Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sadakat Aman Khan

2026-05-07T21:36:19Z

HongGrasby5256: started new entry

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sadakat Aman Khan
| image = Sadakat Aman Khan Press Photo.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sadakat Aman Khan in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Malda, West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = {{hlist|[[Coventry University]]|[[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|Composer|Author}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], Harmonium metal
| instruments = {{hlist|[[Harmonium]]|Piano|[[Melodica]]}}
| label = Gramin Records
| alias = Mr. Harmonium
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Sadakat-aman-khan-voice.ogg|title=Sadakat Aman Khan's voice|type=speech|description=Sadakat Aman Khan's Interview Recorded 4 February 2026}}
}}
| website = {{URL|https://sadakatamankhan.com}}
| signature =
}}

'''Sadakat Aman Khan''' is an Indian classical musician and harmonium player based in the United Kingdom.<ref name="IndieBharat2025">{{cite web |last=Riya A. |title=Sadakat Aman Khan: Inside the Mind of a Modern Harmonium Artist |url=https://indiebharat.com/entertainment/sadakat-aman-khan-inside-the-mind-of-a-modern-harmonium-artist |website=IndieBharat.com |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref> He performs Hindustani classical music and fusion on solo harmonium and is popularly known as "Mr. Harmonium."<ref name="IndieBharat">{{cite web |title=TEDx Speaker & Musical Innovator: Sadakat Aman Khan's Harmonium Legacy |website=Indie Bharat |date=14 April 2025 |url=https://indiebharat.com/artists/tedx-speaker-musical-innovator-sadakat-aman-khans-harmonium-legacy |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Awaz">{{cite web |last=Gaur |first=Vidushi |title=Sadakat Aman Khan: Young musician who is taking Indian classical music to Europe |website=Awaz – The Voice |date=16 November 2025 |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/personality-news/sadakat-aman-khan-young-musician-who-is-taking-indian-classical-music-to-europe-43878.html |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Vocal">{{cite web |last=Mehta |first=Aarohi |title="Carrying the Harmonium Across Continents" — An Interview with Sadakat Aman Khan |website=Vocal.media |date=20 November 2025 |url=https://vocal.media/interview/carrying-the-harmonium-across-continents-an-interview-with-sadakat-aman-khan-bo2z80kfp |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref name='NewsGlobal'>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Ashraf |title=Sadakat Aman Khan Emerges as a Musical Artist Worldwide |url=https://newsglobal.in/sadakat-aman-khan-emerges-as-a-musical-artist-worldwide/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009091846/https://newsglobal.in/sadakat-aman-khan-emerges-as-a-musical-artist-worldwide/ |archive-date=9 October 2021 |url-status=dead |website=NewsGlobal |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref name='harmoniumMetal'>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Soumika M. |title=Mr. Harmonium |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/2461246/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/13-12-2019#page/19/1 |work=The New Indian Express (E-Paper) |date=13 December 2019 |page=19/1 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref name='GOI'>{{cite web | title=Mandatory Disclosure Report 2022 – Goa Institute of Management | url=https://gim.ac.in/sites/default/files/2022-11/Mandatory%20Disclosure-2022%20%28FINAL%29.pdf#page=300 | website=[[Goa Institute of Management]] | date=1 October 2022 | pages=300 | access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="SwargangaProfile">{{cite web |title=Sadakat Aman Khan |url=https://www.swarganga.org/artists/918/Sadakat%20Aman%20Khan |website=Swarganga.org |access-date=2 January 2026
}}</ref>

He is the founder of '''Harmonium Metal'''.<ref name="IndieBharat"/><ref name="USPeople">{{cite web |last=Rocks |first=Savia |title=Sadakat Aman Khan – Music Personality – Indian Classical Musician & Author – S3 #097 |website=Us People Podcast |date=18 January 2025 |url=https://uspeoplepodcast.com/season-3/episode-097 |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref name='harmoniumMetal'/>

== Early life and background ==
Khan was born in Malda, West Bengal, into a family of Hindustani classical musicians. His grandfather, ''Sangeetacharya Ustad Md. Yunus Khan'', was a noted vocalist, and his parents are ''Ustad Sahadat Rana Khan'', a prominent vocalist, and ''Najhum Ara Razi''.<ref name=GoogleBooks>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOVZEAAAQBAJ&dq=Inayat+Hussain+Khan+vocalist+classical+music&pg=PA |title=Gharanas of Indian Music – Najhum Ara Razi (page v)|last=Khan|first=Sadakat Aman|author-link=Sadakat Aman Khan|date=19 January 2022 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88569-411-7 }}</ref> Khan received his early musical training from his father and grandfather.<ref name="Awaz"/><ref name='NewsGlobal'/>

He completed a [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Computer Science Engineering]] at [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]] (KIIT University) in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Times of Malwa |title=Sadakat Aman Khan की शानदार सफलता की कहानी |website=Times of Malwa |date=15 June 2021 |url=https://www.timesofmalwa.in/2021/06/%20Sadakat-Aman%20Khan-Ki-Safalta-Ki-Kahani.html |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref> He later completed an MBA in Global Business at [[Coventry University]], London.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Coventry University London to global stages: Sadakat Aman Khan's story |url=https://www.coventry.ac.uk/blog/from-coventry-university-london-to-global-stages-sadakat-khans-story/ |website=Coventry University |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khan began performing publicly in 2010 and has since given harmonium recitals in India and abroad. In 2020, he made his international debut with a solo concert at [[Nanhua University]], Taiwan.<ref name="Awaz"/><ref name="Khabar">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shubham |title=प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तित्व सदाकत अमन खान के पीछे की कहानी |website=Khabar Satta |date=14 June 2021 |url=https://khabarsatta.com/article/sadakat-aman-khan-the-story-behind-famous-personality-sadakat-aman-khan/ |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref name='GOI'/>

He has performed alongside musicians including [[Shafqat Ali Khan|Ustad Shafqat Ali Khan]],<ref name='Culture'>{{cite web |last=Shetty |first=Anjali |title=Sadakat Aman Khan: Music Was My First Language |url=https://culturecrossroads.ca/posts/sadakat-aman-khan-music-was-my-first-language/ |website=Culture Crossroads |date=12 December 2025 |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref> Ustad Waseem Ahmed Khan, and [[Raza Ali Khan|Ustad Raza Ali Khan]].

After relocating to the United Kingdom, he remained active as a performer of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] and [[fusion music]].<ref name="Vocal"/>

==Discography==
* Ab Na Manoon Tori Batiyan (feat. Ustad Sahadat Rana Khan & Aniruddha Roy)
* Brij Dhaam (feat. Aniruddha Roy)
* Devil's Cry (feat. Siddharth & Shib)<ref name='NewsGlobal'/><ref>{{cite web |last=KJ |first= |title=Sadakat Aman Khan Creates a New Genre with Harmonium Metal in “Devil's Cry” |url=https://lyricsandthreads.com/sadakat-aman-khan-creates-a-new-genre-with-harmonium-metal-in-devils-cry/ |website=LyricsAndThreads.com |date=26 December 2023 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
* Indian National Anthem in Harmonium
* Bellicose<ref>{{cite web |title=Harmonium Metal track 'Bellicose' by Sadakat Aman Khan releases |url=https://www.indiangabbar.com/entertainment/harmonium-metal-track-bellicose-by-sadakat-aman-khan-releases-807.html |website=Indian Gabbar |author=Pratik Singh |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104124155/https://www.indiangabbar.com/entertainment/harmonium-metal-track-bellicose-by-sadakat-aman-khan-releases-807.html |access-date=25 December 2025 |archive-date=4 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Gharanas of Indian Music''<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Review: Gharanas of Indian Music by Sadakat Aman Khan |url=https://vocal.media/bookclub/book-review-gharanas-of-indian-music-by-sadakat-aman-khan |author=Aarohi Mehta |website=Vocal.Media |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
* ''Basics of Harmonium''
* ''10 Thaats in Harmonium''

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12543156}}
*[https://sadakatamankhan.com Official Website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aman Khan, Sadakat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology alumni]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Raipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T01:31:07Z

HongGrasby5256:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raipur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Raipur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Raipur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| constituency_no = 250
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = [[Kshetra Mohan Hansda]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 178,267
}}
'''Raipur''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 250 Raipur Assembly constituency (ST) is composed of the following: [[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)|Raipur]] and [[Sarenga, Bankura (community development block)|Sarenga]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2011-04-03 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Raipur Assembly constituency is part of No. 36 [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Jadu Nath Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|Jatindra Nath Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jadu Nath Murmu
|-
|Sudha Rani Dutta
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sudha Rani Dutta
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Bhabatosh Saren
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Babulal Saren
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Maniklal Besra
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Apindra Kisku
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="7"|Upen Kisku
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Birendra Nath Tudu
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Mrityunjoy Murmu
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Kshetra Mohan Hansda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thakur Mani Saren
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kshetra Mohan Hansda]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = RamChandra Mandi
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shubra Hembram
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Suklal Tudu
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ananta Kisku
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mrityunjoy Murmu]]
|votes = 101,043
|percentage = 51.96
|change = +1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shudhansu Hansda
|votes = 81,645
|percentage = 41.98
|change = +33.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Milan Mandi
|votes = 6,593
|percentage = 3.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,986
|percentage = 1.54
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukchand Saren
|votes = 1,161
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shyampada Mudi
|votes = 1,048
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 194,476
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Raipur (ST) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Birendra Nath Tudu]]
|votes = 89,841
|percentage = 50.67
|change = +6.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Hansda
|votes = 63,119
|percentage = 35.60
|change = -8.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shudhansu Hansda
|votes = 14,332
|percentage = 8.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,215
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Chunaram Saren
|votes = 2,769
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dulal Saren
|votes = 1,740
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Kandan Mandi
|votes = 1,552
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Kalipada Hembram
|votes = 754
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,322
|percentage = 86.70
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Raipur<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25250.htm |title = Raipur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516060734/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25250.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=250| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072333/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=250| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raipur | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raipur |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Upen Kisku
|votes = 69,008
|percentage = 44.38
|change = -10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Pramila Murmu
|votes = 68,826
|percentage = 44.26
|change = +9.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = [[Kshetra Mohan Hansda]]
|votes = 7,776
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pelaram Murmu
|votes = 3,770
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukchand Saren
|votes = 3,501
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jnanada Mandi
|votes = 1,501
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhirendranath Mandi
|votes = 1,050
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Parisritosh Saren
|votes = 658
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 155,490
|percentage = 87.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -19.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, 1991, 1987 and 1982 state assembly elections, Upen Kisku of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Raipur assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Bibhabati Tudu of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Kshetra Mohan Hansda, Independent, Smritirekha Kisku of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Aditya Kisku, Independent, and Bhabaosh Saren of Congress (two consecutive elections), respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Apindra Kisku of CPI(M) defeated Gangadhar Murmu of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp245.htm |title = 245 - Raipur (ST) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-04-03 }}</ref>

===1952-1972===
Maniklal Besra of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972. Babulal Saren of [[Jharkhand Party]] won in 1971. Bhabatosh Saren of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969 and 1967. Sudha Rani Dutta of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In 1957 and 1952 Raipur had dual/ joint seats. Jadu Nath Murmu and Sudha Rani Dutta, both of Congress, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. Jadu Nath Murmu, Independent, and Jatindra Nath Basu of Congress, won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1952]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2011-04-03 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Palayamkottai Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T12:42:41Z

HongGrasby5256: put up a pg

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Palayamkottai
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 226
| map_image = Constitution-Palayamkottai.svg
| established = 1977
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| mla = [[M. Abdul Wahab]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 257,329
}}
'''Palayamkottai''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Tirunelveli district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It falls under [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===Tamil Nadu===
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[V. S. T. Shamsulalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[S. Gurunathan]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| P. Dharmalingam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Mohamed Kodar Maideen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan=4| [[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2| [[M. Abdul Wahab]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.10}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Abdul Wahab]]
|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=79,744 |percentage= 44.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Maria John
|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=65939 |percentage=36.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Dr. Sankara Narayanan
|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10465 |percentage=5.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Zyed Sultan Samsudeen
|party=AIADMK|votes=19732 |percentage=10.92 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes=851 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 180,620 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,55,130|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web|title=Palayamkottai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a226|access-date= 18 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Abdul Wahab]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,117 |percentage=55.89% |change=+12.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. J. C. Jerald |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,976 |percentage=23.19% |change=-10.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=12,241 |percentage=7.68% |change=+3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Fathima |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,665 |percentage=7.32% |change=+5.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Premnath |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=8,107 |percentage=5.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,647 |percentage=1.03% |change=-0.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52,141 |percentage=32.70% |change= 22.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,59,444 |percentage=58.32% |change= -2.68% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=266|percentage=0.17% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,73,379 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,463 |percentage=43.62 |change=+0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. A. Hyder Ali |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,591 |percentage=33.36 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. A. Nizam Mohideen |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,593 |percentage=8.14 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nirmal Singh Yadav |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,063 |percentage=4.57 |change=-0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Shahul Hameed |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=7,008 |percentage=4.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,947 |percentage=1.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arumuga Nainar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,592 |percentage=1.68 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nishthar Ali |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,315 |percentage=0.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,872 |percentage=10.26 |change= 9.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,648 |percentage=61.00 |change= -7.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,53,520 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,049 |percentage=42.76 |change=-14.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Palani |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=57,444 |percentage=42.31 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Sahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=7,032 |percentage=5.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karthick Narayanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,939 |percentage=5.11 |change=+3.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Hyder Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=2,624 |percentage=1.93 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Velayutham |party=Independent politician |votes=1,000 |percentage=0.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Stephen |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=983 |percentage=0.72 |change=-0.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=605 |percentage=0.45 |change= -27.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,770 |percentage=68.62 |change= 4.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,857 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,114 |percentage=57.16 |change=+4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Nijamudeen |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,815 |percentage=29.43 |change=-9.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. K. K. Kaleel Raguman |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,342 |percentage=4.26 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Murugan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=5,399 |percentage=3.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pechimuthu @ Arunachalasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,839 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Edward Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,354 |percentage=1.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subash Sundar |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,299 |percentage=27.74 |change= 13.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,48,900 |percentage=64.07 |change= 14.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,32,395 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,934 |percentage=53.13% |change=-9.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthu Karuppan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,186 |percentage=39.12% |change=+15.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nazareth Durai |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,383 |percentage=5.11% |change=+0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mubarak Ahamed |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,304 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Balamurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=581 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,748 |percentage=14.01% |change= -25.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,282 |percentage=49.18% |change= -13.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,114 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mohamed Kodar Maideen]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,303 |percentage=62.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dharmalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,939 |percentage=23.80% |change=-22.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Sudarsan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,093 |percentage=4.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Velu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,991 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. A. Nijam Mohaideen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,516 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Davood |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,066 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,364 |percentage=39.19% |change= 32.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,210 |percentage=62.23% |change= 3.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,86,856 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dharamalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,141 |percentage=46.11% |change=+29.19 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |votes=38,250 |percentage=39.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. K. S. Muhammed Meeran Mohideen |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=12,429 |percentage=12.69% |change=-19.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,891 |percentage=7.04% |change= 4.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,909 |percentage=59.21% |change= -7.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,762 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gurunathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,046 |percentage=34.41% |change=-17.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Khaja Mohideen |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=31,615 |percentage=31.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajaselvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,738 |percentage=16.92% |change=-30.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppiah |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,321 |percentage=13.46% |change=-33.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Gaspar Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=802 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,431 |percentage=2.46% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,943 |percentage=66.64% |change= -4.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,200 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. T. Shamsulalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,209 |percentage=51.92% |change=+9.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,004 |percentage=47.09% |change=-10.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Gaspar Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=855 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,205 |percentage=4.83% |change= -11.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,068 |percentage=70.66% |change= 3.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,308 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,049 |percentage=57.96% |change=+13.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suba Seetharaman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,680 |percentage=42.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,369 |percentage=15.91% |change= -5.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,729 |percentage=67.31% |change= 6.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,635 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palayamkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,146 |percentage=44.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Shanmugan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,192 |percentage=22.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Arumugha Konar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,202 |percentage=21.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Justin |party=Janata Party |votes=6,973 |percentage=10.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Seyad Ibrahim Alim |party=Independent politician |votes=574 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,954 |percentage=21.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,087 |percentage=60.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,603 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|8.7166|N|77.7333|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Ajay Data

2026-05-01T06:06:12Z

HongGrasby5256: new initial data initial version!

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajay Data
| image = Ajay Data 01.jpg
| image size = 250
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|03|22}}
| birth_place = [[Khairthal]], India
| occupation = CEO Data Ingenious Global Limited
| children = 2
| awards = Aegis Graham Bell Award for best innovation in Enterprise Solution Category 2017
| spouse = Nidhie A Data
}}
'''Ajay Data ''' is an Indian entrepreneur with interest in IT, Edible Oil and [https://view19.in/premier-handball-league-set-to-start-with-a-bang/ Handball]. He is elected<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/ajay-data-elected-chairman-of-uasg/article26508151.ece|title=Ajay Data elected Chairman of UASG|last=Kurup|first=Rajesh|website=@businessline|date=12 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> Chair of Universal Acceptance Steering Group ([[Universal Acceptance|UASG]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.internetx.com/en/news-detailview/its-all-about-domains-with-dr-ajay-data-uasg/|title=It's all about domains with Dr Ajay Data (UASG)|last=Catania|first=Simone|website=InterNetX |language=en|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> Data led the creation of one of the world's first linguistic email address mobile apps for [[Internationalized Domain Names]] domains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tech/internet/datamail-worlds-first-free-linguistic-email-service-supports-eight-india-languages/articleshow/54923001.cms|title=DataMail: World's first free linguistic email service supports eight India languages|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://digitalconqurer.com/gadgets/made-india-datamail-empowers-russia-email-address-russian-language/|title=Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror|date=2016-12-07|work=Digital Conqueror|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-US}}</ref> He provided leadership as chair to bring Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/icann-to-enable-website-name-booking-in-indian-scripts/articleshow/65374233.cms Indian language] Top level domain (TLD) into root servers. He has been recently credited<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellorajasthan.com/tag/graham-bell-award/|title=GRAHAM BELL AWARD Archives - Hello Rajasthan:Hindi News, Latest News in Hindi, News in Hindi, Hindi News Paper|website=Hello Rajasthan:Hindi News, Latest News in Hindi, News in Hindi, Hindi News Paper|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-12}}</ref> with Graham Bell Award for this innovation and Pt Deendayal Upadhyay Excellence Award for work in languages and script. ICANN-UASG case study<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uasg.tech/documents/|title = Documents}}</ref> explains and talk about it in detail. He had proposed a standard for downgrading with Alias, which was accepted and recommended as best practice by Universal Acceptance Steering Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uasg.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Notes-UASG-Coordination-Group-Face-to-Face-Meeting-Hong-Kong-January-2018-v18-01-19.pdf|title=Universal Acceptance Group|last=Hollander|first=Don|website=uasg.tech}}</ref> His mobile app provides access email access in 19 languages including Cyrillic,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2016/12/223-datamail-russian-email-ids/|title=After Indic languages, DataMail now offers Russian language email ids|website=www.medianama.com|date=8 December 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> Arabic,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/now-write-emails-eight-major-indian-languages-courtesy-datamail-51599|title=Now, write emails in eight major Indian languages courtesy DataMail|date=2016-10-19|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> Thai, Mandarin,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/datamail-starts-email-service-in-chinese-language/1228193|title=Datamail starts e-mail service in Chinese language|work=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> Korean<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/indian-firm-develops-email-service-in-korean-script|title=Indian firm develops email service in Korean script|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-06-02|language=en}}</ref> and 15 Indian<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/bsnl-datamail-partner-to-offer-free-email-addresses-in-8-indian-languages-1640646|title=BSNL, Datamail to Offer Free Email Addresses in 8 Indian Languages|work=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}</ref> languages. which is available through DataMail app.

==Early life and education==

Ajay Data was born on 22 March 1973 in [[Khairthal]], [[Alwar]] District Rajasthan. After completing his school education from Indra Happy School and Government Higher Secondary School, Khairthal, he moved to Jaipur for college studies.

After completion of his studies in 1999, Data founded Data Infosys Ltd, now called as Data Ingenious Global Ltd, in Rajasthan.

==Ajay Data @ ICANN==
He was co-chair of [[ICANN]] Neo Brahmi Generation Panel. He was EAI Coordinator in UASG.TECH and Member of ISPCP Constituency. He is also member of Expert Panel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://community.icann.org/display/croscomlgrprocedure/Study+Group+on+Technical+Use+of+RZ-LGR|title=Study Group on Technical Use of RZ-LGR - LGR Procedure - Confluence|website=community.icann.org|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> for Root Zone LGR application. He has been appointed (first Indian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ajay-data-elected-icann-ccnso-council-member/article24596080.ece|title=Ajay Data elected ICANN ccNSO council member|website=@businessline|date=3 August 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>) for ccNSO Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/nomcom-bios-2018-2018-08-09-en#ajay-data|title=Biographies of the 2018 NomCom Selected Nominees - ICANN|website=www.icann.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref> by NOMCOM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2018-08-02-en|title=ICANN 2018 Nominating Committee Announces Selections|website=www.icann.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> for the term to start from Oct 2018. In March 2020 results were announced by UASG where he was unopposed elected chairman for UASG<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Bharat |date=2019-03-16 |title=Ajay Data becomes first Asian to be elected as Chairman of UASG |url=https://nrinews24x7.com/ajay-data-becomes-first-asian-to-be-elected-as-chairman-of-uasg/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=NRInews24x7 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> for 2021 to 2023.

==Other Associations==

Data has been part of RITEG (Rajasthan IT Entrepreuners Group), Founder & President [[TiE Rajasthan]], Founder President YEO Jaipur (now known as EO), [[Nasscom]], [[Data Security Council of India]], Jaipur Citizen Forum, Advisory board of AIESEC, board member of Faculty of Management Studies (Poddar College) - Rajasthan University, Mentor in Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund, [[PHDCCI-Rajasthan|PHD Chamber]] of Commerce & Industry - Rajasthan, Chamber of Commerce & Industry, FICCI - Rajasthan. Member - Rajasthan Angel Investors Network (RAIN).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-07 |title=3 Startups Raises Funding From Rajasthan Angel Investor Network |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/3-startups-raises-funding-rajasthan-angel-investor-network/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

He was part of a business delegation led by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

He has been appointed Chair of Pre-IIGF; First event of Govt of India on [[Internet Governance Forum]], which is part of UNs IGF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=ANI Press |date=2021-08-17 |title=Dr. Ajay Data will Chair Pre-IIGF in India - A part of UN's Internet Governance Forum |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/dr-ajay-data-will-chair-pre-iigf-in-india-a-part-of-un-s-internet-governance-forum-121081701034_1.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

He is the Chairman of Premier Handball League, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=IT'S A WHOLE NEW BALL GAME! PREMIER HANDBALL LEAGUE SET TO START WITH A BANG |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/other-news/070623/premier-handball-league-launch.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>

==Multilingual Internet@India==

Data has been part of volunteers panel created by ICANN named Neo Brahmi Generation Panel which created label generation rules for Top Level Domain names to enable official language of Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and [[India]].

Data was appointed member by Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology &, Govt of India in Stake Holder group] for Universa Acceptance and Multilingual Internet.

==Book: Zenith: Mastering AI for Everyday Life and Work ==
In May 2025, Data released his new book, ''Zenith: Mastering AI for Everyday Life and Work'', published by Rupa Publications India.<ref>Dainik Bhaskar, Rajasthan, India, 14 May 2025</ref> The book, available on platforms like Amazon, serves as a comprehensive guide for individuals from various backgrounds, including professionals, entrepreneurs, and students, to understand and effectively utilize artificial intelligence without requiring prior technical expertise. It focuses on practical applications and prompt engineering to enhance productivity and foster innovation.<ref>First India, Kota, Rajasthan, 15 May 2025</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*The "Man to Watch in 2004" by Times of India
*Lufthansa "Pioneering Spirit" - [[ET Now|ET NOW]] - 2011
*"Rajasthan Gaurav" - Sanskriti - Jaipur, Rajasthan - 2013
*Ministers of Change- CNBC 18 TV
*IT Innovator of the Year - Peter Hass, US Indo American Society. 2013
*Rajasthan Ke SuperStar by ETV Rajasthan. 2013
*IT innovator of the Year - Business Rankers Magazine 2015
*Shaan-E-Rajasthan - Felicitated by Governor of Rajasthan<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/ChvKPQY5C5o| archive-date = 2021-12-09| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChvKPQY5C5o| title = Shaan E Rajasthan {{!}} Part 1 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*On the cover of CIO Review - May 2016
*Tech face of Rajasthan
*Graham Bell Award for best innovation in Enterprise Solution Category 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bellaward.com/innovation-enterprise-solution-data-ingenious/|title=Innovation in Enterprise Solution - Data Ingenious- Aegis Graham Bell Awards|website=bellaward.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-14}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
*Co-chair NBGP - Neo Brahami General Panel - ICANN<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://community.icann.org/display/croscomlgrprocedure/Neo-Brahmi+GP|title=Neo-Brahmi GP - LGR Procedure - Confluence|website=community.icann.org|access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref>
*[https://www.assocham.org/council-leadership-region.php?name=Rajasthan Chairman] Assocham Rajasthan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Data, Ajay}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]

Harminder Singh Nihang

2026-04-24T20:18:18Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up a biography initial version

{{Short description|Sikh militant (1967–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harminder Singh Nihang
| office1 = 7th Jathedar of [[Khalistan Liberation Force]]
| office2 =
| nickname = Mintoo
| alma_mater =
| death_place = [[Patiala]] central Jail, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2018|4|18|51}}
| birth_place = village Dalli [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, India
| birth_date = April 1967
| term_end2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 18 April 2018
| successor = [[Harmeet Singh (militant)|Harmeet Singh]]
| predecessor = Dr. Pritam Singh Sekhon
| image = Photograph of Sikh militant Harminder Singh Nihang.jpg
}}
'''Harminder Singh Nihang''' (April 1967 – 18 April 2018), also known as '''Harminder Singh Mintoo''', was a prominent Sikh [[militant]] and the 7th leader of [[Khalistan Liberation Force]]. Nihang was instrumental in reinvigorating the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan Movement]] in the 21st century. Nihang died in police custody.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2018-04-18 |title=KLF chief Harminder Singh Mintoo dies of cardiac arrest in Patiala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/khalistani-liberation-force-chief-harminder-singh-mintoo-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-patiala/articleshow/63816882.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nihang was born in April 1967 at Dalli village city Bhogpur [[Jalandhar district]], Punjab. In the 1980s Nihang's family moved to [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-07 |title=Punjab police arrests KLF chief Harminder Mintu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-police-arrests-klf-chief-harminder-mintu/story-4J8AHYDZyXsIgSn0OwBVeN.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early militancy ==
Nihang joined [[Babbar Khalsa]] led by Wadhwa Singh Babbar in the 90's.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-28 |title=Links With ISI, Multiple Murders? Here's All You Need To Know About Harminder Singh Mintoo |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/links-with-isi-multiple-murders-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-harminder-singh-mintoo/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2007, [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|Ram Rahim]] was accused of hurting the religious sentiments of the Sikhs by wearing in an advertisement attire resembling the tenth and final living Sikh [[Guru Gobind Singh]], by using a turban with a ''kalgi'' (egret feather).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Radical Sikh Groups Oppose Akal Takht Pardon to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/radical-sikh-groups-oppose-akal-takht-pardon-to-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-1224439 |access-date=1 November 2015 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 |title=Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab |date=12 March 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136704345 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Sikh militant groups began multiple attacks against Ram Rahim for this. On 2 February 2008, Nihang masterminded<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-28 |title=Armed men storm Nabha Jail, take away KLF chief Harminder Mintoo |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/armed-men-storm-nabha-jail-take-away-klf-chief-harminder-mintoo/articleshow/55646695.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> an attack on the head of Dera Sacha Sauda [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|Ram Rahim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KCF planned attack on dera chief, RDX used in explosion |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/kcf-planned-attack-dera-chief-rdx-used-explosion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809224149/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/kcf-planned-attack-dera-chief-rdx-used-explosion |archive-date=9 August 2011 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref> Ram Rahim was attacked with an [[RDX]] laced bomb ted to a truck.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The baba and the bomb |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20080218-the-baba-and-the-bomb-735342-2008-02-07 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Ram Rahim escaped unhurt, but 11 followers were injured with 2 seriously injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-12 |title=Karnal court holds seven guilty of attacking Dera Sacha Sauda chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/karnal-court-holds-seven-guilty-of-attacking-dera-sacha-sauda-chief/story-8NhC7wiKPE1pYYKz0V7lSJ.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-02-02 |title=Attack on Dera cavalcade, chief Ram Rahim unhurt |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/attack-on-dera-cavalcade-chief-ram-rahim-unhurt/articleshow/2751240.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A co-conspirator in the attack, Bakshish Singh, fled to Malaysia with the help of Nihang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-12 |title=Karnal court holds seven guilty of attacking Dera Sacha Sauda chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/karnal-court-holds-seven-guilty-of-attacking-dera-sacha-sauda-chief/story-8NhC7wiKPE1pYYKz0V7lSJ.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Chief of Khalistan Liberation Force ==
In 2009 Nihang left Babbar Khalsa and revived [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] becoming its new chief.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabha jailbreak: Who is Harminder Singh Mintoo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nabha-jailbreak-who-is-harminder-singh-mintoo-khalistan-liberation-force-354211-2016-11-27 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=India Today |date=27 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 July 2009, KLF attacked [[Rashtriya Sikh Sangat]] (A wing of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]) President Rulda Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/17781/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726101618/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/17781/38 |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref> He would die in August of the same year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-25 |title=Explained: Over a decade after Sikh Sangat leader's murder, why are authorities struggling to bring guilty to book |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rulda-singh-murder-case-7533219/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The same day KLF assassinated [[Dera Sacha Sauda]], Srisa Manager Lilly Kumar in [[Ludhiana]]. Kumar was shot by 4 KLF members on motorcycles. Kumar was involved in clashes with Sikh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2009 |title=Dera Sirsa follower who attacked Sikhs shot dead |url=http://sikhsangat.org/2009/dera-sirsa-follower-who-attacked-sikhs-shot-dead/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218180829/http://www.sikhsangat.org/2009/07/dera-sirsa-follower-who-attacked-sikhs-shot-dead/ |archive-date=18 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-28 |title=Tension erupts after Dera follower's killing in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tension-erupts-after-dera-follower-s-killing-in-punjab/story-Ki61aXpXVRR3TOaxbAwfSI.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 October 2009, KLF assassinated [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] main accused Dr. Budh Parkash Kashyap on the 25th anniversary of the riots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/21401/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815024231/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/21401/38 |archive-date=15 August 2010 |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref> A masked man entered Kashyap's clinic and stabbed him twice in the head and chest. Kahsyap was checking a patient when he was attacked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-02 |title=Masked man killed doc who was acquitted in 1984 riots case |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/masked-man-killed-doc-who-was-acquitted-in-1984-riots-case/articleshow/5186852.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The 1984 anti-Sikh riots was a series of organised [[pogrom]]s<ref name="toiprog">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots State pogroms glossed over]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 31 December 2005.</ref><ref name="rediffprog">{{cite web |title=Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=23 September 2009 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=1 November 2009 |title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |archive-date=2 November 2009 |quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing}}</ref> against [[Sikh]]s in [[India]] following the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] by her Sikh bodyguards.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jeffrey M. Shaw PhD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes] |author2=Timothy J. Demy PhD |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1610695176 |page=129 |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426080618/https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul R. Brass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |title=Riots and Pogroms |date=October 1996 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0814712825 |page=203 |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023956/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ensaaf">{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Jaskaran |url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf |title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India |last2=Crossette |first2=Barbara |publisher=Ensaaf |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9 |edition=2nd |location=Portland, OR |page=27 |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nihang began centering his operations in [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabha jail escapee KLF member Harminder Mintu dies in jail |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=72057&headline=Nabha-jail-escapee-KLF-member-Harminder-Mintu-dies-in-jail}}</ref> In 2010 he stationed himself in [[Pakistan]] with aid from [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]. Nihang began establishing contacts and sleeper cells. From June 2013-May 2014, Nihang toured Europe establishing sleeper cells and creating contacts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-07 |title=Chief of Khalistan Liberation Force Harminder Singh arrested |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chief-of-khalistan-liberation-force-harminder-singh-arrested/articleshow/45072995.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> While in Italy Nihang met one Hardeep Singh Shera. He stayed at Shera's place for 21 days. Nihang attempted to convince Shera to join KLF, but Shera refused. Later Shera would change his mind and contacted Nihang asking to join KLF. Nihang accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-11 |title=Targeted killings in Punjab: Hardeep met Mintoo in Italy three years ago, refused to join KLF, says probe team |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/targeted-killings-in-punjab-hardeep-met-mintoo-in-italy-three-years-ago-refused-to-join-klf-says-probe-team-khalistan-4931984/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Nihang sent Shera to [[Dubai]] where he was trained in killing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ohri |first=Raghav |date=2017-12-08 |title=Foreign hand behind Punjab killings: NIA |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/foreign-hand-behind-punjab-killings-nia/articleshow/61972365.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 7 November 2014, Nihang was arrested at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in [[Delhi]] during his return from Thailand. He was wanted in 10 terror cases at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-28 |title=Khalistani militant Harminder Singh Mintoo, who escaped from Punjab jail, sent to 7-day police custody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/khalistani-militant-harminder-singh-mintoo-who-escaped-from-punjab-jail-arrested-4399015/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> [[Harmeet Singh (militant)|Harmeet Singh]] took over as acting chief of KLF in his place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Top Khalistani leader 'Happy PhD' killed near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-khalistani-leader-may-have-been-killed-near-lahore-officials/story-xYDHVR765HwVGtL6Npwf7K.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Militancy from jail ==
Nihang, despite being in jail, masterminded targeted killings, through a phone,<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-15 |title=Targeted killings in Punjab: NIA files common chargesheet in two cases |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/targeted-killings-in-punjab-nia-files-common-chargesheet-in-two-cases/story-VEzUPiY8lwmJoklU25Ui2H.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How the Khalistan Liberation Force 'planned and executed' the murder of an RSS activist |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/how-the-khalistan-liberation-force-planned-and-executed-the-murder-of-an-rss-activist/55591/}}</ref> of Dera Sacha Sauda, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], and [[Shiv Sena]] members and leaders with Harmeet. Harmeet recruited Shera and Ramandeep Singh Bagga to carry out the killings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Top Khalistani leader 'Happy PhD' killed near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-khalistani-leader-may-have-been-killed-near-lahore-officials/story-xYDHVR765HwVGtL6Npwf7K.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Shera involved in 7 killings: Cops |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/shera-involved-in-7-killings-cops-495844 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=15 chargesheeted in Gosain murder case |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/15-chargesheeted-in-gosain-murder-case-584499 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> They were trained by Harmeet, and after each killing would flee the country.<ref name=":52"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-18 |title=Men behind Punjab killings linked to Rulda Singh murder: DGP |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/men-behind-punjab-killings-linked-to-rulda-singh-murder-dgp/articleshow/61695919.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 13 April 2015, Nihang's close associates shot Shiv Sena Punjab secretary Harvinder Soni in the stomach at 8:30 am in Fish Park. Soni managed to survive the attack. Soni had been on the hit list of militants since 2012 when he was accused of assaulting Sikh youth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Punjab Shiv Sena leader Harvinder Soni shot at, seriously injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-shiv-sena-leader-harvinder-soni-shot-at-seriously-injured/story-4T50bAxm5vmfxLV860BJvM.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=NIA declared a reward of Rs 10 lakh on Kashmir Singh Galwandi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rs-10-lakh-reward-on-kashmir-singh-galwandi-nia-reward-announcement-8625595/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-13 |title=Shiv Sena leader shot at in Gurdaspur |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/shiv-sena-leader-shot-at-in-gurdaspur/articleshow/46902547.cms |access-date=2023-07-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In July 2015, Khalistan Liberation Force mailed letters to seven Shiv Sena leaders including Sanjeev Ghanauli, Rajeev Tandon, Rakesh Arora, Amit Arora, Rubal Sandhu, Sachin Ghanauli, and Rajesh Palta that gave a last warning for them to leave Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalistan Liberation Force issues death threat to Shiv Sena leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/khalistan-liberation-force-issues-death-threat-to-shiv-sena-leaders-285623-2015-07-31 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=India Today |date=31 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 August 2015, president of the Punjab wing of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Suraksha Samiti, Manish Sood, was killed. He was shot dead by his guard. Hindu leaders claimed KLF paid the guard to kill Sood. They claimed Sood had been receiving death threats from KLF after he attempted to attack [[Jagtar Singh Hawara]] while Hawara was heading to court. Sood had previously pulled down posters showing [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]. Police denied KLF being involved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-06 |title=Hindu outfit leader's death: Police reject Khalistan role |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hindu-outfit-leaders-death-police-reject-khalistan-role/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Suraksha Samiti, [[Bajrang Dal]], Shiv Sena and certain [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders and members made a call for ''[[bandh]]'' and shops to be closed in [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] to protest the killing.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=Hindu body blames Khalistani outfit for Punjab unit chief's murder |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/hindu-body-blames-khalistani-outfit-for-punjab-unit-chief-s-murder/story-QJQFfoJXi375WDCnnRN7cM.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 January 2016, Shera and Bagga on a motorcycle fired gun shots at new Kidwai Nagar Park in [[Ludhiana]]. The place was to host a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] ''shakha'' (assembly) later in the day. No one was injured in the firing as the venue was vacant at the time of the attack.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-01-18 |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha ground in Ludhiana, none hurt |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-ground-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/184983.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190852/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-ground-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/184983.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Press Trust Of India |date=2018-05-16 |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha in Ludhiana; none hurt |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-in-ludhiana-none-hurt-1191526.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2016-01-18 |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha in Ludhiana; none hurt - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/articleshow/50622517.cms |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>

On 19 January 2016, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) leader Naresh Kumar shot at and injured by Shera and Bagga at Kidwai Nagar's Shaheedi Park in Ludhiana city.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Unidentified men fire shots at RSS shakha in Ludhiana | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-unidentified-men-open-fire-at-rss-shaka-in-ludhiana/story-Alnk8qG1z2CnGQeDmNe34H.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":52"/>

On 3 February 2016, Amit Arora, a Shiv Sena leader, was attacked by Shera and Bagga while he was sitting in his car in Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=NIA team recreates attack on Sena leader in city |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/nia-team-recreates-attack-on-sena-leader-in-city/544706.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162723/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/nia-team-recreates-attack-on-sena-leader-in-city/544706.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bagga fired, but missed his shot. Since Shera and Bagga were missing their shots they were trained to be "perfect" at shooting.<ref name=":52" />

On 23 April 2016, Durga Parsad Gupta was shot dead by Bagga and Shera in [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]] city. He was the President of ''Mazdoor Sena'', labour wing of Shiv Sena Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-24 |title=Shiv Sena leader shot dead by two motorcycle-borne youth | Chandigarh News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Shiv-Sena-leader-shot-dead-by-two-motorcycle-borne-youth/articleshow/51961780.cms |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Shiv Sena leader shot dead in Khanna | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/shiv-sena-leader-gunned-down-in-khanna/story-uuTB1wsq5tP26Fo8sLiqDK.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-20 |title=Khalistan Liberation Force behind killings of 2 Shiv Sena leaders in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/khalistan-liberation-force-behind-killings-of-two-shiv-sena-leaders-in-punjab-nia/story-awaE6sDUjgJeNqUfNrUbDO.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 August 2016, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Punjab Vice-president and retired [[Brigadier]], Jagdish Gagneja was shot at by Bagga and Shea in [[Chandigarh]]. He was admitted to the hospital and died on 22 September.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-08-06 |title=Punjab: Senior RSS leader Brig (retd) Jagdish Gagneja shot at, critical |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjab-senior-rss-leader-shot-brig-retd-jagdish-gagneja-at-critical-2242030 |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |agency=PTI |date=2016-09-22 |title=RSS leader Jagdish Gagneja passes away, senior BJP members pay last respects |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/senior-rss-leader-jagdish-gagneja-passes-away-senior-bjp-members-pay-respect-3015426.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Jagdish Gagneja: A low-profile, yet powerful RSS leader in Punjab | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jagdish-gagneja-a-low-profile-yet-powerful-rss-leader-in-punjab/story-MtLMyv3FwUNBWBU2WwuSvL.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":52" />

On 27 November 2016, Nihang escaped from [[Supermax prison|maximum security]] Nabha jail with 5 accomplices. 15 gangsters, who were dressed as police officers, opened fire on security guards in the prison before freeing Nihang and 5 others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Nabha jailbreak: 22 accused, including 3 escapees, held guilty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/nabha-jailbreak-28-accused-including-three-escapees-held-guilty-8513261/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Nihang was recaptured a day later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=All you need to know about Harminder Singh Mintoo and the Khalistan Liberation Force {{!}} The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/all-you-need-to-know-about-klf-chief-harminder-singh-mintoo-and-the-khalistan-movement/lite/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019231812/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/all-you-need-to-know-about-klf-chief-harminder-singh-mintoo-and-the-khalistan-movement/lite/ |archive-date=19 October 2018 |access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=KLF chief Harminder Mintoo dies of ''cardiac arrest'' in Patiala jail; probe ordered |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/klf-chief-harminder-mintoo-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-patiala-jail-probe-ordered-575912}}</ref> The [[Hindustan Times]] described the escape as, "''The daring act, the kind of which was never seen even during the heydays of militancy in Punjab, had rocked the nation''."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-26 |title=Nabha jailbreak: A year later two escapees among 8 accused still on the run |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/nabha-jailbreak-a-year-later-two-escapees-among-8-accused-still-on-the-run/story-jv7sAskyKFskbQTBW56SdN.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 January 2017, Amit Sharma religious preacher, president of Hindu Takht and political activist of [[Indian National Congress]] killed in Ludhiana city by Bagga and Shera.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-15 |title=Hindu organisation leader shot dead in Ludhiana |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hindu-organisation-leader-shot-dead-in-ludhiana-4474891/ |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-14 |title=Hindu organisation leader shot dead in Ludhiana | Ludhiana News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/hindu-organisation-leader-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/articleshow/56543768.cms |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA files chargesheet against three accused in Amit Sharma killing case |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/nia-files-chargesheet-against-three-accused-in-amit-sharma-killing-case-2335648.html/amp |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name=":52" />

On 24 February 2017, [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] followers Satpal Kumar and his son Ramesh Kumar were killed at a ''naam charcha ghar'' (prayer hall) in Jagera village near [[Malaudh]] by Bagga and Shera.<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Video | 2 Dera Sacha Sauda followers shot dead in Khanna village, cops suspect Sikh radicals | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-dera-sacha-sauda-followers-gunned-down-in-khanna-by-unidentified-assailants/story-fHVKu4LDdIbyqYQsirN6oO.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Dera followers' murder: After death of father, grandpa, this 8-year-old stares at uncertain future | punjab | ludhiana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dera-followers-murder-after-death-of-father-grandpa-this-8-year-old-stares-at-uncertain-future/story-cPo3Cujp07Q4wgvVW31BTP.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":52" /> Satpal was also a Shiv Sena leader.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On 15 July 2017, Sultan Masih, a pastor at Temple of God church in [[Ludhiana]], was shot dead by Bagga and Shera who fired multiple shots killing him on the spot.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Pastor shot dead outside Ludhiana church |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pastor-shot-dead-outside-ludhiana-church/437322.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706164357/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pastor-shot-dead-outside-ludhiana-church/437322.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-07-16 |title=Ludhiana pastor killing: Punjab CM gives widow Rs 5 lakh, police job to son |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ludhiana-pastor-sultan-masih-killing-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-gives-widow-rs-5-lakh-police-job-to-son-4753427/ |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":52" />

In September 2017 Nihang was acquitted in a case of planting bombs at the Nabha LPG bottling plant.<ref>{{Cite news |title=KLF chief Mintoo acquitted in hawala cas |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/klf-chief-mintoo-acquitted-in-hawala-case-466438}}</ref>

On 17 October 2017, RSS and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader Ravinder Gosai was shot dead in Ludhiana by Bagga and Shera. He was the RSS regional leader of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=RSS leader Ravinder Gosai shot dead in Ludhiana | punjab | top |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rss-leader-ravinder-gosai-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/story-d0DAwBmalUseU0yMGhZzmJ.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS Leader Shot Dead in Punjab While Returning From 'Shakha' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rss-leader-shot-dead-in-punjab-while-returning-from-shakha-1763915 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":52" /> In the escape Shera and Bagga avoided all [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras. The bike used in the killing had been stolen a week later and would be found abandoned by police.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2017-10-23 |title='50 Lakh, SI's post for clue to RSS leader's murder |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/50-lakh-sis-post-for-clue-to-rss-leaders-murder/articleshow/61183718.cms |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 23 October 2017, police put a reward of 5,000,0000 rupees and a job as [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] for information to solve the killings.<ref name=":6" />

After a massive manhunt in November 2017, Shera and Bagga were arrested by police which brought the killings to an end.<ref name=":52" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-11-13 |title=Bushy brows, lion tattoo on chest did Shera in |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bushy-brows-lion-tattoo-on-chest-did-shera-in/496741.html |accessdate=2018-05-21 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Nihang would never be charged with any of the killings, because the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] filed the chargesheet after Nihang's death.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

On 6 January 2018, Nihang went on a hunger strike alleging that his life was under threat from jail authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Parmjeet |date=2018-01-06 |title=Alleging Life Threat from Jail Authorities, Hariminder Singh Mintoo begins Hunger Strike in Patiala Jail |url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/alleging-life-threat-jail-authorities-hariminder-singh-mintoo-begins-hunger-strike-patiala-jail/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Sikh Siyasat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Nihang was imprisoned in Patiala Jail for over a year. On 18 April 2018, at 51 years old, Nihang died in his cell, according to jail officials.<ref name=":1" /> Reports say that Nihang died due to cardiac arrest, but otherd have questioned this claim.<ref name=":1" /> Nihang was succeeded by [[Harmeet Singh (militant)|Harmeet Singh]].

== References ==
<references />{{Khalistan movement}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Indian detention]]
[[Category:Escapees from Indian detention]]
[[Category:Indian Sikh religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:People from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Thailand]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]
[[Category:People who died on hunger strike]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]]

Bajali Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:41Z

HongGrasby5256: new some biography initial version!

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 26
| map_image = Bajali Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| name = Bajali
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bajali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. This constituency forms part of [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bajali}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharmeshwar Roy|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Dilip Baruah|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Kalyani Kalita|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Bajali district]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Hari Ram Gupta

2026-04-19T14:41:06Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up initial info w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian historian (1902–1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Hari Ram Gupta
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Portrait painting of the late Hari Ram Gupta.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date |1902|02|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bhurewal village, [[Ambala district]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age |1992|03|28 |1902|02|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_cause =
| region =
| citizenship =
| residence =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| period =
| known_for =
| home_town =
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = 
| website =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of the Punjab]]
| thesis_title = Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1937
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = Historian
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = [[Panjab University]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hari Ram Gupta''' (5 February 1902 – 28 March 1992) was an Indian historian. The main focus of his work was the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] history of 18th century. During 1957 to 1963, he was head of [[Panjab University]]'s History department. Following his retirement, he was an [[Honorary title (academic)#Honorary Professor|honorary professor]] in the History department of [[University of Delhi]] from 1964 to 1967.

==Early life and career==
Gupta was born on 5 February 1902 in Bhurewal village, which is in the present-day's [[Naraingarh]] subdistrict of [[Ambala district]], [[Haryana]], India. After completing his higher education at Lahore, he became [[University of the Punjab]]'s first [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.) degree holder and the first [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.) holder in History discipline in 1937 and 1944 respectively.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=97}} His Ph.D. thesis examiner was [[Jadunath Sarkar]], who states:{{Cquote|Professor Hari Ram Gupta’s thesis on the ''Evolution of the Sikh Confederaces'', which I examined, along with [[Edward Douglas MacLagan|Sir Edward Maclagan]], the scholarly ex-governor of the Panjab, for the Ph.D. degree of the Panjab University, struck me as a work of outstanding merit which completely fills up a gap in our knowledge of modern Indian history.... One period of Panjab history and that of Delhi Empire, too, ... has thus been set up on a granite foundation. It ought to sense as a model to other works on Indian history.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=101}}}}

Gupta's teaching career began as a History lecturer in Lahore's [[Forman Christian College]], after which he became head of [[Aitchison College]]'s History department. He also temporarily served as a principal of Vaish College, [[Bhiwani]]. After the [[partition of India]], he authored ''Narratives of Persian and Iraq Force and Burma Campaigns of World War II'' during his stint with the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]'s historical section. Starting with 1957, he was [[Panjab University]]'s professor and its History department's head till 1963, along with being its dean of instruction for more than one year. Following his retirement, he was an [[Honorary title (academic)#Honorary Professor|honorary professor]] in [[University of Delhi]]'s History department from 1964 to 1967.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=97}} Later on, he taught at [[Firozpur]]'s ''Dev Samaj College for Women''. He was the honorary head of the History department for 14 years there, after which he shifted to Delhi.{{sfn|Singh|2011|p=249}}

==Publications and honours==
According to [[Khushwant Singh]], post-[[World War I]], research work by Indian scholars like Gupta, [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]], Indubhusan Banerjee, and Sita Ram Kohli "gave a new and national orientation to Sikh history." Before that period, works of Indian Sikh Scholars were limited to [[Punjabi language]], while English works on [[Sikhism]] were done by Englishmen.{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=121}}

The main focus of Gupta's work was the Sikh history of 18th century.{{sfn|Singh|2011|p=249}} He planned to give a comprehensive account of multiple aspects of Sikhs via his multi-volume ''History of the Sikhs''. According to Gurmukh Singh, he planned six volumes for that purpose,{{sfn|Singh|2011|p=249}} while according Shiv Kumar Gupta, he intended to author seven volumes in that regard.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=98}} But he completed four volumes and the fifth one was in print at the point of his death.{{sfn|Singh|2011|p=249}} His decade-long work on the then little-known period of Sikh history from 1708 to 1799 resulted in the ''Studies in Later Mughal history of the Panjab'' and three other volumes.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=98}} First published in 1944, the ''Studies in the Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707–1793)'' was reprinted in 1976 under the title of ''Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707–1793)'' by [[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] of Lahore.{{sfn|Madra|Singh|2004|p=367}}

Edited by Gupta, ''Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volume'' is a two-volume work in commemoration of the historian Jadunath Sarkar. When Gupta presented his idea to Sarkar regarding the commemoration volume in 1954, he rejected it by stating that he neither wanted any publicity nor endorsed any idea involving fundraising for him, although Gupta was able to persuade him. The ''Life and Letters of Sir Jadunath Sarkar'' is the first volume of the work. It dedicates considerable space to excerpts from Sarkar's fifty-plus years of correspondence with his friend [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]], who was a Marathi historian. It also contains write-ups and stories about Sarkar by Sardesai, Quanungo, and his other friends.{{sfn|Sastri|1960|pp=83}} The second volume titled ''Essays Presented to Sir Jadunath Sarkar'' has around thirty essays authored by various scholars on the topics of their expertise. These volumes were published some weeks after the death of Sarkar in 1958. According to [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], this work is "a worthy memorial to him from his pupils, friends, and admirers."{{sfn|Sastri|1960|pp=84}} According to by S.K. Gupta, these two volumes "are not only examples of his deep regard for historical scholarship but also reflect his qualities of keen observation, deep penetration and acute selection."{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=102}}

''Panjab on the eve of first Sikh war'' is described by William T. Walker as "a noteworthy collection of essays on the prewar conditions in Punjab that contributed to the outbreak of hostilities."{{sfn|Walker|2009|p=149}} His writings on the current events of his time include his multi-volume book titled ''India-Pakistan War, 1965''.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=102}}

Gupta's ''Marathas and Panipat'' describes the [[Third Battle of Panipat]]. It is divided in three parts. According to Shiv Kumar Gupta, this work is an attempt by the author to cover Maratha history from the perspective of overall Indian history at that point in time, with appropriate Central Asian history references, although its main focus lies on Marathas. Its first part consists of thirteen chapters and covers the battle's background.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=100}} The second part consists of six chapters, which describes the battle. The third part deals with the battle's future impacts and the factors which led to Maratha defeat. This part also has a chapter which describes the [[Ala Singh]]'s help to Marathas during the campaign.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=101}}

[[The Asiatic Society]] acknowledged Gupta's work for the Punjab history by awarded him ''Sir Jadunath Sarkar Gold Medal'' in 1949.{{sfn|Gupta|1992|p=97}}{{sfn|Singh|2011|p=249}} He was honoured at the 23rd session of ''Punjab History Conference'' in 1989.{{sfn|Singh|2011|p=249}} The ''Hari Ram Gupta Memorial Lecture'' is annually organised in his commemoration by the History department of Panjab University.{{Sfn|The Tribune|2017}}{{Sfn|Panjab university|2015}}

==Selected works==
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=Life and Work of Mohan Lal Kashmiri, 1812–1877 |date=1943 |publisher=Minerva Book Shop |location=Lahore |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5893 |oclc=225191557}}{{sfn|Guha|1988|pp=286–288}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=Studies in the Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707-1793) |date=1944 |publisher=Minerva Book Shop |location=Lahore |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcMBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=221694378}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=Panjab on the eve of first Sikh war: a documentary study of the political, social and economic conditions of the Panjab as depicted in the daily letters written chiefly from Lahore by British intelligencers is during the period from 30 December 1843 to 31 October 1844 |date=1956 |publisher=Department of History, [[Panjab University]] |location=Hoshiarpur |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TJAAAAAMAAJ |oclc=575018782}}{{sfn|Goetz|1958|p=398}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Hari Ram |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volume. Vol. I: Life and Letters of Sir Jadunath Sarkar |date=1957 |publisher=Department of History, Panjab University |location=Hoshiarpur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLE5AQAAIAAJ |oclc=251228572}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Hari Ram |editor2-last=Kaushal |editor2-first=Paras Ram |editor3-last=Talwar |editor3-first=Shanti Swarup |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar Commemoration Volume. Vol. II: Essays Presented to Sir Jadunath Sarkar |date=1958 |publisher=Department of History, Panjab University |location=Hoshiarpur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr85AQAAIAAJ |oclc=470654377}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=Marathas and Panipat |date=1961 |publisher=Panjab University |location=Chandigarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ |oclc=582498407}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=India-Pakistan War, 1965. Vols. I–II|date=1967 |publisher=Hariyana Prakashan |location=Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OifmQwAACAAJ |oclc=555222190}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. I: The Sikh Gurus (1469-1708) |date=1984 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8121502764 |edition=2nd rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lm0wAQAAIAAJ&q=editions:gy0czjs2Gq8C}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. II: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1708–1769) |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8121502481 |edition=3rd rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWTIxwEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |date=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8121502139 |edition=2nd rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcrMngEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |date=1982 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8121501651 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRNDAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=Panjab, Central Asia, and the First Afghan War: Based on Mohan Lal's Observations |date=1987 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |location=Chandigarh |edition= 2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_Y9AAAAMAAJ |oclc=165473153}}{{sfn|Guha|1988|pp=286–288}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. V: The Sikh Lion Of Lahore, (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839) |date=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8121505154 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |author-link=Hermann Goetz (art historian) |title=In the Library |journal=East and West |date=January 1958 |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=398 |publisher=[[Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]] |issn=0012-8376 |oclc=1567218 |jstor=29753950 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |author-link=Amalendu Guha |title=Book reviews |journal=[[India Quarterly]] |date=July–December 1988 |volume=44 |issue=3/4 |pages=286–288 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |issn=0975-2684 |oclc=860808856 |jstor=45072280 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Shiv Kumar |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Parm Bakhshish |editor2-last=Nayyar |editor2-first=Gurbachan Singh |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=Gursharan |editor4-last=Verma |editor4-first=Devinder Kumar |title=Dr Hari Ram Gupta—The Doyen of the Punjab Historians |journal=The Panjab Past and Present |date=April 1992 |volume=26 |issue=51 |pages=97–104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA9DAAAAYAAJ&q=editions:Aiu37NGEVckC |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |issn=0031-0786 |oclc=1761838 }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Madra |editor1-first=Amandeep Singh |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Parmjit |title="Sicques, Tigers or Thieves": Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810) |date=2004 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1403962027 |page=367 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1cBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 |access-date=24 November 2019 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor1-last=Halperin |editor1-first=S. William |editor2-last=Maddox |editor2-first=Margaret |title=Book Reviews |journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]] |date=March 1960 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=83–84 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |issn=0022-2801 |oclc=263589299 |jstor=1871882 }}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |author-link=Khushwant Singh |title=Hymns of Guru Nanak |date=1991 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan|Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-0863111556 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3jXHMDwOb4C&pg=PA122 |access-date=24 November 2019 }}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Major Gurmukh |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism: Volume II: E–L |date=2011 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-8173802041 |page=249 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUhOAQAAMAAJ |access-date=24 November 2019 }}
*{{cite book |last=Walker |first=William T. |title=Term Paper Resource Guide to Nineteenth-Century World History |date=2009 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0313354045 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5JxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |access-date=24 November 2019 }}
*{{cite news |title=Idea of India is of recent vintage: Prof |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/idea-of-india-is-of-recent-vintage-prof/506379.html |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |agency=TNS |ref={{SfnRef|The Tribune|2017}} |date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191124180809/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/idea-of-india-is-of-recent-vintage-prof/506379.html |archive-date=24 November 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web |title=PU, Department of History organises the annual Hari Ram Gupta Memorial Lecture ... |url=http://news.puchd.ac.in/show-news.php?id=642 |publisher=Panjab University |access-date=24 November 2019 |ref={{SfnRef|Panjab university|2015}} |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191124174954/http://news.puchd.ac.in/show-news.php?id=642 |archive-date=24 November 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}
{{refend}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Hari Ram}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Forman Christian College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aitchison College]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Panjab University]]

Mehgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:12Z

HongGrasby5256: creating basic data first draft

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mehgaon
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 12
| map_image = 12-Mehgaon.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bhind district|Bhind]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
}}

'''Mehgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=3 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as Gohad Mehgaon, one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] Madhya Pradesh state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Mehgaon (constituency number 12) is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Bhind district]]. This constituency covers the entire Mehgaon [[tehsil]] and part of Raun tehsil.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

Mehgaon is part of [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely, [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]], [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]], [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]] and [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] in this district and [[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]], [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] and [[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]] in [[Datia district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Yugalkishore Ramkishore
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ramdhan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Rai Singh Bhadoria
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2"|Rameshwardayal Dantre
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Rai Singh Bhadoriya
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Rustam Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Hari Singh Narwaria
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Naresh Singh Gurjar
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Munna Singh Narwaria
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=10 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|[[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Chaudhary Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]] (by election)
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here|last1=The Times of India|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-leading-candidates-from-bjp-congress/articleshow/105701279.cms|archivedate=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of the winners constituency wise and seat wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-won-101701564801639.html|archivedate=13 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mehgaon<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87153}}
|percentage = 48.01
|change = {{increase}}2.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rahul Singh Bhadoria
|votes = {{formatnum:65143}}
|percentage = 35.89
|change = {{decrease}}1.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajbeer
|votes = {{formatnum:19506}}
|percentage = 10.75
|change = {{decrease}}2.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Bhupendra Karana
|votes = {{formatnum:4488}}
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Satendra Bhadoriya (Lovely)
|votes = {{formatnum:1825}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:905}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22010}}
|percentage = 12.12
|change = {{increase}}4.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181531}}
|percentage = 64.88
|change = {{increase}}3.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypolls ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Mehgaon<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73,599
|percentage = 45.15
|change = +23.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hemant Satyadev Katare
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,563
|percentage = 37.77
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yogesh Meghsingh Narwariya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 22,305
|percentage = 13.68
|change = +9.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 179
|percentage = 0.11
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,036
|percentage = 7.38
|change = -8.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 163,006
|percentage = 61.71
|change = -1.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mehgaon<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:61560}}
|percentage = 37.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:35746}}
|percentage = 22.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:28160}}
|percentage = 17.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Singh Kushwah
|votes = {{formatnum:15307}}
|percentage = 9.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kaushal Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:7597}}
|percentage = 4.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Suresh Singh Sikarwar
|votes = {{formatnum:6151}}
|percentage = 3.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:283}}
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25814}}
|percentage = 15.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162410}}
|percentage = 63.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.49|78.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Bhind district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Kanchanpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:03Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up the page v1 - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanchanpur
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Philip Kumar Reang.jpg
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kanchanpur Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 60
| mla = [[Philip Kumar Reang]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tipra Motha Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:50748}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Kanchanpur''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[North Tripura district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. P. Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Raimuni Reang Chowdhury
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mandida Reang || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Len Prasad Malsai
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || [[Drao Kumar Reang]] || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Len Prasad Malsai || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Binduram Reang
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=3 | [[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Prem Kumar Reang]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Philip Kumar Reang]]|| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Philip Kumar Reang |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=15,413 |percentage=36.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Reang]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,522 |percentage=24.88% |change={{decrease}}15.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimanjoy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=10,014 |percentage=23.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Kumar Reang]] |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=3,445 |percentage=8.15% |change={{decrease}}43.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Reang |party=Tipraland State Party |votes=1,454 |percentage=3.44% |change={{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrakhela Chakma |party=Independent politician |votes=796 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=651 |percentage=1.54% |change={{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,891 |percentage=11.56% |change= {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,295 |percentage=83.43% |change= {{decrease}}6.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,748 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tipra Motha Party |loser=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |swing= {{decrease}}15.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Kumar Reang]] |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=19,448 |percentage=51.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,317 |percentage=40.76% |change={{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sindrai Reang |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=856 |percentage=2.28% |change={{decrease}}44.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karnadhan Chakma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=400 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Kumar Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=386 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=347 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pronendra Reang |party=Tipraland State Party |votes=272 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,131 |percentage=10.99% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,576 |percentage=88.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,028 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,186 |percentage=50.13% |change={{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Drao Kumar Reang]] |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=16,105 |percentage=46.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Reang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=992 |percentage=2.89% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,081 |percentage=3.15% |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,283 |percentage=90.59% |change= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,895 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,952 |percentage=48.06% |change={{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjit Kumar Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,449 |percentage=46.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=2.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upendra Reang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=543 |percentage=1.87% |change={{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karnadhan Chakma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=397 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=503 |percentage=1.73% |change= {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,030 |percentage=88.57% |change= {{increase}}24.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,807 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,700 |percentage=44.37% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Reang |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=9,699 |percentage=44.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rang Rung Reang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,009 |percentage=9.19% |change={{decrease}}14.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nibedan Reang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=454 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1 |percentage=0.00% |change= {{decrease}}20.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,862 |percentage=64.25% |change= {{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,056 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Binduram Reang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,948 |percentage=44.78% |change={{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanjira Reang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,785 |percentage=23.95% |change={{increase}}22.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartik Kumar Kalai |party=Independent politician |votes=3,490 |percentage=17.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anekroy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,346 |percentage=11.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samarendra Chakma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=414 |percentage=2.07% |change={{decrease}}15.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,163 |percentage=20.83% |change= {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,983 |percentage=69.80% |change= {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,500 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Len Prasad Malsai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,228 |percentage=46.95% |change={{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Drao Kumar Reang]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=5,749 |percentage=29.25% |change={{decrease}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Minati Roy |party=Amra Bangali |votes=3,531 |percentage=17.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalrianpula Maisoy (Reang) |party=Independent politician |votes=598 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ambika Reang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=275 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Mitra Talukdar |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,479 |percentage=17.70% |change= {{increase}}16.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,653 |percentage=73.79% |change= {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,027 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Drao Kumar Reang]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=6,457 |percentage=39.44% |change={{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Len Prasad Malsai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,263 |percentage=38.25% |change={{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhangshu Sen |party=Independent politician |votes=3,653 |percentage=22.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=194 |percentage=1.18% |change= {{decrease}}11.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,373 |percentage=75.72% |change= {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,046 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Len Prasad Malsai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,052 |percentage=43.21% |change={{decrease}}12.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Drao Kumar Reang]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=4,321 |percentage=30.85% |change={{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhangshu Sen |party=Independent politician |votes=3,524 |percentage=25.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratna Prava Das |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,731 |percentage=12.36% |change= {{decrease}}23.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,006 |percentage=72.88% |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,543 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}12.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandida Reang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,608 |percentage=55.81% |change={{increase}}23.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukadayal Jamatia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=2,012 |percentage=20.02% |change={{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suriya Kumar Reang |party=Janata Party |votes=1,437 |percentage=14.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonatan Reang |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=513 |percentage=5.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benoy Kumar Chakma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=478 |percentage=4.76% |change={{decrease}}41.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,596 |percentage=35.79% |change= {{increase}}21.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,048 |percentage=65.06% |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,738 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raimuni Reang Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,126 |percentage=46.66% |change={{decrease}}17.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Len Prasad Reang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,138 |percentage=31.92% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Drao Kumar Reang]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=856 |percentage=12.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lianzdala |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=579 |percentage=8.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=988 |percentage=14.75% |change= {{decrease}}18.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,699 |percentage=48.99% |change= {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,041 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanchanpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. P. Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,192 |percentage=64.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandida Reang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,485 |percentage=30.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benoy Kumar Chakma |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,707 |percentage=33.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,034 |percentage=57.06% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,615 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Tripura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.77|92.22|display=title}}

[[Category:North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Santhana Prapthirasthu

2026-04-15T15:03:55Z

HongGrasby5256: started new entry

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Sanjeev Reddy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santhana Prapthirasthu
| image = Santhana Prapthirasthu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sanjeev Reddy
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]]
* Nirvi Hari Prasada Reddy
}}
| writer = {{plain list|
* Sanjeev Reddy
* Sheik Dawood G
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* Vikranth Reddy
* [[Chandini Chowdary]]
}}
| music = '''Score''' Ajay Arasada '''Songs''' [[Sunil Kashyap]] Ajay Arasada
| cinematography = Mahi Reddy Pandugula
| editing = Sai Krishna Ganala
| studio = {{plain list|
* Madhura Entertainment
* Nirvi Arts
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Santhana Prapthirasthu''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Sanjeev Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-11-09 |title=Sanjeev Reddy: Santhana Prapthirasthu is not about a taboo, it's about reality |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Nov/09/sanjeev-reddy-santhana-prapthirasthu-is-not-about-a-taboo-its-about-reality |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]] and Nirvi Hariprasad Reddy, the film stars Vikranth Reddy, and [[Chandini Chowdary]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-11-11 |title=Santhana Prapthirasthu producer Madhura Sreedhar: Native is the new global |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Nov/11/teluguinterviews2025nov10santhana-prapthirasthu-producer-madhura-sreedhar-native-is-the-new-global |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-12 |title=Tharun Bhascker praises ‘Santhana Prapthirasthu’ as a home-made Telugu meal |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/tharun-bhascker-praises-santhana-prapthirasthu-as-a-home-made-telugu-meal-1022719 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story follows Chaitanya, a shy and soft-spoken software engineer who secretly marries Kalyani despite her father’s disapproval. After settling into married life, the couple decides to start a family. Their plans take an unexpected turn when Chaitanya discovers that he has a low sperm count. This revelation leads to a mix of humorous, chaotic, and emotional situations involving eccentric doctors, concerned family members, and quirky friends. Despite the sensitive subject of male fertility, the film treats the theme with a light, family-friendly comedic tone, focusing on acceptance, love, and togetherness.

