-08-27
| date2026 = 2026-09-14
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
'''Ganesh Chaturthi''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|Gaṇeśa Caturthī}}) ({{translation|'''Ganesh Festival''' or the ''' Festival of Ganesha on the Fourth Day'''}}), also known as '''Vinayaka Chaturthi''' ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|Vināyaka Caturthī}}), '''Vinayaka Chavithi''' ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|Vināyaka Cavithī}}), or '''Vinayagar Chaturthi''' ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|Vināyagar Caturthī}}), is a [[Hindu festival]] celebrating the birthday of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Ganesha]].<ref name="gcbritannica" /> The festival is marked with the installation of Ganesha's ''[[murti]]s'' (devotional representations of a deity), privately in homes and publicly on elaborate [[pandal]]s (temporary stages). Observances include chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts, such as prayers and ''[[vrata]]'' (fasting).<ref name="gcbritannica" /> Offerings and ''[[prasada]]'' from the daily prayers, which are distributed from the pandal to the community, include [[South Asian sweets|sweets]] such as ''[[modak]]'', as it is believed to be a favourite of Ganesha.<ref name="goldstein82">{{cite book|title= The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets| author=Darra Goldstein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ| year=2015|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-931361-7|pages= 82, 254, 458}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. T. Achaya|title=A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ERHQAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565868-2|pages=68–69, 132}}</ref> The festival ends on the tenth day after its start, when the ''murti'' is carried in a public procession with music and group chanting, and then immersed in a nearby body of water such as a river or sea, called ''visarjana'' on the day of [[Anant Chaturdashi|Ananta Chaturdashi]]. In [[Mumbai and ]] alone, around 150,000 murtis are immersed annually. The villages Like saidapuram ,kadapa dist ,andhra Pradesh will Celebrate with every people in Village And Their Youth Name is Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj Youth<ref name=gcbritannica>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ganesh-Chaturthi Ganesh Chaturthi: Hindu Festival], Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rove.me/to/india/ganesh-chaturthi|title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2019 in India – Dates & Map|website=rove.me|date=17 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name=taylor332>{{cite book|author1=Patrick Taylor|author2=Frederick I. Case|title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA332 |year=2013|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-09433-0|page= 332}}</ref> It is a state festival of Indian state [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Ganeshotsav to Get Status of Maharashtra’s ‘State Festival’ |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/ganeshotsav-to-get-status-of-maharashtras-state-festival-1890637 |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Declares Ganeshotsav As State Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-declares-ganeshotsav-as-state-festival-8854969 |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

The festival celebrates Ganesha as the god of new beginnings, the remover of obstacles, and the god of wisdom, fortune, prosperity and intelligence.{{Sfn|Heras|1972|p=58}}{{Sfn|Getty|1936|p= 5}} It is observed throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]] by Hindus, especially in the states such as [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], and [[Goa]], as well as [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="gcbritannica" /><ref name="babb62">{{cite book|author=Lawrence A. Babb|title=The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India|url=https://archive.org/details/divinehierarchy00lawr |url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-08387-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/divinehierarchy00lawr/page/62 62]–63}}</ref> Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Canada]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], other parts of the [[Caribbean]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramesh Dutt Ramdoyal|title=Festivals of Mauritius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OB_gAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Editions de l'Océan Indien|pages=21–22}}</ref> the [[United States]], and [[Europe]]. In the Gregorian calendar, Ganesh Chaturthi falls between 22 August and 20 September every year.<ref name="taylor332" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html|title=Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius|publisher=Mauritius Tourism Authority|access-date=28 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005942/http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html|archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigacion.cchs.csic.es/concursomigraciones/content/ganesh-chaturthi|title=Ganesh Chaturthi – CONCURSO FOTOGRÁFICO: MIGRACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y FRONTERAS|website=investigacion.cchs.csic.es}}</ref>

Although the origin of Ganesh Chaturthi remains unknown, it became increasingly popular after a public celebration was initiated by the prominent Anti-Colonial Freedom Fighter, Lokamanya [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], in Maharashtra in the year 1893.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/adhyatmik/ganesh-chaturthi-special-know-history-behind-celebrating-10-days-ganesh-festival/|title=Ganesh chaturthi Special : अशी झाली गणेशोत्सवाला सुरुवात!| work= [[Lokmat]]|date=12 September 2018 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> It was a means to form a Hindu nationalist identity and rebel against British rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=237, 697 |language=en}}</ref> Reading of texts, feasting, athletic and martial arts competitions are held at public venues.<ref name="Grewal2009">{{cite book|author=Royina Grewal|title=The Book of Ganesha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xzlP9CXUQsC&pg=PA143|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-306760-3|pages=143–146}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Ganesha Basohli miniature circa 1730 Dubost p73.jpg|thumb|Ganesha, Basohli miniature, circa 1730.]]

=== Festival ===
[[File:Ganesh Agman.jpg|thumb|Ganesh Agman]]
Although it is unknown when (or how) Ganesh Chaturthi was first observed, the festival has been publicly celebrated in Pune since the era of King [[Shivaji]] (1630–1680, founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]).<ref name="Kapoor2002" />{{Better source needed|reason=where was it celebrated, at Rajgad or Raigad? How was it celebrated?|date=August 2023}} The [[Peshwa]] in the 18th century were devotees of Ganesha and started as a public Ganesh festival in their capital city of [[History of Pune|Pune]] during the month of Bhadrapad.<ref name="CourtrightObsns88">{{Cite book |editor-last1=Zelliot |editor-first1=Eleanor |editor-last2=Berntsen |editor-first2=Maxine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6i7Np6SRfEC |title=The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra |date=28 February 1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2477-4 |pages=76–94 |chapter=The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra: Some Observations |first=Paul B. |last=Courtright}}</ref> After the start of the [[British Raj]], the Ganesh festival lost state patronage and became a private family celebration in [[Maharashtra]] until its revival by Indian freedom fighter and social reformer [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=2514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnouw |first=Victor |date=1954 |title=The Changing Character of a Hindu Festival |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/664633 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=74–86 |doi=10.1525/aa.1954.56.1.02a00070 |jstor=664633 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bal Gangadhar Tilak, popularly known as Lokmanya Tilak,<ref name="courtright230">{{cite book|first=Paul B.|last=Courtright|title=Ganeśa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXnXAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-503572-8|pages=230–37}}</ref> championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892. Lokmanya Tilak started the festival in Pune and Girgaon, Mumbai.<ref name="parvate96">{{cite book|author=Trimbak Vishnu Parvate|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A Narrative and Interpretative Review of His Life, Career and Contemporary Events|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqE9AAAAMAAJ|year=1958|publisher=Navajivan |pages=96–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Sohoni | first=Ashutosh | title=Ganesh Temple at Tasgaon: Apotheosis of Maratha Temple Architecture | journal=South Asian Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2011 | pages=51–73 | doi=10.1080/02666030.2011.556011 | s2cid=154444431 }}</ref><ref name="Roy2005p178">{{cite book|author=Christian Roy|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA178 |year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|pages=178–80}}</ref>

<blockquote >
I followed with the greatest curiosity crowds who carried in procession an infinite number of idols of the God Ganesh. Each little quarter of the town, each family with its adherents, each little street corner I may almost say, organises a procession of its own, and the poorest may be seen carrying on a simple plank their little idol or of paper mâché... A crowd, more or less numerous, accompanies the idol, clapping hands and raises cries of joy, while a little orchestra generally precedes the idol. – Angelo de Gubernatis, ''Bombay Gazette'' (1886)<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich |url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/76 76]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Jeffrey|title=India: rebellion to republic, selected writings 1857–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rcyAAAAIAAJ|author-link =Robin Jeffrey| year= 1990|publisher= Stirling|isbn = 978-8120711075| pages= 40–41}}</ref>
</blockquote>

According to others such as Kaur, the festival became a public event later, in 1892 when '''Krishnajipant Khasgiwale''' (also known as Nanasaheb Khasgiwale), a Pune resident, visited [[Gwalior]] then under Scindia rule where he witnessed a public Ganesh Chaturthi celebration '''(Sarvajanik Ganesh Mahotsav)''' for the first time. This inspired him to conceptualize a similar public festival back home in Pune.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Raminder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8YaTX0blJcC |title=Performative Politics and the Cultures of Hinduism: Public Uses of Religion in Western India |date=2003 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-047-3 |pages=38–48}}</ref> Khasgiwale shared this idea with his friends in Pune Shrimant Bhausaheb Rangari (a respected royal physician and freedom fighter) and Balasaheb Natu. Enthused by the idea, Rangari took the lead and installed the first sarvajanik (public) Ganesha idol in his wada in the Shalukar Bol area of Pune. In 1893, Lokmanya Tilak praised the celebration of ''Sarvajanik Ganesh Utsav'' in his newspaper, ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'', and dedicated his efforts to launch the annual domestic festival into a large, well organised public event.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|author2=Metcalf, Barbara Daly|title=A Concise History of India|isbn=0-521-63027-4|date=26 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000metc |page=150}}</ref> Tilak recognised Ganesh's appeal as "the god for everybody",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Momin |first=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MICwQzKoDO8C |title=The Legacy of G.S. Ghurye: A Centennial Festschrift |date=1996 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-831-6 |page=95}}</ref> and according to Robert Brown, he chose Ganesha as the god that bridged "the gap between [[Brahmins]] and non-Brahmins", thereby building a grassroots unity across them to oppose British colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown |first=Robert L. |title=Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God |year=1991 |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-0657-1 |page=9}}</ref>

Other scholars state that the British Empire, after 1870 out of fear of seditious assemblies, had passed a series of ordinances that banned public assembly for social and political purposes of more than 20 people in British India, but exempted religious assembly for Friday mosque prayers under pressure from the Indian Muslim community. Tilak believed that this effectively blocked the public assembly of Hindus whose religion did not mandate daily prayers or weekly gatherings, and he leveraged this religious exemption to make Ganesh Chaturthi to circumvent the British colonial law on large public assembly.<ref name="courtright230" /><ref name="parvate96" /><ref name="Roy2005p178" /> He was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions in [[Bombay Presidency]], and other celebratory events at the festival.<ref>For Tilak as the first to use large public images in ''{{IAST|maṇḍapas}}'' (pavilions or tents) see: Thapan, p. 225.{{Cite book|last=Thapan |first=Anita Raina |title=Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult |year=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7304-195-4 }}</ref>
{{Quote box
| quote = '''God Ganesh: political obstacle remover'''
<poem>
Why shouldn't we convert the large religious festivals
into mass political rallies?
</poem>
| source = —Lokmanya Tilak, ''Kesari'', 8 September 1896<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich |url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/75 75] with footnote 1}}</ref>

| align = right
}}{{refn|group=note|The transformation of Ganesh Chaturthi into a major annual religious and politically significant procession event started in 1894. According to Aslam Syed, the Ganesh Murti immersion ritual in the western states of India may have grown because the annual gathering and procession by Shia Muslims on [[Muharram]] was allowed by the colonial British government in the 19th and early 20th century, and after the ritual mourning of the death of the 7th century Imam, they would immerse ''Tazia'' (Taboots) into river or ocean.<ref name=syed97>{{cite book|author= Aslam Syed| editor1=David Jones|editor2=Michele Marion|title=The Dynamics of Cultural Counterpoint in Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wDkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2014|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5191-6|pages=97–98}}</ref> The Hindus expanded their own Ganesh processions by walking through the streets, joyfully dancing and reciting their scriptural verses and ended their procession with a ceremonial immersion of Ganesh. The colonial British government attempted to introduce procession licence, to Muslims only, which Hindu leaders presented as evidence of discriminatory oppression by the Muslims and the British. The Hindu leaders such as Tilak defied any attempts to selectively stop the Hindu congregational gathering and processions associated with Ganesh Chaturthi.<ref name=syed97/><ref>{{cite book|author=Shabnum Tejani|title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA58|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22044-8|pages=58–61}}</ref> The right to organise processions and immersion rituals of Tazia by Muslims, and Ganesh by Hindus, have remained a religious and equal rights issue ever since, particularly when the religious calendars overlap.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2016 |title=HC's 2-hour immersion breather for home Pujas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/HCs-2-hour-immersion-breather-for-home-Pujas/articleshow/54726509.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter van der Veer|title=Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gtaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96108-1|pages=95–100}}</ref>}}

According to Richard Cashman, Tilak passionately committed himself to Ganesha after the 1893 Hindu-Muslim communal violence in Bombay and the Deccan riots, when he felt that the British India government under [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] had repeatedly taken sides and not treated Hindus fairly because Hindus were not well organised.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich |url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/70 70]–73}}</ref> In Tilak's estimate, Ganesha worship and processions were already popular in rural and urban Hindu populations, across social castes and classes in Baroda, Gwalior, Pune and most of the Maratha region in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard I. Cashman|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich |url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/75 75]–77}}</ref> In 1893, Tilak helped expand Ganesh Chaturthi festival into a mass community event and a hidden means for political activism, intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.<ref name="University of California press">{{cite book|last1 = Cashman|first1 = Richard I.|title = The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|date = 1975|publisher = University of California Press|location = Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|isbn = 0-520-02407-9|pages = [https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/75 75]–91|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access = registration}}</ref>

In Goa, Ganesh Chaturthi predates the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadamba]] era. The [[Goa Inquisition]] had banned Hindu festivals, and Hindus who did not convert to Christianity were severely restricted. However, Hindu Goans continued to practice their religion despite the restrictions. Many families worship Ganesha in the form of ''patri'' (leaves used for worshiping Ganesha or other gods), a picture is drawn on paper or small silver idols. In some households Ganesha idols are hidden, a feature unique to Ganesh Chaturthi in Goa due to a ban on clay Ganesha idols and festivals by the [[Jesuits]] as part of the Inquisition.<ref name="goa1">{{cite news|title=Of fervour & Traditions|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Of-fervour-Traditions/articleshow/3420078.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2008 |publisher=TOI|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>

== Celebration in India ==
[[File:Chitrashalagoa.jpg|thumbnail|200px|alt=Man painting a Murti of Ganesh|Artist preparing Ganesha's image for the festival in [[Margao]], Goa]]

In India, Ganesh Chaturthi is primarily celebrated at home and in public by local community groups in the central and western states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]],{{refn|"Gaṇeśacatūrthī has only recently gained some significance and is celebrated mostly in the big cities"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Helene |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Gujarat |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>|group=note}} [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Goa]] and the southern states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Kerala]] and eastern states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]] and in North eastern state of [[Assam]].

On the same day, [[Chaurchan]] festival is celebrated in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[Bihar]] which is related to Ganesha and [[Chandra]], the Hindu moon god.<ref>{{Cite web |title=चौरचन के दिन की जाती है श्रापित चंद्र की पूजा, जानिये महत्त्व, कथा और शुभ मुहूर्त {{!}} Jansatta |url=https://www.jansatta.com/religion/chaurchan-festival-celebrated-in-mithila-bihar-is-tomorrow-know-auspicious-muhurat-importance-and-vrat-katha/1502109/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=www.jansatta.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |date=10 September 2021 |title=Chaurchan Festival 2021 : बिहार में गणेश चतुर्थी को मनाई जाती चौरचन पूजा, जानिए क्या है चंद्र दोष |url=https://livecities.in/bihar/chaurchan-puja-is-celebrated-on-ganesh-chaturthi-in-bihar-know-what-is-chandra-dosh/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Live Cities |language=en-CA}}</ref>

The date for the festival is usually decided by the presence of Chaturthi Thithi. The festival is held during "Bhadrapada Madyahanaa Purvabaddha". If the ''Chaturthi Thiti'' begins at night on the previous day and gets over by morning on next day, then the next day is observed as Vinayaka Chaturthi.

In the [[consecration]] ceremony, a priest performs a [[Prana Pratishtha]] to invite Ganesh like a guest. This is followed by the 16-step Shodashopachara ritual,<ref>{{cite web |title=Rituals Explained |url=http://www.thehindutemple.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107&Itemid=55 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=thehindutemple.org |archive-date=8 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708094644/http://www.thehindutemple.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107&Itemid=55 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Sanskrit: ''Shodash'', 16; ''Upachara'', process) during which coconut, [[jaggery]], ''modaks'', ''[[durva]]'' grass and red [[hibiscus]] (Jaswand) flowers<ref>Kolte, R.R., Kulkarni, R.S., Shinde, P.V., Padvekar, H.K., Magadum, V.G. and Apate, S.A., Studies on the ethnomedicinal plants used on the occasion of festivals with special reference to Ratnagiri district from Maharashtra state [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vishal_Magadum/publication/308791976_Studies_on_the_ethno-medicinal_plants_used_on_the_occasion_of_festivals_with_special_reference_to_Ratnagiri_district_from_Maharashtra_state/links/57f21d0808ae91deaa561f5c/Studies-on-the-ethno-medicinal-plants-used-on-the-occasion-of-festivals-with-special-reference-to-Ratnagiri-district-from-Maharashtra-state.pdf].</ref> are offered to the idol. Depending on the region and time zone, the ceremony commences with hymns from the [[Rigveda]], the [[Ganapati Atharvashirsa]], the [[Upanishads]] and the Ganesh [[stotra]] (prayer) from the [[Narada Purana]] are chanted. In Maharashtra as well as Goa, ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|aarti]]'' is performed with friends and family, typically in the morning and evening.

In preparation for the festival, artisans create clay models of Ganesha for sale. The images (''[[Murti]]''s) range in size from {{convert|3/4|in|mm|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} for homes to over {{convert|70|ft|m|order=flip|round=5|abbr=on}} for large community celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=16 September 2015 |title=Andhra laddu-maker eyes to break own Guinness Record with 8000 kg laddu |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andhra-laddu-maker-eyes-to-break-own-guinness-record-with-8000-kg-laddu-2125608 |access-date=25 September 2015 |website=Daily News and Analysis India |quote=... ready for delivery tomorrow to an 80-feet tall Ganesh Murti put up by Visakha Integrated Social Welfare Association supported by NRIs at the Gajuwaka area in Visakhapatnam.}}</ref>

On the last day of the festival, the tradition of ''Ganesh visarjan'' or ''nimajjanam'' (lit. "immersion") takes places, when the Ganesha images are immersed in a river, sea or water body. On the last day, the devotees come out in processions carrying the idols of Ganesha, culminating in immersion. It is believed that the god who comes to the earthly realm on Ganesh Chaturthi, returns to his celestial abode after immersion. The celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi also denotes the significance of the cycle of birth, life and death. It is believed that when the idol of the Ganesha is taken out for immersion, it also takes away with it the various obstacles of the house and these obstacles are destroyed along with the immersion. Every year, people wait with great anticipation to celebrate the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Manish |date=21 August 2020 |title=What is the story behind the tradition of Ganesh visarjan? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesha-chaturthi-2019-what-is-the-story-behind-the-tradition-of-ganesh-visarjan/articleshow/70878145.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

===Domestic celebration===
[[File:प्रतिष्ठापना केलेली मूर्ती.jpg|right|thumb|A domestic celebration of Ganesh during Ganesh Chaturthi in a Maharashtrian home]]
In [[Maharashtra]], Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Ganeshotsav. Families install small clay Murtis for worship during the festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/ganesh-chaturthi-festival-guide-1539292|title=Essential Guide to the Ganesh Festival in India|website=TripSavvy}}</ref> At home, the festival preparation includes purchases such as [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] items or accessories a few days in advance and booking the Ganesh murti as early as a month beforehand (from local artisans). The murti is brought home either a day before or on the day of the Ganesh Chaturthi itself. Families decorate a small, clean portion of the house with flowers and other colourful items before installing the idol. When the Murti is installed, it and its shrine are decorated with flowers and other materials. On the day of the festival, The ceremonial installation of the clay ''[[murti]]'' (idol) is done along with chants of holy Ganesh mantras, and puja including bhajans during a certain auspicious period of the day. The Murti is worshipped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers, [[Cynodon dactylon|durva]] (strands of young grass), [[Gujia|karanji]] and modaks (jaggery and coconut flakes wrapped in rice flour dumplings).<ref name=goldstein82/><ref name=Durva>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Usha|title=Festivals In Indian Society (2 Vols. Set)|date=2008|publisher=Mittal publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8324-113-7|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqz4eWbAMSkC&q=ganesh+durva&pg=PA143}}</ref> The worship ends with the singing of an ''[[aarti]]'' in honour of Ganesh, other Gods and Saints.

In Maharashtra the Marathi ''aarti'' "[[Sukhakarta Dukhaharta]]", composed by the 17th-century saint, [[Samarth Ramdas]] is sung.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shanbag|first1=Arun|title=Prarthana: A Book of Hindu Psalms|date=2007|publisher=Arun Shanbag|location=Arlington, MA|isbn=978-0-9790081-0-8|pages=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=try8sVpY_JYC}}</ref>
Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration. Domestic celebrations end after {{frac|1|1|2}}, 3, 5, 7 or 11 days. At that time the Murti is ceremoniously brought to a body of water (such as a lake, river or the sea) for immersion. In [[Maharashtra]], Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals, namely [[Teej|Hartalika]] and the Gauri festival, the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi whilst the latter by the installation of Murtis of Gauris.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pattanaik|first1=Devdutt|title=99 thoughts on Ganesh : [stories, symbols and rituals of India's beloved elephant-headed deity]|date=2011|publisher=Jaico Pub House|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-8495-152-3|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh22qvzQuowC|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> In some communities such as the [[Chitpavan]], and the [[CKP]], pebbles collected from river bank are installed as representations of Gauri.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bari|first=Prachi|title=Traditions from all over Maharashtra merge to welcome Gauri in Pune|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/traditions-from-all-over-maharashtra-merge-to-welcome-gauri-in-pune/story-sK3PpH8s2qhHizIlSQv3bN.html|access-date=28 August 2019|work=Hindustan Times|issue=30 August 2017|publisher=HT Media Limited|date=2017}}</ref>

In Goa, Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Chavath in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and Parab or Parva ("auspicious celebration");<ref>{{cite book|author=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Directorate of Archives, Archaeology, and Museum|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Volume 2|publisher=The Directorate, 1984|location=Panaji-Goa|page=94}}</ref> it begins on the third day of the [[lunar month]] of [[Bhadrapada]]. On this day [[Parvati]] and Shiva are worshipped by women, who fast.<ref name="GANESH CHATURTHI or CHOVOTH">{{cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/hindu-festivals/184-ganesh-chaturthi-or-chovoth|title=Ganesh Chaturhi or Chovoth|website=goatourism.gov.in|publisher=Government of Goa|ref=Goa|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> Instruments such as [[ghumot]]s, [[crash cymbals]] (ताळ(taal) in Konkani) and [[pakhavaj]] (an Indian barrel-shaped, two-headed drum) are played during the rituals.<ref name=ghumat>{{cite web|last1=Singbal|first1=Anwesha|title=Bringing the local beat back |url=http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Kalaa/Bringing-the-local-beat-back/06095.html#.U_f_EvmSySo|website=thegoan.net/|publisher=The Goan|access-date=23 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120914/http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Kalaa/Bringing-the-local-beat-back/06095.html|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> The harvest festival, Navyachi Pancham, is celebrated the next day; freshly harvested [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]] is brought home from the fields (or temples) and a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is conducted. Communities who ordinarily eat seafood refrain from doing so during the festival.<ref name="GANESH CHATURTHI or CHOVOTH"/>

In Karnataka the [[Gowri Habba|Gowri festival]] precedes Ganesh Chaturthi, and people across the state wish each other well. In Andhra Pradesh, Ganesh Murtis of clay (''Matti Vinayakudu'') and turmeric (''Siddhi Vinayakudu'') are usually worshipped at home with [[Plaster#Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)|plaster of Paris]] Murti's.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Public celebration===
[[File:Anant Chaturdashi.jpg|alt=Large Murti of Ganesh on the water, surrounded by people|Ganesh Visarjan in [[Mumbai]]|thumb|200px]]

[[File:Ganpati at Pune.JPG|thumb|alt=Head of a Murti of Ganesh|Ganpati idol in [[Pune]]|200px]]
Public celebrations of the festival are popular and are organised by local youth groups, neighbourhood associations, or groups of tradespeople. Funds for the public festival are collected from members of the association arranging the celebration, local residents and businesses.<ref name="CourtrightObsns88" /> The Ganesh idols and accompanying Murti are installed in temporary shelters, known as mandaps or pandals. Public preparations begin months in advance. The making of the [[Murti]] in Maharashtra usually begins with "Padya pooja" or worshipping the feet of Ganesh. The Murtis are brought to "pandals" on the day or a day before the festival begins. The pandals have elaborate decoration and lighting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Puja Vidhi, Shubh Muhurat, Fasting, Vrat Katha and Ganpati Visarjan information – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhurat-vrat-katha-fasting-and-ganpati-visarjan-information/articleshow/77669754.cms |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The festival features cultural activities such as singing, theatre and orchestral performances and community activities such as free medical checkups, blood-donation sites and donations to the poor. Ganesh Chaturthi, in addition to its religious aspects, is an important economic activity in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Khamgaon]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Indore]], [[Agra]], [[Surat]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kurnool]]. Many artists, industries, and businesses earn a significant amount of their living from the festival, which is a stage for budding artists. Members of other religions also participate in the celebration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolhapur Muslims mark Ganesh festival with Hindu brothers in mosque|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2010/09/18/kolhapurmuslims-mark-ganesha-festival-with-hindubrothers.html|work=Oneindia|access-date=9 September 2015|date=18 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tv9 Gujarat – Hindu-Muslim celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi together, Ahmedabad|publisher=TV9 (Gujarati)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hindu, Muslim families celebrate Ganesh Puja|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/hindu-muslim-families-celebrate-ganesh-puja-55024-2009-08-23|access-date=9 September 2015|agency=Headlines Today|publisher=India Today|date=24 August 2009}}</ref>

In Tamil Nadu, the festival, also known as ''Vinayaka Chaturthi'' or ''Pillayar Chaturthi'', falls on the fourth day after the [[new moon]] in the month of [[Tamil calendar#Months|Āvaṇi]] in the Tamil calendar. The idols are usually made of clay or [[papier-mâché]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/idol-makers-in-madurai-take-to-eco-friendly-ganeshas/articleshow/60040033.cms|title=Idol makers in Madurai take to eco-friendly Ganeshas |work=The Times of India|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> since [[Plaster-of-Paris|Plaster of Paris]] idols have been banned by the state government,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/govt-order-rules-ganesh-chathurthi-not-violative-rights-says-madras-hc-87882|title=Govt order on rules for Ganesh Chathurthi not violative of rights, says Madras HC|date=6 September 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/plaster-of-paris-ganesha-idols-banned/article19548667.ece|title=Plaster of Paris Ganesha idols banned|date=24 August 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 September 2018|author=((Special Correspondent))|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but violations of this rule are often reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Raid-against-idols-made-of-plaster-of-paris/articleshow/16257874.cms|title=Raid against idols made of plaster of paris|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> Idols are also made of coconuts and other organic products. They are worshipped for several days in pandals and immersed in the [[Bay of Bengal]] the following Sunday. In [[Kerala]] the festival is also known as ''Lambodhara Piranalu'', which falls in the month of [[Kollam era#Months|Chingam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ganeshchaturthigifts.com/ganesh-chaturthi-pooja.html|title=Ganesh Chaturthi Pooja Rituals|website=ganeshchaturthigifts.com}}</ref> In [[Thiruvananthapuram]] a procession marches from the Pazhavangadi Ganapathi Temple to [[Shankumugham Beach]], with tall Murti of Ganesha made from organic items and milk immersed in the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ganeshotsavam.org/|title=OM GAM: GANAPATHAYE NAMAH|website=Ganeshotsavam.org|access-date=17 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925144518/http://www.ganeshotsavam.org/|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

===At prominent temples===
At [[Vinayaka Temple, Kanipakam|Varasidhi Vinayaka Swamy Temple]] in [[Kanipakam]], Andhra Pradesh, annual ''brahmotsavams'' will be celebrated for 21 days starting from Vinayaka Chavithi day. The processional deity of Vinayaka (Ganesh) will be taken in a procession on different ''vahanams'' on these days amidst large number of pilgrims across the country.<ref name=kanipakam>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-09-04/All-set-for-Kanipakam-temple-fest/252289| title=All set for Kanipakam temple fest | work=The Hans India | date=4 September 2016 | access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

==Celebration outside India==
[[File:Simon_King_Clacton_on_Sea_Ganesha_Visarjan.jpg|thumb|Ganesha Murthi are carried out into the North Sea at Clacton-on-Sea, UK.]]
[[File:Simon_King_Clacton_on_Sea_Ganesha_Visarjan_Murthi_Box.jpg|thumb|A devotee carries a box of Ganesha Murthi into the North Sea at Clacton-on-Sea, UK.]]
In Pakistan, Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations are conducted by the Shri Maharashtra Panchayat, an organisation for [[Maharashtrians]] in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/karachi-celebrates-ganeshotsav-with-much-zest-and-zeal-340815-2016-09-13|title=Karachi celebrates Ganeshotsav with much zest and zeal|first=Kamlesh Damodar |last=Sutar|date=13 September 2016|website=India Today|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in the [[UK]] by the [[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|British Hindu]] population living there. The Hindu Culture and Heritage Society, a [[Southall]]-based organisation, celebrated Ganesh Chaturthi for the first time in London in 2005 at the Vishwa Hindu Temple; and the idol was immersed in the [[River Thames]] at [[Putney Pier]]{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=August 2017}}. Another celebration, organised by a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] group, has been celebrated in [[Southend-on-Sea]], and attracted an estimated 18,000 devotees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4573277.thousands-turn-out-for-hindu-festival-at-shoebury-east-beach/ |title=Thousands turn out for Hindu Festival at Shoebury East Beach|date=1 September 2009|website=Southend Standard|access-date=25 September 2015|quote=It is thought as many as 18,000 people attended from across Essex, Kent, Middlesex, London, the Midlands and even India.}} [https://www.hindujagruti.org/news/7763.html Alternate Link]</ref> Annual celebrations are also held on the [[River Mersey]] in [[Liverpool]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7615595.stm|title= River marks religious ceremony|work=bbc.co.uk|publisher=BBC News|date= 14 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2010/09/23/river-mersey-festival-to-celebration-hindus-birthday-of-lord-ganesh-92534-27325616/|title=Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on|work=liverpoolecho}}</ref> in the North Sea at Clacton-on-Sea,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Colourful Hindu celebrations with public procession return to seaside |url=https://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/23785203.hindu-ganesa-visarjan-festival-returns-clacton/ |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Clacton and Frinton Gazette |language=en}}</ref> and Caldecotte Lake in Milton Keynes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Utsav Samithi Milton Keynes |url=https://ganeshutsavsamithi.org/ |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Ganesh Utsav Samithi, Milton Keynes}}</ref>

The Philadelphia Ganesh Festival is one of the most popular celebrations of Ganesh Chaturthi in North America,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/non-resident-gods-110091100082_1.html | title=Non-resident gods | work=Business Standard | date=11 September 2010 | access-date=14 October 2015 |author1=Kalyana Ramanathan |author2=Indira Kannan }}</ref> and it is also celebrated in Canada (particularly in the [[Toronto]] area), Detroit Metropolitan area-Wayne State university, Mauritius, Malaysia and Singapore. The Mauritius festival dates back to 1896,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mauritius-ganesh-chaturthi/|title=Mauritius takes the day off for Ganesh Chaturthi|website=aglobalworld.com|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205043554/http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mauritius-ganesh-chaturthi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Mauritian government has made it a public holiday.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFzcGV9FlxgC&q=ganesh+chaturthi+Mauritius+public+holiday&pg=PA153|title=Little India: Diaspora, Time, and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius|publisher=University of California Press|last=Eisenlohr|first=Patrick|year=2006|page=153|isbn=9780520248793|access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> In Malaysia and Singapore, the festival is more commonly known as Vinayagar Chaturthi because of the large Tamil-speaking Hindu minority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/hindus-celebrate-vinayagar-chathurthi/|title=Hindus celebrate Vinayagar Chathurthi|work=The Malaysian Times|date=9 September 2013|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829032448/http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/hindus-celebrate-vinayagar-chathurthi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Ghana, [[Hinduism in Ghana|ethnic African Hindus]] celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photo-gallery/african-country-ghana-celebrates-ganesh-pooja-every-year/572560|title=अफ्रीका के घाना में हर साल विराजते हैं गणपति, 50 साल से धूमधाम से होता है 'बप्पा का स्वागत'|newspaper=Zee News|language=Hindi|date=11 September 2019|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

In Tenerife (Spain), is one of the few places in Europe where Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated publicly.<ref>[https://redqueenmusings.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/ganesha-festival-adeje/ Ganesha Festival – Adeje]</ref><ref>[http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/ganesh-chaturthi/ganesh-chaturthi-date-time.html?l=5662 2017 Ganesh Chaturthi Date and Puja Timings for Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain]</ref><ref>[http://www.investigacion.cchs.csic.es/concursomigraciones/content/ganesh-chaturthi Ganesh Chaturthi in Tenerife]</ref>

In Fiji Islands, Thakur Lal Waghela started Ganesh Chaturthi in 1985. It became an annual celebration for the town of Lautoka, the Ganesh murti would be taken to town to visit shops before heading to Saweni beach for visarjan. Then later there would be a feast organised for the entire town. Now Fiji islands have more than 100 Ganesh visarjans happening during the festival.
When Thakur lal Waghela migrated to Auckland New Zealand, he continued the yearly celebrations, 10 years in Auckland and a further 10 years in Palmerston North.
After 40 years of public celebrations, he has now continued it as a private one.

