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INS Shankush

2026-05-05T16:48:19Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Short description|1984 Shishumar-class submarine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Shankush}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Shankush''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder= [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]], [[Kiel]], [[Germany]]
|laid_down=
|launched=11 May 1984
|acquired=
|commissioned= 20 November 1986
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=
|status= {{shipactive}}
|badge = }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine}}
|type=
|displacement=*1450 tons surfaced
*1850 tons submerged
|length= {{convert|64.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion=*4 × {{convert|2400|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × Siemens {{convert|4600|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*4 × {{convert|1.8|MW|abbr=on}} Siemens alternators
*1 shaft
|speed=*Surfaced {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged {{convert|22|kn|km/h}}
|range= Snorting {{convert|8000|nmi|km}} at {{convert|8|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
|endurance=
|test_depth= Test depth {{convert|260|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|complement= 40 (incl 8 officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*14 × [[SUT torpedo|AEG-SUT Mod 1]] wire-guided active/passive torpedoes
*24 × external strap-on [[Naval mine|mines]]
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Shankush'' (S45)''' ({{Lit|Ray of Light}}) is a {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-shishumar>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_shishumar.htm |title=Submarines --> Shishumar Class | publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=6 July 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071908/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_shishumar.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

==Mid Life Upgrade==

[[Indian Navy]] awarded a contract for mid-life upgrade and certification of Shankush on 30 June 2023, the refit will be carried out by [[Mazagon Dock]], [[Mumbai]] with technical cooperation from [[ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]].<ref name="PIB-300623">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1936402|title=MoD signs a contract of Rs. 2725 Cr with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd for Medium Refit with Life Certification of Submarine INS Shankush|work=PIB|date=2023-06-30}}</ref>

The refit is planned to be completed by 2026 and the total cost associated is {{INRConvert|2725|c|lk=on|year=2023}}.<ref name="PIB-300623"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankush (S45)}}
[[Category:Shishumar-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kiel]]
[[Category:1984 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]
[[Category:Submarines built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Kothamangalam, Kerala

2026-05-05T06:17:33Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting A Article More To Come!

{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothamangalam
| native name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kothamangalam Cheriyapally
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0683|N|76.59542|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Kothamangalam Municipality
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = TBD
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 40.04
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 38837
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686691
| area_code = 0485
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-44
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kochi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kothamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kothamangalam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 1019 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/192}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairperson
| leader_name2 = TBD
| leader_title3 =
| government_blank1_title = Municipal wards
| government_blank1 = 33
| leader_name3 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
}}
[[File:KSRTC Depo Kothamangalam.jpg|thumb|KSRTC Depo Kothamangalam On A Rainy Night]]

'''Kothamangalam''' ({{IPA|ml|koːd̪ɐmɐŋgɐlɐm|}}) is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> at the foot of the Western Ghats in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is located {{convert|42|km|1|abbr=on}} east of the district collectorate in [[Thrikkakara]] and about {{convert|218|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Kothamangalam has a population of 38,837 people, and a population density of {{convert|969|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.

== Geography ==
Kothamangalam is situated in the eastern part of the Ernakulam district. According to the division of the geographical regions of Kerala, Kothamangalam is in a mid-land region.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014190456/http://kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/ekm_shis.htm Eranakulam]. Kerala Government Statistics</ref> The general topography is hilly.

The [[Periyar River|Periyar]], the largest river in Kerala, flows through the taluk. There are dams built across the Periyar at [[Edamalayar]], Lower Periyar, and [[Bhoothathankettu]] for [[hydroelectricity]] generation and [[irrigation]] purposes. The current Kothamangalam region was historically known as Malakhachira ({{lang|ml|മാലാഖച്ചിറ}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of South Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boMMAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|pages=84–85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Accent Publications|page=57}}</ref> Kothamangalamar, a small river which flows through the town joins Kaliyar and Thodupuzhayar to form the Muvattupuzhayar, which is the second largest river in Ernakulam.

{| style="margin:0;"
|+'''Neighboring cities & towns'''
|
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Destinations from Kothamangalam'''
|North = [[Kuttampuzha]]
|Northwest = [[Perumbavoor]]
|Northeast = [[Adimali]]
|West = Cheruvattur
|Centre = Kothamangalam
|East = [[Vannappuram]]
|Southeast = [[Thodupuzha]]
|Southwest = [[Muvattupuzha]]
|South = [[Ayavana]]
}}
|}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Kothamangalam(2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web
|title = Population by Religious Community
|publisher = Census of India
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|access-date = 28 March 2018
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|archive-date = 13 September 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|Dodgerblue|57.50}}{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|33.29}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|8.91}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|Yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.01}}{{bar percent|Not stated|Grey|0.12}}{{bar percent|No Religion|Black|0.15}}}}
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kothamangalam had a total population of 38,837,<ref>[. Census2011.co.in. Retrieved on 2015-04-19.</ref> 19,029 being males and 19,808 females. There are 30,067 households in the Kothamangalam municipality.<ref>[http://ernakulam.nic.in/block%5Ckotha.htm Kothamangalam Block]. Ernakulam.nic.in. Retrieved on 2015-04-19.</ref> The literacy rate of Kothamangalam Agglomeration is 95.24%, in comparison to the national urban average literacy in India of 85%. The literacy rate of males and females were 97.04% and 93.48% respectively. There were 98,398 who were literate, of which 49,412 were males and the remaining 48,986 were females.

== Administration ==
The Kothamangalam municipality was formed in 1978 and is the headquarters of the taluk. The municipality has an area of {{cvt|40.04|km2}} and is divided into 31 electoral wards. Elections to the local self bodies are held once every five years. From the elected municipal councilors, a chairman and vice-chairman are elected.

Kothamangalam is part of the [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki Lok Sabha constituency]];<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-19
|work=Kerala
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=30 October 2008
}}</ref> until 2009, it was part of [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha Lok Sabha constituency]]. Kothamangalam is also represented in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as a constituency. The panchayats in Kothamangalam Taluk are [[Nellikuzhi]], Kottapady, [[Pindimana]], [[Varappetty|Varapetty]], Pallarimangalam, [[Pothanikkad]], [[Paingottoor]], Kavalangad, [[Keerampara]], [[Vadattupara]], [[Kuttampuzha]],
and [[Edamalakkudy, Idukki|Edamalakkudy]].

==Education==
*[[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]]
*[[Greenvalley Public School]]

== Religious pilgrimages ==
[[File:St. Thomas Cheriya pally.jpg|thumb|Night View of Marthoman Cheriya Pally, Kothamangalam]]

===Churches===
*[[St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Kothamangalam|Marth Mariyam Jacobite Syrian Sonoroo Cathedral Great Church]]
*[[Marthoman Cheriyapally, Kothamangalam|Mar Thoma Jacobite Syrian Orthadox Cheriapally]]

===Temples===
* [[Thalakodu Sree Krishna Temple]]

===Road===
#'''[[Kochi]]''' - [[Kolenchery]] - [[Muvattupuzha]] (53 Km)
#'''[[Angamaly]]''' - [[Kalady]] - [[Perumbavoor]] (34 Km)
#'''[[Aluva]]''' - Perumbavoor (35 Km)
#'''[[Munnar]]''' - Anachal - [[Adimali]] - [[Neriamangalam]] - Oonukal (73 Km)
#'''[[Kottayam]]''' - [[Ettumanoor]] - [[Kuravilangad]] - Muvattupuzha (68 Km)
#'''[[Thodupuzha]]''' - [[Kumaramangalam]] - [[Paingottoor|Paingottor]] (29 Km)
#'''[[Vagamon]]''' - [[Thodupuzha]] - Muvattupuzha (69 Km)

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:Mar Thoma Jacobite Syrian Cheriapally, Kothamangalam.jpg|[[Marthoman Cheriyapally, Kothamangalam |Mar Thoma Jacobite Syrian Cheriapally]], is a Jacobite Church Situated In The Centre Of The City Of Kothamangalam

File:Marth Mariyam Jacobite Syrian Sonoroo Cathedral Great Church, Kothamangalam.jpg|[[St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Kothamangalam|Marth Mariyam Jacobite Syrian Sonoroo Cathedral Great Church]], is a Jacobite Church Situated In The Centre Of The City Of Kothamangalam

File:Rainy Evening in the city Of Kothamangalam.jpg|Rainy Evening in the city Of Kothamangalam In the month of June

File:Aerial view of kothamangalam Private Bus Stand.jpg|Aerial view of kothamangalam Private Bus Stand On A Evening

File:Bhoothathankettu Dam With Rainy Clouds.jpg|Bhoothathankettu Dam On A Rainy Evening

File:St. George's Cathedral Kothamangalam.jpg|St. George's Cathedral, is a Catholic Church In The Centre Of Kothamangalam City

File:Revenue Tower Of Kothamangalam.jpg|Revenue Tower Of Kothamangalam Near the Private Bus Stand

File:Aerial view of kothamangalam.jpg|Aerial view of kothamangalam Cheriya palli

</gallery>

== Villages ==

*[[Chathamattom|Chathamattam]]
*[[Nellikuzhi]]
*[[Keerampara]]
*[[Kottappady]]
*[[Kuttampuzha]]
*[[Neriamangalam]]
*[[Pindimana]]
*[[Pothanikkad]]
*[[Thrikkariyoor]]
*[[Varappetty]]
*[[Venduvazhy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kothamangalam}}
*[http://ernakulam.nic.in/ Ernakulam District website]

{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Ernakulam district}}
{{Northern Travancore}}

[[Category:Kothamangalam, Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]

Vikram Babanrao Pachpute

2026-05-03T23:18:29Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new a biography basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikramsinh Babanrao Pachpute
| image = Vikram Babanrao Pachpute.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_AM1 = [[Shrigonda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shrigonda]]
| assembly1 = Maharashtra Legislative
| term_start1 = 24 November 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Babanrao Pachpute]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|007|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kashti Village, Shrigonda, [[Ahmednagar]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = Indian
| education = MBA Finance
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Dr Pallavi Naik-Pachpute
| partner =
| children = 1 Daughter Eva
| parents = [[Babanrao Pachpute]]
| website =
}}

'''Vikram Babanrao Pachpute '''is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-23 |title=Shrigonda Election Results 2024 : श्रीगोंडा में BJP के विक्रमसिंह पचपुते की शानदार जीत, मिले 99,820 वोट |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/assembly-election/maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-chunav/shrigonda-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2024-vikram-pachpute-vs-anuradha-nagavade-bjp-shivsena-ubt-2958358.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> He is serving as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from the [[Shrigonda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shrigonda Assembly constituency]] in the district of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]] since 20 November 2024.<ref name="Maharashtra Assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs, including Mahesh Sawant, Devendra Fadnavis’ PA">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra Assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs, including Mahesh Sawant, Devendra Fadnavis' PA |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas-including-mahesh-sawant-devendra-fadnavis-pa/3679818/ |access-date=8 January 2025 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108153727/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas-including-mahesh-sawant-devendra-fadnavis-pa/3679818/ |archive-date=8 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=29 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece |archivedate=29 November 2024 |accessdate=29 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/videos/maharashtra/vikram-pachpute-takes-oath-as-mla-srigonda-mla-vikram-pachpute-took-oath-of-mla-n18s-1006880.html |title=Vikram Pachpute Take Oath As MLA |website=news18.com |date=2024-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrigonda Election Result 2024 Live: Pachpute Vikram Babanrao of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/shrigonda-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130173.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He is Secretary of Parikram Group Institution (Hon Babanrao Pachpute Vichardhara Trust) <ref>https://www.parikrama.edu.in/</ref> He is the son of [[Babanrao Pachpute]], a prominent political figure. His political journey is shaped by his commitment to rural development, education, and the welfare of farmers. He aims to build upon the social, educational, and infrastructure reforms initiated by his father.

== Early life ==
Vikramsihn Pachpute was born in a farmer's family in the village of Kashti, Shrigonda, Maharashtra. He is the son of Babanrao Pachpute.

== Personal life ==
He is married to Dr. Pallavi Naik Daughter of [[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik]] a senior leader of [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]] and former 2 term MLA representing [[Shirala Assembly constituency]] of [[Sangli District]].

== Legislative work ==

Sources:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ukF-Qbe5Cc |title=Zero Hour Vikram Pachpute : शेतकरी वाऱ्यावर? सरकार धारेवर; भाजपचे विक्रम पाचपुते म्हणतात... |date=2025-12-11 |last=ABP MAJHA |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ8-JGoAdJw |title=Vikram Pachpute। सभागृहात विक्रम पाचपुतेंनी मंत्र्यांना का विचारला जाब? । Monsoon Session २०२५ |date=2025-07-03 |last=My Mahanagar Live |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCw4FoQ7FOQ |title=Vikram Pachpute {{!}} शेतकऱ्यांच्या योजनांचं ऑडिट करा, भाजप आमदार विक्रमसिंह पाचपुतेंची मागणी |date=2025-07-03 |author=((TV9 Marathi)) |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/MaxMaharashtra/videos/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87/634079616081056/ |title=3.8K views {{!}} विक्रम पाचपुतेंनी कोणत्या मुद्द्यावर अधिवेशन गाजवले ? श्रीगोंदा मतदारसंघाचे भाजपचे तरुण आमदार विक्रम पाचपुते यांची पहिल्याच टर्म मधली भाषणे गाजली.तरुण आश्वासक अभ्यासू आमदार अशी त्यांची प्रतिमा त्यांनी तयार करण्यात यश मिळवलं. त्यांच्याशी दिलखुलास बातचीत केली संपादक मनोज भोयर यांनी. The young BJP MLA from Shrigonda constituency, Vikram Pachpute, made a significant impact with his speeches during his very first term. He has successfully built a reputation as a promising, diligent, and well-prepared MLA. Editor Manoj Bhoyar had an open and candid conversation with him. #VikramPachpute #YoungMLA #Shrigonda #BJP #MaharashtraPolitics #PromisingLeader #PoliticalLeadership #ManojBhoyar #CandidInterview #LegislativeImpact {{!}} Max Maharashtra |language=en |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S3RfdTlSQs |title=Vikram Pachpute {{!}} गुटख्याची जाहिरात करणाऱ्या अभिनेत्यांना नोटीस देणार! विक्रम पाचपुते आक्रमक |date=2025-07-04 |last=Maharashtra Times । महाराष्ट्र टाइम्स |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NoNAXl0byhs |title=Vikram Singh Pachpute: भाजप आमदार विक्रमसिंह पाचपुते बनावट पनीर घेऊन विधीमंडळ परिसरात दाखल |date=2025-03-11 |last=Lokshahi Marathi |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

As a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, Vikram Pachpute has raised issues related to agriculture, farmers' welfare, rural infrastructure, electricity supply for agriculture, education, and employment. In the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, Vikram Pachpute is known for submitting questions,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzLc_VVZwio |title=नरहरी झिरवळांचं विक्रम पाचपुतेंना प्रत्युत्तर {{!}} Vikram Pachpute And Narhari Zirwal |date=2025-07-03 |last=Saam TV News |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> calling attention motions,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h0FsdCya9E |title=विधानसभेत पानमसाले आणि गुटख्यासंदर्भातील लक्षवेधी! {{!}} Vikram pachpute News |date=2025-07-04 |last=Saam TV News |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and discussions related to rural development and agricultural reforms. He has emphasized the need for practical implementation of government schemes at the village level.The issue of alleged sale and distribution of fake paneer and cheese products in Maharashtra was raised in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, drawing attention to food safety and public health concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=पुढारी |date=2025-03-12 |title=बाजारात ७० टक्के पनीर बनावट; भाजप आमदार पाचपुते यांचा विधानसभेत दावा |url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/mumbai/maharashtra-assembly-session-70-percent-paneer-fake-bjp-mla-pachpute-claims-in-assembly |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Govt to take action against non-dairy cheese and paneer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/govt-to-take-action-against-non-dairy-cheese-and-paneer-101741805240927.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा आमदार विक्रमसिंह पाचपुते यांनी विधानसभेत पनीरबद्दल दिली धक्कादायक माहिती |url=https://www.jaimaharashtranews.com/maharashtra-marathi-news/bjp-mla-vikram-singh-pachpute-gave-shocking-information-about-paneer-in-the-assembly-/34442 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Jaimaharashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=सकाळ डिजिटल |date=2025-03-13 |title=Vikram Pachapute : कृत्रिम पनीरवर बंदी घाला : आमदार विक्रम पाचपुते यांची विधानसभेमध्ये लक्ष्यवेधी |url=https://www.esakal.com/ahmednagar/mla-vikram-pachpute-calls-for-ban-on-artificial-paneer-in-legislative-assembly-sdj87 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref> Pointed that banned gutkha is easily accessible in Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-04 |title=BJP legislator says banned gutka easily accessible in Maharashtra, slams FDA |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-legislator-says-banned-gutka-easily-accessible-in-maharashtra-slams-fda/2679362/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-05 |title=Maharashtra FDA lens on gutka ads, its home delivery, says minister Narhari Zirwal in legislative assembly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-fda-lens-on-gutka-ads-its-home-delivery-says-minister-narhari-zirwal-in-legislative-assembly/articleshow/122256888.cms |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahayuti MLAs Slam FDA And Mahavitaran In Assembly Over Gutka Sales, Power Woes In Konkan |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mahayuti-mlas-slam-fda-and-mahavitaran-in-assembly-over-gutka-sales-power-woes-in-konkan |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=BJP MLA criticises functioning of Maharashtra FDA, highlights easy accessibility of banned gutka products |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mla-vikram-pachpute-criticises-maharashtra-fda-over-widespread-availability-of-banned-tobacco-23583163 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=P. T. I. News |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/bjp-legislator-says-banned-gutka-easily-accessible-in-maharashtra-slams-fda/2698297 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.ptinews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0ljhIBBwnE |title=महाराष्ट्रात गुटखाबंदी, पानमसाला बंदी, तरीही येतो कुठून? भाजप आमदार Vikram Pachpute यांचा सवाल |date=2025-07-15 |last=Saam TV News |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Party positions==
BJYM State Vice President, June 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navarashtra.com/maharashtra/vikramsinh-pachpute-elected-as-the-state-vice-president-of-bjp-yuva-morcha-nrka-298626.html | title=भाजप युवा मोर्चाच्या प्रदेश उपाध्यक्षपदी विक्रमसिंह पाचपुते | date=29 June 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pachpute, Vikramsinh Babanrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Sneha (actress)

2026-05-03T20:08:59Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new first page first draft

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sneha
| image = Sneha at Un Samayal Arayil Press Meet.jpg
| caption = Sneha in 2014
| birth_name = Suhasini Rajaram Naidu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|10|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] | 2012}}
| children = 2
| honours = [[Kalaimamani]] (2004)
| years_active = 2000{{En dash}}present
}}

'''Suhasini Rajaram Naidu''' (born 12 October 1981),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balach |first=Logesh |date=12 October 2020 |title=Sneha's 39th birthday: Fans trend #HBDSneha on Twitter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sneha-s-39th-birthday-fans-trend-hbdsneha-on-twitter-1730763-2020-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510145129/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sneha-s-39th-birthday-fans-trend-hbdsneha-on-twitter-1730763-2020-10-12 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> known professionally as '''Sneha''', is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] films, in both lead and supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc – Nandi award winners list 2004 |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=16 April 2012 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051905/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sneha was born as Suhasini Rajaram Naidu on 12 October 1981 into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=7 November 2006 |title=Star Interviews: Interview with Sneha |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_sneha_2006.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119094934/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_sneha_2006.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-11-19 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref> originally from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="dnai_Sout">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2008 |title=Southern star Sneha completes 50 films |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-southern-star-sneha-completes-50-films-1180730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114042054/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-southern-star-sneha-completes-50-films-1180730 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |work=Daily News & Analysis |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Actors Sneha, Prasanna Welcome Baby Boy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamil-actors-sneha-prasanna-welcome-baby-boy-1206060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505183930/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamil-actors-sneha-prasanna-welcome-baby-boy-1206060 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Her grandparents had relocated to [[Mumbai]], where she was born, and her family later moved to [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], where she grew up. While pursuing her class 12, she was discovered by a Malayalam producer at a cricket match in Sharjah, which led to her acting debut.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
=== 2000–2004 ===
Fazil Nazeem recommended Sneha to Anil-Babu, who was searching for a heroine for his romantic film ''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]'' (2000). The film featured Sneha as an aspiring dancer, with the actress performing for seven classical songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000540200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322001738/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000540200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2012 |title=Smiling her way to stardom |date=20 October 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> She was signed by [[Susi Ganeshan]] for his directorial debut ''[[Virumbukiren]]'' in 2000, which, however, was long delayed, and ''[[Ennavalle]]'', opposite [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], became her first Tamil release. She started the year 2001 with a foray into [[Telugu cinema]], with an appearance in ''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]'', followed by [[N. Linguswamy]]'s family drama ''[[Aanandham]]''. She was then seen in [[K. Balachandar]]'s ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]'' and the Telugu film ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'', which went unnoticed. [[M. Raja]]'s ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' became a major success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/masala-mix-of-melodrama-and-action-754543 |title=Masala mix of melodrama and action |first=K. Naresh |last=Kumar |date=22 July 2022 |website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

She was a part of eight films that were released in 2002. The films that year included ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'', the [[Vasanth]]'s ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]'', ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' and ''[[April Madhathil]]''. The film failed at the box office while critics and audience raved at the music of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6005969&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407114902/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6005969&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> Her performance in ''Unnai Ninaithu'' led to her being awarded the first [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |access-date=19 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> She also won other awards for her performance. Subsequently, she acted in a lead role in ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' and a supporting role in ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' with [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], respectively. ''Virumbukiren'' that featured Sneha as a rustic village belle, eventually released in December 2002 and went on to win the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100112290500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031084252/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100112290500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu News : 6 film artistes win top award |date=1 October 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>

Sneha appeared in two Tamil films in 2003, ''[[Vaseegara]]'' with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' with [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]. She received high praise for her performance in ''Parthiban Kanavu'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13152132&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031201034746/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13152132&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2003 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> with ''[[The Hindu]]'' writing: "Till date this is the best role that has come Sneha's way and the charming actress has utilised the opportunity well. With make-up or without it, Sneha sparkles".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009114458/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2003 |title=Parthiban Kanavu |date=23 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> 2004 was a mixed year for the actress, with ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'', ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' and ''[[Adhu]]'' all failing at the box office. However, ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'', opposite Kamal Haasan, and ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' were successes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=27 September 2004 |title=No stopping him |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092703100301.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220002728/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092703100301.htm |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== 2005–2008 ===
The years 2005 and 2006 saw her acting in Telugu films such as ''[[Sankranthi (film)|Sankranthi]]'' with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], ''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' with [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' with [[Nagarjuna]], and ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppu Gulan]]'' with [[Mammootty]] was a success, while others released in the respective years turning out as average grosser at the box office. She played a supporting role in [[Selvaraghavan]]'s experimental film ''[[Pudhupettai]]'', starring [[Dhanush]].