== Cast ==
* Vikranth Reddy as Chaitanya
* [[Chandini Chowdary]] as Kalyani
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Dr. Bhramaram
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] as Jack Reddy
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Subbu, Chaitanya’s friend
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Eshwar Rao, Kalyani’s father
* [[Aamani]] as Rajeshwari, Kalyani’s mother
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Chaitanya’s brother-in-law
* Bindu Chandramouli as Chaitanya’s sister
* Jeevan Kumar Naidu as Wignan Kumar, Chaitanya’s boss
* Anil Geela as Nandi, Eshwar Rao’s house-help
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Dr Padmavathi, Fertility Doctor
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Soumya Kumar, Drunkard
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Rakesh, Shanti’s husband
* Bhavana Sagi as Priyanka, Chaitanya’s office colleague
* Trishool Jeethuri as Sai, Chaitanya’s office colleague
* Abhay Bethiganti as Chaitanya’s college friend
* Saddam as Hospital Attendant
* [[Rashi Singh]] as Shanti, Chaitanya’s College Crush (Cameo appearance)

== Music ==
The background score and a song is composed by Ajay Arasada, whilst all the remaining songs are composed by [[Sunil Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=Armaan Malik delivers a heartwarming love song in ‘Telusa Nee Kosame’, new single from Santhana Prapthirasthu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/28/armaan-malik-delivers-a-heartwarming-love-song-in-telusa-nee-kosame-new-single-from-santhana-prapthirasthu |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naalo Edho
| extra1 = Aditi Bhavaraju
| length1 = 4:00
| lyrics1 = Sreejo
| title2 = Anukundhokati Le Ayyindhokati Le
| extra2 = [[Vennela Kishore]]
| length2 = 3:29
| lyrics2 = Balavardhan
| title3 = Telusa Nee Kosame
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| note3 = Composed by Ajay Arasada
| length3 = 4:09
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| title4 = Santhana PrapthiRasthu Shubhamasthu
| extra4 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title5 = Mari Mari
| length5 = 4:15
| lyrics5 = Uma Vanguri
| extra5 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| length4 = 3:36
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
}}

==Release and reception==
''Santhana Prapthirasthu'' was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Chandini Chowdary’s Santhana Prapthirasthu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/11/chandini-chowdarys-santhana-prapthirasthu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

MoneyControl gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars and mentioned that the movie is a fun yet sensible way to talk about a serious issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=santhana-prapthirasthu-movie-review-a-fun-yet-sensible-way-to-talk-about-a-serious-issue |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/santhana-prapthirasthu-movie-review-a-fun-yet-sensible-way-to-talk-about-a-serious-issue-article-13676535.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

Suresh Kavirayani of [[The New Indian Express|''The New Indian Express'']] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and stated, "''Santhana Prapthirasthu'' is a neat attempt to present the theme of infertility in a light, entertaining manner."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-11-14 |title=Santhana Prapthirasthu Movie Review: A sensitive subject narrated in an entertaining way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Nov/14/telugureview2025nov14santhana-prapthirasthu-movie-review-a-sensitive-subject-narrated-in-an-entertaining-way |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] felt that, "with tighter writing and sharper editing", the film's ideas could have landed far better.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-11-14 |title=‘Santhana Prapthirasthu’ movie review: An uneven social drama with a few silver linings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhana-prapthirasthu-movie-review-an-uneven-social-drama-with-a-few-silver-linings/article70274284.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu from [[The Hans India]] appreciated the film’s balance of humour and awareness, rates 3/5 and wrote, “Santhana Prapthirasthu succeeds in presenting a delicate issue through a family-friendly comedic format.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-14 |title=‘Santhana Prapthirasthu’ review: Srikes a balance between message and laughter |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/santhana-prapthirasthu-review-srikes-a-balance-between-message-and-laughter-1023327 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sandeep Athreya of [[Sakshi (media group)]] gave it 3/5 stars and wrote "Santhana Prapthirasthu isn’t a heavy drama — it’s a breezy entertainer laced with a socially relevant core. Thanks to strong performances and well-placed comedy, it manages to keep you engaged even when the emotional beats falter. It's a pleasant weekend watch for anyone looking for a clean, uncomplicated film with a fresh theme".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Santhana Prapthirasthu Review and Rating: A Refreshingly Bold Film From Chandini Chowdary, Vikranth and Sanjeev Reddy |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/santhana-prapthirasthu-review-and-rating-hows-chandini-chowdarys-film-474335 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33054635|Santhana Prapthirasthu}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

Bhattiyat Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:41Z

HongGrasby5256: new first data w/ refs!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhattiyat
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| map_image = 5-Bhattiyat constituency.svg
| mla = [[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chamba district|Chamba]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:78980}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Department, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/showfile.php?lang=1&dpt_id=6&level=1&sublinkid=21406&lid=19924 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Bhattiyat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Bhattiyat]] is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Bhattiyat Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhattiyat.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Jaiwant Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Inder Singh (politician)|Inder Singh]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Padma
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| Shiv Kumar Upmanyu
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]
|
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Shiv Kumar Upmanyu
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Kishori Lal
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=2| [[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| [[Bikram Singh Jaryal]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,989 |percentage=43.73% |change={{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bikram Singh Jaryal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,422 |percentage=41.10% |change={{decrease}}12.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=7,741 |percentage=13.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrita Chaudhry |party=Hindu Samaj Party |votes=607 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=468 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=197 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,567 |percentage=2.64% |change= {{decrease}}10.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,424 |percentage=72.83% |change= {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,594 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bikram Singh Jaryal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,119 |percentage=53.56% |change={{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,234 |percentage=40.90% |change={{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=655 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rahul Ranpatia |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=485 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,885 |percentage=12.66% |change= {{increase}}12.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,367 |percentage=75.99% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,545 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bikram Singh Jaryal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,098 |percentage=37.74% |change={{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,987 |percentage=37.50% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,870 |percentage=20.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Kumari |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=960 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar Dhiman |party=Independent politician |votes=549 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=482 |percentage=1.01% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=111 |percentage=0.23% |change= {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,960 |percentage=73.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,199 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,746 |percentage=37.59% |change={{increase}}20.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh Chauhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,421 |percentage=36.86% |change={{increase}}17.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bikram Singh Jaryal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,474 |percentage=23.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=884 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=325 |percentage=0.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,549 |percentage=74.98% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,413 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Independent politician |votes=13,948 |percentage=34.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,722 |percentage=29.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,957 |percentage=19.71% |change={{decrease}}39.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,744 |percentage=16.71% |change={{decrease}}19.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,226 |percentage=5.51% |change= {{decrease}}17.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,371 |percentage=76.32% |change= {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,020 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}24.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,387 |percentage=59.26% |change={{increase}}30.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,578 |percentage=36.56% |change={{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Ram |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=862 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Singh Bist |party=Janata Dal |votes=497 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,809 |percentage=22.70% |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,404 |percentage=74.17% |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,162 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,595 |percentage=45.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,681 |percentage=28.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,596 |percentage=25.27% |change={{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=187 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,914 |percentage=16.35% |change= {{decrease}}11.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,059 |percentage=70.98% |change= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,825 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}16.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Janata Dal |votes=15,620 |percentage=61.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,589 |percentage=34.06% |change={{decrease}}13.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishamber Das |party=Independent politician |votes=840 |percentage=3.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,031 |percentage=27.88% |change= {{increase}}18.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,219 |percentage=62.61% |change= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,751 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,374 |percentage=47.83% |change={{decrease}}9.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,430 |percentage=38.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,853 |percentage=13.15% |change={{decrease}}26.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,944 |percentage=8.96% |change= {{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,690 |percentage=67.89% |change= {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,316 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf|access-date=22 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,796 |percentage=56.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,480 |percentage=39.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Lokdal |votes=695 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,316 |percentage=17.48% |change= {{decrease}}42.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,971 |percentage=62.19% |change= {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,932 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=8,881 |percentage=74.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,710 |percentage=14.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Digti Ram ` |party=Independent politician |votes=1,277 |percentage=10.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,171 |percentage=60.42% |change= {{increase}}48.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,868 |percentage=44.28% |change= {{increase}}16.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,166 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}27.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,272 |percentage=47.84% |change={{increase}}19.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,466 |percentage=36.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=961 |percentage=14.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=806 |percentage=11.78% |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,840 |percentage=27.93% |change= {{decrease}}10.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,178 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,008 |percentage=35.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,430 |percentage=28.75% |change={{decrease}}25.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kishore |party=Independent politician |votes=1,953 |percentage=23.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,061 |percentage=12.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=578 |percentage=6.84% |change= {{decrease}}19.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,452 |percentage=39.55% |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,330 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhattiyat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaiwant Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,832 |percentage=53.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madho Ram ( S/O Nand Lal ) |party=Independent politician |votes=949 |percentage=27.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madho Ram ( S/O Damodar ) |party=Independent politician |votes=361 |percentage=10.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Singh |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=265 |percentage=7.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=883 |percentage=25.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,407 |percentage=21.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,692 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|32.33|76.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chamba district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

V. K. Bali

2026-04-13T00:29:59Z

HongGrasby5256: started bio

{{Short description|Indian judge (1945–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''
| image = File:V K Bali Retd. Judge of the High Court.jpg
| name = Vinod Kumar Bali
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| office = [[Chairman]], Central Administrative Tribunal
| term_start = 8 March 2007
| term_end = 8 March 2012
| office2 = [[Chief Justice]], [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start2 = 22 January 2006
| term_end2 = 24 January 2007
| office3 = [[Judge]], [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start3 = February 2005
| term_end3 = January 2006
| office4 = [[Judge]], [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start4 = March 1991
| term_end4 = February 2005
| nominator =
| alma_mater =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| citizenship = Indian
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1945|01|24}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|12|24|1945|1|24}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| spouse =
| website = {{URL|http://cgat.gov.in/bio/vk_bali.htm|cgat.gov.in}}
}}

'''Vinod Kumar Bali''' (24 January 1945 – 24 December 2022) was an Indian jurist who was the Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi, and [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]].<ref name="cgat.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://cgat.gov.in/bio/vk_bali.htm|title=CAT-Members-Principal Bench-Mr.Justice V.K.Bali|work=cgat.gov.in|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/courts-should-not-be-given-powers-to-review-cat-orders/article395610.ece|title='Courts should not be given powers to review CAT orders'|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2011/11/government-may-introduce-double-shifts.html|title=babus of india|work=babusofindia.com|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article194153.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629142057/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article194153.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2015|title=Pending cases plaguing HCs, says CAT chief|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his graduation in Law from Punjab University, Chandigarh in 1967 Bali started practicing in District Courts, [[Karnal]] in the same year and shifted to the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|High Court of Punjab and Haryana]] at Chandigarh in 1973. He practiced on all subjects of law and specialized in Constitutional, Service, Labour and Industrial Disputes and Criminal Laws.<ref name="cgat.gov.in"/> He was designated as [[Senior Advocate]] at the age of 42 in 1987.

In the year 1991 he was elevated to [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] and as a judge he has authored several Full Bench Judgments and decided several hundred criminal cases besides deciding Constitutional, Civil, Labour and Industrial matters. He served as the Chairman of Legal Services Authority, Haryana for a term of eight years. In the year 2005 he was transferred to [[Rajasthan High Court]] and served as the Chairman of Rajasthan State Legal Services Authority from 6 September 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=235:vk-bali-new-chief-justice-of-kerala-high-court&catid=8:judiciary&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603001340/http://nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=235:vk-bali-new-chief-justice-of-kerala-high-court&catid=8:judiciary&Itemid=17|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 June 2011|title=V.K. Bali, new Chief Justice of Kerala High Court|work=nchro.org|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

Bali was sworn in as Chief Justice, High Court of Kerala on 22 January 2006.<ref name="News The Hindu 23 January 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chief-justice-bali-to-retire-today/article1786423.ece|title=Chief Justice Bali to retire today|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> During his tenure of one year as Chief Justice, he decided several constitutional matters of all the branches of law. During his tenure as Chief Justice, 120 Full Bench cases pending in Kerala High Court were disposed of. For the first time in the history of Kerala High Court, arrears of the cases were reduced by 15000 in one year. He retired on 24 January 2007 on attaining the age of superannuation.<ref name="cgat.gov.in"/><ref name="News The Hindu 23 January 2007"/>

Appointed Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal, he assumed the office on 8 March 2007.<ref name="cgat.gov.in"/>

Bali died on 24 December 2022, at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Kerala chief justice VK Bali passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/former-kerala-chief-justice-vk-bali-passes-away-101672000198995.html |access-date=2 January 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, V.K.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Silpa Avenue Colony

2026-04-06T02:07:59Z

HongGrasby5256: started stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{mi|{{refimprove|date=April 2026}}{{primarysources|date=April 2026}}}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shilpa Avenue Colony
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.29|N|78.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Telangana|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tasil|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kukatpally]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6139
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sri M Krishna Rao]], [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sri Malla Reddy]], [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500049
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Silpa Avenue Colony.jpg|thumb|Silpa Avenue Colony View from Silpa Pearl Apartment]]

'''Silpa Avenue Colony,''' also Shilpa Avenue Colony, is a sublocality of [[Hafeezpet]], [[Hyderabad]], [[India]], near Hydernagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shilpa Avenue Colony, Hafeezpet, Hyderabad |url=https://housing.com/shilpa-avenue-colony-hafeezpet-hyderabad-overview-P4nmu4wu6f2m0zii7 |date=2026 |access-date=April 5, 2026 |website=Housing.com}}</ref> It is located 20.9 kilometres (12.9 mi) northwest of Hyderabad, is part of GHMC and 100% HUDA approved colony with 226 plots and six parks. Transportation is managed by UMTA.

It has six parks with two parks fully developed, upscale residential apartments and communities with Manjira Drinking Water Pipeline connection available. It is developing into a residential colony. The colony having all facilities like Shops, Parks, and also located having within 3 km radius Metro Rail, MMTS Rail, Farmers Market, Forum Mall, and Cinema Halls. Also the colony is surrounded by Miyapur on one side, Kondapur on another and also Hitech city on one side and Kukatpally on another side. It is designated as a "high-rise" zone and the demand for real-estate has skyrocketed.{{cn|date=June 2025}}



==About Silpa Avenue Colony==

===Languages===
Telugu is the Local Language here.

==Transport for Silpa Avenue Colony==

===Rail===

Hafizpeta Rail Way Station and Hitech Rail Way Station are the very nearby railway stations to Silpa Avenue Colony. However, Secunderabad Central Railway Station is 18 km from Silpa Avenue Colony. Metro Railway Station is 1 km from Silpa Avenue Colony.

===Local Bus===

Hafeezpet Bus Stop Bus Station, Miyapur Bus Stop Bus Station, Miyapur X Roads Bus Station, Kondapur Bus Stop Bus Station, Hydernagar Bus Station are the nearby by Local Bus Stops to Silpa Avenue Colony .

==== Sujana Forum Mall ====

The Forum Sujana Mall is just 2 km from Silpa Avenue Colony

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]

Anita Jatav

2026-04-05T13:11:31Z

HongGrasby5256: new the stub first draft!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Anita Jatav
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Bharosi Lal Jatav]]
| constituency = [[Hindaun Assembly constituency|Hindaun]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Bhusawar|Baroli, Bhusawar ]] [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = Tejpal Jatav (father) Sampati Devi Jatav (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Vikram Singh Jatav|2003}}
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 1
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| education =
| other_party =
}}

'''Anita Jatav''' (born 26 November 1984) is an Indian politician. She is member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Karauli]] district of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anita Jatav, INC Candidate from Hindaun Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/anita-jatav-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a082e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हिंडौन विधानसभा सीट पर कांग्रेस की लगातार दूसरी जीत:अनिता जाटव ने 38,276 वोटों के अंतर से भाजपा के राजकुमार जाटव को हराया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/karauli/hindaun/news/hindaun-election-results-2023-update-rajkumari-jatav-bjp-vs-anita-jatav-congress-brijesh-jatav-bsp-132228822.html |website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref> She was elected to the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hindaun Assembly constituency|Hindaun, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Jatav |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/anita-jatav |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindaun Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC retains Hindaun seat, Anita Jatav wins with 90535 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hindaun-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470695-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Anita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe

2026-04-01T15:16:42Z

HongGrasby5256: started post!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox place demographics|place=[[São Tomé and Príncipe]]|image=File:Sao Tome and Principe single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|size_of_population=217,164 (2022 est.)|caption=Population pyramid of Sao Tome and Principe in 2020|age_0–14_years=39.77%|age_65_years=2.87%|nation=Sao Tomean|growth=1.48% (2022 est.)|birth=28.19 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)|death=6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)|net_migration=-7.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)}}
[[File:Sao Tome and Principe Population 1950-2021 Forecast 2022-2032 UN World Population Prospects 2022.svg|thumb|450px|Population, [[fertility rate]] and [[net reproduction rate]], United Nations estimates]]

[[Demography|Demographic]] features of the [[Population (human biology)|population]] of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Of São Tomé and Príncipe's total population of some 201,800,<ref>official estimate as at 13 May 2018 by Instituto Nacional de Estatistica.</ref> about 193,380 live on São Tomé and 8,420 on Príncipe. All are descended from various ethnic groups that have migrated to the islands since 1485. 70% of the people on São Tomé and Príncipe are black and 30% of the people are mixed race, mostly black and white. Six groups are identifiable:

* [[Luso-Africans]], or mixed-heritage, descendants of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colonists and [[Africa]]n slaves brought to the islands during the early years of settlement from [[Benin]], [[Gabon]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], and [[Angola]] (these people also are known as ''filhos da terra'' or "children of the land");
* ''Angolares'', reputedly descendants of Angolan slaves who survived a 1540 shipwreck and now earn their livelihood fishing;
* ''Forros'', descendants of freed slaves when slavery was abolished;
* ''Serviçais'', contract laborers from Angola, [[Mozambique]], and [[Cape Verde]], living temporarily on the islands;
* ''Tongas'', children of serviçais born on the islands; and
* [[Europe]]ans, primarily Portuguese.
*Asians, mostly [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] minority, including [[Macanese people]] of mixed Portuguese and Chinese blood from [[Macau]].

Although a small country, São Tomé and Príncipe has four national languages: [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (the official language, spoken by 95% of the population), and the [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creoles]] [[Forro language|Forro]] (85%), [[Angolar language|Angolar]] (3%) and [[Principense language|Principense]] (0.1%). [[French language|French]] is also learned in schools, as the country is a member of [[Francophonie]].

In the 1970s, there were two significant population movements—the exodus of most of the 4,000 Portuguese residents and the influx of several hundred São Toméan refugees from Angola. The islanders have been absorbed largely into a common Luso-African culture. Almost all belong to the [[Roman Catholic]], [[Evangelical Protestant]], or [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] churches, which in turn retain close ties with churches in Portugal. There is a small but growing [[Islam|Muslim]] population.

==Population==
[[File:S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_population.svg|thumb|450px|São Tomé and Príncipe's population between 1960 and 2017.]]
According to the 2022 revision of the world factbook the total population was 217,164 in 2022, compared to only 60,000 in 1950.<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108231551/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 8, 2021|title = Sao Tome and Principe|date = 19 April 2022}}</ref> The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 39.8%, 57.4% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.9% was 65 years or older.<ref name="cia.gov"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="80pt"|Total population<ref name="cia.gov"/>
! width="80pt"|Population aged 0–14 (%)
! width="80pt"|Population aged 15–64 (%)
! width="80pt"|Population aged 65+ (%)
|-
| 1950
| 60,000||32.9||63.1||4.0
|-
| 1955
| 59,000||32.9||63.1||4.0
|-
| 1960
| 64,000||32.9||63.2||4.0
|-
| 1965
| 65,000||41.1||56.3||2.6
|-
| 1970
| 74,000||46.7||48.4||4.9
|-
| 1975
| 82,000||47.0||49.1||3.9
|-
| 1980
| 95,000||46.6||48.6||4.8
|-
| 1985
| 104,000||46.6||48.8||4.7
|-
| 1990
| 116,000||46.6||49.0||4.4
|-
| 1995
| 128,000||44.8||50.8||4.4
|-
| 2000
| 141,000||42.6||53.1||4.3
|-
| 2005
| 153,000||41.6||54.0||4.4
|-
| 2010
| 165,000||40.3||55.8||3.9
|-
| 2020
| 211,122||39.8||57.4||2.9
|}

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2017):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/|title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 97 988
| align="right" | 99 712
| align="right" | 197 700
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 12 031
| align="right" | 12 102
| align="right" | 24 133
| align="right" | 12.21
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 13 833
| align="right" | 13 667
| align="right" | 27 500
| align="right" | 13.91
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 12 677
| align="right" | 12 714
| align="right" | 25 390
| align="right" | 12.84
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 10 673
| align="right" | 10 672
| align="right" | 21 345
| align="right" | 10.80
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 9 278
| align="right" | 9 062
| align="right" | 18 341
| align="right" | 9.28
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 7 895
| align="right" | 7 946
| align="right" | 15 841
| align="right" | 8.01
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 7 276
| align="right" | 7 389
| align="right" | 14 665
| align="right" | 7.42
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 6 105
| align="right" | 6 252
| align="right" | 12 358
| align="right" | 6.25
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 4 762
| align="right" | 4 784
| align="right" | 9 546
| align="right" | 4.83
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 3 831
| align="right" | 3 822
| align="right" | 7 654
| align="right" | 3.87
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 2 880
| align="right" | 3 153
| align="right" | 6 033
| align="right" | 3.05
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 2 384
| align="right" | 2 620
| align="right" | 5 004
| align="right" | 2.53
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 573
| align="right" | 1 858
| align="right" | 3 431
| align="right" | 1.74
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1 076
| align="right" | 1 173
| align="right" | 2 249
| align="right" | 1.14
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 665
| align="right" | 835
| align="right" | 1 500
| align="right" | 0.76
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 535
| align="right" | 777
| align="right" | 1 313
| align="right" | 0.66
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 514
| align="right" | 886
| align="right" | 1 400
| align="right" | 0.71
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 38 541
| align="right" | 38 483
| align="right" | 77 024
| align="right" | 38.96
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 56 657
| align="right" | 57 558
| align="right" | 114 215
| align="right" | 57.77
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 2 790
| align="right" | 3 671
| align="right" | 6 461
| align="right" | 3.27
|-
|}

==Vital statistics==
Registration of vital events is in São Tomé & Príncipe not available for recent years. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.<ref name="WPP 2010">[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |date=May 6, 2011 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! width="70pt"|Period
! width="70pt"|Live births per year
! width="70pt"|Deaths per year
! width="70pt"|Natural change per year
! width="70pt"|CBR*
! width="70pt"|CDR*
! width="70pt"|NC*
! width="70pt"|TFR*
! width="70pt"|IMR*
|-
| 1950–1955 || 3 000|| 1 000|| 2 000||47.7||21.0||26.7||6.20||124
|-
| 1955–1960 || 3 000|| 1 000|| 2 000||47.7||18.5||29.2||6.20||112
|-
| 1960–1965 || 3 000|| 1 000|| 2 000||47.0||16.8||30.1||6.30||99
|-
| 1965–1970 || 3 000|| 1 000|| 2 000||42.7||13.1||29.6||6.40||88
|-
| 1970–1975 || 3 000|| 1 000|| 2 000||40.7||13.2||27.6||6.52||80
|-
| 1975–1980 || 4 000|| 1 000|| 3 000||41.1||11.0||30.1||6.50||70
|-
| 1980–1985 || 4 000|| 1 000|| 3 000||40.4||11.5||28.9||6.24||66
|-
| 1985–1990 || 4 000|| 1 000|| 3 000||38.8||10.7||28.1||5.66||63
|-
| 1990–1995 || 5 000|| 1 000|| 3 000||37.0||9.8||27.1||5.16||61
|-
| 1995–2000 || 5 000|| 1 000|| 4 000||35.9||9.2||26.7||4.80||58
|-
| 2000–2005 || 5 000|| 1 000|| 4 000||34.8||8.8||26.0||4.34||55
|-
| 2005–2010 || 5 000|| 1 000|| 4 000||32.4||8.2||24.2||3.85||52
|-
|align="left" colspan="9" | * CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)
|}

=== Registered births and deaths===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/serATab3.pdf|title=. Live births, deaths, and infant deaths, latest available year (2002–2016)|website=Unstats.un.org|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="70"|Year
! width="70"|Population
! width="70"|Live births
! width="70"|Deaths
! width="70"|Natural increase
! width="70"|Crude birth rate
! width="70"|Crude death rate
! width="70"|Rate of natural increase
! width="70"|TFR
|-
| align="right" | 2012
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 5 173
| align="right" | 1 287
| align="right" | 3 886
| align="right" | 27.6
| align="right" | 6.9
| align="right" | 20.7
| align="right" |
|-
| align="right" | 2015
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 5 022
| align="right" | 1 226
| align="right" | 3 796
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="right" | 2017
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 5 190
| align="right" | 1 202
| align="right" | 3 988
| align="right" | 26.3
| align="right" | 6.1
| align="right" | 20.2
| align="right" |
|-
|}

===Demographic and Health Surveys===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhsprogram.com/|title=The DHS Program – Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs|website=Dhsprogram.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-12}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):
! rowspan=2| Year
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan=2| Urban
! colspan=2| Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR
! CBR !! TFR
! CBR !! TFR
|-
| 2008–2009
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.9 (3.3)
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.4 (3.0)
| style="text-align:right;"| 36.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.5 (3.7)
|-
|}

Fertility data as of 2008–2009 (DHS Program):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR233/FR233.pdf|title=Inquérito Demográfico e Sanitário 2008–2009|website=Dhsprogram.com|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100pt;"| Region
! style="width:100pt;"| Total fertility rate
! style="width:100pt;"| Percentage of women age 15–49 currently pregnant
! style="width:100pt;"| Mean number of children ever born to women age 40–49
|-
| Centro || 4.6 || 8.2 || 5.5
|-
| Sul || 5.4 || 8.3 || 6.2
|-
| Norte || 5.7 || 8.8 || 6.7
|-
| Príncipe || 5.0 || 11.6 || 6.1
|}

=== Life expectancy ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Period
!Life expectancy in Years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|website=esa.un.org|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|1950–1955
|46.40
|-
|1955–1960
|{{increase}} 48.89
|-
|1960–1965
|{{increase}} 51.86
|-
|1965–1970
|{{increase}} 54.42
|-
|1970–1975
|{{increase}} 57.36
|-
|1975–1980
|{{increase}} 60.21
|-
|1980–1985
|{{increase}} 60.59
|-
|1985–1990
|{{increase}} 61.40
|-
|1990–1995
|{{increase}} 62.22
|-
|1995–2000
|{{increase}} 63.01
|-
|2000–2005
|{{increase}} 63.80
|-
|2005–2010
|{{increase}} 65.47
|-
|2010–2015
|{{increase}} 66.14
|}

==Ethnic groups==
[[Mestiço]]s, angolares (descendants of [[Angola]]n slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), serviçais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of serviçais born on the islands) and [[Europe]]ans (primarily Portuguese).

==Languages==
{{Main|Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe}}
: [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] 98.4% (official)
: [[Forro Creole|Forro]] 36.2%
: [[Cape Verdean Creole|Cabo Verdian]] 8.5%
: [[French language|French]] 6.8%
: [[Angolar Creole|Angolar]] 6.6%
: [[English language|English]] 4.9%
: [[Principense Creole|Lunguie]] 1%
: Other (including sign language) 2.4%<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210108231551/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe|url-status= dead|archive-date= January 8, 2021|title= Africa :: SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE|date= 19 April 2022|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>

==Religion==
Catholic 55.7%, Adventist 4.1%, Assembly of God 3.4%, New Apostolic 2.9%, Mana 2.3%, Universal Kingdom of God 2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.2%, none 21.2%, unspecified 1% (2012 est.)

==References==
{{Portal|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Africa in topic|Demographics of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Sao Tome And Principe}}
[[Category:Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of Africa|Sao Tome]]
[[Category:Society of São Tomé and Príncipe]]

Om Prakash Mishra (academic)

2026-03-30T14:06:49Z

HongGrasby5256: put up a post

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=November 2022}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Om Prakash Mishra
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Professor at Department of International Relations [[Jadavpur University]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| office2 = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[University of North Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 8 October 2025
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[University of North Bengal]] ''(acting)''
| term_start3 = 28 September 2022
| term_end3 = 21 March 2023
| predecessor3 = Subiresh Bhattacharyya
| successor3 = ''Himself''
| office4 = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Darjeeling Hills University]] ''(additional charge)''
| term_start4 = 28 September 2022
| term_end4 = 23 March 2023
| predecessor4 = Subiresh Bhattacharyya
| successor4 = Prem Poddar
| office5 = HOD of Department of International Relations, [[Jadavpur University]]
| term_start5 = 1994
| term_end5 = 1996
| office6 = Member of [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Advisory Board]] [[Government of India]]
| term_start6 = 18 August 2004
| term_end6 = 21 July 2009
| office7 = Pro Vice-Chancellor [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]
| term_start7 = 2007
| term_end7 = 2009
| birth_place = Balurghat, West Bengal, India
| education = PhD in International Politics
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Jadavpur University]], [[University of North Bengal]]
| occupation = Academic, Politician
}}

'''Om Prakash Mishra''' is an Indian [[Academic staff|academic]], strategy expert, [[politician]], [[political scientist]] and [[International Relations|international relations expert]]. He has served as [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[University of North Bengal]] from 28 September 2022 to 19 May 2023 before joining of Sanchari Roy Mukherjee as VC of the university. Also served many notable position within [[Government of India]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Om Prakash Mishra appointed interim Vice Chancellor of NBU |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/omprakash-mishra-appointed-interim-vice-chancellor-of-north-bengal-university/cid/1889288 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Career==

Om Praksh Mishra has started his career as a lecturer in [[West Bengal Educational Service]] (W.B.E.S.) being posted at Jhargram Raj College initially before joining at [[Jadavpur University]] in the same capacity. He progressed through his teaching and academic journey in [[Jadavpur University]] prior to his joining as interim Vice-chancellor at [[University of North Bengal]]. He also served as HOD of Department of International Relations, [[Jadavpur University]]. Mishra did his graduation from Balurghat College (Affiliated to University of North Bengal), MA and PhD in International Politics from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi, India.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |title=My Neta : Dr. Om Prakash Mishra |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1023 |publisher=My Neta}}
* {{Cite web |title=অপসারিত সুবীরেশ ভট্টাচার্য, উত্তরবঙ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের উপাচার্যের দায়িত্বে ওমপ্রকাশ মিশ্র |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/om-prakash-mishra-appointed-as-vc-of-north-bengal-university/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Om Prakash |date=June 1995 |title=Political Economy of Asia _Pacific Cooperation |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0973598495110019?journalCode=jnra |journal= Jadavpur Journal of International Relations|volume=1 |issue=1|pages=209–218 |doi=10.1177/0973598495110019 |s2cid=152328559 |url-access=subscription }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Om Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Non-governmental organization

2026-03-27T21:19:29Z

HongGrasby5256:

{{Short description|Entity that is not part of the government}}
{{redirect|NGO}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

A ''' non-governmental organization''' ('''NGO''') is an entity that is not part of the [[government]]. This can include non-profit and for-profit entities. An NGO may get a significant percentage or even all of its funding from government sources. An NGO typically is thought to be a [[nonprofit organization]] that operates partially independent of government control. Non-profit NGOs often focus on humanitarian or social issues but can also include clubs and associations offering services to members. Some non-profit NGOs, like the [[World Economic Forum]], may also act as lobby groups for corporations. Unlike [[intergovernmental organizations]], which directly interact with sovereign states and governments, NGOs are independent from them.

The term as it is used today was first introduced in [[Article 71 of the UN Charter|Article 71]] of the newly formed [[United Nations Charter]] in 1945.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=What is an NGO? What role does it play in civil society? {{!}} Knowledge base|url=https://learning.candid.org/resources/knowledge-base/ngo-definition-and-role|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Candid Learning|language=en-US|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331225353/https://learning.candid.org/resources/knowledge-base/ngo-definition-and-role/|url-status=dead}}</ref> While there is no fixed or formal definition for what NGOs are, they are generally defined as non-profit entities that are independent of government management or direction—although they may receive [[government funding]].<ref name=":4" />

According to the [[United Nations Department of Global Communications|UN Department of Global Communications]], an NGO is "a [[Not-for-Profit|not-for profit]], [[Voluntary sector|voluntary]] citizen's group that is organized on a local, national or international level to address issues in support of the public good".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Leverty |first=Sally |date=2008 |title=NGOs, the UN and APA |url=https://www.apa.org/international/united-nations/publications |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> The term ''NGO'' is used inconsistently, and is sometimes used synonymously with ''[[civil society]] organization'' (CSO), which is any association founded by citizens.<ref name="usstate">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170122211029/https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/fs/2017/266904.htm Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the United States]" (fact sheet). 20 January 2017. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of State. state.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</ref> In some countries, NGOs are known as non-profit organizations while [[Political party|political parties]] and [[trade union]]s are sometimes considered NGOs as well.<ref name=":9" />

NGOs are classified by (1) orientation- entailing the type of activities an NGO undertakes, such as activities involving [[human rights]], [[consumer protection]], [[environmentalism]], [[health]], or development; and (2) level of operation, which indicates the scale at which an organization works: local, regional, national, or international.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal|last=Vakil|first=Anna|date=December 1997|title=Confronting the classification problem: Toward a taxonomy of NGOs|journal=World Development|volume=25|issue=12|pages=2057–2070|doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00098-3}}</ref>

The number of NGOs varies widely by country. India has one of the largest sectors, with over 3.7 million NGOs registered on the government's DARPAN portal as of 2024.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://darpan.niti.gov.in/ |title=NGO Darpan |website=NITI Aayog, Government of India |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> In contrast, the number of registered NGOs in Russia has seen a significant decline due to restrictive laws, with thousands being liquidated or delisted since the implementation of the "foreign agent" law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-shuts-down-another-leading-human-rights-ngo-2022-04-08/ |title=Russia shuts down another leading human rights NGO |work=Reuters |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> The United States, by comparison, has approximately 1.5 million NGOs; an NGO for every 227 people.<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/fact-sheet-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-in-the-united-states/ |title=Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the United States |website=U.S. Department of State |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/non-governmental-organizations-ngos-in-the-united-states/ |title=US Department of State |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

== Types ==
NGOs further the social goals of their members (or founders): improving the [[natural environment]], encouraging the observance of [[human rights]], improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. Their goals cover a wide range of issues. They may fund local NGOs, institutions and projects, and implement projects.<ref name="Lawry 2009 29-30" />

NGOs can be in the following ways:<ref name=":9" />

# orientation, i.e. the type of activities an NGO undertakes, such as activities involving [[human rights]], [[consumer protection]], [[environmentalism]], [[health]], or development.
# level of operation, which indicates the scale at which an organization works: local, regional, national, or international.

=== {{anchor|By orientation}}Orientation ===
* [[Charitable organization|Charity]] — often a [[Top-down and bottom-up design|top-down]] effort, with little participation or input from [[Beneficiary|beneficiaries]]. They include NGOs directed at meeting the needs of disadvantaged people and groups.
* [[Service organisation|Service]] — includes NGOs that provide [[Health care|healthcare]] (including [[family planning]]) and [[education]].
* [[Participatory organization|Participatory]] — [[Self-help groups|self-help projects]] with local involvement in the form of [[Self-help group (finance)|money]], tools, land, materials, or labor
* Empowerment — aim to help poor people to understand the social, political, and economic factors affecting their lives, and to increase awareness of their power to control their lives. With maximum involvement by the beneficiaries, the NGOs are facilitators.<ref name="Lawry 2009 29-30">{{cite book |last=Lawry |first=Lynn |title=Guide to Nongovernmental Organizations for the Military |year=2009 |pages=29–30 |url=http://www.cdham.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Chapter-4.-NGO-Structure-Authority-and-Standards.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730130926/http://www.cdham.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Chapter-4.-NGO-Structure-Authority-and-Standards.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Professional association|Professional]] [[Trade union|(trade) union]] [[trade association|(association)]] – a voluntary association or union of people with common interests including sports, culture, others, i.e. [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], [[FIFA]]

=== {{anchor|By level of operation}}Level of operation ===
* [[Community-based organizations]] (CBOs) — popular initiatives which can [[Consciousness raising|raise the consciousness]] of the [[Urban poverty|urban poor]], helping them understand their right to services, and providing such services.
* City-wide organizations — include [[Chamber of commerce and industry|chambers of commerce and industry]], [[coalition]]s of business, ethnic or [[educational institution|educational]] groups, and [[Community organizing|community organizations]].
* State NGOs — include state-level organizations, associations, and groups. Some state NGOs are guided by national and international NGOs.
* National NGOs — an NGO that exists in only one country.<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS">{{cite encyclopedia|title=What is a Non-Governmental Organization?|encyclopedia=UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=City University London|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|access-date=18 July 2012|last=Willetts|first=Peter}}</ref> These include national organizations such as [[YMCA]]s and [[YWCA]]s, [[professional association]]s, and similar groups. Some have state or city branches, and assist local NGOs.
* [[International non-governmental organization|International NGOs]] (INGOs) — range from secular agencies, such as [[Save the Children]], to religious groups. They may fund local NGOs, institutions and projects, and implement projects.<ref name="Lawry 2009 29-30" />

=== Other terms/acronyms ===
Similar terms include [[Voluntary sector|third-sector]] organization (TSO), [[non-profit organization]] (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), [[civil society]] organization (CSO), [[grassroots]] organization (GO), [[social movement organization]] (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), [[self-help]] organization (SHO), and [[non-state actor]]s (NSAs). Numerous variations exist for the NGO acronym, either due to language, region, or specificity.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Some [[Romance languages]] use the synonymous abbreviation ''ONG''; for example:{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* {{Langx|fr|organisation non gouvernementale}}
* {{Langx|it|organizzazione non governativa}}
* {{Langx|pt|organização não governmental}}
* {{Langx|es|organización no gubernamental}}
* {{Langx|ro|organizație neguvernamentală}}

Other acronyms that are typically used to describe non-governmental organizations include:{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* BINGO: Business-friendly international NGO or Big international NGO
* CSO: [[Civil society]] organization
* [[ENGO]]: Environmental NGO — organizations that advocate for the environment, such as [[Greenpeace]] and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Folger|first=Jean|date=2021-01-18|title=What is an NGO (Non-Governmental Organization)?|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/13/what-is-non-government-organization.asp|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Investopedia|language=en}}</ref>
* DONGO: Donor-organized NGO
* GONGO: [[Government-organized non-governmental organization]] — often used derogatorily, these are government-backed NGOs that are set up to advocate on behalf of a repressive regime on the international stage.<ref name=":10" />
* GSO: [[Grassroots Support Organization]]
* INGO: [[International non-governmental organization|International NGO]]<ref name=":10" />
* MANGO: Market advocacy NGO
* NGDO: Non-governmental development organization
* NNGO: Northern (UK) NGO
* PANGO: Party NGO — addressing political matters
* PVDO: Private voluntary development organization<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David|title=Non-governmental organizations and development|last2=Kanji|first2=Nazneen|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0-203-87707-4|location=Abingdon, Oxon|pages=9–10}}</ref> — the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) refers to NGOs as "private voluntary organizations".<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 September 2017|title=Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)|url=https://www.usaid.gov/partnership-opportunities/ngo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514023014/http://www.usaid.gov/partnership-opportunities/ngo|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2013|access-date=12 September 2018|website=[[USAID]]|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Quango]]: Quasi-autonomous NGO — often used derogatorily, these organizations rely on [[public funding]].<ref name=":10" /> They are prevalent in the United Kingdom (where there are more than 1,200), Ireland, and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].
* SBO: [[Social benefit organization]] — a goal-oriented designation
* SCO: [[Social change]] organization
* SNGO: Southern (UK) NGO
* TANGO: Technical assistance NGO
* TNGO: [[Transnational organization|Transnational NGO]] — coined during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGOs exist in two (or more) countries.
* YOUNGO: Youth NGOs - advocacing for youth rights.

== {{anchor|Project management}}Activities ==
[[File:Europe_in_a_suitcase_-_UK.jpg|alt=A roomful of people|thumb|[[Europe-Georgia Institute]] head [[George Melashvili]] addresses the audience at the launch of the "Europe in a suitcase" project by two NGOs (the EGI and the [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]]), which aims to increase cooperation between European politicians, journalists and representatives of the civic sector and academia with their counterparts in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="egisutcase2">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-29 |title=Europe in a suitcase: Oliver Wardrop Discussions |url=https://egi.ge/en/archives/5187 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Europe-Georgia Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in improving the lives of people who have been affected by natural disasters or are facing other challenges. NGOs can act as implementers, catalysts, and partners to provide essential goods and services to those in need. They work to mobilize resources, both financial and human, to ensure that aid is delivered in a timely and effective manner.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

NGOs also play a critical role in driving change by advocating for policies and practices that benefit disadvantaged communities. They often work in partnership with other organizations, including government agencies, to address complex challenges that require a collaborative approach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=NGO in Kanpur |url=https://www.yogyata.org.in/ |url-status=live|archive-date=Feb 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205014409/https://www.yogyata.org.in/}}</ref> One of the key strengths of NGOs is their ability to work at the grassroots level and to connect with communities directly. This allows them to gain a deep understanding of the issues facing people and to tailor their services to meet the specific needs of each community.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

NGOs vary by method; some are primarily [[advocacy group]]s, and others conduct programs and activities. [[Oxfam]], concerned with poverty alleviation, may provide needy people with the equipment and skills to obtain food and [[drinking water]]; the [[Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy]] (FFDA) helps provide legal assistance to victims of human-rights abuses. The [[Afghanistan Information Management Services]] provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations. Management techniques are crucial to project success.<ref>[http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/pdf/int-work-paper4.pdf 100  LSE.ac.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011092409/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/pdf/int-work-paper4.pdf |date=11 October 2009 }}, Mukasa, Sarah. ''Are expatriate staff necessary in international development NGOs? A case study of an international NGO in Uganda.'' Publication of the Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economics. 2002, p. 11-13.</ref>

The [[World Bank]] classifies NGO activity into two general categories:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="definition">[http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/define.htm World Bank Criteria defining NGO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621135344/http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/define.htm|date=21 June 2007}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

# operational NGOs, whose primary function is the design and implementation of development-related projects
# advocacy NGOs, whose primary function is to defend or promote a particular cause and who seek to influence the policies and practices of [[International governmental organisation]]s (IGOs).

{{anchor|Both operational and campaigning|Combined}}NGOs may also conduct both activities: operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they face issues in the field, which could be remedied by policy change, and campaigning NGOs (such as [[Human rights organizations|human-rights organizations]]) often have programs which assist individual victims for whom they are trying to advocate.<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS" /><ref name=":10" />

=== Operational ===
'''Operational NGOs''' seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects",<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS"/> mobilizing financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create local programs. They hold large-scale [[fundraising]] events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or contracts to raise money for projects. Operational NGOs often have a [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] structure; their headquarters are staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, and report to and communicate with operational fieldworkers on projects.<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS" /> They are most often associated with the delivery of services or environmental issues, emergency relief, and public welfare. Operational NGOs may be subdivided into relief or development organizations, service-delivery or participatory, religious or secular, and public or private. Although operational NGOs may be community-based, many are national or international. The defining activity of an operational NGO is the implementation of projects.<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS" />

=== {{Anchor|Campaigning}}Advocacy ===
'''Advocacy NGOs''' or campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through the influence of the political system".<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS"/> They require an active, efficient group of professional members who can keep supporters informed and motivated. Campaigning NGOs must plan and host demonstrations and events which will attract media, their defining activity.<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS"/>

Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues related to human rights, women's rights, and children's rights, and their primary purpose is to defend (or promote) a specific cause.<ref name="WillettsCS-NTWKS" />

=== Public relations ===
Non-governmental organisations need healthy [[public relations]] in order to meet their goals, and use sophisticated public-relations campaigns to raise funds and deal with governments. Interest groups may be politically important, influencing social and political outcomes. A [[Ethical code|code of ethics]] was established in 2002 by the [[Unification Church#Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (1994–present)|World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wango.org/codeofethics.aspx|title=World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations – Code of Ethics and Conduct for NGOs|website=www.wango.org|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Corporate structure}}Structure ==

=== Staffing ===
Some NGOs rely on paid staff while others are based on [[Volunteering|volunteers]]. Although many NGOs use international staff in developing countries, others rely on local employees or volunteers. Foreign staff may satisfy a [[Donation|donor]] who wants to see the supported project managed by a person from an [[Developed country|industrialized country]]. The expertise of these employees (or volunteers) may be counterbalanced by several factors, such as; the cost of [[Alien (law)|foreigners]] is typically higher, they have no [[grassroots democracy|grassroots connections]] in the country, and local expertise may be undervalued.<ref name="definition" /> By the end of 1995, [[Concern Worldwide]] (an international anti-poverty NGO) employed 174 foreigners and just over 5,000 local staff in [[Haiti]] and ten developing countries in Africa and Asia.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

On average, employees in NGOs earn 11-12% less compared to employees of for-profit organizations and government workers with the same number of qualifications .<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Preston|first1=Anne E.|last2=Sacks|first2=Daniel W.|title=Nonprofit Wages: Theory and Evidence|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781849803526.00017|journal=Handbook of Research on Nonprofit Economics and Management|year=2010|doi=10.4337/9781849803526.00017|isbn=9781849803526|hdl=10419/161194|hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, in many cases NGOs employees receive more fringe benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ben-Ner|first1=Avner|last2=Ren|first2=Ting|last3=Paulson|first3=Darla Flint|date=13 April 2010|title=A Sectoral Comparison of Wage Levels and Wage Inequality in Human Services Industries|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764010365012|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|volume=40|issue=4|pages=608–633|doi=10.1177/0899764010365012|s2cid=1222873|issn=0899-7640|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Funding ===
NGOs are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding and are run by volunteers. NGOs may have [[Charitable organization|charitable status]], or may be [[tax-exempt]] in recognition of their social, political, religious, or other purposes. Since the end of [[World War II]], NGOs have had an increased role in [[international development]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Werker|first1=Eric|last2=Ahmed|first2=Faisal Z.|year=2008|title=What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=22|issue=2|pages=74–75|doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.73|doi-access=free}}</ref> particularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Werker|first1=Eric|last2=Ahmed|first2=Faisal Z.|year=2008|title=What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=22|issue=2|page=74|doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.73|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Funding sources include membership dues, the sale of [[Product (business)|goods]] and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, [[corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) funds and private donations. Although the term "non-governmental organization" implies [[independence]] from governments, many NGOs depend on government funding;<ref name="global" /> one-fourth of [[Oxfam]]'s US$162 million 1998 income was donated by the British government and the EU, and [[World Vision United States]] collected $55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government. Several EU grants provide funds accessible to NGOs.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precise that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/world/75421/ng-uh-o |title=NG-Uh-O – The trouble with humanitarianism |author=David Rieff |date=10 June 2010 |newspaper=The New Republic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405060147/https://newrepublic.com/article/75421/ng-uh-o |archive-date= Apr 5, 2023 }}</ref> Some NGOs, such as [[Greenpeace]], do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations.<ref name="HBS">{{cite web |author=Sarah Jane Gilbert |author2=Ramon Casadesus-Masanell |author3=Jordan Mitchell |url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html |title= HBS Cases: The Value of Environmental Activists |publisher=Harvard Business School Working Knowledge |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091010181022/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GP Annual report 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/international-annualreport-2008.pdf |title=08 Annual Report |publisher=Greenpeace |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230012105/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/international-annualreport-2008.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 1999 budget of the American Association of Retired Persons ([[AARP]]) was over $540 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12687/edition_id/245/format/html/displaystory.html|title=Poll shows power of AIPAC drops slightly|date=19 December 1999|publisher=Jewish News Weekly of Northern California|access-date=25 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033138/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12687/edition_id/245/format/html/displaystory.html |archive-date= Sep 30, 2007 }}</ref>

In America, government funding of NGOs relating to immigration is common, and is one of the stated methods the Office of Refugee Resettlement uses to help integrate immigrants to America.<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL BACKGROUND |url=https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/grant-funding/division-refugee-services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416211040/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/grant-funding/division-refugee-services |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2021 |website=OFFICE OF REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT |publisher=Administration for children and families. |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> Government funding sometimes accounts for the vast majority of overall funding for these NGOs, for example Global Refuge received 180 million dollars of its 207 million dollar budget from federal funding.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lutheran Immigration And Refugee Service |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/132574854/202312069349300221/full |website=ProPublica |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> In recent years, government contracts to non-profits have exploded both in number and size. The Budget for the Office of Refugee Resettlement has increased from 1.8 billion in 2018 to 6.3 billion in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report claims nonprofits in Texas, Arizona are making billions off the migrant crisis |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/report-claims-nonprofits-in-texas-arizona-are-making-billions-off-the-migrant-crisis/ar-BB1mopq1 |website=MSN |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> Critics point to the million-dollar salaries of CEOS and the use of funds for "music therapy" and "pet therapy" as a worrying sign that the money might not be appropriated to help the migrant crisis, but rather as a political move to keep wealthy backers loyal.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== {{anchor|Overhead costs}}Overhead ===
[[Overhead (business)|Overhead]] is the amount of money spent on running an NGO, rather than on projects.<ref name=Overhead1>{{cite web |url= http://www.fundsforngos.org/budget-for-ngos/defining-terms-budget/ |title=Defining certain terms in a budget |publisher=Funds for NGOs |date=18 September 2011 |access-date= 24 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113151014/http://www.fundsforngos.org/budget-for-ngos/defining-terms-budget/ |archive-date= Jan 13, 2014 }}</ref> It includes office expenses,<ref name=Overhead1 /> salaries, and banking and bookkeeping costs. An NGO's percentage of its overall budget spent on overhead is often used to judge it; less than four percent is considered good.<ref name=Overhead1 /> According to the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations, more than 86 percent should be spent on programs (less than 20 percent on overhead).<ref>{{cite web |title=Code of Ethics & Conduct for NGOs Compliance Manual |website=World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations |url=http://www.wango.org/codeofethics/ComplianceManual.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401020450/http://www.wango.org/codeofethics/ComplianceManual.pdf |archive-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]] has guidelines of five to seven percent overhead to receive funding;<ref>{{cite web |title=National NGOs Serving as PRs Excluded from the Global Fund's Policy on Percentage-Based Overhead Costs |url=http://www.aidspan.org/index.php?issue=174&article=2 |date= 24 Jan 2012 |first1=David |last1=Garmaise |website=Aidspan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114828/http://www.aidspan.org/gfo_article/national-ngos-serving-prs-excluded-global-funds-policy-percentage-based-overhead-costs |archive-date= Sep 27, 2013 }}</ref> the [[World Bank]] typically allows 37 percent.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Gibbs | first1=Christopher| last2=Fumo|first2=Claudia |last3=Kuby|first3=Thomas |title=Nongovernmental organizations in World Bank supported projects : a review |year=1999 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8213-4456-9 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77m7ExDp8DQC&pg=PA21 |edition=2nd}}</ref> A high percentage of overhead relative to total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds.<ref>{{cite book |editor2-last=Crowther |editor1-first= Güler|editor1-last= Aras|editor2-first= David |title=NGOs and social responsibility |year=2010 |publisher=Emerald |location=Bingley, UK |isbn=978-0-85724-295-2 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9mgFMJQhCsC&pg=PA121 |edition=1st}}</ref> High overhead costs may also generate public criticism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kassahun |first=Samson |title=Social capital for synergistic partnership : development of poor localities in urban Ethiopia |year=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier |location=Göttingen |isbn=978-3-86537-222-2 |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSjsfco0elIC&pg=PA153 |edition=1. Aufl.}}</ref>

A sole focus on overhead, however, can be counterproductive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schmitz |first1=Hans Peter |first2=George E. |last2=Mitchell |date=9 March 2010 |url=http://hausercenter.org/iha/2010/03/09/navigating-effectiveness/ |title=Navigating Effectiveness |website= Humanitarian & Development NGOs Domain Blog |publisher=The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Harvard University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502111108/http://hausercenter.org/iha/2010/03/09/navigating-effectiveness/ |archive-date= May 2, 2016 }}</ref> Research published by the [[Urban Institute]] and [[Stanford University]]'s Center for Social Innovation have shown that rating agencies create incentives for NGOs to lower (and hide) overhead costs, which may reduce organizational effectiveness by starving organizations of infrastructure to deliver services.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.urban.org/publications/311055.html| title=The Pros and Cons of Financial Efficiency Standards| date=August 1, 2004 |first1=Mark A. |last1=Hager|first2=Ted |last2=Flack |website=Urban Institute | access-date=29 November 2012| archive-date=26 April 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426101444/http://www.urban.org/publications/311055.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ssireview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game/ |title=The Ratings Game |website=SSIR |first1=Stephanie |last1=Lowell |first2=Brian |last2=Trelstad |first3=Bill |last3=Meehan |date=Summer 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719221016/http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_ratings_game |archive-date=19 July 2015 |access-date=29 November 2012 }}</ref> An alternative rating system would provide, in addition to financial data, a qualitative evaluation of an organization's transparency and governance:
# An assessment of program effectiveness
# Evaluation of feedback mechanisms for donors and beneficiaries
# Allowing a rated organization to respond to an evaluation by a rating agency<ref name="ssireview"/>

=== Monitoring and control ===
In a March 2000 report on United Nations reform priorities, former UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] favored international humanitarian intervention as the [[responsibility to protect]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgresponsibility.shtml |title=Background Information on the Responsibility to Protect — Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations |publisher=Un.org |access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> citizens from ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. After that report, the Canadian government launched its Responsibility to Protect (R2P)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ |title=International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP) |publisher=Responsibilitytoprotect.org |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513143738/http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> project outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. The R2P project has wide applications, and among its more controversial has been the Canadian government's use of R2P to justify its intervention in the coup in Haiti.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engler |first1=Fenton |last2=Yves |first2=Anthony |title=Canada in Haiti: Waging War on the Poor Majority |year=2005 |publisher=RED Publishing |location=Vancouver, Winnipeg |isbn=978-1-55266-168-0 |page=120 |url=http://www.fernwoodpublishing.ca/Canada-in-Haiti-Yves-Engler-Anthony-Fenton/ |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006154741/http://www.fernwoodpublishing.ca/Canada-in-Haiti-Yves-Engler-Anthony-Fenton/ |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>

Large corporations have increased their [[corporate social responsibility]] departments to preempt NGO campaigns against corporate practices. Collaboration between corporations and NGOs risks [[co-option]] of the weaker partner, typically the NGO.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2012 |title=Corporations and NGOs: When Accountability Leads to Co-optation |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1007/s10551-011-1057-9|last1=Baur |first1=Dorothea |last2=Schmitz |first2=Hans Peter |s2cid=154450479 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/312987/files/10551_2011_Article_1057.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331191528/http://doc.rero.ch/record/312987/files/10551_2011_Article_1057.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2007, [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs]] [[S. Ward Casscells]] established an International Health Division of Force Health Protection & Readiness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ha.osd.mil/FHPR/default.cfm |title=Force Health Protection & Readiness - December 08, 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208135444/http://www.ha.osd.mil/fhpr/default.cfm |archive-date=8 December 2006 }}</ref> Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with NGOs about areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p.pdf |title=Department of Defense Directive 3000.05 |publisher=United States Department of Defense |date=16 September 2009 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015160448/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2005, required the US Defense Department to regard stability-enhancing activities as equally important as combat. In compliance with [[Geneva Conventions|international law]], the department has developed a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict (such as [[Iraq]]) where customary lead agencies like the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] and USAID have difficulty operating. International Health cultivates collaborative, arm's-length relationships with NGOs, recognizing their independence, expertise, and honest-broker status.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Regulation and environment by country ==
=== India ===
India has one of the world's largest NGO sectors, with over 3.7 million non-governmental organizations registered on the government's DARPAN portal as of 2024.<ref name="auto"/> These organizations are primarily registered as Trusts, Societies, or Section 8 Companies and must obtain special certifications (12A and 80G) from the Income Tax Department to be tax-exempt.