== Foods ==
{{multiple image
| footer = Modaka are sweet dumplings, the traditional offerings and prasada in Ganesh Chaturthi. Left: steamed with fillings, Right: Fried
| image1 = Ukadiche Modak, full and split.jpg
| width1 = 200
| image2 = Modaks - 01.JPG
| width2 = 150
}}
The primary sweet dish during the festival is [[modak]] (''modak'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Konkani, ''modakam'' or ''kudumu'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''modaka'' or ''kadubu'' in [[Kannada]], ''kozhakatta'' or ''modakkam'' in [[Malayalam]] and ''kozhukattai'' or ''modagam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]). A ''modak'' is a dumpling made from rice or wheat flour, stuffed with grated coconut, jaggery, dried fruits and other condiments and steamed or fried. Another popular sweet dish is the ''karanji'' (''karjikai'' in [[Kannada]]), similar to ''modak'' in composition and taste but in a semicircular shape. This sweet meal is called ''Nevri'' in Goa and is synonymous with Ganesh festival amongst the [[Goans]] and the [[Konkani people|Konkani diaspora]].<ref name=goa>{{cite web|title=Ganesh Chaturthi festival fervour grips Goa|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ganesh-chaturthi-festival-fervour-grips-goa/|website=The Indian Express|publisher=PTI|access-date=27 November 2015|date=29 August 2014}}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ''modak'', ''laddu'', ''vundrallu'' (steamed, coarsely ground rice-flour balls), ''panakam'' (a jaggery-, black pepper- and cardamom-flavoured drink), ''vadapappu'' (soaked [[Mung bean|''moong'' lentils]]) and ''chalividi'' (a cooked rice flour and jaggery mixture) are offered to Ganesh. These offerings are known as ''[[naivedya]]'', and a plate of ''modak'' traditionally holds 21 pieces of the sweet. In Goa, ''modak'' and a [[Goan cuisine|Goan version]] of [[idli]] (''[[Sanna (dish)|sanna]]'') is popular.<ref name=sanna>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|page=258}}</ref>

Panchakajjaya is an offering made to Ganesh during this festival in parts of Karnataka. It is a mixture of desiccated coconut, roasted Bengal gram powder, sugar, ghee, and sesame. Different versions of ''panchakajjaya'' are made. Roasted Bengal gram, green gram, roasted ''chana dal'' (''putani'') or aval can be used.<ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi |last=Ferro-Luzzi |first=Gabriella Eichinger |date=1977 |title=Ritual as Language: The Case of South Indian Food Offerings |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2741405 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=507–514 |doi=10.1086/201930 |jstor=2741405 |issn=0011-3204|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Environmental impact ==
The Madras High Court ruled in 2004 that immersion of Ganesh idols is unlawful because it incorporates chemicals that pollute the sea water.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3638860.stm|publisher=BBC News – South Asia |title= Ganesha immersions ruled unlawful|work=bbc.co.uk|date=8 September 2004 }}</ref> In Goa the sale of plaster-of-Paris Ganesha idols has been banned by the state government and celebrants are encouraged to buy traditional, artisan-made clay idols.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/goa-bans-plaster-of-paris-ganesha-idols/article5070472.ece|title=Goa bans plaster of Paris Ganesh idols|author=((Special Correspondent))|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 August 2013}}</ref> Recent initiatives to produce traditional clay Ganesh idols in Hyderabad have been sponsored by the [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chakranews.com/the-environmentally-friendly-ganesh/1683|title=The Environmentally Friendly Ganesh|work=chakranews.com|date=21 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/11/stories/2006081121960300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813091418/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/11/stories/2006081121960300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ganesha immersion: temple's awareness campaign finds many takers|date=11 August 2006}}</ref> Environmental concern is also making people in Gujarat to opt for Ganesh idols made with a mixture of [[cow dung]] and clay. These are marketed as "Vedic Ganesh idols" by the organisation making them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahu|first=Manish|date=21 August 2020|title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Artists make eco-friendly cow dung 'Vedic' Ganpati idols in Gujarat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-artists-make-eco-friendly-cow-dung-vedic-ganpati-idols-in-gujarat/story-a6dLU6TzA6r8BRz5jJ28KM.html|website=hindustantimes}}</ref>

Due to environmental concerns, a number of families now avoid bodies of water and let the clay murtis disintegrate in a barrel of water at home.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} After a few days, the clay is spread in the garden. In some cities a public, eco-friendly process is used for the immersion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zha|first=Bagish K.|title=Eco-friendly 'Ganesh Visarjan' save water and soil from getting polluted in Indore|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Eco-friendly-Ganesh-Visarjan-save-water-and-soil-from-getting-polluted-in-Indore/articleshow/22808957.cms|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 September 2013}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
On 10 July 2025, [[Government of Maharashtra]] declares it as state festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waje |first=Hemant |title=Maha govt declares Ganeshotsav as state festival, to 'bear expenses' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/maha-govt-declares-ganeshotsav-as-state-festival-to-bear-expenses/20250711.htm |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Maharashtra govt declares ‘Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav’ as state festival; says it will ‘bear expenses for grand celebrations’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-declares-sarvajanik-ganeshotsav-as-state-festival-10118535/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/ganpati-bappa-morya-maharashtra-government-declares-ganeshotsav-as-official-state-festival-a525/|title=Ganpati Bappa Morya! Maharashtra Government Declares Ganeshotsav as Official State Festival| work= [[Lokmat]]Times|date=10 July 2011|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=Cultural depictions of Ganesh Chaturthi
| heights=170
|File:Clay Ganesh Murti, Ganesh Chaturthi.JPG
|A Ganesh idol in a home during the festival
|File:GSB_Sarvajanik_Ganeshotsav_Samiti_Wadala_02.jpg|GSB Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav Samiti
Shree Ram Mandir, Wadala
Mumbai
|File:Lalbaug cha raja.jpg
|Procession of [[Lalbaugcha Raja]] in [[Mumbai]]
|File:Guruji Talim Mandal.JPG
|Procession in [[Pune]]
|File:Ganesh visarjan surat 2009.jpg
|Procession in [[Surat]]
|File:Foreshore-Ganesh.jpg
|Immersion in sea, [[Chennai]]
|File:Immersion-de-Ganesh.jpg
|Immersion of idols in [[Bengaluru]]
|File:Ganesh immersion procession In London.jpg
|Hyderabad Friends Youth Ganesh immersion procession In [[London]]
|File:Dagadusheth Ganapati Ganeshotsva 2018.jpg
|Celebration in [[Pune]]
|File:Juinagarcha-Raja.jpg
|Juinagarcha-Raja [[Navi Mumbai]]
|File:Khasbag-Raja Belgaum.jpg
|Khasbag Raja [[Belgaum]]
|File:Jogeshwari Cha Raja 2024.jpg|Jogeshwari Cha Raja [[Mumbai]]
|File:Lalbaugcha Raja.jpg|[[Lalbaugcha Raja]] (King of Lalbaug) in [[Lalbaug]], [[Mumbai]]

}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* {{anl|1994 plague in India}}
* [[Cultural depictions of elephants]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Getty |first=Alice |year=1936 |title=Gaṇeśa: A Monograph on the Elephant-Faced God |edition=1992 reprint |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-8121503778}}
* {{Citation|series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies|last=Grimes|first=John A.|title=Ganapati: Song of the Self|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0-7914-2440-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duOe-jM8kRIC}}
* {{Citation |last=Heras |first=H. |title=The Problem of Ganapati |year=1972 |publisher=Indological Book House |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite journal|last=Michael|first=S. M.|title=The Origin of the Ganapati Cult|url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1195|format=PDF|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume=42|issue=1|year=1983|pages=91–116|doi=10.2307/1178368|jstor=1178368|url-access=subscription|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111228/https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1195|url-status=dead}} [https://archive.org/details/origin-of-the-ganapati-cult/mode/2up Alternate Link]

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Sindhi festivals}}
{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Bal Gangadhar Tilak}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Ganesha]]
[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Festivals in Telangana]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]

T. K. Rama Rao

2026-03-15T05:10:51Z

HoracePettigrew: expand structure to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox person
|name = T. K. Rama Rao
|image = TKR.jpg
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|10|7}}
|birth_place = [[Hosadurga]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1988|11|10}} (aged 59)
|death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
|alma_mater = [[National College, Bangalore]]
|known_for = Detective novels in Kannada and also popular as "Suspense Ramrao"
|footnotes =
|awards =
}}

'''T. K. Rama Rao''' (7 October 1929 – 10 November 1988) was an Indian novelist of [[Kannada literature]]. He became popular in the early 1970s when his book ''[[Bangaaradha Manushya]]'' was made into a hit movie in the Kannada film industry. It inspired many youths to leave the city and return to their villages to look after their ancestral land.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}} He won the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]]. award. Many of his works are detective novels, which sold millions of copies.

==Biography==
Rao was born in a [[Madhwa Brahmin]] family in [[Chitradurga district|Hosadurga]], [[Karnataka]]. He was the second child of T. Krishnamurthy and Nagamma. His father was a railway stationmaster, who died of a heart attack when TK Ramarao was 18 years old.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}} Rao left his education to take care of his mother and six brothers and sisters. He started his own tutorials in [[Channapatna]], Karnataka, and ran a pharmacy to take care of his family while continuing to write.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}} Several of his novels were adapted to movies and television.

He has written several novels, including ''Bangarada Manushya'', ''Maralu Sarapani'', ''Varna Chakra'', ''Payanada Kone'', ''Paschinmada Betta'', ''Kahale Bande'', ''Manninadoni'', Jagadevaraya, Kovi Kuncha, ''Trikonada Mane'', ''Golada Melondu Suttu'', and ''Kempu Mannu''. He started with social novels but most of his novels are detective novels. He was the first novelist in Karnataka to write thrillers. His social novels had shades of suspense or thriller.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}} He has won several awards from the Karnataka Sahitya Academy and Madras Sahitya Academy. Rao had a heart attack when he was returning from an award ceremony. He died at the age of 59 and was survived by his wife Shakuntala.{{Citation needed|date= October 2012}}.

Nine of his novels have been made into a total of ten Kannada movies. Out of these, eight movies have retained the titles of novels as they were also the official adaptations, namely ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]'', ''Maralu Sarapani'', ''[[Mannina Doni]]'', ''[[Mooru Janma]]'', ''[[Sedina Hakki]]'', ''Seelu Nakshatra'', ''[[Himapatha]]'' and ''Varna Chakra''. Another story ''Haavillada Hutta'' was unofficially adapted as ''Appa Nanjappa Maga Gunjappa'' and was also the source of inspiration for the 2024 movie ''[[Shakhahaari]]''.

==Works==
===Novels===

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
#Doora Gagana/ದೂರ ಗಗನ
#Pachche Torana/ಪಚ್ಚೆ ತೇೂರಣ
#Jagadevaraya/ಜಗದೇವರಾಯ
#Bangarada Manushya/ಬಂಗಾರದ ಮನುಷ್ಯ
#Maralu Sarapani/ಮರಳು ಸರಪಣಿ
#Paschimada Betta/ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದ ಬೆಟ್ಟ
#Mooru Janma/ಮೂರು ಜನ್ಮ
#Chukkeya Parivala/ಚುಕ್ಕೆಯ ಪಾರಿವಾಳ
#Kempu Mannu/ಕೆಂಪು ಮಣ್ಣು
#Payanada Kone/ಪಯಣದ ಕೊನೆ
#Ashadha Ratrigalu/ಆಷಾಢ ರಾತ್ರಿಗಳು
#Varna Chakra/ವರ್ಣ ಚಕ್ರ
#Mannina Doni/ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ದೇೂಣಿ
#Kahale Bande/ಕಹಳೆ ಬಂಡೆ
#Sarpa Dande/ಸರ್ಪ ದಂಡೆ
#Sedina hakki/ಸೇಡಿನ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
#Padmaraga/ಪದ್ಮರಾಗ
#Kanive Seridavalu/ಕಣಿವೆ ಸೇರಿದವಳು
#Kanasugara/ಕನಸುಗಾರ
#Nakshatra Meenu/ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ಮೀನು
#Himapata/ಹಿಮಪಾತ
#Seelu nakshtra/ಸೀಳು ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ
#Aarida landra/ಆರಿದ ಲಾಂದ್ರ
#Taale Hoo/ತಾಳೆ ಹೂ
#Bedaru Bombe/ಬೆದರು ಬೊಂಬೆ
#Alemari/ಅಲೆಮಾರಿ
#Aakashadeepa/ಆಕಾಶದೀಪ
#Nadiya tiruvu/ನದಿಯ ತಿರುವು
#Kovi Kuncha/ಕೇೂವಿ ಕುಂಚ
#Mooraneya Kilikai/ಮೂರನೆಯ ಕೀಲಿ ಕೈ
#Trikonada Mane/ತ್ರಿಕೇೂನದ ಮನೆ
#Dibbada Bangale/ದಿಬ್ಬದ ಬಂಗಲೆ
#Raani Jenu/ರಾಣಿ ಜೇನು
#Doorada Kare
#Gulam Hennu/ಗುಲಾಮ ಹೆಣ್ಣು
#Vajrada Kombu/ವಜ್ರದ ಕೊಂಬು
#Neralu/ನೆರಳು
#Langaru/ಲಂಗರು
#Kappu Nayi/ಕಪ್ಪು ನಾಯಿ
#Toru Beralu/ತೇೂರು ಬೆರಳು
#Donku Mara/ಡೊಂಕು ಮರ
#Doorada Kare/ದೂರದ ಕರೆ
#Shakuna Pakshi/ಶಕುನ ಪಕ್ಷಿ
#Rahasya Patra/ರಹಸ್ಯ ಪತ್ರ
#Chitravati/ಚಿತ್ರಾವತಿ
#Bannada Hulu/ಬಣ್ಣದ ಹುಳು
#Madhura Milana/ಮಧುರ ಮಿಲನ
#Aasareya Bombe/ಆಸರೆಯ ಬೊಂಬೆ
#Seemarekhe/ಸೀಮಾರೇಖೆ
#Nigoodharu/ನಿಗೂಢರು
#Jodi Chaye/ಜೇೂಡಿ ಛಾಯೆ
#Havillada Hutta/ಹಾವಿಲ್ಲದ ಹುತ್ತ
#Paschima Mukhi/ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಮುಖಿ
#Sogugaati
#Apsara

{{div col end}}

===Short stories===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
#Ubbaravilita/ಉಬ್ಬರವಿಳಿತ
#Hedi/ಹೇಡಿ
#Nalku Rekhegalu/ನಾಲ್ಕು ರೇಖೆಗಳು
#Ettarada Maneyavanu/ಎತ್ತರದ ಮನೆಯವನು
#Madhuchandra/ಮಧುಚಂದ್ರ
#Benkigoodu/ಬೆಂಕಿಗೂಡು
#Kallu Hasige/ಕಲ್ಲು ಹಾಸಿಗೆ
#Koneya Sakshi/ಕೊನೆಯ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ
#Kolliya Hana/ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯ ಹಣ
#Aparathriya Aatmiya/ಅಪರಾತ್ರಿಯ ಆತ್ಮೀಯ
#Shilpadrushyagalu/ಶಿಲ್ಪದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು
#UruGolu/ಊರುಗೋಲು
{{div col end}}

===Travelogue===
#Golada Melondu Suttu/ಗೇೂಳದ ಮೇಲೊಂದು ಸುತ್ತು

==Novels adapted as films==
{| class="wikitable"
! Novels !! Films
|-
|''Bangarada Manushya'' ||''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films|title = ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ}}</ref>
|-
|''Mannina Doni'' ||''[[Mannina Doni]]''
|-
|''Mooru Janma''||''[[Mooru Janma]]''
|-
|''Sedina Hakki''||''[[Sedina Hakki]]''
|-
|''Himapatha''||''[[Himapatha]]''
|-
|''Seelu Nakshatra''||''Seelu Nakshatra''
|-
|''Varnachakra''||''Varnachakra''
|-
|''Maralu Sarapani''|| ''Maralu Sarapani''
|-
|''Haavillada Hutta''||''Appa Nanjappa Maga Gunjappa'' and ''[[Shakhahaari]]'' (both uncredited)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao T K Rama}}
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolar]]

Manoranjan Sahu

2026-03-14T22:21:30Z

HoracePettigrew: creating some data w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian doctor}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Manoranjan Sahu
| image =
| caption =
| alias =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1953
| birth_place = West Bengal
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = Academician, Ayurveda Doctor
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| children =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manoranjan Sahu''' is an academician, doctor, surgeon of Ayurveda and a former head of the [[Banaras Hindu University]], BHU Ayurveda Faculty. He is known for reviving and promoting ancient surgical practices of [[Ayurveda]], bringing a new identity to the Kshar Sutra (Alkaline Medicated Thread) method in surgery, and developing a novel treatment for fistula in Ano (IFTAK) technique with the same novel method. He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution and was also the first to have received this honor in the field of Ayurvedic surgery. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/former-bhu-professor-manoranjan-sahu-received-padma-shri-for-contribution-in-field-of-ayurveda-2023-03-22|title=Varanasi: बीएचयू के पूर्व प्रोफेसर मनोरंजन साहू को मिला पद्मश्री, आयुर्वेद के क्षेत्र में योगदान के लिए सम्मान|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/list-of-padma-awards-conferred-on-wednesday/articleshow/98922754.cms|title=List of Padma awards conferred on Wednesday|date=March 22, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Early life ==

He was born on 2 March 1953 in the [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] district of [[West Bengal]]. In 1977. He completed his graduation degree from the State Ayurvedic College. He received a Master's degree (1982) and a doctorate (1986) from [[Banaras Hindu University]], BHU. He joined as a reader in the Department of Surgery of the BHU Ayurveda Faculty in 1993.. He worked as a professor from 2003 until his retirement. He worked in the BHU for 34 years. He retired in 2018. While working at the BHU, he played a key role in building the country's first Kshar Sutra Centre, which was established in the BHU in the year 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/varanasi/bhu-two-professor-manoranjan-sahu-and-pandit-ritwik-sanyal-got-padma-vibhushan-award-2023/up20230126065639320320656|title=Varanasi News : BHU के प्रोफेसर मनोरंजन साहू को मिला पद्म विभूषण, आयुर्वेद के क्षेत्र में है बड़ा योगदान|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=January 26, 2023|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/pandit-ritwik-sanyal-of-varanasi-and-prof-respect-to-manoranjan-sahu-130845607.html|title=Pandit Ritwik Sanyal of Varanasi and Prof. Respect to Manoranjan Sahu | BHU के 3 प्रोफेसरों को 'पद्मश्री': बम हाउस के जनक प्रो. सूद, ध्रुपद महारथी पं. सान्याल और आयुर्वेदाचार्य प्रो. साहू को सम्मान - Varanasi News | Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Padma Shri (2023)
* Honour by the Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2008)
* Vaidya Sundarlal Joshi Memorial Award (2014) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samacharnama.com/todays-significance/manoranjan-sahu-birthday-experts-in-kshasutra-medicine-know/cid13706997.htm|title=Manoranjan Sahu Birthday क्षारसूत्र चिकित्सा पद्धति के विशेषज्ञ मनोरंजन साहू के जन्मदिन पर जाने इनके अनसुने किस्से|date=March 2, 2024|website=samacharnama.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Manoranjan}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sothi (village)

2026-03-12T05:57:58Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating some place w/ sources

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Sothi (archaeology)]], the site in [[Rajasthan]], India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sotha
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| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name = Sotha
| nickname =
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| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
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| coordinates = {{coord|29|34|26|N|76|07|38|E|display=inline,title}}
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| established_date = 4700 BC
| founder = [[Indus Valley civilization]]
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125039<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/haryana/hisar/sotha.html |title=Pin codes of Sotha in Hisar|publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>
| registration_plate = HR

| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sotha''' is a village in [[Haryana]], India.

==Demography==
In 2011, it had 334 families with a population of 1716.<ref name=cen1>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/60989-sotha-haryana.html census 2011, Sothi in Hisar]</ref>

==Location==
The [[Neolithic]] [[Sothi (archaeology)]] site is located near [[Nohar]] in [[Rajasthan]], about 120 km west-south-west of Sothi.

The important archaeological site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is located about 30 km south.

==Indus Valley Civilisation archaeology==
Within 5 km to 10 km radius of Rakhigarhi are early, mature and late Harappan sites. To the north-west of Rakhigarhi are [[Panihari village|Panhari]], [[Gyanpura]], [[Kagsar]], and [[Sulchani]]. South-west of Rakhigarhi are [[Sisai, Hisar]], [[Rajpura, Narnaund]], [[Pali, Narnaund|Pali]] and [[Masudpur]].

==Drishadvati River==
[[Siswal]] is located about 70 km to the south-west, in the valley of the prehistoric [[Drishadvati River]]. The site of [[Rakhigarhi]] is likewise located in the valley of Drishadvati.<ref>Jane McIntosh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA76 ''The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives.''] Understanding ancient civilizations. ABC-CLIO, 2008
{{ISBN|1576079074}} p76</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hisar district]]

Lal Babu Prasad

2026-03-10T17:22:11Z

HoracePettigrew: creating basic post with sources - done

{{short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lal Babu Prasad
| image =
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 2012
| term_end1 = 6 May 2018
| successor1 = [[Sanjay Paswan]]
| constituency1 = ''elected by the members of Legislative Assembly''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|03|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Narkatiaganj]], [[West Champaran]], [[Bihar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Mala Devi
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| occupation = Politician
| source = https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Lalbabu%20Prasad.htm
}}

'''Lal Babu Prasad''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] who served as the member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 2012 till 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2012 |title=BJP finalises 4 names for Bihar MLC polls |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-finalises-4-names-for-bihar-mlc-polls/articleshow/12609148.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=}}</ref> He has served in various capacities in the organization of the BJP as the President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|BJYM, Bihar]] from 1995 till 1997, Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] in 2004. He had contested [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Chanpatia Assembly constituency|Chanpatia]] but had lost to [[Krishna Kumar Mishra]] of the [[Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanpatia Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chanpatia-bihar-assembly-constituency#1990 |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Prasad was suspended from the primary membership of the [[BJP]] on 31-Mar-2017 for misbehaving with female legislator Nutan Singh, who is the wife of BJP's [[Chhatapur Assembly constituency|Chhatapur MLA]] [[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu]]. Singh, who was then a [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] MLC, had accused Prasad of “improper behaviour” while they were walking up a flight of stairs inside the Council building on Wednesday. Her husband reportedly hit Prasad in the council.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Bihar: BJP suspends MLC Lal Babu Prasad for 'misbehaving' with female legislator |url=https://scroll.in/latest/833337/bihar-bjp-suspends-mlc-lal-babu-prasad-for-misbehaving-with-female-legislator |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Lal Babu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Tamil films of 1941

2026-03-07T05:15:29Z

HoracePettigrew: cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
A list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry in [[India]] in [[1941 in film|1941]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spicyonion.com/movie/year/1941/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503222612/http://spicyonion.com/movie/year/1941/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=3 May 2013 | title=1941 tamil movies list }}</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

== 1941 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Production]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]] !! Release date (D-M-Y)
|-
|''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1941 film)|Ali Babavum 40 Thirudargalum]]''
| K. S. Mani
| Ashoka Films
| N. S. Balakrishnan
| [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], M. R. Swaminathan, [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], K. Hiranaiah, N. R. Padmavathi, M. Jayalakshmi, ''Pulimoottai'' Ramaswami
| 15-03-1941
|-
|''[[Mani Malai|Appoothi Adigal]]''
|
| AL.RM & Company
|
| P. B. Rangachari, P. G. Venkatesan, [[V. N. Sundaram]], Master Sivam, T. N. Meenakshi dance by [[V. N. Janaki]], Krishnabai
|
|-
|''Arjuna''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Aryamala]]''
| T. C. Vadivelu Naicker
| [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] & K. S. Narayana Iyengar, [[Central Studios]]
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], M. S. Sarojini, [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], S. R. Janaki, Kulathu Mani, A. Sakunthala, P. S. Gnanam, A. R. Sakunthala, B. Rajagopala Iyer
| 19-10-1941
|-
|''[[Mani Malai|Ashaadapoothi]]''
|
| AL.RM & Company
|
| P. B. Rangachari, T. N. Vasudevan Pillai, T. V. Sethuraman, K. S. Adhilakshmi, T. S. Jaya Pankajammal
|
|-
|''[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]''
| Raja Chandrasekhar
| Murugan Talkies Film Company
| [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[P. Kannamba]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], T. V. Kumudhini, Nagercoil Mahadevan
| 10-07-1941
|-
|''[[Bhaktha Gowri]]''
| S. Notani
| [[Modern Theatres]]
|
| [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]], S. D. Subbaiah, K. K. Perumal, C. V. V. Panthulu, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], M. R. Swaminathan, [[T. S. Durairaj]], L. Narayana Rao, P. A. Rajamani, C. T. Rajakantham, P. S. Sivabhaghyam
| 05-04-1941
|-
|''[[Chandrahari]]''
|
| Ashoka Films
|
| [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]]
|
|-
|''[[Dayalan]]''
| A. Mithra Das
| [[T. R. Sundaram]], [[Modern Theatres]]
|
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
| 20-12-1941
|-
|''[[Dharma Patni (film)|Dharma Patni]]''
| [[P. Pullaiah]]
| [[P. Pullaiah]] & [[Santha Kumari]]
| Timir Baran & Annasaheb Mainkar
| [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Santha Kumari]], Uppaluri Hanumantha Rao, Hemalatha, K. Lakshmi Narasimha Rao, Achari Adinarayanaiah, Peddapuram Raju, [[A. Nageswara Rao]]
|
|-
|''Dharma Veeran''
| B. Sampathkumar
| Kumar Pictures-Sivaji Pictures-[[Modern Theatres]]
| K. R. Kuppusamy
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], K. K. Perumal, P. A. Kumar, C. S. D. Singh, M. A. Venu, M. A. Rajamani, S. Hemavathi, P. A. Periyanayaki
| 05-07-1941
|-
|''[[Ezhandha Kadhal]]''
| K. S. Mani
| Ashoka Films
|
| [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]]
|
|-
|''[[Kacha Devayani]]''
| [[K. Subramaniam]]
|
|
| [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Kothamangalam Seenu]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], ''Vidwan'' Srinivasan
|
|-
|''[[Kamadhenu (film)|Kamadhenu]]''
| Nandalal Jeswanlal
| Madras United Artist Corporation
| Rajeshvararao-Kalayanaraman
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]], K. B. Vatsal, G. Pattu Iyer, M. R. S. Mani, Vatsala, [[Baby Saroja]], G. Subbulakshmi, K. N. Kamalam
| 27-03-1941
|-
|''Kathambam''
|
|
|
| [[N. S. Krishnan]], P. G. Vengadesan
|
|-
|''Kothaiyin Kathal''
| R. Prakash
| Sakthi Films
|
| Sundaramoothy Othuvaar, K. R. Sarathambal, T. V. A. Poorani
|
|-
|''[[Krishnakumar (film)|Krishnakumar]]''
| [[S. D. S. Yogi]]
| Salem Sathana Films
| K. Saambamoorthy
| [[Honnappa Bhagavathar|C. Honnappa Bhagavathar]], T. S. Rajalakshmi
| 13-04-1941
|-
|''[[Gumasthavin Penn]]''
| B. N. Rao & K. V. Srinivasan
| Murthy Films
| Narayanan-Padmanaban
| [[T. K. Shanmugam]], T. K. Baghavathi, [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], M. S. Draupadhi, ''Friend'' Ramasami, P. G. Venkatesan, K. N. Kulathu Mani, A. R. Sakunthala
| 10-05-1941
|-
|''[[Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| B. N . Rao
| [[S. S. Vasan]], [[Gemini Studios]]
| M. D. Parthasarathi & [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| [[V. V. Sadagopan]], [[K. L. V. Vasantha]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], N. Krishnamurthy, [[M. R. Santhanam]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[K. R. Chellam]], M. S. Sundhari Bai and dance by [[B. S. Saroja]]
| 28-11-1941
|-
|''Manasa Devi''
|
| Madras Films
|
| A. K. Pavalar, K. Natarajan, T. R. Krishnamoorthi, A. Sundaram, Kodainayaki, Banumathi
| 20-04-1941
|-
|''Mandharavathi''
| T. Margoni-D. S. Babu
| R. V. Pictures
| G. J. Cabriel
| [[T. R. Rajakumari]]
| 09-08-1941
|-
|''[[Mani Malai]]''
| Fram Sethna & A.T. Krishnaswamy
| AL.RM & Company
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| P. B. Rangachari, K. K. Aathilakshmi, T. S. Jeya
| 22-11-1941
|-
|''[[Mani Malai|Minor-in Kaadhal]]''
| T. S. Mani
| AL.RM & Company
|
| [[T. S. Durairaj]], M. R. Swaminathan, T. V. Sethuraman, N. Venkataraman Babu, K. S. Adhilakshmi, P. R. Mangalam, K. V. Shanthabai
|
|-
|''[[Mani Malai|Naveena Markandeya]]''
| A.T. Krishnaswamy
| AL.RM & Company – Oriental Films
|
| Kali N. Rathnam, [[T. R. Ramachandran]], K. Hiranaiah, M. R. Subramaniam, Ratnappa, T. S. V. Annapoorani
| 22-11-1941
|-
|''[[Prem Bandhan (1941 film)|Prem Bandhan]]''
| [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]]
| Famous Films
| [[Shanti Kumar Desai]]
| [[M. K. Radha]], T. Suryakumari, [[R. B. Lakshmi Devi]], K. K. Swami
|
|-
|''Rajagopichand''
|
| Jothi Films
|
| [[M. K. Radha]]
| 02-08-1941
|-
|''Raja Yuva''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Ravana Vijayam''
|
| Sri Ganga Film Distributor
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Rishyasringar (1941 film)|Rishyasringar]]''
| [[T. G. Raghavachari]]
| S. Soudararajan, Tamil Nadu Talkies
| Sarma Brothers & [[V. Nagayya]]
| [[Vasundhara Devi]], [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[S. Balachander|''Veenai'' S. Balachander]], G. Pattu Iyer, Kumari Rukmini, T. E. Krishnamachari, K. N. Ramamurthi Iyer, R. K. Ramasami, M. S. Murugesam, T. V. Sethuraman, V. N. Pankajam, K. N. Kamalam
| 02-08-1941
|-
|''[[Sabapathy]]''
| [[A. V. Meiyappan]] & A. T. Krishnaswamy
| [[AVM Productions]]
| Saraswathi Musical Troupe
| [[T. R. Ramachandran]], R. Padma, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], C. T. Rajakantham, [[K. Sarangapani]], P. R. Mangalam, K. Hiranaiah
| 14-12-1941
|-
|''[[Santha (1941 film)|Santha]]''
| P. S. Seenivasa Rao
| Pakdani Productions
|
| P. S. Seenivasa Rao, Raju, S. G. Chellappa Iyer, M. S. Rajagopal, K. T. Rukmani, K. S. Angamuthu
|
|-
|''[[Sathi Murali]]''
| B. N. Rao, T. C. Vadivelu Naicker
| [[Central Studios]]
|
| [[M. K. Radha]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], Nagercoil K. Mahadevan, L. Narayana Rao, Kali N. Ratnam, P. G. Venkatesan, "Buffoon" Sankara Iyer, "Joker" Ramudu, [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], P. S. Gnanam
|
|-
|''[[Savithiri (1941 film)|Savithiri]]''
| [[Y. V. Rao]]
| Royal Talkie Distributors
| Thuraiyur Rajagopala Sarma & Kamaldas Gupta
| [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[Y. V. Rao]], [[Shanta Apte]], V. A. Chellappa, [[K. Sarangapani]], Appa K. Duraiswami, [[T. S. Durairaj]], ''Golden'' Saradambal, T. S. Krishnaveni, Sripad Shankar, [[V. N. Janaki]]
| 05-09-1941
|-
|''Subadra Arjuna''
| Sama & Ramu
| Bhaarath Pictures
| S. G. Kasi Iyer
| [[Serukalathur Sama]], V. S. Mani, [[R. Balasubramaniam]], G. Subbulakshmi, S. R. Janaki, Gomathi
| 14-07-1941
|-
|''[[Surya Puthri]]''
| [[Ellis R. Dungan]]
| Baskar Pictures
| V. S. Parthasarathy Ayyangar
| [[Kothamangalam Seenu]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], K. S. Gopala Krishnan, Kali N. Rathnam, [[T. R. Rajakumari]], S. R. Janaki, M. S. Sundhari Bai, [[K. R. Chellam]], C. T. Rajakantham
|
|-
|''[[Thiruvalluvar (1941 film)|Thiruvalluvar]]''
| Prem Chethna
| Prakathi Pictures
|
| [[Serukalathur Sama]], M. Lakshmanan, [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], Kali N. Rathnam, Tirunelveli Pappa, M. Lakshmi, A. Padma, K. N. Kamalam
| 03-05-1941
|-
|''[[Vana Mohini]]''
| [[Bhagwan Dada]]
| N. Viswanatha Iyer
| [[C. Ramchandra]]
| [[M. K. Radha]], [[K. Thavamani Devi]], Baby Rukmini, Chandru (Elephant), S. S. Kokko, Kolathu Mani, ''Comedian'' Ambi T. V. Krishnaswami, Kamala Bai, K. T. Sakku Bai, Krishna Bai, S. Basha, S. R. K. Ayyangar, N. Appu
| 24-12-1941
|-
|''[[Vedavathi Alladhu Seetha Jananam]]''
| T. R. Raghunath
| Shyamala Pictures
| T. K. Jeyarama Iyer
| M. R. Krishnamoorthi, Kolar Rajam, [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]]
| 11-01-1941/22-2-1941
|-
|''Venuganam''
| Murugadasa (Muthuswami Iyer)
| P. A. Raju Chettiar, Jewel Pictures
| [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]
| [[N. C. Vasanthakokilam]], [[V. V. Sadagopan]], [[K. Sarangapani]], A. Sakunthala, S. M. Subbaiah, Chandra, [[M. V. Mani]], K. N. Kulathumani
| 12-06-1941
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1941 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:1941 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1941 films by language|Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1941]]
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films| ]]
[[Category:1940s Indian films]]