In the year 2006, she made her debut into [[Kannada]] film industry through ''[[Ravi Shastri (film)|Ravi Shastri]]'', which received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Ravi Shastri |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-shastri-review-kannada-pclwfjdbgibgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418123340/https://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-shastri-review-kannada-pclwfjdbgibgc.html |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2007, Sneha starred in ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'', ''[[Madhumasam]]'', ''[[Maharadhi]]'' and Tamil film ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'', which received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-maharadhi.html |title=Maharadhi – Telugu cinema Review – Bala Krishna, Sneha, Meera Jasmine & Navaneet Kaur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/13palli.htm |title=Review: Pallikoodam |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'', which saw her collaborating with [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] again, was her first film in 2008. Co-starring [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pirivom-santhipom-review-tamil-14589773.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820125828/http://www.sify.com/movies/pirivom-santhipom-review-tamil-14589773.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2015 |title=Movie Review:Pirivom Santhipom |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> She tried highly glamorous roles with ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' and ''[[Inba (film)|Inba]]'', both turning out to be average grossers. She paired with [[Silambarasan]] in ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''.

=== 2009–2012 ===
The thriller films ''[[Achchamundu Achchamundu]]'', co-starring [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] and Hollywood actor [[John Shea]], and ''[[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]]'', were her only releases of 2009 in Tamil and Telugu, respectively. Both films won many plaudits for dealing with bold themes of [[pedophiles]] and [[womb]] stealing, respectively. The former film won many awards internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tamil-film-selected-for-shanghai-fest/20090512.htm |title=Tamil film selected for Shanghai Film Festival |author=[[Shobha Warrier]] |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=12 May 2009}}</ref>

In 2010, she starred in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]''. She again forayed into a glamorous, ultra-modern chick role with a few shades of grey. She also appeared in three Malayalam films. She acted in ''[[Pramani]]'' with Mammootty and paired up with [[Mohanlal]] for the first time in ''[[Shikkar, The Hunt]]'', which was a huge success and considered as a milestone in [[Mohanlal]]'s history. Her last release of 2011 was ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''. Starring opposite Mammootty again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-vande-mataram/20100920.htm|title = Bad screenplay kills Vande Mataram}}</ref>

In 2011, she was first seen as a tough police officer in ''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]'', which opened to mixed reviews and bombed at the box office, although Sneha received praise for her performance. ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'', a period film penned by [[M. Karunanidhi]], where she appeared as a warrior-princess, opened to mixed reviews and didn't do well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-apr-25/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-ponnar-shankar.html|title =Ranking based on Chennai Box Office Collections from Apr 22nd 2011 to Apr 24th 2011}}</ref> ''[[Rajanna]]'', a period film based on [[Telangana]] issue opposite [[Nagarjuna]] for the second time, released on 22 December 2012 to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rajanna.html |title=Rajanna film review – Telugu cinema Review – Nagarjuna, Annie & Sneha |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

In 2012, her long canned movie, ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'', with [[Sundar C]] was released on 15 June 2012 to mixed reviews, being her first movie post-marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thamarai.com/film/haridas-a-comeback-for-sneha |title=Haridas – A Comeback for Sneha? |date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

===2013–present===
In 2013, she acted in a critically acclaimed movie ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]''. Her next release was a trilingual made in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] – ''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' (2014), the official remake of the [[Malayalam]] blockbuster ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'', where she starred opposite [[Prakash Raj]] and a bunch of debutantes. The Kannada version was successful, while the other two versions was unsuccessful. Sneha later hosted a Tamil reality television show ''[[Melam Kottu Thali Kattu]],'' the show was aired for 2 seasons.

In 2015, Sneha appeared in the Telugu film ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]],'' starred in ''[[The Great Father]]'' (2017), starred in ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Talking-movies-with-Prasanna-and-Sneha/article16085357.ece |title=Talking movies with Prasanna and Sneha |first=Subha J. |last=Rao |date=28 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027045227/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Talking-movies-with-Prasanna-and-Sneha/article16085357.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/velaikkaran/movie-review/62203442.cms|title=Velaikkaran Review {2.5/5}: The film fails to walk the fine line between telling the story and often resembles an empty rhetoric|work=The Times of India}}</ref> She was also the judge of the Tamil reality TV show, ''[[Dance Jodi Dance]]'', alongside [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-jodi-dance-judge-sneha-and-prasanna-share-lovely-messages-on-their-wedding-anniversary-see-post/articleshow/69307357.cms |title=Dance Jodi Dance Judge Sneha and Prasanna share lovely messages on their wedding anniversary; see post |website=The Times of India |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920102252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-jodi-dance-judge-sneha-and-prasanna-share-lovely-messages-on-their-wedding-anniversary-see-post/articleshow/69307357.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She later starred in the Telugu film ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019)<ref name="P">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jan/20/sneha-i-dont-believe-in-doing-a-female-centric-film-for-its-sake-dhanush-pattas-16610.html |title=Sneha: I don't believe in doing a female-centric film for its sake |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001165303/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jan/20/sneha-i-dont-believe-in-doing-a-female-centric-film-for-its-sake-dhanush-pattas-16610.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Pattas]]'' (2020).<ref name="P"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=15 January 2020 |title='Pattas' review: Dhanush and Sneha are terrific in this mass entertainer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/pattas-review-dhanush-and-sneha-are-terrific-mass-entertainer-116145 |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, She appeared with Mammootty in ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]'', her fifth film with the actor and second with director [[B. Unnikrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sneha-i-wanted-to-come-back-with-a-good-project-i-felt-christopher-was-it/articleshow/94686571.cms|title = Sneha: I wanted to come back with a good project & I felt Christopher was it| work=The Times of India | date=6 October 2022 }}</ref> She acted in the lead role of the Tamil children's film, ''[[Shot Boot Three]]'' directed by [[Arun Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Oct/06/shot-boot-three-movie-review-a-sweet-film-that-falls-short-of-becoming-a-wholesome-entertainer-48351.html|title = Shot Boot Three Movie Review: A sweet children's film that's almost there| website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=6 October 2023 }}</ref> Then, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and Sneha, who were last seen together in 2003 release ''[[Vaseegara]]'' directed by [[K. Selva Bharathy]], will be pairing up after 22 years in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-elated-to-play-thalapathy-vijays-pair-in-goat/articleshow/106505999.cms|title = Sneha elated to play Thalapathy Vijay's pair in 'GOAT'| work=The Times of India | date=3 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-reveals-a-major-fact-about-vijay-goat/articleshow/110971221.cms|title =Sneha reveals a major fact about Vijay 'GOAT'|work =The Times of India|date =13 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Other assignments ===
She has appeared in many commercials including [[Saravana Stores]], ''[[Horlicks]]'', [[Aashirvaad]], ''Idhayam Dots''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Univercell Ad |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/Video/308773,univercell8217s-aadi-campaign-pulls-customers-with-celeb-couple8217s-separation-story.aspx |publisher=campaignindia.in |access-date=16 July 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719102747/http://www.campaignindia.in/Video/308773,univercell8217s-aadi-campaign-pulls-customers-with-celeb-couple8217s-separation-story.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sneha Prasanna Separated? Ad Concept! |url=http://tamilko.com/sneha-and-prasanna-separated |publisher=tamilko.com |access-date=7 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708230822/http://tamilko.com/sneha-and-prasanna-separated/ |archivedate=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sneha/20111229.htm |title=Sneha: I am doing a film with Rajnikanth |work=Rediff.com |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=13 February 2012 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209194708/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sneha/20111229.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/sneha-opts-out-rajinikanths-kochadaiyaan-861 |title=Sneha opts out of Rajinikanth's 'Kochadaiyaan' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212141003/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/sneha-opts-out-rajinikanths-kochadaiyaan-861 |archivedate=12 February 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sneha-to-pair-up-with-Kishore/articleshow/12132796.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714123754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-04/news-interviews/31120980_1_sneha-vijay-antony-haridas |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=Sneha to pair up with Kishore |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-sneha-celebrates-baby-shower-ceremony-for-the-upcoming-birth-of-her-second-child/articleshow/71424984.cms |title=Actress Sneha celebrates baby shower ceremony for the upcoming birth of her second child |website=The Times of India |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326052525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-sneha-celebrates-baby-shower-ceremony-for-the-upcoming-birth-of-her-second-child/articleshow/71424984.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sneha was paired with [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] for the first time in ''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/22sli2.htm|title=rediff.com: Striking fear with Achamundu! Achamundu!|website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-achamundu/20090717.htm|title=Review: Achamundu is a must-watch|website=Rediff}}</ref> Since then, there were numerous reports in the media on their relationship. Prasanna was spotted in all her modeling shows and both were spotted together in movie previews. Though both denied it as a rumour, later, on 9 November 2011, Prasanna announced, "Yes... Sneha and I decided to marry soon with the blessings of our parents." They married on 11 May 2012 in [[Chennai]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |title=Sneha and Prasanna Marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sneha-and-Prasanna-Marriage-Photos/etarticleshow/13095795.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514024428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/news-interviews/31668341_1_sneha-and-prasanna-achamundu-achamundu-wedding-ceremony |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The couple have two children, a daughter and a son, and reside in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sneha and Prasanna celebrate 8th wedding anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sneha-and-prasanna-celebrate-8th-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/75676205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518005042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sneha-and-prasanna-celebrate-8th-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/75676205.cms |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sneha film credits
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]'' || Manasi || [[Malayalam]] ||Credited as Manasi
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |title=Aishwarya Rajinikanth to debut as singer |work=Rediff.com |date=31 May 2000 |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928113358/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ennavalle]]'' || Lakshmi|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001 || ''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]'' || Sandhya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aanandham]]'' || Viji || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'' || Soumya || Telugu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' || Chella || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' || Meenkashi || Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2002
| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || Malathi Anand || rowspan="14" | Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' || Priya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' || Radha || Won, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]'' || Raji ||
|
|-
| ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || Thamizh ||
|
|-
| ''[[April Madhathil]]'' || Swetha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Virumbukiren]]'' || Thavamani || Won, [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Vaseegara]]'' || Priya Vishwanathan ||
|
|-
| ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || Sathya, Janani || |
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2004 || ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Janaki Vishwanathan ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || Manimegalai ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' || Charu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' || Divya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Adhu]]'' || Meera ||
|
|-
| ''[[Venky]]'' || Sravani || Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005 || ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Maha || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sankranthi (film)|Sankranthi]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' || Radha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' || Gayathri Vikram || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' || Chandra ||
|
|-
| ''[[That is Pandu]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006 || ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' || Kamala ||
|
|-
| ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]'' || Divya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppu Gulan]]'' || Lakshmi || Malayalam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' || Krishnaveni || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ravi Shastri (film)|Ravi Shastri]]'' || Bhanu || [[Kannada]] ||
|
|-
| ''[[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]]'' || Gowri || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Maharadhi]]'' || Bhairavi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Madhumasam]]'' || Hamsa Vahini ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' || Kokila Vetrivel ||
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2008 || ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || Visalakshi Natesan || Won, [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Inba (film)|Inba]]'' || Priya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Sukhame Ne Korukunna]]'' || Swapna || Telugu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' || Bhuvana || Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Panduranga (film)|Pandurangadu]]'' || Lakshmi || Telugu ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' || Herself || Tamil || Cameo in the song "Cinema Cinema"
|
|-
| ''[[Adivishnu]]'' || Anjali || Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' || Gayathri || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Achchamundu! Achchamundu!]]'' || Malini Kumar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]]'' || Latha Venkat || Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2010 || ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' || Suhasini Fernando || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|
|-
| ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || Dr. Ramya || rowspan="2" | Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Angaadi Theru]]'' || Herself
|
|-
|| ''[[Pramaani]]'' || Janaki || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Shikkar, The Hunt]]'' || Kaveri ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' || rowspan="2"| Nandhini
|Malayalam|| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008163910/http://www.sify.com/movies/vande-mataram-to-release-on-july-15-news-tamil-kkfqsHghacg.html "Vande Mataram to release on July 15"]}}. Sify.com (30 June 2010). Retrieved 25 October 2015.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]'' || ACP A. Bhavani ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' || Arukkaani ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rajanna]]'' || Lachamma || Telugu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' || Jennifer || rowspan="4" | Tamil || Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' || Bhuvana ||
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' || Amudhavalli || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' || Shanmugam's daughter || Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Un Samayal Arayil|Oggarane]]'' || rowspan="3" |Gowri || Kannada || rowspan="3" | Trilingual film
|
|-
| ''[[Ulavacharu Biryani]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || Lakshmi Devaraj || Telugu ||
|
|-
| ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]'' || Herself || rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="4" | Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Herself
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2016 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || Herself || Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Ore Mukham]]'' || Bhama || rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Michelle David ||
|
|-
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Kasthuri || Tamil ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || Konidela Gayatri Devi ||Telugu ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama-review-not-a-single-redeeming-factor/article25968199.ece |title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama review: Not a single redeeming factor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=16 December 2019 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || [[Draupadi]] ||Kannada ||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/an-epic-realised-on-screen/article19416252.ece |title=An epic realised on screen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Pattas]]'' || Kanyakumari "Kanya" || Tamil ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2019 |title=Sneha in Dhanush's next with Durai Senthilkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-in-dhanushs-next-with-durai-senthilkumar/articleshow/68267807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321111658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-in-dhanushs-next-with-durai-senthilkumar/articleshow/68267807.cms |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023 || ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]'' || Beena Mariam Chacko || Malayalam ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Mammootty-B Unnikishnan's film 'Christopher' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-b-unnikishnans-film-christopher/articleshow/94539253.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014044215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-b-unnikishnans-film-christopher/articleshow/94539253.cms |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shot Boot Three]]'' || Shyamala || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Trailer of Shot Boot Three is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/21/trailer-of-shot-boot-three-is-here-47832.amp |website=Cinema Express |date=10 September 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009041557/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/21/trailer-of-shot-boot-three-is-here-47832.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 ||''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''|| Anuradha ||
|<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68:Vijay welcomes Meenakshi Chaudhary, Prabhu Deva, Sneha and Other Cast Members |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-68-vijay-welcomes-meenakshi-chaudhary-prabhu-deva-and-other-cast-members-watch-pada-poojai-video-article-104665768 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=timesnownews.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' || Doctor || Cameo ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRAGON (2025) Tamil Movie Review - Pradeep Ranganathan Scores Again With An Emotional Twist |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994795074/DRAGON-Tamil-Movie-Review-Pradeep-Ranganathan-Scores-Again-With-An-Emotional-Twist |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no| ''[[Mookuthi Amman 2]]''}} || {{TableTBA}} || Post - production ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundar C's 'Mookuthi Amman 2' Wraps Filming, With Sneha Set For Cameo Appearance |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mookuthi-amman-2-wraps-filming-with-sneha-set-for-cameo-appearance |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sneha television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2016–2025
| ''[[Dance Jodi Dance]]''
| Judge
| 3 seasons
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-reality-show-dance-jodi-dance-reloaded-2-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/106178012.cms |title=New reality show 'Dance Jodi Dance Reloaded 2' to premiere soon |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2023 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Sneha}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0998044|name=Sneha}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actress}}
{{Nandi Special Jury Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sneha}}
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Malaysian Indians

2026-05-03T08:59:30Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: adding a article - done

{{Short description|Malaysians of Indian ancestry}}
{{About|[[Malaysians|Malaysian]] [[Demographics of Malaysia|residents]] of Indian descent or ethnicity|people with [[Malaysian nationality law|Malaysian nationality]] residing in India|Malaysians in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Weasel|date=April 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Malaysian Indians
| native_name = {{lang|ms|Orang India Malaysia}}
| image = [[File:Indian Classical Dance.jpg|300px]]
| caption =
| population = '''2,019,600'''<ref name="2023 population" /> '''6.6%''' of the Malaysian population (2020)<ref name="2023 population" />
| popplace = '''[[Peninsular Malaysia#East Coast and West Coast|West coast]] of [[Peninsular Malaysia]]'''
(mostly in [[Selangor]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Perak]], [[Penang]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Kedah]] and [[Johor]]) '''[[Singapore]]''' (20,483 in 2010)<ref name="singstat.gov.sg">{{cite web|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_advance_census_release/c2010acr.pdf|title=Census of Population 2010|work=Singapore Department of Statistics|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016193638/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_advance_census_release/c2010acr.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| langs = [[Malaysian Tamil]]/[[Tamil language|Tamil]] (majority) • [[English language|English]] • [[Malay language|Malay]] • [[Malay Chetty creole language|Melayu Chetty]] • Other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] such as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Languages of South Asia|others]]
| rels = '''Predominantly''' [[Hinduism]] '''Minorities''' [[Christianity]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Jainism]]{{·}}[[Zoroastrianism]]{{·}}[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]
| related = [[Tamil people|Indian Tamils]], [[Sri Lankan Tamils]], [[Telugus]], [[Malayalis]], [[Chindians]], [[Chitty]], [[Burmese Tamils]], [[Dravidians]], [[Indian Singaporeans]], [[Indo-Mauritians]], [[Indo-Fijians]], [[Indians in South Africa]], [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]], [[Indo-Caribbeans]]
}}

'''Malaysian Indians''' or '''Indo-Malaysians''' are [[Malaysians|Malaysian citizens]] of [[India]]n ancestry. Most are descendants of those who migrated from India to [[British Malaya]] from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/18/special-articles/servitude-underclass.html |journal= Economic and Political Weekly |title=From Servitude to Underclass: The Empire's South Indian 'Coolies' in Postcolonial Malaysia|author= Viswanathan Selvaratnam |volume= 56|issue= 18|date=1 May 2021 |quote=The ancestral root of about 80% of Malaysian Indians is in the British Empire’s Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTDzzWjmEAwC&pg=PA4 |title=A History of Malaysia |first1= Barbara |last1=Watson Andaya|first2= Leonard Y. |last2=Andaya |date=2001 |pages=4, 181–185 |isbn=9780824824259 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press }}</ref> Most Malaysian Indians are ethnic [[Tamil Malaysians|Tamils]]; smaller groups include the [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]], [[Malaysian Telugu|Telugus]] and [[Punjabi Malaysians|Punjabis]]. Malaysian Indians form the fifth-largest community of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Overseas Indians]] in the world.<ref name="themalaymailonline.com">{{cite news |date=24 Nov 2023 |title=Indian Diaspora |newspaper=Ministry of External Affairs |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref> In Malaysia, they represent the third-largest group, constituting 7% of the Malaysian population, after the [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] (combined grouping of ethnic [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] and [[Orang Asal|other indigenous groups]]) and the [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]].<ref name="2023 population">{{cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZRTN5bDJiaEVhZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09.html |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2020 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=15 July 2020 |year=2020 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628182103/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZRTN5bDJiaEVhZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are usually referred to simply as "Indians" in English, ''Orang India'' in Malay, and ''Yinduren'' in Chinese.

Malaysia's Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with a significant elite and a large low income group within its fold.<ref name="malaymail2015" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://diplomacybeyond.com/visiting-indian-diaspora-malaysia/ | title=Visiting Indian Diaspora in Malaysia | Diplomacy & Beyond Plus }}</ref> Malaysian Indians large percentage of professionals per capita by constituting 15.5% of Malaysia's professionals in 1999 has been reduced with substantial population close to 40% is now considered the B40 category.<ref name="Haque">{{cite journal|title=The Role of the State in Managing Ethnic Tensions in Malaysia|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|volume=47|number=3|date=November 2003|pages=240–266|url=http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/polhaque/abs.pdf|author=M. Shamsul Haque|doi=10.1177/0002764203256186|s2cid=53021386|archive-date=9 January 2021|access-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109052750/https://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/polhaque/abs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="malaymail2015" /> In the 1984 census, up to 38% of the nation's medical professional workforce consisted of Malaysian Indians, but this has been since been reduced.<ref name="Haque" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pusat Komas |first=Pusat Komas |date=24 Nov 2023 |title=Malaysia Racial Discrimination Report 2021 |url=https://komas.org/download/Malaysia-Racial-Discrimination-Report-2021.pdf |access-date=23 Nov 2023 |website=komas.org}}</ref> In 1970, the per-capita income of Malaysian Indians was 76% higher than that of the Malay majority.<ref name="Malaysiaincome">{{cite journal|last1=Saari|first1= M Yusof|last2=Dietzenbacher|first2=Erik|last3=Los|first3=Bart|title=Sources of Income Growth and Inequality Across Ethnic Groups in Malaysia, 1970–2000|url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/800401478218903632/Sources-of-Income-Growth-and-Inequality-Across-Ethnic-Groups.pdf|journal=World Development|year= 2015|volume=76|pages=311–328|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.07.015|access-date=29 January 2018|doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite attempts by the Malaysian government to redistribute wealth since the 1970s through institutionalized racial policy,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> by 2005 Malaysian Indians still earned a 27% higher per capita income than that of the dominant Malay community.<ref name="Malaysiaincome" />

==History==

===First Wave: Pre-colonial period===
{{main|Greater India}}
[[File:Candi Batu Pahat of Bujang Valley.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Candi Bukit Batu Pahat in [[Bujang Valley]]. A Hindu-Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient [[Kedah]] possibly as early as 110 A.D, this might be the evidence of Hindu-Buddhist influence before the onset of Islam in Kedah's [[Kedahan Malay]]s.]]
[[Indian History|Ancient India]] exerted a profound influence over Southeast Asia through trade, religious missions, wars and other forms of contact. Pre-colonial Malaysia was part of the Malay Kingdoms with Hindu-Buddhist influence such as [[Srivijaya]], and the [[Majapahit]], which formed part of a cultural region known as India. There is a possibility that the first wave of migration from India towards Southeast Asia happened during Asoka's invasion towards Kalinga and [[Samudragupta]]'s expedition towards the South.<ref>{{cite book|first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|year=2011|pages=135–136|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-9814311670}}</ref>

The Arab and Indian traders had travelled this region including the southern tip of South East Asia the peninsula with maritime trade,<ref name=Sneddon2003>{{cite book | last = Sneddon| first = James|title = The Indonesian Language: Its history and role in modern society| year = 2003| publisher = University of South Wales Press Ltd| location = Sydney| page = 73}}</ref> the [[Sailendra]] kings of [[Java]] were able to take control of the [[Peninsular Malaysia|Peninsular]] and part of southern [[Siam]]. The kings welcomed Buddhist missionaries from India, accepting their teaching of the [[Mahayana]] sect, which spread through their territories. However, central and northeastern Thailand continued to adhere to the Hinayana teachings of the Theravada sect, which had been introduced by missionaries sent by the emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC.
Another theory of the introduction of Buddhism after Indian arrived in the peninsula is that after Kalinga conquered lower [[Burma]] in the 8th century their influence gradually spread down the peninsula. The ancient Indian Kalinga was located in southeastern India occupying modern day Orissa and northern Andhra Pradesh. In the 7th century an Indonesian kingdom was named Kalingga<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgtVFGCJkj0C&pg=PT20 Sejarah SMA/MA Kls XI-Bahasa By H Purwanta, dkk]</ref> after the aforementioned Kalinga in India. Chinese sources mention this kingdom (''Holing'') as a center for Buddhist scholars around 604 before it was overshadowed by the Sanjaya or [[Mataram kingdom]]. The most famous Kalingga ruler is Ratu Sima.