A defining feature of the Indian NGO landscape is the stringent regulation of foreign funding, governed by the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA). An FCRA registration is mandatory for any NGO wishing to receive foreign donations. The Indian government has used the act to significantly tighten control over the sector, leading to the cancellation or non-renewal of FCRA licenses for thousands of organizations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-tightens-rules-ngos-suspends-licence-prominent-think-tank-2023-03-29/ |title=India tightens rules for NGOs, suspends licence of prominent think-tank |work=Reuters |date=29 March 2023 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> This crackdown has particularly affected NGOs working on human rights, environmental advocacy, and civil liberties, prompting criticism from civil society groups that the law is used to suppress dissent. The government maintains that such measures are necessary to ensure accountability and prevent foreign interference in domestic affairs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-raids-40-locations-in-fcra-violation-case/article65624131.ece |title=CBI raids 40 locations in FCRA violation case |work=The Hindu |date=10 July 2022 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
[[International non-governmental organization]]s date back to at least the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Thomas |title=NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-938753-3 |page=23 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/ngos-9780199387533}}</ref><ref>Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, Michigan Journal of International Law, Winter 1997.</ref> and there were an estimated 1,083 NGOs by 1914.<ref>{{cite book |title=Subcontracting Peace – The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding |editor1=Oliver P. Richmond |editor2=Henry F. Carey |publisher=Ashgate |year=2005 |page=21}}</ref> International NGOs were important to the [[abolitionism|anti-slavery]] and [[women's suffrage]] movements, and peaked at the time of the 1932–1934 [[World Disarmament Conference]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Thomas Richard |title=The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars |year=2007 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-16258-7}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref>

The term became popular with the 1945 founding of the [[United Nations]] in 1945;<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Thomas|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/ngos-9780199387533|title=NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-938753-3|location=New York|page=3}}</ref> Article 71 in [[Chapter X of the United Nations Charter|Chapter X of its charter]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapt10.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040322180234/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapt10.htm|url-status=dead|title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter X|archive-date=22 March 2004}}</ref> stipulated [[consultative status]] for organizations which are neither governments nor member states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Götz|first=Norbert|date=2008-06-01|title=Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108089242|journal=European Journal of International Relations|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=231–258|doi=10.1177/1354066108089242|s2cid=145277588|issn=1354-0661|url-access=subscription}}</ref> An international NGO was first defined in resolution 288 (X) of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) on February 27, 1950, as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The role of NGOs and other "major groups" in [[sustainable development]] was recognized in Chapter 27<ref>{{cite web |author=United Nations Conference on Environment and Development |url=http://habitat.igc.org/agenda21/a21-27.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217095008/http://habitat.igc.org/agenda21/a21-27.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2003 |title=Agenda 21 – Chapter 27: Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations: Partners for Sustainable Development, Earth Summit, 1992 |publisher=Habitat.igc.org |access-date=20 December 2011 }}</ref> of [[Agenda 21]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1996/eres1996-31.htm |title=1996/31. Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations |publisher=Un.org |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref> The rise and fall of international NGOs matches contemporary events, waxing in periods of growth and waning in times of crisis.<ref>Boli, J. and Thomas, G. M. (1997) World Culture in the World Polity: A century of International Non-Governmental Organization. American Sociological Review. pp. 177</ref> The United Nations gave non-governmental organizations observer status at its assemblies and some meetings. According to the UN, an NGO is a private, not-for-profit organization which is independent of government control and is not merely an opposition [[political party]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.apa.org/international/united-nations/acronyms.pdf| title = United Nations: Definitions and Terms}}</ref> An observer has access to most meetings and relevant documentation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.un.org/en/about-us/about-permanent-observers| title = About Permanent Observers| website=United Nations| access-date=21 Jan 2025}}</ref>

The rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in Western countries as a result of the restructuring of the [[welfare state]]. [[Globalization]] of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system, and was an important part of the [[Washington Consensus]].<ref name="global">Pawel Zaleski ''Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector'', [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warsaw (2006)</ref>

Twentieth-century [[globalization]] increased the importance of NGOs. [[Treaty|International treaties]] and organizations, such as the [[World Trade Organization]], focused on [[Capitalism|capitalist]] interests. To counterbalance this trend, NGOs emphasize [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian issues]], [[development aid]], and [[sustainable development]]. An example is the [[World Social Forum]], a rival convention of the [[World Economic Forum]] held each January in [[Davos]], Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum, in [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil in January 2005, was attended by representatives of over 1,000 NGOs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=Lauren |title=NGO Update |journal=Human Rights Brief |year=2005 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=44–45}}</ref> The 1992 [[Earth Summit]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], attended by about 2,400 representatives, was the first to demonstrate the power of international NGOs in environmental issues and sustainable development. Transnational NGO networking has become extensive.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Diane |title=Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the 'Transnationalisation' of Policy |journal=Journal of European Public Policy.austiniskewl |volume=11 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=545–566 |doi=10.1080/13501760410001694291|s2cid=153837868 |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1742/1/WRAP_Stone_JEPP_Transnational_Transfer.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216082459/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1742/1/WRAP_Stone_JEPP_Transnational_Transfer.pdf |archive-date=2011-12-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legal status ==
Although NGOs are subject to national laws and practices, four main groups may be found worldwide:<ref>{{cite book |first=Grant B. |last=Stillman |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icRqqTdl_EIC |title=Global Standard NGOs: The Essential Elements of Good Practice |publisher=Grant B. Stillman |location=Geneva: Lulu |pages=13–14}}</ref>
* [[Unincorporated association|Unincorporated]] and [[voluntary association]]
* [[Trusts]], [[charities]], and [[Foundation (nonprofit)|foundations]]
* [[Not-for-profit companies]] and [[co-operatives]]
* Entities formed (or registered) under special NGO or [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] laws

The [[Council of Europe]] drafted the [[European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations]] in [[Strasbourg]] in 1986, creating a common legal basis for European NGOs. Article 11 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] protects the right to associate, which is fundamental for NGOs.

[[Hungary]] is the only country in the [[European Union]] to severely restrict NGOs such as corruption, LGBTQ rights and migration.

== Economic theory ==
The question whether a public project should be owned by an NGO or by the government has been studied in economics using the tools of the [[Incomplete contracts|incomplete contracting]] theory.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} According to this theory, not every detail of a relationship between decision makers can be contractually specified. Hence, in the future, the parties will bargain with each other to adapt their relationship to changing circumstances. Ownership matters because it determines the parties' willingness to make non-contractible investments. In the context of private firms, [[Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]] has shown that the party with the more important investment task should be owner.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hart|first=Oliver D.|title=Firms, contracts, and financial structure|date=1995|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-828881-6|location=Oxford|oclc=32703648}}</ref> Yet, Besley and Ghatak have argued that in the context of public projects the investment technology does not matter.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besley|first1=Timothy|last2=Ghatak|first2=Maitreesh|date=2001|title=Government Versus Private Ownership of Public Goods|url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/116/4/1343/1903229|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|language=en|volume=116|issue=4|pages=1343–1372|doi=10.1162/003355301753265598|s2cid=39187118|issn=0033-5533|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Specifically, even when the government is the key investor, ownership by an NGO is optimal if and only if the NGO has a larger valuation of the project than the government. However, the general validity of this argument has been questioned by follow-up research. In particular, ownership by the party with the larger valuation need not be optimal when the public good is partially excludable,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Francesconi|first1=Marco|last2=Muthoo|first2=Abhinay|date=2011|title=Control Rights in Complex Partnerships|url=https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article/9/3/551/2298423|journal=Journal of the European Economic Association|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=551–589|doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01017.x|issn=1542-4766|url-access=subscription}}</ref> when both NGO and government may be indispensable,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Halonen-Akatwijuka|first=Maija|date=2012|title=Nature of human capital, technology and ownership of public goods|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272712000862|journal=Journal of Public Economics|series=Fiscal Federalism|language=en|volume=96|issue=11|pages=939–945|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.07.005|s2cid=154075467 |issn=0047-2727|hdl=1983/9197910f-4a3f-4ff3-8d8a-20a204ec2dda|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> or when the NGO and the government have different bargaining powers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Patrick W.|date=2013|title=Incomplete contracts and optimal ownership of public goods|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016517651200540X|journal=Economics Letters|language=en|volume=118|issue=1|pages=94–96|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2012.09.033|s2cid=53520873|issn=0165-1765}}</ref> Moreover, the investment technology can matter for the optimal ownership structure when there are bargaining frictions,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Patrick W.|date=2015|title=Government versus private ownership of public goods: The role of bargaining frictions|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=132|pages=23–31|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.09.009|s2cid=155401327|issn=0047-2727|doi-access=free}}</ref> when the parties interact repeatedly<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Halonen-Akatwijuka|first1=Maija|last2=Pafilis|first2=Evagelos|date=2020|title=Common ownership of public goods|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726812030370X|journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization|language=en|volume=180|pages=555–578|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.002|s2cid=169842255|issn=0167-2681|hdl=1983/d4ab15e6-27ed-40ce-ae87-62d296e07181|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> or when the parties are asymmetrically informed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmitz|first=Patrick W.|date=2021|title=Optimal ownership of public goods under asymmetric information|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272721000608|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=198|article-number=104424|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104424|s2cid=236397476|issn=0047-2727|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitz |first=Patrick W. |date=2024 |title=When should the government own the physical assets needed to provide public goods? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165176524003148 |journal=Economics Letters |language=en |volume=241 |article-number=111830 |doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111830|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Influence of NGOs upon world affairs}}Influence on world affairs ==
[[File:World NGO Day Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|World NGO Day 2014 in [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]|alt=Group of people (mostly women) in a room, with a woman speaking into a microphone]]
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#FFFFF0|salign=center|width=300px|align=right|quote=Today we celebrate the World NGO Day, we celebrate the key civil society's contribution to public space and their unique ability to give voice to those who would have went [sic] otherwise unheard.|source=[[Vice-President of the European Commission|European Commission Vice-President]] [[Federica Mogherini]], commemorating the 2017 World NGO Day in [[Brussels]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/21535/Statement%20on%20the%20occasion%20of%20the%20World%20NGO%20Day%202017 |title=Statement on the occasion of the World NGO Day 2017 |website=eeas.europa.eu |access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref>}}
Service-delivery NGOs provide public goods and services which governments of developing countries are unable to provide due to a lack of resources. They may be contractors or collaborate with government agencies to reduce the cost of public goods. Capacity-building NGOs affect "culture, structure, projects and daily operations".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Susan G. |last2=Jones III |first2=John P. |last3=Frohling |first3=Oliver |title=NGOs and the Globalization of Managerialism: A Research Framework |year=2005 |journal=World Development |volume=33 |issue=11 |location=Great Britain |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.004|page=1846 }}</ref>

Advocacy and public-education NGOs aim to modify behavior and ideas through communication, crafting messages to promote social, political, or environmental changes (and as news organisations have cut foreign bureaux, many NGOs have begun to expand into news reporting).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kate|first=Wright|title=Who's Reporting Africa Now? Non-Governmental Organizations, Journalists, and Multimedia|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2018|isbn=978-1-4331-5106-4|location=Oxford}}</ref> Movement NGOs mobilize the public and coordinate large-scale collective activities to advance an activist agenda.<ref>{{cite book|first1 =Jacob Mwathi|last1= Mati|first2= Fengshi|last2 = Wu|first3 = Bob|last3= Edwards|first4 = Sherine N. |last4 =El Taraboulsi|first5= David H. |last5 =Smith|chapter= Social Movements and Activist-Protest Volunteering|date =2016|title = The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations|publisher =Palgrave Macmillan|location = London|pages= 516–538 |doi = 10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_25|isbn= 978-1-137-26316-2}}</ref>

Since the end of the [[Cold War]], more NGOs in developed countries have pursued international outreach. By being involved in local and national social resistance, they have influenced domestic policy change in the developing world.<ref>{Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink, 1998. Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.}</ref> Specialized NGOs have forged partnerships, built networks, and found policy niches.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wu | first1 = Fengshi | year = 2005 | title = International Non-Governmental Actors in HIV/AIDS Prevention in China | journal = Cell Research | volume = 15 | issue = 11–12| pages = 919–922 | doi=10.1038/sj.cr.7290369| pmid = 16354570 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Track II diplomacy ===

[[Track II diplomacy]] (or dialogue) is transnational coordination by non-official members of the government, including [[epistemic community|epistemic communities]] and former policymakers or analysts. It aims to help policymakers and policy analysts reach a common solution through unofficial discussions. Unlike official diplomacy, conducted by government officials, diplomats, and elected leaders, Track II diplomacy involves experts, scientists, professors and other figures who are not part of government affairs.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==={{anchor|International Day}}World NGO Day===

World NGO Day, which is observed annually on 27 February, was recognised on 17 April 2010 by 12 countries of the IX [[Baltic Sea]] NGO Forum at the eighth Summit of the Baltic Sea States in [[Vilnius]], Lithuania.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.3sektorius.lt/forumas/2010/?lng=en&id=5 | publisher=3sektorius |website=Baltic Sea NGO Forum 2010 |title=Resolution of the IX Baltic Sea NGO Forum to the 8th Summit of the Baltic Sea States due on 1-2 June 2010 |date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152805/http://www.3sektorius.lt/forumas/2010/?lng=en&id=5 |archive-date= Dec 20, 2016 }}</ref> It was internationally recognised on 28 February 2014 in [[Helsinki]], Finland by [[United Nations Development Programme]] administrator and former [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] [[Helen Clark]].<ref name="unric.org">{{cite web |url = http://www.unric.org/en/week-ahead-archives/29049-the-week-ahead-at-the-united-nations-the-european-perspective-0714-17-24-february-2014 |title = The Week Ahead at the United Nations: the European Perspective (07/14): 17–24 February 2014 |publisher = United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe |access-date = 14 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160916230739/http://www.unric.org/en/week-ahead-archives/29049-the-week-ahead-at-the-united-nations-the-european-perspective-0714-17-24-february-2014 |archive-date = 16 September 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.finnbay.com/media/news/world-ngo-day-international-celebration-recognition/ | title=World NGO Day - International Celebration and Recognition |website=FINNBAY |date= 6 March 2014 | access-date=10 September 2016 | archive-date=5 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805225839/http://www.finnbay.com/media/news/world-ngo-day-international-celebration-recognition/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQwdcSsF0B8|title=Helen Clark on World NGO Day|publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=27 February 2014|via=YouTube |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221012184659/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQwdcSsF0B8 |archive-date= Oct 12, 2022 }}</ref>

==== Diplomacy ====
In the context of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), diplomacy refers to the practice of building and maintaining partnerships with other organizations, stakeholders, and governments to achieve common objectives related to social or environmental issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGO diplomacy |url=https://www.diplomacy.edu/topics/ngo-diplomacy/ |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=DiploFoundation |quote=NGO diplomacy refers to the efforts made by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to influence international policy and decision-making processes.}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

NGOs often work in complex environments, where multiple stakeholders have different interests and goals. Diplomacy allows NGOs to navigate these complex environments and engage in constructive dialogue with different actors to promote understanding, build consensus, and facilitate cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Redefining the neutral intermediary role: Balancing theoretical ideas with practical realities through the ICRC's experience in Yemen |url=http://international-review.icrc.org/articles/redefining-the-neutral-intermediary-role-927 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=International Review of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NGO diplomacy - Diplo |url=https://www.diplomacy.edu/topics/ngo-diplomacy/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Effective NGO diplomacy involves building trust, fostering dialogue, and promoting transparency and accountability. NGOs may engage in diplomacy through various means such as including advocacy, lobbying, partnerships, and negotiations. By working collaboratively with other organizations and stakeholders, NGOs can achieve greater impact and reach their goals more effectively.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

== {{anchor|Criticisms}}Criticism ==
===Negative outcomes===
[[Tanzania]]n author and academic [[Issa G. Shivji]] has criticised NGOs in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The role and future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be". Shivji writes that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the "objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions".<ref>{{cite book |last=Shivji |first=Issa G. |title=Silence in NGO discourse: the role and future of NGOs in Africa |year=2007 |publisher=Fahamu |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-9545637-5-2 |page=84}}</ref> According to Shivji, the rise of NGOs is part of a [[neoliberal]] paradigm and not motivated purely by altruism; NGOs want to change the world without understanding it, continuing an [[Imperialism|imperial]] relationship.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In his study of NGO involvement in [[Mozambique]], James Pfeiffer addresses their negative effects on the country's health. According to Pfeiffer, NGOs in Mozambique have "fragmented the local health system, undermined local control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> They can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects which divert health-service workers from their normal duties to instead serve the NGOs. This undermines local primary-healthcare efforts, and removes the government's ability to maintain agency over its health sector.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Pfeiffer | first1 = J | year = 2003 | title = International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique: the need for a new model of collaboration | journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 56 | issue = 4| pages = 725–738 | doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00068-0| pmid = 12560007 }}</ref> Pfeiffer suggested a collaborative model of the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health Directorate); the NGO should be "formally held to standard and adherence within the host country", reduce "showcase" projects and unsustainable parallel programs.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In her 1997 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article, [[Jessica Mathews]] wrote: "For all their strengths, NGOs are special interests. The best of them ... often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it affects their particular interest".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/52644/jessica-t-mathews/power-shift |title=Power Shift |journal=Foreign Affairs |issue=January/February 1997 |date=January–February 1997 |author=Jessica T. Mathews |access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> NGOs are unencumbered by policy trade-offs.<ref>Bond, M. (2000) "The Backlash against NGOs". ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]''.</ref>

According to [[Vijay Prashad]], since the 1970s "the World Bank, under [[Robert McNamara]], championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and production."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpa.org.au/amrarch/40vp.html |title=Mother Teresa: A Communist View |access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724153535/http://www.cpa.org.au/amrarch/40vp.html |archive-date=24 July 2008 }}, Vijay Prashad, ''Australian Marxist Review'', No. 40 August 1998</ref>

They have been questioned as "too much of a good thing".<ref name = Werker>{{cite journal | last1 = Werker | first1 = Eric | last2 = Ahmed | first2 = Faisal Z. | year = 2008 | title = What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do? |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free | journal = Journal of Economic Perspectives | volume = 22 | issue = 2| pages = 73–92 | doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.73| s2cid = 154246603 }}</ref> Eric Werker and Faisal Ahmed made three critiques of NGOs in developing nations. Too many NGOs in a nation (particularly one ruled by a warlord) reduces an NGO's influence, since it can easily be replaced by another NGO. Resource allocation and outsourcing to local organizations in international-development projects incurs expenses for an NGO, lessening the resources and money available to the intended beneficiaries. NGO missions tend to be paternalistic, as well as expensive.<ref name = Werker/>

The [[tax-exempt]] status of NGOs can result in the unintended consequence of negative value for society.<ref name="o561">{{cite journal | last1=Gamble | first1=Edward N. | last2=Muñoz | first2=Pablo | title=When Tax-Exempt Nonprofits Detract Value from Society | journal=Academy of Management Perspectives | volume=36 | issue=1 | date=2022 | issn=1558-9080 | doi=10.5465/amp.2018.0027 | doi-access=free | pages=50–92 | url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1239986/36272.pdf | access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>

===Foreign influence===
{{see also|Foreign funding of NGOs}}
NGOs have been accused of preserving [[imperialism]]<ref>[http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/ Abahlali baseMjondolo, "Rethinking Public Participation from below"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322205607/http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/ |date=22 March 2010 }}, ''Critical Dialogue'' (2006)</ref> (sometimes operating in a [[Racialization|racialized]] manner in [[Third World]] countries), with a function similar to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Political philosopher [[Peter Hallward]] has called them an aristocratic form of politics,<ref>{{cite book|last = Hallward|first= Peter|title = Damming the Flood: Haiti and the Politics of Containment|url = https://archive.org/details/dammingfloodhait00hall|url-access = registration|date = April 2008|publisher = Verso|location =London |isbn= 9781844672349}}</ref> noting that [[ActionAid]] and [[Christian Aid]] "effectively condoned the [2004 US-backed] coup" against an elected government in Haiti and are the "humanitarian face of imperialism".<ref>"[http://www.tanbou.com/2011/PeterHallwardRespondsToBbcRadio4Program.htm Peter Hallward responds to BBC Radio 4 program on Haiti]", ''Tanbou'', 11 January 2011.</ref> Movements in the [[Global South]] (such as [[South Africa]]'s [[Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign]]) have refused to work with NGOs, concerned that doing so would compromise their autonomy.<ref>"[http://abahlali.org/files/Oldfield%20&%20Stokke%20WCAEC%20Research%20Report.pdf Building unity in diversity: Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004093249/http://abahlali.org/files/Oldfield%20%26%20Stokke%20WCAEC%20Research%20Report.pdf |date=4 October 2012 }}", Sophie Oldfield and Kristian Stokke, 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.poormagazine.org/node/2718 |title=Ashraf Cassiem: South African Resistance Against Evictions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065328/http://www.poormagazine.org/node/2718 |archive-date=7 September 2012 |first1=Marlon |last1=Crump |website=Poor Magazine |date= November 18, 2009 }}</ref> NGOs have been accused of weakening people by allowing their funders to prioritize stability over social justice.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.grocotts.co.za/content/are-ngos-enemies-sas-rural-folk-03-07-2013 |title=Are NGOs enemies of SA's rural folk? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922094058/http://www.grocotts.co.za/content/are-NGOs-enemies-sas-rural-folk-03-07-2013 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |first1=Youlendree |last1=Appasamy |website=Grocott's Mail |date=July 3, 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Finally an honest days labor for an NGO (463962755).jpg|thumb|Workers from an NGO participating in local community work - some critics allege that NGOs prioritize their special interests over community wellbeing.]]

They have been accused of being designed by, and used as extensions of, the foreign-policy instruments of some Western countries and groups of countries.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=usurped |url=http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/ngo_the_guise_of_innocence |title=NGO: The Guise of Innocence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505230602/http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/ngo_the_guise_of_innocence |archive-date=5 May 2014 |first1=Jenny |last1=O'Connor |website=New Left Project |date=15 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/19/fake-rock-plot-spy-russians |title = Britain admits 'fake rock' plot to spy on Russians|work = The Guardian|date =19 January 2012|last1 = Topping|first1 = Alexandra|last2 = Elder |first2 = Miriam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303125450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/19/fake-rock-plot-spy-russians |archive-date= Mar 3, 2024 }}</ref> Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] made that accusation at the 43rd [[Munich Security Conference]] in 2007, saying that NGOs "are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control".<ref>{{cite speech |title=Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy |first=Vladimir |last=Putin |author-link=Vladimir Putin |event=43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy |location=[[Munich]], Germany |date=10 February 2007 |url=http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/02/10/0138_type82912type82914type82917type84779_118123.shtml |via=President of Russia |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309232547/https://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/02/10/0138_type82912type82914type82917type84779_118123.shtml |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref>
According to Michael Bond, "Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and ActionAid, are striving to make their aid provision more sustainable. But some, mostly in the US, are still exporting the ideologies of their backers."<ref>Bond, Michael. "The Backlash against NGOs". Prospect, April 2000, pp.321. Print.</ref>

NGOs have been challenged as not representing the needs of the developing world, diminishing the "Southern voice" and preserving the [[North–South divide in the World|North–South divide]].<ref name="linden">Lindenberg, M. and Bryant, C. (2001) Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.</ref> The equality of relationships between northern and southern parts of an NGO, and between southern and northern NGOs working in partnership, has been questioned; the north may lead in advocacy and resource mobilization, and the south delivers services in the developing world.<ref name=linden /> The needs of the developing world may not be addressed appropriately, as northern NGOs do not consult (or participate in) partnerships or assign unrepresentative priorities.<ref>, Jenkins, R. (2001) "Corporate Codes of Conduct: Self-Regulation in a Global Economy". ''Technology, Business and Society Programme Paper Number 2''. [[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]].</ref> NGOs have been accused of damaging the public sector in target countries, such as mismanagement resulting in the breakdown of public healthcare systems.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== "Foreign agent" laws and GONGOs ====
In the 21st century, a significant challenge for NGOs has been the rise of laws designed to restrict their activities, often under the pretext of protecting national sovereignty. A common tactic is the implementation of "foreign agent laws," which compel NGOs receiving any amount of international funding to register as "foreign agents." This term carries strong negative connotations, and registration often leads to prohibitive levels of government scrutiny, public distrust, and the eventual closure of the organization. Russia's 2012 foreign agent law is a prominent example, having been used to systematically dismantle civil society, including human rights groups and environmental advocates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/01/10-years-russias-foreign-agents-law |title=10 Years of Russia’s ‘Foreign Agents’ Law |work=Human Rights Watch |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Similar laws have been implemented or proposed in other countries, including Hungary, Georgia, and Nicaragua, and are criticized by the UN and civil society groups as tools to suppress dissent.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/what-is-georgias-foreign-agent-bill-why-is-it-so-controversial-2024-05-13/ |title=What is Georgia's 'foreign agent' bill and why is it so controversial? |work=Reuters |date=13 May 2024 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

Conversely, some governments create what are known as [[Government-organized non-governmental organization|GONGOs]] (Government-Organized Non-Governmental Organizations). These are organizations created and sponsored by a state to appear as independent civil society. GONGOs are often used by authoritarian regimes to advocate for state policies at international forums like the United Nations, co-opting the language of human rights to provide a false sense of legitimacy and counter criticism from genuine, independent NGOs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weatherley |first=Robert |date=2017 |title=Making China Strong: The Role of Nationalism in Chinese Thinking on Democracy and Human Rights |publisher=Routledge |page=122 |isbn=978-1-138-20627-7}}</ref>

===Spreading misinformation===
NGOs have been accused of using [[misinformation]] in their campaigns out of self-interest. According to Doug Parr of [[Greenpeace]], there had been "a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool ... but political and commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way."<ref name = bond323>{{citation|last = Bond|first = Michael|title = The Backlash against NGOs|work = Prospect|date = April 2000|page =323|url = https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebacklashagainstngos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405022304/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebacklashagainstngos |archive-date= Apr 5, 2023 }}</ref> Former policy-maker for the German branch of [[Friends of the Earth]] Jens Katjek said, "If NGOs want the best for the environment, they have to learn to compromise."<ref name = bond323/>

===Challenges to legitimacy===
{{anchor|Challenges to legitimacy}}
Legitimacy, an important asset of an NGO, is its perception as an "independent voice".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Weber | first1 = N. | last2 = Christopherson | first2 = T. | year = 2002 | title = The influence of non-governmental organizations on the creation of Natura 2000 during the European policy process | journal = Forest Policy and Economics | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 1–12 | doi=10.1016/s1389-9341(01)00070-3| bibcode = 2002ForPE...4....1W }}</ref><ref name="2002aHD">Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) NGO Performance and Accountability: Introduction and Overview. "In Edwards, M. and Hulme, D., ed. 2002." The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 11.</ref> Neera Chandhoke wrote in a ''[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]'' article, "To put the point starkly: are the citizens of countries of the South and their needs represented in global civil society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation? And when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more troublesome."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chandhoke | first1 = Neera | year = 2005 | title = How Global Is Global Civil Society? | journal = Journal of World-Systems Research | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 326–327 | doi = 10.5195/JWSR.2005.388 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

An NGO's funding affects its legitimacy, and they have become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors.<ref name="1996HD">Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (1996) Too Close for comfort? The impact of official aid on Non-Governmental Organisations. "World Development." 24(6), pp. 961–973.</ref> Competition for funds has increased, in addition to the expectations of donors who may add conditions threatening an NGO's independence.<ref>Ebrahim, A. (2003) "Accountability in practice: Mechanisms for NGOs". ''World Development'' 31(5), pp. 813–829.</ref> Dependence on official aid may dilute "the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are unpopular with governments",<ref name=2002aHD /> and changes in NGO funding sources have altered their function.<ref name=2002aHD />

The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate have grown rapidly since 1980, and particularly since 1990.<ref>Avina, J. (1993) The Evolutionary Life Cycles if Non-Governmental Development Organisations. "Public Administration and Development." 13(5), pp. 453–474.</ref> NGOs need to balance centralization and decentralization. Centralizing NGOs, particularly at the international level, can assign a common theme or set of goals. It may also be advantageous to decentralize an NGO, increasing its chances of responding flexibly and effectively to local issues by implementing projects which are modest in scale, easily monitored, produce immediate benefits, and where all involved know that corruption would be punished.<ref>Anheier, H. and Themudo, N. (2002) Organisational forms of global civil society: Implications of going global. In: Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Kaldor, M, ed 2002.</ref>

[[Embezzlement]], [[fraud]] and [[financial mismanagement]] reduce credibility of NGOs.<ref name="b987">{{cite journal | last1=Gibelman | first1=Margaret | last2=Gelman | first2=Sheldon R. | title=A Loss of Credibility: Patterns of Wrongdoing Among Nongovernmental Organizations | journal=VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations | volume=15 | issue=4 | date=2004 | issn=0957-8765 | doi=10.1007/s11266-004-1237-7 | pages=355–381}}</ref>

Referring to the NGO culture in Germany in 2025, with many NGO receiving government funding while at the same time pretending to be independent, Ben Krischke wrote in [[Cicero (magazine)|Cicero]], the transcription as "Near-Governmental-Organisaton" would be more appropriate. He pointed out, that the concept developed over time under the [[Angela Merkel]] administration, with the parties in government being unable to use taxpayer money for partisan activities, directly or via subsidiaries, the number of such activities, for which Krischke gave the example of several "Reporting point"-projects for "incidents below the criminal threshold", somehow rose. A transparency initiative, trying to unravel the path of taxpayer money to various NGOs, is consequently facing substantial opposition by NGO activists from the left.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 June 2025| last1=Krischke | first1=Ben | title=Wie eine neue Transparenz-Initiative von linken Aktivisten und NGOs gemobbt wird|url=https://www.cicero.de/kultur/initiative-transparente-demokratie-lobbycontrol-amadeu-antonio-kritik-ngo |access-date=25 June 2025|website=[[Cicero (magazine)|Cicero]]|language=de}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Advocacy group]] (interest group)
* [[Community foundation]]
* [[Government-organized non-governmental organization]] (GONGO)
* [[International organization]]
* [[NGO-ization]]
* [[List of active non-governmental organizations of national minorities, indigenous and diasporas|List of active NGOs of national minorities]]
* [[:Category:Non-governmental organizations]]
* [[Quango]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354066108089242 Norbert Götz. "Reframing NGOs: The Identity of an International Relations Non-Starter." ''European Journal of International Relations'' 14 (2008) 2: 231–258. ]
* Norbert Götz. "Civil Society and NGO: Far from Unproblematic Concepts." ''The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors''. Bob Reinalda (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011. 185–196.
* Hilton, Matthew et al. eds. ''The Politics of Expertise: How NGOs Shaped Modern Britain'' (2013) {{ isbn | 978-0-19-969187-6 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Watkins | last2 = Cotts | first2 = Susan | last3 = Swidler | first3 = Ann | last4 = Hannan | first4 = Thomas | year = 2012 | title = Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations | journal = Annual Review of Sociology | volume = 38 | pages = 285–315 | doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516}}
* Davies, T. 2014. ''NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-938753-3}}.
* Velusamy M. Non-Governmental Organisation, Dominant Publishers & Distribution Ltd, New Delhi
* Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. ''NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom'' Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205081725/http://www.churchland.co.za/upload/files/OccasionalPaperNo3.pdf Churchland.co.za]
* Olivier Berthoud, ''NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity'' [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1526 Envio.org.ni], PDF [http://www.edinter.net/docs/ONGBOLEN0102.pdf Edinter.net] Envio, Managua, 2001
* Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: ''Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid'', Oxford: James Currey {{isbn|978-0-85255-817-1}}
* Steve W. Witt, ed. ''Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of Information in Developing Countries'' (Saur, 2006). {{ISBN|3-598-22030-8}}
* Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson, and P. Hicks. 2002. ''Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research iNGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007'' – [[European University Center for Peace Studies|EPU]] Research Papers: Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 {{in lang|de}}
* Lyal S. Sunga, "Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007.
* Lyal S. Sunga, "NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41–69.
* {{cite journal | last1=Werker | first1=Eric | last2=Ahmed | first2=Faisal Z | title=What Do Nongovernmental Organizations Do? | journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives | volume=22 | issue=2 | date=1 March 2008 | issn=0895-3309 | doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.73 | doi-access=free | pages=73–92 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Charnovitz | first1 = Steve | year = 1997 | title = Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance | journal = Michigan Journal of International Law | volume = 18 | pages = 183–286 }}
* Abahlali baseMjondolo [https://web.archive.org/web/20100322205607/http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/ ''Rethinking Public Participation from Below''], 'Critical Dialogue', 2006
* Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press).
* Edward A. L. Turner (2010) ''[http://escholarship.org/uc/item/97p470sx Why Has the Number of International Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960?]'', [[Cliodynamics]], 1, (1).
* Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, ''POLICY vs. PAPER CLIPS - How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient'' – Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books.
* {{cite book | last1=Lewis | first1=David | last2=Kanji | first2=Nazneen | title=Non-governmental organizations and development | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=2009 | isbn=978-0-415-45430-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Shivji | first=Issa G. | title=Silences in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa | publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka | publication-place=Nairobi Oxford | date=2007-06-30 | isbn=978-0-9545637-5-2}}
* {{cite book | last1=Steffek | first1=Jens | last2=Hahn | first2=Kristina | title=Evaluating transnational NGOs: legitimacy, accountability, representation | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | publication-place=Basingstoke | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-230-22871-9}}
* [[Yearbook of International Organizations]], produced by the [[Union of International Associations]].
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM |title=What is a Non-Governmental Organization? |publisher=City University, London}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.citystgeorges.ac.uk/news-and-events/events/2025/june/ngos-advocacy-communications-in-times-of-crisis-and-uncertainty-discussing-challenges-and-building-a-roadmap-for-change |title=NGOs advocacy communications in times of crisis and uncertainty: discussing challenges and building a roadmap for change |date=3 December 2024 |publisher=City St George's, University of London}}

{{Charity}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Civil affairs]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations| ]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Types of organization]]
[[Category:1940s neologisms]]

List of Uttarakhand state symbols

2026-03-27T08:20:40Z

HongGrasby5256: improve lead for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}

[[File:IN-UT.svg|thumb|Location of the [[State of Uttarakhand]] in [[India]]]]

The following is a '''list of symbols of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]]'''.

==Official state symbols==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=5% | Type
! width=30% | Symbol
! width=40% class=unsortable | Description
! width=5% | Adopted
! width=15% class=unsortable | Image
! width=5% class=unsortable | Source
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state animals|Animal]]'''
| [[Alpine musk deer]] ''(Moschus chrysogaster)''
| The Alpine musk deer is a [[musk deer]] species of the [[Moschidae]] family native to the [[Himalayas]]. It is named for having an externally visible musk sac between male testes. The Alpine musk deer inhabits [[coniferous forests|coniferous]] and [[deciduous forest]]s in the mountain regions of the Himalayas at elevations of {{convert|3000|–|5000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Due to [[poaching]] and [[Wildlife smuggling|smuggling]] for its [[musk]], which is used in [[cosmetic products]] and [[Asian medicine]], it has become an [[endangered species]].
| 2001
| [[File:Moschus chrysogaster.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/|title=State Symbols of Uttarakhand|access-date=1 April 2012|publisher=Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715112114/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/|archive-date=15 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state birds|Bird]]'''
| [[Himalayan monal]] ''(Lophophorus impejanus)''
| The Himalayan monal is a bird in the [[pheasant]] family, [[Phasianidae]]. Its native range extends throughout the Himalayas. It lives in upper temperate [[oak]]-[[conifer]] forests interspersed with open grassy slopes, cliffs and [[Alpine tundra|alpine meadows]] between {{convert|2400|–|4500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, where it is most common between {{convert|2700|–|3700|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It descends to {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the winter. In some areas, the species is [[Threatened species|threatened]] due to poaching and other anthropogenic factors.
| 2001
| [[File:Himalayan Monal on Snow.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
| '''Butterfly'''
| [[Common peacock (butterfly)|Common peacock]] ''(Papilio bianor polyctor)''
| The Common peacock is a species of [[butterfly]] in the family [[Swallowtail butterfly|Papilionidae]]. It is native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], found in the Himalayas from the foothills to {{convert|2100|m|ft}}. This species can be found in forests and other wooded areas. It can occur in suburban and urban areas if appropriate host plants are available.
| 2016
| [[File:Davidraju Common peacock-shillong.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |title= Common Peacock Male Papilio Bianor Polyctor|access-date=2017-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094143/http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |archive-date=8 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |last=Sharma|first =Nihi|title=Uttarakhand To Declare Common Peacock As State Butterfly |access-date=2017-01-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102220838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state days|Day]]'''
| [[Uttarakhand Day]]
| Also referred to as ''Uttarakhand Divas'', is celebrated as the [[States and union territories of India|state]] [[Foundation Day|foundation day]] of Uttarakhand. It is observed annually on 9 November 2000.
| 2000
| –
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttarakhand-foundation-day-1573128038-1|title=Uttarakhand Foundation Day: All you need to know|author=Goyal, Shikha|website=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran Josh]]|date=7 November 2019|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state emblems|Emblem]]'''
| [[Emblem of Uttarakhand]]
| The Emblem of Uttarakhand is a [[Diamond Shield]] of white background and blue borders supported by the stylized [[List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand|mountain peaks of the Himalayas]] with four streams charging from the left to right. The [[State Emblem of India|National Emblem of India]] is superimposed on a small red background on its crest with the national motto in [[Devanagari]], "सत्यमेव जयते" (''Satyameva Jayate'', [[Sanskrit]] for "Truth Alone Triumphs") is presented below.
| 2000
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Government of Uttarakhand (Official Website)|url=http://uk.gov.in/}}</ref>
|-
| '''Fish'''
| [[Golden mahseer]] ''(Tor putitora)''
| Golden mahseer, also known as the Himalayan mahseer or Putitor mahseer is an endangered species of [[Cyprinidae]] family, that is found in rapid streams, riverine pools, and lakes in the Himalayan region. Its native range is within the basins of the [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers. It is a popular gamefish, once believed to be the largest species of [[mahseer]], and can reach up to 2.75 m (9.0 ft) in length and 54 kg (119 lb) in weight. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]], [[habitat degradation]] and [[overfishing]], and it already has declined by more than an estimated 50%. This [[omnivorous]] species is generally found near the surface in water that ranges from 13 to 30 °C (55–86 °F).
| 2001
| [[File:Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) Babai River.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=To protect the endangered 'mahaseer' fish, Uttarakhand set to rope in fishermen|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|author=Sharma, Nihi|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state flowers|Flower]]'''
| [[Brahma Kamal]] ''(Saussurea obvallata)''
| Brahma Kamal is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is native to the Himalayas, found at an altitude of around {{convert|4500|m|ft}}. Flowers bloom in mid-monsoon (July–August) amongst the rocks and grasses of the hillside at an altitudinal range of {{convert|3000|–|4800|m|ft}}. In [[Hinduism|Hindu epics]], this flower is attributed to [[Brahma]], the God of creation, hence named ''Brahma Kamal'' (Brahma's Lotus).
| 2001
| [[File:Brahmakamal Kaluvinayak Chamoli Uttarakhand 2014-08-23.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |title=Uttarakhand State Signs | Uttarakhand State Tree |publisher=uttaraguide.com |year=2012 |quote=State Flower : Brahma Kamal |access-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107042757/http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |archive-date=7 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| '''Instrument'''
| [[Dhol]]
| Dhol is a double-headed, [[drum]]-like [[membranophone]] used primarily in traditional [[Music of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhandi]] [[Indian folk music|folk]] music. It is used in religious and cultural ceremonies of Uttarakhand.
| 2015
| [[File:2 dhols.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite news|language=hi|title=ढोल होगा उत्तराखण्ड का राज्य वाद्य|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-12074063.html|newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=13 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Languages with official status in India|Language]]'''
| [[Hindi]] [[Sanskrit]]
| Hindi belonging to the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] is the official language of Uttarakhand and is spoken by 89.15% of the population ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] figure includes [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] spoken by 23.03%, [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] spoken by 19.94% and [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]] spoken by 1.35% of the population as [[Hindi languages|variants of Hindi]]). Sanskrit is given the status of second official language.
| 2010
| –
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |access-date=30 August 2017 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="sanskrit2">{{cite news|title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece|access-date=30 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state mottos|Motto]]'''
| [[Satyameva Jayate]] ''(Truth Alone Triumphs)''
| The state shares the national motto of India.
| 2000
| –
|
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state songs|Song]]'''
| [[Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi]] ''(Uttarakhand, Land of the Gods, O Motherland!)''
| The state song of Uttarakhand is a [[hymn]], praising Uttarakhand as a divine [[motherland]]. Written by Hemant Bisht and composed by noted Uttarakhandi folk singer and musician [[Narendra Singh Negi]], this song is [[trilingual]] with first three of its seven verses written in [[Hindi]], while the last four verses are written in [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] languages.
| 2016
| –
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Kunwar|first =Darshan|title=Now Uttarakhand Will Sing Its Own Official Song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| '''Sport'''
| [[Association football|Football]]
| Association football, commonly known as football is the most popular sport in Uttarakhand. Football in Uttarakhand is administered by the [[Uttarakhand State Football Association]] and has its own [[Uttarakhand football team|men's]] and women's football team competing in [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] respectively. It also has a state-level [[Uttarakhand Super League|professional football league]].
| 2011
| [[File:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=फुटबॉल होगा उत्तराखण्ड का राज्य खेल|lang=hi|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-168483.html|publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Live Hindustan]]|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state trees|Tree]]'''
| [[Burans]] ''(Rhododendron arboreum)''
| Burans is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small tree from the [[rhododendron]] genus of family [[Ericaceae]]. It is found in the [[highland]]s of [[Indian subcontinent]]. It can grow to {{convert|10|–|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In early and mid-spring, trusses of 15–20 bell-shaped flowers, {{convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|3|–|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long are produced in red, pink or white. The juice of burans flower is used to make a [[Squash (drink)|squash]] called ''[[Sharbat (beverage)|Burans Ka Sharbat]]'' in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand. It is admired for its distinctive flavour and colour.
| 2001
| [[File:Rhododendron in full bloom!_(8620051426).jpg|100px]]
|
|}

==Unofficial state symbols==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=11% | Type
! width=21% | Symbol
! width=45% class=unsortable | Description
! width=8% | Adopted
! width=10% class=unsortable | Image
! width=5% class=unsortable | Source
|-
| '''[[List of Indian state flags|Banner]]'''
| Banner of Uttarakhand
| The [[Government of Uttarakhand]] can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of Uttarakhand on a white field.
| 2000
|
|
|-
| '''Fruit'''
| [[Kaphal]] ''(Myrica esculenta)''
| Kaphal is a [[bayberry]] [[tree]] or large [[shrub]] from the family [[Myricaceae]]. It is native to the Himalayas and found in hilly regions of [[Uttarakhand]] at elevations of {{convert|900-1800|m|abbr=on}}. It has a tree of medium height, about {{convert|6|–|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. Kaphal fruit is a globose, [[Succulent plant|succulent]] [[drupe]], with a hard endocarp. According to [[Ayurveda]], it has two varieties based on the colour of flower: Shweta (white) and Rakta (red). Kaphal fruit has a legendary status in the folklores and songs of Uttarakhand.
| Traditional
| [[File:Kafal(blackberry) 2014-06-04 08-48.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayushveda.com/herbs/myrica-esculenta.htm|title=Myrica esculenta|publisher=ayushveda.com|year=2016|access-date=3 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216044634/http://www.ayushveda.com/herbs/myrica-esculenta.htm|archive-date=16 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Uniyal |first1=Ved Vilas |language=hi|title=नारैण काफल पाको चैता... |url=http://www.devbhoomimedia.com/naran-kafal-pako-chaita/ |website=Devbhoomi Media |access-date=7 September 2018 |date=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|lang=hi|title=उत्तराखण्ड का स्वादिष्ट फल: काफल|url=http://www.uttarakhanddarshan.in/kafal-healthy-fruit-of-uttarakhand/}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nickname'''
| Devabhumi ''(Land of the Gods)''
| Uttarakhand is often referred to as the ''Devabhumi'' ([[Sanskrit]] for "Land of the Gods") due to a large number of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]]s and [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage centres]] found throughout the state.
| Traditional
| –
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/devbhumi-uttarakhand-the-original-land-of-yoga.html|title=Devbhumi Uttarakhand: The Original Land of Yoga|last=Chopra|first=Jaskiran|work=[[Daily Pioneer]]|date=21 June 2017|access-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/devbhumi-uttarakhand-the-original-land-of-yoga.html|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| '''River'''
| [[Ganges]]
| The Ganges is the longest river of [[India]] which rises in the [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas]] at [[Gomukh]], [[Uttarakhand]] as [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]. The Ganges is one of the most sacred rivers to [[Hindu]]s. It is worshipped in [[Hinduism]] and personified as [[Ganges in Hinduism|the goddess Ganga]]. [[Har Ki Pauri]] at [[Haridwar]] attracts thousands of pilgrims to its waters to [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|take a dip in the Ganges]], which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. The rapids of the Ganges also are popular for [[rafting|river rafting]] in [[Rishikesh]], attracting adventure seekers in the summer months. Ganges was declared the National River of India in 2008. The [[High Court of Uttarakhand]] declared the Ganges a [[Legal personality|legal person]] in 2017.
| Traditional
| [[File:Devprayag - Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.JPG|100px]]
| <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081108084537/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/nation/story_10065466.jsp "Ganga gets a tag: national river – Vote whiff in step to give special status"], ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', 5 November 2008</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Anupam |last2=Jagati |first2=Kamal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-hc-says-ganga-is-india-s-first-living-entity-grants-it-rights-equal-to-humans/story-VoI6DOG71fyMDihg5BuGCL.html |title=Uttarakhand HC declares Ganga, Yamuna living entities, gives them legal rights |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Dehradun/Nainital |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| '''Sweet'''
| [[Bal mithai]]
| Bal mithai is a brown [[chocolate]]-like [[fudge]], made with roasted [[khoa]], coated with white sugar balls. It is a popular sweet from [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of Uttarakhand, especially regions around [[Almora]].
| Traditional
| [[File:Bal mithai.jpg|100px]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=उत्तराखण्ड की प्रसिद्ध बाल मिठाई|lang=hi|url=http://hindi.khoobsurati.com/uttarakhand-famous-bal-mithai.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Negi|first1=Sunil|date=9 July 2018|language=hi|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|title=देश-विदेश में खासी मशहूर है अल्मोड़ा की ये मिठाइयाँ |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/almora-almora-sweets-is-very-famous-in-the-world-18160538.html}}</ref>
|-
| '''Vegetable'''
| [[Kandali (nettle)|Kandali]] ''(Urtica dioica)''
| Kandali, often known as common nettle or stinging nettle is a [[dioecious]] [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Urticaceae]]. It grows {{convert|1|–|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall in the summer and dying down to the ground in winter. The leaves and stems bear many stinging hairs ([[trichomes]] or spicules), whose tips come off when touched, transforming the hair into a needle that can inject several chemicals causing a painful sting. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa, it is now found worldwide. The plant has a long history of use as a source for [[traditional medicine]], food, tea, and [[textile]] [[raw material]] in ancient societies.
| Traditional
| [[File:Brännässla (Urtica Dioica).jpg|100px]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=इंदिरा अम्मा कैंटीन में मिल रही है कंडाली की सब्जी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/rudraprayag/indira-amma-getting-canteen-kandali-vegetables-hindi-news|language=hi|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=लौह तत्व से भरी देश भर में मशहूर है पहाड़ की कंडाली की कापली|url=https://hillywoodnews.in/famous-kandali-kapli-is-all-over-the-country/|language=hi|work=Hollywood News|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[National symbols of India]]
*[[List of Indian state symbols]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Symbols of Uttarakhand}}
{{Symbols of Indian states}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttarakhand state symbols}}
[[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand|State symbols]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists|State symbols]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian state symbols by state|Uttarakhand]]

Khwaja Ahmad Abbas

2026-03-27T01:25:24Z

HongGrasby5256: typo fix

{{short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, novelist, and journalist}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khawaja Ahmad Abbas
| image = Khwaja Ahmed Abbas 1939.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Abbas in 1939
| other_names = K A Abbas
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|7 June 1914}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Ahmad-Abbas-The-man-who-gave-us-Amitabh-Bachchan/article14gffdfgg416709.ece|title=Ahmad Abbas: The man who gave us Amitabh Bachchan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, novelist, journalist, columnist
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=y|1987|06|01|1914|06|7}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1935–1987
| notable_works = {{hlist|''[[Saat Hindustani]]''|''[[Mera Naam Joker]]''}}
| relatives = [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] (great-grandfather)
| awards = {{hlist|[[National Film Awards]]|[[Golden Palm]]}}
}}
{{upscaled images|date=February 2025}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Khwaja Ahmad Abbas''' (7 June 1914 – 1 June 1987)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2011/06/death-anniversary-of-khwaja-ahmad-abbas-today/|title=Death anniversary of Khwaja Ahmad Abbas today|date=1 June 2011|website=Samaa.tv|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121328/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2011/06/death-anniversary-of-khwaja-ahmad-abbas-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> was an [[Indian film directors|Indian film director]], screenwriter, novelist, and journalist in [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]] and English.

He won four [[National Film Awards]] in India. Internationally, his films won the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} ([[Golden Palm]] Grand Prize) at [[Cannes Film Festival]] (out of three {{Lang|fr|Palme d'Or|italic=no}} nominations) and the [[Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)|Crystal Globe]] at [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]. As a director and screenwriter, he is considered one of the pioneers of Indian [[Parallel Cinema|parallel or neo-realistic cinema]].<ref name="Rajadhyaksha" />

As a director, he made [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] films. {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dharti Ke Lal]]}} (1946), about the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], which was one of [[Indian cinema]]'s first [[Parallel Cinema|social-realist films]],<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=Ashish|title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction|date=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191034770|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUq1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830091734/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUq1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|url-status=live}}</ref> and opened up the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|overseas market for Indian films]] in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite news|title=With love from India to Russia|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/10/22/221009_indianfilms.html|work=[[Russia Beyond]]|date=22 October 2009|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816062142/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/10/22/221009_indianfilms.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Pardesi (1957 film)|Pardesi]]'' (1957) was nominated for the {{Lang|fr|Palme d'Or|italic=no}}. ''[[Shehar Aur Sapna]]'' (1963) won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], while ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' (1969) and ''[[Do Boond Pani]]'' (1972) both won the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Awards]] for [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]].

As a screenwriter, he wrote a number of neo-realistic films, such as {{Lang|hi-latn|Dharti Ke Lal}} (which he also directed),<ref name="Rajadhyaksha"/> {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}} (1946) which won the {{Lang|fr|Palme d'Or|italic=no}} at the [[1946 Cannes Film Festival|first Cannes Film Festival]], ''Naya Sansar'' (1941), ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' (1956), and ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' (which he also directed). He is also known for writing Raj Kapoor's films, including the {{Lang|fr|Palme d'Or|italic=no}}-nominated ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951), as well as ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955), ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' (1970), ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973) and ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'' (1991).<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-A-Ba/Abbas-K-A.html K. A. Abbas – Films as writer:, Films as director:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627010037/http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-A-Ba/Abbas-K-A.html |date=27 June 2018 }} filmreference.com</ref>

His column 'Last Page' was one of the longest-running newspaper columns in the history of Indian journalism. It began in 1935, in ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'', and moved to the ''[[Blitz (newspaper)|Blitz]]'' after the ''Chronicle'''s closure, where it continued until his death in 1987.<ref name="ot"/> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1969.

In total, his works include 74 books, 90 short stories, 3000 journalistic articles and 40 films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnankutty |first=Pia |date=7 June 2020 |title=Writer, filmmaker, journalist — Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was master of all trades |url=https://theprint.in/india/writer-filmmaker-journalist-khwaja-ahmad-abbas-was-master-of-all-trades/436923/ |website=[[The Print]] |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124009/https://theprint.in/india/writer-filmmaker-journalist-khwaja-ahmad-abbas-was-master-of-all-trades/436923/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==

=== Family background ===
Abbas belonged to the [[Ansari (Panipat)|Ansari]] family of [[Panipat]], tracing its roots back to [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]], a close companion of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], and among the famed personalities that it produced we find: the 12th century [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Abdullah Ansari]] of [[Herat]] in [[Afghanistan]]; his maternal great-grandfather [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], a student of [[Mirza Ghalib]] and himself an Urdu poet of repute; his paternal grandfather Khwaja Ghulam Abbas, one of the chief rebels of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Rebellion]] movement, and the first martyr of [[Panipat]] to be blown from the mouth of a cannon; his father Ghulam-us-Sibtain, among the first graduates from [[Aligarh Muslim University]], who was a tutor of a prince and a businessman who modernised the preparation of [[Unani medicine]]s; Abbas's mother, Masroora Khatoon, was the daughter of Khwaja Sajjad Husain, an educator keen on female education, having established the first school for girls in Panipat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=[[Syeda Saiyidain Hameed|Saiyidain Hameed]] |first=Syeda |date=18 October 2017 |title=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas: The Inveterate Communicator |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/khwaja-ahmad-abbas-the-inveterate-communicator |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205164645/https://www.sahapedia.org/khwaja-ahmad-abbas-the-inveterate-communicator |archive-date=5 February 2024 |website=[[Sahapedia]] |quote=}}</ref>

=== Early life and education ===
Abbas was born in [[Panipat]], [[undivided Punjab]].{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}} He attended Hali Muslim High School, which was established by his maternal grandfather, Hali.<ref name=":0" /> He was instructed to read the Arabic text of the Quran and matriculated at the age of fifteen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbas |first1=Khwaja Ahmad |title=I Am Not An Island |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |date=1977 |isbn=070690477X |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98716}}</ref>{{rp|p=30}}

He gained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in English literature in 1933 and a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in 1935 from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnankutty|first=Pia|date=2020-06-07|title=Writer, filmmaker, journalist — Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was master of all trades|url=https://theprint.in/india/writer-filmmaker-journalist-khwaja-ahmad-abbas-was-master-of-all-trades/436923/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124009/https://theprint.in/india/writer-filmmaker-journalist-khwaja-ahmad-abbas-was-master-of-all-trades/436923/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Illness and death ===
Abbas suffered from a heart attack in the 60s, followed by another more serious heart attack, a paralytic stroke as well a on set accident injuring his legs, but he kept working till his death at the age of 72 on 1 June 1987.<ref>[https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC33folder/KAAbbas.html K.A. Abbas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207172212/https://ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC33folder/KAAbbas.html |date=7 December 2023 }} (1914-1987) by Carol J. Slingo from ''Jump Cut'', no. 33, Feb. 1988, p. 99</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism ===
After leaving university, K.A Abbas began his career as a journalist at the ''National Call'', a New Delhi-based newspaper. Later while studying law in 1934, started ''Aligarh Opinion''.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}}

He joined ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' in 1935 as a political correspondent and later, became a film critic for the newspaper.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}}

He entered films as a part-time publicist for [[Bombay Talkies]] in 1936, a production house owned by [[Himanshu Rai]] and [[Devika Rani]], to whom he sold his first screenplay ''[[Naya Sansar (1941 film)|Naya Sansar]]'' (1941).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}}

While at ''The Bombay Chronicle'' (1935–1947), he started a weekly column called 'Last Page', which he continued when he joined the Blitz magazine.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> "The Last Page", ('Azad Kalam' in the Urdu edition) became the longest-running political column in India's history (1935–87).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy-project.org/index.php?page=lit_library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621014124/http://www.legacy-project.org/index.php?page=lit_library|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2006|title=The Legacy Project – View Entire Literary Sampler|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> A collection of these columns was later published as two books. He continued to write for The Blitz and Mirror until his last days.

Abbas interviewed several renowned personalities in literary and non-literary fields, including the Russian Prime Minister Khrushchov, American President Roosevelt, Charlie Chaplin, Mao-Tse-Tung and Yuri Gagarin.

=== Cinema ===
Meanwhile, he had started writing scripts for other directors, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}} for Chetan Anand and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]]}} for V. Shantaram.

In 1945, he made his directorial debut with a film based on the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dharti Ke Lal]]}} (''Children of the Earth''), for the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] ([[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]]).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}} In 1951, he founded his own production company called Naya Sansar,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}} which consistently produced films that were socially relevant including, ''Anhonee'', ''Munna'', ''Rahi'' (1953), based on a [[Mulk Raj Anand]] story, was on the plight of workers on tea plantations, the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] winner, ''[[Shehar Aur Sapna]]'' (1964) and ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' (1969), which won the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] and is also remembered as [[Bollywood]] icon [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s debut film.
He wrote the story and screenplay for the controversial themed film in 1974 [[Call Girl (1974 film)|''Call Girl'']] directed by [[Vijay Kapoor]], starring Vikram and [[Zaheera]].

He went on to write scripts for ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' and prominent [[Raj Kapoor]] films including ''[[Awaara]], [[Shri 420]], [[Mera Naam Joker]], [[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' and ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]''.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|1999|p=39}}

=== Literature ===
Abbas wrote 74 books in English, Hindi and Urdu<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/021013/books6.htm AUTHOR: Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1914–87): Communicator of repute -DAWN – Books and Authors; 13 October 2002] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420005838/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/021013/books6.htm |date=20 April 2010 }}</ref> and was considered the leading light of the Urdu short story.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://motso.wordpress.com/|title=Indian Scripts|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419122651/https://motso.wordpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> His best known fictional work remains 'Inquilab', which made him a household name in Indian literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-today.com/itoday/20010416/books.shtml|title=India Today Magazine|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124062415/http://india-today.com/itoday/20010416/books.shtml|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Like Inquilab, many of his works were translated into many Indian and foreign languages, like Russian, German, Italian, French and Arabic.

His autobiography, ''I Am not an Island: An Experiment in Autobiography'', was published in 1977 and again in 2010.<ref name="ot">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265339|title=A Piece of the Continent: K.A. Abbas wrote an iconic column, but will be most remembered for the socially relevant films he produced|date=17 May 2010|website=Outlookindia.com|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026013247/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265339|archive-date=26 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Censorship case ===
In 1968, Abbas made a documentary film called ''Char Shaher Ek Kahani'' (A Tale of Four Cities).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abbaska.com/filmography/char-shaher-ek-kahani-tale-four-cities |title=Char Shaher Ek Kahani (A Tale of four cities) | the Life & Times of Khwaja Ahmad Abbas |website=www.abbaska.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714040923/http://www.abbaska.com/filmography/char-shaher-ek-kahani-tale-four-cities |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film depicted the contrast between the luxurious life of the rich in the four cities of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[New Delhi|Delhi]] and that of the squalor and poverty of the poor. He approached the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] to obtain a [[U certificate (India)|'U' (Unrestricted Public Exhibition) certificate]]. Abbas was, however, informed by the regional office of the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Board]] that the film was not eligible to be granted a 'U' certificate, but was suitable for exhibition only for adults. His appeal to the revising committee of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] led to the decision of the censors being upheld.<ref name="indiankanoon.org">{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1719619/|title=K. A. Abbas vs The Union Of India & Anr on 24 September, 1970|website=Indiankanoon.org|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321141743/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1719619/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khwaja Ahmad Abbas further appealed to the [[Government of India|Central Government]] but the government decided to grant the film a 'U' certificate provided certain scenes were cut. Following this, Abbas approached the [[Supreme Court of India]] by filing a [[Prerogative writ|writ petition]] under Article 19(1) of the [[Indian Constitution]]. He claimed that his [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental right]] of free speech and expression was denied by the [[Government of India|Central Government]]'s refusal to grant the film a 'U' certificate.<ref name="indiankanoon.org"/> Abbas also challenged the constitutional validity of pre-censorship on films.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/udta-punjab-row-a-case-for-cutting-out-the-censor/article14418623.ece|title=A case for cutting out the censor|first=Gautam|last=Bhatia|date=13 June 2016|access-date=25 April 2019|website=The Hindu|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807013345/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/udta-punjab-row-a-case-for-cutting-out-the-censor/article14418623.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

However the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the constitutional validity of pre-censorship on films.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/6ZZM8m9pHkZ2ECPvOee1jN/Film-censorship-and-the-courts.html|title=Film censorship and the courts|first=Gautam|last=Bhatia|date=7 May 2016|website=Livemint.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425141807/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/6ZZM8m9pHkZ2ECPvOee1jN/Film-censorship-and-the-courts.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/71v1a10.htm|title=Eastern Book Company – Practical Lawyer|website=Ebc-india.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150824/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/71v1a10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
=== Films ===
* 1942: [[BFJA Awards]]: Best Screenplay: ''[[Naya Sansar (1941 film)|Naya Sansar]]'' (1941)<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/194205.htm 5th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1941] ''[[BFJA Awards]]'' Official website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430184943/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/194205.htm |date=30 April 2010 }}</ref>
* 1946: Wrote screenplay for {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}}, which became the only Indian film to win the {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} (Golden Palm) at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].
* 1951: Wrote screenplay for ''[[Awaara]]'', which was nominated for the {{Lang|fr|Palme d'Or|italic=no}} at the Cannes Film Festival.
* 1956: Wrote screenplay for ''[[Jagte Raho]]'', which won the [[Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)|Crystal Globe]] Grand Prix at the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] in 1957,<ref name="crystal">{{cite web|title=10th Karlovy Vary IFF|url=http://www.kviff.com/en/about-festival/history-past-years/1957/|publisher=Film Servis Festival Karlovy Vary|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104102047/http://www.kviff.com/en/about-festival/history-past-years/1957/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Certificate of Merit at the fourth [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm4thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=4NFA.pdf |title=4th National film Awards |access-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122202225/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm4thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=4NFA.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[1958 Cannes Film Festival]]: ''[[Pardesi (1957 film)|Pardesi]]'' nominated for {{Lang|fr|[[Palme d'Or]]|italic=no}} (Golden Palm)<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0007815/awards Khwaja Ahmad Abbas – Awards – IMDb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324131452/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0007815/awards |date=24 March 2016 }} IMDb Awards</ref>
* [[8th National Film Awards|1960]]: [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|All India Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Children's Film]] – ''Idd Mubarak''<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=7 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052231/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
* 1964: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]: ''[[Shehar Aur Sapna]]''
* 1964: Maharashtra State Award: ''Fakira''
* 1965: International Film Festival Awards at Santa Barbara, USA: ''Hamara Ghar''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webhost4life.com/|title=WebHost4Life – Web Hosting, Unix Hosting, E-Mail, Web Design|website=Webhost4life.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425141824/https://www.webhost4life.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1966: Jury Member: [[16th Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref name="berlinale 1966">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/04_jury_1966/04_Jury_1966.html |title=Berlinale 1966: Juries |access-date=22 February 2010 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023115321/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/04_jury_1966/04_Jury_1966.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1970: [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] at National Film Awards: ''[[Saat Hindustani]]''
* 1972: [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] at National Film Awards: ''[[Do Boond Pani]]''
* 1980: Gold Award for direction: ''[[The Naxalites]]''

===Literary===
Haryana State Robe of Honour for literary achievements in 1969, the Ghalib Award for his contribution to Urdu prose literature in 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghalibinstitute.com/awards.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020122828/http://www.ghalibinstitute.com/awards.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Ghalib Institute|date=20 October 2013|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

Vorosky Literary Award of the Soviet Union in 1984, Urdu Akademi Delhi Special Award 1984, Maharashtra State Urdu Akademi Award in 1985 and the Soviet Award for his contribution to the cause of Indo-Soviet Friendship in 1985.