Mathru Devata

2026-03-06T03:34:58Z

HoracePettigrew: minor enhanced page for consistency also and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mathru Devata
| image = Mathru Devata.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Maddipatla Suri {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story =
| screenplay = [[Kotayya Pratyagatma|K. Pratyagatma]]
| producer = Atluri Purnachandra Rao M. Chandra Sekhar
| director = [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] Savitri [[Sobhan Babu]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = Shekar-Singh
| editing = M.S.N.Murthy A. Dandapaani
| studio = Poorna Art Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wB0Xx3rRGAg |title= Mathru Devata (Overview) |work=Youtube}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969|11|7}}
| runtime = 154 Mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mathru Devata''''' ({{translation|A goddess called mother}}) is a 1969 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/mathru-devatha-1969-telugu-movie |title= Mathru Devata (Direction) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], Savitri, [[Sobhan Babu]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathru Devata (Cast & Crew) |url=http://www.gomolo.com/mathru-devatha-movie/16181 |work=Gomolo.com}}</ref> with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5064?ed=Tolly |title= Mathru Devata (Review) |work=The Cine Bay}}</ref> It was produced by [[Atluri Purnachandra Rao]] and M. Chandra Sekhar under the Poorna Art Pictures banner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathru Devata (Banner) |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1202/matrudevatha-cast.html |work=Chitr.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film opens with Engineer Srinivasa Rao leading a delightful life with his wife, Lakshmi; his mother, Santhamma; and his daughter, Latha. While his office staff admire him, Sivayya, a colleague, harbours jealousy. Sivayya conspires with his lover, Gauri, to kill Srinivasa Rao. However, Srinivasa Rao survives a staged train accident that is believed to have claimed his life, leading to the despair and departure of his family. Srinivasa Rao, discovering Gauri’s treachery, returns to confront her but is forced to flee when Gauri accidentally dies.

Srinivasa Rao is subsequently captured by the scheming Mohan. Meanwhile, Lakshmi, Santhamma, and Latha reside in a colony where they are cared for by the kind-hearted constable Dharmayya, though they face hostility from the cunning merchant Seshavataram. Years later, Latha falls in love with Raja, Dharmayya's son, who is a police officer. Lakshmi loses her job, prompting Latha to support the family through dance performances. Mohan, who has become infatuated with Latha, attempts to assault her, but Srinivasa Rao intervenes and safely returns her home, where he requests her to keep his return a secret.

Seshavataram exploits this situation, spreading false rumors that tarnish Lakshmi’s reputation, particularly when she becomes pregnant. Dharmayya and Raja become suspicious of her fidelity. However, Santhamma reveals the truth to Dharmayya. Seshavataram incites public outrage against Lakshmi, but Srinivasa Rao eventually reappears and reveals his identity. Raja apprehends Srinivasa Rao, but Dharmayya uncovers that Gauri is alive and that Mohan was the real antagonist.

The film concludes on a positive note with the marriage of Raja and Latha, bringing resolution to the family's struggles.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Srinivasa Rao
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Lakshmi
*[[Shobhan Babu]] as Raja
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Seshavataram
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Dharmayya
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Ram Mohan
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Devayya
*Jagga Rao as Sivayya
*[[Chandrakala]] as Latha
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Dancer
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Santhamma
*Surabhi Balasaraswathi as Gowri
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]]
*Baby Rani
*[[Visweswara Rao|Master Visweswara Rao]]
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mathru Devata
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1969
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = [[Bhale Rangadu]]
| prev_year = 1969
| next_title = [[Ekaveera]]
| next_year = 1969
}}

The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Manase Kovelaga"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:55
|-
|2
|"My Name is Rosy"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[L. R. Eswari]]
|4:10
|-
|3
|"Maanava Jathi Manugadake"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|P. Susheela, Vasantha
|4:38
|-
|4
|"Vidhi Oka Vishavalayam"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:51
|-
|5
|"Pellimata Vintene"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, Vasantha
|3:56
|-
|6
|"Kanniyanu Udikincha Taguna"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|P. Susheela
|4:04
|-
|7
|"Manase Kovelaga" (Sad)
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela
|3:08
|-
|8
|"Ninnu Chuchithe"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]], Swarnalatha
|3:50
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1969 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]

Bale Pandiya (1962 film)

2026-03-04T10:10:27Z

HoracePettigrew: updated page

{{short description|1962 film by B. R. Panthulu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bale Pandiya 1962 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| screenplay = Dada Mirasi
| story = Maa. Raa. Joshi
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[M. R. Radha]] [[Devika]]
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Padmini Pictures
| released = {{film date|1962|05|26}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Bale Pandiya''''' ({{translation|Bravo Pandiya}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. R. Radha]] and [[Devika]], with [[K. Balaji]], [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] and Sandhya in supporting roles. It revolves around the title character having to evade a lookalike wanting to kill him for insurance money.

The story of ''Bale Pandiya'' was written by Maa. Raa. and Joshi, while the screenplay was written by Dada Mirasi. Cinematography was handled by V. Ramamoorthy, and the editing by R. Devarajan. The music was scored by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]. The features stars Ganesan in three distinct roles, and Radha in two. Production began in early May 1962, ended in the middle of the month, and the film was released on the 26th of the same month.

== Plot ==
Pandiyan is a young innocent man who leads a meaningless life. He tries to commit suicide, but Kabali, a con artist, convinces Pandiyan to postpone his suicide attempts for a month. Kabali has a sidekick Marudhu who is a lookalike of Pandiyan. Kabali plans to get an insurance policy on Pandiyan's name and get all the insurance money when Pandiyan commits suicide after a month. But, Pandiyan falls for Geetha, and drops his suicide attempt. Geetha's father Amirdhalingam is a lookalike of Kabali. Upset that his insurance plan will not work, Kabali tries to kill Pandiyan multiple times, but Pandiyan keeps escaping. Pandiyan cures a young woman Vasanthi from her insanity and her rich father as a token of gratitude adopts Pandiyan as his son. Kabali finally captures Pandiyan and tosses him into the sea.

Pandiyan's elder brother Shankar lives with his greedy wife. Hearing the news of Pandiyan's death, she hatches a plan to fake Shankar's death. Shankar would then pose as Pandiyan who escaped from the sea and get access to all his newly acquired wealth. Both Shankar and Marudhu start posing as the escaped Pandiyan, confusing everyone. The real Pandiyan, having been rescued by fishermen, also joins the other two and pandemonium ensues. Kabali shoots Marudhu, mistaking him for Pandiyan, and shoots himself dead out of guilt. The families are reunited.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Pandiya, Marudhu, and Shankar (triple role)<ref name="TNM" />
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Kabali and Amirthalingam Pillai (dual role)<ref name="TNM" />
* [[K. Balaji]] as Ravi<ref name="TNM" />

;Female cast
* [[Devika]] as Geetha<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] as Vasanthi<ref name="TNM" />
* Santhiya as Kanagam<ref name="movie" />

== Production ==
Shortly before his trip to the United States in May 1962,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=7 May 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 27 {{!}} 1962 Elections and Aftermath |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181112062744/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-27/ |archive-date=12 November 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> [[Sivaji Ganesan]] had signed up for a film titled ''Bale Pandiya'', produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]] under Padmini Pictures.<ref name="Autobiography" /><ref name="movie" /> He visited the studio on the second day of the month, and left on the twelfth after the film was completed. Ganesan believed himself to hold the "world record of completing a film in eleven days time." He played three distinct roles, while his co-star [[M. R. Radha]] played two roles.<ref name="Autobiography" /> Ganesan spoke in [[Madras Bashai]] to play his characters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=28 August 2016 |title=The vathyaar dialect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-vathyaar-dialect/article14594724.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031075700/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-vathyaar-dialect/article14594724.ece |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The story was written by Maa. Raa. and Joshi, while the screenplay was written by Dada Mirasi. Cinematography was handled by V. Ramamoorthy, and the editing by R. Devarajan.<ref name="movie" /> According to Panthulu's son Ravishankar, the entire film was completed in 15 days, with shooting going on simultaneously in three places.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 February 2012 |title=A 100 goes unsung |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-100-goes-unsung/article2853657.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220143805/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-100-goes-unsung/article2853657.ece |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{convert|4449|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1962 – பலேபாண்டியா – பத்மினி பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1962 – Bale Pandiya – Padmini Films |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1962-cinedetails18.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181019161518/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1962-cinedetails18.asp |archive-date=19 October 2018 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.BaleyPandiya_B.R.Panthulu_1962/67.%20BaleyPandiya_B.R.Panthulu_1962.pdf |title=பலே பாண்டியா |publisher=Padmini Pictures |year=1962 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=5 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balepandiya (1962) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000730 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327025413/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000730 |archive-date=27 March 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> "Neeye Unakku Endrum" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Suddha Dhanyasi]] ([[Dhani (raga)|Dhani]] in [[Hindustani classical music]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |author-link=Anil Srinivasan |date=26 June 2015 |title=How Tamil films took Carnatic music to mass audiences – and threw in a few social messages too |url=https://scroll.in/article/737022/how-tamil-films-took-carnatic-music-to-mass-audiences-and-threw-in-a-few-social-messages-too |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023955/http://scroll.in/article/737022/how-tamil-films-took-carnatic-music-to-mass-audiences-and-threw-in-a-few-social-messages-too |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=19 August 2014 |title="Supersinger Winner Diwakar, "Balaey Pandia" Film and the TMS-Raju Song"Neeyay Unakku Endrum Nigaraanavan" |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/27965 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012132856/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/27965 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |website=dbsjeyaraj.com}}</ref> and attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=9 August 2018 |title="Neeyay Unakku Endrum Nigaraanavan" ~ Sparkling Song by TM Soundararajan ~ MS Raju ♫ |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/47253 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809015316/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/47253 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=dbsjeyaraj.com}}</ref> The song "Vaazha Ninaithal" was recreated as the theme song for the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] series ''[[Ilakkiya]]''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dB7EHaKo9pc |title=Ilakkiya — Title lyrical video |date=5 October 2022 |last=Saregama TV Shows Tamil |author-link=Saregama |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215083912/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dB7EHaKo9pc |archive-date=15 December 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Duration
|-
| "Aadhi Manidhan" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 03:56
|-
| "Athi Kai Kai" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. B. Sreenivas, [[P. Susheela]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 05:23
|-
| "Naan Enna Solliviten" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:58
|-
| "Neeye Unakku Endrum" || T. M. Soundararajan, M. Raju || 06:32
|-
| "Vaazha Ninaithaal" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:45
|-
| "Yaarai Enge Vaipadhendru" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:35
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Bale Pandiya'' was released on 26 May 1962.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 1962 |title=பலே பாண்டியா |url=http://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210716033617/http://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page129 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=[[Swadesamitran]] |language=ta}}</ref> Sekar and Sundar of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised the film for its comedy and Ganesan's triple role performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சேகர் |last2=சுந்தர் |date=11 June 1962 |title=பலே பாண்டியா |url=http://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210716033617/http://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page129 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', however, gave a less positive review, praising Ganesan and Radha's multiple role performances, but criticising the direction and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=10 June 1962 |title=பலே பாண்டியா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1962-06-10/page/n54/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230211055335/https://archive.org/details/kalki1962-06-10/page/n54/mode/2up |archive-date=11 February 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="TNM">{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=2 December 2017 |title='Bale Pandiya': With 3 Sivaji Ganesans, this classic set the trend for Tamil comedy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bale-pandiya-3-sivaji-ganesans-classic-set-trend-tamil-comedy-72540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202143457/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bale-pandiya-3-sivaji-ganesans-classic-set-trend-tamil-comedy-72540 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |access-date=2 April 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Bale Pandiya |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Padmini Pictures |orig-date=1962 |time=0:00 to 1:41 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="Autobiography">{{Cite book |last=Ganesan |first=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |location=Chennai |pages=132 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{B. R. Panthulu}}

[[Category:1962 comedy films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Game Over (2019 film)

2026-03-03T21:48:50Z

HoracePettigrew: correct references per sources and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|2019 Indian psychological horror film by Ashwin Saravanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Game Over
| image = Game Over 2019 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of Tamil version
| director = [[Ashwin Saravanan]]
| producer = [[S. Sashikanth]] [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]]
| writer = Ashwin Saravanan Kaavya Ramkumar
| story =
| starring = [[Taapsee Pannu]] [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] [[Anish Kuruvilla]] [[Sanchana Natarajan]] [[Ramya Subramanian]] [[Parvathi T.]]
| music = [[Ron Ethan Yohann]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vasanth]]
| editing = Richard Kevin
| studio = [[YNOT Studios]] [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[YNOT Studios|YNOTX]] AP International
| released = {{Film date|2019|06|14}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|15.91 crore}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Telugu}}
| budget = {{INR|7.5 crore}}
}}

'''''Game Over''''' is a 2019 Indian [[psychological horror]] film directed by [[Ashwin Saravanan]]. Produced by [[YNOT Studios]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]], the film stars [[Taapsee Pannu]] as a woman with PTSD who is defending her home from a mysterious intruder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-12 |title=Taapsee Pannu to star in Ashwin Saravanan's Game Over |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/taapsee-pannu-bilingual-film-game-over-5396932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715075759/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/taapsee-pannu-bilingual-film-game-over-5396932/ |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":m1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=2019-06-03 |title=Women in films needn't be damsels in distress, says 'Game Over' writer Kaavya Ramkumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/women-in-films-neednt-be-damsels-in-distress-says-game-over-writer-kaavya-ramkumar/article27413775.ece |access-date=2019-06-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was shot simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The film was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] and was presented by [[Anurag Kashyap]]. The dialogues were written by Ashwin Saravanan and Kaavya Ramkumar in Tamil and Venkat Kacharla in Telugu. The music is composed by [[Ron Ethan Yohann]].

[[Principal photography]] commenced on 10 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Adithya |date=2018-10-10 |title=First Look Of Taapsee Pannu's 'Game Over' Revealed |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/first-look-of-taapsee-pannus-game-over-revealed/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202153929/https://silverscreen.in/news/first-look-of-taapsee-pannus-game-over-revealed/ |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 14 June 2019 to mostly positive reviews.

==Plot==
The film starts with a serial killer (whose face is hidden) stalking and filming a girl from outside her house. Later at night, he suffocates the girl by wrapping her head in plastic and tying her hands behind her. He then drags her to an abandoned football field, where he beheads her and sets her body on fire.

Later, the film focuses on Swapna, a single young woman and a talented game designer. She has a [[Fear of the dark|fear of darkness]] and suffers post-traumatic stress, moreso known as 'anniversary reaction', a condition which triggers unsettling feelings around the anniversary of a traumatic event. For Swapna, it is the horrific memory of her being raped in a dark room on last New Year's Eve.

Swapna's family has a traditional mindset that decent girls should not have tattoos or go out at night; to which she did not listen, and was later raped. Instead of comforting Swapna afterwards, they kept blaming the tragedy on her and not listening to them. As a result, Swapna left her parents and cut off contact with them. She leads a secluded life with Kalamma, her housemaid who stays with her. Her only solace is her love for gaming.

The new year is around the corner and Swapna suffers from PTSD a second time since last year after she has to enter a dark room, even with Kalamma being with her. She also feels a stinging pain in the tattoo area on her wrist from time to time, even though the tattoo (of a game life) is a year old. Before going to a doctor, Swapna meets Varsha, the tattoo artist whom she knows well, and asks her about it. Varsha nervously reveals that she made Swapna's tattoo with an ink mixed with a stranger's ashes by mistake, and later tried and failed to contact Swapna many times to inform her about it. She profusely apologises and tries to assure Swapna that it has nothing to do with the pain she feels, but Swapna angrily storms off. Swapna books an appointment for laser removal of her tattoo that day, but she is not able to go through with the procedure as the tattoo keeps stinging.

Later, Swapna goes to a nearby cafe to grab a coffee, but finds two men watching a video of her rape. Realising that the video has gone viral and consumed by grief and despair, she rushes out and tries to hang herself back at home, but is stopped by Kalamma. Swapna is taken to a therapy session where she is informed by Kalamma that her parents are coming to talk to her about the video. Panicked, Swapna immediately goes to the balcony and jumps off. She is saved, although her legs are broken, and she is now recovering on a wheelchair.

Weeks later, on New Year's Eve, a woman named Dr. Reena arrives with Varsha at Swapna's home. She tells Swapna about her daughter Amutha, a three-time cancer survivor and social activist for cancer patients who became an unfortunate victim of a serial killer. In Amutha's memory, Reena got the tattoo that Amutha wanted her mother to have, with the ink mixed with her ashes, which was also accidentally used by Varsha to make Swapna's tattoo. Reena comforts and encourages Swapna, saying that she feels her daughter is with her in the form of her tattoo, and will want Swapna to fight no matter what the outcome is.

Afterwards, Swapna cancels her second tattoo removal appointment. Beginning to accept her past and feeling optimistic, she decides to meet her parents the next day (which she had been deliberately putting off for the past few months), much to Kalamma's pleasant surprise.

Meanwhile, the same serial killer finally targets Swapna. At night, he kills the security guard and then Kalamma. Before he kills Swapna, she is shocked to see not one but three of the same tattoos on her wrist.

Swapna wakes up from the nightmare, only to find that there are two tattoos left on her wrist. Wanting to make sure it was all just a dream, she looks out the window with Kalamma to spot the security guard, but they are horrified to see his headless body on the ground. Fearing the same events about to happen, Swapna calls the police ahead of time and waits for them with Kalamma inside her room, but they are forced to leave when someone sets the room on fire from outside her window. In the living room, they see the serial killer waiting for them. He murders Kalamma, but two police officers who had just arrived are able to spot the killer from outside the window and shoot him.

Outside the house, Swapna sees the curtain being closed by the killer inside. Assuming him to be still alive, Swapna alerts the officers. When one of them searches inside, he finds the body of the killer gone. He immediately orders his subordinate to take Swapna to the police station while he stays behind and calls for backup. As the vehicle is driving off, Swapna is shocked to see in the rear view mirror not one but three killers with the head of the officer, waving her goodbye with the hand of the previously dead killer sitting on her wheelchair. She looks behind and, to her horror, sees the vehicle on fire. She cries to the officer to stop the car, which when he does, instantly makes the vehicle explode.

Remembering her trauma and Reena's words, Swapna awakes again from the nightmare with her last life remaining, only one tattoo. She struggles for a bit but doesn't switch the light on this time, overcoming her fear of darkness in the process and not bringing her awareness to the killers's attention, who had just beheaded the security guard. The three men take their positions at their own pace, one outside the front door, one outside Swapna's room window and one going to the terrace. During this extra time, Swapna, this time more calm, calls the police and then plans with Kalamma on how to counter the situation. She switches off the light of the whole house, which stops the killer outside her front door from recording anything inside, confusing him. She and Kalamma then manage to burn the other killer outside her room window to death, just as the police arrive. However, the killer on the terrace pushes Kalamma down the stairs, severely injuring her, while the two officers are killed by the killer outside the front door. Now in the living room, he targets Swapna, who had come to Kalamma's aid. Kalamma manages to distract the killer by stabbing him in the foot with a knife and give Swapna the hint, who takes out the footrest of her wheelchair and hits him on the head multiple times, killing him too. The third killer on the terrace now comes down and Swapna quickly drags herself to her room but the killer enters after her and shuts the door behind. He records Swapna with the video camera while holding a machete to her neck, but she is able to stab him in his neck with a broken piece of glass. With all the killers now dead and Kalamma still alive, Swapna is overwhelmed with emotions just as the fireworks are set off in the sky for a new year.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Taapsee Pannu]] as Swapna
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Kalamma
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Sanchana Natarajan]] as Amutha (in Tamil) / Amritha (in Telugu)
* [[Ramya Subramanian]] as Varsha
* [[Parvathi T.]] as Dr. Reena
* David Solomon Raja as Inspector
* Indrajith as Constable
* Subramanian as Anwar
}}

== Production ==
The film marks the return of actress Taapsee Pannu to [[Kollywood|Tamil cinema]] after a hiatus of four years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taapsee's comeback Tamil film titled 'Game Over' |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/taapsee-s-comeback-tamil-film-titled-game-over-news-tamil-sklkeOjhbcedi.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The first look poster of the film was unveiled on 10 October 2018, which displayed Taapsee sitting in a wheelchair with legs in plaster casts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=Taapsee Pannu's next Tamil film titled Game Over, first look out. See pic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/taapsee-pannu-s-next-tamil-film-titled-game-over-first-look-out-see-pic/story-nqEgh1xT7xwnqbWYM8yt8O.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606123000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/taapsee-pannu-s-next-tamil-film-titled-game-over-first-look-out-see-pic/story-nqEgh1xT7xwnqbWYM8yt8O.html |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-11 |title=Game Over poster: Taapsee Pannu is wheelchair-bound in Ashwin Saravanan's bilingual thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/game-over-poster-taapsee-pannu-is-wheelchair-bound-in-ashwin-saravanans-bilingual-thriller-5357641.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The shooting of the film commenced on the very next day on 11 October 2018. Pannu went under intense training playing a person who uses a wheelchair.<ref name=":m1" /> The shooting of the film was wrapped up on 14 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taapsee Pannu wraps up shooting for 'Game Over' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/taapsee-wraps-up-shooting-for-game-over/articleshow/66917857.cms |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Game Over
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ron Ethan Yohann]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 August 2019
| recorded = 2018–2019
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 1:07:26
| label = [[YNOT Music]]
| producer = [[Ron Ethan Yohann]]
| prev_title = [[Sigai]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
The official film score is composed by [[Ron Ethan Yohann]] who had worked with Ashwin Saravanan in ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' and Iravaakaalam. The music rights were secured by the production company's subsidiary music label YNOT Music, with [[Divo (record label)|Divo]] as their digital partner. The official soundtrack album was released by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] on 24 August 2019. The album features 28 songs which lasts for 67 minutes.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| length15 = 5:53
| title12 = The Fall
| length12 = 0:53
| title13 = Recuperation
| length13 = 1:58
| title14 = Mother
| length14 = 1:17
| title15 = Amudha
| title16 = Hope
| title11 = Shame
| length16 = 1:47
| title17 = Intruder Alert
| length17 = 0:44
| title18 = The Swing
| length18 = 4:06
| title19 = The Masked Man
| length19 = 2:24
| title20 = Deja Vu
| length11 = 4:40
| total_length = 1:07:26
| title1 = Game Over- Main Titles
| length5 = 3:06
| length1 = 2:41
| title2 = One Fine Morning
| length2 = 2:05
| title3 = Pac Man
| length3 = 1:11
| title4 = Panic Attack
| length4 = 2:07
| title5 = VR
| title6 = Anniversary Reaction
| length10 = 1:01
| length6 = 2:32
| title7 = The Dream
| length7 = 2:45
| title8 = Immortal Inks
| length8 = 1:20
| title9 = The Scar
| length9 = 4:01
| title10 = The Tattoo
| length20 = 1:49
| title21 = Help
| length21 = 2:10
| title22 = Rescue
| length22 = 1:22
| title23 = The Reveal
| length23 = 1:53
| title24 = Game On
| length24 = 3:30
| title25 = Fight Like a Girl
| length25 = 2:29
| title26 = Retaliation
| length26 = 2:20
| title27 = The Last Stand
| length27 = 0:50
| title28 = Happy New Year - End Credits
| length28 = 4:32
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The official teaser of the movie was released on 15 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Game Over {{!}} Official Teaser {{!}} Taapsee Pannu {{!}} Ashwin Saravanan {{!}} Y Not Studios {{!}} June 14 |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=1eaYEF5-Q6Y |website=YouTube |publisher=Y Not Studios}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released by [[Dhanush]], [[Rana Daggubati]] and Taapsee Pannu in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi on 30 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Game Over' Trailer: The Taapsee Pannu starrer horror thriller holds a gripping narrative that will send shivers down the spine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/game-over-trailer-the-taapsee-pannu-starrer-horror-thriller-holds-a-gripping-narrative-that-will-send-shivers-down-the-spine/articleshow/69577333.cms |access-date=2019-05-30 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was released in all three versions on 14 June 2019.<ref name=":m1">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=Taapsee Pannu undergoes intense prep for 'Game Over' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/taapsee-pannu-undergoes-intense-prep-for-game-over/articleshow/69549099.cms |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Home media==
The Tamil, Telugu and Hindi versions of the film became available as [[Video on demand|VOD]] on [[Netflix]] in late 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2019 |title=Game Over |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81151880?s=a&trkid=13747225&t=cp |access-date=30 August 2019 |website=Netflix}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=67|count=15|average=6.7|ref=yes}}

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' praises Pannu and Vaidyanathan for their 'doughty performance' and opines that the writers have delivered a taut and highly watchable thriller. Summing up she says, "[The film] is a taut thriller about demons within and without".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=15 June 2019 |title='Game Over' movie review: A taut thriller about demons within and without |url=https://scroll.in/reel/926939/game-over-movie-review-a-taut-thriller-about-demons-within-and-without |access-date=17 June 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave three and half stars out of five and feels that the film is an inventive, intelligent and terrifying film that doesn't take the viewer lightly. Praising the performance of Taapsee Pannu and direction of Ashwin Saravanan, Anna says, "''Game Over'' is as crisp and to-the-point as a thriller can get."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. M. Vetticad |first=Anna |date=14 June 2019 |title=Game Over movie review: Taapsee Pannu hits the ball out of the park through a terrifying thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-hits-the-ball-out-of-the-park-through-a-terrifying-thriller-6809341.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118072443/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-hits-the-ball-out-of-the-park-through-a-terrifying-thriller-6809341.html |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Priyanka Sinha Jha of [[News18]] rates it with three and half stars out of five, stating the film with its paranormal-meets-noir is a good example where Indian concepts are combined with western. She concludes, that the Hindi version of the film is worth a watch for entertainment and its new-age cinematic virtues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha Jha |first=Priyanka |date=14 June 2019 |title=Game Over Movie Review: Taapsee Pannu and Fantastic Storytelling Techniques Keep You Hooked |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-and-fantastic-storytelling-techniques-keep-you-hooked-2186145.html |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=News18}}</ref> Writing for ''[[NDTV]]'' [[Saibal Chatterjee]] terming screenplay "smart and minimalist", praises the director for his deft handling of the execution and Pannu for her characterisation of the role. He concludes the review as, "While she [Pannu] may be the primary reason why you must go out and watch this film, it certainly isn't devoid of other intrinsic merits in terms of substance and execution." He rates it with three stars out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Game Over Movie Review: Taapsee Pannu Is The Primary Reason To Watch This Fast-Paced Thriller |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-is-the-primary-reason-to-watch-this-fast-paced-thriller-3-stars-2053176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053326/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-is-the-primary-reason-to-watch-this-fast-paced-thriller-3-stars-2053176 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=NDTV}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] writing a mixed review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film with two and half stars out of five and finds, 'Pannu strong in a hysterically distraught role' and [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] 'wonderfully warm'. He thinks that the film, inspired from ''[[Black Mirror]]'' has a solid concept. But, he says, "[it] devolves into a witless muddle in the final act."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=14 June 2019 |title=Game Over movie review: Taapsee Pannu tries her best in this slasher film with three climaxes |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/game-over-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-tries-her-best-in-this-black-mirror-wannabe/story-A5IkEGuj3EMVrJj22D6pXJ_amp.html |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote "In short, Game Over is a tight genre-hopping thriller that keeps you guessing about the genre it can be slotted into...The small miracle of the film is that it manages to pack all of this—and a lot more—into 100-something minutes".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Game Over Movie Review: The Enjoyable, Fabulously Twisty 'Game Over', Starring Taapsee Pannu, Is A Bona Fide Original |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/game-over-movie-review-the-enjoyable-fabulously-twisty-game-over-starring-taapsee-pannu-is-a-bona-fide-original-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617195637/https://www.filmcompanion.in/game-over-movie-review-the-enjoyable-fabulously-twisty-game-over-starring-taapsee-pannu-is-a-bona-fide-original-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=17 June 2019 |website=Film Companion South}}</ref>

Negative reviews such as those by [[Rajeev Masand]] writing for ''[[News18]]'', praise Pannu for her performance but states that, "barring its leading lady's impressive performance, it's simply hit and miss." He rates the film with two and half stars out of five.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=15 June 2019 |title=Game Over Movie Review: Barring Taapsee's Impressive Performance, It's Simply Hit and Miss |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/game-over-review-barring-taapsees-impressive-performance-its-simply-hit-and-miss-2188175.html |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=News18}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gives one and half star out of five and finds "writing flabby" and "key sequences repetitive". She says, "There are a couple of genuinely scary moments, but the rest of it is too stretched: even the 102 minute run time feels too long, with not enough thrills or chills."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=13 June 2019 |title=Game Over review: A patchy affair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/game-over-movie-review-rating-taapsee-pannu-5779488/ |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Game Over''{{'s}} worldwide theatrical gross was {{INRConvert|15.91|c}}.