There is evidence of the existence of [[Indianised kingdom]]s such as [[Gangga Negara]], Old [[Kedah]], [[Srivijaya]] since approximately 1700 years ago.<ref name="Volume 7 2009">European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 7, Number 3 (2009)</ref> Early contact between the kingdoms of [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakkam]] and the Malay peninsula had been very close during the reigns of the [[Pallava dynasty]] (from the 4th to the 9th century CE) and [[Chola dynasty]] (from the 9th to the 13th century CE). The trade relations the Tamil merchants had with the ports of [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] led to the emergence of Indianised kingdoms like Kadaram ([[Bujang Valley|Old Kedah]]) and [[Langkasuka|Langkasugam]].<ref name=International2000>{{cite book|last = International Tamil Language Foundation|title = The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage| year = 2000| publisher = International Tamil Language Foundation| location = Chicago| page = 877}}</ref> Furthermore, Chola king [[Rajendra Chola I]] sent an expedition to Kadaram ([[Srivijaya]]) during the 11th century conquering that country on behalf of one of its rulers who sought his protection and to have established him on the throne. The Cholas had a powerful [[Merchant Navy|merchant]] and [[naval fleet]] in the Indian Ocean and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Three kinds of craft are distinguished by the author of the ''Periplus'' – light coasting boats for local traffic, larger vessels of a more complicated structure and greater carrying capacity, and lastly the big ocean-going vessels that made the voyages to Malaya, [[Sumatra]], and the [[Ganges]].<ref name=Sastri2000>{{cite book | last = Sastri| first = K.A. Nilakanta|title = Cholas| orig-year = 1935 | edition = fifth printing | year = 2000| publisher = University of Madras| location = Chennai| pages = 86 & 318}}</ref> In [[Malacca Sultanate]], the [[Chitty]] people, played a huge role in Malacca's administration of the local ports such as [[Raja Mudaliar]], Syahbandar (Chief of Port) of Malacca and [[Bendahara]] [[Tun Mutahir of Malacca|Tun Mutahir]], a famous [[Bendahara]] of the [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malaccan Sultanate]].

===Second Wave: Colonial period===
[[File:SS Rajula.jpg|thumb|''SS Rajula'', operating her fortnightly "Straits Service" between [[Madras]] to Penang, [[Port Klang]] and Singapore from 1926 to 1972. The vessel transported many Indian migrants between South India to then-[[British Malaya]] as well as independent Malaysia.]]
Following the Portuguese colonisation of [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] ([[Malaysia]]) in 1511, the Portuguese government encouraged their explorers to bring their married Indian women who were converted already to Roman Catholic Christianity, under a policy set by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], then [[Viceroy]] of [[Portuguese India|India]]. These people were [[Goan Catholics]] ([[Konkani people|Konkani]] Catholics) and [[Bombay East Indians]] (Catholics of [[Marathi people|Marathi descent]]). [[Kupari]]s who were of mixed Samvedic Brahmin, Goan and Portuguese descent also arrived. Their children already intermarried with Malay population, losing their ethnic identities. British acquisition of [[Penang]], [[Melaka]], and [[Singapore]] - the Straits Settlements from 1786 to 1824 started a steady inflow of Indian labour. This consisted of traders, policemen, plantation labourers and colonial soldiers (see [[sepoy]]s). Apart from this there was also substantial migration of Indians to work in the British colonial government, due to their general good command of the English language.<ref name="Volume 7 2009"/>

[[File:The Indian Stick Display at Balik Pulau, Penang in 1937.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thaipusam]] Celebration in [[Balik Pulau]], [[Penang]]. 1937]]
The establishment of the plantations and the need for mass labour led to an influx of Indian migrants working under the indenture [[Kangani system]] in the 19th and early 20th century. Some, after the Kangani system ended in the early 20th century, also paid for their own passage to Malaya. These migrant workers were primarily Tamils (around 80%), with some [[Telugus]], [[Malayali]]s as well as Bengalis from eastern India and Punjabis from western India. The Tamil migrants were primarily from Tamil Nadu.<ref name="rajoo">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-AR-V3ymAzoC&pg=PA150|title= Malaysian World-view|editor= Mohd. Taib Osman |author=R. Rajoo |pages= 149–150 |publisher=Inst of Southeast Asian Studies |date=1985|isbn= 978-9971988128}}</ref> These workers were distinct from the commercial and educated group of urban Indians, who were often Tamils, Telugus, Malayali, [[Punjabis]], and [[Bengalis]]. The [[Gujaratis]], [[Sindhis]] and [[Marwaris]] arrived as "passenger Indians" much like in other British colonies. These urban Indians may be Hindus, Christians, Sikhs or Muslims. The [[Sikhs]] mainly worked in the police force, while other northern Indians were involved in business. The [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]], Ceylonese and Christian Tamils may be involved in government and private [[White-collar worker|white-collar work]], the [[Chettiar]] in money-lending or finance, while the [[Vellalar]] and [[Muslim Tamils]] may be in various kind of businesses.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-AR-V3ymAzoC&pg=PA151|title= Malaysian World-view|editor= Mohd. Taib Osman |author=R. Rajoo |pages= 150–151 |publisher=Inst of Southeast Asian Studies |date=1985|isbn= 978-9971988128}}</ref>

The Indian population in [[British Malaya|pre-independence Malaya]] and Singapore was predominantly adult males who were single or with family back in [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Hence the population fluctuated frequently with periods of immigration to Malaya and periods of exodus of people back to India. As early as 1901 the Indian population in the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States was approximately 120,000. By 1931 there were 640,000 Indians in Malaya and Singapore and they even outnumbered the native [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] in the state of [[Selangor]] that year.

However, during [[World War II]] many Indian men and women left for [[Burma]] as part of the [[Indian National Army]] with thousands thought to have perished. As a result, the population of Indians in 1957 had only increased to 820,000. While immigration was a major factor for the increase in population until Independence, the population growth began falling after that as the white collar classes in the civil service and plantations left when British institutions and companies left the country. Since then, lower birth rates and emigration to countries like [[Singapore]], [[Australia]], [[UK]], etc. in search of better educational and economic opportunities meant that Indians continue to see their share of Malaysia's population decline just as is the case with the [[Chinese people|Chinese]]. Today, Malaysian Indians account for approximately 7 per cent of the total population of Malaysia (approx. 2 million) and 9 per cent in Singapore (450,000).

===Third Wave: Contemporary period===
From the 1990s to the present period, there has also been a much smaller wave of Indian nationals into Singapore and Malaysia to work in the construction and engineering industry, restaurants, the IT sector, teaching and finance with many taking up permanent residence in Singapore where they account for nearly a quarter of the Singapore population. The unskilled labour mainly work in Indian restaurants. There are also foreign spouses from the Indian Subcontinent who are married to local Indians.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Malaysian Indian in Penang|Tamil Malaysians|Malaysian Malayalees|Malaysian Telugus|Punjabi Malaysians|Malaysian Gujaratis|Chitty}}
[[File:Little India (Johor Bahru).jpg|thumb|Little India in [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]].]]
[[File:Little India (Melaka).jpg|thumb|Little India in [[Melaka City]], [[Melaka]].]]
[[File:Karutha Naicker Hall.jpg|thumb|Tangkak District Indian Association in [[Tangkak]], [[Johor]].]]

6.6% of the Malaysian population are Indians as of 2020.<ref name="2023 population" /> Between 1800 to 1920, 740k Indians migrated to Malaysia.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Madhavan |first=M. C. |date=1985 |title=Indian Emigrants: Numbers, Characteristics, and Economic Impact |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1973248 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=457–481 |doi=10.2307/1973248 |issn=0098-7921}}</ref> Between 1921 to 1945, 377k migrated to Malaysia, with the migration stream declining to 80k between 1946 to 1960.<ref name=":5" />

There is a close correspondence between the various ethnic and occupational divisions of the Malaysian community, and this is inevitably reflected in the Indian community's geographical distribution in Malaya. The South Indian Tamils were the majority throughout the country, on the rubber estates and railways, though a significant proportion found employment on the docks in [[Penang]] and [[Singapore]].
Selangor is the state with the most number of Indians in terms of absolute number whereas Negeri Sembilan is the state with the highest proportion of Malaysian Indians making up the population.<ref name="2015 population"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" | State
!colspan="4" |Population{{ref|1|A}}
|-
!colspan="2" style= "width:9em;"|2010<ref name="demo">{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf|title= 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205104835/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |pages=11, 62–81}}</ref>
!colspan="2" style="width:9em;"|2015<ref name="2015 population"/>{{ref|2|B}}
|-
!Total
!Proportion
!Total
!Proportion
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Johor]]
| 217,058
| 7.1%
| 230,700
| 7.0%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Kedah]]
|136,482
|7.3%
|143,200
|7.2%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Kelantan]]
|3,849
|0.3%
|4,800
|0.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Malacca]]
|49,037
|6.2%
|51,400
|6.2%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Negeri Sembilan]]
| 146,214
|15.2%
|154,000
|14.9%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Pahang]]
|63,065
|4.4%
|66,300
|4.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Perak]]
||281,688
|12.3%
|293,300
|12.2%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Penang]]
|153,472
|10.4%
|166,000
|10.6%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Perlis]]
|2,745
|1.2%
|3,100
|1.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Sabah]]
|7,453
|0.3%
|12,200
|0.5%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Sarawak]]
|7,411
|0.3%
|7,900
|0.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Selangor]]
|679,130
|13.5%
|712,000
|13.2%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Terengganu]]
|2,397
|0.2%
|3,000
|0.3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|156,316
|10.3%
|163,000
|10.1%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Labuan]]
|641
|0.9%
|800
|0.9%
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |[[Putrajaya]]
|869
|1.5%
|900
|1.0%
|}

*{{note|1|Note A}} Non-citizens are excluded in figures and percentage
*{{note|2|Note B}} Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.

== Education ==
There are significant differences between Malaysian Indians who are part of the Malaysian [[working class]] in plantations and urban middle class or upper middle class professionals.
Many Indians are workers in plantations and attend Tamil language schools. Tamil language [[Education in Malaysia|primary schools]] are funded by the [[Government of Malaysia|Federal Government]], but Tamil schools on private lands are not eligible for full government grant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://grfdt.com/PublicationDetails.aspx?Type=Articles&TabId=7051 |title=A Short History of Tamil Schools in Malaya/ Malaysia |work=GRFDT |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712060718/https://grfdt.com/PublicationDetails.aspx?Type=Articles&TabId=7051 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Although Tamil is used as the medium of instruction, Malay and English are taught as compulsory subjects. Tamil schools may range from single classroom where students of varying age and ability are taught by a single teacher, to large schools of a few hundreds students. In plantation estates the schools may be poorly staffed and equipped, and few of their students moved on to higher education. Those Indians who do well in schools are primarily from the urban middle classes.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Breaking the pattern |pages=19–21|magazine=Far Eastern Economic Review |first=Suhaini|last=Azman |date=7 June 1990}}</ref>

There are also significant challenges in higher education opportunity for Indians due to an education system that favors the Bumiputera Malays.<ref name=":0" /> Racial discrimination in government school have been reported, with Indian students suffering the most due to their ethnicity, color of the skin, or beliefs.<ref name=":0" />

==Economy and employment==
There are considerable differences socially and economically between different groups of Indians in Malaysia. They form a significant part of the professional classes in Malaysia; in a census taken in 1999, Malaysian Indians were 15.5% of Malaysia's professional workforce.<ref name="Haque" /> These include doctors (28.4%), lawyers (26.8%), dentists (21%), veterinary surgeons (28.5%), engineers (6.4%), accountants (5.8%), surveyors (3.0%) and architects (1.5%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/11/23/unite-as-a-community/|title=Unite as a community|last=Rajah|first=M|date=23 Nov 2013|website=The Star}}</ref> However, many Indians are also ranked amongst the most disadvantaged. In 1970, around 39% of Indians in Malaysia were ranked among the poorest of the country.<ref name="Haque"/> Incidence of poverty (those in the lowest 40% of the national income distribution) in Malaysia was 27.3% Indians.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|page=375}} Official figures suggest that the percentage of Indians living below the official poverty line has decreased from 39.2% in 1970 to 1.9% in 2002, but the figures have been criticised as inaccurate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ensuring Effective Targeting of Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Low Income Malaysian Indians |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2019/08/statement-professor-philip-alston-united-nations-special-rapporteur |work=Centre for Public Policy Studies}}</ref> It has been claimed around 40% of Indians are at the bottom rung of the income ladder in 2015.<ref name="malaymail2015"/>

[[File:KITLV - 79935 - Kleingrothe, C.J. - Medan - Sowing on a rubber plantation in Malaysia - circa 1910.tif|thumb|Workers in a plantation {{circa}} 1910]]
Many of the early South Indian immigrants such as the Tamils and Telugus worked in the agriculture sector, in particular as workers in plantations. In 1930, 60% of all Indians were in this sector, and by 1970, 45% of Indians were still involved in agriculture in Malaysia.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|page=162}} [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lanka Tamils]] mainly occupied the subordinate administrative and technical positions in estates, positions they still dominate to this day.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|page=166}} Also in the estates are the Malayalis who hold assistant and managerial positions. Few of these estates however are Indian-owned.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|page=167}} Indians are also prominent in the transport and communication sector, either as labourers or as administrative and technical staff.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|pages=172–173}}

Many Indians are also involved in business and trade, the majority of the privately owned businesses belong to the [[Chettiar]]s.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|page=173–175}} The Sikhs and other Punjabis were initially recruited by the British to serve in the police and armed forces, and while in modern times these areas are now dominated by Malays, the descendants of Sikhs and other Punjabi are now found in every sphere of the economy, in particular as professionals, and in the mercantile and money-lending business.{{sfn|Sandhu|2006|page=162}}

Institutionalized racism in economic policy by the government is a key economic challenge for Indians. Many state governments have a no-bin policy which indirectly implies that if a non-Malay applies for anything it will be rejected.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why huge disparity in budget allocation for races, Lim asks Ismail |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/09/20/why-huge-disparity-in-budget-allocation-for-races-lim-asks-ismail/ |access-date=12 Dec 2023 |website=freemalaysiatoday.com}}</ref> According to the [[Ninth Malaysia Plan]] report of 2006, Malaysian Indians also controlled only 1.2 percent of the corporate wealth in Malaysia, down from the previous figure of 1.5 percent.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |author= Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed |date=2007|title= Marginalisation and the Indian Community in Malaysia|work= RSIS Commentaries, (131/2007) |publisher=Nanyang Technological University |url=https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10220/6011/rsisc131-07.pdf?sequence=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404214547/http://www.epu.jpm.my/rm9/english/Chapter16.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2006 |url=http://www.epu.jpm.my:80/rm9/english/Chapter16.pdf |title=Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010 |chapter=Chapter 16 - Achieving Growth with Distribution |access-date=23 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the Malaysian Indians are estimated at 9% of the population, they own just 2% of the national wealth due to racially discriminatory policies of institutionalized discrimination, such as the NEP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOPIO Announces Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service Awards |url=https://nriol.com/content/articles/article95.asp |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=nriol.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian overseas Population - Indians in Malaysia. Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin |url=https://nriol.com/indiandiaspora/malaysia-indians.asp |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=nriol.com}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Headquarters of MIC.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of MIC in [[Kuala Lumpur]].]]
The [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] (MIC) is the oldest and largest Indian political party in Malaysia. It is a senior member of the [[Barisan Nasional]] coalition. The [[All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front|Indian Progressive Front]] (IPF), another Indian-based party, is affiliated with Barisan Nasional but is not a formal member. The [[People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)|People's Progressive Party]] (PPP) is technically a multiracial party but its membership is overwhelmingly Indian. It is a member of the Barisan Nasional. The [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] (PKR) and [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) have a large Indian membership and have many Indian lawmakers. Both parties are members of the ruling [[Pakatan Harapan]] coalition. The [[Socialist Party of Malaysia]] (PSM), a minor opposition party, has a strong Indian presence. The [[Hindu Rights Action Force]] (Hindraf) was formed in 2007 to address alleged racial discrimination against Indian Malaysians. It was banned after it staged a large anti-government rally in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 2007. Hindraf's political wing is the [[Human Rights Party (Malaysia)|Human Rights Party]] (HRP). The [[Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress]] (KIMMA) is a party that represents the interests of the [[Indian Muslim]] community. There is the [[Punjabi Party of Malaysia]] (PPM) which represents Malaysia's Punjabi community. The [[Malaysian Ceylonese Congress]] (MCC) represents Malaysia's [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] community who are technically not Indian but often regarded as such by most Malaysians. Other Indian fringe parties include the pro-Barisan Nasional [[Malaysian Indian United Party]] (MIUP), [[Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party]] (MMSP) and the latest [[Malaysian Indian Justice Party]] (MIJP). There was also the [[Democratic Malaysian Indian Party]] (DMIP) which has been dissolved.

In the [[Malaysian general election, 2018|Malaysian general election]] held in 2018, sixteen Indians were elected to the [[Dewan Rakyat]]. This is the [[Ethnic Indians in the Dewan Rakyat|highest number of Malaysian Indians elected to parliament]] in Malaysian history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://littleindia.com/malaysia-gets-16-indian-origin-members-of-parliament/|title=Malaysia Gets 16 Indian-Origin Members of Parliament|date=2018-05-15|work=Little India: Overseas Indian, NRI, Asian Indian, Indian American|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[HINDRAF]] was an ally to the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government. This is in addition to [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]] and [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]] which are multiracial parties with Indian representatives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/node/369691/amp|title=Malaysian Indians have dropped MIC, opt for multiracial parties|website=www.nst.com.my|language=en|access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref> However HINDRAF is dissolved as of 2019 by RoS and currently this ruling is being brought to court for hearing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=RoS Stumbling block for GE14 |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/11/24/ros-only-stumbling-block-for-hindraf-to-contest-in-ge14/ |access-date=13 Dec 2023 |website=www.freemalaysiatoday.net}}</ref>

Media and the performing arts{{See also|Malaysian Tamil Cinema|Anugerah Industri Muzik Malaysian-Indian|Lists of Tamil-language media in Malaysia}}
[[File:Indian Classical Dance.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tamils#Performing arts|Tamil classical dance]], performed in Malaysia.]]
Satellite television provider [[Astro (Malaysian satellite television)|Astro]] provides several [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[satellite television|satellite]] [[television channels]]. [[Astro Vaanavil]] and state-owned [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia|RTM]] [[TV2 (Malaysia)|TV2]] broadcast locally produced [[Tamil language|Tamil]] shows. India-based channels available in [[Malaysia]] are [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Jaya TV]], [[Chutti TV]]. Thanga Thirai and [[Velli Thirai]] are [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie channels while [[B4U (network)|Astro B4U]] is a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] movie channel. The Malaysian Indian community is an important market for the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry [[Kollywood]]. There are 2-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] radio stations of the state-owned [[Minnal FM]] and the privately owned [[THR.fm|THR Raaga]].

It is also customary for major Malaysian corporations to produce television commercials in conjunction with [[Deepavali]]. They generally pay tribute to the contributions of the Indian community to the nation and are well received by Indians of all faiths. The heart-warming Deepavali commercials by the state petroleum company [[Petronas]] are especially popular. Indian Malaysians have also contributed to the mainstream Malaysian entertainment industry. The Jayhawkers from Seremban led by one Joe Chelliah was the first non-Malay pop band with only Indian musicians that recorded popular commercial albums in Malay in the mid 1960s itself. More recent notable Indian Malaysian artists with multiracial appeal are [[Reshmonu]], [[Jaclyn Victor]], and [[Alleycats (Malaysian rock band)|Alleycats]]. Indian Malaysians have also made significant contributions to the Malaysian English theatre scene. Tamil [[hip hop]] was started in Malaysia by pioneers like rappers Chakra Sonic, Yogi B and several others, which had since then made its way to Kollywood.

[[Bharata Natyam]], the Tamil classical dance of India, is an important feature of Tamil culture and is hence popular in Malaysia. Ramli Ibrahim and [[Mavin Khoo]] are two non-Indian Malaysians who are [[Indian classical dance]] performers. The Temple of Fine Arts in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur is an academy that provides training in traditional Indian dance and music. The [[urumi (drum)|urumee]] drums are often played at religious and cultural events. The [[nadaswaram]] is a traditional Indian wind instrument often played at Indian weddings in Malaysia.

==Cuisine==
{{Further|Malaysian Indian Cuisine}}
[[File:Bananaleafrice001.jpg|thumb| [[Banana leaf rice]].]]
The contribution of the Indian community to [[Malaysian cuisine]] is substantial. Indian cuisine has had a strong influence on traditional [[Malay cuisine]] resulting in the popularity of curries in Malaysia. Indian restaurants are well received by Malaysians from all ethnic and religious backgrounds. They have become an important fixture in everyday Malaysian life and are the venue of choice for watching live televised football matches. [[Mamak stall|Mamak]] restaurants and stalls refer to eateries owned and staffed by [[Indian Muslims]]. The word 'Mamak' is sometimes erroneously used to describe any Indian restaurant. [[Roti canai]], [[nasi kandar]], [[maggi goreng]] and [[pasembur]] (Mamak rojak) are Indian dishes unique to Malaysia. Nasi kandar is sold exclusively in [[Indian Muslim]] restaurants and the recipes are closely guarded secrets. Unlike Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom and other Western countries which tend to focus on [[North Indian cuisine]], Indian cuisine in Malaysia is largely based on [[South Indian cuisine]] as the Malaysian Indian diaspora is overwhelmingly Tamil, although some northern dishes such as [[tandoori chicken]] and [[naan]] bread are common. Southern breakfast delicacies such as [[idli]], [[vadai]] and [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] (spelled in Malaysia as 'thosai') are common. The [[appam]] is a favourite breakfast dish in Tamil homes. ''Idiyappam'' is known as [[putu mayam]] in Malay and usually sold by mobile motorcycle vendors. [[Murukku]] is made to mark [[Deepavali]]. Meals of rice with various vegetable and meat dishes along with other condiments are served on banana leaves in restaurants for lunch and dinner, and also in Indian households during special occasions. Mutton ([[goat meat]]) is highly favoured and served as either ''varuval'' (dry curry) or ''peratal'' (curry with a thick gravy). Fried bitter gourd, banana chips, [[papadam]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], yoghurt and pickles are the usual condiments. Desserts and sweets include [[payasam]], [[halva]], [[mysore pak]], palgoa and ghee balls.
Some Indian foods have been widely adopted and localised. This includes but not limited to [[Murukku]], [[Adhirasam]] and [[Puttu]].

==Religion==
{{bar box
| title = Religions of Indian Malaysians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia |language=ms, en |access-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 }} p. 82</ref>
| titlebar =#Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|86.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|6.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|4.1}}
{{bar percent|Other Religion|Brown|1.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|1.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No Religion]]|Black|0.05}}
{{bar percent|Folk Religion|Red|0.04}}
{{bar percent|Unknown|Gray|0.01}}

}}
The Indian community which mostly consist of [[Tamils]] follow Hinduism as the main faith. Hinduism and Buddhism were brought to the Malay Peninsula from India around the 2nd century AD. The Indian-influenced kingdoms of Kadaram ([[Early history of Kedah|Old Kedah]]), and Ilangosagam ([[Langkasuka]]) practised Hinduism and Buddhism during the rule of the Malay-[[Srivijaya]] and Tamil-[[Chola]] kingdoms.<ref name=Arasaratnam1970>{{cite book | last = Arasaratnam| first = Sinnappah|title = Indians in Malaysia and Singapore| url = https://archive.org/details/indiansinmalaysi0000aras| url-access = registration| year = 1970| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = London| pages = [https://archive.org/details/indiansinmalaysi0000aras/page/4 4], 168, 169, 170, 171, & 175| isbn = 978-0-19-218184-8}}</ref> The early few Indians arrived and assimilated quickly into the local population through intermarriage.