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Naya Sansar (1941 film)|Naya Sansar]]'' (1941) – Screenplay, Story
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dharti Ke Lal]]}} (1946) – Screenwriter, director, producer
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]]}} (1946) – Screenwriter, Story
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Neecha Nagar]]}} (1946) – Screenwriter
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Aur Kal (1947 film)|Aaj Aur Kal]]}} (1947) – Director
* ''[[Awaara|Awara]]'' (1951) – Screenwriter, Dialogue
* ''[[Anhonee (1952 film)|Anhonee]]'' (1952) – Screenwriter, Dialogue, Story, director, producer
* ''[[Rahi (film)|Rahi]]'' 1953 – Director
* ''[[Munna (1954 film)|Munna]]'' (1954) – Screenwriter, director, producer
* ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955) – Screenwriter, Dialogue, Story
* ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' (1956) – Screenwriter
* ''[[Pardesi (1957 film)|Pardesi]]'' (1957)– Screenwriter, director
* ''[[Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)|Char Dil Char Rahen]]'' (1959) – Screenwriter, Dialogue, director
* ''Eid Mubarak'' (1960) Documentary / Short – Director
* ''Gir Game Sanctuary'' (1961) Documentary – Director
* ''Flight to Assam'' (1961) – Director
* ''[[Gyara Hazar Ladkian]]'' (1962) – Director
* ''Teen Gharaney'' (1963) – Director
* ''[[Shehar Aur Sapna]]'' (1964) – Director, screenwriter
* ''Hamara Ghar'' (1964) – Director
* ''Tomorrow Shall Be Better'' (1965) Documentary<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Tomorrow Shall Be Better|url=http://www.citwf.com/film354209.htm|website=Citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225125639/http://www.citwf.com/film354209.htm|archive-date=25 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> – Director
* ''[[Aasman Mahal]]'' (1965) – Director
* ''[[Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein]]'' (1967) – Writer, director, producer<ref name="hin">{{cite news |title=Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein (1968) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bambai-raat-ki-bahon-mein-1968/article3292105.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 April 2012 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210063835/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bambai-raat-ki-bahon-mein-1968/article3292105.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Dharti Ki Pukaar'' (1967) Short Film – Director
* ''Chaar Shaher Ek Kahani'' (1968) Documentary – Director
* ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' (1969) – Director, producer
* ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' (1970) – Screenwriter, Story
* ''[[Do Boond Pani]]'' (1971) – Director<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|access-date=4 March 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=69–|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830091734/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Bharat Darshan'' (1972) Documentary - Director
* ''Luv Kush'' (1972) Short film - Director<ref name=AbbasKA>{{cite web|title=Khwaja Mohammed Abbas|url=http://www.abbaska.com/filmography/lav-kush|website=Abbaska.com|publisher=K. A. Abbas Memorial Trust|access-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930113227/http://www.abbaska.com/filmography/lav-kush|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973) – Screenwriter, Story
* ''Kal Ki Baat'' (1973) Short Film – Director
* [[Call Girl (1974 film)|Call Girl]] (1973) - Story and Screenplay
* ''[[Achanak (1973 film)|Achanak]]'' (1973) – Screenwriter
* ''Juhu'' (1973) (TV) – Director
* ''[[Faslah]]'' (1974) – Director, producer
* ''Papa Miya of Aligarh'' (1975) Documentary – Director
* ''Phir Bolo Aaye Sant Kabir'' (1976) Documentary – Director
* ''Dr. Iqbal'' (1978) – Documentary – Director
* ''[[The Naxalites]]'' (1980) – Screenwriter, director
* ''Hindustan Hamara'' (1983) Documentary / Short – Director
* ''Love in Goa'' (1983) – Screenwriter
* ''Nanga Fakir'' (1984) (TV) – Director
* ''[[Ek Aadmi]]'' (1988) – Director
* ''Akanksha'' (1989) (TV) – Dialogue, Screenplay
* ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'' (1991) – Story
{{Div col end}}

==Books==
He wrote 74 books in English, Urdu and Hindi,<ref>M.K. Naik, "Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad (1914–1987)" in Eugene Benson (ed.), Bholi, ''Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English'', Routledge (2004), p. 2</ref> including:
* ''Outside India: The Adventures of a Roving Reporter'', Hali Pub. House, Delhi, 1939.
* ''An Indian looks at America'' (The Rampart library of good reading), 1943.
* ''An Indian looks at America'', Thacker, Bombay, 1943.
* ''Tomorrow is ours! A novel of the India of Today''; Bombay, Popular Book Depot, 1943.
* "Let India fight for freedom", Bombay, ''Sound'' magazine (Publication dept.), 1943.
* ''Defeat for death: A story without names'', Padmaja Publications 1944.
* "...and One Did Not Come Back!", ''Sound'' magazine, 1944
* ''A report to Gandhiji: A survey of Indian and world events during the 21 months of Gandhiji's incarceration'', 1944
* ''Invitation to Immortality'': a one-act play, Bombay: Padma Pub., 1944.
* ''Not all Lies''. Delhi: Rajkamal Pub., 1945.
* ''Blood and stones and other stories''. Bombay: Hind Kitabs, 1947
* ''Rice and other stories'', Kutub, 1947
* ''Kashmir fights for freedom'', 1948
* ''I Write as I Feel'', Hind Kitabs, Bombay, 1948
* ''Cages of freedom and other stories'', Bombay, Hind Kitabs Ltd., 1952.
* ''China can make it: Eye-witness account of the amazing industrial progress in new China'', 1952.
* ''In the Image of Mao Tse-Tung'', Peoples Publishing House, 1953
* ''INQILAB. First Great Novel of the Indian Revolution'', [[Jaico Publishing House]], 1958
* ''Face To Face with Khrushchov'', Rajpal & Sons, 1960
* ''Till We Reach the Stars. The Story of Yuri Gagarin'', Asia Pub. House, 1961
* ''The Black sun and Other stories'', [[Jaico Publishing House]], 1963.
* ''Raat ki bahon mein'', Hindi, Radhakr̥ishṇa Prakashan, 1965.
* ''Indira Gandhi; return of the red rose'', Hind Pocket Books, New Delhi, 1966.
* ''Divided heart'', Paradise Publications, 1968
* ''When Night Falls'', 1968.
* ''Chabili'', Hindi, Allahabad, Mitra Prakashan, 1968.
* ''The most beautiful woman in the world'', Paradise Publications, 1968
* ''Salma aur Samundar'', Urdu/Hindi, New Delhi, Komala Pocket Books, 1969.
* ''Mera Naam Joker'', 1970
* ''Maria'', Delhi, Hind Pocket Books, 1971.
* ''Teen Pahiye'', Urdu/Hindi, Delhi, Rajpal & Sons, 1971.
* ''Bobby'', Urdu/Hindi, 1973
* ''Boy meets Girl'', Sterling Publishers, 1973
* ''That Woman: Her Seven Years in Power''; New Delhi, Indian Book Co., 1973
* ''Jawaharlal Nehru: Portrait of an integrated Indian''; New Delhi, NCERT, 1974.
* ''Fasilah'', Urud/Hindi, Hind Pocket Books, Delhi, 1974
* ''Distant dream, New Delhi'', Sterling Pub., 1975.
* ''The walls of glass'': A novel, 1977
* ''Barrister-at-law: A play about the early life of Mahatma Gandhi'', New Delhi, Orient Paperbacks, 1977.
* ''Men and women: Specially selected long and short stories'', 1977
* ''Mad, mad, mad world of Indian films'', 1977
* ''I Am not an Island: An Experiment in Autobiography'', New Delhi, 1977.
* ''Four Friends'', Arnold-Heinemann, New Delhi, 1977.
* ''20 March 1977: a day like any other day'', Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1978.
* ''Janata in a jam?'', 1978.
* ''The Naxalites'', Lok Publications, 1979.
* ''Bread, beauty, and revolution: being a chronological selection from the Last pages, 1947 to 1981'', Marwah Publications, New Delhi, 1982.
* ''Nili Sari aur Doosri Kahaniyan̲'', Urdu, Maktabah-e-Jamia, New Delhi, 1982.
* ''The gun and other stories'', Arnold-Heinemann, New Delhi, 1985.
* ''The Thirteenth Victim,'' Amar Prakashan, 1986.
* ''The World Is My Village: A Novel With An Index'', Ajanta, 1984. {{ISBN|978-81-202-0104-0}}
* ''Bombay My Bombay: A Love Story of the City'', Ajanta Publications/Ajanta Books International, 1987. {{ISBN|978-81-202-0174-3}}
* ''Indira Gandhi: The Last Post''; Bombay, Ramdas G. Bhatkal, 1989
* ''Defeat for death: a story without names''. Baroda: Padmaja Pub., 1994
* ''How Films Are Made'', National Book Trust, 1999, {{ISBN|978-81-237-1103-4}}
* ''Soney Chandi ke Butt'', Urdu, Alhamra, 2001, {{ISBN|978-969-516-074-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|author2=Vasant Sāthe|author3=Suhail Akhtar|others=Vijay Jani, Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=The Dialogue of Awaara: Raj Kapoor's Immortal Classic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3LSAAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-81-89738-54-9}}
''For detailed listing'' :<ref>[http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/SouthAsia/guides/pre1947.html South Asian literature in English, Pre-independence era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830022509/http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/SouthAsia/guides/pre1947.html |date=30 August 2009 }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Books on Khwaja Ahmad Abbas ===
* Ahmad Hasib, ''The Novels of Khwaja Ahmad Abbas'', Seema. 1987
* Hemendra Singh Chandalia, ''Ethos of Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, novelist, film-maker, and journalist: A study in social realism'', Bohra Prakashan (1996)
* Raj Narain Raz, ''Khawaja Ahmed Abbas-Ifkar''. Guftar, Kirdar, [[Haryana Urdu Akademi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haryanaurdu.nic.in/publication2.htm |title=Publications |website=haryanaurdu.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723132742/http://haryanaurdu.nic.in/publication2.htm |archive-date=23 July 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Vasudev and Lenglet, eds., ''Indian Cinema Super-bazaar'', Vikas, New Delhi, 1978.

=== Articles on Khwaja Ahmad Abbas ===
* Dr. R.G. Mathapati, [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/mathapati/abbas_mathapati.htm "Abbas: An Island"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208091005/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/mathapati/abbas_mathapati.htm |date=8 February 2012 }}
* ''Indian Film Culture'' (New Delhi), no. 4, September 1964.
* ''Film World'', vol. 1, no. 10, October 1978.
* Ghish, S., "K. A. Abbas: A Man in Tune with History", ''Screen'' (Bombay), 19 June 1987.
* [http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC33folder/KAAbbas.html Obituary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205212334/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC33folder/KAAbbas.html |date=5 February 2012 }} in ''Jump Cut'' (Berkeley, California), no. 33, February 1988.
* [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/021013/books6.htmAnwar Abbas, Communicator of repute], ''The Dawn'', 13 October 2002.
* Shoba S. Rajgopal, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114125956/http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2004/71/rajgopal.html The Legacy of Ajitha]
* ''Ismat Chughtai'', "Bachu", Urdu
* V. P. Sathe, "K.A. Abbas, The Crusader", ''Filmfare'', 16–30 June 1987
V. K. Cherian (31 October 2016). India's Film Society Movement: The Journey and its Impact. SAGE Publications. p 61–. ISBN 978-93-85985-62-1.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Indian People's Theatre Association]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|date=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|location=London|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo. Vol. 1|author=Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Shehar+Aur+Sapna&pg=PA4 |ref=Da }}
* S. Ghosh, "K. A. Abbas: A Man in Tune with History", ''Screen'' (Bombay), 19 June 1987, p. 14.
* ''Dictionary of Films'' (Berkeley: U. of CA Press, 1977), p. 84.
* Shyamala A. Narayan, ''The Journal of Commonwealth Literature'', 1 1976; vol. 11: pp. 82 – 94.
* Ravi Nandan Sinha, ''Essays on Indian Literature in English''. Jaipur, Book Enclave, 2002, ch. 7.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0007815|name=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas}}
* [http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-A-Ba/Abbas-K-A.html K.A. Abbas at Film Reference]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627010037/http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-A-Ba/Abbas-K-A.html |date=27 June 2018 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100420005838/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/021013/books6.htm K.A. Abbas – The Dawn]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315191841/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/216460/Khwaja-Ahmad-Abbas/filmography Filmography – NY Times]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071111233328/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/06/30/stories/2006063001470300.htm A book dedicated to K A Abbas]}}

{{K. A. Abbas}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad}}
[[Category:Khwaja Ahmad Abbas| ]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Panipat]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language short story writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Urdu-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Haryana]]
[[Category:Journalists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Novelists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India|*]]
[[Category:Indian people of Asian descent]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

RV University

2026-03-26T09:47:34Z

HongGrasby5256: put up new pg

{{Short description|State-private university located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| image = RVU_logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| name = RV University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://educationtoday.co/blogs/?p=12977//|title = Chief Minister of Karnataka inaugurates RV University| date=12 December 2021 }}</ref>
| motto = Go, change the world
| established = 2021
| type = [[Private university|Private University]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref name="www.ugc.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1102&Unitype=3|title=UGC|website=www.ugc.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref> [[List of institutions of higher education in Karnataka|KSHEC]]<ref name="karnataka">{{cite web|url=https://kshec.karnataka.gov.in/info-4/State+Universities+List/en|title=State University List|website=karnataka.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>
| endowment =
| chairman =
| chancellor = Dr. A. V. S. Murthy<ref name="https://rvu.edu.in/sri-a-v-s-murthy/">{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/sri-a-v-s-murthy/|title = Chancellor - RV University Bangalore India}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Ram Kumar Kakani<ref name="RV University Appoints Prof. Ram Kumar Kakani As Its VC">{{cite web|url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2025/09/rv-university-welcomes-prof-ram-kumar-kakani-as-vice-chancellor/|date=1 September 2025|title=RV University welcomes Prof. Ram Kumar Kakani as Vice Chancellor |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="RV University Appoints Prof. Ram Kumar Kakani As Its vice chancellor">{{cite web|url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rv-university-appoints-professor-ram-kumar-kakani-as-its-vice-chancellor/123634583|date=1 September 2025|title=RV University appoints Professor Ram Kumar Kakani as its vice chancellor|access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
'''Campus 1 ([[Bengaluru]]):''' Next to [[Pattanagere metro station|Pattanagere Metro Station]] 
'''Campus 2 ([[Mysuru]]):''' KIADB Industrial Area, [[Nanjangud]]
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| administrative_staff =
| website = [https://rvu.edu.in/ RV University – Bengaluru Campus] [https://mysuru.rvu.edu.in/ RV University – Mysuru Campus]
| coor = {{coord|12|55|24|N|77|29|59|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''RV University''' is a Karnataka state recognized [[private university]]<ref name="Global University Karnataka India">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/rv-university-bengaluru-is-born-opens-admissions-for-2021-3912698.html|date=1 July 2021|title=RV University Bengaluru is Born |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Role Of New Age Global Universities">{{cite web|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/role-of-new-age-global-universities-dr-y-s-r-murthy-vice-chancellor-rv-university/|date=28 July 2021|title=Role Of New Age Global Universities |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> for [[liberal education]] based in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It was established by the
[[Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust]] (RSST), which has over eight decades of experience in [[Higher_education_in_India | higher education system]].

==History==

RV University, which commenced operations in 2021, is governed by the [[Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust]] (RSST)<ref>https://ngodarpan.gov.in/index.php/home/statewise_ngo/2671/29/113?per_page=50|title = NITI Aayog, Government of India</ref> which is a charitable trust managing RV Educational Institutions in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Today, [[Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust|RSST]] has over 21 institutions across [[Bengaluru]] constituting more than 20,000 students every year under its umbrella.<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panduranga-setty-leaves-behind-a-rich-legacy-in-education-1183986.html|title = Panduranga Setty leaves behind a rich legacy in education</ref> RV University is an initiative of the [[Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust|RSST]] which also manages the engineering institution [[R.V. College of Engineering|RV College of Engineering]] in Bangalore.

==Accreditation & Recognition==
*RV University is a [[Private University (India)|state-private university]] established in [[Bengaluru]] under the RV University Act 2019,<ref name="Act2019">{{cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=KARNATAKA ACT NO.11 OF 2019 THE R V UNIVERSITY ACT 2019 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/17237/1/11_of_2019_%28e%29.pdf |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India}}</ref> which was passed by the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].It is approved by the [[Government of Karnataka]], [[India]] and offers various undergraduate and postgraduate programs.<ref name="Private">{{cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=State-wise List of Private Universities as on 23.08.2022 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated_List_Private_Universities.pdf |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=ugc.ac.in |publisher=University Grants Commission}}</ref>
*RV University has received all regulatory approvals by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), [[India]].<ref name="rvu.edu.in">{{cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/wp-content/themes/rvu/Downloads/UGC_RVU_Cropped.pdf|title=UGC Approval RVU|website=rvu.edu.in|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="RVU UGC">{{cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Information-about-RV-University-as-per-UGC-norms-2021-22.pdf|title=UGC Norms RV University|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="State-wise List of Private Universities">{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated_List_Private_Universities.pdf|title=UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION State-wise List of Private Universities|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
*RV University is granted affiliation by the [[Bar_Council_of_India|Bar Council of India (BCI)]], recognizing its law programs as per the prescribed standards and regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/lawschool/news/bar-council-of-india-rv-university-231443|title=Recognition To School Of Law At RV University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bar-council-of-india-approves-rv-universitys-school-of-law-1231795.html|title=Bar Council of India approves RV University's School of Law}}</ref>
*As of 2026, RV University is classified with '''H +/- status''' in the [[Anabin]] database, indicating that its recognition in the German higher education system is conditional or limited to specific programs. This status typically precludes the issuance of a mandatory APS certificate, effectively limiting direct eligibility for postgraduate studies at most German universities unless the specific degree program is explicitly recognized as equivalent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutionen - anabin: Infoportal zu ausländischen Bildungsabschlüssen |url=https://anabin.kmk.org/db/institutionen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=News – Academic Evaluation Centre - APS India |url=aps-india.de |website=aps-india.de |access-date=2026-03-26 |quote=Universities with an “H+/-“ or “H-“ status cannot be recognized and students from these universities can therefore not be issued an APS certificate.}}</ref>

==Rankings==
*In 2024, RV University secured the 2nd rank among the top 10 Emerging [[List of state private universities in India|State Private Universities]] in India, according to [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook's]] rankings based on multiple parameters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/top-10-emerging-state-private-universities/|title = Top 10 Emerging State Private Universities, Outlook}}</ref>
*In 2025, RV University secured the 1st rank among the top 10 Emerging [[List of state private universities in India|State Private Universities]] in India, according to [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook's]] rankings based on multiple parameters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/outlook-icare-rankings-2025-top-10-emerging-state-private-universities|title = Outlook-ICARE Rankings 2025: Top 10 Emerging State Private Universities}}</ref>

==Academic Schools==
RV University (RVU), [[Bengaluru]] offers undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD programmes in different academic disciplines namely,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/karnataka-chief-minister-inaugurates-rv-university-2-new-schools-1885941-2021-12-09//|title = Karnataka Chief Minister inaugurates RV University, 2 new schools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/faculty/|title=Faculty at RVU|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/undergraduate-courses-ug//|title = Undergraduate & Postgraduate Programmes - RVU}}</ref>
* School of Allied and Healthcare Professions
* School of Business
* School of Computer Science and Engineering
* School for Continuing Education and Professional Studies <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/higher-education/bryant-university-signs-up-with-rv-university-for-executive-mba/102009078|title = Bryant University signs up with RV University for executive MBA}}</ref>
* School of Design and Innovation
* School of Economics and Public Policy
* School of Film, Media and Creative Arts
* School of Law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/wp-content/themes/rvu/documents/BCI%20Approval.pdf//|title = RVU School of Law - Approval from BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA}}</ref>
* School of Liberal Arts and Sciences

==Academic Programmes==

[[Undergraduate Education]]: BTech, BDes, BSc, BCA, BA, BBA, BCom, BA LLB, BBA LLB – all offered with Honours and various specialization subjects.

[[Postgraduate Education]]: MTech (CSE), MDes, MBA, MCom, MSc, MA, LLM, PhD – all offered with various specialization subjects.

==Admissions==

RVU offers over 35 specialized undergraduate and postgraduate courses across multiple schools.RVU admits students based on RVU Selection Process for all UG, PG and PhD Programmes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rvu.edu.in/wp-content/themes/rvu/documents/UGC%20(Min.%20Std.%20&%20Proc%20for%20Ph.D.%20Degree)%20Reg%202022.pdf| title=RV University - PhD programme approved by UGC, Govt Of India|access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref> of RV University. RVU admits 40% of undergraduate engineering ([[Bachelor of Technology]]) students based on their [[Common Entrance Test|Karnataka CET]] ranks. Also RVU admits students under a management quota.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Schools and Departments
!BTech Students
|-
|
{{Tree list}}
* RVU School of Computer Science and Engineering (SoCSE)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/cet2023/DocScanner%2002-Aug-2023%2008-04%20PM%20(1)english.pdf| title=RV University - BTech Computer Science and Engineering - Karnataka Government Higher Education Department|access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>
** Department of [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|540 Per Year
|}
RVU School of Design and Innovation offers a Bachelor of Design (B.Des.) (Hons.) program and allocates some seats for admission through the Undergraduate Common Entrance Examination for Design ([[UCEED]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uceed.iitb.ac.in/2025/| title=RV University-admission through UCEED |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref> However, the RVU is not part of the Joint Admission Process conducted by [[IIT Bombay]], and candidates must apply directly through RV University's admission process.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uceed.iitb.ac.in/2025/institutes.html| title=RV University - admission for BDes course |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref>

== Collaborations ==
RV University has established meaningful collaborations with reputed & iconic universities, institutes, and companies in India and around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/collaborations-international/#partners|title=International collaboration with RV University|website=RV University|language=en}}</ref> The following are some collaborations with RV University
* RV University has partnered with [[Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] (ASU), enabling RVU students to pursue a variety of undergraduate and master’s degrees in key disciplines such as Computer Science and Engineering, Business, Management, Design, and Liberal Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/rv-university-signs-agreement-with-arizona-state-university-for-strategic-partnership/|title=RV University Signs Agreement with Arizona State University for Strategic Partnership|date=13 May 2025}}</ref>
*RV University has signed a Memorandum of Understanding ([[MoU]]) with [[Bryant University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bryant.edu/bryant-university-signs-partnership-agreement-rv-university-india-academic-and-research|title=Bryant University signs partnership agreement with RV University in India for academic and research collaboration | Bryant News|website=news.bryant.edu}}</ref> [[Seattle University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.careers360.com/rv-university-seattle-university-collaborate-on-student-exchange-faculty-exchange-joint-research|title=RV University, Seattle University to collaborate on student exchange, faculty exchange, joint research|date=14 March 2023|website=Careers360}}</ref> [[Old Dominion University]] in the US, [[Teesside University]] in UK and Ziroh Labs for academic and research collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2022/06/rv-university-signs-three-new-mous/|title=RV University signs three new MoUs|website=digitallearning.eletsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-rv-university-signs-three-mous-aims-to-enhance-student-exchange-research-programmes-2562033/|title=RV University signs three MoUs, aims to enhance student exchange, research programmes|date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
* RV University signed a MoU with Asia’s largest integrated higher Edtech platform, upGrad to offer a joint M.Tech programme in data science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/rv-university-signs-mou-with-upgrad-to-launch-m-tech-in-data-science/#google_vignette|title=RV University signs MoU with upGrad to launch M.Tech. in Data Science|date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
*RV University signed a MoU with [[Dhurakij Pundit University]], [[Thailand]] to enhancing educational opportunities and fostering a stronger global academic network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/rv-university-bengaluru-and-dpu-thailand-sign-an-mou-to-enhance-international-educational-opportunities-for-students|title=RV University, Bengaluru, and DPU Thailand sign an MoU to enhance international educational opportunities for students|first=|last=|date=17 October 2023|website=Cityairnews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highereducationdigest.com/rv-university-pioneering-the-concept-of-true-liberal-education-in-india/|title=RV University: Pioneering the concept of true Liberal Education in India|first=Editorial|last=Team|date=31 May 2022}}</ref>
*NSE Academy Limited (NAD), a wholly owned subsidiary of the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE) has signed an agreement with RV University for a Post Graduate Certification Program in Global Financial Markets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/nse-academy-limited-collaborates-with-rv-university-for-post-graduate-certification-program/cid/1975236|title=NSE Academy Limited collaborates with RV University for Post Graduate Certification Program-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>
*RV University (RVU) and the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI), a statutory body set up under an Act of Parliament, have entered into an MoU to build a strategic alliance for boosting education and research initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/rv-university-and-icai-sign-mou-to-build-a-strategic-alliance-for-boosting-education-and-research-initiatives-839459|title=RV University and ICAI sign MoU to build a strategic alliance for boosting education and research initiatives|first=Arti|last=Adke|date=21 November 2023|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-rv-university-and-icai-sign-an-mou-to-build-a-strategic-alliance-for-research-initiatives-3313217/|title=RV University and ICAI sign an MoU to build a strategic alliance for research initiatives|date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
*RV University (RVU) partnership with [[Hombale Films]] is poised to transform the landscape of undergraduate and postgraduate education in film, media, OTT and creative arts under academic discipline School Of Film, Media And Creative Arts .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/rv-university-partners-with-hombale-films-to-launch-school-of-film-media-and-creative-arts/|title=RV University Partners with Hombale Films to Launch School of Film, Media and Creative Arts|date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2024/Jun/03/rv-university-hombale-films-to-launch-school-of-film-creative-arts|title=RV University, Hombale Films to launch School of Film, Creative Arts|first=|last=|date=3 June 2024|website=EdexLive}}</ref>
*RV University has joined with [[Ibaraki Prefecture]], [[Japan]] has signed a mutual cooperation agreement provides for training and placement of Indian students in [[Japan]].A Joint Statement to this effect has been signed by [[Kazuhiko Ōigawa]], Governor of [[Ibaraki Prefecture]], [[Japan]] and Prof. (Dr.) Y.S.R. Murthy, Vice Chancellor, RVU in the presence of Dr. (h.c.) A.V.S. Murthy, Chancellor, RVU and Tsutomu Nakane, Consul General of Japan in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/rv-university-hosts-governor-of-ibaraki-prefecture-japan-and-signs-agreement-for-cooperation/|title=RV University hosts Governor of Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan and signs Agreement for Cooperation|date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/japan-beckons-rv-university-students-with-job-opportunities/south/news/3241750.html|title=Japan beckons RV University students with job opportunities}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=22240|title=NEWSTRAIL | English daily published in Bengaluru & Doha|website=www.newstrailindia.com}}</ref>

== Scholarships ==
The RV university has allocated Rs 10 crore for merit scholarships for the ensuing academic year starting in August 2023. This will benefit 500 students pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/scholarships-indian/96945889/scholarship-alert-rv-university-allocates-rs-10-crore-for-merit-scholarships-in-2023-24-academic-year-here-are-the-details|title=Scholarship Alert: RV University allocates Rs 10 crore for Merit Scholarships in 2023-24 academic year, here are the details - EducationTimes.com|website=www.educationtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-rv-university-allocates-rs-10-crore-for-merit-scholarships-in-2023-24-2945834/|title=RV University allocates Rs 10 crore for merit scholarships in 2023-24|date=12 January 2023}}</ref>

== Hostel accommodation ==
RV University provides separate hostels for boys and girls, ensuring a safe and comfortable stay for all undergraduate and postgraduate students. The hostels are equipped with facilities such as Wi-Fi, a gym, sports amenities, and a dining mess for all residents. Accommodation is allotted based on the students’ year of study, with senior students receiving increased privacy and comfort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/infrastructure/|title=Hostel facility in RV university of Bangalore|website=RV University}}</ref>

== Campuses ==
=== Bengaluru Campus ===
RV University's campus is located within the well-established [[R.V. College of Engineering]] campus, which provides various shared facilities and amenities for its students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvu.edu.in/infrastructure/|title=Infrastructure}}</ref> Spread across 50 acres, RV University’s infrastructure is designed to provide a comprehensive and enriching educational experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/colleges/rv-university-bangalore-rvub/infrastructure/3280/|title=RV University, Bangalore Infrastructure}}</ref>

RV University's library, spanning 60,000 square feet across four floors, integrates digital and physical resources to support a broad range of academic disciplines. Its modern design includes research labs, maker spaces, individual and group study pods, an amphitheater, and interactive reading areas.

Additionally, it offers an extensive digital repository with access to leading academic databases such as EBSCO, JSTOR, and IEEE, along with e-books, journals, and multimedia resources
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/latest-construction-news/real-estate-news/rv-university-unveils-state-of-the-art-/66649|title=RV University Unveils State-of-the-Art ‘Library by Brigade’ in Bengaluru.}}</ref>.

There is also a nearby metro station called [[Pattanagere metro station|Pattanagere]], located at the university gate on the purple line in [[Bangalore]].

=== Mysuru Campus ===
RV University announced the launch of its new 42-acre campus in [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]] in 2026 with different foundational schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2025/07/rv-university-welcomes-2000-new-students-at-navodaya-2025-announces-new-mysore-campus/|title=RV University welcomes 2,000 new students at Navodaya 2025, announces new Mysore campus.}}</ref>

The campus includes smart and ICT-enabled classrooms, laboratories, an auditorium with a seating capacity of 1,600, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, and an amphitheatre. It also features residential facilities and a green campus environment.

Sports infrastructure at the campus includes a cricket ground, basketball and volleyball courts, squash facilities, and provisions for archery, shooting, Kho-Kho, and Kabaddi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Campus Facilities Mysuru|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/rv-university-announces-new-mysuru-campus-3652919 |publisher=RV University |access-date= }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Bangalore]]
* [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal]].
* [[R.V. College of Engineering|R.V.College of Engineering, Bengaluru]].
* [[B.M.S. College of Engineering|B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bengaluru]].
* [[PES University|PES University, Bengaluru]].
* [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology|Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]

Malkajgiri Revenue Division

2026-03-26T07:55:37Z

HongGrasby5256: creating new details added tags

{{other|Malkajgiri (disambiguation)}}
{{moresources|date=February 2020}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malkajgiri Revenue Division
| settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Revenue Division]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map =
| map_caption = Location of Malkajgiri Revenue Division district in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Malkajgiri
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Malkajgiri]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 7
| area_total_km2 = 1084
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2440073
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Venkateswarlu
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TS–08
<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://medchal.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}
[[File:Malkajgiri District Revenue divisions.png|thumb|280px|Medchal - Malkajgiri District Revenue divisions]]
'''Malkajgiri Revenue Division''' is a revenue division in [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].

Malkajgiri revenue division
*1 Alwal
*2 Bachupally
*3 Balanagar
*4 Dundigal Gandimaisamma
*5 Kukatpally
*6 Malkajgiri
*7 Quthbullapur

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

Os Lusíadas

2026-03-23T16:19:30Z

HongGrasby5256: put up new article

{{Short description|Portuguese epic poem by Luís de Camões}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{italic}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Os Lusíadas
| author = [[Luís de Camões|Camões]]
| language = Portuguese
| country = Portugal
| genre = [[Epic poetry]]
| publisher =
| isbn =
| translator = Richard Fanshawe (1655); [[William Julius Mickle]] (1776); [[Richard Francis Burton]] (1880); William C. Atkinson (1952); Landeg White (1997)
| image = Os Lusíadas.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Front of the first edition of ''Os Lusíadas''
| illustrator =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| wikisource = The Lusiads
| orig_lang_code = pt
| native_wikisource = Os Lusíadas
}}
'''''Os Lusíadas''''' ({{IPA|pt-PT|uʒ luˈzi.ɐðɐʃ}}), usually translated as '''''The Lusiads''''', is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] written by [[Luís de Camões|Luís Vaz de Camões]]<ref>sometimes anglicized as ''Camoëns''</ref> ({{circa|1524/5}} – 1580) and first published in 1572. It is widely regarded as the most important work of [[Portuguese-language literature (disambiguation)|Portuguese-language literature]] and is frequently compared to [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'' (1st c. BC). The work celebrates the discovery of a sea route to India by the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] (1469–1524). The ten cantos of the poem are in [[ottava rima]] and total 1,102 [[stanza]]s.<ref name="WDL"/>

Written in [[Homer]]ic fashion, the poem focuses mainly on a fantastic interpretation of the [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese voyages of discovery]] during the 15th and 16th centuries. ''Os Lusíadas'' is often regarded as Portugal's [[national epic]],<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |title = The Lusiads |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1800–1882 |access-date = 2013-08-30 }}</ref> much as [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'' was for the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]], or [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'' for the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]]. It was written when Camões was an exile in [[Macau]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/macau/camoes.htm |title = Camoes Garden and Grotto|access-date = 2017-05-11 }}</ref> and was first printed in 1572, three years after the author returned from the [[Indies]].<ref name="WDL"/>

==Internal structure==
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|This figure illustrates the path of [[Vasco da Gama]] heading for the first time to [[India]] (black) as well as the trips of [[Pêro da Covilhã]] (orange) and [[Afonso de Paiva]] (blue). The path common to both is the green line.]]
The poem consists of ten [[canto]]s, each with a different number of [[stanza]]s (1102 in total). It is written in the decasyllabic ''[[ottava rima]]'', which has the [[rhyme scheme]] ABABABCC, and contains a total of 8816 lines of verse.

The poem is made up of four sections:
*An introduction (''proposition'' – presentation of the [[Theme (narrative)|theme]] and heroes of the poem)
*''Invocation'' – a prayer to the ''Tágides'', the [[nymph]]s of the [[Tagus]];
*A ''dedication'' – (to [[Sebastian of Portugal]])
*Narration (the epic itself) – starting in stanza 19 of canto I, [[in medias res]], opening in the midst of the action, with the background story being told later in the epic.

The narration concludes with an epilogue, starting in stanza 145 of canto X. The most important part of ''Os Lusíadas'', the ''arrival in India'', was placed at the point in the poem that divides the work according to the [[Golden ratio|golden section]] at the beginning of Canto VII.

==Key concepts==

===The heroes===
The heroes of the epic are the Lusiads (''Lusíadas''), the sons of [[Lusus]]—in other words, the Portuguese. The initial strophes of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]'s speech in the ''Concílio dos Deuses Olímpicos'' (Council of the Olympian Gods), which open the narrative part, highlight the laudatory orientation of the author.

In these strophes, Camões speaks of the [[Viriathus (Second Punic War)|first]] and [[Viriathus|second Viriathus]] and [[Quintus Sertorius]], the [[Lusitanians|people of Lusus]], a people predestined by the [[Parcae|Fates]] to accomplish great deeds. Jupiter says that their history proves it because, having emerged victorious against the [[Moors]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilians]], this tiny nation has gone on to discover new worlds and impose its law in the concert of the nations. At the end of the poem, on the Island of Love, the fictional finale to the glorious tour of Portuguese history, Camões writes that the fear once expressed by [[Bacchus]] has been confirmed: that the Portuguese would become gods.

The extraordinary Portuguese discoveries and the "new kingdom that they exalted so much" ("''novo reino que tanto sublimaram''") in the East, and certainly the recent and extraordinary deeds of the "strong Castro" ("''Castro forte''", the viceroy Dom [[João de Castro]]), who had died some years before the poet's arrival in Indian lands, were the decisive factors in Camões' completion of the Portuguese epic. Camões dedicated his masterpiece to King [[Sebastian of Portugal]].

===The narrators and their speeches===
The vast majority of the narration in ''Os Lusíadas'' consists of grandiloquent speeches by various orators: the main narrator; [[Vasco da Gama]], recognized as "eloquent captain" ("''facundo capitão''"); [[Paulo da Gama]]; [[Thetis]]; and the [[Siren (mythology)|Siren]] who tells the future in Canto X. The poet asks the Tágides (nymphs of the river Tagus) to give him "a high and sublime sound,/ a grandiloquent and flowing style" ("''um som alto e sublimado, / Um estilo grandíloquo e corrente''"). In contrast to the style of lyric poetry, or "humble verse" ("''verso humilde''"), he is thinking about this exciting tone of oratory. There are in the poem some speeches that are brief but notable, including Jupiter's and the Old Man of the Restelo's.

There are also descriptive passages, like the description of the palaces of [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] and the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Samorim]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicute]], the ''[[locus amoenus]]'' of the Island of Love (Canto IX), the dinner in the palace of Thetis (Canto X), and Gama's cloth (end of Canto II). Sometimes these descriptions are like a slide show, in which someone shows each of the things described there; examples include the geographic start of Gama's speech to the king of [[Malindi|Melinde]], certain sculptures of the palaces of Neptune and the Samorim, the speech of Paulo da Gama to the Catual, and the Machine of the World (''Máquina do Mundo'').

Examples of dynamic descriptions include the "battle" of the [[Island of Mozambique]], the battles of [[Battle of Ourique|Ourique]] and [[Battle of Aljubarrota|Aljubarrota]], and the storm. Camões is a master in these descriptions, marked by the verbs of movement, the abundance of visual and acoustic sensations, and expressive alliterations. There are also many lyrical moments. Those texts are normally narrative-descriptive. This is the case with the initial part of the episode of the Sad Inês, the final part of the episode of the [[Adamastor]], and the encounter on the Island of Love (Canto IX). All these cases resemble [[eclogue]]s.

On several occasions the poet assumes a tone of lamentation, as at the end of Canto I, in parts of the speech of the Old Man of the Restelo, the end of Canto V, the beginning and end of Canto VII, and the final strophes of the poem. Many times, da Gama bursts into oration at challenging moments: in Mombasa (Canto II), on the appearance of Adamastor, and in the middle of the terror of the storm. The poet's invocations to the Tágides and nymphs of Mondego (Cantos I and VII) and to [[Calliope]] (beginning of Cantos III and X), in typological terms, are also orations. Each one of these types of speech shows stylistic peculiarities.

==Synopses of Cantos==

===Canto I===

The epic begins with a dedication section, with the poet paying homage to [[Virgil]] and [[Homer]]. The first line mimics the opening line of the ''Aeneid'', and pays a hopeful tribute to the young King Sebastião. The story then (in imitation of the classical epics) portrays the [[Greek gods|gods of Greece]] watching over the voyage of Vasco da Gama. Just as the gods had divided loyalties during the voyages of [[Odysseus]] and [[Aeneas]], here [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], who favors the Portuguese, is opposed by [[Dionysus|Bacchus]], who is here associated with the east and resents the encroachment on his territory. We encounter Vasco da Gama's voyage ''[[in medias res]]'' as they have already rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. At the urging of Bacchus, who is disguised as a Moor, the local Muslims plot to attack the explorer and his crew.

===Canto II===

Two scouts sent by Vasco da Gama are fooled by a fake altar created by Bacchus into thinking that there are Christians among the Muslims. Thus, the explorers are lured into an ambush but successfully survive with the aid of Venus. Venus pleads with her father [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jove]], who predicts great fortunes for the Portuguese in the east. The fleet lands at [[Malindi|Melinde]] where it is welcomed by a friendly Sultan.

===Canto III===

After an appeal by the poet to [[Calliope]], the Greek [[muse]] of epic poetry, Vasco da Gama begins to narrate the [[history of Portugal]]. He starts by referring to the situation of Portugal in Europe and the legendary story of [[Lusus]] and [[Viriathus]]. This is followed by passages on the meaning of Portuguese nationality and then by an enumeration of the warrior deeds of the 1st Dynasty kings, from [[Afonso I of Portugal|Dom Afonso Henriques]] to [[Fernando I of Portugal|Dom Fernando]].

Episodes that stand out include [[Egas Moniz, Aio|Egas Moniz]] and the [[Battle of Ourique]] during Dom Afonso Henriques' reign, ''formosíssima Maria'' (the beautiful Maria, in 16th-century Portuguese) in the [[Battle of Rio Salado|Battle of Salado]], and [[Inês de Castro]] during [[Afonso IV of Portugal|Dom Afonso IV]]'s reign.

===Canto IV===

Vasco da Gama continues the narrative of the history of Portugal by recounting the story of the [[House of Aviz]] from the [[1383–85 Crisis]] until the moment during the reign of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Dom Manuel I]] when the armada of Vasco da Gama sails to India. The narrative of the Crisis of 1383–85, which focuses mainly on the figure of [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]] and the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]], is followed by the events of the reigns of [[João II of Portugal|Dom João II]], especially those related to expansion into Africa.
[[File:Os Lusiadas - Canto IV - 87.jpg|thumb|Os Lusiadas – Canto IV – 87]]
Following this incident, the poem narrates the maritime journey to India—an aim that Dom João II did not accomplish during his lifetime, but would come true with Dom Manuel, to whom the rivers [[Indus]] and [[Ganges]] appeared in dreams foretelling the future glories of the Orient. This canto ends with the sailing of the Armada, the sailors in which are surprised by the prophetically pessimistic words of an old man who was on the beach among the crowd. This is the episode of the [[The Old Man of Restelo|Old Man of the Restelo]].

===Canto V===

The story moves on to the King of Melinde, describing the journey of the Armada from [[Lisbon]] to Melinde. During the voyage, the sailors see the [[Crux|Southern Cross]], [[St. Elmo's Fire]], and face a variety of dangers and obstacles such as the hostility of natives in the episode of Fernão Veloso, the fury of a monster in the episode of the giant [[Adamastor]], and the disease and death caused by [[scurvy]]. Canto V ends with the poet's censure of his contemporaries who despise poetry.

===Canto VI===

After Vasco da Gama's narrative, the armada sails from Melinde guided by a pilot to teach them the way to [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]]. Bacchus, seeing that the Portuguese are about to arrive in India, asks for help of [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]], who convenes a "Concílio dos Deuses Marinhos" (Council of the Sea Gods) whose decision is to support Bacchus and unleash powerful winds to sink the armada. Then, while the sailors are listening to Fernão Veloso telling the legendary and chivalrous episode of ''[[The Twelve of England|Os Doze de Inglaterra]]'' (The Twelve Men of England), a storm strikes.

Vasco da Gama, seeing the near destruction of his [[caravel]]s, prays to his own God, but it is Venus who helps the Portuguese by sending the Nymphs to seduce the winds and calm them down. After the storm, the armada sights Calicut, and Vasco da Gama gives thanks to God. The canto ends with the poet speculating about the value of the fame and glory reached through great deeds.

===Canto VII===

After condemning some of the other nations of Europe (who in his opinion fail to live up to Christian ideals), the poet tells of the Portuguese fleet reaching the Indian city of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. A Muslim named Monçaide greets the fleet and tells the explorers about the lands they have reached. The king, Samorin, hears of the newcomers and summons them. A governor and official of the king, called the Catual, leads the Portuguese to the king, who receives them well. The Catual speaks with Monçaide to learn more about the new arrivals. The Catual then goes to the Portuguese ships himself to confirm what Monsayeed has told him and is treated well.

===Canto VIII===

The Catual sees a number of paintings that depict significant figures and events from Portuguese history, all of which are detailed by the author. Bacchus appears in a vision to a Muslim priest in Samorin's court and convinces him that the explorers are a threat. The priest spreads the warnings among the Catuals and the court, prompting Samorin to confront da Gama on his intentions. Da Gama insists that the Portuguese are traders, not buccaneers. The king then demands proof from da Gama's ships, but when he tries to return to the fleet, da Gama finds that the Catual, who has been corrupted by the Muslim leaders, refuses to lend him a boat at the harbor and holds him prisoner. Da Gama manages to get free only after agreeing to have all of the goods on the ships brought to shore to be sold.

===Canto IX===

The Muslims plot to detain the Portuguese until the annual trading fleet from [[Mecca]] can arrive to attack them, but Monçaide tells da Gama of the conspiracy, and the ships escape from Calicut. To reward the explorers for their efforts, Venus prepares an island for them to rest on and asks her son [[Cupid]] to inspire [[Nereids]] with desire for them. When the sailors arrive on the Isle of Love, the ocean nymphs make a pretense of running but surrender quickly.

===Canto X===
During a sumptuous feast on the Isle of Love, [[Thetis]], who is now the lover of da Gama, prophecies the future of Portuguese exploration and conquest. She tells of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]'s defense of [[Cochin]] ([[Battle of Cochin (1504)|Battle of Cochin]]); the [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] fought by [[Francisco de Almeida]] and his son [[Lourenço de Almeida]] against combined Gujarati-Egyptian fleets; the deeds of [[Tristão da Cunha]], [[Pedro Mascarenhas|Pedro de Mascarenhas]], [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]] and [[Nuno da Cunha]]; and battles fought by [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] and João de Castro. Thetis then guides da Gama to a summit and reveals to him a vision of how the ([[Geocentrism|Ptolemaic]]) universe operates. The tour continues with glimpses of the lands of Africa and Asia. The legend of the martyrdom of the apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] in India is told at this point. Finally, Thetis relates the voyage of [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]]. The epic concludes with more advice to young King Sebastião.

==Observations about some episodes==

===The Council of the Olympic gods===

This episode, which comes right after the first strophe of the narration (no. 19 of Canto I) and depicts the entry of the caravan of [[carrack]]s in the poem, sailing into the unknown upon the sheet of white foam of the Indian Ocean, has huge significance in the organization of the poem. The gods of the four corners of the world are reunited to talk about "the future matters of the East" ("''as cousas futuras do Oriente''"); in fact, what they are going to decide is whether the Portuguese will be allowed to reach India and what will happen next.

The gods are described by Jupiter as residents of the "shiny, / starry Pole and bright Seat" ("''luzente, estelífero Pólo e claro Assento''"); this shiny, starry Pole and bright Seat or [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]] had already been described before as "luminous"; the Gods walk on the "beautiful crystalline sky" ("''cristalino céu fermoso''"), to the [[Milky Way]]. In strophes 22 and 23 they are also said to be shining. Jupiter is described as the "Father" ("''Padre''" – archaic [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for 'father') who "vibrates the fierce rays of [[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]]" ("''vibra os feros raios de Vulcano''") and presides from a "crystalline seat of stars" ("''assento de estrelas cristalino''"), carrying "a gleaming crown and sceptre / of another rock clearer than diamond" ("''hua coroa e ceptro rutilante / de outra pedra mais clara que diamante''"). Jupiter's chair is a crystalline seat of stars and the rest of the Olympian furniture is equally ornate: "In shiny seats, enamelled / of gold and pearls, under there were / the other gods (...)" ("''Em luzentes assentos, marchetados / de ouro e perlas, mais abaixo estavam / os outros Deuses (...)''").

During the council, the behaviour of the gods is described as disgraceful. It starts as "Reason and Order demanded" "''a Razão e a Ordem concertavam''", but it ends in insubordination, to which [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] brutally puts an end.

Jupiter, after the end of his speech, entirely neglects the guidance of the other Gods, so two parties are formed: the party of [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], favourable to the Portuguese, and the party of Bacchus, defending the interests of this god who wanted to stop the Portuguese from reaching their goal. The council ends by accepting the point of view earlier expressed by Jupiter; however, Bacchus will not accept this.

The speech that Jupiter uses to start the meeting is a finished piece of [[Public speaking|oratory]]. It opens with an [[Exordium (rhetoric)|exordium]] (1st strophe), in which, after an original welcome, Jupiter briefly defines the subject. This is followed, in the ancient [[rhetoric]]al fashion, by the narration (the past shows that the intention of the [[Destiny|Fados]] is the same one that the orator presented). There is then a confirmation of suggestions already put forth in the narration of the 4th strophe. This episode then ends with two strophes of [[peroration]], where Jupiter appeals to the benevolence of the gods concerning the sons of Lusus, with Jupiter's speech eventually settling the debate.

===A lyric-tragic episode===

The episode, usually known as "of [[Inês de Castro]]", is one of the most famous of ''Os Lusíadas'' (canto iii, stanzas 118–135).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Holly |title=Inês De Castro: The macabre tale of the 'skeleton queen' |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220419-ins-de-castro-the-macabre-tale-of-the-skeleton-queen |website=BBC Culture |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> It is normally classified as a lyric, thus distinguishing it from the more common war episodes. The episode discusses [[destiny]], and leads the action to its tragic end, even something close to the ''coir'' ([[apostrophe (figure of speech)|apostrophes]]).

The nobility of the characters is also emphasised, in a way that is intended to create feelings of sympathy when the protagonist suffers. This technique is used most strongly when Inês fears the orphaning of her children more than losing her own life and she begs for the commutation of capital punishment for an exile in [[Siberia]] (Cítia) or in [[Libya]] in order to have an opportunity to raise her children, and she is compared with "the young beautiful [[Polyxena|Policena]]". Strophes 134 and 135 are written to evoke this [[pity]].

===Adamastor===

The Adamastor episode is divided into three segments. The first, a [[theophany]], goes from strophe 37 to 40; the second, which in chronological-narrative terms is a [[Flashforward|prolepsis]], occupies strophes 41 to 48; finally, the third part, a marine eclogue with some points of contact with Écloga III of Camões, ends in strophe 59.

The vigorous theophany that the first part describes is in the following verses: "Chill the flesh and the hairs/ to me and all [the others] only by listening and seeing him" ("''Arrepiam-se as carnes e os cabelos / a mi e a todos só de ouvi-lo e vê-lo''"). This is intended to convey pure fear, the imminent threat of annihilation. The evil [[demigod]] is preceded by a black cloud, which appears above the heads of the sailors. Expressing the surprise he experiences, Gama quotes himself: "Oh divine power – [I] said – sublimated, / what divine threat or what secret / this clime and this sea presents to us / that seems a bigger thing than a storm?" ("''Ó potestade – disse – sublimada, / que ameaço divino ou que segredo / este clima e este mar nos apresenta, / que mor cousa parece que tormenta?''") The "strange Colossus" ("''estranhíssimo [[wikt:colossus#Noun|Colosso]]''"): "Rude son of the Earth" ("''Filho aspérrimo da Terra''") is described as having: "huge stature", "squalid beard", "earthy colour", "full of earth and crinkly of hairs / blacken the mouth, yellow the teeth" ("''disforme estatura''", "''barba esquálida''", "''cor terrena''", "''cheios de terra e crespos os cabelos / a boca negra, os dentes, amarelos''").

Such emphasis on the appearance of Adamastor is intended to contrast with the preceding scenery, which was expressed as: "seas of the South" ("''mares do Sul''"): "(...) / the winds blowing favourably / when one night, being careless/ watching in the cutting bow, / (...)" (''"(...) / prosperamente os ventos assoprando, / quando hua noite, estando descuidados / na cortadora proa vigiando, / (...)"''). The final marine eclogue conforms to a pattern that is common to many of Camões' lyrical compositions: falling in love, forced separation, grieving over the frustrated dream.

===The eclogue of the Island of Love===
[[File:The Lusíadas (Pictoric).JPG|thumbnail|Pictorial book in Municipal Library of Campo Maior, in [[Piauí]], Brazil.]]
The ''locus amoenus'': the strophes that come after strophe 52 of Canto IX, and some of the main parts that appear from strophe 68 to 95 describe the scenery where the love encountered between the sailors and the [[Nymphs]] take place. The poet also talks about the fauna that live there and of fruits produced instantly. It is portrayed as a paradise.

The [[allegory]] in the second part of Canto IX sees Camões describing the scene between the sailors – whom the Nymphs were expecting – prepared by Venus. Given in an allegoric sense:
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|pt|Que as Ninfas do Oceano, tão fermosas,
Tétis e a Ilha angélica pintada,
Outra cousa não é que as deleitosas
Honras que a vida fazem sublimada}}
|attr1=strophe 89|
That the Nymphs of the Ocean, so beautiful,
Thetis and the angelic painted Island,
Are none other than the delightful
Honours that render life sublime}}

The Canto is ended with the poet communicating to the reader:
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|pt|Impossibilidades não façais,
Que quem quis sempre pôde: e numerados
Sereis entre os heróis esclarecidos
E nesta Ilha de Vénus recebidos.}}
|
Impossiblities you cannot do,
Who always wanted always could: and numbered
You will be amongst the famous heroes
And in this Isle of Venus received.}}

===The Machine of the World===

In Canto X, before the sailors return home the Siren invites Gama to the spectacle of the Machine of the World (''Máquina do Mundo'') with these words:
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|pt|Faz-te mercê, barão, a sapiência
Suprema de, cos olhos corporais,
veres o que não pode a vã ciência
dos errados e míseros mortais}}
|
Your lordship's wish is now fulfilled to share the supreme
knowledge; you with corporeal eyes
may see what the vain science
of erring and miserable mortals cannot}}

The Machine of the World is presented as the spectacle unique, divine, seen by "corporeal eyes". In the words of literary historian António José Saraiva, "it is one of the supreme successes of Camões", "the spheres are transparent, luminous, all of them are seen at the same time with equal clarity; they move, and the movement is perceptible, although the visible surface is always the same. To be able to translate this by the "painting that talks" is to achieve one of the highest points in universal literature."

==Responses==

[[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] wrote a commentary about the work in the 17th century. Published after Sousa's death, the work was originally written in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and eventually translated into Portuguese in the 19th century.<ref name="WDL"/>

== English translations ==

* ''The Lusiad'', trans. Richard Fanshawe (1655)
* ''The Lusiads'', trans. [[William Julius Mickle]] (1776)
* ''The Lusiad'', trans. [[Thomas Moore Musgrave]] (1826)
* ''The Lusiad'', trans. [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] (1854)
* ''The Lusiads'', trans. [[John James Aubertin]] (1878)
* ''The Lusiads'', trans. [[Richard Francis Burton]] (1880)
* ''The Lusiads'', trans. William C. Atkinson (Penguin, 1952)
* ''The Lusiads'', trans. Landeg White (Oxford, 1997)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisourcelang|pt|Os Lusíadas|''Os Lusíadas''}}
{{Wikisource|The Lusiads|''The Lusiads''}}
{{commons category|Os Lusíadas}}
;Digital sources in English
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/luis-de-camoes/the-lusiads/richard-f-burton}}
* {{gutenberg|no=32528}}
* {{librivox book | stitle=Lusiad | dtitle=Os Lusíadas | author=Luís Vaz de CAMÕES}} (in multiple languages)
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/lus/index.htm Mickle's 1776 English translation], full text at sacred-texts.com
* [https://archive.org/details/camoenslusiadsan0000camo Atkinson's prose translation], full text at archive.org
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln4NAAAAQAAJ&q=lusiadas ''The Lusiads''] ''translated by Richard Francis Burton'' {{in lang|en}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lPMyAQAAIAAJ ''The Lusiads of Camoens''] {{in lang|en}}, translated by ''John James Aubertin'', first part.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ct8IAAAAQAAJ&q=lusiadas ''The Lusiads of Camoens''] {{in lang|en}}, translated by ''John James Aubertin'', second part.

;Digital sources in Portugese
* [http://oslusiadas.org/ ''Os Lusíadas''] {{in lang|pt}}, online edition stanza by stanza
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3333 ''Os Lusíadas''] {{in lang|pt}}, full text provided by [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.91980 ''Os Lusíadas''] From the Collections at the Library of Congress

;Other links
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517053459/http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/photo719214.htm Strophes 70 to 79 of Canto VI, surviving a hurricane or the Portuguese defeating Neptune, as a tile masterpiece]

{{National epic poems}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lusiadas, Os}}
[[Category:1572 books]]
[[Category:1572 poems]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Portuguese]]
[[Category:Portuguese literature]]
[[Category:National symbols of Portugal]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Inês de Castro]]
[[Category:Age of Discovery in fiction]]
[[Category:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Greek and Roman deities in fiction]]
[[Category:Thetis]]
[[Category:Sirens (mythology)]]
[[Category:Neptune (mythology)]]
[[Category:Venus (mythology)]]
[[Category:Dionysus in fiction]]

Times Mister India

2026-03-22T04:48:53Z

HongGrasby5256: started post!

{{Short description|National beauty pageant in India}}
{{for-multi|the most recent competition|Mr India 2025 (Season 2)}}
{{for|the predecessor pageant|Grasim Mr. India}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox pageant
| name = Mister India
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = Men's beauty pageant
| franchise_holder = [[The Times Group]]
| organization = [[Femina Miss India|Femina]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| pageant_region = Country
| region_represented = India
| qualification = {{Hlist
| [[Mister World]]
| [[Mister Supranational]]
}}
| first = [[Mr India 2014|2014 (May)]]
| recent = [[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)|2025 (August)]]
| last = 
| language = Hindi, English
| leader_title1 = National Director
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| predecessor = [[ Grasim Mr. India ]]
| successor = 
| website =
| current_titleholder =
}}
'''Times Mister India''', aka '''Mister India World''', is a [[List of beauty pageants#Men's pageants|beauty pageant]] and organization that selects the India's official representative to the [[Mister World]] and the [[Mister Supranational]] pageants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr India 2024 makes a grand return with its latest edition!|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/mr-india/mr-india-2024-makes-a-grand-return-with-its-latest-edition/articleshow/111551142.cms|work=femina.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[The Times Group]], the owner of the franchises for Femina Miss India and Miss Diva, launched Mister India in May 2014, holding its inaugural edition as "[[Mr India 2014]]" The pageant continued with consecutive editions until 2016. It then went on an extended temporary hiatus due to delays in the conduct of [[Mister World]] pageant, which resulted in no annual national competitions being held from 2018 to 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provogue MensXP Mr India World 2014: Meet The 14 Finalists|url=https://www.mensxp.com/mr-india-2014/mr-india-contestants/22647-mensxp-mr-india-world-2014-meet-the-14-finalists.html|work=mensxp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mr India World 2014 winners announced|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/mr-india-world-2014-winners-announced-114050900899_1.html|work=business-standard.com}}</ref>

The winner of the Times Mister India pageant primarily represents India at Mister World. Additionally, Mister India sent delegates to [[Mister Supranational]] from 2016 to 2021, with a separate digital edition held in 2021 to specifically select a representative for that year's [[Mister Supranational 2021]] competition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journey of Prathamesh Maulingkar from Mr.India to Mister Supranational|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/mr-india/journey-of-prathamesh-maulingkar-from-mr-india-to-mister-supranational/videoshow/66737183.cms|work=femina.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala's Rahul Rajasekharan is all set to represent India at Mister Supranational 2021 in Poland|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/mr-india/keralas-rahul-rajasekharan-is-all-set-to-represent-india-at-mister-supranational-2021-in-poland/articleshow/83393501.cms|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

Marking its return in 2024, the Mister India pageant held its 6th edition on July 20th. This marked the longest hiatus between editions, with seven years having passed since the last competition held in 2017 formally on-stage. Also, the [[Mister India 2024]] edition featured the highest number of shortlisted contestants (thirty-five) compared to any previous edition.<ref>{{cite web|title=The search for India's next Mr India begins, Meet the Top 35 finalists|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/mr-india/the-search-for-indias-next-mr-india-begins-meet-the-top-35-finalists/eventshow/111804669.cms|work=femina.in}}</ref>

== International Victories ==
India has participated in the [[Mister World]] pageant since its inception. In 2014, the Times Group began sending representatives to the competition. [[Prateik Jain]], India's inaugural participant (Times), achieved a Top 10 finish at the [[Mister World 2014]] pageant and was also crowned Mister World Continental King of Asia.

In 2016, [[Rohit Khandelwal]] secured India's first and, to date, only [[Mister World 2016|Mister World]] title. This historic win also marked the first time an Asian contestant had claimed the coveted crown. That same year, Jitesh Naresh Thakur represented India at the inaugural [[Mister Supranational]] pageant, earning the position of second runner-up and the title of Mister Supranational Asia.

In 2018, [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]] became the first Indian and Asian winner of the [[Mister Supranational]] pageant. This achievement solidified India's position as the first country to have won both the Miss and Mister Supranational titles.

[[Rahul Rajasekharan]] was the last Indian representative to the [[Mister Supranational]] pageant selected by the [[Times Group]], prior to the renewal of their partnership with the Mister Supranational organization in 2025. Since its inaugural edition until 2021, the Times Group has sent five representatives to the Mister Supranational pageant. All of their representatives have placed in the finals bagging 4 continental titles, with one winning the Mister Supranational title, one being the 2nd Runner-up and three in the Top 10.

=== Titles ===
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 20em; float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:80%; line-height:1.5em; width:23%;"
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#FFDDCA;" | <big>Number of wins under Times Mister India</big>
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:black" |
|-
! scope="col" | Pageant
! scope="col" | Wins
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:black" |
|-
| align="left" | '''Mister World'''
| align="center" | ''1''
|-
| align="left" | '''Mister Supranational'''
| align="center" | ''1''
|-
|}
Note that the year designates the time Times Mister India has acquired that particular pageant franchise.
{{col-begin|width=50}}
;Current
* ''[[Mister World]]'' (2014–present)
* ''[[Mister Supranational]]'' (2016–2021, 2025–present)
{{col-end}}

== Editions ==
Below is the complete list of Times Mister India editions.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
! width="2%" | Year
! width="5%" | Date
! width="10%" | Mister India
! width="2%" | Entrants
! width="10%" | Pageant venue
! width="5%" | Broadcaster
|-
| align=center | [[Mr India 2014|2014]]
| align=center | May 8, 2014
| align=center | [[Prateik Jain]]
| align=center | 14
| align=center | D'Bell, [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]]
| align=center rowspan=4 | [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]
|-
| align=center | [[Mr India 2015|2015]]
| align=center | July 11, 2015
| align=center | [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
| align=center | 15
| align=center rowspan=2| Club Royalty, [[Mumbai]]
|-
| align=center | [[Mr India 2016|2016]]
| align=center | December 11, 2016
| align=center | [[Vishnu Raj Menon]]
| align=center | 16
|-
| align=center | [[Mr India 2017|2017]]
| align=center | December 14, 2017
| align=center | Jitesh Singh Deo
| align=center | 16
| align=center | [[Castella de Aguada]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
| align=center | [[Miss Diva 2019|2019]]
| align=center | September 26, 2019
| align=center | Varun Verma
| align=center | None
| align=center | Rocky Star Cocktail Bar, [[Mumbai]]
| align=center rowspan=4| [[Instagram|Official Social Media Handle]]
|-
| align=center | 2021
| align=center | June 8, 2021
| align=center | [[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
| align=center | 12
| align=center | Virtual pageant
|-
| align=center | [[Mister India 2024|2024]]
| align=center | July 20, 2024
| align=center | [[Gokul Ganesan]]
| align=center | 35
| align=center rowspan=2 | [[Mumbai]]
|-
| align=center | [[Mr India 2025|2025]]
| February 28, 2025
| Shubham Sharma
| 80
|-
| align=center | [[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)|2025]]
| August 21, 2025
| [[Shevam Singh]], Abel Biju
| 12
| One8 Commune, [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]]
| align=center |[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]
|-
|}

=== Titleholders ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Edition
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Mister India
! rowspan="2" | Mister India Supranational
! colspan="3" | Current titles
|-
! Mister India World
! 1st Runner-up
! 2nd Runner-up
|-
| 1
| [[Mr India 2014|May 2014]]
| [[Prateik Jain]]
| {{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| Prateik Jain
| [[Puneet Beniwal]]
| Bharat Raj
|-
| 2
| [[Mr India 2015|July 2015]]
| [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
| Jitesh Thakur
| Rohit Khandelwal
| [[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
| Prateek Gujral
|-
| 3
| [[Mr India 2016|December 2016]]
| [[Vishnu Raj Menon]]
| Altamash Faraz
| Vishnu Raj Menon
| Varun Verma
| Devesh Khanduja
|-
| 4
| [[Mr India 2017|December 2017]]
| Jitesh Singh Deo
| [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]]
| Jitesh Singh Deo
| Abhi Khajuria
| Pavan Rao
|-
| 5
| September 2019
| colspan="2" | Varun Verma
| colspan=3 {{n/a|''No pageant held instead appointed by [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Organization]]''.}}
|-
| 6
| June 2021
| colspan="2" | [[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
| colspan=3 {{n/a|''A virtual competition was held solely to select the representative for [[Mister Supranational 2021]]''.}}
|-
| 7
| [[Mister India 2024|July 2024]]
| [[Gokul Ganesan]]
| {{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
| rowspan="2" | Gokul Ganesan
| colspan="2" rowspan=2 {{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|-
| 8
| [[Mr India 2025|February 2025]]
| colspan="2" | Shubham Sharma
|-
| 9
| [[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)|August 2025]]
| [[Shevam Singh]]
| [[Abel Biju]]
| Shevam Singh
| Shiv Chordia
| {{n/a|''Not awarded''}}
|}

== Placements in international pageants ==
The following is the placement of Times Mister India titleholders in international pageants.
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} : Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFFF33|border=silver}} : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=silver}} : Ended as one of the finalist/Semi-finalists
* {{Color box|#FADADD|border=silver}} : Unplaced but given special award(s)
}}
;[[Mister World]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Delegate
! rowspan="2" | Age{{ref label|Alpha|α}}
! rowspan="2" | Hometown
! colspan="2" | Competition performance
|-
! | Placements
! | {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister World 2014|2014]]
| [[Prateik Jain]]
| 25
| [[Bangalore]]
| {{nowrap|Top 10}}
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 6 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Continental King of Asia and Oceania
* Shot-Put – Winner
* The Tug-O-War – Team Winner
* Mister Multimedia – 1st Runner up
* Talent Round – Top 21
* Extreme sports – Top 24}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| [[Mister World 2016|2016]]
| [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
| 27
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Mister World 2016]]
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Multimedia - Winner}}
|-style="background-color:#FADADD;"
| [[Mister World 2019|2019]]
| [[Vishnu Raj Menon]]
| 28
| [[Thrissur]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Multimedia - 2nd Runner-up}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister World 2024|2024]]
| [[Gokul Ganesan]]
| 24
| [[Chennai]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 5 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 5 – Multimedia Challenge
* Top 5 – Top Model
* Top 20 – Head-to-Head Challenge
* Top 30 – Beauty With a Purpose
* Top 36 – Talent Round}}
|-
| 2025
| [[Shevam Singh]]
| 30
| [[Patna]]
| colspan=2| {{tableTBA}}
|}

;[[Mister Supranational]]
{{Main|Miss and Mister Supranational India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Delegate
! rowspan="2" | Age{{ref label|Alpha|α}}
! rowspan="2" | Hometown
! colspan="2" | Competition performance
|-
! | Placements
! | {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF66;"
| 2016
| Jitesh Naresh Thakur
| 27
| [[Jaipur]]
| {{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia – Winner
* Top Model – Winner
* Mister Mobstar – 3rd Runner-up}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2017
| Altamash Faraz
| 26
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 4 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia & Oceania – Winner
* Best in Swimsuit – 1st Runner-up
* Extreme Race – 1st Runner-up
* Best in Streetwear – 3rd Runner-up}}
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2018
| [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]]
| 27
| [[Tivim]]
| Mister Supranational 2018
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Best Body – Winner
* Mister Social Media – Winner}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2019
| Varun Verma
| 27
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia – Winner
* Mister Supra Fan Vote – Top 10
* Digital Influencer – Top 10}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister Supranational 2021|2021]]
| [[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
| 32
| [[Thrissur]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 4 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supranational Asia – Winner
* Mister Supra Chat – Winner
* Digital Influencer – Top 10
* Mister Supra Fan Vote – Top 10}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister Supranational 2025|2025]]
| Shubham Sharma
| 24
| [[Mumbai]]
| Top 20
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Mister Supra Influencer – Winner
* Supra Model of the Year – Top 10}}
|-
| 2026
| [[Abel Biju]]
| 24
| [[Kottayam]]
| colspan=2| {{tableTBA}}
|}
{{smalldiv|'''Note:'''
* {{nowrap|{{note|Alpha|α}} Age at the time of the international pageant}}
}}

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[List of Indian representatives at international male beauty pageants]]
* [[Femina Miss India]]
* [[List of beauty pageants]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]

Sayyid

2026-03-21T11:15:48Z

HongGrasby5256: enhance details per sources for accuracy

{{Short description|Nobility title in the Islamic world}}
{{Italic title}}
{{For|the given name|Sayyid (name)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{infobox religious group
| group = ''Sayyid'' {{lang|ar|سَيّد}}
| image = Ralamb-40.jpg
| image_caption = In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Sayyids had the privilege of wearing a green turban
| popplace = [[Muslim world]]
| rels = [[Islam]] and [[Baháʼí Faith]]
| langs = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], and others<ref>{{cite report|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |access-date=10 March 2017 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|date=2018-10-03|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|date=30 May 2011|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html |title=Refworld – 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom – China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau) |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |website=Refworld |access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref>Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), ''[[SIL Ethnologue]]''</ref>
|population=Tens of millions<ref>{{cite book|title=Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet|date=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-51917-5|editor1-last=Morimoto|editor1-first=Kazuo|edition=illustrated|pages=2, 11|quote= Reliable statistics showing the number of the Prophet's kinsfolk, spread all through the Muslim world and far beyond it, are not available. Even a conservative estimate, however, would suggest that the number of kinsfolk is in the tens of millions.}}</ref>}}
{{Usul al-fiqh}}

'''''Sayyid'''''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK||s|aɪ|ɪ|d|,_|ˈ|s|eɪ|j|ɪ|d}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|s|ɑː|j|ɪ|d}};<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sayyid|title=Sayyid|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528182638/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sayyid|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/sayyid "sayyid"]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528182637/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/sayyid |date=28 May 2019 }} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/sayyid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185631/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sayyid |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=sayyid |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|sayyid|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> {{langx|ar|سيد}} {{IPA|ar|ˈsæjjɪd|}}; {{IPA|fa|sejˈjed|lang}}; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master';<ref>{{harvnb|Van Arendonk|Graham|1960–2007}}.</ref> Arabic plural: {{lang|ar|سادة}} {{transliteration|ar|sādah}}; feminine: {{lang|ar|سيدة}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sayyidah}}; {{IPA|fa|sejˈjede|lang}}|group=notes}} is an honorific title of [[Hasanid]] and [[Husaynid]] lineage, recognized as descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] through his daughter [[Fatima]] and [[Ali]]'s sons [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]. The title may also refer to the descendants of the family of the [[Bani Hashim]] through Muhammad's great-grandfather [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]], and others including [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]], [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]], [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]], and [[Asad ibn Hashim]].<ref name="The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean">{{cite book |last1=Ho |first1=Engseng |title=The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-93869-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

See also [[Sharif]], which has a good description of three types of identification for that term and co-relates to this term. In its narrowest sense, a sayyid is a descendant of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], but the term is also more generally used for descendants of Muhammad.