===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="6"| 11 January 2020
| rowspan="6"| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Actress
| [[Taapsee Pannu]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Story
| Ashwin Saravanan and Kaavya Ramkumar
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Ashwin Saravanan and Kaavya Ramkumar
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| Sivasankar
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Kevin Richard
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| 28 March 2020
| rowspan="3"| Critics Choice Film Awards
| Best Film
| [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
| Taapsee Pannu
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Writing
| Ashwin Saravanan and Kaavya Ramkumar
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1"| 18 September 2021
| rowspan="1"| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan|Vinodhini]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of films featuring time loops]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}

{{YNOT Studios}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2019 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2019 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Sashikanth]]
[[Category:YNOT Studios films]]

Achanurangatha Veedu

2026-03-03T21:34:24Z

HoracePettigrew: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Achanurangatha Veedu
| image = Achanurangatha Veedu.jpg

| caption = Video CD cover
| director = [[Lal Jose]]
| producer = Reji Puthayath
| writer = [[Babu Janardhanan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Salim Kumar]] [[Muktha George|Muktha]] [[Samvrutha Sunil]] [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Griha Mithra
| distributor = Shirdhisayi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|1|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Achanuragantha Veedu''''' ({{Literal translation|House of a sleepless father}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Lal Jose]] and written by [[Babu Janardhanan]]. It stars [[Salim Kumar]], [[Muktha George|Muktha]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]. The film was released on 28 January 2006. For his performance, Salim Kumar won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220411021257/https://www.sify.com/movies/achanurangatha-veedu-review-malayalam-pclvOKdciehch.html ''Sify'' preview]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220411020646/https://www.sify.com/movies/achan-urangatha-veedu-review-malayalam-pclvQNaebiajf.html ''Sify'' review]</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
Samuel after his wife's death faces hardship raising his three daughters. The story takes a mysterious route when his youngest daughter disappears.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Samuel / Prabhakaran
* [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] as Lisamma Samuel
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Sherly Samuel
* [[Suja Karthika]] as Tressa Samuel
* [[Usha (actress)|Usha]] as Lillykutty
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Harikrishnan
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Police sub-inspector
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Shekharan Nair
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as M.L.A Kuruvila
*T.S Raju as S.P Thomas Mathew
* [[Madhu Warrier]] as Gopy
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Maniyappan
*[[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Rajeev
* Prasanth as Tommy
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Johnykutty
* [[Baby Nayanthara]] as Nayana John
* Manka Mahesh as Saramma
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Harikrishnan's mother
* Bindu Ramakrishnan as School principal
* Cherthala Lalitha as Devaki
* Radhika as Harikrishnan's Wife
}}

==Production==
The story came to Janardhanan's mind after he watched the [[Suryanelli rape case]] proceedings.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031000490200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100721080117/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031000490200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2010-07-21 | title = Handling a sensitive issue | author = Vijay George | date = 2006-03-10 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 2012-03-09 }}</ref> The film portrayed [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] denomination quite extensively.<ref name="MusicIndiaOnline">{{cite news|url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/8185/2/|title=Movie Preview: Achanuragantha Veedu|year=2006|publisher=Music India Online|accessdate=2007-02-05 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070322222811/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/8185/2/ |archivedate = 2007-03-22}}</ref> It was shot in [[Peermade]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sebastian|first1=Shevlin|title=Lights, action, Hallelujah|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/14/lights-action-hallelujah-1570629.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516015111/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/14/lights-action-hallelujah-1570629.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2018|accessdate=15 May 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received positive critical reception, particularly noted for Salim Kumar's transformation from a comedian to serious roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb52006/movies18516200624.asp|date=2006-02-05|accessdate=2007-02-05|last=Rammohan|first=Manoj|work=Deccan Herald|title=Achanurangatha Veedu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="HinduOnNet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006010600470300.htm&date=2006/01/06/&prd=fr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125154000/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006010600470300.htm&date=2006/01/06/&prd=fr|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2013-01-25|date=2006-01-06|accessdate=2007-01-05|title=Reflection of society: Achanurangatha Veedu takes a hard look at some of the ills that are plaguing society..|last=George|first=Vijay|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Sequel==
A sequel titled ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' was later produced in 2013. It was written and directed by Babu Janardhanan.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0896785|Achanurangatha Veedu}}
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3788 ''Achanurangaatha Veedu''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{Lal Jose}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|Veedu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Peermade]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Revelations (2016 film)

2026-03-03T03:06:59Z

HoracePettigrew: started...

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Not confuse|Revelations (2025 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Revelations
| image = Revelations (2016 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Vijay Jayapal]]
| writer = Vijay Jayapal
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Vijay Jayapal
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]]
*[[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jayanth Mathavan
| editing = Sai Arun
| music = Shamanth
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|10||Busan|2017|3|17|Ashvita Bistro, Chennai|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/16/revelations-in-chennai-1581757.html|title=Revelations in Chennai|date=16 March 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|first=S.|last=Subhakeerthana|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102071621/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/16/revelations-in-chennai-1581757.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil English<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/made-revelations-for-film-festivals-says-director-first-stop-busan-1455773|title=Made Revelations For Film Festivals, Says Director. First Stop Busan|date=7 September 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125150417/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/made-revelations-for-film-festivals-says-director-first-stop-busan-1455773|url-status=live}}</ref>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Revelations''''' is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language independent drama film directed by [[Vijay Jayapal]] and starring [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] and [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/funds-will-help-quality-cinema-filmmakers/articleshow/55238988.cms|title=Funds will help quality cinema: Filmmakers|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 November 2016|first1=M.|last1=Suganth|first2=Sharanya|last2=CR|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726205548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Funds-will-help-quality-cinema-Filmmakers/articleshow/55238988.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film follows four people's lives in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/revelations-of-a-filmmaker/article18204771.ece|title=Revelations of a filmmaker|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 April 2017|first=Parshathy J.|last=Nath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813200554/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/revelations-of-a-filmmaker/article18204771.ece|archive-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Busan International Film Festival]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/debut-effort-becomes-the-only-tamil-film-to-be-selected-for-busan-this-year/articleshow/54329350.cms|title=Debut effort becomes the only Tamil film to be selected for Busan this year|date=15 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=CR|first=Sharanya|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927115916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/debut-effort-becomes-the-only-tamil-film-to-be-selected-for-busan-this-year/articleshow/54329350.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]]
*[[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]
* Anantharaman Karthik
* Arpita Banerjee

== Production ==
The film was shot in mid-2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-priyaa-wins-her-first-award/articleshow/53504433.cms|title=Lakshmi Priyaa wins her first award|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 August 2016|last=CR|first=Sharanya|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702140013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshmi-Priyaa-wins-her-first-award/articleshow/53504433.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that the film was a [[World cinema|world film]] made in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/humour-and-satire/cinema/134416-revelations-tamil-feature-film-review|title=தமிழில் ஓர் உலக சினிமா!|date=13 September 2017|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195746/https://www.vikatan.com/humour-and-satire/cinema/134416-revelations-tamil-feature-film-review|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic wrote that "Revelations, directed by Vijay Jayapal, was a movie with an impressive structure that deftly handled complicated thoughts and emotions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theworldofapu.com/revelations-a-new-aesthetic-in-tamil-cinema/|title=Revelations – A new aesthetic in Tamil cinema|first=Nilavazhagan|last=Subbiah|work=The World of Apu|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331033410/https://theworldofapu.com/revelations-a-new-aesthetic-in-tamil-cinema/|url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Kumudam]]'' wrote that Lakshmi Priya's usual acting is none other than that from the opening scenes to the end, there are tougher and tougher scenes. The critic added that without editing, the commercial film genre is going to stop and relax. They also said "there are very few dialogues in the film's story and Chetan and Lakshmi's acting in it is unique in its short duration".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2017 |title=Revelation |url=https://archive.org/download/revelations-2016-review/FB_IMG_1697883821069%20%282%20files%20merged%29.pdf |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[Kumudam]] |language=tamil}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khasi cinema

2026-02-27T10:58:14Z

HoracePettigrew: adding new post

{{Short description|Khasi-language film industry}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
'''Khasi Cinema''' is the term used to refer to the [[Khasi language]] film industry based in [[Shillong]] in [[Meghalaya]], India.

==History==
===Pre-2000===
In 1981, [[Hamlet Bareh Ngapkynta]]'s film '''Ka Synjuk Ri ki Laiphew Syiem''' became the first ever film to be made in [[Khasi language]]. In 1984, Ardhendu Bhattacharya's film '''Manik Raitong''' became the first ever colour film in Khasi language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/let-s-talk-films/cid/234622|title=Let's talk films|website=The Telegraph|location=India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> The film industry later suffered due to militancy in the state of [[Meghalaya]].

===Post-2000===
After 2000s, when militancy in the state came down drastically, a market for entertainment and movies opened up. Many short films and telefilms began being produced in Khasi. The production of feature films in Khasi got a major fillip after entry of national award-winning filmmakers like [[Pradip Kurbah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/a-day-for-films-in-indias-lesser-known-languages/articleshow/57011999.cms|title=A day for films in India's lesser-known languages|accessdate=3 April 2025|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fipresci-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/28.-Subrat-Jyoti-Neog-Pradip-Kurbah.pdf|title=Pradip Kurbah's Films: An Analytical Study|author=Subrat Jyoti Neog|website=fipresci-india.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/pradip-kurbah-the-filmmaker-taking-khasi-cinema-to-the-world/story-I9lxZq5lbYwrd54cjybkkM.html|title=Pradip Kurbah: The filmmaker taking Khasi cinema to the world|author=Madhusree Ghosh|accessdate=3 April 2025|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}

[[Category:Culture of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Cinema by language of India]]
[[Category:Film genres]]

Papa by Chance

2026-02-25T17:36:33Z

HoracePettigrew: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Papa By Chance.jpeg
| caption =
| creator =
| developer =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Papa By Chance#Cast|See below]].
| producer = Amir Raza Gulam Jaffer Sonali Jaffer
| director =
| creative_director = Darshna Singrole
| company = [[Full House Media]]
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 20 Minutes
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| country = India
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2018|08|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2018|11|19|df=y}}
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 79
| related =
}}
'''''Papa by Chance''''' is a [[Hindi]]-language Indian television series. It is produced by Full House Media, and premiered on 20 August 2018 on [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/tags/tv-show-papa-by-chance|title=tv show papa by chance की सबसे ताज़ा खबर|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=2018-08-02|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830061038/https://www.amarujala.com/tags/tv-show-papa-by-chance|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/raftaar-raps-for-fiction-tv-show/articleshow/65054795.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/raftaar-raps-for-fiction-tv-show/articleshow/65054795.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2018|title=Raftaar raps for fiction TV show on star bharat papa by chance - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-11}}</ref> The show stars Zebby Singh, [[Sana Sayyad]] and [[Priya Tandon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/episode-updates/new-tv-show-papa-by-chance-launch-event-uncut/6217|title=New TV Show 'Papa By Chance' Launch Event {{!}} UNCUT|website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show is about a spoilt, rich man named Yuvaan who falls in the conspiracy of his deceased father, Samrat Chopra's servant, Harman Battra. As a result, he misunderstands that he accidentally killed a couple after the brakes of his car fail. But in reality, the deceased couple had committed suicide. In order to make amends for his mistake and to win the case of Samrat's property, he decides to become the custodian of the three children Dhoni, Ullu & Gungun Chatwaal of the ill-fated couple on the advice his new lawyer, Kashvi. Fighting a court case for his father's inheritance, Yuvaan looks for help from his friend but is turned down.
But still Yuvaan steadily fulfils his duty for the children. Bantoo helps him get a roof over their head. The kids being taunted by Yuvaan, set a fire in the house. Thereafter when the Judge learns about Yuvaan's move, she initially refuses his children's custodianship but Yuvaan cleverly locks himself inside the jail whereupon seeing his stubbornness, she cautions him of heavy paternity responsibility and allows him to be the custodian. Having no roof over his head, Yuvaan is left with the only option of taking refuge in his deceased father's old house along with the three children where he meets his childhood friend, Amrit. The unaccepted arrival of Yuvaan in Amrit's house (Amrit Nivas) during her engagement fires Amrit and she slaps Yuvaan and kicks him out of the house. Yuvaan also becomes furious and asks her to empty the house as it is lawfully a property of Yuvaan.

Meanwhile, Mohini, the paternal aunt of Amrit, had come to attend the marriage begins plotting against Harman as he had dumped her got in relationship with Sucharita, Yuvaan's Mother to get the billionaire inheritance. She also cautions Sucharita but she turns a deaf ear to her. Back to Amrit, we see that Bela, Amrit's Mother convinces both Amrit and Yuvaan to stay under the same rooftop; secretly she plans to make both of them befriend again and eventually get married. But the main problems come when Yuvaan's adopted children come in the house and Amrit refuses to stay with them. In spite of Amrit's refusal on the advice of Gungun, Yuvaan stealthily keeps the children in the house.
After when Yuvaan found himself in trouble when the Children were forced to say "that Yuvaan is careless and not good for them", children know about the reality of the death of their parents, they don't panic about what they are forced to say and presents all the events and reality happened with all of them. Kachvi (Yuvaan's lawyer) makes every stage help to win Yuvaan and children.

The Judge announces Yuvaan to be the rightful owner of the children and Yuvaan again gets custody of children.
However, Jenny makes the Children's life full of tragedy and helplessness, but as soon as Yuvaan finds out Jenny's plan, he resolves the issues and then returns to his rich life.
In the end, the show takes a short leap and they all live happily .

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
! Played by !! Character !! Details
|-
| Zebby Singh || Yuvaan Chopra || Sucharita and Samrat's son; Harman's stepson; Gungun, Ullu and Dhoni's adoptive father; Amrit's husband.
|-
| [[Sana Sayyad]] || Amrit Chopra/Kakkar || Bela's daughter; Yuvaan's wife.
|-
| [[Priya Tandon]] || Kashvi Rathi/Kachvi || Yuvaan's lawyer.
|-
| Arishfa Khan || Gurneet Chatwal || Ullu and Dhoni's sister; Yuvaan's adopted daughter.
|-
| Bhanushali Ishant || Balwinder Chatwal || Gungun and Dhoni's brother; Yuvaan's adopted son.
|-
| Siddharth Dubey || Dhoni Chatwal || Gungun and Ullu's brother; Yuvaan's adopted son
|-
| [[Manasi Salvi]] || Sucharita Saxena || Samrat and Harman's wife; Yuvaan's mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/aug/20/every-character-that-comes-to-an-actor-is-destined-manasi-salvi-1860213.html|title=Every character that comes to an actor is destined: Manasi Salvi|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jiten Lalwani]] || Harman Batra || Former Servant of Chopras; Sucharita's second husband; Yuvaan's stepfather.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/jiten-lalwani-talks-about-playing-a-negative-character-in-papa-by-chance/videoshow/66332535.cms|title=Jiten Lalwani talks about playing a negative character in 'Papa by Chance'|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Vibha Bhagat || Bela Kakkar || Amrit's mother.
|-
| [[Ginnie Virdi]] || Mohini Kakkar || Amrit's paternal aunt.
|-
| Sheen Dass || Jineeta Patel/Jinni || Miss Chandni Chowk.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sheen-das-is-excited-to-play-a-challenging-role-in-the-television-show-papa-by-chance/articleshow/66195273.cms|title=Sheen Das is excited to play a challenging role in the television show 'Papa By Chance|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Manu Malik || Mr. Samrat Chopra || Sucharita's first husband; Yuvan's father.
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Derawali dialect

2026-02-23T11:51:37Z

HoracePettigrew: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Dialect of Saraiki}}
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Punjabi dialects and other closely related languages]]
'''Ḍerāwālī''' ({{lang|ur|ڈیرا والی}}) is a term used for a group of [[Lahnda]] varieties spoken in the [[Derajat]] and [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]. Derawali is not recognised as a distinct dialect; in [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] and Mianwali, ''Derawali'' is the local name of the [[Thali dialect]], whereas in [[Dera Ghazi Khan District]], it refers to the [[Multani dialect|Multani]] variety of [[Saraiki language]]. In both cases, the dialect in question is also referred to as the term ''Hindkī'' (which is not to be confused with the [[Hindko language|Hindko]] spoken up north).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7|pages=19, 426}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04HCqSFP6io Specimen of Deri - Punjabi at You tube]

{{Punjabi dialects}}

[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Derajat]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

Shaheen Public Sec. School Handwara

2026-02-21T09:24:13Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating first details w/ infobox

{{primary sources|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Shaheen Public Secondary School Handwara
| logo =
| caption = SPSS Handwara "Official Logo"
| motto = Ad-Adthera Tendons
| motto_translation = Fly Higher & Higher
| address = Umerabad, Khunabal
| city = [[Handwara, Jammu & Kashmir]]
| postal_code = 193221
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.3996|N|74.2817|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_names = SPSS Handwara
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]]
| established = 2002
| founder = Pirzada Shabir Ahmad
| status = [[Secondary school|Secondary]]
| sister_school = Wular Valley College Of Education, [[Bandipora]]
| school_board = [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]]
| district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| specialist = Mohammad Kaamil Pirzada
| school_number =
| school_code = 01011004402
| chairman = Pirzada Shabir Ahmad
| principal = Shabnum Kounsar
| teaching_staff = 40+
| employees = 60+
| enrollment = 500+
| classes = Nur-10th
| system = [[Co-education]]
| language = English
| hours_in_day = 6
| classrooms = 30+
| campus_type = Urban
| sports = [[Cricket]], [[Association football|football]], [[volleyball]], [[badminton]], [[Kho Kho]], etc.
| newspaper = Kashmir Rays
| website = {{URL|https://www.spsshandwara.org}}
}}
'''Shaheen Public Secondary School Handwara,''' commonly known as '''''SPSS Handwara''''', is an academic and professional [[Independent school|Private School]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=SPSS Handwara|work=Kashmir Rays|url=https://kashmirrays.com/imageprocessor?image=https%3A%2F%2Fkashmirrays.com%2Fuploads%2Fepaper%2F2020-06%2F5ee260d304a2c.jpg&width=610}}</ref> in the [[Handwara]], a town in the [[Kupwara district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is one of the oldest institutions of secondary education in Handwara.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Shaheen Public School – Handwara, JK 193221 – Neighbourhood Info|url=http://www.neighbourhoodinfo.co.in/school-detail/Shaheen-Public-School-01011004402|access-date=2020-06-21|website=www.neighbourhoodinfo.co.in}}</ref> It has been upgraded to ''Secondary Level'' in 2008. It was established in 2002<ref name="auto1"/> and is recognised by [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education|J&K Board Of School Education]].<ref name="auto">{{Citation|title=Public-Private Schools in Rural India|date=2008|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7767.003.0008|work=School Choice International|publisher=The MIT Press|doi=10.7551/mitpress/7767.003.0008|isbn=978-0-262-27011-3|access-date=2020-06-21|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== History ==
The school was founded on 13 March 2002 by Pirzada Shabir Ahmad. It is a [[private secondary school]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Private schools in Handwara, Kupwara, Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.studyapt.com/schools/private/handwara-kupwara-jammu-and-kashmir|access-date=2020-06-21|website=www.studyapt.com}}</ref> It is recognised by [[JKBOSE|J&K Board Of School Education]]<ref name="auto"/> vide renewed registration order no. '''''131- Aff of 2018''''' dated '''''15-10-2018.''''' It has been upgraded to ''Secondary Level'' in 2008.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Shaheen Public Sec. School Handwara|url=https://www.spsshandwara.org/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=SPSS Handwara|language=en}}</ref> It is located in [[Handwara, Kupwar, Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="auto2"/>

== Notable alumni ==

* Mohammad Kaamil Pirzada<ref>{{Cite web|title=Managing Director Marketing & SEO Shaheen Public Sec. School Handwara|url=https://www.spsshandwara.org/managing-seo|access-date=2020-06-21|website=SPSS Handwara|language=en}}</ref> - [[Managing director]], [[Marketing|marketing & SEO]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Private schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:Schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

2026-02-13T12:34:01Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{Short description|Afterburning turbofan aircraft engine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{infobox aero engine
| name = GTX-35VS Kaveri
| image = File:GTX-35VS Kaveri.jpg
| caption = GTRE GTX-35VS engine on display
|engine_type= [[Afterburning]] [[turbofan]]
|national_origin = [[India]]
|manufacturer= [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] [[Godrej & Boyce]]
|first_run= 1996
|major_applications= [[DRDO Ghatak]]
|number_built = 9 engines, 4 cores<ref name="PIB21">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79100|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003422/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79100|url-status=live}}</ref>
|variants_with_their_own_articles =Kaveri Marine [[Gas Turbine]] (KMGT) Kaveri Derivative Engine (KDE)
|Status=}}

The '''GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri''' is an [[afterburning]] [[turbofan]] project under development by the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE), a lab under the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]. An Indian design, the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the [[HAL Tejas]] developed by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaveri {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/kaveri |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> However, the Kaveri programme failed to satisfy the necessary technical requirements on time and was officially delinked from the Tejas programme in September 2008.<ref name="flightglobal.com" /> As of 2025, a [[Afterburner|dry variant]] of the Kaveri engine is now being developed to power the [[DRDO Ghatak]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/10/29/drdo-stealth-attack-uav-back-in-focus-as-footage-of-demonstrator-emerges0.html | title=DRDO's stealth attack UAV back in focus as footage of demonstrator emerges | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | access-date=27 March 2023 | archive-date=3 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062427/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/10/29/drdo-stealth-attack-uav-back-in-focus-as-footage-of-demonstrator-emerges0.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

=== Programme ===
In 1986, the Indian Defence Ministry's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) was authorized to launch a programme to develop an indigenous powerplant for the Light Combat Aircraft. It had already been decided early in the LCA programme to equip the prototype aircraft with the [[General Electric F404]]-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine, but if this parallel program was successful, it was intended to equip the production aircraft with this indigenous engine.

The DRDO assigned the lead development responsibility to its [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE), which had some experience in developing jet engines. It had developed the GTX37-14U after-burning [[turbojet]], which first ran in 1977, and was the first jet engine to be designed entirely in India.<ref name="JAE2006"/> A turbofan derivative, the GTX37-14UB, followed. The GTRE returned to turbojet technology with the greatly redesigned, but unsatisfactory, GTX-35.

For the LCA programme, the [[GTRE]] would again take up a turbofan design which it designated the GTX-35VS "''Kaveri''" (named after the [[Kaveri River]]). Full-scale development was authorized in April 1989 in what was then expected to be a 93-month programme projected to cost {{INRConvert|382.21|c|lk=on|year=1989|}}. The project was expected to be completed by December 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-30 |title=Developments of Kaveri Fighter Engine |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123940 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> A new engine typically costs up to $2 billion to develop, according to engine industry executives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-airlines-airbus-a-idUSLNE75502620110606 | work=Reuters | title=Rolls-Royce in costly A350 engine redesign -sources | date=6 June 2011 | access-date=5 July 2021 | archive-date=18 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083121/http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-airlines-airbus-a-idUSLNE75502620110606 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Development timeline===

==== 1990s ====
The original plans called for 17 prototype test engines to be built. The first test engine consisted of only the core module (named "''[[Kabini River|Kabini]]''", a major [[tributary]] and often cited starting point of the Kaveri river), while the third engine was the first example fitted with variable stator vanes on the first three compressor stages. The ''Kabini'' core engine first ran in March 1995. Test runs of the first complete prototype ''Kaveri'' began in 1996 and all five ground-test examples were in testing by 1998; the initial flight tests were planned for the end of 1999, with its first test flight in an LCA prototype to follow the next year. However, progress in the ''Kaveri'' development programme was slowed by both political and technical difficulties. There had been some difficulties in the development due to the sanctions imposed on India after [[Pokhran-II|1998 Pokhran tests]].{{Efn|There was much criticism concerning the DRDO's planning schedules for various elements of the LCA programme, most particularly for the Kaveri development effort. France's Snecma, with over half a century of successful jet engine development experience, took nearly 13 years to bring the Rafale fighter's M88 engine to low-volume production after bench testing had begun; a similar timespan for the less-experienced GTRE would see Kaveri production beginning no earlier than 2009.<ref name="LCA economics"/>}}<ref name="LCA economics">{{Cite web |date=2002-09-16 |title=LCA economics |url=https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm |archive-date=2009-03-17 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="LCA Update">Mama, Hormuz (November 1998). [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/LCA.html LCA Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010508015420/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/LCA.html|date=8 May 2001}}. ''Flight International'' via Bharat-Rakshak.com.</ref>

==== 2000s ====
In 2002, little information had been publicly released concerning the nature of the ''Kaveri''{{'s}} technical challenges, but it was known that the ''Kaveri'' had a tendency to fail turbine blades, which required procuring blades from Snecma (as well as digital engine control systems).<ref>Anon. (30 May 2002). [http://webmag.safran-group.com/article.php3?id_article=100&lang=en Snecma Aerospace India: a new stage in cross-border collaboration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521063403/http://webmag.safran-group.com/article.php3?id_article=100&lang=en |date=21 May 2006 }}. SAFRAN Group website ''Le Webmag''. Retrieved from "Military Aviation and Defense" section 14 September 2006.</ref>

Continuing development problems with the ''Kaveri'' resulted in the 2003 decision to procure the uprated F404-GE-IN20 engine for the eight pre-production Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft and two naval prototypes. The ADA awarded General Electric a {{USD}}105 million contract in February 2004 for development engineering and production of 17 F404-IN20 engines, delivery of which is to begin in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GE Awarded $105 Million Development Contract from India {{!}} GE Aerospace News |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/ge-awarded-105-million-development-contract-india |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.geaerospace.com}}</ref>

In mid-2004, the ''Kaveri'' failed its high-altitude tests in Russia, ending the last hopes of introducing it with the first production ''Tejas'' aircraft.<ref>Since India does not possess suitable aircraft, the high-altitude testing of the ''Kaveri'' is contracted to [[Russia]], which uses a [[Tupolev Tu-16|Tu-16]] [[bomber]] for the purpose. Another ''Kaveri'' engine was delivered to Russia for further flight testing from June to September 2006, but on an [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] testbed instead of a Tu-16.</ref> This unfortunate development led the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) to order 40 more IN20 engines in 2005 for the first 20 production aircraft, and to openly appeal for international participation in completing development of the ''Kaveri''. In February 2006, the ADA awarded a contract to [[Safran Aircraft Engines|Snecma]] for technical assistance in working out the ''Kaveri's'' problems.<ref name="Janes2005-06">Jackson, Paul; Munson, Kenneth; & Peacock, Lindsay (Eds.) (2005). "ADA Tejas" in ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2005-06''. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. p. 195. {{ISBN|0-7106-2684-3}}.</ref>

In December 2004, it was revealed that the [[GTRE]] had spent over {{INRConvert|13|b|lk=on|year=2004|1}} on developing the ''Kaveri''. Furthermore, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] judged that the ''Kaveri'' would not be installed on the LCA before 2012, and revised its estimate for the projected total development cost to {{INRConvert|28.39|b|lk=on|year=2004|0}}.<ref>Pandit, Rajat (16 July 2006). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1762012.cms IAF may not get to fly LCA before 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720094924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1762012.cms |date=20 July 2006 }}. ''The Times of India''.</ref>

In April 2005, M. Natarajan, Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister told [[The Hindu]] that "there is good progress" on the development of the Kaveri engine. "We are planning to integrate a prototype Kaveri engine into one of the LCA prototypes sometime in 2007 to understand the nuances of such a complex power-pack," he further told The Hindu.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/26/stories/2005042602701300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427002836/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/26/stories/2005042602701300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 April 2005 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Good progress on Kaveri engine, says DRDO chief | date=26 April 2005}}</ref>

In February 2006, the US experts told [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] that "Kaveri is truly a world-class engine." "We are ready to join in partnership with the Defence Research and Development Organisation to make Kaveri work," [[General (United States)|General]] [[William J. Begert|William J Begert]] of [[Pratt & Whitney]], told PTI. But DRDO Secretary Natrajan told PTI that "But Kaveri is and would remain an Indian project."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/1306 |title=India-defence.com |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603203144/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/1306 |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 5 February 2007, Scientific Adviser to Defense Minister M Natarajan said nearly 90 to 93 per cent of the expected performance had been realized and the government had recently floated an expression of interest to seek partners to move the programme further.<ref>Anon. (5 February 2007). [http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/05iaf.htm Rediff.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907010826/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/05iaf.htm |date=7 September 2007 }}, Rediff news website. Retrieved from "Rediff.com" on 15 May 2007.</ref> Till 11 February 2008, Kaveri had undergone 1,700 hours of tests and has been sent twice to [[Russia]] to undergo high-altitude tests for which India has no facility. The engine is also being tested to power the next generation of [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907182748/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=544197 Uutlookindia.com | wired]</ref>

In July 2007, GTRE divided Kaveri program into two separate programs. They are K9+ Program and K10 Program. K9+ Program is a program to prove concept of complete design and gain hand-on experience of aircraft engine integration and flight trials to cover a defined truncated flight envelope prior to the launch of production version of K10 Standard engine. While K10 Program is a joint venture (JV) partnership with a foreign engine manufacturer. K10 program engine will be final production standard Kaveri engine and shall have less weight and more reheat thrust along with certain other changes to meet the original design intent.<ref name="FI">{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/kaveri-engine-gathers-momentum |title=Kaveri engine gathers momentum |work=Frontier India |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004700/http://frontierindia.net/kaveri-engine-gathers-momentum/ |archive-date=18 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In July 2008, a press release announced a development of modified Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine (KMGT) to propel Indian Navy warships. It was already demonstrated to the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh|Dr Manmohan Singh]]. The turbine was tested for a power rating of 12 MW at ISA SL 35°C condition. The testing took place in [[Indian Navy]]'s Naval Dock Yard, [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatnam]]'s Marine Gas Turbine test bed facility which is capable of testing the Gas Turbines upto 25 MW of shaft power.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-17 |title=Modified Kaveri Engine to Propel Indian Navy Ships |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=40470 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

In September 2008, it was announced that the Kaveri would not be ready in time for the Tejas, and that an in-production powerplant would have to be selected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/27/stories/2008092755480700.htm |title=Kaveri engine programme delinked from the Tejas |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=27 September 2008 |access-date=28 September 2008 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930201659/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/27/stories/2008092755480700.htm |archive-date=30 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy }}</ref> Development of the Kaveri by the GTRE would continue for other future applications. It was announced in November 2008 that the Kaveri engine will be installed on LCA by December 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov72008/state2008110699318.asp|title=Kaveri in LCA by 2009|accessdate=19 August 2023|archive-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123113548/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov72008/state2008110699318.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> apparently for tests only.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