Hinduism is the most practiced religion amongst the Tamils, including both the major Hindu and Tamil pantheon of deities. Tamils of both Indian and Sri Lankan backgrounds practice Hinduism. Vast majority of the [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]] and Telugus in Malaysia also practice Hinduism.

[[Sikhism]] is practiced mainly by [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]]. Many Sindhis also worship in Sikh Gurdwaras in Malaysia. Christianity is practiced by a minority of Tamil and Malayali people. In Malaysia, most of the Indian Christians are either [[Catholic]], [[Pentecostal]], [[Anglican]], [[Methodist]], or [[Lutheran]]. The majority of the [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalee]] Christians are either [[Catholic]] or [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493199|jstor = 41493199|last1 = Daniel|first1 = J. Rabindra|title = Diversity Among Indian Christians in Peninsular Malaysia|journal = Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year = 1992|volume = 1|issue = 262|pages = 71–88}}</ref> Trade contact with the Tamils predate the Islamic period (c. 570-632 AD), or the birth of Islam. Indonesians and Malays learned of Islam initially through Gujarati merchants and further developed on by the Arab traders. Most of the Indian Muslim community has been absorbed into the larger Malay community due to their common religious background, with a substantially high level of assimilation and intermarriage between the communities. In Malaysia, [[Tamil Muslim]]s are often referred to as 'Mamaks' while [[Malabar Muslims|Malayalee Muslims]] are known as 'Kakas' or 'Malabaris'.
<gallery>
File:Batu caves.jpg|[[Batu Caves]]
File:Sri Mahamariamman Temple 2, central Kuala Lumpur.jpg| [[Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur|Sri Mahamariamman Temple]] in Kuala Lumpur
File:Bmcity.jpg|[[St. Anne's Church, Bukit Mertajam|St. Anne's Church]] in [[Bukit Mertajam]]
File:Masjid Kapitan Keling.jpg|[[Kapitan Keling Mosque]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
File:Tawau Sabah ThirumuruganTemple-01.jpg|Thirumurugan Temple in [[Tawau]]
</gallery>

==Festivals==
[[File:Thaipusam idols.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Idols carried in procession during Thaipusam at Batu Caves.]]
One of the biggest Hindu festivals in Malaysia is [[Thaipusam]]. Thaipusam is dedicated to the God [[Murugan]] which occurs on the day in the [[Hindu calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Thai'' (January–February) when the asterism ''Poosam'' is on the ascendant. It is celebrated in grand style in the temples of, [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] for three days.

In Kuala Lumpur, Thaipusam has become an almost national seat for ''Poosam'' celebrations. The venue of the Kuala Lumpur celebrations is a picturesque shrine right inside a cave that lies many feet above the ground, and can only be approached by a steep climb. This place, known as [[Batu Caves]], is about eight miles from the city, and a [[Temple car|chariot]] procession carrying the image of the deity to and from the place adds to the color and gaiety of the festival. Crowds from all over the country throng to the cave, including people of all classes and groups. It is above all a day of penance, on which many vows are fulfilled. A 42.7m high statue of Lord Murugan was built at Batu Caves and was unveiled in January 2006, having taken three years to construct.

One of the most significant rites performed is the carrying of the [[kavadi]], a large wooden decorated arch, as an act of penance. When deities are taken on procession from one shrine to another, they would be followed by a number of these voluntary kavadi-bearers. In other towns and estates, kavadis would be carried for other festivals like ''Chittirai Paruvam''. Some of the more rigid practitioners would bear spikes, spears, and hooks pierced into their bodies. The ''Chittirai Paruvam'' festival and festivals to the Tamil deity [[Mariamman]] are usually accompanied by a fire-walking ceremony.<ref name=Arasaratnam1970/>

[[Deepavali]], popularly known as the 'Festival of Lights', is another major Hindu festival which is celebrated by all Hindu communities. Tamils celebrate [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] which is a harvest festival usually held from 13–16 January. A similar festival known as [[Makar Sankranti]] is celebrated by most other Indian communities while the Punjabis call their harvest festival [[Lohri]].

The [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]] celebrate [[Vishu]], the Malayalee New Year which usually falls in the month of April or the month of Medam in the [[Malayalam calendar]]. [[Onam]] is the most popular festival celebrated by the Malayalee community and is usually observed in the month of August or September. They usually prepare ''Sadhya'', a lunch feast consisting 16 to 24 vegetarian dishes (without onions and garlics).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The Telugus celebrate [[Ugadi]], the Telugu New Year which is based on the [[lunar calendar]]; unlike [[Puthandu]], the Tamil New Year and [[Vasakhi]], the Sikh New Year which are based on the [[solar calendar]]. [[Makar Sankranti]] is an important festival for [[Telugu people|Telugu]] community also celebrated as Pongal by Tamils.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The festivals celebrated by Malaysian Indians who profess the Christian faith are [[Easter]], [[Christmas]] and [[All Souls' Day]] (mainly celebrated by Catholics). Indian Muslims observe [[Ramadan]], the Muslim month of fasting; and celebrate [[Hari Raya Aidilfitri#South-East Asia|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]] and [[Eid al-Adha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]].

==Progress==
===Timeline===
* 1873 - [[Sri MahaMariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur]] was founded by [[K. Thamboosamy Pillay]]
* 1920 - [[Sri MahaMariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur]] initially used as a private shrine opened door to public. This is the oldest functioning Hindu temple in Malaysia
* 1924 - [[K. Thamboosamy Pillay]] become the first non-white member of the Royal Selangor Club to attain permanent membership.
* 1946 - Malaysian Indian leaders including [[John Thivy]], [[Sardar Booth Singh]] and MK Ramachandaran Naidu gathered at the premise of [[Sri MahaMariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur|Sri Maha Mariamman Temple]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and agreed to form a political party in the interest of Indian community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of MICம.இ.கா வரலாறு – Malaysian Indian Congress |url=https://mic.org.my/2023/08/21/history-of-mic%e0%ae%ae-%e0%ae%87-%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%be-%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%81/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[John Thivy]] was elected as the first president in the same year during a national gathering organized by [[Selangor Indian Association]]. The party was named [[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malaya Indian Congress]] during the first conference that happened on the same year at Chettiar Hall, Sentul, Kuala Lumpur.
* 1951 - [[K. L. Devaser|Kundan Lal Devaser]] become the fourth president of [[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malaya Indian Congress]].It was under Devaser's presidency that the MIC joined the [[Barisan Nasional|Alliance]] in 1954
* 1953 - [[Radhakrishna Ramani]] elected as the 2nd [[Malaysian Bar#List of presidents of the Malaysian Bar|President]] of [[Malaysian Bar]].He became the first Asian to serve as president of Malaya Bar Council.<ref name="Mbar">{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/past_presidents.html |title=The Malaysian Bar |publisher=The Malaysian Bar |date= |accessdate=2015-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F21%2Flifefocus%2F19211386&sec=lifefocus |title=Archives | The Star Online |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date=2007-10-21 |accessdate=2015-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tommythomas.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/legal-POLITICAL-REALITY-AND-THE-MALAYSIAN-BAR.pdf |title=Political Reality and the Malaysian Bar |publisher=Tommythomas.net |accessdate=2015-05-14}}</ref>
* 1955- [[V. T. Sambanthan|Tun Sambanthan]] was elected as the fifth president of [[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malaya Indian Congress]]. He is the first [[Tamil Malaysians|Tamil]] and South Indian to hold the role of president of the party. MIC headquater was moved to Brickfield (Jalan Tun Sambathan) from [[Sri MahaMariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur|Sri MahaMariamman Temple]]
* 1973 - [[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]] headquarter ,[[Menara Manickavasagam]] was inaugurated by Malaysian 2nd Prime Minister. During that time, the tower was the tallest political party headquarter in Malaysia.<ref>https://mic.org.my/2023/08/21/history-of-mic%E0%AE%AE-%E0%AE%87-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81/</ref>
* 1978 - [[Ganga Nayar]] become the first female to head a political party in Malaysia after founding the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|Malaysian Workers' Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapersnid=1309&dat=19890312&id=FqJUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2836,2625494&hl=en|title=Google News|access-date=2021-11-30|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130105737/https://news.google.com/topstories?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US:en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1969, upon winning the Serendah state seat, she was also the first woman of Indian descent to be elected to a legislature in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/79239#ixzz3kToNTwsI|title = First Indian woman rep bemoans racial politics|date = 6 March 2008|access-date = 1 September 2015|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062648/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/79239#ixzz3kToNTwsI|url-status = live}}</ref>
* 1991 - [[Kamal Bamadhaj]], a political science student and human rights activist was killed in the [[Santa Cruz massacre|Dili Massacre]] in [[Timor-Leste|East Timor]].He was the only foreign national to be killed when Indonesian troops opened fire on a funeral procession at the Santa Cruz cemetery in Dili.
* 2001 - [[AIMST University]] esthablished.<ref>http://www.myaimst.com/2008/08/the-making-of-aimst-university/</ref>
* 2005 - [[Cecil Rajendra]] was awarded the first Malaysian Lifetime Humanitarian Award "in recognition of his pioneering legal aid work and exemplary poetry".<ref name=MBar /> Also in 2005 he was the first malaysian to be nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], which went to [[Harold Pinter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/175992|title=Poetic Reason, acidic rhyme|date=12 November 2005|work=thesundaily.my}}</ref>
* 2005 - [[Param Cumaraswamy|Dato Param Cumaraswamy]] won the [[Gruber Prize for Justice]]. The first and only Malaysian to be awarded this international prizes .
* 2007 - [[2007 HINDRAF rally]] held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 25 November 2007.The organiser had called the protest over alleged discriminatory policies on Malaysian Indians. [[Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy]], [[P. Uthayakumar]], [[Manoharan Malayalam]], Vasantha Kumar Krishnan and [[Ganabatirau Veraman]] lead the protest.
* 2008 - During [[2008 Malaysian general election]], [[Manoharan Malayalam]] won Kota Alam Shah state seat while being detained under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]]. He become first person to win a elecition in Malaysia while in Jail.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/333784/1/.html] Channel news Asia Report</ref>
* 2015 - [[Steven Thiru]] become the 31st President of the Malaysian Bar
* 2016 - [[Jagat (2015 film)|Jagat]] was awarded Best Malaysian Film in [[Malaysia Film Festival|28th Malaysia Film Festival]]. The film become first non Malay language film to won the award and become a landmark achievement in the MFF.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yeoh|first1=Angelin|title='Jagat' bags top film award, creates history|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/09/04/jagat-bags-top-film-award-creates-history/|website=The Star|publisher=Star Media Group Berhad|access-date=18 September 2016|date=4 September 2016}}</ref>
* 2016 - [[Nisha Ayub]] awarded [[International Women of Courage Award]]. She become the second Malaysian and first [[transgender]] to won the award.
* 2018 - [[Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy]] appointed as [[Minister in the Prime Minister's Department]] (National Unity and Social Wellbeing). He is the first Indian to serve as Minister in the Prime Minister's Department. He also the first [[HINDRAF]] leader to have achieved a full Minister status in the government cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hindraf-apos-waytha-moorthy-made-134703087.html|title=Hindraf's Waytha Moorthy to be made Minister after senate swearing-in tomorrow|website=sg.news.yahoo.com|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104336/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hindraf-apos-waytha-moorthy-made-134703087.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/391774/waytha-moorthy-appointed-minister-four-other-senators-made-deputy|title = Waytha Moorthy appointed minister, four other senators made deputy ministers|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date = 17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/18/minister-and-deputies-appointed-waytha-moorthy-to-head-national-unity-and-social-wellbeing-portfolio/|title=Minister and deputies appointed|website=[[The Star Online]]|date=18 July 2018 |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>
* 2018 - [[Vedigundu Pasangge]] earned £222 on the first day in [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jul/31/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-control-uk-box-office|title=Mission: Impossible – Fallout in cruise control at UK box office|first=Charles|last=Gant|date=31 July 2018|website=The Guardian}}</ref> It was the highest opening collection for a movie from Malaysia in the United Kingdom box office
* 2019 - [[Latheefa Koya]], appoint as the 5th Chief Commissioner of the [[Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|date=4 June 2019|access-date=4 June 2019|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/493863/latheefa-koya-new-macc-chief|title=Latheefa Koya is new MACC chief|author=Beatrice Nita Jay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=4 June 2019|access-date=4 June 2019|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-04/malaysia-picks-human-rights-activist-to-lead-anti-graft-agency|title=Malaysia Picks Human-Rights Activist to Lead Anti-Graft Agency|work=Anuradha Raghu}}</ref> She is the first non-Malay to hold this position.
* 2024 - [[C4 Cinta]] recorded the highest box office collection at RM2.5 million, making it the [[Malaysian Tamil cinema|highest-grossing local Tamil film]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/01/08/rising-director-karthik-is-making-waves-and-his-film-039c4cinta039-is-breaking-new-grounds-for-local-tamil-movie-after-a-rm25mil-box-office-haul|title=Rising director Karthik is making waves and his film 'C4Cinta' is breaking new grounds for local Tamil movie after a RM2.5mil box office haul|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|first=S.|last=Navalan|date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

==Influence on Malaysian culture==
Indian influences could be seen on modern Malaysia as well as on traditional Malay culture. The diffusion of Indian culture includes the following:

*[[Malay folklore]] contains a rich number of Indian-influenced mythological characters, such as [[Bidadari]], [[Jatayu|Jentayu]], [[Garuda]] and [[Nāga|Naga]].
*[[Malaysian literature|Early Malay literature]] was highly influenced by Indian epics, such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]''.
*[[Wayang]] shadow puppets and classical dance-dramas of Malaysia took stories from episodes of ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata''.

===Language and names===
{{Main|Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world}}

A good number of Tamil inscriptions as well as Hindu and Buddhist icons emanating from South India have been found in Southeast Asia (and even in parts of [[Northern and southern China|south China]]). On the Malay Peninsula, inscriptions have been found at [[Takuapa]], not far from the [[Vishnuite]] statues of Khao Phra Narai in [[Southern Thailand]]. It is a short inscription indicating that an artificial lake named ''Avani-naranam'' was dug by ''nangur-Udaiyan'' which is the name of an individual who possessed a military [[fief]] at Nangur, being famous for his abilities as a warrior, and that the lake was placed under the protection of the members of the Manikkiramam (which according to K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, was a merchant guild) living in the military camp.<ref name=Sastri1949>{{cite journal | author = Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta | year = 1949| title = Takuapa and its Tamil Inscription Part I. | journal = Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society| volume = 22}}</ref>

An inscription dated 779 AD has been found in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom|Ligor]], Malay Peninsula. This refers to the trade relationship between the [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamil country]] and Malaya.<ref name=Arokiaswamy2000>{{cite book | last = Arokiaswamy| first = Celine W.M.| title = Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines| year = 2000| location = Manila |publisher=s.n.| pages = 37, 38, 41, 43, 45–49, 51–57}}</ref> In [[Bujang Valley|ancient Kedah]] there is an inscription found by Dr. [[Horace Geoffrey Quaritch Wales|Quaritch Wales]]. It is an inscribed stone bar, rectangular in shape, bears the ye-dharmma formula<ref group="nb">{{cite web
|url=http://www.virtualvinodh.com/brahmi-lipitva/208-ye-dhamma-brahmi
|title=Ye Dhamma - The Verse of Causation
|date=2 April 2012
|publisher=Vinodh's Virtual Cyber Space
|access-date=13 April 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104742/http://www.virtualvinodh.com/brahmi-lipitva/208-ye-dhamma-brahmi
|archive-date=20 March 2012
|quote=The Pali verse 'Ye Dhamma... ' is a popular verse in Buddhism that explains the heart of Buddhism Philosophy i.e Dependant Origination. The Sanskrit version of the verse is called "Pratityasamutpada Hridaya Dharani" [The Heart Dharani of Dependant Origination] with Om added to the beginning of the Verse, and Svaha added at the end, thus Dharani-fying the entire verse. The Pali version never seems to have had any specific title.
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> in [[Vatteluttu alphabet|South Indian characters]] of the 4th century AD, thus proclaiming the Buddhist character of the shrine near the find-spot (site I) of which only the basement survives. The inscriptions are on three faces in ''Pallava Grantha script''. The Ruler Raja Ganga fled from his empire into the forests with his queen and an infant heir. Raja Ganga left traces of hideout on a nearby hill in form of artefacts on stones. All these inscriptions, both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] ones, relate to the activities of the people and rulers of the Tamil country of South India. The [[Tamil script|Tamil inscriptions]] are at least four centuries posterior to the Sanskrit inscriptions, from which the early Tamils themselves were patronizers of the Sanskrit language.<ref name=Arokiaswamy2000/> The Cherok Tokun Ancient Inscriptions were first documented by Colonel [[James Low (East India Company officer)|James Low]], a British army officer, in 1845. In his log, Low recorded his disappointment of not finding a more spectacular ruin, expecting to find an ancient temple ruin. He documented what he made out to be "a group of seven inscriptions". The inscriptions were believed to be in pre-Pallava script and written in Sanskrit. They were attributed to the ancient Kingdom of Kadaaram, which flourished in northern Malaysia in the 5th to 6th centuries. However, according to J Laidlay, who translated the text in 1848, the inscription was in fact written in [[Pali]] - another ancient language of the Indian subcontinent.

An element needed to carry out commercial transactions is a common language understood by all parties involved in early trade. Historians such as J.V. Sebastian, K.T. Thirunavukkarasu, and A.W. Hamilton record that Tamil was the common language of commerce in Malaysia and Indonesia during historical times.<ref name="Arokiaswamy2000"/> The maritime Tamil significance in Sumatran and Malay Peninsula trading continued for centuries and borrowings into Malay from Tamil increased between the 15th and 19th centuries due to their commercial activities. In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company was obliged to use Tamil as part of its correspondence. In Malacca and other seaports up to the 19th century, Malay terminology pertaining to book-keeping and accountancy was still largely Tamil.<ref name=Sneddon2003/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tamil
!Malay
!English
|-
| Kadai
(கடை)
| kedai
| shop
|-
| Kappal
(கப்பல்)
| kapal
| ship
|-
| Vagai
(வகை)
| bagai
| variety/ like
|-
| Toppi
(தொப்பி)
| topi
| hat
|}

===Infrastructure===
Indians have contributed significantly to the building of Malaysia since the 19th century. The Indian workforce was instrumental in the clearing of land for infrastructure, established rubber plantations, built the roads, set up transmission lines as well as managed early Malayan railways, ports and airports. Indian doctors, chemists and veterinarians formed the bulk of medical personnel in Malaysia - their contributions still persist to present day. Indian civil servants formed the core of the civil service both pre- and post-independence. Indian teachers who were particularly fluent in the English language formed the backbone of Malaysian education, particularly in missionary schools. Indians also pioneered private education in Malaysia.

==Diaspora==
A number of Malaysian Indian immigrants are found in Australia, and they tended to be highly qualified and speak English fluently and were therefore highly employable.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins|last = Jupp|first = James|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780521807890|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&pg=PA432 |pages = 432}}</ref> There is also a small community of [[Indian Australian|Australians of Indian descent]] on the [[Australia]]n [[States and territories of Australia|external territory]] of [[Christmas Island]] who live alongside other Australians of ethnic Malaysian Chinese, Malay and European descent.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins|last = Jupp|first = James|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2001|isbn = 9780521807890|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&pg=PA225 |pages = 225}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Malaysian Indians}}

Among the notable people of Indian descent in Malaysia are [[K. Thamboosamy Pillay]], a prominent figure of early [[Kuala Lumpur]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_hwAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Kuala Lumpur 1856–1939|first=J.M. |last=Gullick|publisher=The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=2000|pages=43, 135, 140|isbn=9789679948158}}</ref> and [[Karpal Singh]], [[V. David]] and [[Samy Vellu]], all prominent [[List of Malaysian politicians of Indian descent|Malaysian Indian politicians]].