== Etymology ==
A few [[Arabic|Arabic language]] experts state that "Sayyid" has its roots in the word ''al-asad'' {{lang|ar|الأسد}}, meaning "lion", probably because of the qualities of valor and leadership.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-IkDQAAQBAJ |title=Muslim Spain Reconsidered |date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748678310 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729155351/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l-IkDQAAQBAJ |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|158}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Corriente |first1=Federico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_hAzIqriakC |title=Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects |publisher=BRILL |year=2008 |isbn=978-9004168589 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153300/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N_hAzIqriakC |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|265}} The word is derived from the verb sāda, meaning to rule. The title seyyed/sayyid/syed/sayyad/saeed/said existed before Islam, however not in light of a specific descent, but as a [[meritocratic]] sign of respect.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/search/سيد?cat=3 |title=Lisān Al-'Arab |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>

[[Hans Wehr]]'s ''[[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]'' defines seyyid as a translation for master, chief, sovereign, or lord.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wehr |first=Hans |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |year=1976 |page=440}}</ref> It also denotes someone respected and of high status.

In the [[Arab world]], ''sayyid'' is the equivalent of the [[English language|English]] word "[[Homage (feudal)|liege lord]]" or "master".<ref name="A History of the Modern Middle East">{{cite book |last1=Cleveland |first1=William L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_JMDAAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Modern Middle East |last2=Bunton |first2=Martin |date=2 August 2016 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-4980-0 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025228/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_JMDAAAQBAJ |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Origin of the title ==
The foundation of the title Sayyid is unclear. In fact the title Sayyid as a unified reference for descendants of [[Muhammad]] did not exist, according to Morimoto Kazuo, until the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol conquests]].<ref name=Morimoto-introduction>{{Cite book |last=Morimoto |first=Kazuo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSzcaSf5vDsC |title=Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet |date=2012-06-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33738-3 |language=en}}</ref> This can be substantiated by historic records about [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] and [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband]], who did not refer to themselves with any title, despite their lineages to [[Muhammad]]. Sometimes the ruling community of a nation took this title to portray themselves as respected and honored, though they are not actually the descendants of [[Muhammad]]. This gives reasons to think that this title is founded later on.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Morimoto refers to Mominov, who describes that the emergence of a community leader during the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol era]] ([[Ilkhanate]]) gave rise to the prominence of the title Sayyid.<ref name=Morimoto-introduction/>{{Rp|p=7}} This leader is most probably the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'ite]] scholar [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]], who lived in this time, being known as a saint credited with the honorific titles "Amir-e-Kabir" ([[English language|English]]: "Grand Prince") and "Ali-e-Sani" ([[English language|English]]: "Second [[Ali]]").<ref>{{cite book | last=Lawrence | first=Walter R.| title=The valley of Kashmir | publisher=Asian Educational Services | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2005 |page=292 |isbn=81-206-1630-8 | oclc=65200978}}</ref> Hamadani's religious legacy in [[Kashmir]] as well as his headquarter ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Khanqah'') the [[Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab|''Khanqa-e-Mola'']] became under the control of the [[Mir (title)|Grand Sayyid]] [[Hazrat Ishaan]]. [[Hazrat Ishaan|Hazrat Ishaan's]] descendants are buried in Hamadani's headquarters, on which occasion it is known as the [[Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab]] today.<ref>Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan (genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 58</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tarikh-i Hassan|first1=Ghulam Hasan|last1=Khuihami|first2=P. N|last2=Pushp|date=4 August 1954|publisher=Research & Publ. Dpt., Jammu & Kashmir Gov.|oclc=69327348 }}</ref><ref>Suraiya Gull in "Development of Sufi Kubraviya Order with Special Reference to Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani", p. 8</ref>

However, in [[Sunni Islam]] as practiced in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Mughal Empire]], a person descending from [[Muhammad]] (either maternally or paternally) can only claim the title of ''Sayyid'' [[meritocratic]]ally by passing [[#Eligibility|audits]], whereupon exclusive rights, like paying lesser taxes, will be granted. These are mostly based on the claimant's demonstrated knowledge of the [[Quran]] and piousness ([[Arabic]]: ''[[Taqwa]]'') under the assessment of a [[Naqib al-ashraf|Naqib al-Ashraf]], also known as a [[Mir (title)|Mir]] in Persian-speaking countries.<ref name="Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan p. 61">Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan, p. 61, by Muhammad Yasin Qaswari Naqshbandi, published by Kooperatis Lahorin, Edare Talimat Naqshbandiyya</ref><ref>Damurdashi, ed. Muhammad, p. 43.</ref><ref>Imber and Kiyotaki, p. 198.</ref> Notable examples of such a Naqib (plural: "Nuqaba") or Mirs (plural: "Miran"), were [[Hazrat Ishaan]] in the [[Mughal Empire]] and his descendant [[Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha]] in [[barakzai dynasty|Royal Afghanistan]].<ref name="Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan p. 61"/>

== West Asia ==
Men belonging to the ''Sayyid'' families or tribes in the Arab world used to wear white- or ivory-coloured daggers like [[jambiya]]s, [[khanjar]]s or [[shibriya]]s to demarcate their nobility amongst other Arab men, although this custom has been restricted due to the local laws of the variously divided Arab countries.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

=== Iraq ===
The ''Sayyid'' families in Iraq are so numerous that there are books written especially to list the families and connect their trees. These families include: the Al-[[Talqani]], Al-[[Yassiri]], Al-[[Aqiqi]], Al-Nasrullah, Al-Wahab, [[Al-Hashimi]], Al-[[Qureshi|Quraishi]], Al-[[Mar'ashis|Mar'ashi]], Al-[[Witri]], [[Zaidi (surname)|Al-Zaidi]], Al-[[A'araji]], Al-[[Baka (disambiguation)|Baka]], Al-[[Hassan (surname)|Hasani]], Al-[[Husseini|Hussaini]], Al-[[Shahristani]], [[Al-Qazwini (family)|Al-Qazwini]] Al-[[Qadri]], [[Tabatabaei]], Al-[[Alawi (name)|Alawi]], Al-[[Ghawalib]] (Al-[[Ghalibi]]), [[Al-Musawi]], [[Al-Awadi]] (not to be confused with the [[Al-Awadhi]] [[Huwala people|Huwala]] family), and many others.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MiSqRD9i1TgC&dq=Sayyids+in+Iraq&pg=PA122 Reclaiming Iraq: The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430102412/https://books.google.com/books?id=MiSqRD9i1TgC&pg=PA122&dq=Sayyids+in+Iraq&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-JfJUIP8Hu2cmQXLpoHwDw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA |date=30 April 2016 }} By Abbas Kadhim</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105401/https://books.google.iq/books/about/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%88%D9%85.html?id=DoI5DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y البغداديون أخبارهم ومجالسهم] By [[:ar:إبراهيم عبد الغني الدروبي|إبراهيم عبد الغني الدروبي]] - مطبعة الرابطة - Baghdad 1958 – مجلس آل الوتري (House of Al-Witry Council) - Page 78.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191208013703/https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=SVJ8YNWhRaQC&pg=PT103&lpg=PT103&dq=%22%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%22&source=bl&ots=FlVmALuTPQ&sig=bK41EaGfCnyTOvH-QRpSZS_tUs8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_xrmBt9DLAhWG6RQKHaLRDZUQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A&f=false الكلية الطبية الملكية العراقية من خلال سيرة ذاتية، ج 1 (الطبعة الأولى)]. بيروت: المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر. (هاشم الوتري - Hashim Al-Witry) Pages 180-181. {{ISBN|9953-441-51-0}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
[[File:Qadr night in Imam Reza Shrine.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of [[Ali al-Rida|Imam Ali al-Rida]]]]
[[File:Mollah imamzadeh tabriz.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of [[Imamzadeh]] [[Sayyid Hamza bin Musa al Kazim]]]]
''Sayyids'' ({{langx|fa|سید|Seyyed}}) are found in vast numbers in [[Iran]]. The Chief of "National Organization for Civil Registration" of Iran declared that more than 6 millions of Iranians are ''Sayyid''.<ref>[http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=13920211000043 Six million people of Iran's population are Sadaat (Sayyid) / Tehran and Mazandaran (provinces) are the record owner of Sadaats in the country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012427/http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=13920211000043 |date=2 February 2018 }} farsnews.ir1 February 2018</ref> The majority of ''Sayyids'' migrated to Iran from Arab lands predominantly in the 15th to 17th centuries during the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] era. The Safavids transformed the religious landscape of Iran by imposing [[Twelver Shi'ism]] on the populace. Since most of the population embraced Sunni Islam, and an educated version of Shiism was scarce in Iran at the time, [[Ismail I|Ismail]] imported a new group of Shia ''[[Ulama]]'' who predominantly were Sayyids from traditional Shiite centers of the Arabic-speaking lands, such as [[Jabal Amil]] (of [[southern Lebanon]]), [[Syria]], [[Bahrain]], and [[southern Iraq]] in order to create a state clergy. The Safavids offered them land and money in return for loyalty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Floor |first1=Willem |last2=Herzig |first2=Edmund |title=Iran and the World in the Safavid Age |date=2015 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-990-5 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZNpBgAAQBAJ&q=safavids+imported+lebanon |quote=In fact, at the start of the Safavid period Twelver Shi'ism was imported into Iran largely from Syria and Mount Lebanon (...) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903220359/https://books.google.com/books?id=HZNpBgAAQBAJ&dq=safavids+imported+lebanon&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=3 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Islam pg.170">The failure of political Islam, by Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, pg.170</ref><ref name="Francis Robinson pg.72">The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world, by Francis Robinson, pg.72</ref><ref name="Marvin E. Gettleman pg.42">The Middle East and Islamic world reader, by Marvin E. Gettleman, Stuart Schaar, pg.42</ref><ref name="Peter N. Stearns pg.360">The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern ... by Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, pg.360</ref> These scholars taught Twelver Shi'ism, made it accessible to the population, and energetically encouraged conversion to [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]].<ref name="Islam pg.170" /><ref name="Francis Robinson pg.72" /><ref name="Marvin E. Gettleman pg.42" /><ref name="Peter N. Stearns pg.360" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1ybylkCCLAC |title=Shiʻite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities |first=Roschanack |last=Shaery-Eisenlohr |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |via=Google Books |pages=12–13 |isbn=9780231144261 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729155351/https://books.google.com/books?id=l1ybylkCCLAC |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the reign of [[Abbas the Great|Shah Abbas the Great]], the Safavids also imported to Iran more Arab Shias, predominantly ''Sayyids'', built religious institutions for them, including many ''[[Madrasa]]s'' (religious schools), and successfully persuaded them to participate in the government, which they had shunned in the past (following the [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Hidden imam]] doctrine).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-M3IRh22moC&q=sunni%20iran&pg=PT52 |title=Science Under Islam: Rise, Decline and Revival |first=Sayyed M. |last=Deen |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Lulu.com |via=Google Books |page=37|isbn=9781847999429 }}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}

Common ''Sayyid'' family surnames in Iran are [[Husseini]], [[Al Mosawi|Mousavi]], [[Kazmi|Kazemi]], [[Razavi (surname)|Razavi]], [[Eshtehardian]], [[Tabatabaei]], [[Hashmi]], [[Hassani (disambiguation)|Hassani]], [[al-Ja'fari]], [[Emami (disambiguation)|Emami]], [[Arabi (disambiguation)|Arabi]], [[Ahmadi]], [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zaidi]], [[Imamzadeh]], [[Sherazi]], [[Kirmani]], [[Shahidi]], and [[Mahdavi (disambiguation)|Mahdavi]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

=== Oman ===
In [[Oman]], Sayyid is used solely as a royal title and not as a means of indicating descent from [[Muhammad]]. It is used by members of the ruling [[Al Bu Said dynasty|Al Bu Said]] family who are not descended from Muhammad but instead from the [[Azd]], a [[Qahtanite]] tribe. All [[Patrilineality|male line]] descendants of [[Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi|Sultan Ahmad bin Said]], the first ruler of Oman from the Al Bu Said dynasty, are able to use the title of Sayyid or Sayyida.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Razik |first1=Salil |editor1-last=Badger |editor1-first=George Percy |title=History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân |date=1871 |publisher=The Hakluyt Society |page=377 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofimmss44ibnr/mode/2up}}</ref> Male line descendants of [[Turki bin Said|Sultan Turki bin Said]] are also able to use the style of [[Highness|His/Her Highness]]. The Sayyid title in Oman is some times translated as [[Prince]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Montgomery-Massingberd |editor1-first=Hugh |title=Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa & the Middle East |date=1980 |publisher=Burke's Peerage Ltd. |page=102 |isbn=978-0-85011-029-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/burkesroyalfamil0002unse/mode/2up}}</ref>

=== Yemen ===
In Yemen the ''Sayyids'' are more generally known as ''sadah''; they are also referred to as ''[[Hashemite]]s''. In terms of religious practice they are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], and [[Sufism|Sufi]]. ''Sayyid'' families in [[Yemen]] include the [[Rassids]], the Qasimids, the Mutawakkilites, the Hamideddins, some Al-Zaidi of [[Marib]], [[Sanaa]], and [[Saada]], the [[Ba 'Alawi sada]]h families in [[Hadhramaut]], Mufadhal of Sanaa, Al-Shammam of Saada, the Sufyan of Juban, and the Al-Jaylani of Juban.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4W3o6bUwCYEC&dq=Sayyids+in+yemen&pg=PA56 A Tribal Order: Politics And Law in the Mountains of Yemen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617154108/https://books.google.com/books?id=4W3o6bUwCYEC&pg=PA56&dq=Sayyids+in+yemen&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-pPJUPfFGcTPmAXej4DwDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA |date=17 June 2016 }} By Shelagh Weir</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526186/sayyid |title=sayyid – Arabic title |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122181035/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526186/sayyid |archive-date=22 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue18/features3.htm From Religious Leaders to Ordinary Citizens The Changing Role of "Sadah" in Yemen] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026110753/http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue18/features3.htm |date=26 October 2012}} By Mohammed Al-Asadi</ref>

== South Asia ==
[[File:Six Sufi masters (retouched).jpg|thumb|Portrait of leading Sayyids who promoted [[Islam]] in [[Indian subcontinent|The Indian subcontinent]]]]

In [[South Asia]], Sayyids are mostly credited for preaching and consolidating the religion of Islam. They are predominantly descendants of leading saints of [[Sunni Islam]] that migrated from [[Greater Iran|Persia]] to preach Islam in [[Schools of Islamic theology|Islamic Theology]].<ref>Mohammada in The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India, p. 170</ref><ref>Wani in Islam in Kashmir
Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century, p. 147</ref>

=== Afghanistan ===
In the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], the ''Sayyid'' have been recognized as an ethnic group. On March 15, 2019, President Ashraf Ghani decreed the inclusion of the Sadat tribe in the electronically registered national identity documents ([[Afghan identity card|''Tadhkira'']]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hamdard |first1=Azizullah |date=15 March 2019 |title=Ghani decrees mentioning Sadat tribe in electronic ID card |url=https://pajhwok.com/2019/03/15/ghani-decrees-mentioning-sadat-tribe-electronic-id-card/}}</ref> The majority of Sayyids live in [[Balkh]] and [[Kunduz]] in the north, as well as in [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] in the east. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims[<nowiki/>[[Template:Citation needed|citation needed]]], although there are some, including in [[Bamyan Province]], who belong to Shia Islam. These individuals are often referred to as ''Sadat'' (from {{langx|ar|سادات}}, the plural of ''Sayyid''), a term traditionally used to denote the descendants of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussein]], the first Shia martyrs and sons of Ali, who are grandsons of Muhammad, particularly in the northern [[Hejaz]] region and [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sign in to your account | url=https://nps.edu/web/ccs/ethnic-genealogies | access-date=2025-08-21 | website=nps.edu}}</ref>

=== North India ===
The earliest migration of ''Sayyids'' from Afghanistan to [[North India]] took place in 1032 when [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu|Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Sahu]] (general and brother-in-law of [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]) and his son [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] established their military headquarters at [[Satrikh]] ({{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} from [[Zaidpur]]) in the [[Barabanki district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They are considered to be the first Muslim settlers in North India. In 1033 Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud was killed at the battle of [[Bahraich]], the location of his ''[[Mazar (mausoleum)|mazar]]''. Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud had no children. His parental uncle [[Sayyid Ma'ruf al-Din Ghazi]] and his family lived in [[Tijara]] until 1857 before they migrated to [[Bhopal]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. [[Syed Ahmed Rizvi Kashmiri]] and Khan Bahadur Aga Syed Hussain were both [[Rizvi]] ''Sayyids'' through [[Aqa Mir Sayyid Hussain Qumi Rizvi]], whose sacred shrine is in the [[Zainagir]] Village of [[Sopore]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Iraqi ''Sayyids'' or [[Iraqi Biradari|Iraqi Biradri]] in [[Purvanchal]] are descendants of [[Iraqi Biradari|''Sayyid'' Masud Al Hussaini]] who was the direct descendant of Muhammad's grandson [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and came to India from Iraq during the reign of Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] in 1330 CE. He settled with his seven sons and forty champions in [[Ghazipur]] as some of them (i.e., Syed Abu Bakr in [[Nonahra]], [[Ghazipur]]) converted to Sunni Islam in the reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi around 1517 CE. His Shia descendants are now known as ''Sayyids'' of Ghazipur.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myheritage.com/family-1_1000026_78475191_78475191/malikus-sadat-syed-masood-al-husaini-malikus-sadat-ruqaiyya-bibi |title=Data |website=www.myheritage.com |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128131236/https://www.myheritage.com/family-1_1000026_78475191_78475191/malikus-sadat-syed-masood-al-husaini-malikus-sadat-ruqaiyya-bibi |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Sayyids'' of [[Syed Nagli]], or the [[Baquari]] Syeds had migrated from [[Termez]] (Present day [[Uzbekistan]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VnmEMh0MF4C |title=Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet |first=Kazuo |last=Morimoto |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Routledge |via=Google Books |isbn=9780415519175 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903220359/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VnmEMh0MF4C |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> during the Sultanate era. [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fteHuo3yyAYC |title=Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The T?q?y-T?m?rid Takeover of Greater M? War? Al-Nahr, 1598–1605 |first=Thomas |last=Welsford |date=9 November 2012 |publisher=BRILL |via=Google Books |isbn=978-9004231870 |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903220359/https://books.google.com/books?id=fteHuo3yyAYC |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> was the ruler of [[Delhi]] when [[Mir Syed Muhammad al-Hussain al-Hussaini al-Termezi Haji al-Haramain]] came to India and settled at [[Syed Nagli]]. He was a Baquari Syed who drew his lineage from [[Muhammad al-Baqir]].

Perhaps the most important figure in the history of the Sayyid in Uttar Pradesh was [[Sayyid Basrullah Shustari]], who moved from [[Mashhad]] in [[Iran]] in 1549 and joined the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]]. Akbar appointed Shustari as his chief justice, who used his position to strengthen the status of the various ''Sayyid'' families. They were preferred in administrative posts and formed a privileged elite. When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, the ''Sayyid'' played an important role in the turbulent politics of the time. The new British colonial authorities that replaced the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] after the [[Battle of Buxar]] made a pragmatic decision to work with the various ''Sayyid'' [[jagirdar]]s. Several ''Sayyid'' [[taluqdar]]s in [[Awadh]] were substantial landowners under the British colonial regime, and many other ''Sayyid'' contributed to state administration.<ref name=Hasan>People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three, edited by A Hasan & J C Das</ref> After the abolition of the [[zamindar]]i system, many ''Sayyid'' zamindars (e.g. that of [[Ghazipur]]) had to leave their homes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNKqYp-LTnkC&q=syeds%20of%20India&pg=PA159 |title=Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims Since Independence |first=Mushirul |last=Hasan |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Hurst |access-date=22 September 2016 |via=Google Books|isbn=9781850653042 }}</ref>

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
The ancestor of the [[Barha family|Bārha ''Sayyids'']], [[Sayyid Abu Al-Farah Al-Hussaini Al-Wasti]], left his original home in [[Wasit]], Iraq, with his twelve sons at the end of the 13th century and migrated to India, where he obtained four villages in [[Sirhind-Fategarh]]. By the 16th century Abu'l Farah's descendants had taken over Bārha villages in [[Muzaffarnagar]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&q=Sayyids&pg=PA126 The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement : Fascicules 1–2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506195910/https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126&dq=Sayyids+of+North+India&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E2zAUIGBHYKImQWguoCwAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgo|date=6 May 2016}}, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Brill Archive, 1980</ref>

The Sayyids of [[Abdullapur, Meerut]] are descendants of great saint [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]]. They had a large [[Jagir]]dara consisting of 52 villages. Abdullapur named after [[Syed Mir Abdulla Naqvi Al-Bukhari]], he built [[Kot Fort]] of this place in the 16th century, it was his main residence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Studio Dharma - by Nikhil Jain|url=https://studiodharma.in/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=STUDIO DHARMA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214113356/https://studiodharma.in/|archive-date=2020-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=दास्तान ए कर्बला सुन अश्कबार हुई आंखें|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-14852638.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Meerut police refused FIR against Vijay Mallya: waqf board|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/meerut-police-refused-fir-against-vijay-mallya-waqf-board/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdullapur Pin Code, Abdullapur, Meerut Map, Latitude and Longitude, Uttar Pradesh|url=https://indiamapia.com/Meerut/Abdullapur.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=indiamapia.com}}</ref> Bukhari of Abdullapur are fractionate into [[Kannauji Bukhari]] and Jalal Bukhari. Kannauji's are descendants of [[Jalaludin Haider]] through [[Syed Mehboob Alam Naqvi-ul Bukhari Al-Maroof Shah Jeewna]] or [[Shah Jeewna]] son of warrior and chief advisor of [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-09|title=Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna (RA)|url=https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{Cite web|title=Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=10 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust">{{Cite web|title=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|url=http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php|access-date=2021-01-04|website=nazariapak.info}}</ref><ref name="Glories of Hazrat Pir shah Jewana">{{Cite web|title=Glories of Hazrat Pir shah Jewana|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/5652-glories-of-hazrat-pir-shah-jewana|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=10 May 2006 |language=en}}</ref> Famous writer Syed Qudrat Naqvi Al-Bukhari was born here later migrated to [[Pakistan]] after partition, his famous books are ''Ghālib Kaun Hai'', ''Asās-e-Urdu'', ''Ghālib-e-Sad Rang'', ''Sīrat an-Nabi'', ''Hindi-Urdu Lughat'', ''Mutal'a-e-Abd al-Haq'', ''Lisānī Maqalāt''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=2017-12-12|title=Syed Qudrat Naqvi and his research on Ghalib|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1376001|access-date=2021-01-04|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

The Sayyids of [[Safipur]] are Hussaini Sayyids. They are descendants of great saint [[Makhdoom Shah Ala Jajmawi Zanjani]] (He Was born in Zanjan in 1175). His father was first migrated from Zanjan, Iran to India his name was [[Qazi Siraj al-Din Hasan Zanjani]]. He was the chief [[Qadi|qazi]] of [[Zanjan, Iran]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113180/page/n9/mode/2up | title=Sitapur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume Xl of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh | date=1905 }}</ref>

The ''Sayyids'' of [[Bilgram]] are Hussaini Sayyids, who first migrated from Wasit, Iraq, in the 13th century.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ds4IFuJDl-QC&q=Bilgram&pg=PA92 Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1350–1850] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528190156/https://books.google.com/books?id=ds4IFuJDl-QC&pg=PA92&dq=Sayyids+of+Bilgram&hl=en&sa=X&ei=deO9UMP3IYLLmAWpyYDoCw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg |date=28 May 2016 }}, Roger M. A. Allen, Joseph Edmund Lowry, Terri DeYoung, [[Devin J. Stewart]], Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 30 December 2009</ref> Their ancestor, Syed Mohammad Sughra, a Zaidi ''Sayyid'' of Iraq, arrived in India during the rule of [[Sultan]] [[Iltutmish]]. In 1217–18 the family conquered and settled in Bilgram.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&q=Bilgram&pg=PA166 Islam in South Asia in Practice] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425113553/https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PA166&dq=Sayyids+of+Bilgram&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4ze_UIyuIsbImAW2l4DIAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwATgK |date=25 April 2016 }}, Barbara D. Metcalf, Princeton University Press, 8 September 2009</ref>

A notable Sufi that belonged to a ''Sayyid'' family was [[Syed Salar Masud]], from whom many of the Sayyid families of [[Awadh]] claim their lineage.<ref name="Hasan"/> ''Sayyids'' of [[Salon, India|Salon]] ([[Raebareli]]), [[Jarwal]] ([[Bahraich]]), [[Kintoor]] ([[Barabanki]]), and [[Zaidpur]] (Barabanki) were well-known ''[[Taluqdar|Taluqadars]]'' (feudal lords) of [[Awadh]].

Sadaat also found in [[Kannauj]] trace their lineage from Husayn through [[Ali al-Hadi]], a branch of Naqvi Bukhari. Famous Pir Syed Mehboob Alam Naqvi-ul Bukhari Al-Maroof [[Shah Jewna]] son of great warrior Syed Sadaruddin Shah Kabeer Naqvi (saint and also chief advisor) of [[Sikandar Lodi]] was also born in Kannauj and spent 66 years of his life in kannauj later moved to [[Shah Jeewna]]. [[Makhdoom Jahaniya Mosque]] is still present in [[Shikana]], [[Kannauj]].<ref name="thenews.com.pk"/><ref name="Glories of Hazrat Pir shah Jewana"/><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/> Nawab [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]] was also from Kannauj, he is a Bukhari Naqvi Sayyid converted from Shi'a Islam to Sunni Islam in the early 1800s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsKMuAAACAAJ | title=A Short History of the Saracens: Being a Concise Account of the Rise and Decline of the Saracenic Power, and of the Economic, Social and Intellectual Development of the Arab Nation from the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Bagdad, and the Expulsion of| isbn=9781402150616| last1=Ali| first1=Syed Ameer| year=1999| publisher=Adegi Graphics LLC}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgUeAAAAMAAJ&q=Zaidpur King Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh, Volume 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509082114/https://books.google.com/books |date=9 May 2016 }} by Mirza Ali Azhar, Royal Book Co., 1982</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Keen|first=Caroline|title=The Rise and Fall of Siddiq Hasan, Male Consort of Shah Jahan of Bhopal|date=2014|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448354_13|work=The Man behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History|pages=185–204|editor-last=Beem|editor-first=Charles|series=Queenship and Power|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137448354_13|isbn=978-1-137-44835-4|access-date=2021-01-04|editor2-last=Taylor|editor2-first=Miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Bihar ====
There are different families of Syeds in Bihar who belong to direct descendants of Imam Hasan and Imam Hussain. Mostly there are Hussaini (Rizvi, Zaidi, Baqri) along with Hasani (Malik, Quadri or Geelani). Sadaat are settled in different part of Bihar including Shi'a and Sunni sects. They are mostly migrated to bihar from Iraq and Iran.

Syed Yaqub Halabi also known as Syed Yaqub Baghdadi, a Hanafi Qazi from the [[Nizamiyya of Baghdad]], originally from [[Halab]] ([[Aleppo]]) who travelled to India with [[Muhammad of Ghor]] after the [[Second Battle of Tarain]]. He was an eleventh generational descendant of [[Ali al-Sajjad|Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]] through his son [[Abd Allah Al Bahr al Ilm|Abd Allah Al Bahr Al Ilm]].

[[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri|Sharafuddin Yahya Maneri]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanif|first=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&q=biolographical+encyclopaedia+of+sufi+(south+asia)|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|date=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-087-0|language=en}}</ref> belongs to [[Banu Hashim family]] of [[Imam Taj Faqih]]. In Bihar, Sayyids were landlords, judges, barristers, intellectuals, civil servant, clerics, teachers, businessmen and farmers. Sufi Saint and a warrior [[Malik Ibrahim Bayu]] who conquered Bihar during the time of Tughlaqs is one the most famous personality in Bihar. Bihar's first prime minister [[Mohammad Yunus (Indian politician)|Mohammad Yunus]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=TNN|date=14 May 2012|title=Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered|language=en|newspaper=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihars-first-premier-Yunus-remembered/articleshow/13128266.cms|access-date=2020-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=May 14, 2012 |title=Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered {{!}} Patna News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihars-first-premier-yunus-remembered/articleshow/13128266.cms |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Nobel Prize]] nominee and [[Padma Shri]] winner [[Syed Hassan (educationist)|Syed Hassan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Syed Hasan |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/13790-dr-syed-hasan/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref> Political Scientist [[Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahanger |first=Javid Ahmad |title=ABA Haleem: A Forgotten Muslim Political Scientist |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/aba-haleem-a-forgotten-muslim-political-scientist |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Greater Kashmir |date=13 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> was the Pro-Vice Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[University of Karachi]], The great [[Abdul Bari (professor)|Abdul Bari]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Freedom Fighter and Labour Leader Still Beloved in Jamshedpur |url=https://thewire.in/labour/may-day-abdul-bari-labour-leader |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=professor abdul bari |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/professor-abdul-bari-azeem-mujahid-e-azadi-aur-bihar-ke-memar-ashraf-asthanwi-ebooks |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Hungama Digital |title=Tata Workers Union pays homage to Prof Abdul Bari |url=http://www.tatasteel.com/media/newsroom/press-releases/india/2010/tata-workers-union-pays-homage-to-prof-abdul-bari/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.tatasteel.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Zaid Hamid]] Syed Zaid Zaman Hamid is a Pakistani far-right, Islamist political commentator and was included in 500 most influential Muslims in world and Brigadier [[Malik Mokhtar Karim]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majid |first=Ayesha |url=https://www.academia.edu/38508642 |title=Surviving Father of Pakistan Army Aviation: Brigadier Mokhtar Karim |date=2017-01-01 |doi=10.17613/JP2A-QP98 }}</ref> are few names from Malik Sada'at of Bihar.

Zaidi Sada'at of Bihar are the descendants of Sufi saint [[Syed Ahmad Jajneri]] and [[Syed Mohammed Jajneri]]. Syed Ahmad Jajneri migrated to India from Baghdad during the reign of [[Muhammad of Ghor]] and later migrated to [[Bihar]]. He was the direct descendant of [[Zayd ibn Ali]] who was the grandson of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and therefore his descendants are called [[Husseini]] ([[Zaidi Syed|Zaidi]]) Sada'at. His descendants are mostly settled in [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Munger]], [[Sheikhpura]] and [[Jamui]] region of Bihar.

Most prominent personalities of Sadaat of Bihar were from [[Desna, Bihar]]. For Example Syed Mohammed Saeed Raza, [[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-08|title=Abdul Qavi Desnavi|url=http://litterateurabdulqavidesnavi.blogspot.com/2012/03/abdul-qavi-desnavi-november-11930-july.html|website=Litterateur Abdul Qavi Desnavi}}</ref> and [[Sulaiman Nadvi]].<ref name="n18">{{cite news|title= बर्बादी की कगार पर है ये ऐतिहासिक लाइब्रेरी, कभी यहां पहुंचे थे राजेंद्र प्रसाद और जाकिर हुसैन|publisher=News18|access-date=2021-01-03|date=2019-12-22|author=Abhishek Kumar|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/nalanda-historical-desna-library-nalanda-ruin-dr-rajendra-prasad-zakir-husain-had-arrived-here-brsna-nodvkj-2710441.html}}</ref><ref>[http://heritagetimes.in/syed-suleman-nadvi/ Suleman Nadvi. |URL=]</ref> Desna's library, established in 1892, had thousands of old [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] manuscripts. After the [[partition of India]], during uncertain times of mass emigration to [[Pakistan]], the books were donated to [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library|Khuda Bakhsh Khan Library in Patna]], where a Desna section was established to house these treasures.<ref name="n18"/> Other famous personalities of Bihari Syed were [[Syed Sultan Ahmed]], [[Syed Hasan Imam]] and his brother [[Syed Ali Imam]].

==== Kerala ====
In Kerala, a number of Sayyid families (Qabila) are found. Most of them migrated from [[Arabian peninsula]] (Yemen's [[Hadramout Region|Hadharamout]]) and Central Asian region in the Middle Ages and settled under the patronage of [[Zamorin]]s. Famous among are Jifris, Bukharis and Ba-Alawis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levesque |first=Julien |date=2023-07-03 |title=Anjuman, jami'at, and association: what Sayyid organizations tell us about associational forms among Muslim caste groups |journal=Contemporary South Asia |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=483–497 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2023.2240719 |issn=0958-4935|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Sayyids occupy various positions as jurists (qazi), scholars (ulama') and leaders (umara'). The state leaders of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and Samastha are mostly chosen from [[Pukkoya family of Panakkad|Panakkad Thangal Family]]. A religious educational institute named 'Sadath Academy' was established in Kerala exclusively for Sayyid students by Ma'din Academy led by Sayyid Khaleelul Bukhari Thanghal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma'din Academy - Makes Tomorrows |url=https://madin.edu.in/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Ma'din Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Genetic studies and controversy of self-proclaimed Indian Sayyids ===
[[File:Classical multidimensional scaling based on RST genetic distances showing the genetic affinities of the Syeds with their non IHL neighbours from India and Pakistan (both in bold characters) and with various other Arab populations.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Classical multidimensional scaling based on ''RST'' [[genetic distance]]s showing the genetic affinities of the Syeds with their non-IHL (Islamic honorific lineages) neighbours from India and Pakistan (both in bold characters) and with various other Arab populations]]

The authors of the study, the [[Y chromosome]]s of self-identified Syeds from the Indian sub-continent are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions'','' suggested that Syed status showed evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] origin.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/publications/articles/2010/Belle_AAS10_Syed.pdf Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110073004/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/publications/articles/2010/Belle_AAS10_Syed.pdf |date=10 November 2012 }} Elise M. S. Belle & Saima Shah & Tudor Parfitt & Mark G. Thomas; Received: 11 March 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published online: 29 June 2010</ref>

In [[North India|Northern India]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]] 0.2 per cent of the [[Sunni Muslim]] belong to [[Haplogroup J-M267|haplogroup J1]], which, given its absence in Indian non-Muslims is likely of [[exogenous]] [[Middle East]]ern origin. There are 18 per cent belonging mainly to [[Haplogroup J-M172|haplogroup J2]] and another 11 per cent belong to [[Haplogroup J-M267|haplogroup J1]], which both represent Middle Eastern lineages, but may not hint exact descent from Muhammad. J1 is exclusively [[Near East]]ern. The results for Sayyids showed minor but still detectable levels of gene flow primarily from Iran, rather than directly from the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dienekes.blogspot.com.au/2009/10/middle-eastern-and-sub-saharan-lineages.html |title=Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Middle Eastern and Sub-Saharan lineages in Indian Muslim populations |date=10 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070404/http://dienekes.blogspot.com.au/2009/10/middle-eastern-and-sub-saharan-lineages.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>

The paper, "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent''",'' by Elise M. S. Belle, Saima Shah, [[Tudor Parfitt]], and [[Mark G. Thomas]] showed that "self-identified Syeds had no less genetic diversity than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. However, self-identified men belonging to the IHL (Syeds, Hashemites, Quraysh and Ansari) show greater genetic affinity to Arab populations—despite the geographic distance, than other Indian populations.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/publications/articles/2010/Belle_AAS10_Syed.pdf Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110073004/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/publications/articles/2010/Belle_AAS10_Syed.pdf |date=10 November 2012 }}, Elise M. S. Belle & Saima Shah & Tudor Parfitt & Mark G. Thomas; Received: 11 March 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published online: 29 June 2010</ref>



== Southeast Asia ==
Most of the Alawi ''Sayyids'' who moved to [[Southeast Asia]] were descendants of [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]], especially of [[Ba 'Alawi sada]], many of which were descendants of migrants from Hadhramaut. Even though they are only "alleged" descendants of [[Husain ibn Ali|Husayn]], it is uncommon for the female Sayyids to be called ''Sayyidah''; they are more commonly called ''Sharifah''. Most of them live in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]] in [[Philippines]], [[Pattani Province|Pattani]] in [[Thailand]], and [[Cambodia]]. Many of the royal families of this region such as the previous royal families of the Philippines (Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Confederation of Sultanates of Ranao), Country of Singapore (Sultanate of Singapore House of Bendahara), Country of Malaysia ([[Sultan of Johor|Sultanates of Johor]] House of Temenggong, [[Sultan of Pahang|Sultanates of Pahang]] and [[Sultan of Terengganu|Sultanates of Terengganu]] House of Bendahara, [[House of Jamalullail (Perlis)|Kingdom of Perlis]] House of Jamalullail), Country of Indonesia (Sultanates of Siak, Sultanates of Pontianak, Sultanates of Gowa, some Javanese Sultanates), Country of Brunei ([[:ms:Sultan Brunei|Sultanates of Brunei]] House of Bolkiah) are also Sayyids, especially of Ba'Alawi.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=6224672A7D9E4E2C466B8A121385DD3A.journals?fromPage=online&aid=6109016 ‘Strangers’ and ‘stranger-kings’: The sayyid in eighteenth-century maritime Southeast Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227170907/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=6224672A7D9E4E2C466B8A121385DD3A.journals?fromPage=online&aid=6109016 |date=27 December 2013 }} By Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-Wells</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghatreh.org/view/3501/Development-of-Islam-in-Southeast-Asia-by-Alawi-Sayyids |title=Development of Islam in Southeast Asia by Alawi Sayyids |access-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111125039/http://www.ghatreh.org/view/3501/Development-of-Islam-in-Southeast-Asia-by-Alawi-Sayyids |archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5VnmEMh0MF4C&dq=sayyids+in+South+East+Asia&pg=PA248 Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Society: The Living Links to the Prophet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505155534/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VnmEMh0MF4C&pg=PA248&lpg=PA248&dq=sayyids+in+South+East+Asia&source=bl&ots=O0691fUjQM&sig=tiNQWb8le-zjCjm5_PdiOhzm7-Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_MTJUMWcD4XUrQeb4IDgDQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAw |date=5 May 2016 }} By Kazuo Morimoto</ref><ref>Southeast Asia (3 Volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor {{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=sayyids+in+South+East+Asia&source=bl&ots=3WtWJ838XX&sig=20KO8zoMvBxvsI7N4VLN3rla378&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_MTJUMWcD4XUrQeb4IDgDQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBA |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609192653/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=sayyids+in+South+East+Asia&source=bl&ots=3WtWJ838XX&sig=20KO8zoMvBxvsI7N4VLN3rla378&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_MTJUMWcD4XUrQeb4IDgDQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBA |url-status=bot: unknown }} By [[Keat Gin Ooi]]</ref>

Some common surnames of these ''Sayyids'' are Al-Saqqaf (or As-Saqqaf, Assegaf, Assegaff, [[Alsagoff family|Al-Sagoff]]), Shihab (or Shahab), Al-idaroos (or Al-Aydrus, Al Aidrus, Alaydrus, [[Bendahara dynasty|House of Bendahara]], [[Temenggong of Johor|House of Temenggong]]), Al-Habsyi (or Al-Habshi), Al-Kaff, Al-Aththos (or Al-Attas, Alattas, Alattos), Al-Haddad Alhaddad, Al-Jufri (or Al-Jifri), Al-Muhdhar, Al-Shaikh Abubakar, Al-Qadri, Al-Munawwar, Al-Akbar Al-Hasani (or [[Hasan ibn Ali|Al Akbar Al Hasani]], [[House of Bolkiah|Al-Bolkiah]], [[House of Bolkiah]]), Al-Jamalullail (or Al Jamalullail, Djamalullail, [[House of Jamalullail (Perlis)|House of Jamalullail]]).<ref>"Imam Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad". Notes on Islam. April 30, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014.</ref>

== Teseyyüd ==
In the [[Ottoman Empire]], tax breaks for the [[Ahl al-Bayt|People of the House]] encouraged many people to buy certificates of descent or forge genealogies; the phenomenon of ''teseyyüd'' – falsely claiming noble ancestry – spread across ethnic, class, and religious boundaries. In the 17th century, an Ottoman bureaucrat estimated that there were 300,000 impostors. In 18th-century [[Anatolia]], nearly all upper-class urban people claimed descent from Muhammad.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Canbakal |first=Hülya |title=The Ottoman State and Descendants of the Prophet in Anatolia and the Balkans (c. 1500–1700) |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |year=2009 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=542–578 |doi=10.1163/156852009X458241 |issn=0022-4995 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225539006|access-date=2021-07-18|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

== Royal descendants of Muhammad ==
Descendants of [[Muhammad]] are present in many royal families today and are predominantly of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni faith]].

=== Libyan royal family ===
{{Further|List of Ashraf tribes in Libya}}

The ''Sayyids'' in [[Libya]] are Sunni, including the former royal family, which is [[Idrisid dynasty|originally Zaidi-Moroccan]] (also known as the [[Senussi]] family).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://24dec1951.com/libya/the-senussi-family.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226195534/http://24dec1951.com/libya/the-senussi-family.html|title=The Senussi family|archive-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> The [[El-Barassa]] Family are ''Ashraf'' as claimed by the sons of [[Abdulsalam ben Meshish]], a descendant of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib]].

=== Sharifs of Mecca ===

==== Jordan ====
The [[Hashemites|Hashemite royal family]] of Jordan also claims descent from Muhammad in the line of the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs of Mecca]], [[vassal]]s that were set by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] and recognized by the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]], tracing their lineage back to [[Hasan ibn Ali|Imam Hasan ibn Ali]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Salibi | first=Kamal S. | title=The modern history of Jordan | publisher=I.B. Tauris | publication-place=London | date=1993 | isbn=1-85043-610-X | oclc=28839449 | pages=53–55}}</ref> The Hashemite Royal Family under [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Sharif Hussein ibn Ali]] was crucial in ending [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] in the Arabian Peninsula, on the occasion of the spread of [[Pan-Turkism]] in the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>Karey in Oxford AQA History : A Level and AS Component 2: International Relations and Global Conflict C1890-1941, p. 113</ref>

==== Brunei ====
The [[House of Bolkiah]] claims descent from [[Hasan ibn Ali|Imam Hasan ibn Ali]] through [[Sharif Ali]], the 3rd Sultan of Brunei, who succeeded his father in law as Sultan in virtue of his descent from Muhammad. [[Sharif Ali]] formerly served as [[Mecca|Emir of Makkah]] and belonged to the [[Sharif|Sherifians]], migrating to [[Brunei]] for missionary purposes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |language=Malay|publisher=www.history-centre.gov.bn |access-date=2016-08-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Moroccan royal family ===
[['Alawi dynasty|The Alaouite Royal family of Morocco]] also claims descent from Muhammad in the line of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]]. Their patriarch was [[Sharif ibn Ali]], who founded the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=العلويون/الفيلاليون في المغرب |url=http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=90 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.hukam.net}}</ref>

=== Sulu, Lanao, and Maguindanao royal family ===
{{AI-generated|section=Sulu|date=October 2025}}
The Sultanates of [[Sulu]], [[Lanao (province)|Lanao]], and [[Maguindanao]] hold a significant place in Philippine history, rooted deeply in both cultural heritage and religious identity. It is claimed that these Sultanates trace their lineage to Muhammad, upholding the tenets of Sunni Ash'ari in 'Aqida (theological creed) and adhering to the Shafi'i school of thought in Fiqh (jurisprudence). Central to their spiritual and intellectual tradition are the teachings of Sufi missionaries from the [[Ba 'Alawi sada]], whose influence has played a pivotal role in shaping the religious landscape of the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quiling |first1=Mucha-Shim |title=Lumpang Basih |journal=Journal of Studies on Traditional Knowledge in Sulu Archipelago and Its People, and in the Neighboring Nusantara |date=2020 |volume=3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42073637 |access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

The majority of Muslims in the Philippines adhere to the Sunni Ash'ari creed and follow the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, reflecting the enduring influence of these traditions within the Sultanates and beyond. Furthermore, there exists a profound respect for, and in many cases, the practice of Sufism among Filipino Muslims. Sufism, with its emphasis on spiritual purification and the pursuit of inner knowledge, resonates deeply with the cultural and religious fabric of the Filipino Muslim community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdurahman |first1=Habib Jamasali Sharief Rajah Bassal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QpxAAAAMAAJ&q=balfaqi%20alawi%20sulu%20sultan |title=The Sultanate of Sulu |date=2002 |publisher=Astoria Print. & Publishing Company |isbn=9789719262701 |location=University of Michigan |pages=88}}</ref>

==Other indication of descent==
In addition to the sayyid title, descendants of [[Muhammad]] through [[Twelve Imams|the Twelve Imams]] in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] may obtain the following [[surname]]s:<ref name="Khanam">{{Cite book |last=Khanam |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_189OeDwSMC&pg=PA724 |title=Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia |date=2005 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-062-3 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Ancestor !! Arabic style !! Arabic last name !! Persian last name !! Urdu last name
|-
| [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] || al-Alawi العلوی او الهاشمی || [[Alawids|al-Alawi]] العلوی or [[Al-Hashimi (surname)|al-Hashimi]] الهاشمي
|| [[Alawi (name)|Alawi]] or [[Ali (surname)|Alavi]] || [[Alvi]] or [[Awan (surname)|Awan]] or [[Alavi (surname)|Hashemi]]
|-
| [[Hasan ibn Ali]] || al-Hasani الحسني او الهاشمي || al-Hasani الحسني or [[house of Bolkiah|al-Bolkiah البلقية]] or [['Alawi dynasty|al-Alawi العلوی]] or al-Hashimi الهاشمي
|| [[Hashmi|Hashemi]] هاشمی or [[Hassan (surname)|Hassani]] حسنى
|| [[Hashmi]] {{Nastaliq|ہاشمی}} or [[Hassan (surname)|Hassani]] {{Nastaliq|حسنی}} or [[Noshahi]] نوشاہی
|-
| [[Husayn ibn Ali]] || al-Hussaini1 الحُسيني || al-Hussaini الحسيني or [[Ba 'Alawi sada|Ba 'Alawi ال باعلوي]]
| [[Hussaini]] حسيني || [[Hussaini]] {{Nastaliq|حسيني}} [[Al-Hashimi (surname)|Hashemi]] or [[Shah]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Syed Family – Home of The Syed Family |url=https://thesyedfamily.com/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]] || al-Abidi العابدي|| al-Abidi العابدي || Abedi عابدى || [[Abidi]] or Abdi {{Nastaliq|عابدی}}
|-
| [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] || al-Baqiri الباقري || al-Baqiri الباقري || Baqiri/Bagheri باقری || Baqri {{Nastaliq|باقری}}
|-
| [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]|| al-Ja'fari الجعفري || al-Ja'fari الصدق او الجعفري|| [[Jafri|Jafari]] جعفرى or Dibaji دیباجی|| [[Jafri]] or Jafry {{Nastaliq|جعفری}} or Jaffery Shamsi {{Nastaliq|جعفری‌شمسی}}
|-
| [[Zayd ibn Ali]] || az-Zaidi الزيدي|| al-Zaydi الزيدي
|| Zaydi زیدی|| [[Zaidi (surname)|Zaidi]] {{Nastaliq|زیدی}}
|-
| [[Musa al-Kadhim]] || al-Moussawi الموسوي او الكاظمي|| al-Moussawi or al-Kadhimi الموسوي او الكاظمي|| [[Al Mosawi|Moosavi]] or [[Kazmi|Kazemi]] موسوى / کاظمى || [[Kazmi]] {{Nastaliq|کاظمی}}
|-
| [[Ali al-Ridha]] || ar-Radawi الرضوي|| al-Ridawi or al-Radawi الرضوي|| [[Rizvi]] or Rezvi رضوى || [[Rizvi]] or Rizavi {{Nastaliq|رضوی}}
|-
| [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Muhammad at-Taqi]] || at-Taqawi التقوي|| al-Taqawi التقوي|| Taqavi تقوى || Taqvi {{Nastaliq|تقوی}}
|-
| [[Ali al-Hadi]] || an-Naqawi النقوي|| al-Naqawi النقوي or al-Bukhari البخاري or [[Al Qasimi|al-Qasimi]] {{Nastaliq|القاسمی}} || Naqavi/Naghavi نقوى || Naqvi {{Nastaliq|نقوی}} or [[Bukhari (surname)|Bhaakri/Bukhari]] {{Nastaliq|بھاکری/بخاری}}
|-
| [[Hasan al-Askari]]<ref name="Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan p. 63">Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator: Muhammad bin Nusayr company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 63</ref><ref name="auto">https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/1426/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703065118/https://shajara.org/2020/06/29/1426/ |date=3 July 2020 }} Shajara-e-nasab lineages of descendants of Imam Hasan al-Askari r.a.</ref><ref name="shajara.org">{{Cite web|url=https://shajara.org/1426-shajara-e-nasab-lineages-of-descendants-of-imam-hasan-al-askari/|title=Shajara-e-nasab lineages of descendants of Imam al-Askari ibn Imam Ali al-Hadi r.a. — Shajara|access-date=16 March 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417182749/https://shajara.org/1426-shajara-e-nasab-lineages-of-descendants-of-imam-hasan-al-askari/|url-status=dead}}</ref> || al-Askari العسکري || al-Askari العسکري || Sadat سادات Dakik {{Nastaliq|دقيق}} or [[Hazrat Ishaan]] {{Nastaliq|حضرت ایشان}}|| Daqiq {{Nastaliq|دقيق}} or [[Hazrat Ishaan]] {{Nastaliq|حضرت ایشان}}
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Note''': (For non-Arabic speakers) When transliterating Arabic words into English there are two approaches.
* 1. The user may transliterate the word letter for letter (e.g., "الزيدي" becomes "a-l-z-ai-d-i").
* 2. The user may transcribe the pronunciation of the word (e.g., "الزيدي" becomes "a-zz-ai-d-i"); in Arabic grammar, some consonants (''n, r, s, sh, t'' and ''z'') cancel the ''l'' (ل) from the word "the" ''al'' (ال) (see [[sun and moon letters]]). When the user sees the prefixes ''an'', ''ar'', ''as'', ''ash'', ''at'', ''az'', etc... this means the word is the transcription of the pronunciation.
* An ''i'', ''wi'' (Arabic), or ''i'', ''vi'' (Persian) ending could perhaps be translated by the English suffixes ''-ite'' or ''-ian''. The suffix transforms a personal name or place name into the name of a group of people connected by lineage or place of birth. Hence ''Ahmad al-Hassani'' could be translated as ''Ahmad, the descendant of Hassan'', and ''Ahmad al-Manami'' as ''Ahmad from the city of [[Manama]]''. For further explanation, see [[Arabic name]]s.

1Also, El-Husseini, Al-Husseini, Husseini, and Hussaini.

2Those who use the term ''Sayyid'' for all descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib regard [[Alawites|Allawis]] or Alavis as Sayyids. However, Allawis are not descendants of Muhammad, as they are descended from the children of Ali and the women he married after the death of Fatima, such as [[Umm ul-Banin]] (Fatima bint Hizam). Those who limit the term ''Sayyid'' to descendants of Muhammad through [[Fatima]], [[Alawites]] are the same how ''Sayyids''.
|}

==See also==
* [[Family tree of Muhammad]]
* [[Sharif]]
* [[Mir (title)|Mir]]
* [[Naqib al-ashraf|Naqib]]
* [[Mirza (name)|Mirza (title)]]
* [[Ba 'Alawi sada|Ba'Alawi Sada]]
* [[Taqbil]]
* [[Sheikh]]
* [[Ngwenyama]] (a title from Africa also meaning "lion" but in a honorific sense)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Islam}}

==Sources==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Sayad}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Van Arendonk|first1=C.|last2=Graham|first2=W.A.|date=1960–2007|title=Sharīf|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P. J.|editor1-link=P. J. Bearman|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor3-first=C. E.|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W. P.|editor5-link=W. P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sharif-COM_1041}}
* [https://www.whyislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/familyTree_600.jpg whyislam.org content]
{{Alids}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Family of Muhammad|*]]
[[Category:Alids|*]]
[[Category:Fatima]]
[[Category:Islamic honorifics]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hashemite people]]
[[Category:Descendants of individuals]]
[[Category:Titles in Oman]]
[[Category:Descent from antiquity]]

Ananthasagaram

2026-03-18T06:05:00Z

HongGrasby5256: cleanup lead for accuracy per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ananthasagaram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.5715|79.4075|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = SPSR Nellore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 61
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 08628
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Ananthasagaram''' is a village and headquarters of [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] with same name in [[Nellore district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|access-date=2007-03-26
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070403123745/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/| archive-date= 3 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Ananthasagaram village is {{cvt|79|km}} from Nellore.

It has a pond (cheruvu) :- Ananthasagaram ''AnanthasagaramCheruvu''

== Demographics ==
As of 2011 [[census]], the village had a population of 8,588. The total population constitute 4,436 males and 4,152 females. Average sex ratio of the village is 936 for per 1000.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Albert Longhurst

2026-03-17T02:24:39Z

HongGrasby5256: basic refined article based on references and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|British archaeologist and art historian}}
'''Albert Henry Longhurst''' (1876 – 1955) was a British archaeologist and art historian, working in India and Ceylon.

Albert Henry Longhurst was born in [[Great Bookham]], Surrey, England in 1876, the third of seven children (second son) to David Longhurst and Mary née Ranger.

Longhurst was the brother-in-law of Sir [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], the Director-General of the [[Archaeology Survey of India]] (1902-1928).

In October 1913 he was appointed the Superintendent of the Southern Circle, [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

From 1927 to 1931 he was in charge of the systematic digging of [[Nagarjunakonda]].<ref name="RAS">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 72, Issue 2–3 June 1940, pp. 226-227 [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00096921]</ref>

Longhurst served as the Archaeological Commissioner, [[Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)|Archaeological Survey of Ceylon]] between 1934 and 1940,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ceylon Today|volume=5|date=1956|publisher=Ceylon Government Information Department|page=50}}</ref> mainly working at [[Polonnaruwa]] but also at [[Anuradhapura]] and [[Sigiriya]], concentrating more on conservation/restoration rather than excavation.