In February 2009, it was published in [[FlightGlobal]] that the GTRE had spent {{INRConvert|20|b|lk=on|year=2009|1}} in developing the Kaveri engine since 1989, but the power-plant is still overweight and does not have the {{convert|21000|-|22,500|lb-f|kN|abbr=on}} of thrust that its customer requires. Natarajan told FlightGlobal that the programme will not be scrapped. "A team of air force engineers is working with GTRE and ADA in addressing the issues. As an ongoing project, the air force will be involved at the point of integrating the upgraded version of the engine with the aircraft," he told Flightglobal. "Discussions with Snecma have been going on for two years," he further adds. "Development and flight-testing of the new engine will take at least five to six years."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's LCA unlikely to use Kaveri engine until late next decade |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/05/322084/indias-lca-unlikely-to-use-kaveri-engine-until-late-next.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204073440/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/05/322084/indias-lca-unlikely-to-use-kaveri-engine-until-late-next.html |archive-date=4 December 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2023}}</ref>

In December 2009, Kaveri-Snecma JV was trying Back-door Entry in LCA. The People's Post reported that GTRE has agreed to de-link Kaveri from LCA, but has put in a proposal that when the first 40 GE F-404 engines in the initial two squadrons of the LCA for the IAF, get phased out should be replaced by the Kaveri-Snecma engine, in future.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chhindits.blogspot.com/2009/12/kaveri-snecma-jv-try-back-door-entry-in.html |title=Blogspot.com |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708072433/http://chhindits.blogspot.com/2009/12/kaveri-snecma-jv-try-back-door-entry-in.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==== 2010s ====
As of 3 May 2010, about 1,880 hours of engine test had been completed on various prototypes of Kaveri Engine. A total of eight Kaveri Engines and four core engines have been manufactured, assembled and tested. High Altitude testing on core engine has been completed successfully.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61315 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004748/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2010, the Kaveri engine based on Snecma's new core, an uprated derivative of the [[Snecma M88|M88-2]] engine that powers the French [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] fighter, providing {{convert|83|-|85|kN|lb-f|abbr=on|order=flip}} of maximum thrust is being considered an option by [[DRDO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=13081 |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com - Indian Military News Headlines |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043427/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=13081 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A press release in August 2010, stated that GTRE with the help of [[Central Institute of Aviation Motors]] (CIAM) of Russia is trying to match objective of fine tuning of Kaveri engine performance. Until August 2010, one major milestone which is altitude testing, simulating Kaveri engine performance at different altitude and achieving speed of Mach 1 had been completed successfully. One of Kaveri prototype (K9) was successfully flight tested at [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] in Moscow, on 4 November 2010. The test was conducted with the [[testbed aircraft]] at Gromov, with the engine running right from the take-off to landing, flying for a period of over one hour up to an altitude of {{convert|6000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The engine helped the [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] aircraft test bed fly at speeds of 0.6 [[Mach number|Mach]] in its maiden flight, according to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was revealed that in the next few months 50-60 test flights would be carried out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vasundhara |date=2010-11-09 |title=India Conducts Maiden Flight Test of Kaveri Engine |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/news101400-html/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-05 |title=India's Kaveri engine flight testing successful |url=https://brahmand.com/news/Indias-Kaveri-engine-flight-testing-successful/5398/1/10.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=brahmand.com}}</ref> During that timeframe, 27 flights encompassing 57 hours of duration was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=alphadefense.in |date=2024-06-18 |title=GTRE Kaveri Engine - Progess from 2011 CAG Report |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/06/18/gtre-past-present-and-future/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

"The engine control, performance and health during the flight were found to be excellent. With this test, Kaveri engine has completed a major milestone of development programme," it added. After completing these milestone Kaveri engine is flight-worthy.<ref name="PIB 02"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?700099|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712122648/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?700099|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2012|title=India's Indigenous Jet Engine Successfully Flight Tested|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> The Kaveri engine was tested for the first time on a flying testbed and the trials were a success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=66793|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073922/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=66793|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Till April 2011, the first phase of Kaveri engine FTB trials have been completed successfully and further tests will continue from May 2011 onwards. The flight tests successfully carried out so far are up to {{convert|12|km|ft|abbr=on}} maximum altitude and a maximum forward speed of 0.7 [[Mach number|Mach]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inewsone.com/2011/05/02/kaveri-engine-completes-tests-in-russia/47679 |title=Kaveri engine completes tests in Russia News |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506172124/http://www.inewsone.com/2011/05/02/kaveri-engine-completes-tests-in-russia/47679 |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In its annual report for 2010–11, The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] (CAG) noted that {{INRConvert|18.92|b|year=2011|1}} had been spent on development, with only two out of the six milestones prescribed having been met as of July 2009. Among its deficiencies, CAG says the engine weight was higher than the design specifications, being {{convert|1235|kg|lb|abbr=on}} against {{convert|1100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, though the weight of first prototype, K1 was at {{convert|1423.78|kg|lb|abbr=on}} initially. There was no progress on developing the compressor, turbine and engine control systems. The developmental deadline was progressively delayed from 1996 to 2000 to 2004 and finally 2009. After missing the 2009 deadline, GTRE initiated a process of foreign collaboration. Only 2 engines had been upgraded to K9+ standard.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/no-lca-engine-yet-cag-upset-752 |title=Deccan Chronicle New Report |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011171014/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/no-lca-engine-yet-cag-upset-752 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=alphadefense.in |date=2024-06-18 |title=GTRE Kaveri Engine - Progess from 2011 CAG Report |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/06/18/gtre-past-present-and-future/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2010, regarding the reasons for delay, a Ministry of Defence press release reported:<ref name="PIB 02">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63983 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218004756/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63983 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# "Ab-initio development of state-of-the-art gas turbine technologies.
# Technical/technological complexities.
# Lack of availability of critical equipment & materials and denial of technologies by the technologically advanced countries.
# Lack of availability of test facilities in the country necessitating testing abroad.
# Non availability of skilled/technically specialized manpower."
As of 2011, the DRDO hoped to have the ''Kaveri'' engine ready for use on the ''Tejas'' in the latter half of the 2010s decade and the time to complete its research has been extended to 2011-2012.<ref name="PIB"/> "In recent times, the engine has been able to produce thrust of {{convert|70|-|75|kN|abbr=on|order=flip}} but what the IAF and other stake-holders desire is power between {{convert|90|-|95|kN|abbr=on|order=flip}}", according to a [[The Hindu]] report in 2011. "On using the Kaveri for the LCA, they said the engine would be fitted on the first 40 LCAs (Tejas) to be supplied to the IAF when they come for upgrades to the DRDO in the latter half of the decade." The report further adds that in 2011, 50-60 test flights will be carried out to mature the engine in terms of reliability, safety and airworthiness.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=26 January 2011 |title=Kaveri engine to power fifth generation fighter aircraft |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article1127075.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129024136/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article1127075.ece |archive-date=29 January 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However the Kaveri could not be integrated on the first 40 production variant aircraft of Tejas.<ref name="flightglobal.com" />

In March 2012, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[A. K. Antony|A K Antony]] told the parliament that Kaveri was being developed with foreign assistance and would need another {{INRConvert|2839|c|lk=on|year=2012}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-22 |title=Worried Antony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/defence-minister-a-k-antony-sky-rocketing-cost-of-equipment-96749-2012-03-21 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In May 2012, A K Antony told in a written reply to Lok Sabha that DRDO has not prepared any timeline for the Kaveri engine but plans to start flight trials as technology demonstration on Tejas Mk 1 aircraft within 3 years. It was also announced that Kaveri has not been able to meet operational requirements and in planned to be used on UAVs and marine applications. Since 2009-10 till 2011-12, government's budgetary estimate for the DRDO was Rs 28,543.43. About {{INRConvert|28485.40|c|lk=on|year=2012}} was spent for the programme from 2009 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-14 |title=Technology demonstration of Kaveri Engine with Light Combat Aircraft in 3 years: A K Antony |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/technology-demonstration-of-kaveri-engine-with-light-combat-aircraft-in-3-years-a-k-antony/articleshow/13135140.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Another report in December 2012 suggested that GTRE aims to integrate the Kaveri power-plant with [[HAL Tejas]] fighter within the next 9-months. A test aircraft operated by [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) will be used for the integration as per an industry source familiar with the programme. If the integration was successful, GTRE hopes to see a Tejas fly with a Kaveri power-plant by the end of 2013.<ref name="flightglobal.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-could-test-kaveri-engine-on-tejas-by-end-2013-379684/ | location=Bangalore, India | work=Flight Global | title=India could test Kaveri engine on Tejas by end-2013 | author=Greg Waldron | date=4 November 2012 | access-date=4 December 2012 | archive-date=6 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206075006/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-could-test-kaveri-engine-on-tejas-by-end-2013-379684/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In Lok Sabha on 10 December 2012, A K Antony gave another update on the progress made by the Kaveri Engine Development Project:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-12-10 |title=Kaveri Engine Development Project |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=90291 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

# So far, 9 prototypes of Kaveri Engine and 4 prototypes of Kabani (Core) Engine have been developed.
# 2,200 hours of test (ground and altitude conditions) has been conducted.
# The following two major milestones have been achieved:
## Successful completion of Official Altitude Testing (OAT); and
## Demonstration of First Block of flight of Kaveri Engine in Flying Test Bed (FTB).

Kaveri Engine was integrated with [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] Aircraft at [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] (GFRI), [[Russia]] and flight test was successfully carried out up to {{convert|12|km|ft|abbr=on}} maximum altitude and maximum forward speed of 0.7 [[Mach number|Mach]]. Twenty Seven flights for 57 hours duration have been completed.<ref name=":0" /> DRDO demonstrated its technological capability in aero-engine technology. This has been a great achievement in the aerospace community of the country, when the first ever indigenously developed fighter aircraft engine was subjected to flight testing. Tacit knowledge acquired by the DRDO scientists during this project will also be applied for further aerospace technology. Kaveri spin-off engine can be used as propulsion system for Indian Unmanned Strike Air Vehicle (USAV).<ref name="chhindits.blogspot.in">{{cite news |url=http://chhindits.blogspot.in/2012/12/kaveri-successfully-completes-official.html |location=Zhukhovsky, Russia |work=chhindits |title=Kaveri Successfully Completes Official Altitude Testing, Demonstrates First Block of Flight in Flying Test Bed (FTB) : Indian Defence Minister in Parliament |author=Suman Sharma |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502220342/http://chhindits.blogspot.in/2012/12/kaveri-successfully-completes-official.html |archive-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2013, the GTRE director said that they are abandoning the plan for co-development with Snecma, but they still need an overseas partner, which will be selected through competitive bidding.<ref name="http://www.business-standard.com/">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=497740 |location=Bangalore, India |title=DefenceMin goes global in search for Kaveri partner |author= Ajai Shukla |date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

In November 2014, The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) decided to abandon the Kaveri engine (GTX-35VS ) programme due to its shortcomings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/oneindia-exclusive-drdo-to-abandon-kaveri-project-gtre-gets-revival-package-1565505.html |title=One India |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603034216/https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/oneindia-exclusive-drdo-to-abandon-kaveri-project-gtre-gets-revival-package-1565505.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 July 2016, according to Indian media report, France offered to invest € 1 billion to revive India's combat jet engine project, proposing a joint development plan that could see the stalled Kaveri gas turbine powering indigenous Tejas fighters by 2020.<ref name="light">{{cite news |date=4 July 2016 |title=France offers EUR 1 billion to revive India's combat jet engine project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/france-offers-eur-1-billion-to-revive-indias-combat-jet-engine-project/articleshow/53036894.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706193504/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/france-offers-eur-1-billion-to-revive-indias-combat-jet-engine-project/articleshow/53036894.cms |archive-date=6 July 2016 |access-date=4 July 2016 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>

On 20 November 2016, [[DRDO]] Director General for Aeronautics Cluster C. P. Ramanarayanan confirmed that DRDO and French [[Snecma]] have tied up to revive Kaveri Engine as part of the offsets deal for 36 [[Rafale]] jet. It is expected that the engine would be integrated and tested in [[LCA Tejas]] by 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Alnoor Peermohamed & Raghu |date=20 November 2016 |title=DRDO ties up with Snecma to revive gas turbine engine for Tejas |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/drdo-ties-up-with-snecma-to-revive-gas-turbine-engine-for-tejas-116112000534_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121043634/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/drdo-ties-up-with-snecma-to-revive-gas-turbine-engine-for-tejas-116112000534_1.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> According to a [[La Tribune]] article from February 26, 2018, Snecma will provide [[Snecma M88|M88]]'s technology to aid in the Kaveri's production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2018 |title=L'avion de combat indien Tejas bientôt propulsé par le moteur M88 du Rafale ? |url=https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/l-avion-de-combat-indien-tejas-bientot-propulse-par-le-moteur-m88-du-rafale-769696.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515091531/https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/l-avion-de-combat-indien-tejas-bientot-propulse-par-le-moteur-m88-du-rafale-769696.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-15 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> An auditing team from [[Safran]] certified the Kaveri engine in 2018, stating that it had attained a level of maturity appropriate for restricted aircraft integration.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 December 2024 |title=Kaveri engine approved for inflight testing: A breakthrough in Indian aerospace |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kaveri-engine-approved-for-inflight-testing-a-breakthrough-in-indian-aerospace/116615602 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref> However the collaboration between both collapsed,as GTRE accused SNECMA of only providing minimal transfer of technologies for non-critical parts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Opinion - Why India Should Not Choose French Safran for AMCA 110kN Engine? Taking Lessons from Previous Kaveri-M88 Collaboration for Tejas |url=https://defence.in/threads/why-india-should-not-choose-french-safran-for-amca-110kn-engine-taking-lessons-from-previous-kaveri-m88-collaboration-for-tejas.13138/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref>

DRDO has achieved some crucial breakthrough in 2021 such as Near Isothermal Forging Technology that can produce all the five stages of high-pressure compressors (HPC) discs and [[Single crystal|single-crystal]] casting technology for [[Turbine blade|turbine blades]] that will help in the aero engine development. The technology was a product of [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL). The technology was transferred to [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]] for mass production.<ref name="Financialexpress2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=DRDO is ready to develop various engine classes for UAVs and marine propulsion systems, says Chairman S Kamat |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-drdo-is-ready-to-develop-various-engine-classes-for-uavs-and-marine-propulsion-systems-says-chairman-s-kamat-2957222/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2021 |title=DRDO develops near isothermal forging technology for aeroengines' parts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-develops-near-isothermal-forging-technology-for-aeroengines-parts-121052801543_1.html |access-date=28 December 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-04-26 |title=DRDO develops critical crystal blade technology for aero engines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-develops-critical-crystal-blade-technology-for-aero-engines/article34415540.ece |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Current status ===
[[File:Il-76 with a Kaveri engine.jpg|left|thumb|Kaveri engine undergoing flight test on a Russian IL-76 testbed|border]]
As per government statement in [[Rajya Sabha]] during Winter Session 2021, HAL Tejas FOC variant demands higher thrust which present Kaveri engine architecture is unable to provide hence will not be used. The engine did achieve higher Technology Readiness Level (TRL) in critical technology domains. There is a proposal to jointly develop a new engine for [[HAL AMCA]] with the help of foreign partners using the know how from the Kaveri engine programme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Punj|first=Vivek|date=2021-11-29|title=HAL to manufacture first four light utility helicopters by 2022-23: Centre|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hal-to-manufacture-first-four-light-utility-helicopters-by-2022-23-centre-11638200029488.html|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Mint|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330031218/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hal-to-manufacture-first-four-light-utility-helicopters-by-2022-23-centre-11638200029488.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 29 November 2021, a press release revealed that, 9 full prototype engines (K1 to K9) and 4 cores (Kabini) were built. The prototypes had completed 3,217 tests including Altitude tests & Flying Test Bed (FTB) trials.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-29 |title=DEVELOPMENT OF KAVERI ENGINE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1776092 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Fund allocated and expenditure as of 2021<ref name=":4" />
!Funds allocated
!Expenditure
!Commitment
|-
|{{INRConvert|2105|c|1|lk=on|year=2021}}
|{{INRConvert|2035.56|c|1|lk=on|year=2021}}
|{{INRConvert|2097.65|c|1|lk=on|year=2021}}
|}
In February 2022, [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|DMRL]] has developed Nickel base superalloy DMR SN 742, which is a medium alloyed material that is used as high pressure compressor (HPC) and turbine (HPT) rotors in a variety of aero engines.<ref>{{cite web | title=Development of Nickel-Base Superalloy & Components for Aeroengine Applications | date=23 February 2022 | url=https://www.iadb.in/2022/02/23/development-of-nickel-base-superalloy-components-for-aeroengine-applications/ }}</ref>

In October 2022, another round of high altitude tests were conducted at [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]] in Russia. Before that, Kaveri had produced a dry thrust of 46 kN and wet thrust of 70.5 kN as against the requirement of 81 kN as per the project and 85+ kN of requirement for powering LCA Tejas. Before the high-altitude testing, at the GTRE test facility in Bangalore, the Dry module of the engine underwent 70 hours of ground testing, and at the [[Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development]] in Russia, they underwent 75 hours of altitude testing, simulating an altitude of {{Convert|13000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Prasobh |last2=Deepak |first2=Jaison |date=17 February 2023 |title=Aero India 2023: GTRE completes high-altitude testing of Kaveri derivative engine |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2023-gtre-completes-high-altitude-testing-of-kaveri-derivative-engine |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> During the high altitude tests on board [[Ilyushin Il-76]] testbed, the engine however achieved 48.5 kN of thrust. The tests officially concluded in February 2023 and Initial Flight Release (IFR) certification was expected by 2024. This achievement led to the fact that [[DRDO Ghatak]] stealth [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|UCAV]] could be powered by Kaveri-Dry.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Kaveri Dry Turbofan Engine Successfully Completes High Altitude Trail At Russian Facility |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2023/02/kaveri-dry-turbofan-engine-successfully.html |access-date=2024-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalal |first=Pazdin |date=2021-02-09 |title=Kaveri Derivate with AB section will generate 83kN Thrust, but Still not good enough for Tejas - IADN |url=https://iadnews.in/kaveri-derivate-with-ab-section-will-generate-83kn-thrust-but-still-not-good-enough-for-tejas/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=- IADN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Kaveri Engine development |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2023/02/15/kaveri-dry-successfully-completed-its-high-altitude-trials/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Prior to the high altitude test in 2022, the first prototype of dry Kaveri engine's performance was evaluated. The first phase included performance and operability at the high altitude test facility. A performance test was carried out on the second prototype, which included a new fan module, a short jet pipe, and an engine fuel control system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/DEFENCE%20AR%202022-23%20LOW.pdf |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> GTRE is aiming to integrate Kaveri on DRDO Ghatak by 2026.<ref name="Financialexpress">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=DRDO is ready to develop various engine classes for UAVs and marine propulsion systems, says Chairman S Kamat |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-drdo-is-ready-to-develop-various-engine-classes-for-uavs-and-marine-propulsion-systems-says-chairman-s-kamat-2957222/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024, there was news that [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] and GTRE are going to collaborate for development of Marine Gas Turbine (MGT) and heavy duty industrial gas turbines.<ref>{{cite web | title=India speeds up work on local marine gas turbine production | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-speeds-up-work-on-local-marine-gas-turbine-production/103591899 }}</ref>

On 18 June 2024, a report analysed the advancements done in Kaveri engine till then since the 2011 CAG report. The report noted that the weight of engine has been reduced to {{convert|1180|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and there has been advancements in turbines, compressors, gearboxes, ECS technologies, and metallurgy. Also, 3 engines have been upgraded to K9+ standard. However, much more developments and funding are required to replace F404 engines onboard HAL Tejas.<ref name=":3" />

=== Kaveri Derivative Engine ===
The Kaveri Derivative Engine (KDE) is the dry variant of GTX-35VS Kaveri which is intended for applications on Indian [[Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle]] (IUCAV), like [[DRDO Ghatak]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite press release |title=Development of indigenous defence technologies |date=2025-07-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148337 |access-date=2025-10-05}}</ref> The derivative was earlier designated Kaveri-Dry.<ref name=":9" /> The engines will have a thrust of 50 kN and excludes the [[afterburner]].<ref name=":7" />

The engine's altitude testing was conducted at [[Central Institute of Aviation Motors]] from October to December 2022. After being returned to GTRE in 2023, the engine underwent a thorough teardown. No significant damage was found on any of the parts during the disassembly examination. At the GTRE test bed, the second prototype engine has undergone 38 ASMET cycles. In order to demonstrate that the remedies are functioning under engine conditions, ground testing was conducted at GTRE on the engine and the issues that arose during the altitude testing were also fixed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

On 24 November 2024, it was reported that [[BrahMos Aerospace]] was developing a 29 kN [[afterburner]] section for the Dry Kaveri engine, to target 80 kN total thrust <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Dry Kaveri Engine to Get New BrahMos-Designed Afterburner With 29kN Extra Thrust, Targeting 80kN Total Thrust |url=https://defence.in/threads/dry-kaveri-engine-to-get-new-brahmos-designed-afterburner-with-29kn-extra-thrust-targeting-80kn-total-thrust.11501/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref> On 23 December 2024, GTRE announced that the Kaveri engine's dry variant for DRDO Ghatak has been approved for in-flight tests onboard an [[Ilyushin Il-76]] testbed aircraft for performance evaluation under varied flight conditions. The approval was granted after extensive ground testing, modifications, and enhancements.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 December 2024 |title=Kaveri engine approved for inflight testing: A breakthrough in Indian aerospace |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kaveri-engine-approved-for-inflight-testing-a-breakthrough-in-indian-aerospace/116615602 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=2022-03-18 |title=Lack of testing facility delays Kaveri dry engine, meant to power India's first stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/lack-of-testing-facility-delays-kaveri-dry-engine-meant-to-power-indias-first-stealth-unmanned-combat-aerial-vehicle/article65274000.ece |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Its overall dependability in changing conditions and interaction with aircraft systems will be evaluated. The maximum thrust of the variant is {{convert|49-51|kN||abbr=on}} while that of the planned Kaveri 2.0 variant with afterburner is expected to be {{convert|75-79|kN||abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahlawat |first=Sumit |date=2024-12-26 |title=India's Indigenous Fighter Jet Engine Dream One Step Closer To Reality As Kaveri Approved For Inflight Testing |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/crucial-breakthrough-as-kaveri-engine-approved/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sana |date=2024-12-24 |title=Is the Kaveri engine ready for testing trials, India's much-anticipated fighter jet engine? |url=https://jetlinemarvel.net/is-the-kaveri-engine-ready-for-testing-trials-indias-much-anticipated-fighter-jet-engine/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Jetline Marvel Aviation |language=English}}</ref>

As of 27 May 2025, Kaveri engine was undergoing flight tests in Russia and 25 hours of testing was due.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-27 |title=Kaveri engine undergoing trials in Russia, to power Indian combat UAV |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kaveri-engine-undergoing-trials-in-russia-to-power-indian-combat-uav20250527194442/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> Between January 2023 and July 2025, two projects related to KDE — Flightworthy Kaveri Dry Engine Development and Technology Demonstration of Kaveri Derivative 'Dry' Engine — were cleared by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|472.42|c|lk=on|year=2025}} and {{INRConvert|251.17|c|lk=|year=2025}}, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-07-26 |title=Centre clears Rs 29,558 crore for indigenous defence technology development |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-defence-budget-drdo-kaveri-engine-boost-indigenous-technology-development-2761563-2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

=== Criticism ===
The ''Kaveri'' program has attracted much criticism due to its ambitious objective which was seen competitive against western tech, protracted development time, cost overruns unsupported by the govt, and the DRDO's upgrading over clarity and openness in analysing problems was a good development but its mis-credited in comparison to retail business. Much of the criticism from out country competitive firms to sell program to them was not balanced in LCA program has been aimed at the ''Kaveri'' and Multi-Mode Radar programs which is in indigenous track. There has been much lack of public understanding of the degree of realism in the DRDO's planning schedules for various elements of the LCA programme, most particularly for the ''Kaveri'' development effort. France's Snecma, with over half a century of successful jet engine development experience, took nearly 13 years to bring the [[Dassault Rafale|''Rafale'']] fighter's [[SNECMA M88|M88]] engine to low-volume production after bench testing had begun, which had spent enormous research funds, iterative development programs with cost overruns (but cost overruns were seen as integral part of R&D) and resources to fulfil their ambitious programme.<ref name="LCA economics"/> Another criticism has been DRDO's reluctance to admit problems in the engine and its resistance to involve foreign engine manufacturers until the problems became too large to handle.

According to former GTRE director C.P. Ramanarayanan, the funding authorities, and senior government officials lacked an understanding of the scope of advancements and difficulties encountered by high-tech R&D projects. One more obstacle was low funding. India has invested significantly less in aircraft engine technology than the US, Russia, Europe, and China, according to GTRE director S.V. Ramana Murthy. Since it was initially approved in 1983, the Kaveri project has cost Indian taxpayers about $239 million. On the other hand, the [[Eurojet EJ200]] took $1.6 billion to build between 1985 and 1995. When [[Snecma M88]] was first tested in 1989, it cost $1.6 billion. It cost $6.7 billion to develop the [[Pratt & Whitney F135]]. For the development of aircraft engines, China has spent $42 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib Kr |date=2025-09-14 |title=The Kaveri programme has moved on to stealth from jet |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2025/09/06/drdo-kaveri-engine-indigenous-tech-make-in-india.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
A low-[[Bypass ratio|bypass-ratio]] (BPR) [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] engine featuring a six-stage core high-pressure (HP) compressor with variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs), a three-stage low-pressure (LP) compressor with transonic blading, an annular combustion chamber, and cooled single-stage HP and LP turbines. The development model is fitted with an advanced [[de Laval nozzle|convergent-divergent]] ("con-di") variable [[nozzle]], but the GTRE hopes to fit production Tejas aircraft with an axisymmetric, multi-axis [[Thrust vectoring|thrust-vectoring]] [[nozzle]] to further enhance the LCA's agility. The core [[turbojet]] engine of the Kaveri is the ''Kabini''.

The general arrangement of the Kaveri is very similar to other contemporary combat engines, such as the [[Eurojet EJ200]], [[General Electric F414]] and [[Snecma M88]]. It has a very low bypass ratio (0.16:1). Similar low amounts of bypass on earlier engines, required only for afterburner and nozzle cooling,<ref>Design For Air Combat, Ray Whitford 1987, Jane's Publishing Company Limited, {{ISBN|0 7106 0426 2}}, p.140</ref> introduced the term "'leaky turbojet".

The ''Kaveri'' engine has been specifically designed for the Indian operating environment, which ranges from hot desert to the highest mountain range in the world. The [[GTRE]]'s design envisions achieving a fan pressure ratio of 4:1 and an overall pressure ratio of 27:1, which it believes will permit the Tejas to "[[supercruise]]" (cruise supersonically without the use of the afterburner).

A two-phase plan has been in place since 2019 for Kaveri derivatives. It consists of a high-bypass-ratio turbofan based on the Kabini core and a non-afterburning version intended for on an under development [[Trainer aircraft|advanced jet trainer]], the [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|HAL HJT-36]]. The current Kaveri engine (as of 2024) is modified and tested at Phase 1, the technology demonstration stage, to ensure that it satisfies the design specification. Additionally, Phase 2 money was granted to GTRE in order to produce five new prototype engines for Kaveri derivatives. GTRE changed three Kaveri engines to the derivative model, two of them are undergoing demonstrator testing.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rautela |first=Isha |date=2023-02-11 |title=Godrej Aerospace to build turbo engines in tie-up with DRDO research centre |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/godrej-aerospace-and-gtre-to-build-indian-turbo-engines/article66494485.ece |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Bagade |first=Hrithik Kiran |date=17 February 2023 |title=Godrej Aerospace plans Rs 500 crore facility for defence business |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/feb/17/godrej-aerospace-plans-rs-500-crore-facility-for-defence-business-2548197.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> As per Ex Director Y. Dilip, right now the development is on 73 kN engine with an afterburner, which is ready to go and the team is making an effort to fly it on [[HAL Tejas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Pathikrit Sen |last2=Sharma |first2=Ankur |date=2023-02-14 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Indigenous Engine of Tejas on Its Way: ADE Director at DRDO Who Worked on LCA for 25 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/exclusive-indigenous-engine-of-tejas-on-its-way-ade-director-at-drdo-who-worked-on-lca-for-25-years-7083253.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Another concept being considered is an enlarged version of the ''Tejas'' which is being called [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mk 2]] with two engines fitted with fully [[Thrust vectoring|vectoring nozzles]], which might make the vertical tail redundant (the ''Tejas'' has no horizontal tail).<ref name="JAE2006">Gunston, Bill (Ed.) (15 June 2006). "GTRE Kaveri" in ''Jane's Aero-Engines'', Issue 14. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. {{ISBN|0-7106-1405-5}}.</ref>

An indigenous [[FADEC|Full Authority Digital Engine Control]] (FADEC) unit, called ''Kaveri Digital Engine Control Unit'' (KADECU) has been developed by the [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE), Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhter |first=Sheikh |date=2024-08-27 |title=Kaveri Engine & Tejas: Powering India's Indigenous Aerospace » |url=https://www.defencexp.com/kaveri-engine-tejas-powering-indias-indigenous-aerospace/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=DefenceXP - Indian Defence Network |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) of [[Avadi]] was responsible for the design and development of the Tejas aircraft-mounted accessory gear box (AMAGB) and the [[power take-off]] (PTO) shaft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAGB for LCA {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/amagb-lca |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Take Off shaft of LCA Tejas {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/power-take-shaft-lca-tejas-0 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

== Manufacturing ==
In September 2022, Godrej Aerospace of [[Godrej & Boyce]] received a contract to supply 8 modules of Kaveri Derivative Engine, a variant excluding [[afterburner]] with a thrust of 48 kN.<ref name=":7" /> The contract was announced in February 2023. Over 25 companies competed for the deal. The deliveries are expected to start by late 2024 and end by August 2025. These will undergo testing and will be certified later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2023 |title=Godrej Aerospace wins an order for manufacturing eight modules of the DRDO turbojet engine |url=https://static.godrejenterprises.com/Godrej_Aerospacewinsanorderformanufacturingeightmodulesofthe_DRD_Oturbojetengine_02122157_c4d548e9b5.pdf |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=godrejenterprises.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-02-20 |title=Godrej Aerospace to make 8 modules of DRDO turbojet engine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/godrej-aerospace-to-make-8-modules-of-drdo-turbojet-engine/article66532378.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005115454/https://www.thehindu.com/business/godrej-aerospace-to-make-8-modules-of-drdo-turbojet-engine/article66532378.ece |archive-date=2025-10-05 |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite twitter |number=1652271983139119106 |user=DefenceDecode |title=Godrej Aerospace has won a contract from #GTRE (Gas Turbine Research Establishment) to manufacture 8 Modules of the 48 kN Dry Kaveri Engine. |date=2023-04-29 |access-date=2024-09-01}}</ref> Godrej also invested {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on|year=2023|}} for a {{convert|100|acre|m2|abbr=on}} facility in [[Khalapur]], 70 km from [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":7" /> On 7 May 2024, Godrej Aerospace announced that it is creating a high-temperature brazing method that is essential to the performance of aero engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Godrej Aerospace pioneers high-temperature brazing in India |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/godrej-aerospace-pioneers-high-temperature-brazing-in-india/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Manufacturing Today India |language=en-US}}</ref> By early 2024, the company plans to complete the first stage of development and be manufacturing eight modules comprising six 48 kN dry engines without an afterburner. The remaining modules will be provided over the course of 27 to 30 months.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