==Challenges for the future==

Institutionalized racism and discrimination in government policy such as [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|NEP]] had an adverse impact on non-Malays including the Malaysian Indian minority in Malaysia.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite web |last=Pusat Komas |first= |date=24 Nov 2023 |title=Malaysia Racial Discrimination Report 2021 |url=https://komas.org/download/Malaysia-Racial-Discrimination-Report-2021.pdf |access-date=23 Nov 2023 |website=komas.org}}</ref> Despite the fact that the average income of Malaysian Indians exceeds that of their Malay counterparts, there exists a substantial portion of the community who are poor, with 40% of Malaysian Indians claimed to be at the bottom rung of the income ladder.<ref name="malaymail2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/yps-40pc-of-indians-in-malaysia-still-at-bottom-rung-of-the-income-ladder |title=YPS: 40pc of Malaysian Indians still at bottom rung of the income ladder |work=The Malay Mail |date=15 May 2015 |author=Bernama}}</ref> Despite the obvious need of the poor, Malaysian Indians are not eligible for any of Malaysia's affirmative-action programmes, which are reserved for Malays and select indigenous people.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/05/18/race-based-affirmative-action-is-failing-poor-malaysians |title=Race-based affirmative action is failing poor Malaysians |newspaper=The Economist |date=18 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name=ragesh>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30861620071206 |title=Malaysian Indian leader seeks affirmative action |first=Y.P. |last=Rajesh |work=Reuters|date= 6 December 2007}}</ref>
[[Ramon Navaratnam]] argued the NEP needs to be reformed as it is outdated, and should be replaced with a system that can help close the gap of poverty regardless of race and religion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Navaratnam |first=Tan Sri Ramon |date=2020-11-25 |title=Malaysia needs to reform its New Economic Policy: Sin Chew Daily contributor |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/malaysia-needs-to-reform-its-new-economic-policy-sin-chew-daily-contributor |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0585-3923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jomo |first=K. S. |date=Winter 1990 |title=Whither Malaysia's New Economic Policy? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2759912 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=469–499 |doi=10.2307/2759912|jstor=2759912 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Further challenges faced by the Indian community is religious conflict due to increasing Islamisation,<ref name=ragesh /> and there were communal clashes between Indians and
Malays such as the [[2001 Kampung Medan riots]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1228679.stm |title=Ethnic strife shakes Malaysia |date= 18 March 2001 |work=BBC }}</ref> as well as protest over racial discrimination and temple demolitions during the [[2007 HINDRAF rally]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Malaysian-Indians-a-disadvantaged-community/article14889855.ece |title=Malaysian Indians: a disadvantaged community |date=7 December 2007 |work=The Hindu |author=V. Suryanarayan}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-protest/indian-protest-rocks-malaysia-ahead-of-polls-idUSKLR16504820071125 |title=Indian protest rocks Malaysia ahead of polls |author=Mark Bendeich |author2=Clarence Fernandez |work=Reuters |date=25 November 2007 }}</ref> These factors in part have resulted in the migration of many highly skilled Malaysian Indians abroad, where Indian migrants are largely upwardly mobile. A survey in 2017 found that 42% of Malaysian Indians who had completed their secondary or tertiary education wanted to emigrate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cipd.asia/news/hr-news/malaysia-brain-drain |title=Malaysia 'must address issue of brain drain' |date=23 August 2017 |author=Poorna Rodrigo |author2=EK Heng NG |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609093103/https://www.cipd.asia/news/hr-news/malaysia-brain-drain |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em|refs=
<ref name="2015 population">{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html |title=Population by States and Ethnic Group|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia|year=2015|access-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|archive-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>



}}

=== Bibliography ===
* "Tragic Orphans: Indians in Malaysia" by Carl Vadivella Belle, Publisher: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, {{ISBN|978-981-4519-03-8}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&pg=PA162|title=Indian Communities in Southeast Asia |edition=First Reprint |editor=K S Sandhu |editor2=A Mani |first=Kernial Singh |last=Sandhu|publisher=ISEAS Publishing |date=30 January 2006|isbn=978-9812304186}}

{{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}
{{Indians in Malaysia}}
{{Ethnic groups in Sabah}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Tamil|Society}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora in Malaysia|*]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Malaysia]]

Amit Ranu

2026-04-29T19:58:32Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: added the post initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amit Ranu
| image = 
| birth_date = 15 October 1992
| birth_place = Baikunthpuri, Muzaffarpur, Bihar
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
| office = Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| constituency = [[Belsand (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belsand]]
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| alma_mater = Intermediate, L. S. College, Muzaffarpur, Patna University
| spouse = Married (name not publicly known)
| father = Pradeep Kumar Singh
}}

'''Amit Ranu''' (born 15 October 1992) is an Indian politician and businessman. He is the youngest Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] representing [[Belsand (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belsand]] constituency since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belsand Assembly Election Result 2025|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0430.htm|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Belsand Assembly Election Results 2025 Live Updates|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/story/belsand-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818977-2025-11-14|website=India Today|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Amit Ranu was born on 15 October 1992 in Baikunthpuri, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. His father is Pradeep Kumar Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Ranu Candidate Profile|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2830|website=MyNeta|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>
He completed his Intermediate education from L. S. College, Muzaffarpur under Patna University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Ranu Candidate Profile|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2830|website=MyNeta|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

==Political career==
Amit Ranu contested the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Belsand constituency and won, defeating incumbent MLA [[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Gupta]] by 22,685 votes, receiving 82,076 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belsand Assembly Election Result 2025|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0430.htm|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Belsand Assembly Election Results 2025 Live Updates|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/story/belsand-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818977-2025-11-14|website=India Today|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>
He represents the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] in the Bihar Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Ranu Candidate Profile|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2830|website=MyNeta|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2025, he received threats over the phone, and the accused was later arrested by the police.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man Arrested For Threatening Belsand MLA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/man-arrested-for-issuing-life-threat-to-belsand-mla/amp_articleshow/125701282.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Belsand MLA Receives Death Threat Over Phone|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/sitamarhi-news-belsand-mla-receives-death-threat-over-phone-accused-arrested/3025604/amp|website=Zee News|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Amit Ranu is married, but his spouse's name is not publicly known. His father is Pradeep Kumar Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Ranu Candidate Profile|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2830|website=MyNeta|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! Result !! Position
|-
| 2025 || [[Belsand (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belsand]] || [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] || 82,076 || Won || 1st
|}

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranu, Amit}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mona Agarwal

2026-04-29T13:57:33Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: adding a details

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mona Agarwal
| image = Mona Agarwal in September 2024.jpg
| caption = Agarwal in September 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|11|08}}
| birth_place = [[Sikar]], Rajasthan
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Para-shooting]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's Air Rifle [[Para Shooting]] SH1}}[[File: Shooting pictogram (Paralympics).svg|30px]]
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[Shooting at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]] | 0 | 0 | 1
| Para World Cup | 1 | 1 | 0
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Shooting at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Shooting at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – R2 Women's 10 metre air rifle standing SH1|Women's 10 m SH1]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[WSPS World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|2024 New Dehli|Women's 10 m}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Changwon|Women's 10 m}}
}}

'''Mona Agarwal''' (born 8 November 1987)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Meet Mona Agarwal, the polio-stricken athlete and mother of two who won shooting bronze at Paralympics |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/mona-agarwal-india-at-paralympics-2024-shooting-13809969.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> is an Indian para shooter from [[Rajasthan]]. She competes in women's 10m air rifle SH1 category. She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Para Shooting World Cup: Athlete-turned-shooter Mona Agarwal claims gold in 10m air rifle event, aims more glory |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/para-shooting-world-cup-mona-agarwal-wins-gold-10m-air-rifle-event-result-aims-more-glory-news/article67933043.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She won a quota place for the Paris Paralympics winning gold at the WSPS Para Shooting World Cup at New Delhi in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Para shooter Mona Agarwal wins 10m air rifle gold, clinches Paris Paralympic quota for India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/para-shooter-mona-agarwal-wins-10m-air-rifle-gold-clinches-paris-paralympic-quota-for-india/articleshow/108354980.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won a bronze medal at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Once mocked for being girl child and polio-stricken, Mona Agarwal is now a Paralympics medallist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/mona-agarwal-girl-child-polio-paralympics-bronze-medallist-9541641/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Agarwal was born in [[Sikar]], Rajasthan. She took up shooting in December 2021 after trying different other sports including volleyball. Her husband, Ravindra Chaudhary, a former wheelchair basketball player, suffered brain injury in an accident, and is under rehab at home. She got a polio attack when she was nine months old.<ref name=":0" /> She shifted to Jaipur after marriage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=Para shooter Mona Agarwal turns adversity into her biggest strength |url=https://www.indianshooting.com/news/para-shooter-mona-agarwal-turns-adversity-into-her-biggest-strength/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Indianshooting |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to stigma against girls, she could not complete her schooling. After two elder sisters, her parents wanted a boy but Mona was an 'unwanted' child in the conservative family. But her maternal grandmother, Geetha Devi, supported her.<ref name=":1" /> She has two children.

== Career ==
Agarwal made her international debut at the World Cup in [[Osijek]], Croatia in July 2023.<ref name=":1" /> In March 2024, she won a gold medal at the World Cup in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="2024 New Delhi">{{cite news |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/new-delhi-2024-agarwal-delivers-gold-paris-2024-quota-hosts |title=New Delhi 2024: Agarwal delivers gold, Paris 2024 quota for hosts |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |date=9 March 2024 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811220457/https://www.paralympic.org/news/new-delhi-2024-agarwal-delivers-gold-paris-2024-quota-hosts |archive-date=11 August 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> She won another gold at the Para World Cup in Changwon, Korea in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funds to buy new wheelchair hindering champion para shooter Mona Agarwal's Paralympic preparation |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/funds-to-buy-new-wheelchair-hindering-champion-para-shooter-mona-agarwals-paralympic-preparation-3047728 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, she won a silver medal at the Para World Cup in Changwon.<ref name="2025 Changwon">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/mona-agarwal-strong-field-win-silver-para-shooting-world-cup-10041405/ |title=Mona Agarwal defies a strong field to win silver at the Para Shooting World Cup |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=1 June 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-ID |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602051236/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/mona-agarwal-strong-field-win-silver-para-shooting-world-cup-10041405/ |archive-date=2 June 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Sports links}}

{{Paralympic medalists for India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Mona}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Paralympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

Mizo culture

2026-04-25T12:31:26Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: adding a pg - done

{{Short description|Culture of the Mizo people of India}}
{{multiple image
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|image1=Dance of Mizoram.jpg
|image2=Plate 25 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg
|image3=Vonoler’s Tomb.jpg
|image4=Mangkhaia Lung.jpg
|image5=Mizoram State Museum - 12.jpg
|image6=Lushai and Poi path to Jhum.jpg
|image7=T. Lewin Memorial at Demagiri.jpg
|image8=Reverend F.W Savide and J. Herbert Lorrain in Lushai Dress.jpg
|image9=Mizoram bombing 1966-2-resize.jpg
|image10=Plate 22 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg
|image11=Lushai Ai Ceremony after Tiger hunt.jpg
|image12=Mizo or Lushai Chin attire in Myanmar.png
|image13=Hlakungpui Mizo Poets Square (2).JPG
|footer='''Representative elements of Mizo culture''' '''Top：'''Cheraw dance mural, Chief [[Zakapa]], [[Vanhnuailiana]]'s tomb '''Second left：'''[[Mangkhaia]]'s Monument '''Second center：'''[[Mizo clothing]] at the Mizoram State Museum '''Second right：'''[[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Lai people|Lai]] on the way to their [[jhum]] '''Third left:''' Memorial of [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] at [[Demagiri]] '''Third center：'''First Chiristian missionaries (left: [[Frederick William Savidge]], right: [[James Herbert Lorrain]]) '''Third right:'''[[Bombing of Aizawl]] during [[Mizo National Front uprising]] '''Bottom left：'''[[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|Zawlbûk|cat=no}}]] (traditional bachelor dormitary) '''Bottom middle left:'''{{lang|lus|Sa Aih}} ceremony for a killed tiger '''Bottom middle right:'''[[Mizo clothing]] in [[Myanmar]] ([[Chin State]]) '''Bottom right:''' [[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual|{{lang|lus|Mizo Hlakungpui Mual|cat=no}}]] (Mizo Poets Square)
}}

The '''culture of the [[Mizo people]]''' has been heavily influenced by [[Christianity]] during the colonial era of the [[British Raj]] and the rise of Mizo nationalism with the [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo Insurgency of 1966-1986]]. Mizo culture is rooted in the arts and ways of life of Mizos in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. Mizo culture has developed in plurality with historical settlements and migrations starting from Southern China to the Shan states of Burma, the Kabaw valley and the state of Mizoram under the British and Indian administrations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Hargovind|date=2005 |title=Mizoram Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtX52F_qcWgC&dq=K.S.Latourette+mizo&pg=PR7 |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=11 |isbn=81-7099-997-9}}</ref>

Despite significant westernization of Mizo culture due to Christianity and British influence, efforts have been made to revive pre-missionary traditions such as [[Chapchar Kut|{{lang|lus|Chapchâr kût|cat=no}}]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Angom |first1=Rebecca |date= 31 January 2020 |title=Christianization and its Impact on Mizo Culture |url=https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/view/232 |journal=
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61|access-date=7 September 2024}}</ref>

==Identity==
{{main|Mizo people}}
The '''Mizo people''' ({{langx|lus|Mizo hnam}}) are an [[ethnic group]] native to [[North-East India|north-eastern India]], western [[Burma]] (Myanmar) and eastern [[Bangladesh]]; this term covers several ethnic peoples who speak various [[Kuki-Chin languages]]. Though the term Mizo is often used to name an overall ethnicity, it is an umbrella term to denote the various tribes and clans, such as the [[Hmars|Hmâr]], [[Ralte|Raltê]], [[Lai people|Lai]], [[Lusei]] etc. A number of dialects are still spoken under the umbrella of Mizo;<ref>{{cite web|last=KHAWTINKHUMA|first=VANTHUAMA|title=MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT BY MIZO UNION|url=http://zolengthe.net/documents/mizo-union-1947/|publisher=ZOLENTHE.NET|accessdate=17 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207055552/http://zolengthe.net/documents/mizo-union-1947/|archivedate=7 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Mizoram historical distribution of tribes clans.png|Historical settlements and distribution of Mizo Tribes and Clans in Mizoram State.|203x240px|thumb|right]]

The Mizos are united in identity by shared customs and origins of tribes claiming origin from the origin of [[Chhinlung|{{lang|lus|Chhînlung|cat=no}}]]. Thus, Mizos are classified as {{lang|lus|Chhînlung chhuak}} ({{translation|Emerging from Chhînlung}}). The Mizos are both a nation and a tribe with various sub-classifications of groups within.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=11}}

The history of these tribes is varied, with the largest one being the Lusei. The Lusei migrated and established dominance in the Northern Lushai hills between 1840 and 1850. The [[Paite people|Paihtê]] are spread between Northern Mizoram and Southern Manipur, the difference is that the Paihtê in Central Mizoram have lost their original language as opposed to [[Churachandpur]] and North-East Mizoram. The Hmâr people settled historically in the northern cities of [[Biate (town)|Biate]], [[Champhai]] and [[Vangchhia]]. Like the Lushai, they were composed of royal sub-clans and chiefdoms. The [[Mara people|Maras]] in the South-East are known as Lakher by the Mizo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Land Revenue and Settlement Department|title=The Land Systems of Mizoram|publisher=Mizoram Government |page=4-6|url=https://landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/historical-evolution-of-mizoram.pdf}}</ref>
==Language==
{{main|Mizo language}}
'''Mizo''' is the official language of Mizoram, along with English. Mizo language, or Duhlián ṭawng, is a language belonging to the [[Sino-Tibetan]] family of languages, spoken natively by the [[Mizo people]] in [[Mizoram]] states of [[India]] and [[Chin State]] in Burma.<ref name="Lalthangliana">[http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12917:mizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha&catid=105:articles&Itemid=466/ Lalthangliana, B., ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo<nowiki>'</nowiki> tih kha''], see also [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/about-st#TBlg Matisoff, 'Language names' section]</ref>

Mizo ṭawng is a tonal language. It consists of four tones, a high tone, a low tone, a rising tone and a falling tone for a syllable to be expressed in four different meanings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=T. Fanai |first1=Lalrindiki |date= June 2015 |title=Tones in Mizo Language |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v1n1/fanai.pdf |journal=Journal of Human Social Sciences|pages=136–144 |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>

Restraints on vocabulary have also introduced many English words into the language. Words for objects, professions and other entities prefacing Mizo culture after the impact of Westernisation are borrowed from English directly. As English is also an [[official language]] of Mizoram, established with the onset of Christianity, it is widespread in Mizoram and easy to integrate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lalremruati|date= 8 August 2020 |title=The Intrinsic Relationship between Language and Culture in Mizoram, India |url=http://languageinindia.com/aug2020/v20i8aug2020.pdf |journal=Language of India|pages=208–214|volume=20 |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>
==Religion==

=== Animism ===
{{main|Mizo animism}}
{{see also| Pialrâl}}
Before the advent of Christian missionaries, Mizo communities believed in the primaeval Mizo religion known as Lushai Animism.

The Mizo religion is structured with a Supreme God known as Pathian and his wife, the Goddess Khuanu. It is accompanied by many other beings, both benevolent and malevolent. Benevolent spirits include Khuavang, Pu Vana, Vanchungnula, Sakhua and Khaltu. Malevolent spirits would include Ramhuai, Hmuithla, Phung and Khawring.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Christianity===
{{main|History of Christianity in Mizoram}}
{{see also|Christianity in Mizoram}}
[[File:Solomon's Temple, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.jpg|thumb|Solomon's Temple, Aizawl]]
Christianity was introduced via missionaries in 1984 via the Arthington Aborigines Mission. It marked the beginning of a cultural transformation in Mizoram through education and evangelisation. A Mizo alphabet was established in Roman script to allow the Mizo language to be written down. The missionaries also opened the first schools in Mizoram, which worked towards translating various gospels. The establishment of a Baptist Church under the [[Baptist Missionary Society]] of London expanded access to education and healthcare services.
[[File:Hmunchung tlang, Sialsuk, Mizoram, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hmunchung tlang, Sialsuk]]
One of the cultural symbols linked to Mizoram's Christian religion is the [[non-denominational]] [[Solomon's Temple, Aizawl|Solomon's Temple]] which serves as a tourist attraction. The temple has been under construction for 20 years since the laying of its foundations in 1996 before inaugurating its opening in December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aizawl.nic.in/tourist-place/solomon |title=Aizawl District Tourism Places |last=Government of Mizoram|date=July 2024 |website=Aizawl NIC India |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/travelling-to-north-east-india-visit-solomon-s-temple-the-largest-church-in-mizoram/story-QC2oYlrbSsKyJLwVqQeYLL.html |title=Travelling to North East India? Visit Solomon's Temple, the largest church in Mizoram|date= 29 December 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aizawl.nic.in/tourist-place/solomon |title=Solomon's Temple – the first of its kind in India – opens in Mizoram for public|last=Sengar|first=Resham|date=29 December 2017 |website=Times of India |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

===Bnei Menashe===
{{main|Bnei Menashe}}
The Bnei Menashe also known as Shinlung are a community of [[Indian Jews]] from the northeastern provinces. The movement was established in 1951 after a tribal leader had a dream of being one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|lost tribes of Israel]] and embracing the ideas of being [[Jews]]. Members of the Bnei Menashe mainly consist of [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and [[Mizo people|Mizo]] people. As a result of adopting Judaism, a significant number of approximately 5,000 of their 10,000 members have moved to Israel to continue their doctrine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/article-742162|title=Bnei Menashe: community members demand aliyah, killed in violent India unrest|date=5 May 2023|publisher=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

In 2005, the [[Shavei Israel]] organisation and the local council of [[Kiryat Arba]] supported the Bnei Menashe to open its first community centre in Israel. Several synagogues have been subsequently built in Mizoram, Manipur and other areas, including a [[mikveh]] (ritual bath) in Mizoram and Manipur with the guidance of Israeli rabbis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1498598/Indias-lost-tribe-recognised-as-Jews-after-2700-years.html |title=India's lost tribe recognised as Jews after 2,700 years| date=17 September 2005 |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=The Telegraph (UK)|author=Peter Foster |location=London}}</ref>

==Folklore ==
Mizo folklore and mythology are varied and diverse across the several clans and tribes in the state. It ranges from stories of natural wonders and landscapes to individuals revered through oral legend. Several places in Mizoram often have a mythological story, including Kungawrhi puk, Sibuta Lung, Phulpui Grave and Chhingpui Memorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm#FACTS%20AND%20LEGEND: |title=History of Mizoram and Places of Interest|last=Government of Mizoram|website=Mizoram NIC India |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

===Creation myth===
The origin myth of the Mizo people describes the creation of the natural world by the Goddess Khuazingnu. The story recounts how a representative couple of each human community and animal species were placed inside a cave sealed with the rock known as {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}}. The rock was lifted and the entrance was unsealed by Goddess Khuazingnu to repopulate the Earth. All the clans, tribes and different people exited this way until the Raltê clan exited with great noise. Due to this noise, the {{lang|lus|Chhînglung}} rock was placed back and sealed. This also led to the coining of {{lang|lus|Raltê bengchheng}} meaning noisy/rowdy Ralte.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ralte|first1=Lalthansangi|date=December 2023 |title=Mizo Myths and Folklore: A Posthumanist Study|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/110990442/Literary_Oracle_Dec_2023-libre.pdf?1706613016=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DLiterary_Oracle_Dec_2023.pdf&Expires=1725541360&Signature=JCX4ajC0liraBaJKUKymy3JYESHRy1tx8ISK5zAUAlP5ElJuilvWg9wtYJNvNkQR-LWTK59SD90331UX7b0vqcW-TIhxKkifg-GylSOpDYez4BfuGinoZ0sUKHt7T7yVrXd90LeQ-6J1wpFf9OVAJrHTDCEsl6SIW0AKVyI~appkb6-1CcFDQeXg60H6BiXpTpn71CGHD~2I-cE8xFeS7demd9QNPsdUONG7~UMmc0nyOfG1gALDQhcnN1bZT0yKnHAIaujnTHSALMscs4cKZLsd-fhVq2tu2sVhfsXFhOzS2Rlqq4WWwrZLHIb3rL64AskhFO5hjZ7i9T8zrA2xSA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=78 |journal=Literary Oracle |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Margaret L|title=Folktales from Mizoram}}</ref>

===Chhurbura===
{{main|Chhurbura}}
Chhurbura is a Mizo folklore character who is a [[culture hero]]. There are several stories of his exploits encompassing foolishness and wisdom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khiangte |first1=Laltluanga |title=Chhura: Undisputed Hero of Mizo Folk Tales |journal=Indian Literature |date=2001 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |jstor=23343218 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23343218 |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>
==Literature==
{{main|Mizo literature}}
'''Mizo literature''' is the [[literature]] written in [[Mizo language|Mizo ṭawng]], the principal language of the [[Mizo peoples]], which has both [[Written language|written]] and [[oral tradition]]s. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the Lusei dialect, with significant influence from [[Lai languages|Pawi language]], [[Paite language|Paihtê language]] and [[Hmar language|Hmâr language]], especially at the literary level.<ref>[http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12917:mizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha&catid=105:articles&Itemid=466/ Lalthangliana, B., ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo<nowiki>'</nowiki> tih kha'']</ref>

A genre unique to Mizo history and culture is that of {{lang|lus|Rambuai}} ({{translation|troubled land}}). This is a reference to all poetry, songs and literature associated with the [[Mizo National Front uprising| Mizo Insurgency 1966-1986]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64036133/Rambuai_Literature_and_Mizo_Culture-libre.pdf?1595921649=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DRambuai_Literature_and_Mizo_Culture.pdf&Expires=1725863875&Signature=gjfmAjDNZ6LMt~bJDdT9otyMniwO6-l8bYkcDdj1BgHYsIf28zw6l12NrGcXhTAd1crKAtdLFCb35RVY50AvzLVMQelWkAM9GViHWIAhb5cruLjwOkz~l375Vsq0h0F3Opml-09aUnmYfUzY1QTHCxvr-obqoN535KbdurC0U14xdGtslkR-w8IU4fCoe0uaKdJtFxxr2HU9rl1-5zCZZyWCunsugBHQtyEtIM8qg4dBb5sS3AEzh95d0NTJR02iMKTbXhnFiW0b50x8ktH8qgRenFSmaUsBp3NKGkd-Ecolx62pasXmbQc23Yb~EN~3FSiJVn7BmPI1j5gHhhfNoA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |title=Rambuai Literature and Mizo Culture |last=Dawar |first=Jagdish Lal |date=21 March 2019 |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> Rambuai literature normally deals with the social and cultural traumas associated with the era such as sexual violence, air attacks, village groupings and curfews.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Margaret L |date=2023 |title=Negotiating Culture:Writings from Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wypEAAAQBAJ&dq=rambuai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Bloomsbury India |isbn=978-93-56400-17-7}}</ref>
=== Mizo Hlakungpui Mual ===
{{main|Mizo Hlakungpui Mual}}
[[Image:Mizo Hlakungpui Mual.JPG|thumb|300px|Mizo Hlakungpui Mual in [[Mizoram]]]]
To honour the contributions of Mizo poets and writers, the [[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual|{{lang|lus|Mizo Hlakungpui Mual|cat=no}}]] ({{translation|Mizo Poets square}}) was established in 1986. The Committee nominates memorials for poets with exceptional contributions to Mizo culture and writers with 3-4 books with prolonged influence on Mizo culture. Four phases of monuments have been erected, totalling 36 notable literature individuals memorialized.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripuntold.com/mizoram/champhai/mizo-hlakungpui-mual/ |title=Mizo Hlakungpui Mual |author= |website=Tripuntold}}</ref>