==Works==
* {{Cite book | author1=Archaeological Survey of India | author2=Longhurst, Albert Henry | title=Hampi Ruins Described and Illustrated | year=1917 | publication-date=1917 | publisher=Superintendent, Government Press | place=[[Madras]] | url=https://archive.org/details/HampiRuins }}
* {{Cite book | author1=Longhurst, Albert Henry | title=Pallava Architecture | publication-date=1928 | publisher=Cosmo Publications | place=Delhi }}
* {{Cite book | author1=Longhurst, Albert Henry | title=The Story of the Stupa | publication-date=1936 | publisher=Ceylon Government Press |place=Colombo }}
* Excavations at Nagarjunakonda, 1929-1930.<ref>Buddhist Monks and Business Matters: Still More Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India, Gregory Schopen
University of Hawaii Press, 2004 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0D_6HqJhHjMC&pg=PA380 p.380]</ref>
* {{cite book| title=The Buddhist Antiquities of Nagarjunakonda, Madras Presidency| author1=Longhurst, Albert Henry | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | date=1938 | place=Delhi }}
* Memoirs Of The Archaeological Survey Of India No.33 Pt.2 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56585]
* {{cite book | title=Archaeological Survey of Ceylon : Annual report 1935 - 1939 & 1940 - 1945 | date=1955 | publisher=[[Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)|Archaeological Survey of Ceylon]] | place=Ceylon | author1=Longhurst, Albert Henry | author2=Paranavitana, Senarath}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikisource author-inline|Albert Henry Longhurst}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longhurst, A. H.}}
[[Category:English archaeologists]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]

Lala Shri Ram

2026-03-14T21:02:38Z

HongGrasby5256: creating basic details needs work

{{short description|Indian industrialist and philanthropist (1884–1963)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lala Shri Ram
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|04|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|01|11|1884|04|27|df=yes}}
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Madan Mohan Lal|Chando Devi}}
| spouse = Phoolan Devi (Lady Shri Ram)
| children = Murli Dhar, [[Bharat Ram]], Charat Ram
| relatives = Sir Shankar Lal (brother)
| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]]
}}

'''Sir''' '''Shri Ram''' (27 April 1884 – 11 January 1963), better known as '''Lala Shri Ram''', was an Indian [[industrialist]] and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Our Founder | DCM SHRIRAM |url=https://www.dcmshriram.com/our-founder}}</ref> Ram was the owner of [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills]], one of the oldest companies in India.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bhupesh |date=20 January 2013 |title=DCM's split family disorder |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/dcm-s-split-family-disorder-111041400059_1.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> During his business career, Ram was one of India's most prominent industrialists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=P. R. |date=25 October 2024 |title=The Big Bharat Boom |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-big-bharat-boom/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Open}}</ref> In 1941, the [[British Raj]] government in India conferred Ram with [[Knighthood (UK)|knighthood]] in recognition of his contributions to the development of Indian society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://nationalarchives.nic.in/ |website=nationalarchives.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Ram was also noted for his philanthropy, which included founding the [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] and [[Lady Shri Ram College|Lady Shri Ram College for Women]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Debasis |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Corporate_Social_Development/ZyVfMUm0X2wC?hl=en&gbpv |title=Corporate Social Development: A Paradigm Shift |date= |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8069-324-3 |location=New Delhi |page=44 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />

==Early life==
Shri Ram was born on April 27, 1884.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Sonu |date=30 May 2023 |title=LSR was a labour of love for Lala Shri Ram. He even picked library books himself |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/lsr-was-a-labour-of-love-for-lala-shri-ram-he-even-picked-library-books-himself/1607613/ |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref> He was the first son of Madan Mohan Lal and Chando Devi to a [[Agarwal]] family in [[Haryana]], which was then [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab Province]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Dwijendra |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi2004trip |title=The Oxford history of Indian business |date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-565968-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=186–188}}</ref> Ram had a younger brother, Lala Shankar Lal.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bhupesh |date=25 January 2013 |title=Bhupesh Bhandari: Of governmental honours |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/bhupesh-bhandari-of-governmental-honours-111021100064_1.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Ram's family at the time was known as the Kotwal family, which stemmed from Ram's great-grandfather, who was [[Kotwal]], a military title, in Delhi during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bhupesh |date=9 October 2014 |title=Bhupesh Bhandari: Remembering Bharat Ram |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/bhupesh-bhandari-remembering-bharat-ram-114100901277_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004404/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/bhupesh-bhandari-remembering-bharat-ram-114100901277_1.html |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Business Standard |url-status=live }}</ref> Ram's early education was from a Municipal Primary School in Bazaar Sita Ram.<ref name=":3" /> He matriculated in March 1900 and later enrolled in the Intermediate Arts course at [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]], [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srgslucknow.com/about-us/sir-shri-ram/|title=Sir Shri Ram|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002004050/https://srgslucknow.com/about-us/sir-shri-ram/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Business career==
Lala Gopal Roy, Ram's uncle, was one of the founders and the first secretary of [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills]] (DCM), which was founded on 2 March 1891.<ref name=":0" /> Prior, he had been a ''munim'' (a kind of private secretary) working in a ''pedhi''.<ref name=":0" />{{Clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What is a ''pedhi''?}}

Ram's first interaction with DCM happened in 1905, when Ram, at the age of 21, attended an annual general meeting with his uncle, Lala Gopal Roy.<ref name=":0" /> His uncle died the same year and Ram's father, Madan Mohan Lal, was appointed in his place as secretary of the company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dubashi |first=Jay |date=31 May 1984 |title=Lala Shri Ram (1884-1963): The merchant of Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/guest-column/story/19840531-lala-shri-ram-1884-1963-the-merchant-of-delhi-803661-1984-05-31 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> In 1909, Ram, at the age of 25, joined the company as an apprentice in the accounts department under Munim Ram Path and though Ram at the time did not have a formal company title, he had enough authority to act on his father's behalf.<ref name=":0" /> Ram ran the company with his father for another decade; however, his father gradually lowered his own responsibilities, and Ram assumed formal charge of the company.<ref name=":0" />

During [[World War I]], Ram secured a large contract to supply tents for the [[British Indian Army|British Army]] and the [[British Raj]] government, which grew DCM's earnings.<ref name=":4" /> Ram also grew his personal fortune through the tents contract by forming a distinct tent company which had a tripartite ownership between DCM, which owned 50%, Ram, who owned 25%, and a contractor who owned the remaining 25%.<ref name=":4" /> Ram and the contractor were entitled to receive 20% of profits from the tent deal and DCM received 50%.<ref name=":0" /> Ram used the money he earned from the tent deal to buy shares of DCM, which increased his holding in the company from less than 5% to 16%, and then to 20% by 1925.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

Between 1923 and 1929, DCM's sales increased by three times and the company was the only textile producer in the region of Delhi and Punjab.<ref name=":4" /> In 1932, DCM entered the [[sugar]] industry and Ram supervised the construction of the company's [[Sugarcane mill|sugar mill]] in [[Daurala]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]].<ref name=":4" /> In the 1930s, Ram led DCM's entry into various industries that began to manufactured a vast variety of products, including [[textile]]s, [[Chemical substance|chemicals]], ''vanaspati'' ([[Fat hydrogenation|hydrogenated vegetable oil]])'','' [[pottery]], [[Fan (machine)|fans]], [[sewing machine]]s, [[electric motor]]s, and [[capacitor]]s.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Indian_Textile_Journal/zr4G3ZvMaaEC?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Indian Textile Journal |publisher=Business Press |year=1980 |page=151 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manmohan |first=Nutan |date=24 December 2022 |title=DCM textiles is an original ‘Make in India‘ success. It survived plague, WWI and the British |url=https://theprint.in/feature/dcm-textiles-is-an-original-make-in-india-success-it-survived-plague-wwi-and-the-british/1279424/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

In 1941, Ram was [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighted]] by the [[British Raj]]'s government and his younger brother, Lala Shankar Lal was later knighted as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Kushan |date=27 June 2011 |title=Web exclusive: DCM hopes to thrive again |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/century-old-companies/story/dcm-among-100-year-old-indian-companies-22774-2011-06-27 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In his business career, Ram managed to make managed to make Delhi Cloth & General Mills an industrial empire by 1963, the year he died.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bhupesh |last2=Singh Gurjar |first2=Ramveer |date=3 May 2013 |title=Capital gain |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/capital-gain-113050300907_1.html}}</ref> During his business career, Ram was noted as one of North India's most prominent businessmen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundar |first=Pushpa |url=https://archive.org/details/businesscommunit0000sund/ |title=Business and community: the story of corporate social responsibility in India |date= |publisher=SAGE |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-321-0955-6 |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kudaisya |first=Medha M. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tryst_with_Prosperity/NfVyDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Tryst with Prosperity: Indian Business and the Bombay Plan of 1944 |date=12 November 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=978-93-5305-327-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 May 2023 |title=Industrialist, visionary, philanthropist – new book on Lala Shri Ram captures man behind DCM |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/industrialist-visionary-philanthropist-new-book-on-lala-shri-ram-captures-man-behind-dcm/1601983/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==

=== Education ===
In 1920, Shri Ram conducted the first experiment in vocation-oriented education by founding the Commercial Education Trust (CET). The first school promoted by CET was the commercial high school, which was raised in 1926 to the standard of an intermediate college, in 1930 to a degree college, and in 1934 to a post-graduate college. In 1942, Shri Ram became the chairman of the governing body of the college. By 1948, although comparatively young among the colleges of Delhi University, the Commercial College had the maximum enrolment possible under the university rules. The college offered a B.A. Pass course, a B.A. Honours course in Commerce, and M.A. courses in Economics and Commerce. In 1949, it was proposed to rename the college as "[[Shri Ram College of Commerce]]" but it took three years to implement it due to Shri Ram's reticence. His association with the CET continued right up to the end of his life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Founder |url=https://www.srcc.edu/about-us/founder |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Shri Ram College of Commerce}}</ref> Shri Ram College of Commerce later became one of India's most prestigious institutions for commerce and economics.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Mihika |date=15 May 2017 |title=India's best colleges: Why DU's Shri Ram College of Commerce makes you ready for business |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/best-colleges/story/20170522-commerce-du-india-today-best-colleges-survey-srcc-986348-2017-05-15 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Sukrita |date=10 August 2021 |title=Expect higher cut-offs this year: SRCC principal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/expect-higher-cut-offs-this-year-shri-ram-college-of-commerce-principal-7446570/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, founded in 1947 by Shri Ram, started functioning in 1950. Shri Ram believed that if India was to catch up with the rest of the world, it was necessary to understand existing technology and innovate it through research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shriraminstitute.org/profile/|title = Scientific and Industrial Research Institute | Shri Ram Institute}}</ref>

Lady Shri Ram College for Women was established in 1956, in New Delhi, by Ram in memory of his wife Phoolan Devi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Sonu |date=2 June 2023 |title=LSR was a labour of love for Lala Shri Ram. He even picked library books himself |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/lsr-was-a-labour-of-love-for-lala-shri-ram-he-even-picked-library-books-himself/1607613/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref> Lady Shri Ram College for Women began in what was earlier the hostel building of the Shri Ram College of Commerce in [[Daryaganj]], and today, the college's campus is in [[Lajpat Nagar]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuntamalla |first=Vidheesha |date=29 May 2023 |title=Pincode 110001: A businessman’s tribute to his wife, LSR college has helped fuel dreams of several young women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pincode-110001-a-businessmans-tribute-to-his-wife-lsr-college-has-helped-fuel-dreams-of-several-young-women-8634047/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Lady Shri Ram College for Women is one of India's most prestigious colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=14 August 2024 |title=How DU's once-'notorious' ARSD dethroned LSR in NIRF rankings by improving its science programme |url=https://theprint.in/india/how-dus-once-notorious-arsd-dethroned-lsr-in-nirf-rankings-by-improving-its-science-programme/2222245/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Gayathri |date=10 October 2020 |title=DU's first cut off list out, highest is 100% at Lady Shri Ram College |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/2020/Oct/10/dus-first-cut-off-list-out-highest-is-100-at-lady-shri-ram-college-2208594.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Association with other organisations ===
On 16 February 1930, Ram became the 4th president of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI), and with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by his side, delivered his presidential address.<ref name=":0" />

Ram was nominated as a member of first Central Board of Directors of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], effective 1 January 1935.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/5T2DQyx59hkq5IvMHF3dgM/RBI8217s-sepiatinted-conflicts.html|title = RBI's sepia-tinted conflicts|date = 13 December 2011}}</ref>

On 2 March 1937, the Delhi Improvement Trust came into being and Ram became its member.<ref>http://www.rgplan.org/delhi/DELHI IMPROVEMENT TRUST (D.I.T) 1936.pdf</ref>

Ram was the member of All-India Organisation of Industrial Employers (AOIE) since its inception and became the President of AOIE for the year 1940 and 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aioe.in/html/about.html|title=All India Organisation of Employers}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Ram died on 11 January 1963.<ref name=":1" /> Following his death, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|S. Radhakrishnan]], the [[President of India]] at the time, said, "He was not only a great industrialist but helped many good causes. His contributions to education are memorable."<ref name=":1" /> Ram's businesses were inherited by his two sons: [[Bharat Ram]] and Charat Ram. His eldest son, Murli Dhar, died in a plane crash near Karachi in 1949.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Bhupesh |date=14 April 2011 |title=DCM's split family disorder |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/dcm-s-split-family-disorder-111041400059_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharat Ram]]
* Charat Ram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/dr-charat-ram-passes-away/story-8boouKl67TR0FBK2kwAX8O.html|title = Charat Ram}}</ref> – husband of [[Sumitra Charat Ram]]
* [[Sumitra Charat Ram]]
* [[Bansi Dhar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://html.lsr.edu.in/history.asp Lady Shri Ram College history page]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shri-ram-ram-ram/392141/ Business Standard Article]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=mryFNM7U8fwC&dq=delhi+cloth+and+general+mills&pg=PT14 Great Lives chapter on Sir Shri Ram]
* [https://www.srcc.edu/about-us/founder/ Link on the founder of Shriram College of Commerce]

==Bibliography==
Khushwant Singh and Arun Joshi, “Shri Ram-A Biography” (1968) Asia Publishing House, Bombay

==Suggested reading==
* Sir Shri Ram Biography prepared by The Shri Ram Biography Project
* From the Brink of Bankruptcy: The DCM Story by Vinay-Bharat Ram
* Draft of the Biography on Sir Shri Ram written by Bhupesh Bhandari
* Lala Shri Ram: A Study in Entrepreneurship and Industrial Management by Arun Joshi
* Shri Ram, A Biography by Khushwant Singh and Arun Joshi
* How business leaders like Shri Ram inspired workers to excel, Are unions losing influence by Dayal, I (1997) [Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27767528]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Lala Shri}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]

Urkhao Gwra Brahma

2026-03-12T14:19:08Z

HongGrasby5256:

{{Short description|Indian politician and poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Urkhao Gwra Brahma
| image = Urkhao Gwra Brahma.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|7|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Assam]]
| term_start = 10 May 2021
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture|Soil Conservation|Welfare of Bodoland}}
| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Thaneswar Basumatary]]
| constituency1 = [[Chapaguri Assembly constituency|Chapaguri]]
| party = [[United People's Party Liberal]] (since 2015)
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2002{{ndash}}2015)
| alma_mater =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website = {{URL|https://upplofficial.com/}}
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Assam]]
| term_start2 = 10 April 2002
| term_end2 = 9 April 2008
}}
'''Urkhao Gwra Brahma''' (born 1 July 1963) is an Indian politician, poet, and the leader of the [[United People's Party, Liberal]] (UPPL). He has been serving as the Minister for Handloom, Textile & Sericulture, Soil Conservation, and Welfare of Bodoland Department in the Government of Assam since 2021. Representing the 63 No. Chapaguri constituency in the Assam Legislative Assembly since 2021, he has played a significant role in the political and cultural landscape of Assam.

Previously, he was a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha from 2002 to 2008 as an Independent candidate. Alongside his political journey, he is deeply involved in literature and was honored with the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2014 for his poetry collection ''उदांनिफ्राय गिदिंबोफिन्नानै'' (''Return from Freedom''). In 2015, he founded the UPPL and became its president.

His contributions to Bodo literature have been widely recognized, and on 1 March 2025, he was honored with the prestigious '''विशिष्ट क्षेत्रीय भाषा सम्मान (बिनेश्वर ब्रह्म शिखर सम्मान)''' at the '''BPA Foundation & India Netbooks Sahityakar Sammanotsav 2025''' in New Delhi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1877 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahma, Urkhao Gwra}}
[[Category:Tribal people from Assam]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Bodo people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kokrajhar district]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bodo]]
[[Category:United People's Party Liberal politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Geoffrey Davis (doctor)

2026-03-12T04:37:20Z

HongGrasby5256: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Australian medical doctor (1933–2008)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geoffrey Lancelot Rutter Davis
| birth_date = 11 October 1933
| birth_place = Sydney, Australia
| death_date = 3 October 2008
| death_place = Sydney, Australia
| alma_mater = Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, 1951-1957
| occupation = Physician
| years_active = 1958-1988
| employer = [[Population Services International]]
| known_for = [[medicine]], [[reproductive health]], [[abortion]]
| spouse = Daune Clark De Lano (1959-1968) •
Jelena Jovanovic (1969-1981); Helena Berenson (1984-2007)
| mother = Mavis Doreen Rutter
| father = Lancelot Ernest Davis
}}
'''Geoffrey Lancelot Rutter Davis''' (1933–2008) was an Australian medical doctor, who rose to prominence in Sydney in the 1970s as a leading provider of contraception and abortion services. He was also the owner for nearly 50 years of [[The Abbey, Annandale|The Abbey]], a 50-room mansion in the Sydney inner suburb of [[Annandale, New South Wales|Annandale]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Machado |first=Karina |date=October 2012 |title=To Have & To Hold |pages=92–95 |work=House and Garden – Australia |url=https://karinamachado.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/house-and-garden-magazine-extract-karina-machado.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Davis was the only son of Lancelot E. Davis, a radio engineer, and Mavis D. Rutter. He was raised in the Sydney suburb of [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geoffrey Lancelot Rutter Davis |url=https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/114684765/person/210129876074/facts |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=Ancestry.com}}</ref> and attended the private Anglican-run Trinity Grammar School for boys, graduating in 1950.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=William |date=8 October 2008 |title=Dr GLR Davis, 1933-2008 |url=http://www.sydneybashi-bangla.com/Famous-people/Dr%20GLR%20Davis,%201933-2008.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Sydneybashi-bangla.com}}</ref>

From 1951 to 1957, Davis was a student in the Faculty of Medicine at the [[University of Sydney]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1958, he received his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees from Sydney University, serving that year as a Junior Resident Medical Officer at [[Sydney Hospital]] and the following year as a Senior Resident Medical Officer at the same hospital.<ref name=":0" />

==Early career==
After working as a [[research fellow]] from 1960 to 1962 in the Kanematsu Institute at Sydney Hospital, Davis moved into general practice from 1962 to 1968 at local Sydney surgeries.<ref name=":0" /> During those years, he ran two clinics in the Sydney suburbs of [[Potts Point]] and [[Arncliffe, New South Wales|Arncliffe]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Gynaecological surgical kit used by Dr Geoffrey Davis |url=https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/8424 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Powerhouse Collection}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Vaculyser, medical electrical vacuum pump |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/chm/outreach/cwhp/sitesofmemory/objects/obj127/ |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Arts CHM Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital Project}}</ref><ref name="The Age 1975" /> where he carried out pregnancy terminations prior to the 1971 legalization in [[New South Wales]] of abortion in cases where a physician believes a pregnancy has put a woman's life or physical or mental health at risk.

In 1969, he moved to London, where biographical notes prepared by his son, William, say he first "Assisted in Practice" and then from 1971 worked in medical "Practice in [[Harley Street]]",<ref name=":0" /> which was then a street teeming with medical surgeries, many of which offered abortion services. Though Davis was originally an anesthetist, in London he was becoming increasingly known for his work with late-term abortions and became a director of the International Abortion Research and Training Centre.<ref name="The Age 1975" />

It was during this period that he developed what he would later term "a technique for terminating advanced pregnancy".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=D'Acosta |first=Bina |date=15 December 2010 |title=1971: Rape and its consequences: How an Australian doctor tried to help rape victims of Bangladesh |work=bdnews24.com |url=https://bdnews24.com/opinion/comment/1971-rape-and-its-consequences |url-status=dead |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403073705/https://bdnews24.com/opinion/comment/1971-rape-and-its-consequences |archive-date=3 April 2023}}</ref> In 1971, he was hired as director of North Carolina–based [[Population Services International]],<ref name=":0" /> an international not-for-profit provider of contraception and abortion services, with a focus on the developing world.

==Bangladesh==
Davis is known for his work in performing late-term abortions in Bangladesh, during the nationwide emergency following [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh's war for national liberation]] in 1971, in the course of which the Pakistani military and local collaborator militia groups captured, then brutally raped and impregnated as many as 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=12 May 1972 |title=Dacca Raising the Status of Women While Aiding Rape Victims |pages=2 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/12/archives/dacca-raising-the-status-of-women-while-aiding-rape-victims.html |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> More conservative estimates placed the total number of rapes at 200,000.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=August 2007 |title=Available Motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0907568207079213 |journal=Childhood |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=339 |doi=10.1177/0907568207079213|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Due to cultural and religious beliefs, the girls and women were considered defiled, most were unable to return home to their villages, where they were shunned at best; or worse, killed by their husbands or families.<ref name="Hossain 2012" /> As many as 200,000 victims were estimated, and widespread venereal infection hampered adoption efforts.<ref name=":2" /> With disease and malnutrition rampant in the wake of the war, abortion was seen as the least worst solution to the problem by the Bangladeshi government.

Having had years of prior experience in Sydney terminating first-trimester pregnancies through vacuum aspiration,<ref name=":3" /> and having also developed while in London an expeditious technique for terminating second-trimester pregnancies,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Davis was recruited while still serving as a PSI director by a consortium of international agencies to work alongside pioneering U.S. obstetrician Leonard Laufe with the government-run Bangladesh Women's Rehabilitation Program, performing abortions at a staggering rate over a six-month period. The Bangladeshi government program was sponsored by the [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] (IPPF), [[US Agency for International Development]] (USAID), the [[United Nations Population Fund]] (UNFPA) and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).<ref name="Brownmiller" />

In conjunction with Laufe, Davis set up "industrial scale"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mokherjee |first=Nayanika |title=Available Motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0907568207079213 |journal=Childhood |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=344 |doi=10.1177/0907568207079213|url-access=subscription }}</ref> procedures of abortion beginning in March 1972. First-trimester abortions were carried out using a "device" that performed "the evacuation of uterine contents"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Das |first1=Veena |title=Living and Dying in the Contemporary World: A Compendium |last2=Han |first2=Clara |publisher=University of California Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-520-27841-7 |location=Oakland |pages=145}}</ref> (menstrual extraction, aka vacuum aspiration), and advanced pregnancies were terminated using a technique to sever the [[umbilical cord]] to speed up fetal extraction, which Davis had developed in London.<ref name=":2" /> Davis told an interviewer later that they performed on average 100 abortions per day<ref name=":1" /> during the six months he was in Bangladesh. Between them, he said they carried out 95 percent of terminations that had resulted from the mass rapes.<ref name="Mookherjee 2007 pp339-355" /> He also traveled for months in remote areas to carry out terminations.<ref name="Brownmiller 2007 p92">
{{cite book|last=Brownmiller|first=Susan|title=The Phenomenon of Torture: Readings and Commentary|year=2007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812219821|page=92|editor=William F. Schulz}}
</ref>

Davis later noted that because of the controversial nature of his task, none of the [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] that recruited him wanted to be publicly identified as behind the program.<ref name=":1" /> In virtually all press dispatches in which he was cited at the time and thereafter, he was identified as a director of the London-based International Abortion Research and Training Centre.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 1975 |title=WOMEN: FRENCH FEMINIST AT CONFERENCE ON ABORTION, CONTRACEPTION |pages=12 |work=Tribune (Sydney, NSW) |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/236921654 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 1975 |title=WOMEN: FRENCH FEMINIST AT CONFERENCE ON ABORTION, CONTRACEPTION |pages=8 |work=Tharunka (Kensington, NSW) |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230399736 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

== Population Services International (Australasia) Ltd. ==
Following subsequent stints with PSI in Tunisia and India,<ref name=":0" /> in 1974 Davis was named PSI's Project Director for Southeast Asia and Oceania,<ref name=":0" /> and assumed the direction of [[Population Services International (Australasia) Ltd]]. Davis held that position for a decade, when he became director of PSI Australia, from 1984 until his retirement in 1988. The organization initially opened two clinics in the inner Sydney suburbs of Potts Point and Arncliffe,<ref>{{Cite news |last=McIlraith |first=Shaun |date=2 February 1976 |title=Birth control by regulating menstruation |pages=8 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-mcilraith-sha/115830461/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> where Davis previously had operated clinics providing abortion services during the 1960s, prior to partial legalization of abortion in New South Wales in 1971. The Potts Point clinic became headquarters of PSI Australasia Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cunningham |first=James |date=30 August 1975 |title=Birth control expert looks at the Cross |pages=2 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-cunningham-ja/115830167/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

The services offered by the new PSI clinics differed in two substantial ways from services being delivered by existing abortion clinics, including its main competitor, [[Preterm Foundation]]. PSI offered much later-stage abortions, beyond the Preterm limitation of nine weeks' gestation, and PSI abortions were performed under general anesthetic, rather than the then-customary local anesthetic.<ref name=":33">{{Cite news |last=McIlraith |first=Shaun |date=3 February 1977 |title=Assessing the demand for abortion |pages=9 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald/131140718/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

In the early morning of 7 April 1975, a fire broke out on the ground floor of the premises housing Preterm Foundation, gutting the entire building, destroying the clinic and all its equipment<ref name=":82">{{Cite news |date=8 April 1975 |title=Preterm |pages=3 |work=Tribune (Sydney, NSW) |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/236920263 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 1975 |title=$2m fire destroys clinic |pages=3 |work=The Age|location=Melbourne |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/121954619 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Citation |title=ABORTION: OUR BODIES, THEIR POWER |date=1977 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf |pages=1–12 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 1975 |title=SYDNEY: The premises of preterm ... |pages=3 |work=Tribune (Sydney, NSW) |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/236920263 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> The police arson squad investigated but never established a definitive cause of the fire.<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":92" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Harriet |date=15 September 2019 |title=Fire, vandalism and spit: the forging of a safe abortion service |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/fire-vandalism-and-spit-the-forging-of-a-safe-abortion-service-20190827-p52l68.html |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

Feminist healthworkers at [[Control Abortion Referral Service|Control]], Preterm and the PSI clinics implicated Davis in the fire. Preterm director Dorothy Nolan indicated "darker suspicions", later telling the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' newspaper that a doctor "who had run a lucrative abortion business in Arncliffe" had been making repeated threatening phone calls to her home. The only [[abortion clinic]] legally operating in Arncliffe at the time was run by PSI. Nolan said she always believed the unnamed doctor paid to have the fire set at Preterm because it had been undercutting his business. "There was a strong suspicion but we never had proof," Nolan said.<ref name=":10" />

[[Control Abortion Referral Service|Feminists working]] at the time for PSI later said that the "burning down and destruction of Preterm’s premises and equipment on 7 April 1975, enabled Davis' newly formed PSI to capture a large portion of the market."<ref name=":92" /> The PSI workers singled out Davis, producing a copy of a letter he wrote on 6 March 1975 to superiors at PSI headquarters in North Carolina, referencing "warming ourselves round the [[Reichstag fire|burning Reichstag]]" and proclaiming: "This week we crushed St. Annes [sic]; next week – Preterm."<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Ann's Hospital, Killara.Angela Bamforth and Megan Sharpe, two of... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/st-anns-hospital-killara-angela-bamforth-and-megan-sharpe-news-photo/1079656812 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Getty Images}}</ref> They also noted Davis was said to have been "one of the first on the scene" on the morning of the Preterm fire.<ref name=":92" />

In December 1976, after more than a year of staff confrontations with Davis and PSI management over questionable medical and counseling practices,<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |last=Frith |first=Marion |date=12 March 1977 |title=About 140 abortions a week planned |pages=9 |work=[[The Canberra Times]] |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110728232 }}</ref> PSI's profit-oriented "assembly line" treatment of patients, poor working conditions<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date=10 March 1977 |title=CES offered jobs at proposed abortion clinic |pages=11 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/123131543 |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref> and arbitrary sackings of staff members,<ref name=":72">"Job Diary", in [[c:File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf|ABORTION OUR BODIES THEIR POWER, pamphlet on abortion services and reproductive rights in Australia, 1977 (PDF)]], pp. 10-11. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</ref> six feminist staffers from the Arncliffe and Potts Point clinics resigned from PSI in protest.<ref name=":93">{{Citation |title=ABORTION: OUR BODIES, THEIR POWER |date=1977 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf |pages=1–12 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

Vowing to expose the conditions at PSI and to work toward [[Control Abortion Referral Service|creating a feminist-controlled alternative]], the staffers proceeded to lobby members of the [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]], gave media interviews and produced, published and distributed a pamphlet that was highly critical of Davis and PSI, titled ''[[c:File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf|ABORTION: OUR BODIES, THEIR POWER]]''.<ref name=":94">{{Citation |title=ABORTION: OUR BODIES, THEIR POWER |date=1977 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf |pages=1–12 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> In a June 1977 during a closed-door meeting in Canberra of the [[Royal Commission on Human Relationships]], the women submitted confidential testimony outlining conditions and practices at PSI clinics.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Hooks |first1=Margaret |title=SUBMISSION TO ROYAL COMMISSION ON HUMAN RELATIONS ON QUALITY OF ABORTION SERVICES. Canberra, Australia, June 1977 |date=1977-06-06 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SUBMISSION_TO_ROYAL_COMMISSION_ON_HUMAN_RELATIONS_ON_QUALITY_OF_ABORTION_SERVICES.pdf |access-date=2023-11-28 |display-authors=1 |last2=Elliott |first2=Rosemary |last3=Hutton-Williams |first3=Lynne |last4=Melmouth |first4=Kris |last5=Syme |first5=Lyn |last6=Taylor |first6=Margaret |last7=Waddy |first7=Elizabeth}}</ref>

During 1977 Parliamentary debate sparked by PSI's intention to open an abortion clinic in the [[Australian Capital Territory]], Davis and other PSI board members were accused of "profiteering" from PSI's abortion business in Australia and a web of interconnected medical business and property holdings were denounced by hostile members of Parliament.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=18 March 1977 |title='Abortion profiteers' run clinic |pages=9 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald/131140848/ |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 1977 |title=PSI '$1m abortion concern' |pages=6 |work=The Canberra Times |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110729142 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> The details of those business and property holdings were also in the possession of the six PSI staff who resigned in protest in December 1976 and were subsequently published in the pamphlet ''[[c:File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf|ABORTION: OUR BODIES, THEIR POWER]]''.<ref>[[c:File:ABORTION_OUR_BODIES_THEIR_POWER_(pamphlet).pdf|ABORTION: OUR BODIES, THEIR POWER]], 1977, pp. 4-5, retrieved 14 December 2023.</ref>

== Medical malpractice allegations ==
In 1982, charges were filed against Davis and PSI with the NSW Health Commission, claiming that Davis was guilty of professional misconduct in the cases of two women on whom he practiced two-stage, second-trimester abortions at the PSI Potts Point clinic over two separate days in mid-February 1982.

Both women alleged they had received inadequate prior counseling as to the potential risks involved in second-semester abortions and both complained that they had been given inadequate post-operative care – specifically, that Davis had abandoned the clinic premises shortly after the procedure and was unavailable for consultation when each of their situations worsened.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=24 December 1986 |title=MEDICAL DISCIPLINARY TRIBUNAL, JUDGEMENT in re: Geoffrey Lancelot Rutter DAVIS |url=http://www.mcnsw.org.au/resources/513/Davis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226015743/http://www.mcnsw.org.au/resources/513/Davis.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2011 |website=Medical Council of New South Wales}}</ref>

Both women suffered ruptured uteruses in the course of their procedures and both had to be rushed to the [[Royal Hospital for Women]] for further treatment. In the more severe of the two cases, the woman had suffered a ruptured uterus and was nevertheless fitted with an IUD advice at the clinic. Complaining of severe abdominal pains, she into shock and was given a blood transfusion, before being rushed to the Royal Hospital, where a partial [[hysterectomy]] was performed and remnants of a 4.3 cm foetal head left by Davis in her cervix had to be removed.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=28 April 1984 |title=Doctor fails in costs bid |pages=5 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald/131143233/ |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":182">{{Cite news |date=26 December 1986 |title=Tribunal clears doctor of abortion misconduct |pages=3 |work=The Canberra Times |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130637203 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

Misconduct charges were filed under the Medical Practitioners Act 1938 and hearings by a Medical Disciplinary Tribunal began in 1983. The Tribunal ultimately found irregularities in the record keeping by PSI staff and "disturbing inconsistencies and conflicts with regard to Davis' activities", but ruled on Christmas eve, 24 December 1986, that Davis was not guilty of professional misconduct and dismissed the charges.<ref name=":182"/> In their final report,<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |date=24 December 1986 |title=MEDICAL DISCIPLINARY TRIBUNAL, JUDGEMENT in re: Geoffrey Lancelot Rutter DAVIS |url=http://www.mcnsw.org.au/resources/513/Davis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226015743/http://www.mcnsw.org.au/resources/513/Davis.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2011 |website=Medical Council of New South Wales}}</ref> the Tribunal members appear to have gone out of their way to issue a caveat on their judgement, stating that they had "an uncomfortable feeling that Dr Davis was at too great pains from time to time to justify and explain his conduct to a state of near perfection."<ref name=":182" /><ref name=":162" />

Little more than a year after the end of the disciplinary tribunal, in 1988 Davis retired from practice at the age of 55 and resigned as Director of PSI Australia. During the 1990s, he continued to consult to private medical practices in Sydney.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=William |date=2008 |title=DR GLR Davis, 1933-2008 |url=http://www.sydneybashi-bangla.com/Famous-people/Dr%20GLR%20Davis,%201933-2008.pdf |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Sydneybashi-bangla.com}}</ref>

== Personal ==
In 1959, Lancelot Davis reportedly paid £4,500 for a sprawling 50-room, 13,000-square-meter<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Bonnie |date=20 October 2022 |title=It's time: NAB's Ann Sherry reveals why she's selling iconic home |work=The Australian Financial Review |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/it-s-time-nab-s-ann-sherry-reve |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> Victorian-era mansion in Sydney's Annandale district known as [[The Abbey, Annandale|The Abbey]], and gave it to Geoffrey Davis, then age 26, as a gift for the son's having graduated from medical school.

That same year, Davis married his first of three wives,<ref name=":6" /> Daune Mary Clark Delano<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Davis, Daune Mary Delano (1929 – 1995) |url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE5686b.htm |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=The Australia Women's Register}}</ref> and moved into one of 12 flats in the subdivided compound with his new wife and her two children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hurley |first=Ben |date=19 May 2009 |title=Mixed emotions as The Abbey goes up for sale |work=Inner West Courier City Edition |url=http://inner-west-courier-city.whereilive.com.au/news/story/mixed-emotions-as-the-abbey-goes-up-for-sale/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625190540/http://inner-west-courier-city.whereilive.com.au/news/story/mixed-emotions-as-the-abbey-goes-up-for-sale/ |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Tovey |first=Josephine |date=7 November 2009 |title=Fifty rooms and a tower: ust the place for a party |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/fifty-rooms-and-a-tower-just-the-place-for-a-party-20091106-i257.html |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> Over the years, the Abbey was claimed by various members of the Davis family and others to be haunted.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haunted Sydney: The Abbey, Annandale |url=https://www.visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/haunted.html |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Pocket OZ: The Pocket Guide to Sydney}}</ref>

A participant in the bohemian-libertarian [[Sydney Push]] movement, Davis enjoyed a lavish lifestyle at The Abbey. He "frequently hosted wild parties in the 1960s and 1970s"<ref name=":7" /> and it was said that "during the acid-dropping, folk singing 1970s, ghost hunters would brave the night with ectoplasmic machines."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Worthington |first=Tom |title=The Abbey, Annandale |url=https://ramin.com.au/annandale/theabbey.shtml |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=Annandale on the Web}}</ref>

A testament to Davis's expensive tastes was his collection of vintage luxury automobiles, which included a 1929 Mercedes-Benz 38/250SS, worth $100,000 when he purchased it from a maharaja's collection in 1977, as well as "a 1938 Hispano-Suiza, a 1933 Delage 28S, a 1954 Ferrari Monza and a couple of modern Maseratis."<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=26 January 1977 |title=The Cauldron |pages=8 |work=The Tribune (Sydney, NSW) |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/259732069 |access-date=8 September 2009 }}</ref>

After retirement, Davis continued to live at The Abbey, accompanied by several of his children, stepchildren and grandchildren occupying various wings of the property.<ref name=":5" /> Following Davis's death, The Abbey was sold by the family at auction for $4.9 million Australian dollars.<ref name=":9" />

==Death==
Davis died on 3 October 2008 in Australia.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=8 October 2008 |title=DAVIS, Geoffrey Lancelot Rutter |pages=28 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/114684765/person/210129876074/media/6d0411fe-bccb-407e-9e2f-5c809375b41c |access-date=3 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Khan 2008" />

==References==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

<ref name="Khan 2008">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Kamrul Ahsan|title=Friend of Bangladesh Dr Geoffrey Davis passes away|url=http://www.priyoaustralia.com.au/community-news/21795-friend-of-bangladesh-dr-geoffrey-davis-passes-away.html|newspaper=Priyo Australia|date=10 October 2008|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820001325/http://www.priyoaustralia.com.au/community-news/21795-friend-of-bangladesh-dr-geoffrey-davis-passes-away.html|archive-date=20 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="The Age 1975">
{{cite news |title=Women only at abortion meeting|newspaper=The Age|location=Melbourne|date=16 June 1975}}
</ref>

<ref name="Brownmiller">
{{cite book | last = Brownmiller | first = Susan | title = The Phenomenon of Torture: Readings and Commentary | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn = 978-0812219821 | edition=Annotated | editor=William F. Schulz | page = 92
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Mookherjee 2007 pp339-355">
{{cite journal|last=Mookherjee|first=Nayanika|title=Available Motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh|journal=Childhood|year=2007|volume=14|issue=3|pages=339–355|doi=10.1177/0907568207079213|s2cid=144568760|url=http://chd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/3/339|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name="Hossain 2012">
{{cite news|last=Hossain|first=Anushay|title=1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|newspaper=Forbes|date=21 May 2012}}
</ref>

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Geoffrey}}
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian obstetricians]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Abortion in Australia]]
[[Category:1933 births]]

Himmat Shah

2026-03-12T04:35:21Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up new stub added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian sculptor (1933–2025)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Himmat Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1933}}
| birth_place = [[Lothal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|03|02|1933}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| field = [[sculptor]]
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards = [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award (1956 and 1962) [[Kalidas Samman]] (2003) [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]] (2021)
| children =
| spouse =
}}
'''Himmat Shah''' was an Indian sculptor. He received many awards including the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award, [[Kalidas Samman]] from the Madhya Pradesh government and [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]].

==Biography==
Himmat Shah was born in 1933 into a Jain family in [[Lothal]], Gujarat.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=Veteran artist Himmat Shah passes away at 91 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/veteran-artist-himmat-shah-passes-away-at-91-9864690/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Recognizing his interest in art, his family sent him to Dakshinamurthy's home school, Gharshala, which followed Gandhian philosophy and an open education system.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Himmat Shah (1933-2025): A modernist who engaged with the spirit of the material |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/himmat-shah-obituary-modernist-sculptor-burnt-paper-collages-11740916194792.html}}</ref> At the age of fourteen, he left home and went to Ahmedabad, where he studied at CN Kalaniketan under the guidance of veteran artist [[Rasiklal Parikh]].<ref name="ie"/><ref name=":1" />

Shah trained as a drawing teacher at the J.J. School of Art in Mumbai and joined the Fine Arts faculty of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda on a national scholarship in 1956.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Ritika |date=2025-03-07 |title=Himmat Shah (1933-2025): Legendary Indian Sculptor Who Blended Ancient Techniques and Modern Art |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/himmat-shah-legacy-modern-indian-art/article69301607.ece |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> In 1966, he received a French government scholarship to study under artists [[Stanley William Hayter]] and [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]] at the printmaking studio [[Atelier 17]] in Paris.<ref name="ie"/> It was [[Octavio Paz]] who recommended him for this scholarship.<ref name=":0" />

He was one of the founding members of the artists' collective [[Group 1890]], which was established in 1962.<ref name=":0" />

Shah died on March 2, 2025, at [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan.<ref name="ie"/>

==Artistic career==
In his sculpture, which emphasized modernism, Shah experimented with abstraction and primitivism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Uma |title=Himmat Shah, a fearless modernist who was relentless in his pursuit of excellence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/himmat-shah-a-fearless-modernist-who-was-relentless-in-his-pursuit-of-excellence/article69284732.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 1980s, Shah had developed his own sculptural style, which included heads and other objects made of plaster, ceramic, and terracotta, often coated in silver or gold.<ref name=":0" /> Shah started his own studio in Jaipur in 2000s.<ref name=":0" />

His sculptures have been exhibited in many prestigious galleries, including the [[Louvre]], [[Royal Academy of Arts]], [[Biennale de Paris]], [[Museum Ludwig]], [[Museo de la Nación]], and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> An exhibition based on his life work titled 'Hammer on the Square' was exhibited at the Museum of Art, New Delhi in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ragavan |first1=Sneha |title=The layered art of Himmat Shah |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Mar/03/the-layered-art-of-himmat-shah |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award (1956 and 1962)<ref name=":0" />
* Sahitya Kala Parishad Award 1988<ref name=":0" />
* Kalidasa Samman from the Madhya Pradesh government 2003<ref name=":0" />
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]] 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice–President to confer Sangeet Natak Akademi awards and Lalit Kala Akademi awards on 9th April, 2022 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1814830}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Himmat, Shah}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Indian modern sculptors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]

What If Batman Was From Chennai?

2026-03-06T08:43:26Z

HongGrasby5256:

{{Infobox film
| name = What If Batman Was From Chennai?
| image = What If Batman Was From Chennai.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Tushar Ramakrishnan
| writer = Balakumaran
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Delhi Ganesh]] Aswin Rao Sainath Saikrishnan [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Niketh Bommireddy]]
| editing = '''Part 1:''' Prashanth Tamilmani '''Part 2:''' Kripakaran Purushothaman
| music =
| studio = Put Chutney
| distributor = YouTube
| released = {{Film date|2015|4|8|df=yes}}
| runtime = '''Part 1:''' 8 minutes and 21 seconds '''Part 2:''' 12 minutes and 34 seconds
| country = India
| language = English Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''What If Batman Was From Chennai?''''' is a 2015 satirical [[viral video]] that offers a take on what if Batman didn't live in [[Gotham City]] and instead in the fictional neighborhood of Batmanabhapuram in [[Chennai]].<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/batman-on-the-prowl-in-chennai/article7085317.ece|title=Batman on the prowl in Chennai|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204185123/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/batman-on-the-prowl-in-chennai/article7085317.ece|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=22 April 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The video shows Batman adapted to Indian standards including being part of a middle class family, wearing a [[lungi]], being compared to his family friend Srinivasan's son who has an [[Information technology|IT]] job, and getting a speeding ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/watch-video-what-if-batman-was-from-chennai/|title=WATCH VIDEO: What if Batman was from Chennai?|first=Aditi|last=Malewar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930230444/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/watch-video-what-if-batman-was-from-chennai/|archive-date=30 September 2022|work=Indian Express|url-access=subscription|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="N"/> The video also shows [[Catwoman]] wearing a [[sari]] and a [[bindi]].<ref name="HP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/watch-when-batman-wore-a-lungi-was-called-tambi-and-got-a-spe_n_7038814|title=When Batman Wore A Lungi, Was Called Tambi, And Got A Speeding Ticket|date=April 10, 2015|website=HuffPost|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

Although this video shows Batman as commitment phobic, the sequel/prequel video titled ''Batman Returns... To Chennai | The Middle Ages'' deviates from the comics and shows Batman giving into Indian standards and marrying Catwoman.<ref name="HP"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/when-batman-chennai-got-married-33768|title=When Batman from Chennai got married|date=28 August 2015|work=The News Minute|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

== Cast and characters ==
The inclusion of [[Iron Man]] in the video indicates that it is part of a shared [[DC Universe|DC]]-[[Marvel Universe|Marvel]] universe.<ref name="H"/> However, Iron Man was played by a different actor in the ''What if The Avengers Were From South India?'' video by Put Chutney.
*''Source''<ref name="HJ">{{Cite web|url=https://henryjenkins.org/blog/2015/09/what-if-batman-was-from-chennai-and-other-stories.html|title=What If Batman Was From Chennai? And Other Stories — Pop Junctions|date=September 8, 2015|website=Henry Jenkins|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/batman-chennai/|title=What If Batman Was From Chennai|date=April 8, 2015|work=Onlookers Media|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%;" | Cast
! colspan="2" | Main videos
|-
! style="width:33.33%;" | ''What If Batman Was From Chennai?''
! style="width:33.33%;" | ''Batman Returns... To Chennai | The Middle Ages''
|-
! [[Delhi Ganesh]]
| colspan="2" | [[Alfred Pennyworth|Alfred]] / Anantha Padmanabhan
|-
! Aswin Rao
| colspan="2" | [[Batman]] / Brusothaman Waynekatraman
|-

! Sainath Saikrishnan
| [[Joker (character)|Joker]]
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]
| colspan="2" | [[Catwoman]] / Mythili
|-
! Geevee Vignesh
| Man with Toothbrush || [[Robin (character)|Robin]]
|-
! Anantharaman
| Police Constable
| Inspector Garudan
|-
! rowspan="2"| Balakumaran
| colspan="2"|Waiter
|-
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Scarecrow (DC Comics)|Scarecrow]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| Tushar Ramakrishnan
| [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooty]] Rider{{efn|who calls Batman's cape a [[dupatta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/a-face-comedy-2153122|title=A new face of comedy|work=Deccan Herald|date=3 October 2015|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Crowd member at [[TASMAC]]
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Suvi Kumar
| Crowd member at [[TASMAC]]
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! rowspan="2"|Rajiv Rajaram
| colspan="2" | [[Batman]] / Brusothaman Waynekatraman{{efn|voice only}}
|-
| Crowd member at [[TASMAC]]
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! [[Uma Padmanabhan]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Talia al Ghul|Talia]] / Uma Aunty
|-
! [[T. M. Karthik]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Lucius Fox]] / Otteri Nari
|-
! [[Rajmohan Arumugam|Put Chutney Rajmohan]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| Saroj Karuppasamy
|-
! {{N/A}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Poison Ivy (character)|Poison Ivy]] (''Uncredited silent cameo''){{efn|who texts Catwoman in WhatsApp}}
|-
! {{N/A}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| [[Superman]] / Clark Kent (''Mentioned''){{efn|mentioned by Uma Aunty}}
|-
|}

== Production ==
The video was made by the YouTube channel Put Chutney, which is owned by the Mumbai-based Culture Machine group, and its story is based on a meme by Balakumaran.<ref name="HJ"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tbj27Md48uk|title=What If Batman Was From Chennai? {{!}} Put Chutney|date=8 April 2015|work=Put Chutney|via=YouTube|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621201717/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tbj27Md48uk|url-status=live}}</ref> Aswin Rao, assistant creative director of Culture Machine South, played the role of Batman, which he felt was easy since he wore a mask most of the time. According to him, the casting of Delhi Ganesh for the role of Alfred increased the scale of the project.<ref name="H"/>

== Reception ==
Raveena Joseph of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "the video proves to be a laugh riot with a strong city connect".<ref name="H"/> A critic from ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote that the short film is "fun, but too long".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/what-if-batman-was-from-chennai-asks-a-new-video-753305|title=What If Batman Was From Chennai, Asks a New Video|first=Adrija|last=Bose|work=[[NDTV]]|date=8 April 2015|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812124935/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/what-if-batman-was-from-chennai-asks-a-new-video-753305|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "we dare you not to laugh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/guess-what-batmans-first-job-would-be-if-he-was-from-chennai-this-video-has-the-answer-2190535.html|title=Guess what Batman's first job would be if he was from Chennai? This video has the answer|date=April 9, 2015|website=Firstpost|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405171349/http://www.firstpost.com/living/guess-what-batmans-first-job-would-be-if-he-was-from-chennai-this-video-has-the-answer-2190535.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "A desi Batman, more like a Tamilian Batman, is in the house, more like on YouTube. And he is hilarious".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/buzziest-video-of-the-day-what-if-batman-were-from-chennai/story-OkWX26iKyMLeLNyErHaOqM.html|title=Buzziest video of the day: What if Batman were from Chennai?|work=Hindustan Times|date=9 April 2015|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011053320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/buzziest-video-of-the-day-what-if-batman-were-from-chennai/story-OkWX26iKyMLeLNyErHaOqM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[IBN Live]]'' wrote, "This hilarious video by 'Put Chutney' tells us that "He's not the hero you deserve, but he's the mappillai ({{Translation|groom}}) you need".<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/ever-wondered-what-it-would-be-like-if-batman-was-from-chennai-980707.html|title=Ever wondered what it would be like if Batman was from Chennai?|website=IBN Live|via=News18|access-date=22 April 2025|date=9 April 2015}}</ref>{{efn|This dialogue is a play on "Because he's the hero Gotham needs, but not the one it deserves right now" from ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' (2008).}} A critic from ''Storypick'' wrote, "Put Chutney already had that evil idea when they made this fantabulously hilarious video of Batman, if he were from Chennai".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://storypick.com/im-batman-from-chennai/|title=What If Batman Was From Chennai? This Is Exactly How His Life Would Be.|work=Storymedia|date=10 April 2015|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Parodies]]
[[Category:2010s viral videos]]
[[Category:Parodies of Batman]]
[[Category:2015 YouTube videos]]

Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna (1967 film)

2026-03-05T18:32:30Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up initial entry first draft - done

{{about||the 2012 film|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)}}
{{for|historic person|Sangolli Rayanna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangolli Rayanna
| image =
| caption =
| director = B. T. Athani Gurubala
| producer = Neminatha Gat
| story = Rajajith Desai
| writer = [[Ranjit Desai]] (Translation: T. K. Patil) (dialogues)
| screenplay = Rajajith Desai
| starring = V. S. Patil [[Kamini Kadam]] Dada Salavi Rajashekar
| music = Lakshman Beralekar
| cinematography = Shankar Savekar
| editing = Vasantha Shelake
| studio = Chithravani
| distributor = Chithravani
| released = {{Film date|1966|01|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 min
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕ್ರಾಂತಿವೀರ ಸಂಗೊಳ್ಳಿ ರಾಯಣ್ಣ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Revolutionary warrior Sangolli Rayanna}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1967|1967]] Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by B. T. Athani and produced by Neminatha Gat. The film stars V. S. Patil, [[Kamini Kadam]], Dada Salavi, and Rajashekar in lead roles. The film had a musical score by Lakshman Beralekar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/kranthiveera-sangolli-rayanna-1967|title=Sangolli Rayanna|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Krantiveera-Sangolli-Rayanna-1982/9219801552|title=Sangolli Rayanna|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129165616/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Krantiveera-Sangolli-Rayanna-1982/9219801552|archive-date=29 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*V. S. Patil
*[[Kamini Kadam]]
*Dada Salavi
*Rajashekar
*Leela Gandhi
*Saroja Borakara
*Thara
*Shanthamma
*Renukadevi
*Chandrakantha
*Gururaja
*Kodanda Rao
*Padesura Basavaraj
*Srinath
*Maruthi Pailwan
*Sharanayya
*Rama Sevekari
*Sannachari
*Obaleshwara
*[[Abhi Bhattacharya]] in a guest appearance
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The movie has 7 songs composed by Laxman Baralekar. The songs are sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Manna Dey]]. Mangeshkar sisters made their debut in Kannada. Lata's song "Bellane Belagayithu" was well received.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Bellane Belagaayitu
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics1 = Bhujendra Mahishawadi
| title2 = Ellare Iratiro Endaare Baratiro
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics2 = P. B. Dhuttharagi
| title3 = Yako Yeno Seraga Nillavaldu
| extra3 = [[Asha Bhonsle]]
| lyrics3 =
| title4 = Yaariva Nan Mana Marulaagisidava
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| title5 = Neere Ninu Baare Bega
| extra5 = [[Manna Dey]]
| title6 = Jagavidu Sojiga
| extra6 = Manna Dey
| title7 = Gurumaraneya Madu
| lyrics7 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1966 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Union Public Service Commission

2026-03-05T04:19:41Z

HongGrasby5256:

{{short description|India's central recruiting agency}}
{{Redirect|UPSC}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Union Public Service Commission
| native_name = 
| native_name_a = 
| native_name_r = 
| type = [[Constitutional body (India)|Constitutional body]]
| seal =
| seal_width = 150px
| seal_caption = Official Emblem of This Agency
| logo = Union public service commission.jpg
| logo_width = 200px
| logo_caption = Union Public Service Commission
| image = Dholpur House.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1926|10|01}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Republic of India]]
| headquarters = [[Dholpur House]], [[Shahjahan Road]], [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6080|77.2269|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto = "सत्यमेव जयते"
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo = [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| chief1_name = [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]] (IAS)
| chief1_position = [[Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission|Chairperson]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of the Republic of India]]
| child1_agency = [[Public Service Commissions in India]]
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://upsconline.nic.in/}}
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| service =
| embed =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Union Public Service Commission''' ('''UPSC''') is a [[Constitutional body (India)|constitutional body]] in [[India]] tasked with recruiting officers for [[All India Services]] and the [[Central Civil Services]] (Group A and B) through various standardized examinations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bergström |first=Villy |title=Country Classifications and Government Policies |date=1997-12-18 |work=Government and Growth |pages=175–177 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290377.003.0026 |access-date=2024-09-01 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198290377.003.0026 |isbn=978-0-19-829037-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2023, 1.3 million applicants competed for just 1,255 positions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=UPSC Civil Services Exam: Candidates from which stream succeed the most? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/upsc-civil-services-exam-candidates-from-which-stream-succeed-the-most/articleshow/105894941.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The agency's charter is granted by [[Part XIV of the Constitution of India]], titled ''Services Under the Union and the States.''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/constitutional-provisions |title=Constitutional Provisions |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf |title=Part XIV: Services Under the Union and the States |website=lawmin.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf |archive-date=3 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The commission is mandated by the Constitution for appointments to the services of the Union and [[All India Services]]. It is also required to be consulted by the [[Government of India|Government]] in matters relating to appointment, transfer, promotion, and disciplinary matters. The commission reports directly to the President. The commission can advise the Government through the president, although, such advice is not binding. Being a constitutional authority, UPSC is amongst the few institutions that function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country's [[Supreme Court of India|higher judiciary]] and lately the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].<ref name="Incredible CBI" />

The commission is headquartered at [[Dholpur House]], in [[New Delhi]], and functions through its secretariat. Established on 1 October 1926 as Public Service Commission, it was later reconstituted as Federal Public Service Commission by the [[Government of India Act 1935]]; only to be renamed as today's Union Public Service Commission after the [[Independence of India|independence]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

== History ==
The [[Royal Commission]] on the Superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of [[Lord Lee of Fareham]] by the [[British Government]] in 1923.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lee-Commission |title=Lee Commission {{!}} Indian history|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=23 June 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Civil Administration and legal foundation |url=http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/print.php?id=10252&chapterid=17113 |access-date=23 June 2017 |website=vle.du.ac.in}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref> With equal numbers of Indian and British members, the commission submitted its report in 1924, recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/citizens-charter |title=Citizen's Charter of UPSC |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref> The Lee Commission proposed that 40% of future entrants should be [[British ethnicity|British]], 40% Indians directly recruited, and 20% Indians promoted from the provincial services.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/historical-perspective |title=Historical Perspective |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>

This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker.<ref name=":2" /> A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]] continually stressed on this aspect, which then resulted in the setting up of a [[Federal Public Service Commission]] under the [[Government of India Act 1935]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after [[Indian independence movement|the country gained independence]]. It was given a constitutional status under the [[Constitution of India]] on 26 January 1950.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

In 1947, the then deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] called the recruits as the "steel frame of India".[https://art.assam.gov.in/portlets/civil-service-day#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20the%20date,India'%20in%20his%20inspiring%20speech.]

== Constitutional status ==
{{See also|Part XIV of the Constitution of India}}Articles 315 to 323 of [[Part XIV of the Constitution of India|Part XIV]] of the constitution, titled ''Services Under the Union and the States'', provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and each state.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Accordingly, as per ''Art. [[Article 315 of the Constitution of India|315]]'', at the Union level, the Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it. UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country's [[Supreme Court of India|higher judiciary]] and lately the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].<ref name="Incredible CBI">{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/incredible-cbi/445568/0 |title=Incredible CBI |date=11 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=3 July 2016 |author=J. S. Verma}}</ref>

=== Appointment ===
As per ''Art. [[Article 316 of the Constitution of India|316]]'', the chairman and other members of the Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the [[President of India|president]]. In case the office of the chairman becomes vacant, the duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission at the appointment of the President.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |title=Constitution of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=27 June 2017 |date=November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016 }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Also, nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the [[Government of India]] or under the Government of a State. A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which they enter upon the office or until they attain the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier. Under ''Art [[Article 318 of the Constitution of India|318]],'' the President is empowered to determine the number of members of the commission and their conditions of service.<ref name="Constitution" />

As per ''Art [[Article 319 of the Constitution of India|319]]'', a person who holds office as chairman shall, on the expiration of the term of office, be ineligible for re-appointment to that office. But, a member other than the chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the chairman of the Union Public Service Commission, or as the chairman of a State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. Also, the chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission.<ref name="Constitution" />

==== Expenses ====
As per ''Art. [[Article 322 of the Constitution of India|322]]'', the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances, and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the commission, shall be charged on the [[Consolidated Fund]] of India.<ref name="Constitution"/>

==== Extension of functions ====
As per ''Art. [[Article 321 of the Constitution of India|321]]'', an Act made by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission [[wiktionary: WRT|w.r.t]]. Services of the Union.<ref name="Constitution"/>

=== Functions ===
As per ''Art. [[Article 320 of the Constitution of India|320]],'' it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union. It shall also assist two or more states, if requested so, in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services.<ref name="Constitution" />

=== Removal and suspension ===
As per ''Art. [[Article 317 of the Constitution of India|317]]'', the chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from their office by order of the president on the ground of "misbehavior" after the Supreme Court, on a reference being made to it by the president, has, on inquiry reported that the chairman or such other member ought to be removed. The president may suspend the chairman or other members of the commission until the report of the Supreme Court is received.<ref name="Constitution" />

=== Reporting ===
As per ''Art. [[Article 323 of the Constitution of India|323]]'', it will be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the president of the work done by the commission. On receipt of such report, the president shall present a copy before each House of Parliament; together with a memorandum, if any, explaining the reasons why the advice of the commission was not accepted by him.<ref name="Constitution" />

The president may also remove the chairman or other member of the commission if he/she/they:
* is/are adjudged an [[Insolvency|insolvent]]; or
* engage(s) during their term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of their office; or
* is/are, in the opinion of the president, unfit to continue in office because of [[infirmity]] of [[mind]] or body.
* The chairman or any other member cannot hold an [[office of profit]] or otherwise they shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehavior.<ref name="Constitution" />

The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted:
* on all matters relating to
** methods of recruitment to [[Civil Services of India|civil services]] and for civil posts
** making appointments to civil services and posts
** making promotions and transfers from one service to another
** The suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions, or transfers
* on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to such matters.
* on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of their duty should be paid out of the [[Consolidated Fund of India]].
* on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of such award.
It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them; provided that the president has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted.<ref name="Constitution" />

== Organizational structure ==
The Commission consists of the [[chairman]] and other members appointed by the [[President of India|President of the Republic of India]]. Usually, the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission |title=The members of the Union Public Service Commission |date=2017 |publisher=Union Public Service Commission}}</ref> Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.

The terms and conditions of service of the chairman and members of the commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://document.ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/Notification_39019_05_96_Estt(B)_Eng.pdf |title=Notification_39019_05_96_Estt(B) |website=document.ccis.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215200921/http://document.ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/Notification_39019_05_96_Estt(B)_Eng.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The chairman and any other member of the commission can submit their resignation at any time to the President of India. They may be removed from their office by the President of India on the ground of misbehavior (only if an inquiry of such misbehavior is made and upheld by the Supreme Court) or if he is adjudged insolvent, or engages during the term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of their office, or in the opinion of the president unfit to continue in office because of the infirmity of mind or body.

=== Secretariat ===
The commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries, several Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, and other supporting staff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/secretariat |title=Secretariat |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref> The secretariat, for administrative purposes, is further divided into '''divisions''', each undertaking having a specific responsibility:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions |title=UPSC Divisions |website=www.upsc.gov.in |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>
* '''Administration:''' Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman/Members and other Officers/Staff of the commission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration/introduction |title=Administration Division Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''All India Services:''' Recruitment to [[All India Services]] is done either by direct recruitment, through [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]] or by promotion from the State Service. The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]. It also handles policy matters relating to [[All India Services]] and amendments in the 'Promotion Regulations' of respective services.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/all-india-services-ais-branch/introduction |title=All India Service Branch Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''Appointments:''' It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion (based on proposals from various Ministries/Departments/Union Territories and from certain local bodies) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/appointments/introduction |title=Appointments: Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''Examinations:''' It carries out merit-based selection and recommendation of candidates, through various examinations such as the [[Engineering Services Examination]], [[Combined Medical Services Examination]], [[Combined Defence Services Examination|Defence Services Examination]], [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]], etc., to Group A and Group B Services of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/examination/introduction |title=Examinations : Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''General:''' Primarily deals with day-to-day housekeeping works for Commission, like, arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC, printing Annual Report, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/general-branch/introduction |title=General : Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''Recruitment:''' This branch carries out Direct Recruitment (out of the 3 possible mechanisms of: 'direct recruitment', 'recruitment by promotion' and 'recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption') by selection to all Group `A’ and certain Group `B’ posts of the services of the Union (including some Union Territories). These recruitment are done either by selection (interview) or through competitive examination.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/recruitment/introduction |title=Recruitment : Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''Recruitment Rules:''' The commission is mandated under ''Art. [[Article 320 of the Constitution of India|320]]'' of the Constitution of India, read along the UPSC (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations, 1958, to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India, and certain autonomous organizations like [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation|EPFO]], [[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]], [[Delhi Jal Board|DJB]], [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]] & [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Municipal Corporations(s) of Delhi]]. This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/recruitment-rules/introduction |title=Recruitment Rules: Introduction |website=www.upsc.gov.in }}</ref>
* '''Services I:''' Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries/Departments and State Governments for the advice of the commission, as required under ''Article [[Article 320 of the Constitution of India|320]] (3)(c).''
* '''Services II:''' Handles all other cases that the 'Services I' branch doesn't. It compiles the Annual Report. Also, it coordinates visits of foreign delegations, correspondence with foreign countries, and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions, including the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] Member States.

=== Present members ===
The institute currently nine members including the chairperson, compared to its sanctioned strength of ten members.

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Current members of the Commission<ref>{{cite web |title=The Commission |url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission- |work=Union Public Service Commission |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! Name !! Service !! Position !! Term started !! Term end
|-
|[[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]
|IAS
|[[Chairperson]]
|15 May 2025
|1 October 2027
|-
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Raj Shukla]] (Retd.)|| [[Indian Army]]|| Member || 18 July 2022 <ref>{{cite news |title=Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Raj Shukla appointed member, UPSC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lt-gen-retd-raj-shukla-appointed-member-upsc/article65655011.ece |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=18 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>|| 26 March 2027
|-
|Suman Sharma
|IRS
|Member
|25 May 2023
|24 May 2029
|-
| Bidyut Bihari Swain || IAS || Member || 1 June 2023<ref>{{cite news |title= Former(MSME) secretary Bidyut Bihari Swain sworn in as a member of the UPSC member|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/former-msme-secretary-bidyut-bihari-swain-sworn-in-as-upsc-member-with-extensive-public-service-background-11685622595524.html|access-date=1 June 2023 |work=mint |date=1 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>|| 4 September 2028
|-
|Sanjay Verma
|IFS
|Member
|1 February 2024
|27 January 2030
|-
|Dr. Dinesh Dasa
|Academician
|Member
|29 September 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-30 |title=Dinesh Dasa appointed to UPSC |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/dinesh-dasa-appointed-to-upsc/articleshow/104056820.cms |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|28 September 2029
|-
|[[Sheel Vardhan Singh]]
|IPS
|Member
|15 January 2024 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/01/11/del86-personnel-upsc-member.html | title=Former CISF chief Sheel Vardhan Singh appointed UPSC member | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref>
|25 August 2028
|-
|Sujata Chaturvedi
|IAS
|Member
|1 May 2025
|18 June 2030
|-
|Anuradha Prasad
|IDAS
|Member
|2 May 2025
|22 January 2029
|}

=== Chairperson ===
{{see also|Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission}}

==UPSC Museum==
The Museum Building is located within the premises of the UPSC, the Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi.

There prevailed for long a feeling that an institution like the Union Public
Service Commission that has in its possession a rich treasure of archival
material: original Pamphlets, Documents, Reports and other Records not
easily accessible to the public, should have a Museum providing the public
a window to have a vision of the great journey of this august institution.
Accordingly, the Union Public Service Commission decided to set up a
Museum where such materials could be aesthetically displayed for
discerning visitors.

===General Information about the Museum===
Timings: 10 am to 7 pm (Monday to Friday) 
Closed: Saturday, Sunday and All Gazetted Holidays 
Entry: Free 
Photography: Allowed 
Videography: After prior permission of the Competent Authority <ref>{{cite web|title=Union Public Service Commission Museum|url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Museum_Eng_20052022-F_2-end.pdf|website=upsc.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://upscin.org/ UPSC]
*[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/ExamNotifi_CAPF_AC_Exam_2026_Eng_20022026.pdf UPSC CAPF AC Recruitment 2026 Notification]
*[https://examyaari.com/upsc-capf-ac-syllabus-2026-and-exam-pattern-check-syllabus-topics/ UPSC CAPF Syllabus]

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

Generally, UPSC conducts yearly Exams for various posts.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250322062800/https://govtbaba.com/upsc-civil-service-exam-2025/ UPSC Civil Service Exam]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250322062801/https://govtbaba.com/upsc-capf-recruitment-2025/ UPSC CAPF Exam]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250322064302/https://govtbaba.com/upsc-ies-and-iss-2025/ UPSC IES and ISS]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20241215093938/https://govtbaba.com/upsc-nda-i-online-form-2025/ UPSC NDA Exam]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20241215094133/https://govtbaba.com/upsc-cds-i-online-form-2025/ UPSC CDS Exam]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250322062802/https://govtbaba.com/upsc-assistant-professor-recruitment-2025/ UPSC assistant professor]}}

UPSC conducts many exams, but these are commonly trending.