In May 2024, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) has awarded [[Azad Engineering Limited]] a contract to serve as a production agency for engines designed by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment. Assembling and manufacturing what is known as an Advanced Turbo Gas Generator (ATGG) engine is the focus of the present long-term contract. This is meant to power various defence applications, such as the gas turbine engine that powers the Indian Army's fleet of infantry combat vehicles (ICVs) and tanks, the marine gas turbine engine (MGTE) for upcoming Indian Navy warships, and the Kaveri turbofan engine for the Tejas fighter. By early 2026, Azad must begin delivering its first batch of fully integrated engines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=23 May 2024 |title=Azad Engineering to build fully integrated advanced turbo engine for DRDO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/azad-engineering-to-build-fully-integrated-advanced-turbo-engine-for-drdo-124052301483_1.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Using components including a 4-stage axial flow compressor, an annular combustor, a single-stage axial flow uncooled turbine, and a fixed exit area nozzle, the engine is built using a single-spool turbojet configuration. Azad Engineering will be essential to GTRE as a single source industry partner.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-23 |title=Azad Engineering bags contract for advanced turbo gas generator engine from DRDO lab GTRE |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/azad-engineering-bags-contract-for-advanced-turbo-gas-generator-engine-from-drdo-lab-gtre/article68208249.ece |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April 2025, it was reported that Godrej has delivered the first two models of Kaveri Derivative Engines (KDE) while 6 more are to be delivered.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kachari |first=Dev |date=2025-04-04 |title=Godrej Enterprises ready for manufacturing 5th gen jet engine: Maneck Behramkamdin |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/godrej-aerospace-ready-for-manufacturing-5th-gen-jet-engine-maneck-behramkamdin/119890850 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=ET Manufacturing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-06 |title=Godrej Aerospace's Kaveri Engine Delivery: A Milestone in India's Defense Manufacturing |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2025/04/godrej-aerospaces-kaveri-engine.html?m=1#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=indianweb2.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Applications==
* GTX-35VS ''Kaveri'':
**[[Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft|AMCA]] MKII (Planned)
* Derivatives:
**Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine (KMGT), a derivative of the GTX-35VS Kaveri engine for ships developed in 2008. Produces a power output of 12 MW.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/defence/def_prod/20080717_kaveri_engine.html|title=Breakthrough for GTRE scientists – develop marine version of the Kaveri engine|access-date=6 February 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215957/http://www.domain-b.com/defence/def_prod/20080717_kaveri_engine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Kaveri Derivative Engine (KDE), a non-[[afterburning]] variant of Kaveri to power [[DRDO Ghatak]] [[UCAV]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=Government set to clear Rs 3,000 crore plan to develop engine for India's first UCAV|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-set-to-clear-rs-3000-crore-plan-to-develop-engine-for-indias-first-ucav/articleshow/49775096.cms|access-date=2021-12-01|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028085539/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-set-to-clear-rs-3000-crore-plan-to-develop-engine-for-indias-first-ucav/articleshow/49775096.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

==Specification (GTX-35VS ''Kaveri'')==
{{jetspecs


|type=[[Afterburning]] [[Turbofan]]
|length={{convert|137.4|in|cm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|diameter={{convert|35.8|in|cm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|weight={{convert|2330|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|compressor=Two-spool, with low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) [[axial compressor]]s: 
**LP compressor with 3 fan stages and transonic blading
**HP compressor with 6 stages, including variable inlet guide vanes and first two stators
|combustion=Annular, with dump diffuser and air-blast fuel atomisers
|turbine=1 LP stage and 1 HP stage
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power=
|thrust= 
*''Military'': {{convert|11700|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref>
*''Afterburner'': {{convert|18100|lb-f|kN|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref>
|aircon=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon= 

*''Military'': 0.78 lb/(lbf•h) (79.52 kg/(kN·h))
*''Afterburner'': 2.03 lb/(lbf•h) (207.00 kg/(kN·h))
|power/weight=
|thrust/weight=dry 5.02 and with afterburner 7.8
}}

===Engine cycle===
*'''Airflow:''' {{convert|172|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} per second
*'''Bypass ratio:''' 0.16:1
*'''Overall pressure ratio:''' 21.5:1
*'''LP compressor pressure ratio:''' 3.4:1
*'''HP compressor pressure ratio:''' 6.4:1
*'''Turbine entry temperature:''' {{convert|2600|F|C K|0|abbr=on}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|see also=


|related=


|similar engines=
*[[Eurojet EJ200]]
*[[General Electric F404]]
*[[Guizhou WS-13]]
*[[Klimov RD-33]]
*[[Snecma M88]]


|lists=
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220152859/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/kaveri.html ''Kaveri'' product detail on DRDO website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233946/http://frontierindia.net/kaveri-engine-gathers-momentum/ Kaveri engine gathers momentum]
{{Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gtre Gtx-35vs Kaveri}}
[[Category:Low-bypass turbofan engines]]
[[Category:1990s turbofan engines]]

Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-11T09:04:46Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Other uses|Lalganj (disambiguation){{!}}Lalganj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Lalganj {{Small|UP-68}}
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|latest_election_year=[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|mp=[[Daroga Saroj]]
|party=[[Samajwadi Party]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Lalganj.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency
|assembly_cons=[[Atrauliya Assembly constituency|Atrauliya]] [[Nizamabad Assembly constituency|Nizamabad]] [[Phoolpur Pawai Assembly constituency|Phoolpur Pawai]] [[Didarganj Assembly constituency|Didarganj]] [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lalganj]]
|reservation=SC
|established=1962
}}
'''[[Katghar Lalganj|Lalganj]] Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/068_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-68-Lalganj|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|343
|[[Atraulia Assembly constituency|Atraulia]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|Sangram Yadav
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 348
|[[Nizamabad Assembly constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[Alambadi (politician)|Alambadi]]
|-
|349
|[[Phoolpur Pawai Assembly constituency|Phoolpur Pawai]]
|[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
|-
|350
|[[Didarganj Assembly constituency|Didarganj]]
|Kamalakant Rajbhar
|-
|351
|[[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lalganj]] (SC)
|Bechai Saroj
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/lalganj.html | title=Lalganj (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Lalganj Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name }}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Vishram Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Dhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Chhangur Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Dhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ram Badan]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Bali Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Daroga Prasad Saroj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Bali Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Daroga Prasad Saroj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Bali Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Neelam Sonkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sangeeta Azad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Daroga Saroj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] is the most successful political party in [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
| value1 = 25
| label1 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (4 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value2 = 18.75
| label2 = [[Samajwadi Party|'''SP''']] (3 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| value3 = 18.75
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (3 terms)
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value4 = 12.5
| label4 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (2 terms)
| color4 = #228B22
| value5 = 6.25
| label5 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''']] (1 term)
| color5 = #db7093
| value6 = 6.25
| label6 = [[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''']] (1 term)
| color6 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| value7 = 6.25
| label7 = [[Janata Party (Secular)|'''JPS''']] (1 term)
| color7 = #000080
| value8 = 6.25
| label8 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (1 term)
| color8 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Lalganj<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Lalganj">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Lalganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2468.htm |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623163511/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2468.htm |archive-date=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Lalganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Lalganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/lalganj |access-date=23 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623163515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/lalganj |archive-date=23 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Daroga Saroj]]
|votes = 4,39,959
|percentage = 43.85
|change = new
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Neelam Sonkar]]|votes=3,24,936|percentage=32.38|change={{decrease}}4.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Prof. Indu Chaudhary|votes=2,10,053|percentage=20.93|change={{decrease}}33.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,094|percentage=0.71|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,15,023|percentage=11.46|change={{decrease}}5.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,03,438|percentage=54.57|change={{decrease}}0.29}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Samajwadi Party
|loser =Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sangeeta Azad]]
|votes =5,18,820
|percentage = 54.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Neelam Sonkar]]
|votes =3,57,223
|percentage = 37.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Deelip Kumar Saroj
|votes = 17,927
|percentage =1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Pankaj Mohan Sonkar
|votes = 17,630
|percentage =1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,61,597
|percentage = 16.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,61,064
|percentage =54.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Neelam Sonkar]]
|votes = 3,24,016
|percentage = 36.02
|change = +10.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Bechai Saroj
|votes = 2,60,930
|percentage = 29.01
|change = +6.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Baliram|Dr. Baliram]]
|votes = 2,33,971
|percentage = 26.01
|change = -5.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Balihari Babu
|votes = 21,832
|percentage = 2.43
|change = +2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar
|votes = 14,368
|percentage = 1.60
|change = +1.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Hariprasad Sonkar
|votes = 10,523
|percentage = 1.17
|change = -0.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,713
|percentage = 0.86
|change = +0.86
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 63,086
|percentage = 7.01
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,99,548
|percentage = 54.14
|change = +10.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = +4.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Azamgarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/lalganj/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Lalganj lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Coord|26.16|80.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]

Sekhar (actor)

2026-02-11T07:15:07Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating a data first draft

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shekar
| birth_name = J. V. Sekar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], india
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|7|8|1963|1|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1968–1988
| othername = Master Sekar, Master Shekhar
}}

'''J. V. Sekhar''' (7 January 1963 – 8 July 2003), better known as '''Master Sekhar,''' was an Indian child actor who predominantly appeared in Tamil and [[Malayalam]] films.

== Early life and career ==
Sekhar was born on 7 January 1963. He performed more than 50 films in four languages (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada). He was introduced to Tamil cinema as a child artist for the film ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' in 1968.<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|title=திரைத் துளி|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/actor1.html|publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> He performed in the lead roles in films including ''[[Manipayal]]'' and ''Oh Manju''. He was famous for his child performance in many movies, and was called Master Sekhar. He played MGR's character as a child in films including ''[[Idhaya Veenai]]'' and ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]''. He also performed in TV serials. He is the son of cinematographer J.V. Vijayam.<ref name="ref2" />

He died on 8 July 2003 in Chennai after falling from the first floor of his house.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=షాకింగ్‌ న్యూస్‌.. శేఖర్‌ మాస్టర్‌ని చంపేసిన గూగుల్‌|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sekhar-master-died-google-shows-sekhar-master-death-date-1380763|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{cite web|title=Master Sekhar falls to death|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/07/09/stories/2003070908680300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030905222408/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/07/09/stories/2003070908680300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-07-09|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Role !!Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' || Sekhar & Anand || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Enga Oor Raja]]'' || Young Chakravarthi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Oli Vilakku]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Chakkaram]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Anadhai Anandhan]]'' || Anandhan || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Vairagyam'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Enga Mama]]'' || Gandhi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[En Annan]]'' || Ranga || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Namma Kuzhandaigal]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' || Raasa || Tamil ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Bobanum Moliyum (film)|Bobanum Moliyum]]'' || Boban || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Aabhijathyam]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Aseervatham'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Mayiladumkunnu]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Thangadurai'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Raja (1972 film)|Raja]]'' || Young Raja || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Akka Thamudu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Agathiyar]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || '' [[Meendum Vazhven]]'' ||Babu|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Annamitta Kai]]'' || Durairaj || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Idhaya Veenai]]'' || Sundharam || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || '' [[Kattila Thottila]]'' || Gopi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]'' || Kamal's Brother || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]''|| Ponna || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Thirumalai Deivam]]'' || Venkatesan || Tamil ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Engamma Sapatham]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Manipayal]]'' || Ilangovan || Tamil ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Manjal Mugame Varuga'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' || Ayyappan || Malayalam/Tamil ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Munniravu Neram'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Odakkuzhal]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Janaki Sabatham'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Oh Manju'' || Madhu || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Payanam (1976 film)|Payanam]]'' || Sekhar || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Kumara Vijayam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Mohiniyaattam (film)|Mohiniyaattam]]'' || Chintu || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Perum Pughazhum'' || Ravi || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Amba Ambika Ambalika]]'' || Sree Murukan || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Aayiram Janmangal]]'' || Rajan || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]'' || Bharatha || Tamil ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Samudram (1977 film)|Samudram]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Beena (film)|Beena]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Kavari Maan]]'' || Rajesh || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Oru Vidukadhai Oru Thodarkadhai]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Neethiyaa Nyayamaa'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Anbin Alaigal'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Nangooram'' || || Tamil
||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Thunaivi'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Oorai Therinjukithen'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Aparna'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=6164470}}
* {{cite web|title=Complete List of Master Sekhar|url=http://spicyonion.com/actor/master-sekar-movies-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210181219/http://spicyonion.com/actor/master-sekar-movies-list/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 February 2015|publisher=spicyonion.com|accessdate=10 February 2015}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]

2014 Badaun gang rape allegations

2026-02-05T04:08:24Z

HoracePettigrew: Starting a pg - done

{{short description|Alleged gang rape and murder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox event
| name = 2014 [[Badaun]] gang rape allegations
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2014|5|27}}
| time =
| location = Katra Shahadatganj, [[Budaun district|Badaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| charges = alleged [[Gang rape]] and murder
| participants = Local villagers
| fatalities = Two girls
| suspects = Up to seven
| accused = Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Yadav and Urvesh Yadav (brothers), initially accused of rape and murder; Chhatrapal Yadav and Sarvesh Yadav (police constables), were initially accused,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Badaun-Gang-Rape-Two-of-the-Accused-Confess-to-Crime/842740 | title=Badaun Gang Rape: Two of the Accused Confess to Crime | work=Outlook | date=1 June 2014 | access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> however CBI refused to press charges<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wont-charge-five-Badaun-accused|title=CBI/articleshow/40881698.cms Won't charge five Badaun accused: CBI, Times News Network, 26 August 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

On 27 May 2014, a [[gang rape]] and murder of two teenage girls was reported in the Katra village of [[Budaun district]] (also spelled as Badayun), [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was widely reported in the press in India as well as overseas. After an extensive investigation, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] concluded that there was no gang rape{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} and the suspects were released. However, on 28 October 2015 the [[Child sexual abuse laws in India|POCSO]] court rejected the CBI closure report; it was a major setback for CBI. According to reports, in the evening the girls had gone out into a field that was used for [[open defecation]] and did not return. The police were notified, but initially took no action. Villagers searched for the girls throughout the night and their bodies were found hanging from a tree the following morning.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|title=Indian minister criticises lax policing in gang-rape case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/30/india-police-gang-rape-katra-uttar-pradesh|access-date=31 May 2014|newspaper=theguardian.com|date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=teenhanged>{{cite news|title=Teen girls gang-raped and hanged from a tree – police |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/uk-india-killings-idINKBN0E91AI20140529 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152321/https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-india-killings-idINKBN0E91AI20140529 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2019 |first=Nita |last=Bhalla|date=29 May 2014|location=New Delhi|publisher=Reuters|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="outrage">{{cite news|title=Outrage over gang rape, murder of cousins in U.P. village |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/outrage-over-gang-rape-murder-of-cousins-in-up-village/article6063348.ece |first=Chandramohan|last=CK |date=30 May 2014|location=Badaun|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

According to a [[post-mortem examination]] conducted earlier, it was reported that the girls had been raped<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/police-are-useless-what-the-probe-flip-flop-in-badaun-girls-deaths-proves-1825969.html|title=Police are useless: What the probe flip-flop in Badaun girls' deaths says – Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=29 November 2014}}</ref> and died from strangulation due to being hanged while still alive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-postmortem-confirms-rape-of-dalit-sisters-in-patna-1992181|title=Postmortem confirms rape of Dalit sisters in Patna|date=29 May 2014|publisher=DNA|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="hangedalive">{{cite news|title=Post mortem says Badaun girls were hanged when they were still alive |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/post-mortem-says-badaun-girls-were-hanged-when-they-were-still-alive/99/ |first=Pritha |last=Chatterjee |date=4 June 2014|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Badaun|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> However, according to a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation, no evidence of rape was found, and the initial examination, conducted by a physician who had never conducted rape investigations before, was flawed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/no-evidence-that-badaun-sisters-were-raped-say-cbi-sources-578316?pfrom=home-otherstories |title=No Evidence That Badaun Sisters Were Raped, Say CBI Sources |publisher=NDTV |author=Sunetra Choudhury and EZoya Anna thomas |date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> The girl's family and several activists rejected the CBI report as a cover-up "to avoid international shame and acceptance of the dismal law and order situation".<ref name="firstpost.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/cbi-badaun-findings-are-shamefully-wrong |title = CBI Badaun findings are shamefully wrong {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202081021/http://aamaadmiparty.org/cbi-badaun-findings-are-shamefully-wrong |archive-date=2 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-badaun-why-few-are-buying-the-cbis-suicide-story/|title=Badaun case: Why few are buying CBI's suicide story|date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

The girls' family and others have charged that the local police attempted a cover-up of the incident due to the lower status of the family. Some of the earliest reports claimed that the family belong to a "Dalit" caste.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/uk-india-killings-idINKBN0E91AI20140529|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152321/https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-india-killings-idINKBN0E91AI20140529|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2019|title=Teen girls gang-raped and hanged from a tree – police|journal=Reuters|first=Nita|last=Bhalla|date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Later reports contradicted the report of the victims belonging to the Dalit community. On 6 June 2014, the Indian government began a review of the case and determined that because "a concerted effort of a blame game has taken shape by the officials manning the administration" investigating the case, "it is necessary for the court to monitor the investigation".<ref name="indianexpress.com1">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hc-to-monitor-badaun-gangrape-case-seeks-report-from-up-dgp/|title=Badaun gangrape case: HC to monitor probe, wants DGP report in 3 weeks|date=11 June 2014}}</ref>

The case has gained both national and international attention. In a statement, the humanitarian organisation [[Save the Children|Save the Children India]] called the attack "part of an alarming trend of brutal violence against those from marginalised communities".<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|title=Indian minister criticises lax policing in gang-rape case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/30/india-police-gang-rape-katra-uttar-pradesh|access-date=3 June 2014|newspaper=theguardian.com|date=31 May 2014}}</ref> The CBI announced in on 27 November 2014 that they have concluded that the two cousins were not sexually assaulted and murdered as police initially said, but took their own lives.<ref name="cnn.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/27/world/asia/india-girls-hanging-case/|title=Report: No evidence of rape in India girls' hangings |author1=Sugam Pokharel |author2=Katie Hunt|date=27 November 2014 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/badaun-sisters-committed-suicide-says-cbi/article1-1290502.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126205700/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/badaun-sisters-committed-suicide-says-cbi/article1-1290502.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2014|title=Badaun girls committed suicide, CBI says after five-month probe|date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/media-should-apologise-to-chief-minister-for-badaun-reporting-azam-khan/239907|title=बदायूं कांड में 'गैरजिम्मदाराना रिपोर्टिंग' करने वाले माफी मांगें : आजम|date=27 November 2014}}</ref> Through the use of phone records it was established that the older girl was, in fact, having an affair with 20-year-old Pappu Yadav,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/badaun-rape-girl-s-relative-under-cbi-lens/article1-1266617.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921130842/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/badaun-rape-girl-s-relative-under-cbi-lens/article1-1266617.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2014|title=Badaun rape: Girl's relative under CBI lens|date=20 September 2014}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}} with whom she had shared about 400 calls.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/no-evidence-found-of-murder-rape-in-badaun-sisters-case/20141127.htm|title=Badaun sisters committed suicide, were not raped: CBI – Rediff.com India News|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Incident as initially reported==
The two teenage girls were cousins. They went missing on the evening of 26 May 2014, when they went out of their home and were alleged to have been abducted. It was alleged that the girls had gone into the fields because there was no toilet in their home.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Bhadoria>{{cite news|last=Bhadoria|first=Sonal|title=India's Shame! Gang Rape of Dalit Sisters Sparks Global Outrage|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/more-from-india/indias-shame-gangrape-of-dalit-sisters-sparks-global-outrage-151778.html|access-date=31 May 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

The parents of the girls immediately reported that the girls were missing, but allegedly their [[First Information Report]] was not lodged by the officers. According to some reports, Sohan Lal, father of one and uncle of the other victim, said that he went to the police station at around midnight begging for help in finding the girls, but that the two police officers on duty "mocked him, ripped up his complaint and told him to come back in the morning". Reports of the incident differ. Some reports said that a family relative had seen the abduction and reported the incident to the father of one of the girls. One news source stated that the father said that the family went to the accused's home and the accused admitted to abducting the girls but refused to release them. The father said that a policeman was present in the home at that time.

Several hours later the girls' bodies were found hanging from a tree about one kilometre (0.6-mile) from their home. A large number of villagers had gathered at the site to prevent the police from removing the bodies for fear that the police would say that the girls had killed themselves.<ref name=teenhanged/><ref name=Police>{{cite web|author=Sonal Mehrotra |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/badaun-sisters-rape-they-could-have-been-saved-if-police-acted-says-family-533239 |title=Badaun Sisters' Rape: 'They Could Have Been Saved if Police Acted', says Family |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27615590 |title=BBC News – Two India girls gang raped and hanged in Uttar Pradesh |journal=BBC News |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Ahilesh Yadav |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Lucknow/2-sisters-gang-raped-hanged-from-tree-in-Badaun/articleshow/35671341.cms |title=2 sisters gang-raped, hanged from tree in Badaun – The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 May 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tv/two-sisters-allegedly-gang-raped-hanged-from-tree-in-badaun-14339 |title=Two sisters allegedly gang-raped, hanged from tree in Badaun |work=International Business Times|date=15 February 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="bloombergmocked">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-02/india-police-mocked-father-of-raped-pre-teen-killed-and-hanged.html|title=Terms of Service Violation|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=2 June 2014 }}</ref> The families of the victims have asserted that the police are shielding the attackers.<ref name="uk.reuters.com">{{Cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-killings-idUKKBN0E91B220140529 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305220400/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-killings-idUKKBN0E91B220140529 | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 March 2016 | title=Indian teen girls gang-raped and hanged from a tree – police| journal=Reuters| date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

==Investigation and initial arrests==

On 29 May 2014, Badaun's Superintendent of Police Man Singh Chouhan said that
a [[post-mortem]] had found that the girls were raped and died from hanging, and that [[DNA]] samples had been taken to help identify the perpetrators.<ref name=Guardian /><ref name="uk.reuters.com"/> On 1 June, it was reported that three men, Pappu Yadav, Awdesh Yadav, and Urvesh Yadav, had been arrested and that they had confessed to the rape and murder of the girls, while the police continued to search for two additional suspects.<ref name="confess">{{cite news|title=Badaun case: Suspects confess to gang-rape and killing of girls |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Badaun-case-Suspects-confess-to-gang-rape-and-killing-of-girls/articleshow/35888988.cms |date=1 June 2014|agency=[[The Times of India]]|location=Lucknow|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Two police officers, Chhatrapal Yadav and Sarvesh Yadav,<ref name=Bhadoria/> were charged with [[criminal conspiracy]] and discharged over the incident.<ref>{{cite web|title=India gang rapes: Police sacked over hanged girls|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-27630901|publisher=BBC|date=31 May 2014}}</ref> However Pushpa Lata Pant, the doctor who did the post-mortem acknowledged that she had never done a post-mortem before, but did it because she was ordered. It was done at night, which is generally not permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-09/news/51248187_1_fresh-autopsy-post-mortem-first-autopsy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023828/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-09/news/51248187_1_fresh-autopsy-post-mortem-first-autopsy|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|title=Post mortem of Badaun rape victims was my first, PTI, Jul 9, 2014}}</ref>

On 8 June, Uttar Pradesh Director General of Police A. L. Banerjee said, "According to the postmortem report of the deceased, one of the girls was not raped and it appears to be a case of honour killing. We are probing the matter". Speaking to the press on that date, state chief secretary Alok Ranjan stated, "Rape is a trivial incident and it should not be blown out of proportion by the media. The media should also look into the incidents where people have been falsely implicated in such cases."<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/badaun-rape-was-case-of-honour-killing-claims-up-police-196141-2014-06-08 | title=Badaun rape was case of honour killing, claims UP Police | date=8 June 2014 | access-date=19 July 2014 | author=Lucknow, Rajat Rai}}</ref> Speaking to the press on 12 June, Banerjee said that the girls were strangulated before death, and that there is a possibility that the accused could be innocent.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/badaun-gang-rape-cbi-begins-probe-ncw-seeks-akhilesh-yadav-s-resignation_939011.html|title=CBI registers FIR in Badaun gang-rape case; NCW wants Akhilesh Yadav to resign|date=12 June 2014}}</ref> According to Banerjee, the death of one of the girls may be related to property inheritance issues within the family: "Of the two victims, one was the lone child of her parents. Her father is one of three brothers with limited resources and if she was not alive, it could benefit others".<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/police-statements-cloud-alleged-rape-and-murder-case-analysts-say/|title=Police Statements Cloud Alleged Rape and Murder Case, Analysts Say|first=Betwa|last=Sharma|date=10 June 2014}}</ref> The father of one of the girls responded saying, "We always knew the police was biased... They are trying to frame our family to save the accused who are all Yadavs. We will leave the village and go to Delhi to fight for justice".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rape-of-one-of-the-two-cousins-not-confirmed-dgp/|title=Badaun gangrape case: In new turn, DGP says one of the girls may not have been raped|date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

==Gang rape allegations found false by CBI investigation==

On 6 June, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was set up by the government to probe the incident. The team visited the village and met with witnesses.<ref name="situp">{{cite news|title=SIT constituted to probe Badaun gangrape, murder |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sit-constituted-to-probe-badaun-gangrape-murder/99 |date=7 June 2014|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

On 12 June, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) began an investigation and registered a [[First information report]] of the case.<ref>{{cite web|title=CBI files FIR in Badaun Sisters' Gang Rape Case|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/cbi-files-fir-in-badaun-sisters-gang-rape-case/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

On 8 July, a second autopsy of the girls bodies was ordered by the CBI.<ref name="secondautopsy">{{cite web|last1=Banarjee|first1=Biswajeet|title=India police order 2nd autopsy of girls gang-raped|url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-police-order-2nd-autopsy-girls-gang-raped-124328635.html|publisher=AP|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=FP Staff|title=CBI to exhume Badaun gangrape victims bodies for second autopsy|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cbi-to-exhume-badaun-gangrape-victims-bodies-for-second-autopsy-1609041.html|work=First Post|date=9 July 2014|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> On 15 July, several news sources reported that the CBI is investigating "alleged inconsistencies" in the statements made by the families of the girls. Reportedly the CBI has recovered the slippers of the older girl which "are being seen as crucial evidence in the investigation into their death". According to the reports, "the family had allegedly withheld information on the whereabouts of a cellphone belonging to the older girl and about 20 days ago, gave it to the CBI in broken condition".<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/new-twist-in-badaun-case-did-girls-families-hold-back-crucial-information-559223 | title=New Twist in Badaun Case: Did Girls' Families Hold Back Crucial Information? | date=15 July 1914 | access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>

The CBI has administered [[polygraph]] tests to both family members and the accused.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/police-conduct-lie-detector-test-on-badaun-rape-victims-parents-197994-2014-06-23 | title=Police conduct lie detector test on Badaun rape victims parents | date=24 June 2014 | access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> The polygraph tests determined that the five accused had been telling the truth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/badaun-gangrape-accused-pass-polygraph-test/article6288269.ece|title=Badaun gang-rape accused pass polygraph test|journal=The Hindu|date=6 August 2014}}</ref> However the chief witness Nazru alias Babburam failed the polygraph test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh/main-witness-in-badaun-case-fails-lie-detector-test-cbi/|title=Prime witness in Badaun 'rape-murder' case fails lie detector test, says CBI|date=17 September 2014}}</ref>

On 17 July, the CBI confirmed that it would exhume the bodies of the two victims on the 20th, subject to receiving the required approval from a court, based on a recommendation from the medical board of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) to conduct another post mortem examination and continue with further investigation.<ref name="exhume">{{cite news|title=Exhumation may take place on July 20, says CBI |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/exhumation-may-take-place-on-july-20-says-cbi/ |date=18 July 2014 |author=Geeta Gupta, Pritha Chatterjee |location=Badaun / New Delhi |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> However, on 20 July it was reported that the rising levels of water in the Ganges had flooded the graves resulting in the bodies not being found, thus making exhumation impossible.<ref name="floodedgraves">{{cite news|title=Badaun rape case: CBI begins exhumation process but fails to locate bodies as water level rises |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-badaun-rape-case-cbi-begins-exhumation-process-but-fails-to-locate-bodies-as-water-level-rises-2003606 |date=20 July 2014 |location=Badaun|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> The CBI will instead use a [[Genetic testing|DNA analysis]] of the girls' personal belongings and of the vaginal swabs taken at the time of their death.<ref name="DNAclothes">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/badaun-rape-case-cbi-to-seek-dna-test-of-victims-clothes/article6234136.ece | title=Badaun rape case: CBI to seek DNA test of victims' clothes | date=21 July 2014 | access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>

The alleged rape and murder case become murky when the families of the two victims told the CBI that the police FIR was filed on the basis of wrong statements given by Nazru, an uncle of the girls. Eventually, the family as well as Nazru told the CBI that the main accused Pappu, had not taken the two girls at gunpoint but rather fled when he was seen with the girls by Nazru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/badaun-killings-case-turns-murkier-victims-families-blame-relative-for-false-fir/505031-3-242.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011234611/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/badaun-killings-case-turns-murkier-victims-families-blame-relative-for-false-fir/505031-3-242.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-11|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref>

If was found that the parents gave Rs 100,000 each to the main eyewitness, Najru, and their third brother, from the Rs 500,000 that they had received as compensation for tragedy from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref name="IE_transfer_2014">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/girls-fathers-transfer-rs-1-lakh-each-to-2-eyewitnesses-accounts-2/|title=Girls' fathers 'transfer Rs 1 lakh' each to 2 eyewitnesses' accounts|date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

The mobile phone used by the sisters, was noticed by the CBI investigators from a photograph of the crime scene, seen tucked in the upper garments of the elder sister. A month later, the CBI had asked the family to produce the phone. The family first claimed that the phone has been lost and later provided a damaged mobile phone. The phone was then sent to Gujarat FSL which concluded, "the mobile phone was broken recently and intentionally by applying external force."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/badaun-cbi-identified-victims-phone-from-the-photograph-of-scene-of-crime-229378-2014-12-01|title=Badaun case: CBI identified victim's phone from crime scene photograph|website=India Today|date=December 2014 }}</ref> CBI found that the older girl and the main suspect of the alleged rape/murder had made contact by mobile phone around 300 times since 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/before-murder-accused--spoke-to-badaun-girl/article1-1243484.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724034156/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/before-murder-accused--spoke-to-badaun-girl/article1-1243484.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2014|title=Accused spoke to Badaun girl before murder, says CBI sleuth|date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

On 26 August, a CBI spokesperson announced that they would not be filing a chargesheet against the five accused because forensic tests had ruled out sexual assault. The CBI did not rule out murder saying: "However, we have not a given clean chit to anyone. Though rape has been ruled out, murder has not. We are investigating the matter." The father of one of the girls protested the ruling saying that one of the accused had publicly confessed at the time of the incident, that the delay of a second autopsy was postponed till it was impossible due to a rise in the river, and that he had no proof that the clothing used for DNA testing was even that of the girls.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/girls-family-to-challenge-cbi-conclusion-in-court/ | title=Badaun gangrape: Girls' family to challenge CBI conclusion in court | work=The Indian Express| date=27 August 2014 | access-date=3 December 2014 | author=Hafeez, Sarah}}</ref>

The CBI announced in a news conference on 27 November 2014 that after a five-month probe they have concluded that the two cousins were not sexually assaulted and murdered as police initially said, but took their own lives.<ref name="cnn.com"/><ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> According to their investigation, through the use of phone records it was established that the older girl was, in fact, having an affair with 20-year-old Pappy Yadav,<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}} with whom she had shared about 400 calls.<ref name="rediff.com"/>

In December 2015, the POCSO court of Badaun, in a written verdict of 25 pages, rejected CBI's closure report. Additional district judge Virendra Kumar Pandey dismissed the CBI's closure report. He further summoned for the prime accused Pappu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/906291/badaun-gang-rape-and-murder-this-book-investigates-how-the-cbi-tried-to-bury-the-case|title=Badaun gang rape and murder: This book investigates how the CBI tried to bury the case|first=Priyanka|last=Dubey|website=Scroll.in|date=21 December 2018 }}</ref>