==Cinema==
The history of Mizo cinema begins with the arrival of Christianity with stills and movie cameras from the missionaries. One of the first cinematic events in Mizoram was the silent film on Mizoram, "Land of the Lushai's", possibly between 1940 and 1950.<ref name=IMC>{{cite journal |last1=Lalrinawma |first1=Jacob |last2=Ratnamala |first2=V |date=June 2019 |title=Indigenous Mizo Cinema: A Retrospective View |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360862000 |journal=Contemporary Social Scientist |volume=11 |issue=1 |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=CEW>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy L.K| last2=Van Schendel|first2=Willem|date=13 April 2013 |title=The Camera as Witness: A Social History of Mizoram, Northeast India|location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107073395}}</ref>

Access to both Western and Hindi movies increased in the 1950s. Silent movies were introduced through movie halls such as 'Krishna Talkies' built-in Aizawl. Throughout the 70s, cinema halls further popularized Western movies and martial arts movies. Cinema culture, however, declined due to the low maintenance of cinema halls and the popularization of television.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lalmuanpuii |first1=J |date=2017 |title=The History of the rise and fall of Cinema Halls in Aizawl |journal=International Journal of Current Humanities and Social Science Researches}}</ref><ref name= CEW/>

In 1983, the "Young Stars Films Company" was established by film enthusiasts in Aizawl. The company produced the first full-featured Mizo film {{lang|lus|Phuba}} ({{translation|Revenge}}) in [[8mm film]]. The movie was based on a novel of the same title published previously by the producer. Between 1983 and 1990, more low-budget films were produced under different Mizo filmmakers with both 8mm film and the newly introduced [[video camera]]. Due to a lack of skilled personnel locally in Mizoram, movie productions in the 90s declined with the inability to handle post-production and afford video cameras at high prices. The establishment of the ''Aizawl Films and Drama Cooperative Society'' saw a slight increase in film production from 1993 onwards.<ref name=IMC/>

Mizo movies began to experience a revival with the introduction of [[CD]] and [[DVD]] formats. Between 1999 and 2004, Mizo movies were in high demand, with approximately 50-70 Mizo films produced annually. The movie industry outside of Aizawl also began to grow in towns such as Champhai, Saiha and Khawzawl. Filmmakers such as Mapuia Changthu of Leitlang Pictures and Napoleon RZ Thanga began to produce high-quality films and formulate filmmaking as a profession in Mizoram. In 2008, the Government of Mizoram began to support the filmmaking industry of Mizoram.<ref name=IMC/>

==Visual arts==
The first Mizo art organization was the Mizoram Painters Association on 13 August 1971. Painters would originally use their skills for commercial purposes such as signboards and memorial stones as opposed to fine art. On 30 May 1987 the Mizoram Painters Association was changed into the Mizoram Artists Society. The first art exhibition was held February 1888 organized by the Arts and Culture department of Mizoram. At the exhibition 70% of the art pieces consisted of enamel and poster colours. On 5 September 1992 the Mizoram Academy of Fine Arts was founded to promote fine arts and painting. Oil painting among Mizo artists became popular after 1986.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=89}}

The development of Fine Arts in Mizoram has historically been stifled with low tourism and interest in local art. Six art exhibitions have been held in 1988 Aizawl, 1989 Lunglei, 1990 Aizawl, 1990 in the Northeast Zone Culture festive., 1992 New Delhi and 1995 in Aizawl. The Northeast Zone Culture centre organized art workshops in Mizoram seven times with painters from neighbouring northeastern states.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=90}}

==Traditional music==
{{main|Mizo music}}
Mizo music consists of three periods, namely '''Pipute Hla''' of pre-missionary era music, '''Sakhaw thar hla''' music developed within the missionary era, and '''Tunlai hlate''' of the contemporary era.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Zamluang.jpg|thumb|Darkhuang, Zamluang or jamluang – a traditional musical instrument found in Mizoram.Other instruments include khuang (drum), dar (cymbals), as well as bamboo-based phenglawng, tuium and tawtawrawt.<ref>Thanmawia [http://www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/article/heritage-of-mizo-traditional-music-(an-overview) HERITAGE OF MIZO TRADITIONAL MUSIC (AN OVERVIEW)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073505/http://www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/article/heritage-of-mizo-traditional-music-(an-overview) |date=28 April 2015 }} Government of Mizoram</ref>]]
Mizo [[folk music]] consists of vocals (singing) accompanied by traditional [[drums]], [[gong]] and other native percussion instruments.<ref>B. Thangliana, Mizo Literature, 1993, p.76</ref> Traditional Mizo songs are classified for different purposes. {{lang|lus|Dar hla}} were songs accompanied by the {{lang|Lus|Dar}} (traditional Mizo gong). These songs tended to use simple lyrics to accompany the gongs. {{lang|lus|Hlado}} were songs associated with warriors to hunt and celebrate victory upon returning to their villages. Similarly, {{lang|lus|Bawh Hla}} is sung by warriors upon successful war or raids that lead to the headhunting of enemies. {{lang|lus|Thiam Hla}} were religious songs taught in private to priests through oral teaching. They would be used for medicinal purposes, animal sacrifices or rituals involving the spirit world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramdinmawii |first1=Esther |last2=Nath |first2=Sanghamitra |date=23 May 2024 |title=Resource building and classification of Mizo folk song |journal=Natural Language Processing|volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=655–673 |doi= 10.1017/nlp.2024.23 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Mizo music began to diverge from its traditional ways with the introduction of Christianity and the changes to Mizo culture. The folk music environment transitioned into hymns, gospels and choir instead. Many Mizo songs became direct translations of British English hymns incorporating worship. Parallel to the impact of Christianity on Mizo music, it also led to a new genre known as {{lang|lus|Hnam hla}}. This genre focussed on songs and music based around nationalism. It was significant from the early 20th century to the creation of the [[Mizo Union]] and the [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo Insurgency]] of 1966-1986. Notable composers of {{lang|lus|Hnam hla}} are known as {{lang|lus|Rokunga}} and include Laltanpuia, Kaphleia and Captain L.Z. Sailo, whose songs rally for solidarity and connection to the land.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zama |first1=Margaret Ch.|last2=Vanchiau|first2=C. Lalawmpuia |date=2016 |title=After Decades of Silence: Voices from Mizoram |url=https://in.boell.org/sites/default/files/after_decades_of_silence_voices_from_mizoram.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Amber Books|isbn=978-93-81722-26-8}}</ref>
==Traditional clothing==
{{main|Mizo clothing}}
[[File:Tawlhlohpuan Pattern Digitized.png|thumb|Example of {{lang|lus|Tawlhoh Puan}} ({{translation|Puan of No Retreat}}) pattern.]]
Handloom weaving is a traditional and widely practiced art in Mizo culture and communities. The most significant handloom product is the traditional fabric known as {{lang|lus|puan}}. The puan is still worn and utilised in key festivals and festivities. While traditionally, the puan was worn by both men and women, it is now predominantly worn by women. A typical ritual in Mizo society involves a woman to bring puan to the grooms house after marriage and name it {{lang|lus|Thuam Chhawm}}. There are five puans that have played a crucial part in distinguishing Mizo culture and given a geographic indicator tag. The five puans are: {{lang|lus|Hmaram}}, {{lang|lus|Pawndum}}, {{lang|lus|Puanchei}}, {{lang|lus|Ngotekherh}} and {{lang|lus|Tawlhloh puan}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lalruatpuii |first1=Esther |last2=Miriami |first2=H.|last3=Ngurtinkhuma|first3=Prof R.K |date=1 September 2022 |title=Library and Indigenous Knowledge of Mizo Traditional Weaving (with special reference to Puan having Geographical Identification Tag) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358734656 |journal= Library Philosophy and Practice|access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>

A {{lang|lus|Puanchei}} is a multicolored striped Puan typically use as a traditional wedding garment for Mizo brides. The horizontal stripes of a puanchei are known as {{lang|lus|Sakeizangzia}} which allude to the stripes of a tiger. Common colour combinations of puanchei include red, green, yellow, black, blue, pink and white. {{lang|lus|Ngotekherh}} is traditionally known as {{lang|lus|Puan Hruih}} and consists of black and white stripes. It is worn for all festivals such as {{lang|lus|Chapchâr Kût}}, {{lang|lus|Mim Kût}}, and {{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}}. Colour combinations for {{lang|lus|Ngotekherh}} are red, green, pink, black and white. {{lang|lus|Pawndum}} is usually woven in black, yellow and white stripes. It is typically included in the trousseau of a Mizo bride and traditionally used to cover her husband's body after his death. It is also used in mourning and condolence for respect of the dead. {{lang|lus|Tawlhloh Puan}} is an indigo-colored dress with red and green stripes. This is traditionally worn by warriors on the battleground but is treated as a prestige attire in current times.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Shanthi |editor-first=R.|editor-last2=Murari|editor-first2=P.|editor-last3=Rafeeque Admed|editor-first3=M.|editor-last4=Suganya|editor-first4=M.P.|last1=Ramswamy|first1=Dr. Rama|last2=Hmangaihzuali|first2=Jenny B.|date=2015 |title=Brand: Sculpting Corporate Identity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_OdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+puan&pg=PA81 |location= Chennai|publisher=MJP Publishers |page= |isbn=978-81-8094-166-5|chapter=Building Brands for Handloom Products in Tribal Clusters: The Road Ahead}}</ref>

Traditional Mizo clothing before the onset of Christianity saw the puan worn by both men and women, with jewellery being worn and adorned by men. The evolution of Western garb led to a decline in the use of the puan in male attire and the shedding of male jewellery by the 1960s. On the other hand, the evolution of women's fashion did not see a decline in the use of puan, even with the establishment of Christianity in Mizo culture. While some fashion trends were slow due to unaffordability or cultural values, the events of [[World War 2]] saw many Mizo women integrate into the workforce, such as hospitality, medicine, and clerical work, which changed Mizo fashion. This led to a rise in Western clothing trends through working clothes such as uniforms made of skirts, coat suits, dresses, frocks and facial cosmetics.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Hmingthanzuali|editor-last2=Vanlalthanpuii|editor-first2=Mary|date=2023 |title= The Keepers of Knowledge: Writings from Mizoram |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3boDEQAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+puan&pg=PT9 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Zubaan |page= |isbn=978-93-90514-96-0|chapter=Women's Fashion in Mizoram 1940-1960|last=Varsangzuali|first=Rosaline|publication-date=2022}}</ref>

==Performing arts==
[[File:Chapchar Kut cheraw dance 2014.webm|thumb|300px|Cheraw Dance]]
Mizo people have a number of dances which are accompanied with few musical instrument like the gong and drum. The different dances of Mizoram are
[[Cheraw dance|{{lang|lus|Cheraw|cat=no}} dance]], {{lang|lus|Khuallam}}, {{lang|lus|Chheihlam}}, {{lang|lus|Chailam}}, {{lang|lus|Tlanglam}}, {{lang|lus|Sarlamkai}} and {{lang|lus|Chawnglaizawn}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lianhmingthanga |first1=F |title=Mizo Nun hlui |publisher=MBSE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B |date=2005 |title=Culture and folklore of Mizoram |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2658-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ&q=chief&pg=PT13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J|date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page= |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}</ref><ref name=TMP>{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Rami Sena|date=1991 |title=The Mizo people: Cultural analysis of life in a Mizo village in the 1890's|location=San Francisco |publisher=University of San Francisco}}</ref>

{{lang|lus|Cheraw}} dance means bamboo dance. It is the most famous dance among Mizo communities. Cheraw was performed as part of a sacrifice to appease bad spirits responsible for the death of a child. The dance was believed to usher safe passage and victorious entry to [[pialral|{{lang|lus|pialrâl|cat=no}}]]. Women dance by stepping in and out between and across pairs of bamboo sticks held against the ground by people sitting face to face.<ref name=TMP/> {{lang|lus|Cheraw}} has shared a long history with Mizo tribes and have assumed to be around as early as their entry into the Chin Hills in the 13th Century.<ref name=MAS>{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Rintluanga |date=2009 |title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-264-6}}</ref> Before the onset of Christianity, Cheraw was used to appease {{lang|lus|ramhuai}} ({{translation|evil spirits}}) which were seen as responsible for all misfortune. The dance was traditionally performed as part of a sacrifice to propitiate the spirits on the death of a child. In the afterlife, a child has to encounter Pu Pawla (afterlife figure) to enter {{lang|lus|pialrâl}}. If a {{lang|lus|Cheraw}} is performed for the deceased child, then it is permitted to enter {{lang|lus|pialrâl}} safely. {{lang|lus|Cheraw}} was therefore a dance of sanctification and redemption.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=26|loc=Volume 1}}

{{lang|lus|Sarlamkai}} is a dance originating from [[Lai people|Pawi]] and [[Lakher]] communities. This dance was used in the context of war. After a raid or battle, a ceremony is performed to deride the vanquished; beheaded warriors will remain slaves to the victors in their afterlife. There is no singing in the performance as it relies solely on rhythm from gongs, cymbals and drums. Boys and girls stand in a circle with the leader dressed as a warrior uttering slogans of victory.<ref name=MAS/>

<gallery widths="130" heights="130">
File:Cheraw jampui.jpg
File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu with the Students who have performed the traditional Cheraw dance at Mizoram University, in Aizawl, Mizoram.JPG
File:The artists performing a dance ‘Cheraw Kanpui’ during the inauguration of the Chapchar Kut -2010 festivals celebration, in Aizawl, Mizoram on March 11, 2010.jpg
File:Cheraw.jpg
File:மிசோ நடனம்.jpg
Mizo Folk Dance Chheih.jpg
</gallery>

{{lang|lus|Khuallam}} means the guest dance. This dance was performed by a group of ten or more people. It was traditionally performed by honoured invitees while entering the arena of a feast known as {{lang|lus|khuangchawi}}. The party would dance in the village streets while wearing {{lang|lus|puandum}}.<ref name=TMP/> It was typically performed in a ceremony of a {{lang|lus|Thangchhuah}} to celebrate a hunter's success and prestige as an elite in traditional Mizo society.<ref name=MAS/> The feastgiver of the {{lang|lus|Khuangchawi}} festival was to kill two [[gayal|mithun]] and a pig for the village. The feastgiver would send a special message consisting of forked bamboo with ginger and white feathers. The messengers would observe strict silence and carry the message to the father-in-law to affix it into the wall in his house. It was obligatory for a father-in-law receiving the message to organize dancing party of young men and women who would travel to the feastgiver's village. As the party danced and entered the khuangchawi ceremony they became known as guests and hence {{lang|lus|khuallum}} a guest dance. This dance would traditionally be performed by men and include gongs.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=26|loc=Volume 1}}

{{lang|lus|Chai}} is the dance performed during the {{lang|lus|Chapchâr Kût}} festival. Boys and girls stand in a circle alternately with their hands on each other's shoulders. Inside the circle, musicians such as drummers and horn players would stand and play a rhythm to dance on.<ref name=TMP/> The {{lang|lus|Chai}} song is sung along the performance.<ref name=MAS/>{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=27|loc=Volume 1}}

{{lang|lus|Tlang lam}} is a dance where boys and girls clap their hands together while moving. Leg movements included three steps forward and three steps back and were done to the tune of {{lang|lus|puma zai}}.<ref name=TMP/>

{{lang|lus|Chheih lam}} is a dance performed by a single person of either gender. A group would sit on short stools in a circle around the dancer until the dancer would become tired and request another dancer to tag in and continue the performance. The circle would clap while musicians beat drums in an out circle.<ref name=TMP/> It emerged after 1900 from a song known as {{lang|lus|puma zai}} and an older dance known as {{lang|lus|Tlangam}}. The dance is accompanied with a song called {{lang|lus|Chheih hla}}. The lyrics are impromptu and spontaneous improvisations recounting heroic deeds and escapatades. This was typically performed by the elderly folks with [[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|cat=no}}]] ([[rice beer]]).<ref name=MAS/> {{lang|lus|Cheih}} refers to an exclamation of joy or ecstasy in the context of making a big physical effort or to boost morale.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=27|loc=Volume 1}}

{{lang|lus|Chawnglaizawn}} is a popular dance with folk origins of the Pawi people. It is performed during a festival or to celebrate hunting trophies of hunters. Colourful shawls are used throughout the performance, and both boys and girls participate to the beat of a drum at a higher tempo than usual.<ref name=MAS/>

{{lang|lus|Zangtalam}} is a popular dance from the [[Paite people|Pahitê]] clan. This dance is performed by both men and women. The dancers sing along, while the drummer is the leader and director of the dance and paces the performance. The dance consists of few steps.<ref name=MAS/>

{{lang|lus|Rallu Lam}} is a performance which can sometimes function as a dance. Traditionally when a [[pasalṭha]] returned from a raid they are celebrated by the village. The exploits of the pasaltha is performed and reenacted. Rallu Lam carries variation on a village by village basis.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=27|loc=Volume 1}}

{{lang|lus|Sakei Lu Lam}} refers to a ceremonial dance used in a Sai Ah ceremony when a tiger is killed. Since a tiger was a sacred animal, the spirit of one had to be appeased. The hunter would dress in female clothes and arm himself with a loaded gun. He would then eat a hard boiled egg to show fear of the tiger. The killed tiger's head would be brought a special spot decorated with bamboo posts demarcating the tiger's spirit. The hunter would do a blank at the tiger's head to start the consumption of {{lang|lus|zû}} and group dancing. The dance would function around the post erected for the tiger's head.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=29|loc=Volume 1}}

==Cuisine==
[[File:Mizo food.jpg|thumb|300px|Typical Mizo Food Including stable rice, bai, non veg and hmarcha rawt]]
{{main|Mizo cuisine}}

[[Mizoram]] shares characteristics to other regions of [[Northeast India]] and North India. The [[staple food]] of most of the Mizo people is rice, with meat and vegetables served on the side, ranging from the homely bai, a simple vegetable stew, non veg stew with sesame, garlic, onion and herbs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mizar |first1=Shilpa |title=Mizo by nature |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/Mizo-by-nature/article16273038.ece |website=The Hindu |date=30 June 2010 |accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref>

{{see also|Zu (beverage)}}
{{lang|lus|Zû}} is also a traditional Mizo [[rice beer]]. It was made from husked rice through a distillation process. This responsibility was typically handled by the youth of the village such as {{lang|lus|zawlbûk}} men or maidens for festivals such as {{lang|lus|Chapchâr Kût}}, {{lang|lus|Mim Kût}}, {{lang|lus|Thalfavang Kût}}, marriage and feasts in the village. {{lang|lus|Zû}} was never used for commercial purposes; it was typically localised to collective drinking in [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûks|cat=no}}]] (Male dormitories).<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=N.William |last1=Sailo |first1=grace Lalhlupuii |last2=Pachuau|first2=Henry Zodinliana|author-link= |date=28 October 2015 |title=Becoming Something Else: Society and Change in India's North East |url= |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholar's Publishing |chapter=Zu and the Mizos|page= |isbn=}}</ref>

==Traditional calendar==
{{main|Mizo calendar}}
The Mizo indigenous calendar was centred around the culture of [[Jhum| Jhum cultivation]]. {{lang|lus|Thla}} denotes month in Mizo.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Lalmalsawmzauva |first=K.C. |date=25 February 2016 |title=Mizo Indigenous Calendar: A Source of MIzo Indigenous Knowledge and Identity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327745581 |publisher=Department of Geography and Resource Management: Mizoram University|access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mizo Indigenous Calendar
|-
! Month !! Meaning
|-
| {{lang|lus|Pâwl kût thla}} (January) || {{lang|lus|Pawl}} means ''straw'', while {{lang|lus|kût}} means ''festival''. This is named after a festival before the felling of trees for the new jhum field.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Ramtuk thla}} (February) || {{lang|lus|Ram}} means ''forest'' or ''jungle'' while {{lang|lus|Tuk}} means ''cut'' or ''felling''. This month oversaw the felling of trees after the jhum plots were selected.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Vau thla}} (March) || {{lang|lus|Vau}} is the flower of ''[[bauhinia variegata]]'' that flowered in this month. This showed the onset of a new season.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Tau thla}} (April) || {{lang|lus|Tau}} is a local berry ([[Rubus ellipticus]]) that ripens in this month. This month is for clearing the slash-burned logs and stums and preparing the jhum.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Tomir thla}} (May) || {{lang|lus|Tomir}} means ''rain'' which was decided as the best time for seeding the jhum fields with crops.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Nikir thla}} (June) || {{lang|lus|Nikir}} means the return of the sun, which is an acknowledgement of the [[summer solstice]].
|-
| {{lang|lus|Vawkhniakzawn thla}} (July) || {{lang|lus|Vawkhniakzawn}} means the ''footsteps of pigs''. This is an acknowledgment of the month with heaviest rainfall.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Thi tin thla}} (August) || {{lang|lus|Thi}} means ''die'' and {{lang|lus|tin}} means ''leaving''. This was a sacred month for the mourning of family members and ancestors. This was due to the belief that when people died, they stayed in their village until this month arrived before making their journey to [[pialral|{{lang|lus|pialrâl|cat=no}}]].
|-
| {{lang|lus|Mim kût thla}} (September) || {{lang|lus|Mim}} means ''corn'' ([[job's tears]]) and {{lang|lus|kut}} is ''festival''. Hence this month was dedicated to the celebration of harvesting corn.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Khuangchawi thla}} (October) || {{lang|lus|Khuangchawi}} is a concept in Mizo society where the rich and wealthy host celebrations and community feasts. This was a month of relaxation after the weeding of jhum fields.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Sahmulphah thla}} (November) || {{lang|lus|Sahmul}} means ''fur'' while {{lang|lus|phah}} means 'lay down', which indicated the onset of winter. Preparations for winter included harvesting of fur.
|-
| {{lang|lus|Pâwltlak thla}} (December)|| {{lang|lus|Pâwl}} means ''straw'' and {{lang|lus|tlak}} means ''complete''. This signified the harvesting of crops and rice paddies and the new years celebration.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Lianhmingthanga |title=Material Culture of the Mizo |date=1998 |publisher=Tribal Research Institute |location=Mizoram}}
* {{cite book |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |last2=Palkhiwala |first2=Kalapana |date=2005 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy L. K. |last2=van Schendel |first2=Willem |year=2015 |title=The Camera as Witness |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=8–9 |isbn=978-1-107-07339-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |title=A study of Mizo folk literature |author=Lalruanga |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |date=1984 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |hdl=10603/69907 |url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/69907}}
* {{cite thesis |title=Tell me your story: a study of oral folktales in Mizo |first=Tochhawng |last=Lalrinmawii |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University IGNOU |date=2014 |hdl=10603/219598 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/219598}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=A study of selected literary translations English-Mizo |last=Renthlei |first=Lalnunpuia |publisher=Mizoram University |date=2018 |hdl=10603/235330 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/235330}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=Interpreting fantasy: a study of Mizo folk Narratives |last=Lalbiakzuali |first=Mizo |publisher=[[Mizoram University]] |date=2022 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |hdl=10603/498912 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/498912}}
* {{cite thesis |title=Representation and reality: A study of select Mizo folk narratives |last=Lalparmawii Khiangte |first=Judy |publisher=Mizoram University |hdl=10603/234332 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/234332}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=Gender Dynamics in Mizo Society An Analysis of Mizo Folktales |last=Lalrammuani |first=Enid H. |publisher=Mizoram University |date=2025 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/709009 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/709009}}

;Folktale collections
* {{Cite book |title=Mizo thawnthu |last=Dahrawka |first=P.S. |date=1987 |publisher=Thankhumi, Aizawl |lang=lus}}
* {{cite book |title=Fables and Folk Tales of Mizoram |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |location=Calcutta |first1=G. K. |last1=Ghosh |first2=Shukla |last2=Ghosh |date=1998 |isbn=8171020909}} (Mizo-Lushai tales)
* {{cite book |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry Of Information And Broadcasting |first=B. |last=LALTHANGLIANA |date=2005 |isbn=8123013094 |pages=311-402 (folktales)}}
* {{cite book |title=Indian Literature in Tribal Languages: Mizo Songs and Folk Tales |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |first=Laltluangliana |last=Khiangte |date=2009 |isbn=9788126013647}}
* {{cite book |title=The Blaft book of Mizo myths |last=Chhangte |first=Cherrie Lalnunziri |date=2015 |location=Chennai, India |publisher=Blaft Publications Private Limited}}
* {{cite book |title=Folktales of Mizoram |publisher=Written Words |location=Delhi |first=Laltluangliana |last=Khiangte |date=2017 |isbn=9789351482024}}
{{refend}}

{{Mizoram}}

[[Category:Culture of India by community]]
[[Category:Mizo|Culture]]
[[Category:Hmar]]
[[Category:Kuki tribes]]
[[Category:Culture of Mizoram| ]]

Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party

2026-04-17T00:49:16Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting A Info More To Come!