[[Category:Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1926]]

Neekosam

2026-03-05T02:43:55Z

HongGrasby5256: creating basic entry added tags

{{Short description|1999 film by Srinu Vaitla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neekosam
| image = Neekosam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = Ghanta Srinivas
| writer = Srinu Vaitla
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ravi Teja]]
*[[Maheswari (actress)|Maheswari]]
*[[Brahmaji]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]]
}}
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| studio = Kalpana Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|12|03}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Neekosam''''' ({{Translation}} ''For You'') is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film produced by Ghanta Srinivasa Rao under the Kalpana Creations banner. This movie marks the debut of [[Srinu Vaitla]] as a director. The film features [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Maheswari (actress)|Maheswari]] in the lead roles. This is also the first collaboration between [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Srinu Vaitla]]. The music has been composed [[R. P. Patnaik]]. Despite the film being a box office failure, the film won several [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/looking-for-diverse-roles/article28375022.ece|title=Looking for diverse roles|date=8 July 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=M. L.|last= Narasimham|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120030426/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/looking-for-diverse-roles/article28375022.ece|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/May/21-may-1999.pdf |title=నీకోసం చిత్రంలో రవితేజ, మహేశ్వరి | trans-title= Ravi Teja and Maheswari in ''Neekosam''|website=[[Zamin Ryot]]|access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913101722/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/May/21-may-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=dead|page=9|language=te}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sasi Rekha (Maheswari) is the daughter of a rich father (Jayaprakash Reddy), who is a strict disciplinarian and dislikes any kind of romantic love. Ravi (Ravi Teja), an orphan, falls in love with Sasi and she also slowly develops feelings for Ravi. One day Ravi meets Sasi's father in the outskirts of the city and tells him all about his love. However, he is accidentally killed by Ravi in a scuffle. Sasi soon finds out that the culprit is Ravi. Infuriated, she breaks up with him. Ravi, unable to bear the separation, jumps from a hilltop. He survives, only to be told by the doctors that he is disabled and might heal if someone took care of him. In the climax, Sasi decides to stay with Ravi, who is nothing but a [[vegetative state|vegetable]] now, stating that what ever he did was just because of his love for her and she still is in love with him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Ravi
* [[Maheswari (actress)|Maheswari]] as Sasirekha
* [[Brahmaji]]
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Sasirekha's father
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
* [[Maharshi Raghava]] as Mad man
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack is composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]. "Konte Baapu" song is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The audio rights of the soundtrack were purchased by Supreme Music.

{{Infobox album
| name = Neekosam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1999|11|14}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Supreme Music]]
| producer = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| all_music =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Neekosam
| lyrics1 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| music1 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Maayo Emi Maayo
| lyrics2 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra2 = Mani Nagaraj, Kousalya
| music2 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length2 = 3:30
| title3 = I Too Love You Antu
| lyrics3 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra3 = Mani Nagaraj, Nihal
| music3 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length3 = 4:54
| title4 = Neekosam - Version 2
| lyrics4 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra4 = [[R. P. Patnaik]], Kousalya
| music4 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Maama Maama
| lyrics5 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra5 = R. P. Patnaik, Kousalya, Nihal
| music5 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length5 = 4:16
| title6 = Konte Baapu
| lyrics6 = Sai Sri Harsha
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| music6 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length6 = 4:57
}}

==Box office==
The movie was an average grosser at the box office, but went on to win 4 [[Nandi Awards]].

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1999<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-03-13|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 January 2021|website=|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|page=74|language=te}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - Ghanta Srinivas
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Maheshwari (actress)|Maheswari]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - [[Sreenu Vaitla]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] - [[Sreenu Vaitla]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1606299}}

{{Srinu Vaitla}}

[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Houseful (2009 Bengali film)

2026-03-04T03:47:45Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up the biography from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Houseful
| director = [[Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay]]
| producer = Debashish Saha Seema Saha
| writer = Neel Sarkar [[Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay]]
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<ref name=":3" /> Rimjhim Gupta Nitya ganguly Rwita Datta Chakraborty [[Sreelekha Mitra]]<ref name=":3" />
| music = Kaya
| cinematography = [[Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay]]
| editing = Dipak Mandal (also misspelled as 'Dipak Mandol' and 'Deepak Mandal')
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Houseful''''' (alternatively '''''House Full''''') is a 2009 [[Bengali language]] film directed by [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]. In this film, the star [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]'s character is a movie director<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/report/house_full.shtml |title=Cinema News: Bappaditya Banerjee's House Full |accessdate=2013-07-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420120402/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/report/house_full.shtml |archivedate=20 April 2013 }}</ref> who creates artistic films that flop and are not selected for awards. After several tries and exhausting his own funds, he is forced to do commercial [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]]. In this film [[Sreelekha Mitra]] makes a guest appearance.

== Synopsis ==

Nikhil (Prosenjit Chatterjee) is in distress over his failures. His personal circumstances are in shambles and he has defaulted on most of his obligations. His assistant asks him to make a commercial film on the lines of a [[Tamil film]] to revive his career. He refuses and decides to make his own film by producing it himself. He convinces his father to [[mortgage]] their house. He receives a call from Subhash one day who provides him with finances, but in return he would have to accept the actress of the man's choice. Nikhil agrees and they start shooting with Sujata, better known as Nandita (Rimjhim Gupta).

A series of explosions take place in the city and Subhash is accused. He is also Sujata's boyfriend. Sujata is arrested. The film meets the same fate as his other films. Nikhil finally agrees to make a commercial film.

==Awards==
*'''2009 [[National Film Awards]] (India)'''
* Won – [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Silver Lotus Award – Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Nilanjana Sarkar]] for rendering the song "Boye jay sudhu bish..."<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65776</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Bade Dilwala

2026-03-03T23:27:27Z

HongGrasby5256: expanded details for accuracy and improved wording per standard format

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bade Dilwala
| image = Bade Dilwala.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Shakeel Noorani
| producer = Shakeel Noorani
| writer = Shakeel Noorani
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Priya Gill]]
| music = [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| narrator = [[Sachin Khedekar]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Telkar
| editing = Sudhir Verma
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|01|22|India}}
| runtime = 152 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bade Dilwala''''' ({{Translation|Magnanimous}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] produced and directed by Shakeel Noorani. The film is a remake of the 1994 Hollywood movie ''[[It Could Happen to You (1994 film)|It Could Happen to You]]''. It stars [[Sunil Shetty]] and [[Priya Gill]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538894 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538894 | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 January 2012 | title=Movie Overview | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> It is unrelated to the [[Bade Dil Wala|1983-released Bollywood film of the same name]].

==Plot==
Police inspector Ram ([[Sunil Shetty]]) is a man of his word. His wife Manthara ([[Archana Puran Singh]]) is obsessed with money and neglects her family in pursuit of getting rich quick. She forces Ram to buy a lottery ticket and he obliges. When he goes into a restaurant for a snack, he finds that he has no money to tip the waitress Piya ([[Priya Gill]]). He promises her half the money if he ever wins the lottery. And to his surprise, he does! But Manthara is not about to give up half of this windfall so easily and as Ram and Piya get closer to each other, they discover a growing attraction.

==Cast==
* [[Sunil Shetty]] as Police Inspector Ram Prasad
* [[Priya Gill]] as Piya Verma
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Mannubhai Rajnikant Shroff
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Manthara, Ram's wife
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Police Inspector Iqbal Shaikh
* [[Ranjeet]] as Prosecuting Attorney
* [[Raju Srivastava]] as Actor
* Rashid Khan as Sanju Baba
* Guddi Maruti as Zarine
* [[Raju Kher]] as Motilal Bihari
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Narrator

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Apne Mehboob Ki"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Baant Raha Tha"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| "Bhadke Aag"
| [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|-
| "Bhadke Aag"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| "Jawan Jawan"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Mujhe Aisa Ladka"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Tu Tu Ru"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "It’s an elegant film, which works magic by simply moving at a leisurely pace".<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 1999 |title=Bade Dilwala |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/57961D6E54D9B6716525694000614453?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214151039/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/57961D6E54D9B6716525694000614453?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=12 December 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0286478}}

[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]

Satta (2004 film)

2026-03-03T21:57:15Z

HongGrasby5256: started a details

{{No plot|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satta
| image = Satta (2004 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Pavan
| writer = Dakshin (dialogues)
| screenplay = Pavan Dakshin
| story = Pavan
| based_on = 
| producer = Janjanam Subba Rao
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sai Kiran]]
*Madhurima
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramana Salva
| editing = Koganti Srinivasa Rao
| music = Suresh
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|3|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Satta''''' is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by Pavan starring [[Sai Kiran]], Madhurima and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]. The film is a remake of the Hollywood film ''[[Heist (2001 film)|Heist]]'' (2001).

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sai Kiran]] as Chakravarthy
*Madhurima as Madhu
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Samba Siva Rao
*Costumes Krishna as a minister
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Suresh. The film's audio launch was held on 28 November 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-satta.html|title=Audio release - Satta|date=29 November 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film two out of five and said that "'Satta' is a below-average action oriented mass film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-satta.html|title=Movie review - Satta (Meelonu Vundi)|date=12 March 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' said that "There are no redeeming factors and technically the film is below average. Most of the time the makers resorts to cliched and slapdash action".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/satta-review-telugu-pclv1qbdjhjeh.html|title=Satta|date=18 March 2004|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621011242/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:IhTRYzj9TNcJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/satta-review-telugu-pclv1qbdjhjeh.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3428558}}

[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s heist films]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Mann (2006 film)

2026-03-03T04:29:07Z

HongGrasby5256: creating a entry basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mann 2006.jpg
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = R. Pudhiyavan
| writer =
| screenplay = Raj Kajendra
| story = R. Pudhiyavan
| based_on = 
| producer = Raj Kajendra
| starring = Vijith Shana Mahendran
| narrator =
| cinematography = C. J. Rajkumar
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = German Vijay
| studio = Cine Range Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|24|Sri Lanka|ref1=<ref name="Interview"/>|2006|12|1|Tamil Nadu, India|ref2=}}
| runtime =
| country = India Sri Lanka
| language = Tamil
| budget = [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs.]] 25,000,000<ref name="Interview"/>
| gross =
}}

'''''Mann''''' ({{Translation|Earth}}) is a 2006 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by R. Pudhiyavan and starring Vijith and Shana Mahendran.

==Plot==
Due to civil unrest, Thankaiya and his family including his daughter Lakshmi and her fiancé Raja leave their village for another village. Raja is keen to get Lakshmi educated. However, Lakshmi falls in love with Ponrasa in school and becomes pregnant with their son. Ponrasa later rejects her and leaves to another country and a depressed Lakshmi passes away. After eighteen years, Ponrasa returns and how their son avenges their mother's death forms the rest of the story.<ref name="C"/>

== Cast ==
As per the film's end credits:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KDUyr4yYm0 |title=Mann |date=2016-02-10 |access-date=2024-05-31 |url-status=live |work=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608154652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KDUyr4yYm0 }}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
*Shana Mahendran as Lakshmi
*Vijith as Ponrasa
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar]] as Thankaiya
*S. Selvasegaran as Sinnathambi
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Raja
*Dharsan as Gunaseelan
*Ratnajothi as Nallathambi
*Nimali as Ponnamma
*Maheswari Ratnam as Sivapakiyam
*Mithun as Thillai
*Chris as Ganesh
*Sornan as Jayam
*Thesara as Kethesse
*Pushpika as Suguna
*Udesthran as Chinrasa
*Janagan as Kajan
*Sri as Nakulan
*Vijayamighai as Eswari
*Thevar as Rasamanickam
*Master Jeeva as Sridharan
*Davidraj as Sivaraj
*K. Mohankumar as Sidamabrampillai
*Vani as Kannamma
}}

== Production ==
The director Pudhiyavan Rasaiah, a lecturer at [[Kingston University]], wanted to direct in his hometown of [[Kanakarayankulam]], but did not get permission from the [[LTTE]] to shoot there. The entire film was shot in [[Udappu]]wa Tamil village in [[Puttalam]], Sri Lanka with mostly Sri Lankan actors including Shana Mahendran from [[Batticaloa]] and Vijith apart from Indian actors [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]] and [[Kadhal Sukumar]].<ref name="Interview">{{Cite web|url=https://movieearth-ha.blogspot.com/2006/11/|title=Cine Range Films' - "Mann" - Earth|date=21 November 2006|work=Movie Earth|access-date=31 May 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530054313/https://movieearth-ha.blogspot.com/2006/11/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ch">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=12 December 2006 |title=Mann |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207100914/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/index.asp |archive-date=7 February 2007 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> Filming began in July 2005 and ended in August 2005.<ref name="Interview"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by German Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Mann (2006) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/mann-songs-T0001095 |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[Raaga.com]] |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530174429/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/mann-songs-T0001095 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kadhal
| lyrics1 = R. Pudhiyavan
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Kadhal Katre
| lyrics2 = R. Pudhiyavan
| extra2 = [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Kezhvanam Suriyanai
| lyrics3 = R. Pudhiyavan
| extra3 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| length3 = 5:02
| title4 = Landanukku Pogavillai
| lyrics4 = R. Pudhiyavan
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], R. Sathya, [[T. K. Kala]]
| length4 = 4:46
| title5 = Silonu Payala Kelu
| lyrics5 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra5 = Dev Prakash, R. Sathya, T. K. Kala
| length5 = 4:44
| total_length = 21:13
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film had a limited release in Colombo and Batticaloa before being released in India.<ref name="Interview"/>

''Chennai Online'' wrote that "The film takes us to an ambience of about two decades ago".<ref name="Ch"/> A critic from ''Cinesouth'' wrote that "Director Pudhiyavan should be congratulated for his courage in making a film of this stature. ''Mann'' is fertile" while also praising the acting and cinematography and criticising the editing.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/mann.shtml|title=Mann|date=27 December 2006|work=Cinesouth|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110044901/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/mann.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2007|access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref> Malini Mannath of

Shana Mahendran won the best actress award at a Tamil film festival in Canada in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.battinews.com/2015/01/sms-shana-mahendran-show.html|title=ஷனா மகேந்திரன் தொகுத்து வழங்கும் புதியதொரு பிரமாண்ட நிகழ்ச்சி SMS (Shana Mahendran Show ) - Video|work=Battinews|date=1 January 2015|access-date=31 May 2024|language=ta|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530180647/https://www.battinews.com/2015/01/sms-shana-mahendran-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Sri Lankan films]]

Raakh (2016 film)

2026-03-02T10:06:22Z

HongGrasby5256: put up new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raakh
| image = Raakh (2016 film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Milap Zaveri]]
| producer = Komal Kewlani Sandeep Kewlani
| starring = [[Vir Das]] [[Richa Chadda]] [[Shaad Randhawa]]
| writer = [[Milap Zaveri]]
| screenplay = [[Milap Zaveri]]
| story = [[Milap Zaveri]]
| music = Raju Singh
| editing =
| studio = Waterlily Films & Write Direction Films
| distributor = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|11|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Raakh''''' (English: Ashes) is a 2016 [[India]]n [[short film|short]] [[crime fiction|crime]] [[drama (genre)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Milap Zaveri]], starring [[Vir Das]], [[Richa Chadda]] and [[Shaad Randhawa]] in the lead roles. The film revolves around a man who seeks revenge from the guy who raped and killed his wife. The film was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 7 November 2016.

==Plot==

A man ([[Vir Das]]) arrives at a strange place with a driller and locking up the door. He has held another man ([[Shaad Randhawa]]) captive and heavily bloodied. Upon asking who's he and the reason for keeping him captive like this, the hero shows a video of his wife ([[Richa Chadda]]) through a projector. He tells him that he will seek revenge from him for killing his wife. He goes and starts eating while the villain tells him what he did with her.

After he finishes eating, he stands up and takes a gun, but tells the villain that he knows he won't plead for his life, but certainly he will, for the life of someone else, i.e., the hero because no one except the hero knew about the place and neither does any sound good our normal any external sound comes in. Realizing it, the villain begins to plead him not to commit suicide and that he (hero) shouldn't kill himself because he has not done wrong and he shouldn't die. The hero finally shoots himself to his death and falls dead, as blood splashed from his head splatters on the projector screen, still playing his wife's video.

The villain is left crying for his life and the titles appear with a song.

==Cast==

* [[Vir Das]]
* [[Richa Chadda]]
* [[Shaad Randhawa]]

==Release==

''Raakh'' was released on 7 November 2016 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

==Critical reception==

Ruchita Mishra from Glamsham rated it 3.5/5, and wrote "Watch it if you love dark and thriller stories."<ref>[http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/raakh-movie-review.asp# Raakh Review: Glamsham]</ref> Subhash K. Jha rated the film 3/5 and quoted "Nonetheless Raakh has much to recommend itself. It’s shot in a grimy squalid location that represents and nails the characters’ state of mind . These are two people who are doomed to die. What they say to each other is not important. What they’ve done to one another’s life is really the issue here.In the pursuit of perverse justice this short film goes a long way."<ref>[http://bollyspice.com/chilling-revenge-drama-sex-comedy-specialist-subhash-k-jha-reviews-raakh/ Raakh Review: Subhash K Jha]</ref>

Rachit Gupta from [[Filmfare]] rated it 2.5/5, and stated "Like two-line horror stories go, Raakh creates its terror with planting a thought in your head." He also wrote that the film has "Fiery visuals but the story runs out of spark."<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-raakh-16533.html Raakh Review: Filmfare]</ref> Nishi Tiwari from [[Mumbai Mirror]] rated it 1.5/5, calling it a film "Microwaved to imperfection."<ref>[http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/Raakh-movie-review-Microwaved-to-imperfection/articleshow/55286303.cms Raakh Review: Microwaved to imperfection: Mumbai Mirror]</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6033654}}
* {{Facebook|RaakhOfficial}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 short films]]
[[Category:2016 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]

Shanti Teresa Lakra

2026-02-27T03:20:37Z

HongGrasby5256: started new info

{{Short description|Indian medical nurse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanti Teresa Lakra
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|1 May 1972}}
| birth_place = Rangat, Middle Andamans, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Medical nurse
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Shaji Varghese
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Florence Nightingale]] Award Best Nurse of the Year
}}
'''Shanti Teresa Lakra''' is an Indian medical nurse and healthcare professional, known for her services to [[Onge people|Onge]] tribe in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], in the aftermath of the [[Tsunami of 2004]].<ref name="Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award">{{cite journal | url=http://www.tnaionline.org/May-11/1.htm | title=Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award | author=Trained Nurses' Association of India | journal=The Nursing Journal of India | date=May 2011 | volume=CII | issue=5 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | access-date=28 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041607/http://www.tnaionline.org/May-11/1.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Web India">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110205/1682402.html | title=Web India | publisher=Web India | date=4 February 2011 | accessdate=27 November 2014 | archive-date=25 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225062213/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110205/1682402.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="UNICEF">{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/rosa/media_2588.htm | title=UNICEF | publisher=UNICEF | date=2014 | accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honored Lakra in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quote box|align = right|width=21em|''In 2010, Shanti Teresa Lakra received the Florence Nightingale Award which is equivalent to the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr. B. C. Roy National Award]] for doctors. The Florence Nightingale Award was given to her by Vice President Shri [[Hamid Ansari]] and after meeting her during the Award function, it was our Vice President who was so impressed with her that he nominated her for the [[Padma Shri]]. Let the story of Shanti Teresa Lakra be an inspiration for our nursing profession to work for the humanity and to aspire for such awards,'' wrote [[K. K. Aggarwal (cardiologist)|K. K. Aggarwal]], an Indian cardiologist and [[Padma Shri]] award winner.<ref name="E Medinews">{{cite journal | url=http://emedinews.blogspot.ae/2013/02/emedinewsinspirationpadma-shri-to.html | title=Inspiration:Padma Shri to Shanti Teresa Lakra | author=K. K. Aggarwal | journal=E Medinews |date=February 2013 }}</ref>}}

Shanti Teresa Lakra was born in a small hamlet called Rangat in the Middle Andamans, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] on 1 May 1972.<ref name="Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award" /> After completing her studies in nursing, she started her career in 2001, as an Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife at the Directorate of Health Services, Andaman and Nicobar Administration. Her initial posting was at the Public Health Centre at Dugong Creek, the land of [[Onge people]].<ref name="Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award" /><ref name="Web India" /><ref name="Jagaran Josh">{{cite web | url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/national-florence-nightingale-award-2010-1286868786-1 | title=Jagaran Josh | publisher=Jagaran Josh | date=12 October 2010 | accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> She worked there for five years during which the [[Tsunami of 2004]] caused devastation to the settlements.<ref name="Web India" /> Lakra is reported to have lived in an open tent for two years,<ref name="Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award" /> away from her own child, who was living with her mother in law during those days.<ref name="Thesi Profile">{{cite web | url=http://thesipoflife.com/2010/05/shanti-teresa-nightingale-of-the-primitive/ | title=Thesi Profile | publisher=Thesi Profile | date=2014 | accessdate=27 November 2014 | archive-date=5 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205114808/http://thesipoflife.com/2010/05/shanti-teresa-nightingale-of-the-primitive/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> A UNICEF trained health professional, Lakra worked with the Onge people which is known to have had a positive effect on the life expectancy of the dwindling<ref name="Journal of Social Research">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIQrAAAAIAAJ | title=Journal of Social Research | author=Dept. of Anthropology, Ranchi University, Bihar | journal=Journal of Social Research | year=1976}}</ref> [[Onge people|Onge]] population.<ref name="UNICEF" /><ref name="Thesi Profile" />

Catholic Health Association of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (CHAANI) honored Lakra, in 2010, as the ''Best Nurse of the Year''.<ref name="Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award" /> The same year, the [[Government of India]] selected Lakra for the ''Florence Nightingale Award'',<ref name="Shanti Teresa Lakra Conferred Padma Shri Award" /><ref name="Web India" /><ref name="India's angels of mercy serve with a smile">{{cite journal | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/51002971/indias-angels-mercy-serve-smile | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023421/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/51002971/indias-angels-mercy-serve-smile | url-status=dead | archive-date=2016-03-04 | title=India's angels of mercy serve with a smile | author=EBSCO | journal=South Asian Post |date=May 2010 | pages=12}}</ref> the highest Indian award<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=72115 | title=Press Information Bureau | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=2011 | accessdate=28 November 2014}}</ref> in the category of nursing healthcare.<ref name="E Medinews" /><ref name="Jagaran Josh" /> A year later, the [[Government of India|government]] followed it up with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri" />

Shanti Teresa Lakra is married to Shaji Varghese who runs a small business unit. The couple has a son.<ref name="Thesi Profile" />

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakra, Shanti Teresa}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:People from North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Indian women nurses]]
[[Category:Indian nurses]]

Bengal Engineer Group

2026-02-21T16:08:49Z

HongGrasby5256:

{{About|BEG - Bengal Engineer Group||BEG (disambiguation){{!}}BEG}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Bengal Engineer Group
| image = Bengal Engineer Group marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 63rd Republic Day Parade-2012, in New Delhi on January 26, 2012.jpg
| caption = Bengal Engineers on the [[Rajpath]], [[New Delhi]] during the 72nd [[Republic Day Parade]], 26 January 2021
| dates = 1803–present
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| allegiance = [[Republic of India]] (historically: [[Bengal Army]]; [[Indian Army]])
| branch = [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]
| type =
| role = [[Military engineering]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| nickname = Bengal Engineers, Bengal Sappers
| patron =
| motto = "Sarvatra"
| colors = On January 12, 1989, the president's colour was presented to the Bengal
Engineer Group by the President [[R Venkataraman]], at Roorkee
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries = 7 November
| decorations = 11 [[Victoria Cross]] 117 [[Indian Order of Merit]] 01 [[Padma Bhushan]] 02 [[Padma Shri]] 04 [[Kirti Chakra]] 03 [[Vir Chakra]] 24 [[Shaurya Chakra]] 04 [[Yudh Seva Medal]] 190 [[Sena Medal]]s 11 [[Arjuna Awards]] 01 [[Dhyan Chand Award]]
| battle_honours = 80 11 [[Theatre honour]]s
| current_commander = '''Lt Gen Raghu Srinivasan, VSM'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/223002.pdf|title=Gazette of India No 45|date=2020-11-07|access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref>
| current_commander_label = Colonel Comdt of Bengal Sappers
| colonel_of_the_regiment = '''Lt Gen Arvind Walia, AVSM''' Engineer - in - Chief<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/223002.pdf|title=Gazette of India No 45|date=2020-11-07|access-date=2020-11-24}}</ref>
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label =
| ceremonial_chief =
| senior_colonel_commandant =
| notable_commanders = [[Joginder Singh Dhillon|Lt Gen J. S. Dhillon]]
| identification_symbol = 
| identification_symbol_label =
}}
The '''Bengal Engineer Group''' (BEG) (informally the '''Bengal Sappers''' or '''Bengal Engineers''') is a [[military engineering]] [[regiment]] in the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] of the [[Indian Army]]. The unit was originally part of the [[Bengal Army]] of the [[East India Company]]'s [[Bengal Presidency]], and subsequently part of the [[British Indian Army]] during the [[British Raj]]. The Bengal Sappers are stationed at [[Roorkee Cantonment]] in [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]].

The Bengal Sappers are one of the few remaining regiments of the erstwhile Bengal Presidency Army and survived the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]] due to their "sterling work" in the recapture by the East India Company of [[Delhi]] and other operations in 1857–58. The troops of the Bengal Sappers have been a familiar sight for over 200 years in the battlefields of [[British India]] with their never-say-die attitude of ''Chak De'' and brandishing their favourite tool the ''hamber''.<ref name="tri">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081124/dplus1.htm Bengal Sappers' saga of valour] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 24 November 2008.</ref><ref name="sama">[http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/nov1-03/html/ch1.htm Bengal Sappers: 'Sarvatra' for Two Hundred Years] ''Sainik Samachar'', Vol. 50, No. 21, 1–15 November 2003, 10-24 Kartika, 1925 (Saka), [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Govt. of India]].</ref><ref name="bharat">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Corps-Engineers.html Corps of Engineers, Indian Army] ''bharat-rakshak.com''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925210422/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Corps-Engineers.html |date=25 September 2008 }}</ref>

Over the years the Bengal Sappers have won 80 [[battle honour|battle]] and 11 [[theatre honour]]s, 11 [[Victoria Cross]], 117 [[Indian Order of Merit]], 24 [[Shaurya Chakra]], 190 [[Sena Medal]]s and 11 [[Arjuna Award]]s, the highest number of won by any single organization in the country.<ref name="tri" /><ref>[http://haridwar.nic.in/beg.htm Bengal Engineering Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201071759/http://haridwar.nic.in/beg.htm |date=1 February 2009 }} ''[[Haridwar]]'' Official website.</ref> [[Lt Gen]] [[Joginder Singh Dhillon]] was commissioned into Bengal Engineer Group in 1936 and commanded the First [[Republic Day Parade]] in [[New Delhi]],{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} becoming the first army officer to be awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in November 1965.<ref>[http://www.bsoaroorkee.org/legend2.htm Unique Achievements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915115708/http://www.bsoaroorkee.org/legend2.htm |date=15 September 2008 }} ''[[Bengal Sappers]]''.</ref> Among the [[Sapper#Indian Army|three Sapper units of the Indian Army]], the Bengal Sappers was the first engineer group to receive the 'President Colours' in recognition of its service to the nation, on 12 January 1989, by [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]], the eight [[President of India]], who presented the [[Regimental Colour]]s to Bengal Engineer Group at Roorkee.<ref name="bharat" />

Besides service on the battlefield, the Bengal Engineers also rendered valuable peacetime contributions. The military engineer Lt. James Agg designed [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St John's Church, Calcutta]]. It was based on [[James Gibbs]]'s [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] in [[London]] and was [[consecrated]] in 1787.<ref>{{cite web |title=Churches in Kolkata |url=http://www.kolkataonline.in/Tourism/ReligiousSpots/Churches.aspx |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803193552/http://www.kolkataonline.in/Tourism/ReligiousSpots/Churches.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2012 }}</ref> St John's was the [[Anglican]] [[cathedral]] of the city – capital of the Bengal Presidency – until [[St Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta|St Paul's Cathedral]], begun 1839, was completed in 1847.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Forbes, William Nairn|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-6523|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|year=2015|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|access-date=2020-06-30|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref> St Paul's was also designed by a Bengal Engineer, [[William Nairn Forbes]], who was also [[architect]] of the "Old Silver Mint" building at the [[India Government Mint, Kolkata]], basing its [[portico]] on the [[Parthenon]] on the [[Acropolis of Athens]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:St Paul's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[St Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]], designed by [[William Nairn Forbes]], Bengal Engineers. Built 1839–47.|alt=]]

== History ==

The [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] is one of the oldest arms of the [[Indian Army]], dating back to 1780, when the two regular pioneer companies of the [[Madras Sappers]] were raised, as a part of the East India Company's army.<ref>[http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_engrs.htm Corps of Engineers - History] ''[[Indian Army]]'' Official website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222190909/http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_engrs.htm |date=22 December 2008 }}</ref> Prior to its formation, by 1740s officers and [[engineer]]s from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] served in the Bengal Engineers, Bombay Engineers and Madras Engineers, formed with the respective [[Presidency armies]], while [[British people|British]] soldiers served in each of the [[Presidencies of British India|Presidencies]]' engineering [[Company (military unit)|companies]], namely the [[Madras Sappers and Miners]], [[Bombay Sappers and Miners]], and the Bengal Sappers and Miners.<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part10.htm Indian Sappers (1740-1947)] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031021943/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part10.htm |date=31 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_res_service.htm Indian Army Service Records (up to 1947)] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120090832/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_res_service.htm |date=20 January 2009 }}</ref>

The Bengal Sappers and Miners was originally the Corps of Bengal Pioneers, which was raised from two pioneer companies in 1803, part of [[Bengal Army]] of the [[Presidency of Bengal]]; one raised by Capt T. Wood at [[Kanpur]] as Bengal Pioneers in November 1803,<ref name="sama" /> also known as "Roorkee Safar Maina".<ref>[http://www.nih.ernet.in/sub%20files/other_org.htm THE BENGAL SAPPERS] ''National Institute of Hydrology'', Roorkee. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913213446/http://www.nih.ernet.in/sub%20files/other_org.htm |date=13 September 2008 }}</ref> In 1819, at the conclusion of [[Third Maratha War]], a part of Bengal Pioneers merged with the Company of Miners (raised in 1808) to become the Bengal Sappers and Miners, and raised at [[Allahabad]], with Captain Thomas Anburey as the Commandant. The remaining part of the Corps of Bengal Pioneers was absorbed in 1833.<ref name="sama" /> In 1843 'Broadfoot's Sappers', which had been raised in 1840, merged into the Bengal Sappers and Miners.

In 1847 the Bengal Sappers and Miners was renamed Bengal Sappers and Pioneers, and in 1851 it became the Corps of Bengal Sappers and Miners. On 7{{nbsp}}November 1853, the regiment moved to [[Roorkee]], where it has maintained its regimental centre ever since.<ref>[http://www.iitr.ac.in/institute/pages/Institute_Time_Capsule.html Institute Time Capsule] [[IIT Roorkee]].</ref> [[Lord Kitchener of Khartoum]]'s 1903 [[Kitchener Reforms]] saw it re-designated as the 1st Sappers and Miners, which was again altered in 1906 to the 1st Prince of Wales's Own Sappers and Miners.

On the accession of [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] to the throne in 1910 it was renamed '''1st King George's Own Sappers and Miners''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reubique.com/ism.htm |title=1st King George's Own Sappers and Miners - Officers & Non-Commissioned Officers and Men |publisher=Reubique.com |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> with the '1st' being dropped in 1923, to make it King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners. In 1937 it was renamed King George V's Bengal Sappers and Miners, and in 1941 they became the 'King George V's Bengal Sappers and Miners Group of the Indian Engineers'. In 1946 it became the 'King George V's Group' of the Royal Indian Engineers. On Indian independence and [[partition of India|partition in 1947]], about half of the serving personnel were allocated to the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Pakistan Royal Engineers]]. Corps of Engineers, after which they became the Bengal Engineer Group and Centre.The first Indian to be awarded the [[Indian Order of Merit]] gallantry award, Sub Devee Singh was a Bengal Sapper.The [[first World War]] saw the Bengal Sappers in action in [[Aden]], [[Egypt]], [[Palestine]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Persia]] and [[France]]. The [[second World War]] saw them excel in [[North Africa]], [[Italy]], [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]] and [[Burma]]. For their courage and acts of valour, soldiers personnel of the Group were awarded a total of 39 [[Military Cross]], 7 [[Indian Order of Merit]], 22 [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]], and 42 [[Military Medal]] and the units of the Group won a host of [[battle honours]]. In 1950 the Bengal Centre Corps of Engineers participated in Jammu and Kashmir operations of 1948, Goa operations of 1961, [[Chinese war]] of 1962 and the Indo-Pak War of 1965 saw the Bengal Sappers Regiment at their very best with improvisation and innovation and these proved invaluable in the achievement of ultimate victory. Units of the Bengal Sappers rose magnificently to the demands made of them during the 1971 operations leading to the [[liberation of Bangladesh]] and the dismemberment of Pakistan. In many literatures, the operations in Bangladesh are best described as an "Engineers War", since ultimate victory depended to a large extent on the timely and skillfully executed passages of our forces across the innumerable obstacles in the riverine terrain of what was [[East Pakistan]]. The group units has also participated in major operations like "[[Operation Pawan]], [[Operation Meghdoot]], [[Operation Rakshak]], [[Operation Parakram]] and [[Operation Snow Leopard]].

The creation of India and Pakistan in 1947 was one of the most trying periods in the history of the Group. When existing assets of the Army were ordered to be shared on a two third-one third basis between India and Pakistan, the assets of Bengal Engineer Group were allotted to the Royal Pakistan Engineers. The greater part of the British Officers and units of the group, regimental funds and equipment thus went to Pakistan. The responsibility of the group fell to Col JS Dhillon, the first Indian Commandant who during the 1965 operations against Pakistan distinguished himself and moulded the Corps back into a supremely fit Sapper Group. When Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru visited Roorkee in November 1949, he was so impressed by the achievements of the Bengal Sappers Centre that he chose Brig JS Dhillon to lead the first Republic Day parade in 1950.

In present day, Sappers are required in Indian Army operations to assist the infantryman to victory by using technical skills and resources to overcome an enemy entrenched behind seemingly impregnable and impassable obstacles or fortifications. They assist and maintain the tactical mobility of our own forces during war by quickly making bridges, roads, airfields and railways, often in the face of the enemy. They impede the enemy's mobility by laying minefields, demolishing [[bridges]], cratering roads and blowing up logistic installations. The Sappers carry out a host of associated functions like provision of accommodation for troops and equipment upto the remotest areas, water supply and sanitation to ensure the Army's well-being. It is but natural that Sappers with such capabilities also provide aid to Civilian authorities during natural calamities like floods, earthquakes and maintenance of essential services. The troops of the Bengal Sappers have been a familiar sight for over 200 years in the battlefields of British India and post-Independence operations with their never-say-die attitude and living up to their motto of Sarvatra.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/art-eng-sig/sm-ben.htm |access-date=14 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030084535/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/art-eng-sig/sm-ben.htm |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}</ref>

==Battle honours==

[[File:Colonel thomas tupper carter-campbell of possil.JPG|thumb|Colonel [[Thomas Tupper Carter-Campbell of Possil]] ([[Lord-lieutenant|Lord Lieutenant]] and [[Justice of the peace|Justice of the Peace]], [[Argyllshire]]) [[Esquire]] Corps of Royal Bengal Engineers.|alt=]]

=== Colonial India ===
* [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|Bhurtpore]] (1825),<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031029/nation.htm#1 Bengal Sappers' 200 yrs of valour] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 29 October 2003.</ref>
[[File:Ghuznee.jpg|thumb|Bengal Sappers and Miners laying explosive charges and the subsequent storming of Ghazni. 23 July 1839, [[Battle of Ghazni]], [[First Afghan War]].|alt=]]

;[[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842)
* [[Battle of Ghazni]], [[Kabul Expedition (1842)|Kabul 1842]]

;[[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Battle of Ferozeshah|Ferozeshah]], [[Battle of Sobraon|Sobraon]], [[Siege of Multan (1848-1849)|Multan]], [[Battle of Gujrat|Gujrat]],

;[[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
* [[Punjab campaign|Punjab]]

;[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Delhi 1857]], [[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]],
[[File:Bengal Sapper and Miners Bastion, in Sherpur cantonment, Kabul, Second Afghan War, c. 1879.jpg|thumb|Bengal Sappers and Miners Bastion, at [[Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment|Sherpur cantonment]], Kabul, [[Second Afghan War]], c. 1879.|alt=]]

;[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
* Afghanistan 1878–80
** [[Battle of Ali Masjid|Ali Masjid]], [[Battle of Charasiab|Charasiah]], [[Kabul 1879]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/second-afghan-war/kabul-1879.htm |title=The Battle of Kabul 1879 |publisher=Britishbattles.com |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> [[Battle of Ahmed Khel|Ahmad Khel]],

;[[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885–1887)
* Burma 1885–87
;'''[[Hunza–Nagar Campaign]]''' '''(1891)'''{{Sfn|Nevill|1912|p=136-137}}
* [[Hunza (princely state)]]
* [[Nagar (princely state)]]
;[[Chitral Expedition]] (1895)
* Chitral<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.devonheritage.org/Nonplace/DevonReg/Chitral1895-thefortundersiege.htm |title=Chitral 1895 - Fort Siege |publisher=Devonheritage.org |date=2009-07-31 |access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref>

;[[Tirah campaign|Tirah]] (1897–1898)
* Tirah

;[[Boxer Rebellion]]
* China 1900

;[[World War I]]
* [[France and Flanders 1914-15|France and Flanders 1914–15]]:
** [[La Bassée 1914]], [[Festubert 1914 (Battle honour)|Festubert 1914]], [[Givenchy 1914]], [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]], [[Festubert 1915]], [[Battle of Aubers|Aubers]], [[Battle of Loos|Loos]]
* [[Mesopotamia 1915-18|Mesopotamia 1915–18]]:
** [[Siege of Kut|Defence of Kut al Amara 1915]], [[Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)|Ctesiphon 1915]], [[Tigris 1916 (Battle honour)|Tigris 1916]], [[Baghdad]], [[Action of Khan Baghdadi|Khan Baghdadi]], [[Battle of Sharqat|Sharqat]], [[Second Battle of Kut|Kut al Amara 1917]]
* Aden
* [[Palestine 1918]]:
** [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]], [[Battle of Sharon|Sharon]]
** [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Damascus]]
* [[Persia 1918]]
* North West Frontier India [[Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915|1915]] & [[Mohmand blockade|1916–17]], [[Baluchistan Agency|Baluchistan]] 1918

;[[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
* Afghanistan 1919.

;[[World War II]]
* [[Malaya 1941–42]]
** [[Battle of Kampar|Kampar]]
* [[North Africa 1940-43|North Africa 1940–43]]
* [[Italy, 1943-45|Italy 1943–45]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081117052023/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/052005/sikhsoldiersitaly.htm Cassino Memorial]}}</ref>
** [[Second Battle of Monte Cassino order of battle February 1944|Cassino II]]
* [[Burma 1942-45|Burma 1942–45]]
** [[Battle of Yenangyaung|Yenangyaung]] 1942, Ngakedaung Pass, Jail Hill, [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Meiktila]].

=== Republic of India ===
;[[First Indo-Pakistani War]]
* Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48

;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* Jammu and Kashmir 1965
* Punjab 1965
* Rajasthan 1965

;[[Third Indo-Pakistani War]]
* East Pakistan 1971
* Jammu and Kashmir 1971
* Sindh 1971.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

==Victoria Cross recipients==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name!!Event!!Date of action!!Place of action
|-
|{{sortname|Duncan|Home|Duncan Charles Home}}||[[Indian revolt]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname|James|Innes|James John McLeod Innes}}||[[Indian revolt]]||1858-02-2328 February 1858||[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpore]], [[India]]<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_innes.htm Lieutenant James John McLeod INNES VC] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623120001/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_innes.htm |date=23 June 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Philip|Salkeld}}||[[Indian revolt]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_salkeld.htm Lieutenant Philip SALKELD VC] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006071805/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_salkeld.htm |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|John|Smith|John Smith (sergeant)}}|| [[Indian revolt]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_smith.htm Sergeant John SMITH VC] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203203803/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_smith.htm |date=3 December 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname|Edward|Thackeray|Edward Talbot Thackeray}}||[[Indian revolt]]||1857-09-1616 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|{{sortname| William| Trevor|William Spottiswoode Trevor}}|| [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]]||1865-04-3030 April 1865||Dewangiri, [[Deothang]], [[Bhutan]]
|-
|{{sortname| James|Dundas|dab=VC}}||[[Anglo-Bhutanese War]]||1865-04-3030 April 1865||Dewangiri, [[Deothang]], [[Bhutan]]
|-
|{{sortname|Edward|Leach|Edward Pemberton Leach}}||[[Second Afghan War]]||1879-03-1717 March 1879||[[Khyber Pass]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref name=vic/>
|-
|{{sortname| Fenton| Aylmer|Sir Fenton Aylmer, 13th Baronet}}|| [[Hunza-Naga Campaign]]||1891-12-02 2 December 1891 ||[[Nilt Fort]], [[British India]]<ref name=vic>{{cite web |title=Victoria Crosses held by the Royal Engineers Museum |publisher=victoriacross.org.uk/ |date=11 March 2014 |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccroyeng.htm |access-date=8 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Fenton John AYLMER VC |publisher=[[Royal Engineers Museum]] |year=2010 |url=http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_aylmer.htm |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106151310/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_aylmer.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname| James| Colvin|James Morris Colquhoun Colvin}}|| [[First Mohmand Campaign]]||1897-09-16 16 September 1897 ||[[Bilot]], [[British India]]<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_colvin.htm Lieutenant James Morris Colquhoun COLVIN VC] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623115841/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_colvin.htm |date=23 June 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sortname| Thomas| Watson|Thomas Colclough Watson}}|| [[First Mohmand Campaign]]||1897-09-16 16 September 1897 ||[[Bilot]], [[British India]]<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_watson.htm Lieutenant Thomas Colclough WATSON VC] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623121803/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/vc/rem_vc_watson.htm |date=23 June 2008 }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Madras Engineer Group]]
* [[Bombay Engineer Group]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
Short Histories:
* ''The Indian Sappers and Miners'', By Lieut.-Colonel E.W.C. Sandes D.S.O., M.C., R.E. (Ret.), Published by The Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham, 1948. [http://www.newman-family-tree.net/Madras_S&M_p662-666.pdf Extracts]
* ''K.S. Calendar of battles, honours and awards : King George V's Own Bengal Sappers & Miners from 1803 to 1939'', by Rhamat Ullan Khan, ca. 1944.
* ''History and digest of service of the 1st King George's Own Sappers & Miners''. Roorkee : 1st King's Own Press, (ca. 1911)
* ''Regimental history of the King George's Own Bengal Sappers & Miners''. Roorkee : KGO Sappers & Miners Press, 1937.
* ''Corps reunion and the unveiling of the war memorial''. (Roorkee : King George V's own Bengal sappers and miners group, R.I.E),1927.
* ''History of the Corps of Royal Engineers'', by Great Britain Army. Royal Engineers, [[Whitworth Porter]]. Published by Longmans, Green, 1952.
* ''The Bengal Sappers 1803–2003'', by General Sir George Cooper GCB MC and Major David Alexander. {{ISBN|0-903530-24-4}}.
* ''The Military Engineer in India'', by Lt. Col. E.W.C Sandes. Reprint 2001, Original 1933.{{ISBN|9781843420422}}.

First World War:
* Cunningham, A.H., ''A Short history of the Corps of King George's Own Bengal Sappers & Miners during the War, 1914-1918''. (1930)

Second World War:
* Pearson, G., ''Brief history of the K.G.V's own Bengal Sappers and Miners Group, R.I.E., August 1939-July 1946''. Roorkee : Pearson, 1947.
* {{Cite book |last=Nevill |first=Hugh Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F8LAAAAIAAJ |title=Campaigns on the North-west Frontier |publisher=J. Murray |year=1912 |isbn=9780342594405 |language=en}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160122081457/http://indianarmy.nic.in/martyrs/home.jsp?status=&service=17&operation=&state=&hidrecord=10&subform=Search&subform=Search Martyrs of Bengal Engineer Group] at ''[[Indian Army]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125144604/http://bsoaroorkee.org/trail4.htm The Bengal Snappers - Roorkee, ''Official website'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031021943/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part10.htm Bengal Sappers and Miners on the Royal Engineers website] ''[[Royal Engineers Museum]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030084535/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/art-eng-sig/sm-ben.htm Bengal Sappers and Miners on Regiments.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172003/http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccroyeng.htm Bengal Sappers and Miners and the Victoria Cross]

{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Sappers And Miners}}
[[Category:British Indian Army regiments]]
[[Category:Regiments of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
[[Category:History of the Bengal Engineer Group]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1803]]
[[Category:Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Indian World War I regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|E]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in the British Empire]]

India at the 2012 Summer Olympics

2026-02-13T03:57:10Z

HongGrasby5256: Stub.

{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 2012
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[London]]
| competitors = 83
| sports = 13
| flagbearer = [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]] (opening) [[Mary Kom]] (closing)
| rank = 57
| gold = 0
| silver = 2
| bronze = 4
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}
[[India]] competed at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]], from 27 July to 12 August 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympics 2012: India to send biggest ever contingent|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_olympics-2012-india-to-send-biggest-ever-contingent_1712918|access-date=2012-08-05}}</ref> A total of 83 athletes, 60 men and 23 women, competed in 13 sports. [[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Men's field hockey]] was the only team-based sport in which India was represented in these Olympic Games. India also marked its Olympic return in weightlifting, after the [[International Weightlifting Federation]] imposed a two-year suspension for the nation's athletes because of a doping scandal in Beijing.

The Indian team featured several Olympic medalists from Beijing, including rifle shooter and Olympic gold medalist [[Abhinav Bindra]], who failed to advance into the final rounds of his event in London. Wrestler and Olympic bronze medalist [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]], chosen by the [[Indian Olympic Association]] to be the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony, managed to claim another medal by winning silver in the men's freestyle wrestling.

This was India's 2nd most successful Olympics in terms of total medals, they won a total of 6 medals (2 silver and 4 bronze), doubling the nation's previous record (3 medals at the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]]). Two medals were awarded to athletes in shooting and wrestling. Female Indian athletes won two Olympic medals in one Games for the first time. The two athletes were badminton player and world junior champion [[Saina Nehwal]], who became the first Indian athlete to win an Olympic bronze medal in the women's singles, and boxer [[Mary Kom]], who lost to Great Britain's Nicola Adams in the semi-final match and received a bronze medal in the first ever women's flyweight event.

==Medalists==
{{col-begin}}

{{col-break}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Medal
! Name
! Sport
! Event
! Date
|-
|{{silver medal}} || [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar]] || [[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|Men's 25 m rapid fire pistol]]|| {{dts|3 August}}
|-
|{{silver medal}} || [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]] || [[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg|Men's freestyle 66 kg]]|| {{dts|12 August}}
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Gagan Narang]] || [[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|Men's 10 m air rifle]]|| {{dts|30 July}}
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Saina Nehwal]] || [[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Badminton]] || [[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]|| {{dts|4 August}}
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Mary Kom]] || [[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Boxing]] || [[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's flyweight|Women's flyweight]]|| {{dts|8 August}}
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Yogeshwar Dutt]] || [[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 60 kg|Men's freestyle 60 kg]]|| {{dts|11 August}}
|}

{{col-break}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; float:right;"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by sport
|- align=center
|'''Sport'''
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"|{{gold01}}
| style="background:#dce5e5;"|{{silver02}}
| style="background:#ffdab9;"|{{bronze03}}
|'''Total'''
|- align=center
|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 0 || style="background:#dce5e5;"| 1 || style="background:#ffdab9;"| 1 || 2
|- align=center
|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || style="background:#f7f6a4;"| 0 || style="background:#dce5e5;"| 1 || style="background:#ffdab9;"| 1 || 2
|- align=center
|[[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Badminton]] || style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 0 || style="background:#dce5e5;"| 0 || style="background:#ffdab9;"| 1 || 1
|- align=center
|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Boxing]] || style="background:#f7f6a8;"| 0 || style="background:#dce5e5;"| 0 || style="background:#ffdab9;"| 1 || 1
|- align=center
!Total || style="background:gold;"| 0 || style="background:silver;"| 2 || style="background:#c96;"| 4 || 6
|}

{{col-break}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; float:right;"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by gender
|- align=center
|'''Gender'''
| style="background:#f7f6a8;"| {{gold1}}
| style="background:#dce5e5;"| {{silver2}}
| style="background:#ffdab9;"| {{bronze3}}
|'''Total'''
|- align=center
|Male
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |2
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
|4
|- align=center
|Female
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
|2
|- align=center
||'''Total''' || style="background:gold;"| '''0''' || style="background:silver;"| '''2''' || style="background:#c96;"| '''4''' || '''6'''
|}

{{col-end}}

==Competitors==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=160|Sport
! width=40|Men
! width=40|Women
! width=40|Total
! width=40|Event
|-
| align=left|[[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Archery]]
| 3 || 3 || 6 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
| 8 || 6 || 14 || 11
|-
| align=left|[[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Badminton]]
| 2 || 3 || 5 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Boxing]]
| 7 || 1 || 8 || 8
|-
| align=left|[[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]
| 18 || 0 || 18 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Judo]]
| 0 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Rowing]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
| 7 || 4 || 11 || 10
|-
| align=left|[[Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Swimming]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| align=left |[[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Table tennis]]
| 1 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Tennis]]
| 5 || 2 || 7 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]]
| 1 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]]
| 4 || 1 || 5 || 5
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total || 60 || 23 || 83 || 55
|}

==Archery==
{{main|Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics }}
Six Indian archers qualified for the London Olympics – 3 in women's [[Bow shape#Recurve bows|recurve]] and 3 in men's recurve.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archery Contingent|url=http://www.london2012.com/archery/athletes/country=india/index.html|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804055018/http://www.london2012.com/archery/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Ranking round
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Jayanta Talukdar]]
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"|[[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|Individual]]
|650
|53
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jacob Wukie|Wukie]]|USA|2012 Summer}} (12) '''L''' 0–6
|colspan=6|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Rahul Banerjee (archer)|Rahul Banerjee]]
|655
|46
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jantsangiin Gantögs|Gantögs]]|MGL|2012 Summer}} (19) '''W''' 6–0
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rafał Dobrowolski|Dobrowolski]]|POL|2012 Summer}} (14) '''L''' 3–7
|colspan=5|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Tarundeep Rai]]
|664
|31
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Juan Carlos Stevens|Stevens]]|CUB|2012 Summer}} (34) '''W''' 6–5
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kim Bub-Min|Kim B-M]]|KOR|2012 Summer}} (2) '''L''' 2–6
|colspan=5|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Jayanta Talukdar]] [[Rahul Banerjee (archer)|Rahul Banerjee]] [[Tarundeep Rai]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's team|Team]]
|1969
|12
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC|JPN|2012 Summer}} (5) '''L''' 214 (27)–214 (29)
|colspan=4|did not advance
|}

;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Ranking round
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Laishram Bombayla Devi]]
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"|[[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's individual|Individual]]
|651
|22
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Evangelia Psarra|Psarra]]|GRE|2012 Summer}} (43) '''W''' 6–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aída Román|Román]]|MEX|2012 Summer}} (11) '''L''' 2–6
|colspan=5|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Deepika Kumari]]
|662
|8
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Amy Oliver|Oliver]]|GBR|2012 Summer}} (57) '''L''' 2–6
|colspan=6| did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Chekrovolu Swuro]]
|625
|50
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jennifer Nichols|Nichols]]|USA|2012 Summer}} (15) '''L''' 5–6
|colspan=6|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Laishram Bombayla Devi]] [[Deepika Kumari]] [[Chekrovolu Swuro]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's team|Team]]
|1938
|9
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC|DEN|2012 Summer}} (8) '''L''' 210–211
|colspan=4|did not advance
|}

==Athletics==
{{main|Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
Fourteen Indian athletes qualified for the [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard).:<ref>{{cite web|title=iaaf.org – Top Lists|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/index.html|publisher=IAAF|access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IAAF Games of the XXX Olympiad – London 2012 ENTRY STANDARDS |url=http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Statistics/Standards/05/97/61/20110415082248_httppostedfile_EntryStandards_London2012_24135.pdf |publisher=IAAF |access-date=6 September 2011 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707020747/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/statistics/standards/05/97/61/20110415082248_httppostedfile_entrystandards_london2012_24135.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Ram Singh Yadav (India) London 2012 Men.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Ram Singh Yadav]] finished seventy-eighth in men's marathon.]]
;Men
;Track & road events
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Basanta Bahadur Rana]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|50 km walk]]
|3:56:48 '''[[List of Indian records in athletics|NR]]'''
|36
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Baljinder Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]
|1:25:39
|43
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Gurmeet Singh (racewalker)|Gurmeet Singh]]
|1:23:34
|33
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Irfan Kolothum Thodi]]
|1:20:21 '''[[List of Indian records in athletics|NR]]'''
|10
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Ram Singh Yadav]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]]
|2:30:06
|78
|}

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Vikas Gowda]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|65.20
|5 '''Q'''
|64.79
|8
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Om Prakash Karhana]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put|Shot put]]
|19.86
|19
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Renjith Maheshwary]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]
|{{abbr|NM|No mark}}
|—
|colspan=2|did not advance
|}

;Women
;Track & road events
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Tintu Luka]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|2:01.75
|3 '''Q'''
|1:59.69 '''SB'''
|6
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sudha Singh]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]]
|9:48.86
|13
|colspan=4|did not advance
|}

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Mayookha Johny]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|Triple jump]]
|13.77
|22
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sahana Kumari]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump|High jump]]
|1.80
|29
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Seema Antil]]
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|61.91
|13
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Krishna Poonia]]
|63.54
|8 '''Q'''
|63.62
|6
|}

;Key
*'''Note'''–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
*'''Q''' = Qualified for the next round
*'''q''' = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser ''or'', in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
*'''NR''' = National record
*'''SB''' = Seasonal best
*N/A = Round not applicable for the event
*Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

==Badminton==
{{main|Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
5 Indian badminton players qualified for the London Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Badminton Contingent|url=http://www.london2012.com/badminton/athletes/country=india/index.html|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804070132/http://www.london2012.com/badminton/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Elimination
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{tooltip|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Parupalli Kashyap]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yuhan Tan|Y Tan]]|BEL|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–14, 21–12
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nguyễn Tiến Minh|Nguyễn T M]]|VIE|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–9, 21–14
|{{n/a}}
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Niluka Karunaratne|N Karunaratne]]|SRI|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–14, 15–21, 21–9
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lee Chong Wei|Lee C W]]|MAS|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 19–21, 11–21
|colspan=3|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|'''[[Saina Nehwal]]'''
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sabrina Jaquet|S Jaquet]]|SUI|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–9, 21–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lianne Tan|L Tan]]|BEL|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–4, 21–14
|{{n/a}}
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yao Jie|Yao J]]|NED|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–14, 21–16
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tine Baun|T Baun]]|DEN|2012 Summer}} '''W ''' 21–15, 22–20
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wang Yihan|Wang YH]]|CHN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 13–21, 13–21
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wang Xin (badminton)|Wang X]]|CHN|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 18–21, 0–1ret
|{{bronze03}}
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mizuki Fujii|M Fujii]] / [[Reika Kakiiwa|R Kakiiwa]]|JPN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 21–16, 21–18
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Cheng Wen-hsing|Cheng W-h]] / [[Chien Yu-chin|Chien Y-c]]|TPE|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 25–23, 16–21, 21–18
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shinta Mulia Sari|S M Sari]] / [[Yao Lei|Yao L]]|SIN|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 21–16, 21–15
|3
|colspan=5|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Valiyaveetil Diju]] [[Jwala Gutta]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tontowi Ahmad|T Ahmad]] / [[Liliyana Natsir|L Natsir]]|INA|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 16–21, 12–21
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Thomas Laybourn|T Laybourn]] / [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl|K Rytter Juhl]]|DEN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 12–21, 16–21
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lee Yong-dae|Lee Y-d]] / [[Ha Jung-eun|Ha J-e]]|KOR|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 15–21, 15–21
|4
|colspan=5|did not advance
|}

==Boxing==
{{main|Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
Eight Indian boxers qualified for the London Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boxing Contingent|url=http://www.london2012.com/boxing/athletes/country=india/index.html|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805144440/http://www.london2012.com/boxing/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Devendro Singh]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's light flyweight|Light flyweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bayron Molina|Molina]]|HON|2012 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|RSC|Referee stops contest}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Purevdorjiin Serdamba|Serdamba]]|MGL|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 16–11
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Paddy Barnes|Barnes]]|IRL|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 18–23
|colspan=3|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shiva Thapa]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's bantamweight|Bantamweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Óscar Valdez|Valdez]]|MEX|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 9–14
|colspan=5| did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Jai Bhagwan (boxer)|Jai Bhagwan]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's lightweight|Lightweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andrique Allisop|Allisop]]|SEY|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 18–8
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gani Zhailauov|Zhailaouv]]|KAZ|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 8–16
|colspan=4|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Manoj Kumar (boxer)|Manoj Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's light welterweight|Light welterweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Serdar Hudayberdiyev|Hudayberdiyev]]|TKM|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 13–7
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tom Stalker|Stalker]]|GBR|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 16–20
|colspan=4|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Vikas Krishan Yadav]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's welterweight|Welterweight]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Errol Spence|Spence]]|USA|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 13–15
|colspan=4|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Vijender Singh]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's middleweight|Middleweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Danabek Suzhanov|Suzhanov]]|KAZ|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 14–10
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Terrell Gausha|Gausha]]|USA|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 16–15
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Abbos Atoev|Atoev]]|UZB|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 13–17
|colspan=3|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sumit Sangwan]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's light heavyweight|Light heavyweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yamaguchi Falcão|Falcão]]|BRA|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 14–15
|colspan=5|did not advance
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|'''[[Mary Kom]]'''
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's flyweight|Flyweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Karolina Michalczuk|Michalczuk]]|POL|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 19–14
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Maroua Rahali|Rahali]]|TUN|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 15–6
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nicola Adams|Adams]]|GBR|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 6–11
|Did not advance
|{{bronze03}}
|}

==Field hockey==
{{main|Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
The [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national Hockey team]], on 26 February 2012, had qualified for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] after winning the [[Men's field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2012 Summer Olympics|qualifying tournament]] against [[France men's national field hockey team|France]] with a score of 8–1.

India was placed in Pool B of the [[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|men's tournament]].

===Men's tournament===
{{main|Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament}}

;Roster
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads|IND}}

;Group play
All times are [[British Summer Time]], ([[UTC+1]]).
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B}}
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B2}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B5}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B8}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B11}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B14}}

;11th–12th Place
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|C1}}

This was the worst show ever by India at the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/08/london-2012-indian-shame-hockey|title=London 2012: Indian media attack 'national shame' of hockey defeat|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

==Judo==
{{main|Judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
There was only one Indian judoka at the London Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judo Contingent|url=http://www.london2012.com/judo/athletes/country=india/index.html|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804155835/http://www.london2012.com/judo/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Garima Chaudhary]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 63 kg|Women's −63 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yoshie Ueno|Ueno]]|JPN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 0000–0100
|colspan=6|did not advance
|}

==Rowing==
{{main|Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
India had qualified the following boats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three rowers make the cut for Olympics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/olympics-2012/story/three-rowers-make-the-cut-for-london-olympics-100673-2012-04-29}}</ref>

;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Repechage
!colspan="2"|Quarterfinals
!colspan="2"|Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Finals
|- style="font-size:100%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sawarn Singh]]
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls|Single sculls]]
|6:54.04
|4 '''R'''
|7:00:49
|1 '''Q'''
|7:11.59
|4 '''SC/D'''
|7:36.25
|2 '''FC'''
|7:29.66
|16
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sandeep Kumar (rower)|Sandeep Kumar]] [[Manjeet Singh (rower)|Manjeet Singh]]
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's lightweight double sculls|Lightweight double sculls]]
|6:56.60
|4 '''R'''
|6:54.20
|6 '''SC/D'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|7:19.31
|4 '''FD'''
|7:08.39
|19
|}
Qualification Legend: '''FA'''=Final A (medal); '''FB'''=Final B (non-medal); '''FC'''=Final C (non-medal); '''FD'''=Final D (non-medal); '''FE'''=Final E (non-medal); '''FF'''=Final F (non-medal); '''SA/B'''=Semifinals A/B; '''SC/D'''=Semifinals C/D; '''SE/F'''=Semifinals E/F; '''Q'''=Quarterfinals; '''R'''=Repechage

==Shooting==
{{main|Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
Eleven Indian shooters qualified for the London Olympics, with seven male and four female competitors. India had earned 11 quotas in shooting events.<ref name="issf">{{cite web | url=http://www.issf-sports.org/results/og_qualification/quota_places/quota_places_by_nation_and_name.ashx | title=Quota places by nation and name. | access-date=28 May 2011 | publisher=[[International Shooting Sport Federation]] | archive-date=16 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090849/http://www.issf-sports.org/results/og_qualification/quota_places/quota_places_by_nation_and_name.ashx | url-status=dead }}</ref> India has been most successful in this category this year with [[Gagan Narang]] and [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar]] winning bronze and silver medals respectively.