The CBI report has been questioned by some local villagers<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> and [[All India Democratic Women's Association]], affiliated with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. The [[Aam Admi Party]] has claimed that it is a cover-up "to avoid international shame and acceptance of the dismal law and order situation".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-killings-idINKCN0JB1JS20141127|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161529/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-killings-idINKCN0JB1JS20141127|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=CBI says girls found hanging from tree in Badaun killed themselves|journal=Reuters|first=Nita|last=Bhalla|date=27 November 2014}}</ref>

==Protests and reactions after initial reports==

In a statement in response to a PIL filed by an Allahabad NGO, the Allahabad High Court said:

{{quote|We find that the law and order situation in the state of Uttar Pradesh has deteriorated. In the past couple of months, crimes against women have increased and this incident, unfortunately, has engaged the attention of the world at large ... The administration has taken a back seat and, instead of maintaining the rule of law, a concerted effort of a blame game has taken shape by the officials manning the administration. What would be the shape of the investigation is not known. What is the state of affairs of crimes against women in UP is required to be indicated. The court is conscious of the exercise of its powers and considering the present situation, it is necessary for the court to monitor the investigation.<ref name="indianexpress.com1"/>}}

On 1 June, hundreds of protesters, mostly women, gathered outside the office of Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav in [[Lucknow, India|Lucknow]]. The protesters demanded that action be taken to combat the rise in the number of rapes and other violent attacks on women and girls, and protested about the indifference of the police, which they believe encourages attacks on them. Activists and others said it appears that nothing has changed since the [[2012 Delhi gang rape|December 2012 fatal gang rape]] of a 23-year-old woman in New Delhi. Police dispersed the crowd with water cannons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-rape-protesters-blasted-by-water-cannons-1.2661526|title=India rape protesters blasted by water cannons |work=CBC News |date=June 2, 2014 |access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>

On 11 June, it was reported that a group of women in [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], protested the rape by appearing in public with their shoulders and legs bared. The women had wrapped themselves in tri-colour banners to represent the Indian national flag, with anti-rape messages printed on them. A spokesperson for the group said: "We used our bodies to protest against people who are using women's bodies as a political weapon. Without hearing our voices of protests and slogans, without understanding the apolitical climate which is permeating in the society, people are more worried about our bare shoulders and legs. To those people who still think female bodies are the reason for rape, we mock all those people, in the name of those girls who were raped and lynched in Uttar Pradesh." [[Kochi City Police|Police]] arrested the women and charged them with indecent exposure.<ref name="cochinprotest">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-women-wrap-themselves-in-banners-to-protest-badaun-gangrape/478275-62-126.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613182322/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-women-wrap-themselves-in-banners-to-protest-badaun-gangrape/478275-62-126.html|archive-date=2014-06-13|title=Kerala women wrap themselves in banners to protest Badaun gangrape |website=IBNLive |date=June 11, 2014}}</ref>

===Reactions===
Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], drew widespread criticism when he replied to a journalist's question about a sharp rise in rape cases when he replied saying: "It's not as if you faced any danger."<ref name="akyareply">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/india-minister-says-rape-sometimes-right-sometimes-wrong.aspx?pageID=238&nID=67486&NewsCatID=356|title=India minister says rape 'sometimes right, sometimes wrong' |website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=6 June 2014 |agency=AFP}}</ref> Following the rape and murder of the girls a recent comment made by former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], has also been frequently mentioned in the press. At an election rally Yadav had stated that he opposed the death penalty for rapists saying, "Boys will be boys. They make mistakes".<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/03/india-gang-rape-family-threats|title=Indian gang-rape girl's family say they have been threatened with violence|first=Jason|last=Burke|date=3 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

On 2 June, the [[United Nations]] issued a statement condemning the gang-rape and murders saying: "There should be justice for families of the two teenage girls ... Violence against women is a human rights issue, not a women's issue. Violence against women is preventable, not inevitable ... The Badaun incident highlights the dangers women in India are exposed to due to lack of toilets".<ref name=autogenerated2 /> In a statement, Lise Grande, the UN's resident coordinator for India, said, "There should be justice for the families of the two teenage girls and for all the women and girls from lower-caste communities who are targeted and raped in rural India".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/02/india-police-gang-rape-protest-lucknow-uttar-pradesh|title=Indian police use water cannon to end gang-rape protest in Lucknow|agency=AFP |date=2 June 2014|journal=The Guardian}}</ref>

On 4 June, UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] condemned the rape case and spoke against the [[violence against women]] that is spreading across the world. He also condemned the destructive attitude of "boys will be boys".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UN-chief-Ban-Ki-moon-appalled-by-Badaun-gang-rape-case-demands-action/articleshow/36043470.cms|title=UN chief Ban Ki-moon appalled by Badaun gang-rape case, demands action |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 June 2014 }}</ref>

The [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] condemned the incident and demanded speedy investigation into the crime as well as action against erring police personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDWA condemns Gang Rape and Murder of 2 Sisters in Budaun District|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/aidwa-condemns-gang-rape-and-murder-of-2-sisters-in-budaun-district/|work=Biharprabha News|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

Shireen Vakil Miller, of [[Save the Children]] India, called the attack "part of an alarming trend of brutal violence against those from marginalised communities".<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The Chief and members of SUM, an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], held agitations against this brutal violence in Delhi, adding pressure on Government by their efforts.

==Caste issues==
While some early reports in Hindi and a New York Times article did not identify the victims to be from the Dalit caste,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-policeman-arrested-with-others-in-rape-case-11352995.html|title=बदायूं सामूहिक दुष्कर्म-हत्या में शामिल सिपाही सहित चार गिरफ्तार}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/asia/in-india-rape-and-murder-allegations-of-a-caste-conspiracy.html?_r=0|title=Rapes in India Fuel Charges of Conspiracy by a Caste|journal=The New York Times|date=29 May 2014|last1=Harris|first1=Gardiner|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari}}</ref> they were erroneously identified as being Dalit in a Reuters report by Nita Bhalla on 29 May.<ref name="auto"/> It was later widely reported that they were not Dalit but were of the Maurya caste, which in fact has same status as Yadav caste{{cn|date=January 2025}}. The central government asked the Uttar Pradesh state government why the stringent clauses of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]] (SC/ST) were not applied when the accused were charged with raping and murdering the two girls in Badaun. The state government responded that per the report received from the Badaun district administration, the victims did not belong to SC/ST; they were from the [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh/victims-not-dalits-up-tells-mha/|title=Victims not Dalits: UP tells MHA|date=3 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/badaun-rape-victims-did-not-belong-to-scst-caste-up-govt/article6075499.ece|title=Badaun rape victims did not belong to SC/ST caste: UP govt|journal=The Hindu|date=2 June 2014}}</ref>

Several reports acknowledge that the victims belonged to the community generally known as [[Shakya (surname)|Shakya]] (also termed Maurya), while the suspects, as well as the local police officers, belong to the Yadav community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caste-rules-the-roost-in-this-village/article1-1225775.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605142734/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caste-rules-the-roost-in-this-village/article1-1225775.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2014|title=Badaun gang-rape accused enjoy support from police, say villagers|date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Both castes are classified as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scholarship.up.nic.in/2007_08/list_obc.htm|title=LIST OF OBC (UP)|access-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416053227/http://scholarship.up.nic.in/2007_08/list_obc.htm|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28212522|title=Gang rape bodies 'to be exhumed'|date=9 July 2014|work=BBC}}</ref>

While the Yadavas are numerically stronger, the Shakyas also have a significant population. It was reported that this may lead to some political implications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/caste-adds-another-layer-to-the-double-rape-murder-in-badaun/|title=Caste adds another layer to the double rape, murder in Badaun|date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article/UP-LUCK-latest-news-badaun-gangrape-samajwadi-party-mulayam-akhilesh-4634050-PHO.html|title=Hindi News, Latest News in Hindi, Breaking News, हिन्दी समाचार – Dainik Bhaskar|website=www.bhaskar.com|access-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720021801/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/UP-LUCK-latest-news-badaun-gangrape-samajwadi-party-mulayam-akhilesh-4634050-PHO.html|archive-date=20 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The 2019 [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'', directed by [[Anubhav Sinha]], was inspired by the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayushmann-khuranas-next-article-15-is-inspired-by-true-events/articleshow/69494965.cms |title=Ayushmann Khurana's next 'Article 15' is inspired by true events!|work=The Times of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> In 2021, journalist [[Sonia Faleiro]] published a narrative non-fiction book on the case titled ''[[The Good Girls: An Ordinary Killing]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/09/books/review-good-girls-ordinary-killing-sonia-faleiro.html|title=A Double Tragedy in India and the Search for Elusive Answers|last=Sehgal|first=Parul|authorlink=Parul Sehgal|work=The New York Times|date=9 February 2021|accessdate=18 February 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rape in India]]
*[[Pararia mass rape (1988)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Rape in India}}
{{Rapefooter}}

[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Budaun district]]
[[Category:2014 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]

Kazan Khan

2026-01-31T14:50:13Z

HoracePettigrew: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian film actor (1972-2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kazan Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 22 July 1972
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| death_date = 12 June 2023 (aged 50)
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1992–2015
| spouse =
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Kazan Khan''' (22 June 1972 – 12 June 2023) was an Indian actor who predominantly appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He was best known for his villain roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573|title=Addicted to old songs that appeared in 'Super Deluxe'? Here's your playlist|website=The News Minute|date=6 April 2019 |access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref>

==Career==
Kazan made his acting debut in the year 1992 with Tamil film ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'' at age 20.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Web |title=South Indian actor Kazan Khan dies of heart attack, tributes pour in |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/south-indian-actor-kazan-khan-dies-of-heart-attack-tributes-pour-in |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> He gained widespread acclaim for his portrayal of negative roles in Tamil cinema, including notable performances in films like ''[[Kalaignan]], [[Sethupathi IPS]]'', [[Duet (1994 film)|''Duet'']], ''[[Murai Maman]]'', ''[[Aanazhagan]]'', and ''[[Karuppu Nila]]'', to name a few.
He made his Malayalam film debut with 1993 film [[Gandharvam]] alongside [[Mohanlal]]. He is known for his roles in films ''[[Mettukudi]]'', ''[[Vaanathaippola|Vanathai Pola]], [[Vallarasu]], [[The King (1995 film)|The King]], [[Varnapakittu]], [[C.I.D. Moosa|CID Moosa]], [[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]], [[Sevenes]], [[Mayamohini]], [[RajadhiRaja|Rajathiraja]], [[Maryada Ramanna]],'' and ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa|Laila O Laila]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=നടൻ കസാൻ ഖാൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kazan-khan-actor-passed-away-cid-moosa-varnapakittu-gandharvam-malayalam-films-1.8636336 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Khan died from a heart attack on 12 June 2023, aged 50.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/actor-kazan-khan-passes-away-8659489/ Actor Kazan Khan passes away]</ref>

==Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 ||''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'' || Boopathy || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kalaignan]]'' || Anwar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Vedan]]'' || Madhan ||
|-
| ''[[Gandharvam]]'' || Rajkumar || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || ''[[Sethupathi IPS]]'' || Sivaprakash/Shantharam || rowspan="10" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[En Aasai Machan]]'' || Meenakshi's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' || Kodumudi ||
|-
| ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1995 || ''[[Murai Maman]]'' || Ratnam ||
|-
| ''[[Veluchami]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhi Pirantha Mann]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Karuppu Nila]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Aanazhagan]]'' || ||
|-
|''Mr. Vasu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Vasu (1995) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/mr-vasu-1995 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|Aravind
|Kannada
|
|-
| ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || Vikram Paramanand Ghorpade || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1996 || ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' || Shankar || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thayagam]]'' || Sunil ||
|-
| ''[[Musthaffaa]]'' || Rajaram ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mettukudi]]'' || Deivathinam's son ||
|-
| ''Minugu Thare'' || || rowspan="2"| [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997 || ''[[Cheluva]]'' || Kodanda ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai Gounder]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' || Mohammed Ali || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Devudu]]'' || Sarweswara Rao's brother-in-law || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998 || ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' || || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Color Kanavugal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rathna (film)|Rathna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'' || Amarnath ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]'' || Giridaran ||
|-
| ''[[Habba]]'' || Seetha's brother || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Maravathe Kanmaniye]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2000 || ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' || Keerthi's cousin || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Vallarasu]]'' || Terrorist || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Nagadevathe'' || Kama Naga || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' || 7 Times (Priya's uncle) || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[The Gang (film)|The Gang]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2001 || ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]'' || Inspector Deva || rowspan="2"|Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Asura (2001 film)|Asura]]'' || Jayaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Railway Coolie]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Eduruleni Manishi (2001 film)|Eduruleni Manishi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Rohith's coach || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Chinna (2001 film)|Chinna]]'' || Appa Rao's son || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || Chinna Thamburan Iranyan || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Adhipathi]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Grama Devathe]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachalam]]'' || Suraj || Telugu ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 ||''[[Raja Narasimha]]'' || Prakash || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[CID Moosa]]'' || Terrorist || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Adhu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005 || ''[[786 Khaidi Premakatha]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Varsha (2005 film)|Varsha]]'' || Lakshman's son || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' || Mahesh || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nammanna]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]'' || Sharon Bhai || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Pandavaru]]'' || || rowspan="4"|Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Tenali Rama (film)|Tenali Rama]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007
| ''[[Soundarya (film)|Soundarya]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Snehana Preethina]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Gulshan Baba || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Pattaya Kelappu]]'' || Dhanam's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Khan Bhai|| rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Sudhakara Moorthy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Yacob ||
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''Kovalanin Kadhali'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[RajadhiRaja]]'' || Gangster Khalid || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]'' || Mahesh Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Dhara ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4149450}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Kazan}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Shikhandi

2026-01-04T17:59:48Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{short description|Character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| image = Shikhandi.png
| alt = Shikhandi
| caption = An illustration of Shikhandi before her sex-change, c. 1916
| family = [[Drupada]] (father) [[Prishati]] (mother) [[Dhristadyumna]] (brother) [[Draupadi]] (sister)
| spouse = Unnamed princess of [[Dasarna Kingdom|Dasarna]]
| children = Kshatradeva
| name = Shikhandi
| gender = Woman, later Man<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08006.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section 6 |website=www.sacred-texts.com |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Shikhandi''' ({{langx|sa|शिखण्डी|translit=Śikhaṇḍī}}), whose [[Sex assignment|natal female identity]] is rendered '''Shikhandini''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Śikhaṇḍī |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241956.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> is a character in the [[Hindu]] epic [[Mahabharata]]. Born as the daughter of [[Drupada]], the King of [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]], Shikhandini becomes male after agreeing to a sex exchange with a [[yaksha]]. He is the brother of [[Draupadi]], who is the [[Polyandry in India|common wife]] of the [[Pandava]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2011-09-28 |title=Shikhandi, Śikhaṇḍi, Śikhaṇḍin, Shikhandin, Śikhaṇḍī, Sikhandī, Shikhamdi, Sikhamdi: 31 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shikhandi |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Shikhandi is the reincarnation of [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], a princess who was abducted by [[Bhishma]] at a [[swayamvar|svayamvara]] and later spurned by him. The prince fights in the [[Kurukshetra war|Kurukshetra War]] on the side of his brothers-in-law, the Pandavas, and is instrumental in causing the death of Bhishma. He also engages in combat with great warriors like [[Ashwatthama]], [[Kripa]], and [[Kritavarma]].

In [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[wayang]] tradition, Shikhandi is known as '''Srikandhi''' and is born as a male, and changes into a female. She becomes the second wife of the Pandava brother [[Arjuna]], and [[Subhadra|Sembadra]] being the first.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLDWAAAAMAAJ&q=srikandi|title=Studies in Indo-Asian Art and Culture|date=1980|publisher=International Academy of Indian Culture|pages=283|language=en}}</ref><ref>Hartana, S.S., 2017. Origins, journeys, encounters: a cultural analysis of wayang performances in North America (Doctoral dissertation).page=49 [http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/8047/Hartana_Sutrisno_PhD_2017.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y]</ref>

== Legend ==

=== Previous birth ===
{{Main|Amba (Mahabharata)}}
In the majority of the versions of the Mahabharata,<ref name="Sorabji">Sorabji, Cornelia, and Warwick Goble. Shikhandi: The Maiden-knight and Other Stories. Bombay: Blackie and Son, 1916. Print.</ref> Shikhandi is described as being a princess named Amba in his previous birth. Amba was the eldest daughter of the [[Kingdom of Kashi|King of Kashi]]. Along with her sisters, [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]], she was won by Bhishma at their [[Swayamvara|svayamvara]]. After defeating several kings, including King [[List of characters in the Mahabharata|Salva]], Bhishma returned to Hastinapura with the princesses, and presented them as brides to his younger half-brother, [[Vichitravirya]], the king.<ref name="SacredTexts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01068.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXVII}}</ref>

Before her wedding ceremony could commence, Amba told Bhishma that she had fallen in love with the King of Salva, and was not ready to marry anyone else. Hearing this from her, Bhishma sent Amba with grandeur to her desired husband. However, Salva rejected her, stating that as Bhishma had bested him at the svayamvara, he regarded him to be her rightful husband. Amba returned to Bhishma and demanded that he marry her according to [[Kshatriya]] [[dharma]], but Bhishma declined, due to his vow of celibacy. Lamenting her misfortune, the princess decided to retire to the forest and practise austerities for the remainder of her life. As she wandered, she came across an [[ashram]]a, and informed the sages within of her plight. One of the sages happened to be maternal grandfather, Hotravahana, who sympathised with her state of mind, and told her that [[Parashurama]], Bhishma's martial guru, would come to her aid. Parashurama visited Hastinapura, and commanded his disciple to marry Amba. Bhishma refused to obey him, once again citing his vow. Furious, Parashurama engaged in a terrible duel against Bhishma on the field of [[Kurukshetra]] for twenty-three days, employing [[Astra (weapon)|astras]], but was unable to best him. He regretfully informed Amba of his failure to change his mind. The princess spent twelve years engaged in severe austerities, which scorched the heavens themselves. Shiva appeared to grant her a boon of her choice, and she solicited the death of Bhishma. Shiva told Amba that she would be born as a girl who would later become a man in her next life, and become a [[Maharathi (warrior)|maharathi]] who would slay Bhishma in battle. Overjoyed, the princess lit a funeral pyre, prayed for the death of Bhishma, and [[Self-immolation|self-immolated]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-01-09 |title=Bhishma Battles Parashurama [Chapter 4] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118370.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

According to an iteration by [[C. Rajagopalachari]], she resorted to a penance and received a garland of blue lotuses from the god [[Kartikeya]], and it was foretold that anyone wearing the garland would become the cause of Bhishma's death. She went to the [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]], as it were a mighty empire known for its military prowess. However, no one was willing to champion her cause, fearful of antagonising Bhishma. Amba, in anger, hung the garland on the gates of King [[Drupada]] and left in agony.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajagopalachari |first=Raja |date=1951 |title=Mahabharata |url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharta00craj|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=[https://archive.org/details/mahabharta00craj/page/22 22]}}</ref>

=== Sex exchange ===
Due to his childlessness, King Drupada propitiated Shiva, who told the king that a girl would be born to him, who in due course, would become a man. When Shikhandi was born to Drupada's queen, she was raised and dressed as a boy. When Shikhandi reached the traditional age of maturity, Drupada decided to offer her hand in marriage to the daughter of Hiranyavarman, the King of Dasharna. Shikhandi's wife soon realised that her husband was not a man, and Hiranyavarman soon caught wind of this information. Outraged, he sent a messenger to Drupada to determine the truth, and started preparations for war with the latter. Drupada insisted that Shikhandi was indeed a man. Distressed by her parents' suffering, Shikhandi left the city, deciding to fast to death. She found a forest that humans were terrified to enter, because it was inhabited by a [[yaksha]] named Stunakarna. She entered the premises of the yaksha, and started to perform austerities. When Stunakarna enquired regarding her practices, Shikhandi told him her tale. Feeling compassionate, the yaksha offered to exchange his sex with her for a certain period of time, to which Shikhandi agreed. Shikhandi returned to his father as a man, and informed him of this incident. Relieved, Drupada invited Hiranyavarman to send envoys to inspect the manhood of his son. A number of women were dispatched by Hiranyavarman to Drupada, who confirmed Shikhandi's manhood. Thus, the two kings were able to renew their peace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-01-09 |title=Bhishma Assesses the Heroes and Reveals Shikhandi's Mysterious Birth [Chapter 6] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118411.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

When [[Kubera]] visited Stunakarna's premises, the yaksha did not greet him due to her female form. Angered, Kubera cursed the yaksha, stating that the sex exchange that had been performed would be permanent. When the yaksha begged Kubera to lift the curse, the latter told her that she would regain her birth sex after the death of Shikhandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241375.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kurukshetra War ===
[[File:Kripa and shikhandi.jpg|thumb|Shikhandi fights Kripa.]]
Before the [[Kurukshetra War]], [[Bhima]] opts for Shikhandi to be the commander-in-chief of the Pandava army, as he was born to kill [[Bhishma]], but [[Arjuna]] and [[Krishna]] prefer [[Dhrishtadyumna]] instead. Shikhandi is made the commander of one of the seven [[akshauhini]]s of the Pandava army.

On the first day of the war, Shikhandi confronts [[Ashwatthama]], and both warriors wound each other several times, before withdrawing from the battle. On the seventh day of the war, he confronts Ashwatthama again, and manages to wound him on the forehead. However, an enraged Ashwatthama destroys his chariot, and wounds him badly. Luckily, [[Satyaki]] comes to his rescue.

On the night of the ninth day of battle, after a decisive defeat, the [[Pandavas]] and Krishna visit [[Bhishma]]. [[Yudhishthira]] urges the grandsire to tell them how he may be slain, to prevent the devastating loss of Kshatriya lives. Bhishma informs them that it was impossible for him to be vanquished while he wielded arms; However, he would refuse to fight Shikhandi, since he was originally a woman, and Arjuna may vanquish him when he lays down his arms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-01-09 |title=The Ninth Day of the Great Battle; The Invincible Bhishma [Chapter 9] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118439.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> So, in the next day's fight, Shikhandi rides with Arjuna, placed in the forefront of the Pandava forces. Numerous warriors of the [[Kaurava]] army attempt to stop the pair from reaching Bhishma. However, with the assault of the warriors of the Pandava army, Arjuna and Shikhandi push through, and reach Bhishma. Riding behind Shikhandi, Arjuna attacks Bhishma with a devastating volley of hundreds of arrows, the latter is unable to counter, with Shikhandi in the way. Bhishma falls from his chariot and his role in the war ends, giving up his life on the auspicious [[Uttarayana|Uttaryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-01-09 |title=The Tenth Day of Hostilities; The Fall of the Grandsire Bhishma [Chapter 10] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118440.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

On the twelfth day of the war, Shikhandi's only son, Kshatradeva, is injured by Duryodhana’s son, [[Lakshmana Kumara]]. On the night of fourteenth day, Shikhandi is defeated by [[Kripacharya]] and is wounded on the sixteenth day, and faints when [[Kritavarma]]'s arrow pierces his armour. After the death of [[Shalya]], Shikhandi greatly destroys the retreating Kaurava army on the seventeenth day of the war.

Shikhandi, along with the [[Upapandavas]], are killed/injured by Ashwatthama on the 18th day of the war. Dazed, Shikhandi is injured in a sword fight with Ashwatthama when Ashwatthama, Kripacharya, and [[Kritavarma]] attacked the Pandava camp at night and later sucumbs to his wounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urday.in/mafterbattle.htm |title=MAHABHARATA - After the Battle |access-date=2012-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617051445/http://www.urday.in/mafterbattle.htm |archive-date=17 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.mahabharataonline.com/ Summary and Complete translation of Mahabharata]
*[http://devdutt.com/articles/mahabharata/on-krishnas-chariot-stands-shikhandi.html On Krishna’s chariot stands Shikhandi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409224408/http://devdutt.com/articles/mahabharata/on-krishnas-chariot-stands-shikhandi.html |date=9 April 2016 }}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4WFnIJIZyEC&q=amba Shikhandini]

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:People of the Kurukshetra War]]
[[Category:Androgynous characters in Mahabharata]]

Vellar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)

2025-11-24T05:44:26Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{for|the river of the same name farther to the south in the same state|Vellar River (Southern Tamil Nadu)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Vellar River
| native_name =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname =

| image = Vellar River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Vellar River near Parangipettai - December 2021
| image_alt =

| map = Vellar River basin map.svg
| map_size = 325px
| map_caption = Vellar River watershed
| map_alt = Map showing the watershed of the Vellar River, along with the courses of the river and its tributaries
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth in Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of the river mouth in Tamil Nadu

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max = {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Confluence of Anaimaduvu River and Kallar River
| source1_location = Ramanathapuram village, [[Vazhapadi taluk]], Salem district
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|11|41|43|N|78|26|14|E}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|310|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation Map|url=https://elevationmap.net/|publisher=www.elevationmap.net|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref>
| mouth = Bay of Bengal
| mouth_location = Southeast of Parangipettai
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11|30|12|N|79|46|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|7504.346|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population = 3,963,645
| tributaries_left = [[Manimuktha River]]
| tributaries_right = Periyar River, Manjini River, Ellar River, [[Swetha River]], Chinnar River, Anaivari River
| waterbodies = [[Wellington Lake]], Anaimuduvu Reservoir, Kariakovil Reservoir, Gomukhi Reservoir, Manimuktha Reservoir
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Vellar River''' is a river in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It originates in the [[Kalrayan Hills]], and flows generally eastward through [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]], and [[Cuddalore district]]s, before flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Parangipettai]]. The river has a total length of {{convert|150|km|mi}}, and its drainage basin covers an area of {{convert|7504.346|km2|sqmi}} in Cuddalore, Perambalur, Salem, [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]], [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]], [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], and [[Dharmapuri district]]s.<ref name="Report">{{cite web|title=Vellar Basin Report|url=http://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Vellar_Basin-12.07.17.pdf|publisher=nwm.gov.in|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|title=Vellar Basin Map|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Vellar-river-basin-of-Tamil-Nadu_fig1_339351577|publisher=Mausam|date=October 2018|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>

==History==
The river was historically important for trade in the [[Coromandel Coast]]. Several [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] and ports were set up by Europeans at Parangipettai, at the mouth of the river. Settlements were established by the Portuguese, Swedish, and English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Town Profile|url=http://www.townpanchayat.in/parangipettai/town_profile|publisher=townpanchayat.in|access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref>

==Course==
The Vellar River originates at the confluence of the Anaimaduvu and Kallar rivers at '''(Namagiripettai) Ramanathapuram village''' in [[Vazhapadi taluk]], Salem district. The Anaimaduvu River originates at the Anaimaduvu reservoir to the north of the confluence, and flows past [[Belur, Tamil Nadu|Belur]], while the Kallar River originates to the northeast of the confluence. From its source, the Vellar flows to the southeast within Salem district. It is joined by the Periyar River from the west and on its right bank, at Vaithigoundanpudur village.<ref name="Report"/>

The Vellar continues southeast, passing south of [[Ethapur]], northeast of [[Pethanaickenpalayam]], and southwest of Kalpagnur. At [[Narasingapuram, Salem|Narasingapuram]] and at Kattukkottai, the Vellar is joined from the southwest and on its right bank by the Chitraru River and Manjini River, respectively. After this confluence, the Vellar flows east through [[Attur Taluk, Salem|Attur taluk]], passing to the south of [[Attur]], until it leaves Salem district near [[Aragalur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Salem District Census Handbook|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3307_PART_A_DCHB_SALEM.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>

As it flows out of Salem district, it turns southeast, and defines part of the border between Kallakurichi and Salem districts. It also defines the entirety of Perambular district's northern border, which is with Kallakurichi and Cuddalore districts. South of Velluvadi, the Ellar River joins the Vellar on its right bank and from the west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Viluppuram District Census Handbook|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3306_PART_A_DCHB_VILUPPURAM.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref> East of [[V.Kalathur]], the Vellar is again joined on its right bank and from its west by the [[Swetha River]], its second largest tributary. The section of the river before this confluence is sometimes referred to as the Upper Vellar or Vashista Nadhi River, while the section between the confluence and the Vellar's mouth is called the Lower Vellar. After this point the river again flows east, passing to the north of [[Labbaikudikadu]] and [[Ogalur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Perambalur District Census Handbook|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3314_PART_A_DCHB_PERAMBALUR.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>

The river leaves Perambular district southeast of [[Tittakudi]]. Between this location and a meander southeast of [[Pennadam]], the river receives two rivers on its right bank and from the southwest, and defines the border between Cuddalore and Ariyalur districts. It is joined first by the Chinnar River, and then by the Anaivari or Kattodai River.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ariyalur District Census Handbook|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3315_PART_A_DCHB_ARIYALUR.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref> Northeast of [[Srimushnam]] the Vellar River is joined by its largest and only left-bank tributary, the [[Manimuktha River]]. From here, the river flows east through Cuddalore district. It passes by several towns, including [[Sethiathoppu]] and [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]]. It flows between [[Killai]] and Parangipettai, and into the [[Bay of Bengal]], in [[Chidambaram taluk]], Cuddalore district, where it forms a small [[Estuary#Lagoon-type or bar-built|bar-built estuary]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore District Census Handbook|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3316_PART_A_DCHB_CUDDALORE.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vellar Estuary|url=http://www.casmbenvis.nic.in/Database/Vellar_estuary_10766.aspx|publisher=casmbenvis.nic.in|date=2015-01-29|access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref>

==Basin==
The [[drainage basin]] of the Vellar River is one of the 17 major river basins of [[Tamil Nadu]], and covers {{convert|7504.346|km2|sqmi}} of land in 8 districts. The basin is bordered by the [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] basin to the south and west, the [[Ponnaiyar River]] basin to the north, and the [[Paravanar River]] basin and the Bay of Bengal to the east. The basin had a population of 3,963,645 in 2011, resulting in a population density of {{Pop density|3963645|7504.346|km2|sqmi}}.

The basin is usually divided into seven sub-basins, which correspond to the drainage area of a major tributary within the river system. The seven sub-basins are of the Lower Vellar, Manimuktha, [[Gomukhi River|Gomukhi]], Upper Vellar, Swetha, Chinnar, and Anaivari rivers. The largest of these sub-basins is that of the Upper Vellar, while the smallest is of the Anaivari. There are 5 major bodies of water, those being the Anamaiduvu, Kariakovil, Gomukhi, and Manimuktha reservoirs, along with [[Wellington Lake]].<ref name="Report"/>

===Land use and geology===
The majority of land in the basin, about 68%, is used for agriculture. The most commonly grown crops are rice and sugarcane. About 16% of the land is forested, with large areas of [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserve forests]] in the northwest and southwest of the basin. The remaining area is mostly cleared but uncultivated land, part of built-up settlements, or part of a reservoir or lake. Generally, the basin is more flat, cultivated, and level in the east, while it tends to be more hilly and forested to the west and inland.<ref name="Map"/>

Deposits of [[charnockite]] and fissile [[hornblende]] [[gneiss]] are the most common geological deposits in the west of the basin. [[Limestone]], magmatite gneiss and deltaic deposits are more common in the east of the basin. Structural hill and valley fill [[denudation]]al landforms are most common in the west. In the central region and towards the mouth of the river, [[fluvial processes|fluvial]] landforms and [[floodplain]]s are more common. The dominant soil types in the basin are [[inceptisol]]s, [[vertisol]]s, and [[alfisol]]s. There is a minor area near the river mouth where [[entisol]]s are the prevailing type.<ref name="Report"/>

==Irrigation and flow==
The average annual rainfall in the Upper Vellar sub-basin was {{convert|846|mm|in}}, while the average annual rainfall in the Lower Vellar sub-basin was {{convert|1177|mm|in}}. Rainfall is greatest in both sub-basins during the [[monsoon of South Asia|Northeast and Southwest monsoons]], between June and December. Rainfall is greatly reduced during the [[dry season]], between January and May.<ref name="Report"/>

The Upper and Lower Vellar irrigate a total area of {{convert|424.62|km2|sqmi}} of land for agricultural purposes. There are also demands on the river for water supply from domestic and industrial sources. As a result of the monsoon cycles, the Vellar is [[intermittent river|non-perennial]], and does not flow year-round. The greatly reduced flow during the dry season generally cannot handle water demands from various sources. However, during the [[wet season]], the Vellar does experience flooding issues.<ref name="Map"/>

==River modifications==
Several bridges and dams cross the river along its course. There are three dams, all along the course of the lower section of the Vellar. Those dams are at [[Tholudur]], Pelandurai, and [[Sethiathoppu]]. Many road bridges cross the river, along with 4 [[National highways of India|national highways]], those being [[National Highway 79 (India)|NH 79]], [[National Highway 38 (India)|NH 38]], [[National Highway 36 (India)|NH 36]], and [[National Highway 32 (India)|NH 32]]. Additionally, three railroad bridges cross the river.