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party
|abbreviation = AIP
|party_logo =
|colorcode = #106031
|leader = [[Engineer Rashid]]
|chairperson =[[Mohammad Yousuf Bhat]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|2013|6|12|df=y}}<ref name="v632">{{cite web | last=Life | first=Kashmir | title=Divided We Stand | website=Kashmir Life | date=16 Jun 2013 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/divided-we-stand-3-33874/ | access-date=9 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|founder = [[Engineer Rashid]]
|headquarters = [[Srinagar]]
|eci = Unrecognised
|alliance =
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex=#106031}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex=#106031}}
|state2_seats_name = [[District Development Council]]
|state2_seats =
{{Composition bar|3|280|hex=#106031}}
|ideology = [[Kashmiriyat]]
|youth =[[AIP Youth Wing]]
|website = {{URL|https://awamiithadpartyjk.com/#}}
|state_seats_name = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|90|hex=#106031}}
}}

'''Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''JKAIP''') is an Indian political party in the Indian Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilani |first=Iftikhar |date=2024-06-22 |title=Kashmir Elections 2024: Engineer Rashid's Surprising Win Signals Political Shift |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/engineer-rashid-arrested-by-nia-on-money-laundering-charges-wins-from-jail-baramulla-kashmir/article68312092.ece |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 2013 by [[Engineer Rashid]], the party has been active in [[local politics]], including the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=AIP announces maiden list of nine candidates for assembly elections |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/aip-announces-maiden-list-of-nine-candidates-for-assembly-elections/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=RAHEEM |first=TARIQUE |date=2024-09-11 |title=AIP's Firdous Baba files nomination papers for Kupwara |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/aips-firdous-baba-files-nomination-papers-for-kupwara/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

While the Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party presents itself as an alternative to traditional [[Politics of Jammu and Kashmir|political forces in the region]],<ref name="y436">{{cite web | last=Shabir | first=Zaid Bin | title=Engineer Rashid: A Disruptor of Kashmir's Existing Political Equations or a 'Proxy' of the Modi Government? | website=Frontline | date=19 Sep 2024 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/engineer-rashid-release-game-changer-aip-jammu-kashmir-assembly-election-nc-pdp/article68659555.ece | access-date=9 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="e965">{{cite web | last=Bhakto | first=Anando | title=Does BJP have a hand in Engineer Rashid's political prominence? | website=Deccan Herald | date=18 Sep 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/does-bjp-have-a-hand-in-engineer-rashids-political-prominence-3195490 | access-date=9 Oct 2024}}</ref> some political commentators have speculated that it may have ties to or be indirectly [[electoral alliance|sponsored]] by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), possibly acting as a proxy.<ref name="y436"/><ref name="b317">{{cite web | last=Bhushan | first=Bharat | title=Is Engineer Rashid's bail BJP's wild card in J&K? | website=Deccan Herald | date=13 Sep 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/is-engineer-rashids-bail-bjps-wild-card-in-jk-3189273 | access-date=9 Oct 2024}}</ref> However, the party leadership has consistently denied these claims, asserting its [[Self-governance|independence]] and focus on regional issues.<ref name="y187">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Engineer Rashid says he is no 'BJP proxy' | website=The Hindu | date=11 Sep 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/lok-sabha-mp-engineer-rashid-walks-out-of-tihar-jail-on-interim-bail-to-campaign-in-jk-assembly-polls/article68629943.ece | access-date=9 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="p763">{{cite web | last1=Thakur | first1=Nirbhay | last2=Iqbal | first2=Naveed | title=Engineer Rashid walks out, dismisses 'BJP proxy' tag; party dubs him 'rank separatist' | website=The Indian Express | date=11 Sep 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/engineer-rashid-walks-out-dismisses-bjp-proxy-tag-party-dubs-him-rank-separatist-9562860/ | access-date=9 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Foundation ===
The Awami Ittehad Party (AIP) was founded in 2013 by [[Engineer Rashid|Sheikh Abdul Rashid]], commonly referred to as Engineer Rashid, who had previously been an independent member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] representing the [[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Langate Assembly Election 2024: Constituency profile, past winners, margin, party-wise candidates |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/jammu-and-kashmir/langate-assembly-elections-2024-constituency-profile-winners-margin-party-wise-candidates-abdul-rashid-sheikh-ghulam-nabi-ganai-2024-08-29-949451 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Rashid had gained prominence for his views on the [[Kashmir conflict]] and his advocacy for peaceful resolutions to the region's political disputes. AIP was established as an alternative to both the mainstream political parties in Jammu and Kashmir, such as the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) and the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), as well as [[separatist movements of India|separatist factions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title='Coming To Unite, Not To Divide': Er Rashid Out On Bail For 22 Days For J&K Elections |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/coming-to-unite-not-to-divide-er-rashid-out-on-bail-for-22-days-for-jk-elections |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ideology ====
AIP's core ideology revolves around the right to self-determination for the people of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], as outlined in [[United Nations resolution]]s. The party calls for a plebiscite to allow the people of the region to decide their future, either with [[India]] or [[Pakistan]] or as an [[Independence|independent state]]. In addition, AIP advocates for [[Demilitarisation|demilitarization]], the removal of laws like the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] (AFSPA), and an end to [[Human rights|human rights abuses]] by security forces in the region.{{failed verification|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Assembly polls: Er. Rashid's AIP makes political forces restive in Kashmir — The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/assembly-polls-er-rashids-aip-makes-political-forces-restive-in-kashmir/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> AIP also focuses on improving socio-economic conditions for [[Kashmiris]], addressing unemployment, and ensuring political rights for the people of the region.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Political activities ==

=== 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Election ===
The party contested the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] elections on multiple seats, with its founder, [[Engineer Rashid]], retaining his seat in [[Langate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineer Rashid's Political Journey: The 'Voice of Langate' – *Greater Kashmir, 2019 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/the-voice-of-langate-engineer-rashid}}</ref> Despite not winning additional seats, AIP emerged as a vocal force within the state legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Rifat Fareed, Arbab |title='Vote against jail': How two Modi critics won India election from prison |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/vote-against-jail-how-two-modi-critics-won-india-election-from-prison |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> During the 2024 assembly elections, they reportedly advocated for the unconditional release of [[political prisoner]]s and a ban on liquor sales as part of their manifesto.<ref name="e137">{{cite web | last=Rashid | first=Hakeem Irfan | title=Jailed Lok Sabha member Engineer Abdul Rashid Sheikh promises jail-free J&K in party manifesto | website=The Economic Times | date=7 Sep 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/jailed-lok-sabha-member-engineer-abdul-rashid-sheikh-promises-jail-free-jk-in-party-manifesto/articleshow/113156590.cms?from=mdr | access-date=10 Oct 2024}}</ref>

=== 2024 Baramulla Lok Sabha election ===
In the 2024 Indian general elections, AIP's leader, [[Engineer Rashid]], contested the [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]] parliamentary seat from prison. Rashid had been in detention under the [[Public Safety Act]] (PSA) and was later arrested by the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) in 2019 on charges related to terror funding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilani |first=Iftikhar |date=2024-06-22 |title=Kashmir Elections 2024: Engineer Rashid's Surprising Win Signals Political Shift |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/engineer-rashid-arrested-by-nia-on-money-laundering-charges-wins-from-jail-baramulla-kashmir/article68312092.ece |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Despite his ongoing legal troubles and his inability to actively campaign, Rashid achieved victory, securing the seat with high margin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mir |first=Rehan Qayoom |date=2024-07-11 |title=An Electoral Stunner! How Engineer Rashid Suddenly Won From Prison |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/india-news/an-electoral-stunner-how-engineer-rashid-suddenly-won-from-prison/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Fair Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Rifat Fareed, Arbab |title='Vote against jail': How two Modi critics won India election from prison |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/vote-against-jail-how-two-modi-critics-won-india-election-from-prison |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== Role in the Gupkar Declaration ===
In October 2020, AIP became part of the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] (PAGD),<ref>{{Cite web |title="Awami Ittihad Party Joins Gupkar Declaration Alliance" – The Wire, 2020 |url=https://thewire.in/politics/peoples-alliance-for-gupkar-declaration}}</ref> a coalition aimed at restoring the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, which had been revoked following the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]]. This alliance opposes the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories and seeks to restore its autonomy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gupkar Declaration: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Gupkar Declaration |url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/gupkar-declaration |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Coalition in 2024 assembly polls ===
In a political development, the Awami Ittehad Party (AIP) led by [[Engineer Rashid]] has formed an alliance with former members of the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]] for the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], with the party winning from [[Langate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineer Rashid's AIP and former Jamaat members join hands for J&K Assembly polls |website=[[MSN]] |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/engineer-rashids-aip-and-former-jamaat-members-join-hands-for-j-k-assembly-polls/ar-AA1qBQX9 |access-date=2024-09-16}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | title=Er Rashid's AIP and Jamaat-e-Islami form alliance for Jammu and Kashmir elections | website=[[Muslim Mirror]] | date=2024-09-15 | url=https://muslimmirror.com/er-rashids-aip-and-jamaat-e-islami-form-alliance-for-jammu-and-kashmir-elections/ | access-date=2024-09-16}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Engineer Rashid]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]]
* [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]]
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://awamiithadpartyjk.com}}

[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Gobindpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:24Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: created new entry and citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gobindpur Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 238-Gobindpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Binita Mehta]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 315,221
| abolished = 
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}

'''Gobindpur Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Nawada district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://nawada.nic.in/departments/district-election-office-nawada/|title=District Election Office, Nawada {{!}} District Administration, Nawada {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> It comes under [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gobindpur.html|title=Gobindpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Amrit Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Yugal Kishore Yadav
|style=background-color:{{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Congress}}|
|Lok Tantrik Congress
|-
|1970^
|[[Gayatri Devi Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Amrit Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bhatu Mahto
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gayatri Devi Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Yadav (Indian politician)|Krishna Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Gayatri Devi Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kaushal Yadav, Nawada|Kaushal Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Purnima Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Md Kamran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Binita Mehta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04238.htm
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gobindpur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Gobindpur">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04238.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Gobindpur|date=14 November 2025|accessdate=20 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121082107/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04238.htm|archive-date=21 November 2025|archivedate=|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = [[Binita Mehta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:72581}}
|percentage = 40.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Purnima Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:49675}}
|percentage = 27.46
|change = -21.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Kamran
|votes = {{formatnum:39813}}
|percentage = 22.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Poonam Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:3917}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surjeet Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3611}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2965}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1657}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4404}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22906}}
|percentage = 12.66
|change = -7.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180900}}
|percentage = 57.39
|change = +6.73
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gobindpur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mohammed Kamran]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79557}}
|percentage = 49.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Purnima Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:46483}}
|percentage = 28.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Ranjeet Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:16111}}
|percentage = 9.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Yatna Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3797}}
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rajnaitik Chetna Dal
|candidate = Anand Priya Deo
|votes = {{formatnum:3110}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dilip Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1919}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dinesh Singh Chandravansi
|votes = {{formatnum:1546}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4657}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33074}}
|percentage = 20.46
|change = +17.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161682}}
|percentage = 50.66
|change = +2.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gobindpur<ref name="Gobindpur Assembly Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gobindpur|title=Gobindpur Assembly Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|accessdate=20 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121082141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gobindpur|archive-date=21 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Purnima Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:43016}}
|percentage = 30.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Fula Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:38617}}
|percentage = 27.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Kamran
|votes = {{formatnum:32646}}
|percentage = 23.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sarwan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:8469}}
|percentage = 6.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramchandra Rajwar
|votes = {{formatnum:4280}}
|percentage = 3.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satendra Mochi
|votes = {{formatnum:2093}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mokim Uddin
|votes = {{formatnum:1633}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ram Krishna Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:1614}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1480}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Moolniwasi Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1400}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5411}}
|percentage = 3.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4399}}
|percentage = 3.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140659}}
|percentage = 48.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Nawada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Jambusar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:58Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting Basic Info Initial Version!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jambusar
| mla = Devkishordasji Bhaktisvarupdasji Swami
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:241860}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 150
}}
'''Jambusar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Jambusar Taluka
# Amod Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Kirankumar Makwana
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Chhatrasinh Mori]]
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sanjaybhai Jesangbhai Solanki]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[D. K. Swami|Devkishordasji Bhaktisvarupdasji Swami]]<ref name="Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise2">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=8 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies|last1=The Times of India|date=9 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|archivedate=18 September 2023}}</ref>||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Jambusar Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[D. K. Swami|Devkishordasji Swami]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=91,533|percentage=55.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjaybhai Jesangbhai Solanki|party=Indian National Congress|votes=64,153|percentage=39.07|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sajid Rehan|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3,418|percentage=2.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,273|percentage=1.38|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,380|percentage=16.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:238,363}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjaybhai Jesangbhai Solanki
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73,216
|percentage = 46.71
|change = +6.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhatrasinh Mori]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 66,804
|percentage = 42.62
|change = -8.85
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Khumansinh Vansia
|party = IND
|votes = 8,782
|percentage = 5.60
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156,732
|percentage = 70.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhatrasinh Mori]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 74,864
|percentage = 51.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kirankumar Makwana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=56,134|percentage=38.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,730|percentage=12.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,453|percentage=72.58|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.05|72.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharuch district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Raghogarh State

2026-04-13T13:23:35Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Short description |Indian princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Raghogarh State Raghugarh / Khichiwara
| common_name = Raghogarh
| nation = [[British India]] (1818–1947)
| subdivision = [[Vassal]] [[State (polity)|State]] of [[Mughal Empire]] (1673–1780) Vassal State of [[Maratha Confederacy]] (1780–1818) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/the-great-maratha-mahadji-scindia | title=The Great Maratha Mahadji Scindia | date=10 January 1994 }}</ref> [[Princely State]] of
| capital = [[Raghogarh-Vijaypur|Raghogarh]]
| era =
| year_start = 1673
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Tonk-map.jpg
| image_map_caption = Raghogarh State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
| stat_area1 = 109
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 19,446
| today = [[Guna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| footnotes =
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| leader1 = Lal Singh {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1 = 1673–1697
| leader2 = Balabhadra Singh II {{small|(last)}}
| year_leader2 = 1945–1947
}}
'''Raghogarh State''' or '''Raghugarh''' and '''Khichiwara''', was a non-salute [[princely state]] of the [[Gwalior Residency]],<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gwalior Residency |volume=12}}</ref> under the [[Central India Agency]] of the [[British Raj]]. It was a [[Thikana]] state of about 109 km2 with a population of 19,446 inhabitants in 1901. The [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parbati River]] marked the western border of the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Räewind |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_040.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052855/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_040.gif |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |page=34 |via=Digital South Asia Library |volume=21}}</ref> The capital was at [[Raghogarh-Vijaypur|Raghogarh]] in the present-day [[Guna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==
Raghogarh State was established in 1673 by Lal Singh Khichi, a [[Rajput]] of the [[Chauhan Dynasty|Khichi]] [[Chauhan clan]]. The founder of [[Delhi]], [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], also belonged to this clan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Khichi Chauhan – Rajput Samaj Of UK |url=https://www.rajputsamaj.co.uk/history-of-khichi-chauhan/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> The state took its name from the fort of Raghogarh, founded in 1673 by Raja Lal Singh in 1677.{{cn|date=October 2025}} Raghogarh's fortune declined due to [[Maratha]] attacks led by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] which took place around 1780. By 1818, there were disputes regarding succession in Raghogarh, which were settled through the intervention of the [[British Raj|British authorities]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:Raja Dhiraj Singh of Raghogarh (6125101254).jpg|thumb|270px|Raja Dhiraj Singh of Raghogarh (1697/1726)]]
===Rulers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=2 | Name
! Notes
! Reign began
! Reign ended
|-
! 1
|Raja Lal Singh
|founder of the state
| 1673
| 1697
|-
!2
|Raja [[Dhiraj Singh (Khichi)|Dhiraj Singh]]
|
|1697
|1726
|-
!3
|Raja Gaj Singh
|
|1726
|1729
|-
!4
|Raja Vikramaditya I
|
|1730
|1744
|-
!5
|Raja Balabhadra Singh I
|
|1744
|1770
|-
!6
|Raja Balwant Singh
|
|1770
|1797
|-
!7
|Raja Jai Singh
|
|1797
|1818
|-
!8
|Raja Ajit Singh
|
|1818
|1856
|-
!9
|Raja Jai Mandal Singh
|
|1856
|1900
|-
!10
|Raja Vikramjit Singh II
|
|1900
|1902
|-
!11
|Raja Bahadur Singh
|
|1902
|1945
|-
!12
|Raja Balabhadra Singh II
|last ruler
|1945
|1967
|-
!13
|Raja [[Digvijaya Singh]]
|titular ruler
|1967
|present
|}
The ruling family were members of the Khichi Chauhan Dynasty of Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghogarh (Thikana) |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/r/raghogarh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117124033/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/r/raghogarh.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> The rulers used the title of ''[[Raja]]''.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Dhiraj Singh (Khichi)]]
*[[Champavati Fort]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}
*[http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/raghogarh Raghogarh State] — Indian Rajputs
{{coord|25|26|N|77|15|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{MP Princely States}}

[[Category:Guna district]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]

Shilo Shiv Suleman

2026-04-13T05:35:55Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new some details and citations...

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Shilo Shiv Suleman
| image = Shilo_Shiv_Suleman.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1989
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for =
| training = [[Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology]]
| movement =
| notable_works =
| patrons =
| awards = FEMINA National Women's Awards
}}

'''Shilo Shiv Suleman''' (born 1989) is an Indian contemporary artist. Her work encompasses [[illustration]] and [[installation art]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ted Speaker Bio|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/shilo_shiv_suleman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003184954/http://www.ted.com/speakers/shilo_shiv_suleman|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2014|website=Ted Talks|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SHILO SHIV SULEMAN|url=https://artmusings.net/artists/shilo-shiv-suleman-2/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Art Musings|language=en-US}}</ref> Shilo's practice focuses on the intersection of [[magic realism|magical realism]], art for social change and technology. In most recent years, she's been engaging with biofeedback technology and the interaction between the body and art. She has created large-scale installations that beat with your heart, apps that react to your brainwaves and sculptures that glow with your breath. She has also designed installations for some of the world's biggest festivals and conferences including [[Burning Man]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pulse and Bloom at Burning Man|url=https://vimeo.com/106260064|website=Vimeo|accessdate=17 June 2015|date=16 September 2014}}</ref> She is the founder and director of [[the Fearless Collective]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Women we Admire: Shilo Shiv Suleman|url=https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/women-we-admire--shilo-shiv-suleman-061651176.html|website=Yahoo Lifestyle|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> that has over 400 artists who use art to voice their protest against gender violence.

== Personal life ==
Suleman was born and brought up in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], where she now lives. She trained in animation at the [[Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology]] from where she graduated in 2011 as class valedictorian.<ref>{{cite web|title=In Search Of Lost Time|url=http://www.tehelka.com/in-search-of-lost-time-2/|website=Tehelka|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> Her mother, Nilofer Suleman, is a noted Indian contemporary painter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nilofer Suleman |url=http://www.artmusings.net/ArtistDetails.aspx?AId=98 |website=www.artmusings.net |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617192911/http://www.artmusings.net/ArtistDetails.aspx?AId=98 |archive-date=June 17, 2015 |language=en |date=2008}}</ref> She got attracted to travelling when, as an 11-year-old, she saw her mother recreating maps from the Columbus era.<ref>{{Cite web|last=sarkar|first=soumashree|date=2014-12-26|title=Strokes by Shilo Shiv Suleman|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/lifestyle-booksart/article/strokes-shilo-shiv-suleman|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

Suleman has stated that she grew up being influenced by [[Billie Holiday]] and [[Nina Simone]]. She also credits [[Harlem Renaissance|Harlem]] and the [[Blues]] with influencing her although, now, most of her influences are people "closer to her soil" such as [[Begum Akhtar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=The Effortless Courage Of Being Shilo Shiv Suleman|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/people/personalities/the-effortless-courage-of-being-shilo-shiv-suleman/|access-date=2021-03-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Work ==

Inspired by her mother, [[Nilofer Suleman]], Shilo began to draw and write as a young child. She gained early recognition as a blogger and illustrator when she was a teenager. Her first illustrated children's book was published when she was 16, and has since illustrated several more.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tree|first=Saffron|title=Pampasutra|url=http://www.saffrontree.org/2010/02/pampasutra.html|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tree|first=Saffron|title=Interview with Shilo Shiv Suleman|url=http://www.saffrontree.org/2010/02/interview-with-shilo-shiv-suleman_04.html|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> Shilo's early art was a much darker version of her currently vibrant work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Across the Universe Blog|url=https://bonifisheii.blogspot.in/|website=Blogspot|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> She was awarded [[The New Indian Express]] Devi awards in 2015 for her work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspiring Words From Devis|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/aug/29/inspiring-words-from-devis-806467.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Express Honours 10 Women Achievers With Devi Awards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2015/aug/28/express-honours-10-women-achievers-with-devi-awards-806125.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===''Khoya''===

For her diploma project, she designed a storybook app for the iPad called Khoya,<ref>{{cite web|title=Khoya iPad app: When a reader becomes part of the story|url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/khoya-ipad-app-when-a-reader-becomes-part-of-the-story-209882.html|website=Firstpost Tech|date=23 March 2012}}</ref> with Avijit Michael. She was invited by Ted Global to give a talk, titled "Using Tech to Enable Dreaming"<ref>{{cite web|title=Using Tech to Enable Dreaming|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJGtXuCmZBM|website=Youtube|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> which got over a million views in 2012. She was then chosen as one of the three pioneering Indian women at TEDGlobal, and spoke at conferences like WIRED, DLD in London and Munich. Suleman was awarded the Future Books Innovation award for her illustrative work in Khoya in London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strong showing for FutureBook Innovation awards {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/strong-showing-futurebook-innovation-awards|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SULEMAN Shilo Shiv|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/speakers-2017/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/shiv-suleman-shilo|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.coe.int|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===''Fearless Collective''===

More recently, she founded [[The Fearless Collective]], a collective of over 400 artists in India using [[community art]] to protest gender violence for which she was featured in a host of documentaries including Rebel Music by MTV. She was also felicitated with the Femina "Woman of Worth award"<ref>{{Cite web|title=CELEBRATING WOMEN OF WORTH: Winners of the L'Oréal Paris Femina Women Awards 2014 Announced - Core Sector Communique|url=https://www.corecommunique.com/celebrating-women-worth-winners-loreal-paris-femina-women-awards-2014-announced/|access-date=2021-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref> for her work with art and gender violence and the Futurebooks Digital Innovation award in London.