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Abhinav Bindra]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|594
|16
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Joydeep Karmakar]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]
|595
|7 '''Q'''
|699.1
|4
|- align=center
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|'''[[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|570
|31
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|25 m rapid fire pistol]]
|585
|4 '''Q'''
|30
|{{silver02}}
|- align=center
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"|'''[[Gagan Narang]]'''
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|598
|3 '''Q'''
|701.1
|{{bronze03}}
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]
|593
|18
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|1164
|20
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sanjeev Rajput]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|1161
|26
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|Trap]]
|119
|16
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Ronjan Sodhi]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's double trap|Double trap]]
|134
|11
|colspan=2|did not advance
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shagun Chowdhary]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's trap|Trap]]
|61
|20
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Rahi Sarnobat]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 25 metre pistol|25 m pistol]]
|579
|19
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Heena Sidhu]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|382
|12
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|[[Annuraj Singh]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 25 metre pistol|25 m pistol]]
|575
|30
|colspan=2|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|378
|23
|colspan=2|did not advance
|}

==Swimming==
{{main|Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
India had gained a "Universality place" from the [[FINA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/events/london2012/sw/universality_places.pdf |title=FINA Universality Places |date=6 July 2012 |publisher=[[FINA]] |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711000550/http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/events/london2012/sw/universality_places.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2012 }}</ref>

;Men
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Ullalmath Gagan]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 m freestyle]]
|16:31.14
|31
|colspan=2|did not advance
|}

==Table tennis==
{{main|Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
India had won 2 quotas in table tennis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table Tennis Contingent|url=http://www.london2012.com/table-tennis/athletes/country=india/index.html|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031141509/http://www.london2012.com/table-tennis/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Preliminary round
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
!Round 4
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Soumyajit Ghosh]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gustavo Tsuboi|Tsuboi]]|BRA|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 4–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kim Hyok-Bong|Kim H-B]]|PRK|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan=6|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Ankita Das]]
|align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sara Ramírez (table tennis)|Ramirez]]|ESP|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan=7|did not advance
|}

==Tennis==
{{main|Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
India had won 7 quotas in tennis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tennis Contingent|url=http://www.london2012.com/tennis/athletes/country=india/index.html|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806080643/http://www.london2012.com/tennis/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;Men
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Somdev Devvarman]]
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jarkko Nieminen|Nieminen]]|FIN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 3–6, 1–6
|colspan=6|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Blaž Kavčič|Kavčič]]|SLO|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 3–6, 2–6
|colspan=6|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] [[Rohan Bopanna]]
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Doubles]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alexander Bury|Bury]] / [[Max Mirnyi|Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 7–6(7–4), 6–7(4–7), 8–6
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Julien Benneteau|Benneteau]] / [[Richard Gasquet|Gasquet]]|FRA|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 3–6, 4–6
|colspan=4|did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Leander Paes]] [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Robin Haase|Haase]] / [[Jean-Julien Rojer|Rojer]]|NED|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 7–6(7–1), 4–6, 6–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michaël Llodra|Llodra]] / [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga|Tsonga]]|FRA|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 3–6
|colspan=4|did not advance
|}

;Women
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Rushmi Chakravarthi]] [[Sania Mirza]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chuang Chia-jung|Chuang C-j]] / [[Hsieh Su-wei|Hsieh S-w]]|TPE|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 1–6, 6–3, 1–6
|colspan=5|did not advance
|}

;Mixed
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Leander Paes]] [[Sania Mirza]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|Doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ana Ivanovic|Ivanovic]] / [[Nenad Zimonjić|Zimonjić]]|SRB|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2, 6–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Victoria Azarenka|Azarenka]] / [[Max Mirnyi|Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 5–7, 6–7(5–7)
|colspan=3|did not advance
|}

==Weightlifting==
{{main|Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
India had won 2 quotas in weightlifting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/weightlifting/athletes/country=india/index.html|title=Weightlifting Contingent|access-date=2012-08-04|archive-date=2012-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805001653/http://www.london2012.com/weightlifting/athletes/country=india/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Snatch
!colspan="2"|Clean & Jerk
!rowspan="2"|Total
!rowspan="2"|Rank
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Katulu Ravi Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg|Men's −69 kg]]
|136
|16
|167
|15
|303
|15
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Ngangbam Soniya Chanu]]
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 48 kg|Women's −48 kg]]
|74
|8
|97
|7
|171
|7
|}

==Wrestling==
{{main|Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
India had won 5 quotas in the following events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/wrestling/athletes/country=india/index.html |title=Wrestling Contingent |access-date=2012-08-04 |archive-date=2012-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806100600/http://www.london2012.com/wrestling/athletes/country=india/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Key''':
* {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall}} - [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|Victory by Fall]].
* {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}} - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
* {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}} - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.

;Men's freestyle
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Qualification
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Amit Kumar (wrestler)|Amit Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 55 kg|−55 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hassan Rahimi|Rahimi]]|IRI|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Vladimer Khinchegashvili|Khinchegashvili]]|GEO|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|Did not advance
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Radoslav Velikov|Velikov]]|BUL|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3 {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}}
|Did not advance
|10
|- align=center
|align=left|'''[[Yogeshwar Dutt]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 60 kg|−60 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anatolie Guidea|Guidea]]|BUL|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Besik Kudukhov|Kudukhov]]|RUS|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3 {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}}
|colspan=2|did not advance
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Franklin Gómez|Gómez]]|PUR|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–0 {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Masoud Esmaeilpour|Esmaeilpour]]|IRI|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ri Jong-Myong|Ri J-M]]|PRK|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{bronze03}}
|- align=center
|align=left|'''[[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 66 kg|−66 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ramazan Şahin|Şahin]]|TUR|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ikhtiyor Navruzov|Navruzov]]|UZB|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Akzhurek Tanatarov|Tanatarov]]|KAZ|2012 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu|Yonemitsu]]|JPN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3 {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}}
|{{silver02}}
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Narsingh Pancham Yadav]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/narsingh-makes-his-last-chance-count/945565/ |title=Narsingh makes his last chance count |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |first=Vinayak |last=Padmadeo |location=New Delhi, India |date=4 May 2012}}</ref>
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 74 kg|−74 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Matt Gentry|Gentry]]|CAN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|colspan=5|did not advance
|14
|}

;Women's freestyle
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Qualification
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Geeta Phogat]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/london-olympics/Geeta-wins-gold-in-Asian-qualifying-event-books-London-Olympics-berth/articleshow/12497140.cms |title=Geeta wins gold in Asian qualifying event, books London Olympics berth |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |first=Ritu |last=Sejwal |date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 55 kg|−55 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tonya Verbeek|Verbeek]]|CAN|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 {{abbr|PP|Decision by Points - the loser with technical points}}
|colspan=2|did not advance
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tetyana Lazareva|Lazareva]]|UKR|2012 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3 {{abbr|PO|Decision by Points - the loser without technical points}}
|Did not advance
|13
|}

==Controversies==
{{further|Controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}

===Opening ceremony===
An unknown woman in civilian attire was seen walking at the head of the Indian Olympic team's march past during the [[2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations|Parade of Nations]]. Her presence attracted media attention throughout India and raised questions about security at the Olympic Games. The woman was subsequently identified as Madhura Nagendra (incorrectly referred to by some sources as Madhura Honey<ref>{{cite news|title=All hail the lady in red! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/All-hail-the-lady-in-red/Article1-905376.aspx |access-date=4 August 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2012 |author=Sinha Namya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803021020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/All-hail-the-lady-in-red/Article1-905376.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2012 |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I apologise to my countrymen, says Madhura 'Honey' |url=http://www.asianage.com/india/i-apologise-my-countrymen-says-madhura-honey-425 |access-date=4 August 2012 |newspaper=The Asian Age |date=3 August 2012 |author=Manuja Veerappa |author2=Johnlee Abraham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804212500/http://www.asianage.com/india/i-apologise-my-countrymen-says-madhura-honey-425 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |location=Bengaluru |url-status=dead }}</ref>), a graduate student from [[Bangalore]] living in [[London]]<ref>Jill Lawless (29 July 2012) [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/29/indian-team-opening-ceremony-woman-olympics_n_1715733.html India's Olympic Team Abuzz About Mystery Woman From London Olympics Opening Ceremony] ''[[The Huffington Post]]''. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref> and a dancer in a segment of the opening ceremony co-ordinated by [[Danny Boyle]].<ref name="toi opening ceremony">Anil Kumar (30 July 2012). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Olympic-gatecrasher-over-excited-Madhura-a-dancer-from-Bangalore/articleshow/15261844.cms Olympic gatecrasher 'over-excited' Madhura, a dancer from Bangalore] ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 30 July 2012.</ref>
The [[LOCOG|London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games]] issued an apology to the Indian contingent over the incident and revoked Nagendra's Olympic security accreditation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympics organising committee apologises for Madhura incident|url=http://www.firstpost.com/olympics/olympics-organising-committee-apologises-for-madhura-incident-397759.html|publisher=Firstpost.com|access-date=4 August 2012|date=31 July 2012}}</ref> On her return to India, Nagendra issued a public apology for her "error of judgement".<ref>{{cite web|title=It was error of judgement, says gatecrasher at the Olympics Opening Ceremony|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/it-was-error-of-judgement-says-gatecrasher-at-the-olympics-opening-ceremony/241485|publisher=New Delhi Television|access-date=3 August 2012|date=2 August 2012}}</ref>

===Boxing===
Boxer [[Sumit Sangwan]] lost a closely contested bout 14–15 against [[Yamaguchi Falcao Florentino]] of Brazil in the light heavyweight category round of 32. The ESPN commentators described the loss as "daylight robbery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-boxer-sangwan-loses-a-bout-he-had-won/276463-73.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801163501/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-boxer-sangwan-loses-a-bout-he-had-won/276463-73.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-01 |title=Indian boxer Sangwan loses a bout he had 'won' - London Olympics 2012 News - IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref> India's acting chef-de-mission Brigadier P. K. M. Raja, on the insistence of Sports Minister [[Ajay Maken]], lodged an unsuccessful appeal against the judges' decision believing he had won.<ref>{{cite web|title=Appeal against Sumit Sangwan's bout rejected|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/news/item/194422-appeal-against-sumit-sangwans-bout-rejected?pfrom=home-topstories&trendingnow|publisher=NDTV Sport|access-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012437/http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/news/item/194422-appeal-against-sumit-sangwans-bout-rejected?pfrom=home-topstories&trendingnow|archive-date=2016-03-06|date=31 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

A win by [[Vikas Krishan]] in the welterweight pre-quarters was overturned after an appeal by the opponent [[Errol Spence]]. The Indian was given four penalty points and the score was changed from 11–13 to 15–13 in favour of Errol Spence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Errol Spence's Olympic Loss Overturned|url=http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/sports/DeSotos-Spence-Loses-in-Round-of-16-164934426.html|publisher=NBC 5|access-date=3 August 2012|date=3 August 2012}}</ref> The decision was overturned citing the nine holding fouls committed by the Indian boxer in the third round and for spitting out the gumshield intentionally. As the jury's decision was final, no further appeal by the Indians were permitted. India through its Acting Chef de Mission Brigadier PKM Raja approached the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/269153/indias-counter-protest-vikas-decision.html India approach CAS after AIBA decision]</ref> but the appeal was rejected.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/cas-rejects-indias-appeal-vikas-krishan-134747916.html CAS rejects India's appeal on Vikas Krishan – Yahoo! News India]</ref>

Boxer [[Manoj Kumar (boxer)|Manoj Kumar]] lost his pre quarterfinal light welterweight bout against Great Britain's [[Tom Stalker]] in a controversial manner. The boxer was at the wrong end of some of the judging calls and he cried "cheating" openly before leaving the boxing arena.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Sports/Olympics2012/Chunk-HT-UI-Olympics-Discipline-Boxing/Manoj-Kumar-cries-cheating-after-exit-from-Games/SP-Article10-908550.aspx |title=Manoj Kumar cries 'cheating' after exit from Games |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2012-05-08 |access-date=2012-08-05 |archive-date=2012-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806045938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/Sports/Olympics2012/Chunk-HT-UI-Olympics-Discipline-Boxing/Manoj-Kumar-cries-cheating-after-exit-from-Games/SP-Article10-908550.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Badminton===
[[Jwala Gutta]] and [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] missed out on a badminton - women's doubles quarterfinal berth by a difference of one point after tying with Japan and Taipei on points. Prior to India's final group game, the Japanese partnership of [[Mizuki Fujii]] and [[Reika Kakiiwa]] lost to Chinese Taipei's [[Cheng Wen Hsing]] and [[Chien Yu Chin]]. On behalf of the [[Badminton Association of India]], a protest was lodged saying that the match between Japan and Chinese Taipei was fixed and that Japan had deliberately lost that match in order to have a better draw in the next round. The Indian appeal was turned down by force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/olympics-scandal-badminton-the-biggest-loser/story-KQRFGV7dRyJKjOiJNRhN7J.html|title=Olympics scandal: Badminton the biggest loser|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/olympics-2012/story/london-olympics-eight-badminton-players-disqualified-111951-2012-07-31|title=London Olympics: Hope floats for Gutta and Ponappa after 8 badminton players are thrown out for underperforming|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[India at the 2012 Summer Paralympics]]
*[[India at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics]]
*[[Indian sports]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.london2012.com/country/india/index.html Olympics London 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103212325/http://www.london2012.com/country/india/index.html |date=2013-01-03 }}
{{Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}
{{commons category|India at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|2012]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom sports relations|2012]]

Sekhar Das

2026-02-11T07:15:09Z

HongGrasby5256: started new data

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2018}}
{{Notability|date=February 2024}}
{{Original research|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sekhar Das
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Film director
}}
'''Sekhar Das''' ({{langx|bn|শেখর দাশ}}; alternately spelled '''Shekhar Das''')<ref>{{cite news|title=Element of unknown|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051230/asp/etc/story_5654609.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919175834/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051230/asp/etc/story_5654609.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=27 February 2012|location=Calcutta, India|date=30 December 2005}}</ref> is a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film and theatre director, scriptwriter/playwright, actor and producer. He has directed three award-winning feature films, his 11th feature film being ''[[Jogajog (2015 film)|Jogajog]]'' (Relationships) based on [[Nobel Laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s classic novel, of which four features were made for television release and others for theatre release.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Early life==
Graduating from the [[University of Calcutta]] in both science and English literature, Das then opted for film studies and appreciation in the Chitrabani (Communication center of [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xaviers College, Calcutta]]). Das took interest in the Art of Screenplay writing and acting.

== Career ==
After resigning from his corporate career in 1997, Das began his career in films and television as a director. He directed mystery thrillers for a TV channel, and adapted several works by Russian playwright [[Anton Chekhov]] into Bengali for TV films. A globetrotter, Das was associated with a travelogue program for a TV channel for nearly three years as a presenter, writer and director. This program covered [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Australia]].

He served on juries for international film festivals, was a jury member for [[India]]'s national awards, and was selected as one of the selection committee members for nominating [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] for the Oscar.

==Theatre days==
While working for an insurance company, Das lost interest in cinema and concentrated in theatre arts. He produced and directed plays which included Sophocles' ''Oedipus'', Chekhov's ''Uncle Vanya'', Tagore's ''Visarjan'' (The Sacrifice), ''Tasher Desh'' (The Land of Cards), ''Rather Rashi'' (The Rope of the Chariot), Jean-Paul Sartre's ''Condemned of Altona'', Arrabal's ''Picnique in the Battlefield'', Dario Foe's ''Can't Pay, Won't Pay'', Athol Fugard's ''Road to Mecca'' and Arnold Weskar's trilogy. He performed as an actor.

==Filmography==
From 1997 to 2000, Das wrote for television programs and directed short films and long videos. In 2000, he stopped working in television to concentrate his work on films.

He adapted four plays of Anton Chekhov, [[Three Sisters (play)|(Three Sisters]], [[Uncle Vanya]], [[The Seagull]], Cherry Orchard) for Television.

The following are the films Das made for theatre release:
*''[[Mahulbanir Sereng]]'' (Songs of Mahulbani) – script and direction. His debut with the film ''Mahulbanir Sereng'', was based on the story by Tapan Bandyopadhyay. The film was marked as the first ever Bengali film that dealt comprehensively with the lives in the forest (Jangolmohal). It featured songs, and its concept offered a view of nature, the tribal people, their struggle, romance and agony. It was honored in the Indian Panorama and won 11 awards conferred upon by BFJA.
*''[[Krantikaal]]'' (Critical Encounter) – script and direction. His second film ''Krantikaal'', based on the story by Prafulla Roy, dealt with the secessionist problems of the North-Eastern part of India and its treatment. The government of India selected the film for international viewing in seven international languages. This low-budget experimental film was also honored in the Indian Panorama, received two National awards, four International awards and six BFJA awards.<ref name="A complex world">{{cite news|title=A complex world|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090325/jsp/entertainment/story_10717468.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133334/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090325/jsp/entertainment/story_10717468.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=10 July 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|location=Calcutta, India|first=Mohua|last=Das|date=25 March 2009}}</ref>
*''Kaler Rakhal'' (The Understudy) – script and direction. By his third film ''Kaler Rakhal'', a musical which portrayed lives of 'Bahurupis' (the itinerant performers). Das added another entry to his 'Outsiders' series, completing the trilogy on 'contemporary social issues'.
*''Necklace'' – script and direction. A comedy dedicated to the 50-year celebration of French new wave. It was screened in India, USA and Canada. This has been Das' first part of the "Kolkata" trilogy.
*''Nayanchampar Dinratri'' (The Tale of Nayanchampa) – story, script and direction. Centered around a day of a Maid's life, the story revolves around 'Nayanchampa' (Roopa Ganguly), a middle-aged lady representing thousands of women of rural India. They start their journey in the early dawn and travel around 8 hours a day to reach the city, serve different households to earn their livelihood and return home in the night when they again work hard to feed their family. The film was shot in the documentary style during monsoon, in the rain-soaked city of Kolkata and around different suburb locations with a handheld camera. This has been Das' 2nd part of "Kolkata" trilogy.
*''ESP: Ekti Rohoshshyo Golpo'' (ESP: A film fantastic) – script and direction. The film focuses on Paula and her nocturnal hallucinations over her loving husband, Spandan. Their physician dismisses her symptoms as relating to insomnia. Their charming, young paying guest, Banya, is a student of psychology. Banya discovers that Paula has an uncanny ability to predict the future. She connects her condition to that of Extra Sensory Perception (ESP), which her professor of [[Parapsychology|para-psychology]], Dr. Maity confirms when Paula undergoes Zener card tests. Further findings indicate that Paula is under severe trauma due to her past. At the time of her puberty, a temple priest had physically abused her. He now visits her every night in her hallucinations.
*[[Jogajog (2015 film)|''Jogajog'']] (Communication) – script and direction. The film is a contemporary interpretation of Rabindranath Tagore's classic novel (written on 1927 and later adopted to drama, 1930's). The plot revolves around the underlying rivalry between two families — the Chatterjees (Biprodas), aristocrats now on the decline and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing neo-bourgeoisie and arrogance. Biprodas Chatterjee is a vociferous supporter of equal dignity and rights for women. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She was brought up in a sheltered home where she had followed the traditional way of life and observed all the religious rituals. Her mental image of the husband is as someone who embodies all the qualities of the God ([[Lord Krishna]]) she worships. Now, she is rudely shaken by the crude display of wealth and power by Madhusudan. Although brought up to be a good and submissive wife, she resents at the idea of sharing the conjugal bed. But for Madhusudan money means power and marriage means sex, he repeatedly tries to use this to jeer at Kumudini's family; his natural vulgarity, the coarseness of his speech, his arrogant discourtesy, which makes Kumudini's whole being shrink every moment. Soon Kumudini retreats to her shell of spirituality, but a time finally comes when Kumudini cannot take it anymore and she returns to her brother's house, only to realize that she is pregnant. Eventually an unwilling Kumudini is persuaded to return to the Ghoshals. The film also highlights marital rape. Kumudini is subjected to marital rape by Madhusudan. There is also a sexual liaison between Madhusudan and Shyamasundari who was the widow of Madhusudan's elder brother.

===Director===

*''4 great Chekhov Plays'' (2001)

====Full length plays adapted for television release====
*''Tin Bon'' (Three sisters)
*''Bhola Mama'' (Uncle Vanya)
*''Balaka'' (The Seagul)
*''Golap Kutir'' (Cherry Orchard)

====Films made for theatre release====
*[[Mahulbanir Sereng]] [Songs of Mahulbani] (2004)
*[[Krantikaal]] [Critical encounter] (2005)
*Kaaler Rakhal [The Understudy] (2008)
*Bishnu Dey [documentary film] (2010)
*Necklace (2011)<ref name="Rich man, poor man">{{cite news|title=Rich man, poor man|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110207/jsp/entertainment/story_13545460.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203133453/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110207/jsp/entertainment/story_13545460.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=10 July 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|location=Calcutta, India|first=Arijit|last=Bhattacharya|date=7 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="From the floors">{{cite news|title=From the floors|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100602/jsp/entertainment/story_12512431.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203181917/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100602/jsp/entertainment/story_12512431.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=10 July 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=2 June 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>
*E S P (unreleased, 2012)
*Nayan Chapar Dinratri (The tale of Nayanchampa) (unreleased, 2013)
*Jogajog (Relationships) (2015)

==Screenplay and dialogue==

*"Chekhov Plays" (2001) for television
*Mahulbanir Sereng (Songs Of Mahulbani) 2004
*Krantikaal (Critical Encounter) 2005
*Kaler Rakhal (The Understudy) 2008
*Necklace (2010)
*E S P-A film fantastic (2012)
*Nayanchampar dinratri (The tale of Nayanchampa) 2013
*Jogajog (Relationships) 2015

==Awards==
* ''Mahulbanir Sereng'': Best film, best director, best screenplay, best art director, best character actor, best story from BFJA, in Indian Panoama 2003
* Krantikaal: Best regional film National award (2005), best character actor, National award. Best Director in 9th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]]. Best actor (Roopa Ganguly) in 9th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]], Best film from Signis award (Belgium), special jury, Osien cinefan. Indian Panorama 2005
* Kaler Rakhal: Best achievement of the year (2008) from BFJA, Best sound design from Ahmedabad international

==See also==
*[[Mahulbanir Sereng]]
*[[Krantikaal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sekhar}}
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Debashis Sarkar

2026-02-06T06:28:00Z

HongGrasby5256: Creating initial stub added tags

{{short description|Indian author, columnist and management consultant}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debashis Sarkar
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Author, management consultant
| years_active = 1998–present
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for =[[Lean management]], [[Operational excellence]], The DEB-LOREX model<ref name=freepress>{{cite news |title=Beyond the textbooks |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/beyond-the-textbooks/137035 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=January 14, 2013}}</ref>
| notable_works = ''Building a Lean Service Enterprise – Reflections of a Lean Management Practitioner'' (2016) ''How Can I Help You – 5 Mistakes to Avoid in Customer Service'' (2013) ''Lessons in Lean Management'' (2012) ''Lean for Service Organizations and Offices–Holistic Approach for Achieving Operational Excellence'' (2008) ''5S for Service Organizations and Offices–A Lean Look at Improvement'' (2006) ''Lessons in Six Sigma'' (2004)
| style =
| height = 
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards = [[Quality Council of India|QCI]]'s [[Quality Council of India#D.L. Shah Award|D.L. Shah Quality Champion Platinum Award]] (2017) ASQ's Philip Crosby Medal (2014) [[American Society for Quality]] Fellow (2013)
| website = {{URL|http://debashissarkar.com/ |Official website}}
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Debashis Sarkar''' is an Indian author,<ref name=mint>{{cite news |title=Extract – Lessons in lean management |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1vbeadoEIlnrOr7KM7dgwI/Extract--Lessons-in-lean-management.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=November 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Learn to look |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/learn-to-look/137050 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> columnist and [[management consultant]].<ref>{{cite news |title=लीडरशिप के लिए संतुलन अनुशासन बहुत जरूरी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-KAR-MAT-latest-karnal-news-034505-3231826-NOR.html |publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=August 20, 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मंजिल हासिल करने के लिए प्लानिंग से आगे बढे |url=http://debashissarkar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/File-23-08-17-9-33-04-PM.jpeg |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=August 20, 2017 |location=[[Karnal]] |language=Hindi |access-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005075152/http://debashissarkar.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/File-23-08-17-9-33-04-PM.jpeg |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the author of 11 books, including ''Building a Lean Service Enterprise – Reflections of a Lean Management Practitioner'' (2016), ''How Can I Help You – 5 Mistakes to Avoid in Customer Service'' (2013), ''Lessons in Lean Management'' (2012), ''Lean for Service Organizations and Offices–Holistic Approach for Achieving Operational Excellence (2008)'', ''5S for Service Organizations and Offices–A Lean Look at Improvement'' (2006) and ''Lessons in Six Sigma'' (2004).<ref name=mint/> He is noted for his work in [[Lean management]] and [[Operational excellence]]. Sarkar is an [[American Society for Quality]] (ASQ) Fellow.<ref>{{cite news |title=25 ASQ Members Named Fellows |url=http://asq.org/quality-progress/2013/02/keeping-current.html |publisher=[[American Society for Quality]] |date=February 2013}}</ref> In recognition of his book, ''Lessons in Lean Management'' (2012),<ref name=CrosbyMedal>{{cite web |title=Crosby Medalists |url=https://asq.org/about-asq/asq-awards/honors/crosby |website=[[American Society for Quality|ASQ.org]] |accessdate=January 7, 2019}}</ref> he was awarded the [[American Society for Quality|ASQ]] [[Philip B. Crosby|Crosby Medal]] in 2014.<ref name=ASQFellow>{{cite news |title=Recipients to be honored at May event preceding World Conference on Quality and Improvement |url=http://asq.org/newsroom/news-releases/2014/20140206-asq-awards.html |publisher=ASQ.org |date=February 6, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210649/http://asq.org/newsroom/news-releases/2014/20140206-asq-awards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Debashis Sarkar wins the coveted 2014 Philip Crosby |url=http://www.newdelhiworldbookfair.gov.in/upload_document/78___show-daily_ndwbf.ndwbf_page/Show_Daily_on_17.02.2014.pdf |publisher=[[New Delhi World Book Fair|Newdelhiworldbookfair.gov.in]] |date=February 17, 2014 |pages=14 |format=psf |access-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318111431/http://newdelhiworldbookfair.gov.in/upload_document/78___show-daily_ndwbf.ndwbf_page/Show_Daily_on_17.02.2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> For his contribution to the field of quality, he also received the first [[Quality Council of India#D.L. Shah Award|D.L. Shah Quality Champion Platinum Award]] from [[Quality Council of India]] for the year 2017–2018.<ref name=qcin>{{cite news |title=Individual Based – QCI – D.L Shah Quality Champion Award Winners |url=https://www.qcin.org/nbqp/dsa/2017/node/65 |accessdate=April 8, 2019 |work=qcin.org |publisher=[[Quality Council of India]] |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102050856/https://www.qcin.org/nbqp/dsa/2017/node/65 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been credited for conceptualizing the DEB-LOREX Model.<ref name=freepress/>

== Work ==
Debashis Sarkar is the author of several books, some of which include ''Building a Lean Service Enterprise – Reflections of a Lean Management Practitioner'' (2016), ''How Can I Help You – 5 Mistakes to Avoid in Customer Service'' (2013), ''Lessons in Lean Management'' (2012), ''Lean for Service Organizations and Offices–Holistic Approach for Achieving Operational Excellence (2008)'', ''5S for Service Organizations and Offices–A Lean Look at Improvement'' (2006) and ''Lessons in Six Sigma'' (2004) and ''Quality in Business'' (2003).<ref name=qualtyprgress/> He has conceptualized the DEB-LOREX Model, a holistic approach for service lean transformation.<ref name=freepress/>

A book review, published in [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] described him as "an authority on Lean management".<ref name=mint/>
He served as the global head of reengineering at [[Standard Chartered]],<ref name=thebanker/><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Quality Conference |url=https://imnublog.com/2014/11/16/asq2014/ |publisher=[[Institute of Management, Nirma University|IMNU]] |date=November 16, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210731/https://imnublog.com/2014/11/16/asq2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> head of organizational excellence group at [[ICICI Bank]] and also held various leadership positions in [[Unilever]], [[Marico]] and [[Coca-Cola]].<ref name=mint/><ref name=rediff/> He also served as the chairman of the [[American Society for Quality|ASQ]] Automotive Division-Team India.<ref name=qualtyprgress/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASQ Automotive Division |url=http://asq.org/auto/quality-information/international-resources-auto.html |publisher=[[American Society for Quality]] |accessdate=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114021648/http://asq.org/auto/quality-information/international-resources-auto.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sarkar's writings have appeared in ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', ''[[The Smart Manager]]'',<ref name=rediff>{{cite news |title=The 6 great tips for improvement |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/feb/16bspec.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=February 16, 2006}}</ref> ''[[Wiley (publisher)|Performance Improvement Journal]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Debashis Sarkar's articles |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?target=default&ContribAuthorStored=Sarkar,%20Debashis |website=[[Wiley.com]] |publisher=Wiley Online Library |accessdate=January 14, 2019}}</ref> and ''Quality Digest''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Content by Debashis Sarkar |url=https://www.qualitydigest.com/read/content_by_author/81744 |publisher=QualityDigest.com |accessdate=January 11, 2019}}</ref> He is also a columnist at multiple publications, including ''[[Huffington Post]]'' and ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debashis Sarkar's Articles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/etreporter/author-debashis-sarkar-479247423.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |title=Building a Lean Service Enterprise: Reflections of a Lean Management Practitioner |date=2016 |publisher=Productivity Press |isbn=9781498779593 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUD_vQAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=How Can I Help You?: 5 Mistakes to Avoid in Customer Service |date=2013 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=9788184004144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdXAAAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Lessons in Lean Management |date=2012 |publisher=Westland |isbn=9789381626801 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JVZswEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Lean for Service Organizations and Offices: A Holistic Approach for Achieving Operational Excellence and Improvements |date=2007 |publisher=[[ASQ Quality Press]] |isbn=9780873897242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDWyD6NjqYkC}}
* {{cite book |title=5S for Service Organizations and Offices |date=2006 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=9788131725511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7ZsEiVzmakC}}
* {{cite book |title=The India Business Quiz Book |date=2005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9780761933441 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t54oAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Lessons in Six Sigma: 72 Must-Know Truths for Managers |date=2004 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9780761998433 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cSNbILStKwC}}
* {{cite book |title=Quiz on Geography |date=2004 |publisher=Sura College of Competition |isbn=9788174780706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuwoNeuvRoC}}
* {{cite book |title=Quality in Business: 76 Mantras for Managers |date=2003 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9780761997948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUAGGwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=The Millennium Business Quiz Book |date=2001 |publisher=Response Books |isbn=9780761995159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOMHOQAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Managers Handbook For Total Quality Management |date=1998|publisher=Beacon Books|isbn=9788186104491|oclc=959383464}}

== Awards and recognition ==
* He was awarded the first [[Quality Council of India#D.L. Shah Award|D.L. Shah Quality Champion Platinum Award]] from [[Quality Council of India]] for the year 2017–2018.<ref name=qcin/>
* He was listed in [[The Asian Banker]]'s List of Leading Practitioners in 2015.<ref name=thebanker>{{cite web |title=The Asian Banker List of Leading Practitioners |url=http://listofleadingpractitioners.theasianbanker.com/?id=4964&pid=657 |publisher=[[The Asian Banker]] |accessdate=January 8, 2019}}</ref>
* In 2014, he received the Philip Crosby Medal from [[American Society for Quality]] for his book, ''Lessons in Lean Management'' (2012).<ref name=CrosbyMedal/>
* Debashis was named Fellow of [[American Society for Quality]] (ASQ) in February 2013.<ref name=ASQFellow/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=Seiche |title=Keeping current |journal=[[Quality Progress]] |issue=February 2013 |page=16 |url=http://www.jcolegroup.com/OQUIN%20Content/Quality%20Progress%202013%20Healthcare%20Issue.pdf |issn=0033-524X}}</ref>
* He was listed in the [[Who's Who]] in [[Quality management|Quality]] by [[Quality Progress]], in 2009.<ref name=qualtyprgress>{{cite news |title=Who's Who in Q |url=http://asq.org/quality-progress/2009/06/keeping-current.html |publisher=[[Quality Progress]] |date=June 2013 |access-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114212019/http://asq.org/quality-progress/2009/06/keeping-current.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* He received the Golden Quill Award twice from [[ASQ Quality Press]] in 2008 and in 2007.<ref name=qualtyprgress/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |title=American Book Publishing Record |date=2005 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=144 |publisher=[[R.R. Bowker]]}}

==External links==
{{portal|Biography|India}}
* {{URL|http://debashissarkar.com/ |Official website}}
* [https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr2001039983/ Debashis Sarkar] at [[WorldCat]]
* [https://fleming.events/articles/banking-customers-have-both-old-and-new-demands-interview-with-debashis-sarkar/ “Banking customers have both old and new demands”] (Interview)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Debashis}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian management consultants]]
[[Category:Business writers]]
[[Category:Business theorists]]
[[Category:Business educators]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Quality experts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dariya Chhoru

2026-01-09T01:43:41Z

HongGrasby5256: Creating a post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dariya Chhoru
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]
| producer = [[Bipin Shah]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jamnadas Majethia]]
* [[Shefali Shah]]
}}
| music = [[Uttanak Vinayak Vora]]
| cinematography = [[Inderjit Bansal]]
| editing =
| distributor =
| production_companies =
| released = {{Film date|1999|11|10|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dariya Chhoru''''' is a 1999 Indian Gujarati film directed by [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]. The film stars [[Jamnadas Majethia]] and [[Shefali Shah]] in lead roles. The film won nine awards by the [[Gujarat|state of Gujarat]], including Best Film, Best Director, and acting awards for its leading stars. The film is a love story situated on the coast of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat between a poor man and young woman from a wealthy family.<ref name="Gujarat"/>

==Plot==
Along the seacoast of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat, a love story sparks between a poor man and a young woman from a rich family. The two decide to marry against her father's disapproval.

==Production==
The film is Vipul Shah's directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namaste England director Vipul Amrutlal Shah acquires rights to 21 novels of Gujarati writer Harkisan Mehta |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/namaste-england-director-vipul-amrutlal-shah-acquires-rights-to-21-novels-of-gujarati-writer-harkisan-mehta-5393001.html |access-date=13 March 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=17 October 2018}}</ref> The script was also written by a first-timer, Prakash Kapadia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Poonam |title=The New Theatres Are Now OTT Platforms: Prakash Kapadia, Screenplay Writer |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/The-New-Theatres-Are-Now-OTT-Platforms-Prakash-Kapadia-Screenplay-Writer/26-02-2021-382203/ |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=[[Businessworld]] |date=26 February 2021}}</ref> The film is the first Gujarati film to be filmed on 35 mm cinemascope.<ref name="Gujarat">{{cite book |last1=Navanitbhai |first1=Hiralaxmi Shah |title=Gujarat |date=2007 |publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust |page=515 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jamnadas Majethia]]
*[[Shefali Shah]]
*Rupa Divetia<ref>{{cite news |title=Directors now play safe with scripts: Rupa Divetia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/directors-now-play-safe-with-scripts-rupa-divetia/articleshow/9981346.cms |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Sanam Sanam
| extra1 = Uttanak Vinayak Vora & [[Mahalaxmi Iyer|Mahalaxmi]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Haiyya Re Haiyya
| extra2 = [[Vinod Rathod]] & Mahalaxmi
| length2 = 5:15
| title3 = Hunto Vadal Ni Jem
| extra3 = Vinod Rathod & Mahalaxmi
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Dariyane Ponkhava
| extra4 = Various artists
| length4 = 4:02
| title5 = Aansoomara Khotya
| note5 =
| extra5 = Jaywant Singh & Mahalaxmi
| length5 = 5:24
| title6 = Ekltha Sangathe
| extra6 = Jaywant Singh & Mahalaxmi
| length6 = 5:57
| title7 = Kapyo Che
| extra7 = Uttanak Vinayak Vora & Mahalaxmi
| length7 = 5:27
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was a box-office success.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khatri |first1=J. A. H. |title=Gujarathi Cinema: From a Historical Perspective |journal=International Journal of Research Culture Society |date=1 January 2021 |issue=21 |url=https://www.academia.edu/45453666 |issn=2456-6683}}</ref> According to ''The Times of India'', the film catered to educated Gujarati viewers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Michelle |title=Lights, camera, resurgence! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/lights-camera-resurgence/articleshow/14198987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2012}}</ref> According to the book ''Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas'', ''Dariya Chhoru'' was among the films "started the trend of spending big money on publicity in the Gujarati film industry."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal|author-link2=Wimal Dissanayake |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99}}</ref> According to the director, film actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] praised it as the best regional film he had seen.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Sheela |title=Bachchan for baddie! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/31amit.htm |access-date=13 March 2022 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=31 August 2000}}</ref> According to the book ''Gujarat'', the film succeeded in spite of prejudice against Gujarati cinema:
{{blockquote|It was left to Vipul Shah, the director of the film ''Dariya Chhoru'', to face the bitter sarcasm made against Gujarati films and to meet the challenge successfully.<ref name="Gujarat"/>}}
The same book wrote that the film "proved that with sincere efforts made for them , good Gujarati films can be produced".<ref name="Gujarat"/> The author further writes that the story is "beautifully portrayed" due to the "skillful handling" of the director, and takes note of how "Vipul Shah and J. D. Majithia and Shefali Chhaya as screen artists could create fresh hopes among the film goers in Gujarat".<ref name="Gujarat"/>

Film director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] had watched the film and was so impressed with the film and the dialogue that he employed writer Kapadia for his 2002 [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]]-nominated film ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bamzai |first1=Kaveree |author1-link=Kaveree Bamzai |title=The Elder Statesman? |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/the-elder-statesman/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

==Awards==
The film was the major winner with nine wins at the Gujarat State Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor for Majethia, and Best Actress for Shah.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mass Media 2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-3014-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtuSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT212}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat State Awards announced Dariya Chhoru is best film |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20000825/film1.htm |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=Screen |date=28 July 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010524115121/http://www.screenindia.com/20000825/film1.htm |archive-date=24 May 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarati film awards announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gujarati-film-awards-announced/articleshow/4463313.cms |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2000}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|title=Gujarat: A Panorama of the Heritage of Gujarat|publisher=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra, Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2007|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|pages=512–532|ref={{sfnref|Thaker|2007}}|editor-last2=Desai|editor-first2=Kumarpal|editor-link2=Kumarpal Desai|series=Prakashan: 2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|31579497}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1990s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]

John Palmer (1810 ship)

2025-12-16T19:21:49Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up some biography from scratch

{{Short description|British India ship 1810–1814}}
{{other ships|John Palmer (ship){{!}}''John Palmer'' (ship)}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|yard_number=
|owner=J. Palmer & Co.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=236 & 287}}
|builder=Michael Smith, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=236 & 287}}
|name=''John Palmer''
|namesake=
|launched=1810
|acquired=
|fate=Wrecked 1814
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=
|tons_burthen=876,<ref name=RS1814>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214440?urlappend=%3Bseq=359 ''Register of Shipping'' (1814), Seq.№695.]</ref> or 877,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=141}} or 895,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=103}}<ref name=BL/>{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=236 & 287}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|armament=18 × 12&6-pounder guns<ref name=RS1814/>
|notes=
}}
}}
'''''John Palmer''''' was built at Calcutta in 1810. She made two voyages, the first under charter to the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She wrecked with the loss of all hands in 1814 on the return leg of her second voyage.

Captain Hugh Atkins Reid sailed from Calcutta for England on 21 December 1810 under charter to the EIC. ''John Palmer'' was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 12 March 1811 and Mauritius on 7 May. She reached [[Saint Helena]] on 20 July and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 24 September.<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115224 British Library: ''John Palmer''.]</ref> In England she underwent repairs and fitting out that cost [[£sd|£]]2417 1[[shilling|s]] 5[[pence|d]].{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=615}}

On 8 July 1812 Reid sailed for Bengal and Bourbon Island [[Réunion]]. On 6 September ''John Palmer'' sailed from Madeira in a convoy under escort of {{HMS|Minden|1810|6}}. They were "all well" on the 20th at {{coord|12|N|25|W}}.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005721405?urlappend=%3Bseq=389 №4714.]</ref>

==Fate==
''John Palmer'' was homeward bound from Bourbon with a cargo mostly of cotton and in company with other ships when she stopped at [[Saint Helena]]. There she took on some passengers before she left on 3 February, again in company with other ships. She parted from her companions on 18 February at the Azores. On 9 March 1814 she stranded at [[Ovar]], on the Portuguese coast.{{sfnp|Grocott|1997|pp=367-8}} She slipped off and sank with the loss of all hands.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=236 & 287}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Grocott| first=Terence| title=Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Eras|publisher=Chatham|location=London|year=1997|isbn=1861760302}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |date=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta)|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}

{{1814 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1810 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1814]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]

Shillong Chamber Choir

2025-12-02T16:56:50Z

HongGrasby5256: started new post

{{Short description|Indian chamber choir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox choir
| image = Artists performing at the inaugural ceremony of the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), at Ravindra Bhavan, in Madgaon, Goa on November, 23, 2011.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Shillong Chamber Choir performing at inaugural ceremony of [[42nd International Film Festival of India]] in 2011
| origin = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
| founding =2001
| genre =
| members =11 (eleven singers and musicians/soloists)
| music director = [[Neil Nongkynrih]]
| chief conductor = Neil Nongkynrih
| orchestra manager =
| affiliation =
| website ={{URL|http://www.shillongchamberchoir.com/}}
}}

'''Shillong Chamber Choir''' is an Indian [[chamber choir]] based in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] that was founded in 2001. It received fame after winning the reality talent show, ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' ([[India's Got Talent (season 2)|Season 2]]) in October 2010, on [[Cignal TV|Colours TV]], part of the ''[[Got Talent]]'' franchise, where it performed western chorals, as well as choral-style revamps of [[Hindi film]] ([[Bollywood]]) classics.

The choir consists of 11 singers and occasionally a 30-piece orchestra. They are based in Shillong, Meghalaya, which sits in the [[Northeast India|North-Eastern part of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title='Vande Mataram' Rendition For Asian Games 2023 By Shillong Chamber Choir |url=https://www.ap7am.com/vn/379142/vande-mataram-rendition-for-asian-games-2023-by-shillong-chamber-choir |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref> The choir participated in the 6th World Choir Games held at Shaoxing China ([[Shanghai]]) in July 2010 and was awarded Gold diplomas in all three categories: Musica Sacra, Gospel, and Popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gogoi |first=Monami |date=2023-09-06 |title=Shillong Chamber Choir hasn’t crumbled without Uncle Neil—Tours to G20 event, it’s doing it all |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/shillong-chamber-choir-hasnt-crumbled-without-uncle-neil-tours-to-g20-event-its-doing-it-all/1748296/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Shillong Chamber Choir is among Indian choirs like [[Bombay Madrigal Singers]], [[Madras Musical Association]], Paranjoti Academy Chorus, founded by [[Victor Paranjoti]], and [[Delhi Chamber Choir]].

==History==
===The foundation===
The Shillong Chamber Choir was founded in 2001 by [[Neil Nongkyrih|Neil Nongkynrih]], a composer, conductor, and pianist from [[Shillong]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Aiyushman |date=2015-06-27 |title=The Shillong experiment |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ja7XvmBeCmOhrnJtUd7k7M/The-Shillong-experiment.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Growing up in a family of musicians, Nongkynrih began playing the piano at a young age and studied music at the Delhi School of Music and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Aiyushman |date=2015-06-27 |title=The Shillong experiment |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ja7XvmBeCmOhrnJtUd7k7M/The-Shillong-experiment.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> After returning to India, he became involved in the music scene in Shillong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-30 |title=Shillong Chamber Choir to perform for Barack Obama |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Shillong-Chamber-Choir-to-perform-for-Barack-Obama/article15798201.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nongkynrih saw an opportunity to bring Indian and Western classical music together and founded the Shillong Chamber Choir with like-minded musicians. The choir's name reflects its roots in Shillong and its focus on chamber music and more intimate performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-30 |title=Bollywood aided Shillong choir's gold run |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-aided-shillong-choir-s-gold-run/story-ULUBAg8ECS9fGFfKCi1BwI.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===2001-2010: The Early Years===
The Choir made their debut performance as a group at the Pinewood Hotel in [[Shillong]] on January 14 and 15, 2001, and were mentored by Nongkynrih as their maestro. Since then, the choir has been awarded all three Gold diplomas in the categories Musica Sacra, Gospel, and Popular, which they competed in at the 6th World Choir Games held at Shaoxing, China in July 2010, winning against 400 choir groups from over 82 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-03 |title=Shillong Choir wins 'India's Got Talent Khoj 2' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indias-got-talent-2-349624.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> They were selected to represent India by the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. Their visit was sponsored by [[Government of India|The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]. The Choir mainly gained attention for their choral-style revamps of old Bollywood classics while competing on the reality television talent show India’s Got Talent in its second season back in 2010 and went on to win it. In December 2010, the Choir won the [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]] Indian of the Year – Special Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-24 |title=CNN-IBN Reveals Indian Of The Year 2010: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2010/12/cnn-ibn-reveals-indian-of-the-year-2010 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=www.bestmediainfo.com}}</ref> Since their victory on India's Got Talent, the choir has performed across several parts of India and toured many countries as diplomatic representatives for events across the globe. On 8 November 2010, they performed for then [[President of the United States]] [[Barack Obama]] and his wife [[Michelle Obama]] at [[President of India|Indian President]] [[Pratibha Patil|Pratibha Patil’s]] presidential banquet in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-30 |title=Shillong Chamber Choir to perform for Barack Obama |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Shillong-Chamber-Choir-to-perform-for-Barack-Obama/article15798201.ece |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===2011-2019: The growth years===
On 28 and 29 October 2011, they performed again with The Vienna Chamber Orchestra in Shillong in a concert called "Bollywood Leitmotifs Also..." whereby melodies from Indian cinematic music were revamped for the choir and orchestra by their conductor Neil Nongkynrih. On 30 October 2011, they collaborated with Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy at the second Global Indian Music Awards (GIMA) which was shown on Colors channel. In 2015, Nongkynrih founder, mentor and conductor of the group was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2016-11-22 |title=The Fascinating Story of the Talented Shillong Chamber Choir That Rocked the Stage with Coldplay |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/75719/shillong-chamber-choir-neil-nongkynrih/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> They collaborated with renowned musicians and performed at various events, establishing their reputation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-20 |title=I Made It To The Coldplay Concert And Here Are 15 Things That Happened |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/i-gatecrashed-the-coldplay-concert-and-here-are-15-things-that-happened-265816.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In March 2013, the choir performed at a fundraiser organized by actor Rahul Bose’s NGO, ''The Foundation'', in [[Mumbai]]. They collaborated with the tabla maestro, [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Ustad Zakir Hussain]], for the performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=Zakir Hussain, Shillong Chamber Choir to jam together |url=https://twocircles.net/2013feb20/zakir_hussain_shillong_chamber_choir_jam_together.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref> They showcased an hour-long recital that featured opera, Bollywood favorites, a tabla-piano medley, and a solo by the Ustad. In 2014, they opened for the grand premiere of [[Kaun Banega Crorepati|Kaun Banega Crorepati 8]] at [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] and also opened for the music launch of [[Shah Rukh Khan]]’s film ‘Happy New Year’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The same year, they collaborated with the [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commission]] and created a music video entitled ''Just One'' to promote voting. They again collaborated with Bachchan for a fundraiser in [[Jodhpur]] in 2015 and finally in 2016 for the Global Citizen India Concert in Mumbai which also saw acts like [[Jay-Z|Jay Z]] and [[Coldplay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-19 |title=Amitabh Bachchan to perform with Shillong Chamber Choir in Jodhpur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-to-perform-with-shillong-chamber-choir-in-jodhpur/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

April 2017 saw the choir perform their melodies at the opening ceremony of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] in [[Kolkata]]. The choir has participated in some of the most notable national events, including the [[Republic Day]] in Shillong in 2018. Another noted event was the telecast of their rendition of ''Vande Mataram- I’m So Proud To Be An Indian'' during the attempted satellite landing of [[Chandrayaan-2|Chandrayaan 2]], which aired live on [[National Geographic]] on 6 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=Shillong Chamber Choir to sing Vande Mataram as Chandrayan 2 lands on moon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shillong-chamber-choir-s-vande-mataram-to-reverberate-as-chandrayan-2-lands-on-moon/story-RpmXhXKJ4Lu1D0tF6C7EmI.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Musical style and influences==
The Shillong Chamber Choir is known for blending [[Classical music|Western classical music]] with Indian melodies and rhythms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-25 |title=Special service: The Shillong Chamber Choir is now delivering for those who can’t step out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/facebook-stories-of-strength-2020/start-up-fighters/special-service-the-shillong-chamber-choir-is-now-delivering-for-those-who-cant-step-out-6426432/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Their repertoire includes various musical genres, including choral arrangements of popular [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] songs and classical and contemporary Western pieces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhim |first=Patricia |date=2022-01-06 |title=Neil Nongkynrih trained the Shillong Chamber Choir to be selfless. Not just in their music |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/neil-nongkynrih-trained-the-shillong-chamber-choir-to-be-selfless-not-just-in-their-music/796617/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> They have also experimented with fusion music, collaborating with artists from different musical traditions. Their repertoire is a variation of different varieties and genres from jazz to Western Classical to Bollywood and more. As a choir, they have sung in over 15 languages, including [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[French language|French]], [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=SCC enthralls audience at Interpol conference |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/10/21/scc-enthralls-audience-at-interpol-conference/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Themes===
The themes explored by the Shillong Chamber Choir's music range from love and relationships to social issues and spirituality. Their music often reflects the [[Culture of India|cultural diversity of India]], exploring themes related to different regions and traditions. The choir draws their inspiration from different genres of music worldwide, including rock bands like [[Queen (band)|Queen]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paitandy |first=Priyadarshini |date=2022-06-10 |title=Shillong Chamber Choir’s upcoming single is inspired by rail journeys and is a tribute to Uncle Neil, the founder of the choir |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/shillong-chamber-choirs-upcoming-single-is-inspired-by-rail-journeys-and-is-a-tribute-to-uncle-neil-the-founder-of-the-choir/article65292571.ece |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Members==
The choir has a choral frame comprising the Sopranos, Altos, Tenors, and Bass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=The Rolling Stone Interview with the Shillong Chamber Choir |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-rolling-stone-interview-with-the-shillong-chamber-choir/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Sopranos are the female lead singer Ibarisha Lyngdoh, Patricia Lyngdoh, and Jessica Lyngdoh. The Altos comprise Donna Marthong, Rishila Merang Jamir, Keviseno Terhuja, and Dorea Rangad. The Tenors are Riewbankit Lyndem, Sandon Melam Lyndem, and William Richmond, the frontman. The Bass singer is Banlam Lyndem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=Year after Neil’s passing, SCC continues wowing the world |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/01/05/year-after-neils-passing-scc-continues-wowing-the-world/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian choirs]]
[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:Culture of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Got Talent winners]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Mosque Road

2025-09-23T10:50:16Z

HongGrasby5256: creating a post basic info

{{Short description|Street in Fraser Town, Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Mosque Road''' is a Road in [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Bengaluru]], India, that links MM Road with Coles Road. The road is a commercial centre and one of the busiest shopping areas of Bangalore. [[Iftar]] celebration in this road is particularly well-known. There are a large number of eateries here, and that's why the road is also known as "Foodies' paradise".The road is named mosque road because it leads to the Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque.

== Iftar celebration ==

[[File:Colorful Kababs.jpg|thumb|Kebabs being sold during [[Ramadan]]]]
There are a number of mosques in this area. Iftar<ref group=lower-alpha>The evening meal when Muslims end their daily [[Ramadan]] fast at sunset</ref> is celebrated here every year. Both the sides of the road are decorated lights and thousands of people gather here in the evenings for their Iftar feast. [[Samosa]]s, [[kebab]]s, pathar ka gosht, different varieties of [[biryani]] are sold.<ref name="In pictures: Iftar feast on Bengaluru's Mosque Road">{{cite news|title=In pictures: Iftar feast on Bengaluru's Mosque Road|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/in-pictures-iftar-feast-on-begalurus-mosque-road/article7383549.ece|accessdate=24 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mosque Road teems with stalls and foodies, like every year">{{cite news|title=Mosque Road teems with stalls and foodies, like every year|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Mosque-Road-teems-with-stalls-and-foodies-like-every-year/articleshow/47918180.cms|accessdate=24 February 2016|work=The Times of India|date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

== Shopping centres ==
There are a large number of shopping centres, retail outlets, eateries and stalls in this street. Because of having so many eateries and restaurants the place is also known as "Foodies' paradise".<ref name="Foodies’ paradise Mosque Road now turns motorists’ heaven">{{cite news|title=Foodies’ paradise Mosque Road now turns motorists’ heaven|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Foodies-paradise-Mosque-Road-now-turns-motorists-heaven/articleshow/48273383.cms|accessdate=24 February 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=30 July 2015}}</ref> There are a few hotels as well. Traffic jams and unsystematic vehicle parking are serious problems in this area. In July 2015 Bangalore city traffic police marked the road as a "model" road, and disallowed vehicles anywhere in the road other than a few designated parking areas. Right after that business and selling in the area reportedly decreased by 30-50%, as people were reluctant to walk extra. However, the residents of that area found this traffic rule useful.<ref name="Business on Mosque Road hit as customers zip past">{{cite news|title=Business on Mosque Road hit as customers zip past|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Business-on-Mosque-Road-hit-as-customers-zip-past/articleshow/48428429.cms|accessdate=24 February 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=11 August 2015}}</ref> This also affected the Iftar celebration of this year.<ref name="No iftar jamboree on Mosque Road this Ramzan">{{cite news|title=No iftar jamboree on Mosque Road this Ramzan|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/No-iftar-jamboree-on-Mosque-Road-this-Ramzan/articleshow/47605865.cms|accessdate=24 February 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== References ==
; Footnotes
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
; Citations
{{reflist}}

{{coord|12|59|55.11|N|77|36|47.87|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Roads in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]

Prabhācandra

2025-08-22T05:29:31Z

HongGrasby5256: added info

{{Short description|Śvetāmbara monk, grammarian, philosopher, and author}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = ''[[Śvetāmbara]]''
| birth_date = 11th century CE
| death_date = 11th century CE
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Prabhācandra''' (c. 11th century CE) was a [[Śvetāmbara]] monk, grammarian, biographer, philosopher and author of several philosophical books on [[Jainism]].

==Life==
Prabhachandra was a ''[[Śvetāmbara]] monk'' who flourished in 11th century CE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=57}}{{sfn|Soni|2013|p=1}}{{sfn|Dixit|2013|p=102}}

'''Prabhāvakacarita''' is a Jain text devoted to history, composed by him.<ref>Prabhāvakacarita of Prabhācandrācārya. Ed. Jina Vijaya Muni. Singhi Jaina Series, vol. 13. Ahmedabad, Calcutta: Sañcālaka Siṅghi Jaina Granthamālā, 1940.</ref> While Prabhāvakacarita is dedicated to the lives of Jain scholars of the Shvetambara tradition, it is often quoted in the context of contemporary history, often dealing with the time of Acharya [[Hemachandra]].<ref>Pollock, Sheldon (2006). Language of the Gods in the World of Men.
University of California Press. p. 182. 587</ref><ref>Kalhana's Rājatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr, Volume 2, Sir Aurel Stein, The Shrine of Sarada, Note B, p. 279-289, Archibald Constable, 1900</ref> It is a major source of the information on the society in that era. Prabhāvakacarita includes a mention of use a parachute in ancient India.<ref>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
Volume 4 of Physics & Physical Technology PT. 2
Science and Civilisation in China, Joseph Needham, p. 594</ref>

According to him, [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] converted to [[Jainism]] and started worshipping [[Ajitanatha]] after conquering [[Ajmer]].{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=97}}

==Works==
* ''[[Prabhavaka Charita]]'' ([[IAST]]: ''Prabhavakacarita''): Biographies of Jain monks{{sfn|Jayant P. Thaker|1970|p=19}} Prabhachandra gives accounts of acharyas from the first century of the Vikram era to 13th century, concluding with the account of [[Hemachandra]]. It gives an account of 22 acharyas, including Vajraswami, Kalaka, [[Haribhadra]], Bapabhatti, [[Manatunga]], Mahendra Suri (which includes an account of poet [[Dhanapala]]<ref>Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works, Ganga Prasad Yadava, Concept Publishing Company, 1982, p. 26</ref>) and Hemachandra. It concludes by including a prashati of the author himself.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |editor-last=Cort |editor-first=John E. |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{citation|last=Soni|first=Jayandra|journal=International Journal of Jaina Studies|year=2013|volume=9|issue=8|pages=1–13|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/research/publications/journals/ijjs/file88721.pdf|title=Prabhācandra's Status In The History Of Jaina Philosophy|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035905/http://www.soas.ac.uk/research/publications/journals/ijjs/file88721.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}
* {{citation |last=Dixit |first=K. K. |title=Jaina Ontology |year=2013 |orig-year=1971 |publisher=L. D. Institute of Indology |location=[[Ahmedabad]] }}
* {{cite book|editor=Jayant P. Thaker |title=Laghu-Prabandha-Saṅgraha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eK7apI_l4oC |year=1970 |publisher=Oriental Institute |oclc=20655908 }}

==Further reading==
*Prabhācandra. ''Nyāyakumudacandra'', ed. M. K. Jain, Bombay, 1941.
*Prabhācandra. ''Prabhāvakacarita'', ed. Jinavijaya, Ahmedabad/Calcutta, 1940.

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhacandra}}
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Digambara monks]]

Hayat Bakshi Begum

2025-08-18T22:37:31Z

HongGrasby5256: Put up new info needs work

{{short description|Royal consort of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Hayat Bakshi Begum
|death_date=26 February 1667
|burial_place=[[Qutb Shahi tombs]]
|spouse=[[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]]
|issue=3, including [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]
|father=[[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]
}}

'''Hayat Bakshi Begum''' (died 26 February, 1667) was the royal [[Queen consort|consort]] of [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]], the sixth ruler of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shai Dynasty]] in [[south India]] and daughter of [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], fifth Sultan of the dynasty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |title=Golconda/Bagnagar/Hyderbad |publisher=Serish Nanisetti |year=2019 |isbn=9789353518813 |edition=1st |location=Hyderabad |pages=71 |language=English}}</ref> When her son [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] was made sultan at the age of fourteen in 1626, she acted as [[regent]] for the first few years of his reign, and continued to wield considerable influence in the state until her death.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Haig|first=Thomas Wolseley|url=https://archive.org/details/historiclandmark00haigrich|title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan|year=1907|pages=62–63|publisher=Allahabad, Printed at the Pioneer Press|author-link=Wolseley Haig}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Golconda,_tombe_qutb_shahi,_moschea_grande_02.jpg|thumb|The [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]] is named after her]]
[[File:Golconda, tomba di Hayat Bakshi Begum, 05.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Hayath Bakshi Begum within the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]]]
[[File:Hayat_Bakshi_Begum's_Sarcophagus.jpg|thumb|Hayat Bakshi Begum's sarcophagus]]

=== Early life ===
Hayat Bakshi, whose name meant Life, was born in 1591.<ref name=":1" /> She was the only daughter of [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], who did not have any male heirs. Muhammad Quli is alleged to have brought her up as he would have a son, beginning with the celebration that were initiated on her birth <ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Children's story book illustration on Hayat Bakshi Begum |url=https://raiith.iith.ac.in/4139/ |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad |date=2018 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Pragyan Kumari |last=Bigyani}}</ref> As she grew older, the sultan let her be educated with the skills needed to be a ruler.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Imam |first=Syeda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&q=hayatnagar&pg=PT7 |title=The Untold Charminar |date=2008-05-14 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-971-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Md. Abdul Wali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sfkAAAAMAAJ&q=hayat+bakshi+begum+1607|title=Qutub Shahi Coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government Museum|date=1961|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|editor-last=Ramesan|editor-first=N.|pages=8|language=en}}</ref>

=== Marriage of Hayat Bakshi Begum and Muhammad Qutb Shah ===
Hayat Bakshi began receiving marriage proposals from the age of 11, among the most notable being one from the Safavid King, [[Shah Abbas I|Shah Abbas]], for one of his three sons. However, Muhammad Quli had other plans and she was married to her cousin Muhammad Qutb Shah in 1607.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

There is no contemporary account of their wedding, although a later account described the revelries that took place. The city was decorated with earthen lamps and all the citizens were well fed amidst great festivities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Imam |first=Syeda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&q=hayatnagar&pg=PT7 |title=The Untold Charminar |date=2008-05-14 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-971-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Muhamad Qutb Shah, being a great patronage of arts, organised various events of dance and music for the citizens. Once the festivities were over, the couple moved into Khudabad Mahal. The palace was considered to was extraordinarily opulent and luxurious.<ref name=":3" />

In 1611 [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah|Muhammad Quli]] died. Muhammad Qutb became the king of the dynasty and Hayat Bakshi became Queen Consort. Sources state that Muhammad Qutb was a pious, philanthropic and cultured ruler, and turned to the advice of Hayat Bakshi for several state matters. This gave her a good practice in managing the state affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.46692 |title=Muhammad-Quli Qutb Shah founder of Hydarabad |date=1967}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Hayat Bakshi gave birth to a boy, [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], in the year 1614. A prophecy foretold by several astrologers was that there would be a tragedy for Muhammad Qutb Shah if the son saw the face of his father before the age of 12.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Hayat Bakshi therefore developed a separate township for his son to keep them apart, the area is now known as Sultan Nager, located in the eastern part of Hyderabad.<ref name=":1" /> However, a couple of years after Muhammad Qutb saw his son, he died. Hayat Bakshi's practice in the governance of the state had prepared her for this calamity, he closed the palace door at the same time and declared [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] as king of the dynasty.{{Unclear inline|date=April 2023}}<ref name=":3" />

=== Hayat Bakshi Begum as Ma Saheb (Queen Mother) ===

Source:<ref name=":3" />

In 1626, Sultan Muhammad died, and Hayat had her son [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] crowned. The new sultan was fourteen years old, and Hayat ruled as [[regent]] for the first few years of his reign.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Abdul Majeed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omYgAAAAMAAJ&q=hayat+bakshi+begum|title=History of Golcunda|date=1956|publisher=Literary Publications|pages=135, 145, 390|language=en}}</ref> During the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] the most significant challenge was to keep the Mughals at the bay. In 1656 when [[Aurangzeb]], then viceroy of Deccan, besieged Abdullah Qutb Shah in Golconda he asked for considerable tribute. Hayat Bakshi managed to soften the deal, agreeing with Aurangzeb that Abdullah's daughter would be married off to Mughal prince [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]] and the Golconda Sultanate would be ceded to the Mughals after Abdullah's death. In return [[Aurangzeb]] significantly lowered the required financial tribute.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayeem|first=M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT9uAAAAMAAJ&q=1656+aurangzeb+hayat+bakshi|title=Studies in History of the Deccan: Medieval and Modern : Professor A.R. Kulkarni Felicitation Volume|date=2002|publisher=Pragati Publications|isbn=978-81-7307-075-4|pages=333–335|language=en}}</ref>

Hayat Bakshi died on 26 February 1667.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bilgrami|first=Syed Ali Asgar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136|title=Landmarks Of The Deccan|date=1927|pages=55, 169}}</ref> She was buried in a tomb within the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]. Her tomb is the only woman's tomb which is equal in size to the tombs of the kings.<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy ==
In 2019, [[IIT Hyderabad]] released a [[Virtual reality|Virtual Reality]] film entitled ''Ma Saheba – The queen of Hyderabad'', about Hayat Bakshi Begum.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|title=IIT-H brings out historical narrative of Begum Hayat Bakshi with virtual reality|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/iith-brings-out-historical-narrative-of-begum-hayat-bakshi-with-virtual-reality/article29625750.ece|access-date=3 July 2021|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lasania|first=Yunus Y.|date=9 October 2019|title=Now, learn about Hyderabad's Hayat Bakshi Begum through VR experience|url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/now-learn-about-hyderabad-s-hayat-bakshi-begum-through-vr-experience-11570622687596.html|access-date=3 July 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Qutb Shahi dynasty]]
[[Category:1667 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century women regents]]
[[Category:17th-century regents]]
[[Category:People from the Sultanate of Golconda]]