Modifications have also been made to waterways surrounding the river. Several supply channels divert water from the Vellar to other areas of land or to other bodies of water. One such channel diverts water from the Vellar into [[Wellington Lake]].<ref name="Report"/>

==See also==
*[[List of rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eastern Ghats}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

Lalduhoma ministry

2025-10-24T14:49:23Z

HoracePettigrew:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|First cabinet headed by Zoram People' Movement}} {{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 14th
| jurisdiction = [[Mizoram]]
| flag = File:Seal of Mizoram.svg
| incumbent =
| image = File:Lalduhawma1.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Lalduhoma]] Hon'ble [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]
| date_formed = 8 December 2023
| date_dissolved =
| government_head = [[Lalduhoma]] {{small|[[List of chief ministers of Mizoram|Chief Minister]]}}
| government_head_history =
| state_head ={{bulleted list|[[V. K. Singh]] {{small|[[List of governors of Mizoram|Governor]]}}}}
| members_number = 12
(Including Chief Minister)
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}|border=darkgray}} [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government| Majority]]
{{Composition bar|27|40|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| opposition_leader = [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| election = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| last_election = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Third Zoramthanga ministry]]
| successor =
}}

The '''Lalduhoma ministry''' represents the formation of the cabinet of the Indian state [[Mizoram]] under the leadership of [[Lalduhoma]], who is elected as the second [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]. The [[Zoram People's Movement]] (ZPM), led by Lalduhoma, secured an absolute majority in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], winning 27 out of the 40 seats in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|state assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lalduhoma-takes-oath-as-mizoram-chief-minister-101702020375513.html|title=Lalduhoma sworn-in as Mizoram chief minister; 11 others take oath as ministers|date=8 December 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Lalduhoma assumed the office of Chief Minister of Mizoram in a swearing-in ceremony held at Rajbhawan, [[Mizoram]] on 8 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/zpms-lalduhoma-takes-oath-as-new-chief-minister-of-mizoram-4644876|title=ZPM's Lalduhoma Takes Oath As New Chief Minister Of Mizoram|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The oath of office and secrecy was administered to him and his eleven member cabinet by [[List of governors of Mizoram|Governor]] [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/zpm-lalduhoma-takes-oath-as-mizoram-chief-minister-2473500-2023-12-08|title=ZPM's Lalduhoma takes oath as Mizoram Chief Minister|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
'''Source''': <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/pu-lalduhoma-led-government-sworn-in-mizoram|title=PU LALDUHOMA LED GOVERNMENT SWORN IN MIZORAM|website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Mizoram|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Finance Department of Planning and Programme Implementation Department of Vigilance Department of General Administration Department of Political and Cabinet Department of Law and Judicial And all other departments not specifically assigned to any minister.
| minister1 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Mizoram)|Minister of Home]] Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation Minister of Personnel and Administrative Reforms Minister of Disaster Management and Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[K Sapdanga]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Minister of Transport Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Vanlalhlana]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Local Administration Minister of District Council and Minority Affairs Minister of Art and Culture Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = [[C. Lalsawivunga]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment Minister of Forests and Climate Change Minister of Sericulture Minister of Fisheries Minister of Land Resources Soil and Water Conservation
| minister1 = [[Lalthansanga]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of School Education Minister of Higher and Technical Education Minister of Taxation Minister of Information and Public Relations Minister of Information and Communication Technology
| minister1 = [[Vanlalthlana]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Irrigation and Water Resources Minister of Cooperation
| minister1 = [[P. C. Vanlalruata]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare Minister of Social Welfare and Tribal Affairs Minister of Women and Child Development Tourism
| minister1 = [[Lalrinpuii]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State (Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power and Electricity Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Commerce and IndustriesMinister of State (Independent Charge) for Printing and Stationery
| minister1 = [[F. Rodingliana]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Land Revenue and Settlement
| minister1 = [[B. Lalchhanzova]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Rural Development Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Horticulture Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = [[Lalnilawma]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Labour, Employment, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Sports and Youth Services Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Excise and Narcotics
| minister1 = [[Lalnghinglova Hmar]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Zoram People's Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalduhoma ministry}}
{{Council of Ministers of Mizoram|state=collapsed}}
{{Current Indian ministries}}

[[Category:Government of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizoram ministries]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2023|L]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement]]

Kabalwala

2025-08-13T21:41:24Z

HoracePettigrew: adding info!

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kabalwala
| other_name = ਕਾਬਲਵਾਲਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord| 30.820144 | 74.715897 |display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1444
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=56}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Kabalwala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕਾਬਲਵਾਲਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabalwala · Punjab 142052, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kabalwala,+Punjab+142052/@30.8187224,74.7129228,16.67z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919e46c1ed19b81:0x4e9cf0ce656c23e4!8m2!3d30.8204148!4d74.7154172!16s/g/11g_dg4_t?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Kabalwala · Punjab 142052, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1444 of which 766 are males while 678 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabalwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35547-kabalwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 336 hectares with 275 households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=56}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GMS KABAL WALA {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gms-kabal-wala/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Kalingapal

2025-07-31T05:55:17Z

HoracePettigrew: adding bio!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalingapal
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Bankabihari Temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bankabihari Temple
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.6446|N|85.3253|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 64
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 759021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/ORISSA/DHENKANAL/K/KALINGAPAL|title=Pin Code: KALINGAPAL, DHENKANAL, ORISSA, India, Pincode.net.in|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}} {{URL|dhenkanal.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalingapal''' is a twin/composite village consisting of two revenue villages known as ''Kalinga'' and ''Palachakada''. It also includes a hamlet known as ''Bandhanali''. This village is in [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha, India]]. It is about {{convert|40|km}} from district headquarter [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] . It falls under [[Rasol, Odisha|Rasol]] Police station, which is {{convert|2|km}} from the village.

== History ==
This is an ancient village with a known history of 300 years and was part of [[Hindol State]], which was one of the [[princely state]]s of [[India]] during the period of the [[British Raj]].

== Demography ==

The village falls under Kalinga Panchayat of [[Hindol]] block. The population is around 2500 (Including Kalinga and Palachakada) as per 2011 census.

The village is well connected with Roads and frequent bus services to [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], Dhenkanal, Anugul and other parts of the district and state. [[National Highway 655 (India)]] is just 2 km away from the village.

The village has a post office named Kalingapal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.postoffices.co.in/odisha-or-od-orissa/kalingapal-rasol-21-dhenkanal/|title=Kalingapal Branch Post Office, Rasol 21, Dhenkanal, Odisha|website=Post Offices}}</ref>

== Schools ==

* Kalingapal High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rtiodisha.in/Pages/printAllManual/office_id:7116/lang:|title=Rtiodisha.in}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* KalingaPal UP School
* Sri Aurobindo Life Education Center

== Temples ==
Kalingapal has an ancient Kothaghara with the temple of Lord Bankabihari (Krishna). The village has also a Ram temple, a Kali temple and other small temples of village deities.

== Festivals ==
There are multiple festivals observed in the villages. However, there are grand celebrations of [[Dol Purnima|Dola jatra]]/Holi, Laxmi Puja, Meru Jatra, [[Janmastami]] and [[Ratha Yatra]]. The annual [[Astaprahari]] also being held in a grand manner every year. Other festivals like Khudurukuni, Jahni Osha, [[Raja festival|Raja]], [[Makara Sankranti]] are also celebrated.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dhenkanal district]]

A. K. Sajan

2025-07-21T05:57:10Z

HoracePettigrew: Starting new details - done

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. K. Sajan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Screenwriter]]}}
| years_active = 1989 {{endash}} present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = A. K. Santhosh (brother)
}}

''' A. K. Sajan''' is an Indian screenwriter and film director who is best known for his directorial debut ''[[Stop Violence]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/gangster-movies-in-malayalam-225105.html|title=Gangster Movies In Malayalam That Stayed Loyal To The Genre!|date=2016-05-04|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Chandra Lakshman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/malayalam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813013452/http://www.indiaglitz.com/malayalam|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2014|title=Malayalam Cinema News {{!}} Malayalam Movie Reviews {{!}} Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> He is also known for scripting many movies in the industry. His notable works include ''[[Dhruvam]]'' (1993), [[Butterflies (1993 film)|''Butterflies'']] (1993), ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' (1994), ''[[Crime File]]'' (1999), ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' (2006), ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' (2007) and ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mammootty-Nayanthara-film-begins-filming/articleshow/48782905.cms|title=Mammootty-Nayanthara film begins filming - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>

His brother A. K. Santhosh is also a scriptwriter and have scripted various movies like ''[[Sooryaputhran]]'', ''[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]]'' and a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Malayalam]] bilingual movie ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Its-a-new-genre-in-M-Town-G-Kamaraj/articleshow/15476046.cms|title=It's a new genre in M-Town: G Kamaraj - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> Sajan's last movie was ''[[Pulimada]]'' (2023) starring [[Joju George]], which was a flop.

==Career==
Began his film career as a story writer for some movies in late 1980s. In the early 1990 he pitched the story idea of ''[[Dhruvam]]'' (1993), and began to pen the script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151025/entertainment-mollywood/article/dhruvam-my-favourite-malayalam-movie-vikram|title=Dhruvam, my favourite Malayalam movie: Vikram|last=thomas|first=elizabeth|date=2015-10-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> By mid 1991 with the completed draft he approached [[Joshiy]], and the film started to roll. His next movie ''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]'' (1993) with [[Mohanlal]] also turned out to be a blockbuster.

In 1994, ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' (1994) with [[Suresh Gopi]] in the lead emerged as a super hit which reaffirmed stardom for Suresh Gopi. From there on, they both established as a pair and later worked on several films together. Their notable films were ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' (1994), ''[[Crime File]]'' (1999), ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' (2006) and ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' (2007).

His directorial debut was in 2002 with the movie ''[[Stop Violence]]'' starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in the lead. The movie depicted the life of dark underworld prevailed in the city of [[Kochi]]. Upon its release it garnered critical acclaim for its bold and realistic approach in making.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:175px;"| Film
! colspan="4" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;"| Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Screenplay
! width=65 | Story
! width=65 | Dialogue
|-
|2023
|''[[Pulimada]]''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Joju George's 'Pulimada' gets a release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/joju-georges-pulimada-gets-a-release-date/article67392496.ece |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Also Editor
|-
|2018
| ''[[Neeyum Njanum]]''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/neeyum-njanum-review-it-has-some-nice-moments-and-there-are-some-relevant-issues-review-malayalam-tbuuKNijafaij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121141842/http://www.sify.com/movies/neeyum-njanum-review-it-has-some-nice-moments-and-there-are-some-relevant-issues-review-malayalam-tbuuKNijafaij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2019|title=Review : Neeyum Njanum review: It has some nice moments and there are (2019)|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|Sathya]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/nayanthara-and-mammoottys-acclaimed-malayalam-movie-puthiya-niyamam-to-get-a-bollywood-remake-357935.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331101514/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/nayanthara-and-mammoottys-acclaimed-malayalam-movie-puthiya-niyamam-to-get-a-bollywood-remake-357935.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-31|title=Nayanthara and Mammootty's acclaimed Malayalam movie Puthiya Niyamam to get a Bollywood remake!|website=in.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|'' Veedi Kumaranthe Kadha''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|-
|2012
|''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref name="indiaglitz">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/38023.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613120335/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/38023.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2011|title=A K Sajan with different projects|work=www.indiaglitz.com|accessdate=14 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Osho''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/osho-discipline-role-played-by-biju-menon-in-his-next-510152.html|title=Osho discipline role played by Biju Menon in his next|website=News18|date=21 September 2012 |access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Dhrona 2010]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/28/south-malayalam-movie-review-drona-2010.htm|title=Review: Drona 2010 is disappointing|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''Pampa''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Lanka (2006 film)|Lanka]]''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Aparichithan]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Stop Violence]]''
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Sharja To Sharja]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Crime File]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Sooryaputhran]] ''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Janathipathyam]] ''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1995
|''Manikya Chempazhukka''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{n}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{n}}
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Kashmeeram]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Dhruvam]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{y}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/mammootty-and-ak-sajan-are-back-together-251394.html|title=Mammootty & AK Sajan Are Back Together!|last=Menon|first=Akhila|date=2017-01-10|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1465835}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajan, A. K.}}
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Krishna Mukherjee

2025-07-02T14:43:23Z

HoracePettigrew: adding new stub

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Mukherjee
| image = Krishna Mukherjee snapped at The Phantom of the Opera event (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mukherjee in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|8|12|df=y}}<ref name ="Dob" />
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Chirag Batliwalla|2023}}
| known_for = ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
}}

'''Krishna Mukherjee''' (born 12 August 1992) is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She is best known for her portrayal of Aliya Raghav Bhalla in ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''.

==Early and personal life==
Mukherjee was born on 12 August 1992 in [[Ludhiana, Punjab]] to Vishwaroop Mukherjee and Ruby Mukherjee.<ref name ="Dob">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Krishna Mukherjee celebrates birthday with her girl gang; see pics|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-krishna-mukherjee-celebrates-birthday-with-her-girl-gang-see-pics/articleshow/70645817.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 8 September 2022, Mukherjee got engaged in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] to her longtime boyfriend Chirag Batliwalla, a Parsi sailor who is in [[Indian Merchant Navy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Naagin-fame Krishna Mukherjee engaged to boyfriend in Manali; Aly Goni, Jasmin Bhasin, Arjit Taneja attend. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/naagins-krishna-mukherjee-engaged-to-boyfriend-in-manali-check-out-first-pics-101662644847554.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Krishna Mukherjee gets engaged to her longtime boyfriend Chirag |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/krishna-mukherjee-gets-engaged-to-her-longtime-boyfriend-chirag-aly-goni-shireen-mirza-and-more-share-pics-1189201 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314211745/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/krishna-mukherjee-gets-engaged-to-her-longtime-boyfriend-chirag-aly-goni-shireen-mirza-and-more-share-pics-1189201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 13 March 2023, they got married in Goa in a Bengali ceremony .<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein fame Krishna Mukherjee ties the knot with Chirag Batliwalla; couple decked up in traditional red and white Bengali look |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-fame-krishna-mukherjee-ties-the-knot-with-chirag-batliwalla-couple-decked-up-in-traditional-red-and-white-bengali-look/articleshow/98612241.cms |access-date=2023-03-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wedding Pics: TV Star Krishna Mukherjee Marries Boyfriend Chirag Batliwalla In An Intimate Bengali Ceremony |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/wedding-pics-tv-star-krishna-mukherjee-marries-boyfriend-chirag-batliwalla-in-an-intimate-bengali-ceremony-3859601 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Mukherjee debuted with ''Jhalli Anjali'' as Sheela. She then appeared in ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' as Sanjana on [[Bindass]] opposite Reyansh Bhatia,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Krishna Mukherjee opposite Reyansh Bhatia in Bindass' Yeh Hai Aashiqui|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krishna-mukherjee-opposite-reyansh-bhatia-in-bindass-yeh-hai-aashiqui/articleshow/51157083.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and in ''Twist Wala Love'' as Arshiya.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to go off air in June. This is what Krishna Mukherjee has to say|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-in-june-this-is-what-krishna-mukherjee-has-to-say-1502991-2019-04-16|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Mukherjee joined [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'', a [[Star Plus]] programme, in 2016 as Aliya opposite Abhishek Verma and [[Abhishek Malik]], which proved to be her breakthrough role.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Exclusive: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to go off air in June, confirms Krishna Mukherjee aka Aliya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-in-june-confirms-krishna-mukherjee-aka-alia/articleshow/68890597.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Krishna Mukherjee to play negative role in Naagin 3, says don't want fans to hate me|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krishna-mukherjee-to-play-negative-role-in-naagin-3-says-dont-want-fans-to-hate-me/articleshow/68892791.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Simultaneously, she also signed a negative role in Kapoor's another production, a supernatural fiction series ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]'', where she appeared in its last few episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-alia-aka-krishna-mukherjee-to-join-naagin-3-heres-what-the-actress-has-to-say/articleshow/68779156.cms|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Alia aka Krishna Mukherjee to join Naagin 3? Here's what the actress has to say|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> She entered the show in May 2019 as Taamsi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Aliya aka Krishna Mukherjee to play negative character in Naagin 3?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-s-aliya-aka-krishna-mukherjee-to-play-negative-character-in-naagin-3-1497447-2019-04-09|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-3-krishna-mukherjees-grown-up-look-as-taamsi-revealed-see-pics/articleshow/69042274.cms|title=Naagin 3: Krishna Mukherjee's grown-up look as Taamsi revealed|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

After the culmination of ''Yeh Hai Mohabbatein'' in December 2019, Mukherjee took a small hiatus from acting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Here's the promo of Naagin 5 spin-off Kuch Toh Hai starring Harsh Rajput and Krishna Mukherjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-the-promo-of-naagin-5-spin-off-kuch-toh-hai-starring-harsh-rajput-and-krishna-mukherjee-watch-now/articleshow/80587264.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2021, ''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]'', shortly known as ''Kuch Toh Hai'', a [[spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]],'' was announced.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Krishna Mukherjee and Harsh Rajput to star in Naagin 5 spin off Kuch Toh Hai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/celebrity/story/krishna-mukherjee-and-harsh-rajput-to-star-in-naagin-5-spin-off-kuch-toh-hai-1763989-2021-01-29|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, she was seen as Priya Singhania opposite [[Harsh Rajput]]. She also worked in [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]'s ''[[Shubh Shagun]]'' opposite [[Shehzada Dhami]].

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''Jhalli Anjali''
| Sheena
|
|-
|''Yeh hai Aashiqui''
|Sanjana
|Episode: Kidnapped
|
|-
|Twist Wala Love
|Arshiya
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| ''MTV Big F''
| Jia
|Episode: "Love is Fair"
|
|-
|''Savdhaan India''
|Preeti
|Episode: "The Criminal Couple"
|
|-
|''C.I.D''
|Vishakha
|Episode: "Dahej Ka Chakravyuh"
|
|-
| 2016–2019
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]}}
|Aliya Raghav Bhalla
|
|-
| 2019
|''[[Naagin 3]]''
|Taamsi
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]''
|Priya Raheja Singhania
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''Shubh Shagun''
| Shagun Shubh Jaiswal
|
|-
| ''Hasratein''
| Jyoti
|Episode: "Izzat"
|
|-
| ''Life Navrangi''
| Saloni
|
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer!!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''Black''
|[[Guru Randhawa]]
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Ik Wari''
| Prabha Gill
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9943928}}
*{{instagram | krishna_mukherjee786}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Krishna}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

State Highway 13 (West Bengal)

2025-06-21T14:06:19Z

HoracePettigrew: Creating basic details initial version

{{Short description|Road in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state = West Bengal
|type=SH
|route=13
|alternate_name =
|maint =
|length_km = 82.61
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = Junction with [[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]] and [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] at [[Palsit]]
|junction = [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] at Memari Durgapur Expressway-GT Road connector near Memari Boinchi-Kalna Road, Boinchi-Dhaniakhali Road and Boinchi-Bisara Road at Boinchi Kuntighat-Mogra Road, Mogra-Gurup Road, Mogra-Polba Road and Tribeni Ghat Road at Mogra [[Grand Trunk Road]] at Saptagram Chunchura-Dhaniakhali Road at Sugandha [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] at Baidyabati
|b =
|terminus_b = Junction with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] and [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] at [[Dankuni]].
|districts= [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]], [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]]
}}
'''State Highway 13 (West Bengal)''' is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Route==
As per Government of India’s Gazette notification in 2010, [[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]] runs from its junction with [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] near [[Mallarpur]] in [[Birbhum]] to its junction with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] near Bardhaman.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|accessdate=24 February 2017|location=New Delhi}}</ref> As per the Public Works Department of the Government of West Bengal, SH 13 runs from Palsit to Dankuni.<ref name=pwd>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 24 February 2017}}</ref> As per West Bengal Traffic Police, SH 13 runs from [[Mallarpur]] to Dankuni.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref> Here we are considering the route for SH 13 from Palsit to Dankuni. For those who are interested in the route from Mallarpur to Palsit may see [[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]].

SH 13 originates from junction with [[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]] and [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] at [[Palsit]] (in Bardhaman district) and passes through [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman|Rasulpur]], [[Memari]], [[Boinchi]], [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]], [[Mogra]], [[Saptagram (modern)|Saptagram]], [[Sugandha, Hooghly|Sugandha]] and [[Baidyabati]], and terminates at the junction with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], [[Belghoria Expressway]] and [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] at [[Dankuni]] (in Hooghly district).<ref>Google maps</ref>

The total length of SH 13 is 82.61 km.<ref name=pwd/>

Districts traversed by SH 13 are:<ref name=pwd/> 
Bardhaman district (0 – 16.34 km) Hooghly district (16.34 – 82.61 km)

==Road section==
It is divided into three road section:<ref name=pwd/><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Bardhaman Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/hugli.html|title = Hughli Tehsil CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Road Section ||District || CD Block ||Length (km)
|-
|Palsit-Debipur (old [[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]])||Purba Bardhaman||[[Burdwan II]], [[Memari I]], ||16.34
|-
|Debipur-Mogra (old GT Road)||Hooghly|| [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]] ||37.61
|-
|Mogra-Dankuni ([[Delhi Road]])||Hooghly||[[Chinsurah Mogra]]||44
|}

===Delhi Road===
'''Delhi Road''', [[also known as|a.k.a.]] '''Old Delhi Road''' is a 4 laned {{convert|44|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[highway]] in [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The road falls under [[Kolkata metropolitan area]] and connects one end of [[Kalyani Expressway]] in [[Chinsurah Mogra|Mogra]] to [[Durgapur Expressway]] in [[Dankuni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/story-details/92|title=Kolkata on Wheels|website=www.kolkataonwheels.com}}</ref> Before the formulation of [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and opening of [[Durgapur Expressway]], the road was major thoroughfare from Kolkata to Hooghly and thereafter to the old GT Road. In 2020, Delhi Road was renovated and expanded.

The endpoints of the road are [[Chinsurah Mogra|Mogra]] and [[Dankuni]]. From Dankuni, the road starts with a system interchange with [[Durgapur Expressway]] and bypasses TN Mukherjee Road through Dankuni State Highway Flyover. Some connector or spur roads have met or emerged or crossed from this road such as:
*Naity Road connects [[Konnagar]]
*Bamunari Road connects [[Rishra]]
*Firingi Road connects [[Serampore]]
*Road no. 31 connects [[Serampore]] and [[Durgapur Expressway]]
*Bhola Road connects [[Chandannagar]]
*Shankar Road connects [[Chuchura]]

Some of the other major roads which have met Delhi Road are:
*[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|West Bengal SH 2]] near [[Baidyabati]]
*Chuchura Dhaniakhali Road
*[[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|West Bengal SH 6]] ([[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]] ar [[Saptagram]])

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}

[[Category:State highways in West Bengal]]

Muhammad Aslam (field hockey)

2025-04-21T19:45:46Z

HoracePettigrew: update page after review

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] | [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Sardar Muhammad Aslam Bagga''' (1910 – unknown) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who competed in the [[1932 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/119991 |title=Mohammad Aslam |publisher=Olympedia}}</ref>

In 1932 he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played one match as back.

He was born in modern-day [[Lyallpur]] now Faisalabad, Pakistan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205095641/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=ASLAMMUH01 Olympic profile]

{{India FH Squad 1932 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aslam, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]

{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

All India Youth League

2025-03-17T09:00:26Z

HoracePettigrew: improved references for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[Image:Aiyl2.PNG|thumb|AIYL flag]]'''All India Youth League''' is the youth wing of the Indian political party [[All India Forward Bloc]].<ref>[[Konrad Adenauer Stiftung]]. ''[https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/7_dokument_dok_pdf_37289_2.pdf/ecae4f7c-d46c-37cb-b4a9-1278f851c45b?version=1.0&t=1539654394659 REGIONAL/STATE PARTIES IN INDIA - AN ANNOTATED ALMANAC]'' www.kas.de accessed 1 November 2024</ref>

AIYL was founded in 1928 by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], as the first national youth organization.<ref>Thomas Kalathuveettil. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uv_kAAAAMAAJ Serving Youth Today in India: Papers, Reports, and Final Statement of the All India Research Seminar on Youth, Kristu Jyoti College, Bangalore 560036, Oct. 28-Nov. 1, 1992]''. Kristu Jyoti Publications, 1993. p. 244 via books.google.com</ref> By the end of 1929 the youth movement was growing, with AIYL being set up across the country.<ref name="Joshi1992">{{cite book | author = Shashi Joshi | date = 1992 | title = Struggle for Hegemony in India, 1920-47: The Colonial State, the Left and the National Movement | publisher = Sage Publications | pages =193 | isbn = 9788170362593 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bxduAAAAMAAJ |via=books.google.com}}</ref>

Shri Magharam Vaidya was elected as the Prime Minister of the Forward All-India Youth League in Calcutta from 1937 to 40.<ref>''[https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?7157 Magharam Vaidya]'' amritmahotsav.nic.in accessed 1 November 2024</ref>

[[Ansar Harvani]] was the president of AIYL 1946-1952.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=m8EBAAAAMAAJ Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon]''. Who's Who Publishers (India) Limited, 1967. p. 55, via books.google.com</ref>

AIYL is a member of [[World Federation of Democratic Youth]].<ref>''[https://www.un.org/esa/documents/ecosoc/c2/1999/ec21999-3.pdf List of WFDY membership as of 31 January 1999]'' www.un.org</ref> It became a WFDY affiliate in 1951.<ref>World Federation of Democratic Youth. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AVhYAAAAMAAJ Peace and Friendship: Through Unity to Peace, Through Peace to Happiness; the Work of the IIIrd World Youth Congress from July 25th to 30th, 1953, Bucharest]''. World youth magazine, 1953. p. 304, via books.google.com</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
Biography of [https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?7438 Ramnarayan sharma] son of Vaidhmagharam at ''amritmahotsav.nic.in''

[[Category:Youth wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Sonali Vishnu Shingate

2025-03-03T18:40:42Z

HoracePettigrew: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Sonali Shingate]]

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Ahar Pyne

2024-11-07T10:56:15Z

HoracePettigrew: Starting new stub - done

{{Short description|Indian agricultural system}}
'''''Ahar Pyne''''' or '''''Ahar-Pyne''''' refers to a traditional agricultural system in [[Bihar|South Bihar]], [[India]], using channels and retention ponds to manage [[water resources]]. The system was widely used in South Bihar for centuries before declining in the 20th century, but is seeing renewed interest in the 21st century.

== Description ==
''Ahar-pynes'' originated in South Bihar, [[East India|Eastern India]]. The region is dominated by fertile plains which make South Bihar a productive agricultural center. However, the region's terrain also leaves it prone to negative environmental effects. During years with a heavy summer [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] the plains are prone to severe flooding, while during years with a weak monsoon the area suffers from droughts - both effects harm agricultural production and damage the local environment. South Bihar is also home to a number of small, fast-flowing tributary rivers that swell during rains and exasperate flooding.<ref name=":0">Koul, D. N., Singh, S., Neelam, G., & Shukla, G. (2012). ''Traditional water management systems-An overview of Ahar-pyne system in South Bihar plains of India and need for its revival.''</ref>

To adapt to the region's unpredictable weather, Bihari farmers developed a system of agriculture known as ''ahar-pynes''. Under the system, channels (''pynes'')<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=:: Parampara Project {{!}} AHAR PYNE ::|url=https://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_ahar_pyane.html|access-date=2020-07-28|website=www.paramparaproject.org}}</ref> are dug into the soil - allowing for water to flow - with raised embankments on the sides. The channel is interspersed with small retention ponds (''ahars''),<ref name=":1" /> useful for collecting excess water. The design of the system serves a dual purpose, draining water during floods and retaining water during droughts. The system also allows for the establishing of [[Patty|crop-yielding patties]] on the sides of the channel and around the ponds.<ref name=":0" /> Correct usage of the system can allow for farmers to plant two crops a year, increasing food security and bringing in extra income.<ref>Niranjan Pant. "Indigenous Irrigation in South Bihar: A Case of Congruence of Boundaries." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 33, no. 49 (1998): 3132-138. Accessed July 28, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/4407444.</ref>

''Ahar-pynes'' are traditionally established by hand, with individual farmers often owning several different parts of the channel. Some of the channels are long enough to supply water to multiple villages and can extend for dozens of kilometres. As noted by some sources, this communal ownership entices the local community to maintain the system regardless of caste (though historically some castes were assigned different roles while maintaining the system)<ref name=":0" /> or economic status. The work of maintaining ''ahar-pynes'' was historically split between local governments and farmers, a tradition collectively known as ''[[Kudimaramathu]]'';<ref name=":0" /> individual farmers were expected to clear their patties of silt and other obstructions (a system known as ''goam''), while governments performed more extensive maintenance. Maintenance was community-sourced, and government work was paid for with a fee known as the ''Gilandazi''.<ref name=":0" /> The combined result of these efforts was the creation of a community-sustained cheap and effective means of managing water resources.<ref name=":0" />

=== Decline ===
''Ahar-pynes'' were an important part of the South Bihari economy for centuries (some sources attribute the system to the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha kingdom]], making it several thousand years old<ref>{{Cite web|title=It’s time for nature, but how?|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/opinion/its-time-for-nature-but-how/104606|access-date=2020-07-28|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-04|title=Ancient Mauryan technology brings water, hope to dry Magadh in Bihar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ancient-mauryan-technology-brings-water-hope-to-dry-magadh-in-bihar/story-aMtlAukgnrYEFR4vjB1DrL.html|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>), as they were a cheap, easily-repairable way to manage water resources. By the early 20th century local governments had established registries to organize the distribution of water rights, and 35% of South Bihar's cropped land was being cultivated using water supplied by ''ahar-pynes''. However, usage of ''ahar-pynes'' greatly declined in the 20th century as the South Bihari population began to adopt more modern agricultural techniques, such as [[Tube well|tube wells]] (which are heavily subsidized by the Indian government).<ref name=":0" /> Many older ''ahar-pynes'' were abandoned and fell into disrepair, with some becoming receptacles for waste water.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-20|title=TBI Videos: Magadh Jal Jamaat Helps Revive 2000-year old Flood Water Harvesting Systems in Gaya, Bihar|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/6963/tbi-videos-magadh-jal-jamaat-helps-revive-2000-year-old-flood-water-harvesting-systems-in-gaya-bihar/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Revival ===
In the 21st century, renewed attention has led to some sources advocating for the re-establishments of ''ahar-pynes''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Proponents of the system cite the cheap cost of establishing ''ahar-pynes'' when compared to large-scale irrigation projects, and note that the community-driven history of the system will reduce maintenance costs while increasing the wealth of the local populace.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water resource management in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Bihar]]

Kushinagar Express

2024-06-06T14:08:49Z

HoracePettigrew: added info

#REDIRECT [[Kushinagar Superfast Express]]

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