===''Pulse and Bloom''===

In 2014, she collaborated with a neuroscientist [[Rohan Dixit]] on creating art that interacts with one's brainwaves and other [[biofeedback]] sensors. This made her a recipient of several grants and residencies, including an honorarium grant from [[Burning Man]] for the interactive project: Pulse and Bloom. The biofeedback installation brought together artists, architects, entrepreneurs, builders and neurotechnologists. The project was then featured on a host of international media: BBC,<ref>{{cite news|title=Week in pictures: 30 August - 5 September 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-29059374|accessdate=17 June 2015|work=BBC News|date=5 September 2014}}</ref> [[Rolling Stone]], MSNBC, Tech Crunch, The Guardian,<ref>{{cite web|title=Social Enterprise Network|url=https://www.theguardian.com/social-enterprise-network/2012/feb/23/social-enterprise-network-daily-web-links|website=Guardian.com|date=23 February 2012}}</ref> WIRED<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Shilo Shiv Suleman: Screen legend|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2012/02/play/screen-legend|magazine=Wired UK|accessdate=17 June 2015|date=13 January 2012}}</ref> and more.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press and Talks|url=http://www.shiloshivsuleman.com/375115/press-talks|website=shiloshivsuleman.com|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref>

=== ''Studio B'' ===
In 2018, Shilo Shiv Suleman along with Bollywood actor [[Arjun Kapoor]], fashion designer Kunal Rawal<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kunal Rawal|url=https://kunalrawalofficial.com/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Kunal Rawal|language=en}}</ref> and chef Prateek Sadhu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prateek Sadhu|url=https://www.plantforwardkitchen.org/prateek-sadhu|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Plant-Forward Kitchen|language=en-US}}</ref> inaugurated Studio B as a part of [[Belvedere Vodka|Belvedere]]'s initiative to connect with other artists to increase their reach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidharth Malhotra to be face of Belvedere Studio B[newkerala.com],Bollywood News|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-342008.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.newkerala.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-24|title="Belvedere Studio B will keep evolving with time"- Interview of the Month|url=https://www.spiritz.in/belvedere-studio-b-will-keep-evolving-time/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Spiritz Magazine{{!}}Alcobev magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Kapoor the face of Belvedere Vodka Studio B|url=http://www.thehappyhigh.com/2/post/2019/03/actor-arjun-kapoor-joins-hands-with-belvedere-vodka.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Happy High Bartending Academy, Wine Courses, Corporate Workshops|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Killing fear, one artwork at a time|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/killing-fear-one-artwork-at-a-time/cid/1692169|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidharth Malhotra to be the Face of Belvedere Studio B|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/belvedere-studio-b-sidharth-malhotra|access-date=2021-03-28|website=GQ India|date=23 March 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== ''#FearlesslyFRIDA'' ===
This collaboration was between Fearless Collective and FRIDA (The Young Feminist Fund)<ref>{{Cite web|title=FRIDA (The Young Feminist Fund|url=https://youngfeministfund.org/about-us/|website=FRIDA}}</ref> to celebrate young feminist organizers worldwide who are pushing boundaries and breaking stereotypes. They began the global art tour with Transvoice<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRANSVOICE|url=https://youngfeministfund.org/grantees/transvoice/}}</ref> which is a young feminist group based on [[West Java|West Jave]] who aims to empower trans women in the community by raising awareness about trans rights.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.shiloshivsuleman.com Shilo Shiv Suleman, Official Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suleman, Shilo Shiv}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]

Turner Broadcasting System

2026-03-29T06:15:17Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: enhance layout to improve readability and added references

{{short description|American media conglomerate (1965–2019)}}
{{about|the company|the namesake channel that was owned by this company|TBS (American TV channel)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
| logo = [[File:Turner Broadcasting System 2015.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption = Final logo, used from 2015 to 2019
| image = Atlanta-cnn-center-aerial.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters at the [[CNN Center]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{AMEX was|TBS.A}}|{{AMEX was|TBS.B}}}}
| industry = {{ubl|[[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]|[[Cable television]]|[[Mass media]]|[[Interactive media]]}}
| former_names = Turner Communications Group (1965–1979)
| defunct =
| fate = Assets [[Dissolution of Turner Broadcasting System|dispersed]] to other [[WarnerMedia]]/[[Warner Bros. Discovery]] divisions
| predecessor = Turner Advertising Company Rice Broadcasting Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of UHF Television |url=https://uhfhistory.com/articles/wjrj.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=uhfhistory.com}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Sda|1965|05|12}}
| successors = {{ubl|[[Warner Bros. Discovery Networks]]|[[Warner Bros. Discovery International]]|[[TNT Sports]]}}
| founder = [[Ted Turner]]
| hq_location = [[CNN Center]]
| hq_location_city = [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
| hq_location_country = United States
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|
Casey Bloys ([[President (corporate title)|president]]/Head of programming)
| [[Gerhard Zeiler]] (president, [[Warner Bros. Discovery International]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/15/media/warnermedia-john-stankey-announcements/index.html|title=Time Warner's new name: WarnerMedia|first=Brian|last=Stelter|date=15 June 2018|website=CNNMoney|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215081726/https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/15/media/warnermedia-john-stankey-announcements/index.html|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| brands = {{Flatlist|
* [[Adult Swim]]
* [[Bleacher Report]]
* [[B/R Live]]
* [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]
* [[Cartoon Network]]
* [[CNN]]
* [[Great Big Story]]
* [[HLN (TV network)|HLN]]
* [[iStreamPlanet]]
* [[MLB on TBS]]
* [[NBA League Pass]]
* [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]]
* [[Turner Classic Movies]]
* [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]]
* [[TruTV]]
* [[TNT Sports (United States)|Turner Sports]]
}}
| parent = [[Time Warner]] (1996–2019)
| divisions = [[Turner Sports]]
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|
* [[CNN Worldwide]]
* [[Superstation, Inc.]]
* [[The Cartoon Network, Inc.]]
* [[Turner Classic Movies]]
* [[Turner Entertainment Co.]]
* [[Turner International]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20190303234514/http://turner.com|turner.com}} (archived March 3, 2019)
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100240/0000950144-94-000787.txt|title=Form 10-K}}</ref>
}}
'''Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.'''<ref>{{Citation |title=Certificate of Authority: Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |date=October 22, 2024 |url=https://ecorp.sos.ga.gov/BusinessSearch/DownloadFile?filingNo=28177877 |work=Georgia Corporations Division |publisher=[[Georgia Secretary of State]] |access-date=December 27, 2024 |id=Filing {{abbr|No.|Number}} 28177877}}</ref> was an American television and [[media conglomerate]] founded by [[Ted Turner]] in 1965. Based in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, it merged with [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner]] (later WarnerMedia) on October 10, 1996. As of April 2022, all of its assets were absorbed into [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] (WBD). The headquarters of Turner's properties were largely located at the [[CNN Center]] in [[Downtown Atlanta]], and the Turner Broadcasting campus off Techwood Drive in [[Midtown Atlanta]], which also houses [[Turner Entertainment|Techwood Studios]]. Some of their operations were housed within WBD's corporate and global headquarters inside [[30 Hudson Yards]] in [[Manhattan]]'s [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] district, and at [[Park Avenue South|230 Park Avenue South]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], both in [[New York City]], respectively.

Turner was known for several pioneering innovations in U.S. [[multichannel television]], including its satellite uplink of local Atlanta [[Independent station (North America)|independent station]] [[WPCH-TV|WTCG]] channel 17 as [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]]—one of the first national "[[superstation]]s", and its establishment of the Cable News Network ([[CNN]])—the first 24-hour [[news channel]]. It later launched a sister cable network, [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]]; the professional wrestling promotion [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW), the animation-centered [[Cartoon Network]] (which later spawned an adult-oriented night-time sister network in the form of [[Adult Swim]], as well as the classic-cartoon channel [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]), and the classic-movie channel [[Turner Classic Movies]] (TCM). [[Turner South]]—a network devoted to [[Regional sports network|regional sports]] and [[Southern United States|southern]] lifestyle programming—was launched by Turner in 1999, but was later sold to [[Fox Sports Networks]] in 2006 to form [[Bally Sports Southeast|SportSouth]]. The same year, it acquired [[Liberty Media]]'s stake in their joint venture [[TruTV|Court TV]]. WCW assets were later sold to the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF, now WWE) in 2001.

On June 14, 2018, Time Warner, including Turner Broadcasting System, was acquired by telecom firm [[AT&T]] and re-branded WarnerMedia. After the purchase, "Turner" was phased out as a corporate brand, and its properties were dispersed into either WarnerMedia Entertainment (TBS, TNT, and [[TruTV]]), WarnerMedia News & Sports (CNN, [[Warner Bros. Discovery Sports|Turner Sports]], and [[AT&T SportsNet]]), or brought directly under [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros.]] ([[Cartoon Network]], [[Adult Swim]], and [[Turner Classic Movies]]). On August 10, 2020, the WarnerMedia Entertainment and Warner Bros. Entertainment assets were merged to form WarnerMedia Studios & Networks Group.<ref name="deadline-wmlayoffs">{{cite web|title=WarnerMedia Begins Layoffs In Latest Streamlining Effort|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/warnermedia-begins-layoffs-in-latest-streamlining-effort-1203008860/|first=Dade|last=Hayes|website=Deadline Hollywood|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=August 10, 2020|access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref><ref name="thr-wmlayoffs">{{cite web|title=Bob Greenblatt, Kevin Reilly Out Amid Major WarnerMedia Restructuring|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/bob-greenblatt-kevin-reilly-major-warnermedia-restructuring-1306486|first=Lesley|last=Goldberg|periodical=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 7, 2020|access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref>

As of 2020, AT&T reported the financial results for WarnerMedia's ad-supported cable networks under the Turner business unit,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/732717/000156276220000171/t-20200331.htm|title=AT&T 2020 1Q 10-Q filing|publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission|date=May 5, 2020|access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> while also using the term "'''the TNets'''" to refer to the group of TBS, TNT, and TruTV in press releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Michael |date=2022-05-04 |title=SAG Awards Will No Longer Air on TNT and TBS After 25 Years |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/sag-awards-tnt-tbs-1235258176/ |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The TNets Launch the MORE Campaign {{!}} Pressroom |url=https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/tnt-north-america/tnets-launch-more |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322121522/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/tnt-north-america/tnets-launch-more |archive-date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=pressroom.warnermedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking News - The TNets Announce Summer Premiere Dates for New & Returning Series |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2022/05/05/the-tnets-announce-summer-premiere-dates-for-new-and-returning-series-485213/20220505warnermedia02/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> On April 8, 2022, WarnerMedia merged with [[Discovery, Inc.]] to form [[Warner Bros. Discovery]], and almost all of both companies' ad-supported cable networks were brought under the unit Warner Bros. Discovery U.S. Networks. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. continues to exist as an in-name-only subsidiary of WBD formally owning copyrights and holding contracts for former TBS assets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Warner Bros Discovery and NBA have settled their legal battle over broadcast rights: WSJ|date=November 18, 2024|author=|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/warner-bros-discovery-nba-settle-031731055.html}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Turner logo.svg|alt=Turner Broadcasting System logo until 2015|thumb|Logo used from 1965 to 2015]]

=== Early history ===
Turner Broadcasting System traces its roots to a billboard company in [[Savannah, Georgia]], purchased by Robert Edward Turner II in the late 1940s.<ref name="CallMeTed">{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Ted|title=Call Me Ted|date=2008|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-446-58189-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/callmeted00turn}}</ref> Turner grew the business, which later became known as Turner Advertising Company.<ref name="CallMeTed" /> Robert Edward Turner's son, [[Ted Turner]], inherited the company when the elder Turner died in 1963.<ref name="CallMeTed" /> After taking over the company, Ted Turner expanded the business into radio and television.<ref name="CallMeTed" />

Turner Broadcasting System was incorporated in Georgia on May 12, 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.|url=https://ecorp.sos.ga.gov/BusinessSearch/BusinessInformation?businessId=703015&businessType=Domestic%20Profit%20Corporation|website=Georgia Corporations Division|publisher=Georgia Secretary of State|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195406/https://ecorp.sos.ga.gov/BusinessSearch/BusinessInformation?businessId=703015&businessType=Domestic%20Profit%20Corporation|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
In 1970, Ted Turner purchased WJRJ-Atlanta, Channel 17, a small, [[Ultra High Frequency]] (UHF) station, and renamed it WTCG, for parent company Turner Communications Group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/meredith-buying-atlanta-station-from-turner-broadcasting/186234/|title=Ted Turner's Former Superstation TBS Has Been Sold|website=adweek.it|date=23 February 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2010/11/ted-turner-the-alexander-the-great-of-television.html|title=Ted Turner, the Alexander the Great of Television|last=Wu|first=Tim|date=2010-11-11|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412143744/https://slate.com/technology/2010/11/ted-turner-the-alexander-the-great-of-television.html|archive-date=2019-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref> During December 1976, [[TBS (American TV channel)|WTCG]] originated the [[superstation]] concept, transmitting via [[satellite]] to cable systems.<ref name=":0" />

[[HBO]] had gone to satellite transmissions to distribute its signal nationally in 1975, but that was a service that cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Cable Television {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rise-cable-television |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wu |first=Tim |date=2010-11-11 |title=Ted Turner, the Alexander the Great of Television |url=https://slate.com/technology/2010/11/ted-turner-the-alexander-the-great-of-television.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>

On December 17, 1976, at 1:00 pm, WTCG Channel 17's signal was beamed via [[satellite]] to its four cable systems in [[Grand Island, Nebraska]]; [[Newport News, Virginia]]; [[Troy, Alabama]]; and [[Newton, Kansas]]. All four cable systems started receiving the 1948 Dana Andrews – Cesar Romero film ''[[Deep Waters (1948 film)|Deep Waters]]'' already in progress. The movie had started 30 minutes earlier. WTCG went from being a little television station to a major [[TV network]] that every one of the 24,000 households outside of the 675,000 in Atlanta was receiving coast-to-coast. WTCG became what Turner labeled a [[superstation]], the forerunner of today's basic [[cable television]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1979, the company changed its name from Turner Communications Group to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1990-06-02 |title=TBS HISTORY |url=https://greensboro.com/tbs-history/article_87040d09-d483-59c9-b117-fe44f0903fb7.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Greensboro News and Record |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1980s ===
On June 1, 1980, [[CNN|Cable News Network]] (CNN) was launched at 5:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time|EDT]] becoming the first 24-hour [[television news|news]] [[cable television|cable channel]]. The husband and wife team of [[David Walker (journalist)|Dave Walker]] and [[Lois Hart]] [[news presenter|news anchored]] the first newscast. [[Burt Reinhardt]], then executive [[vice president]] of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees and 25-member staff including [[Bernard Shaw (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]], the network's first [[news anchor]].

In 1981, Turner Broadcasting System acquired [[Brut Productions]] from [[Fabergé (cosmetics)|Faberge Inc.]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Faberge Sells Brut's Assets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/01/business/faberge-sells-brut-s-assets.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 1, 1982|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092705/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/01/business/faberge-sells-brut-s-assets.html|archive-date=July 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also in 1981, WTBS began its usage of "Turner Time" in June 1981, in which programming began at five minutes after the top and bottom of each hour, instead of the broadcasting norm of beginning at the top and bottom of the hour.

In 1984, Turner initiated [[Cable Music Channel]], his competition for [[Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company|WASEC]]'s [[MTV]]. The channel was short-lived, but helped influence the original format of [[VH1]].

In 1986, after a failed attempt to acquire [[CBS]], Turner purchased the film studio [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]/[[United Artists|UA]] Entertainment Co. from [[Kirk Kerkorian]] for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=TIME |date=1987-02-02 |title=DEALS: Hanging In There - Barely |url=https://time.com/archive/6708261/deals-hanging-in-there-barely/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Turner had an enormous debt and sold parts of the acquisition. MGM/UA Entertainment was sold back to Kirk Kerkorian.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |date=1986-06-07 |title=TURNER TO SELL MGM ASSETS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/07/business/turner-to-sell-mgm-assets.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Sony Pictures Studios|MGM/UA Studio lot]] in [[Culver City]] was sold to [[Lorimar-Telepictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delugach |first=Al |date=1986-09-09 |title=Lorimar Signs Pact to Acquire MGM Studio |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-09-fi-12601-story.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Turner kept MGM's pre-May 1986 film and television library as well as the [[Associated Artists Productions]] library (the pre-1950<ref name="ymrt">''You Must Remember This: The Warner Bros. Story,'' (2008) p. 255.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mediahistory&tab=collection?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Motion%20pictures%20--%20Catalogues%22|title=Media History Digital Library|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325121444/https://archive.org/details/mediahistory%26tab%3Dcollection?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Motion%20pictures%20--%20Catalogues%22|archive-date=March 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros.]] film library and the [[Fleischer Studios]]/[[Famous Studios]] ''[[Popeye the Sailor (film series)|Popeye]]'' cartoons originally released by [[Paramount Pictures]]), and the U.S./Canadian distribution rights to the [[RKO Pictures]] library. [[Turner Entertainment Co.]] was founded on August 4, 1986 to hold the copyrights of and overseeing the acquired library for worldwide distribution.

Turner Program Services ("TPS"), a subsidiary under the Turner umbrella, began domestic syndication of all of the properties acquired under the final disposition of the MGM deal with Kerkorian. TPS inherited over 5,000 program orders (executed, letters of intent) to have domestic syndication agreements prepared and sent in order to "formally" contractually license films for airing on domestic, free-over-the-air television stations throughout the United States. The contractual "back-log" was caught up by the end of 1989, while still administering to all of a domestic television station's syndication needs. In 1987, [[NBC]] considered bidding for a piece of the company in an effort to enter the cable business, but the deal was never materialized.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Kim |date=1987-11-25 |title=NBC Discussing Plan To Acquire Interest In TBS |pages=92, 98 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

In 1989, TBS Management Company, under the leadership of Charles Shultz, advanced the focus on the two music performing rights subsidiaries: one with Broadcast Music, Inc ("BMI") and ASCAP. In the space of 1989 to 1994, Turner went from two subsidiary music publishing companies to more than sixteen.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

On October 3, 1988, the company launched [[TNT (American TV network)|Turner Network Television]] (TNT).<ref>{{cite news|title=NEW TNT CHANNEL BEGINS MONDAY ON CABLE SYSTEMS|url=https://buffalonews.com/news/new-tnt-channel-begins-monday-on-cable-systems/article_5622e6a8-270b-50ca-8a8d-21d73e258e98.html|work=The Buffalo News|last=Brennan|first=James E.|date=October 2, 1988|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060159/http://buffalonews.com/1988/10/02/new-tnt-channel-begins-monday-on-cable-systems/|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
{{See also|Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC|l1=''Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC''}}

Turner Broadcasting System expanded its presence in movie production and distribution, first with the 1991 purchase of the [[Hanna-Barbera]] and [[Ruby-Spears]] animation studios during a competitive bid with [[MCA Inc.|MCA]]/[[Universal Pictures|Universal]], [[Hallmark Cards]], and several other corporations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lippman|first=John|title=Turner Is Buying Hanna-Barbera Film Library|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-30-fi-565-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 8, 2010|date=October 30, 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201256/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-30/business/fi-565_1_film-library|archive-date=May 11, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 22, 1993, Turner Broadcasting System acquired [[Castle Rock Entertainment]]. Turner Broadcasting System purchased [[New Line Cinema]] a month later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2157288.html?dids=2157288:2157288&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+07%2C+1993&author=Harris%2C+Kathryn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=New+Line+Cinema+holding+merger+talks+with+Turner&pqatl=google|first=Kathryn|last=Harris|title=New Line Cinema holding merger talks with Turner|date=August 7, 1993|access-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324192856/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2157288.html?dids=2157288:2157288&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+07%2C+1993&author=Harris%2C+Kathryn&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=New+Line+Cinema+holding+merger+talks+with+Turner&pqatl=google|archive-date=March 24, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/6359666.html?dids=6359666:6359666&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+18%2C+1993&author=Citron%2C+Alan&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Turner+gets+nod+to+buy+New+Line+and+Castle+Rock&pqatl=google|first=Alan|last=Citron|title=Turner gets nod to buy New Line and Castle Rock|date=August 18, 1993|access-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324192844/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/6359666.html?dids=6359666:6359666&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+18%2C+1993&author=Citron%2C+Alan&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Turner+gets+nod+to+buy+New+Line+and+Castle+Rock&pqatl=google|archive-date=March 24, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100240/0000950144-94-000832.txt |title=Turner Broadcasting Company Report |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], [[Washington, D.C.]] |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710093510/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100240/0000950144-94-000832.txt |archive-date=2017-07-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Turner Broadcasting System launched [[Cartoon Network]] on October 1, 1992, followed by [[Turner Classic Movies]] (TCM) on April 14, 1994.

In September 1995, Turner Broadcasting System began airing [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW)'s ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Monday Nitro]]'' on TNT, beginning the [[Monday Night War]] against the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF)'s ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]''. Three years later, TBS Superstation began airing ''[[WCW Thunder]]''.

On October 10, 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner]], a company formed in 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.timewarner.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=70972&p=irol-faq|title=FAQs – Time Warner – Investor Relations – Time Warner Inc.|access-date=2017-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610120753/http://ir.timewarner.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=70972&p=irol-faq|archive-date=2017-06-10|url-status=live}}</ref> by the merger of [[Time Inc.]] and Warner Communications,<ref>{{cite news|title=Time-TBS merger closed – Oct. 10, 1996|url=https://money.cnn.com/1996/10/10/deals/time_warner_a/|agency=[[CNN]]|work=[[CNNMoney]]|date=October 10, 1996|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060308/http://money.cnn.com/1996/10/10/deals/time_warner_a/|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and which had held 20% of Turner Broadcasting System in the past.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jessell |first=Harry |date=October 3, 1994 |title=Turner takes a swing at Time Warner |work=Broadcasting & Cable |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-10-03-Page-0017.pdf |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> Through this merger, Warner Bros. had regained the rights to its pre-1950 library, while Turner Broadcasting System gained access to the company's post-1950 library and other properties.

=== 2000s ===
On April 1, 2000, Turner Broadcasting System launched [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] as a sister channel to Cartoon Network featuring the classic cartoons that originally aired on Cartoon Network as the channel was gradually shifting its focus to original cartoons.

Time Warner Entertainment merged with [[AOL|America Online]] (AOL) in 2001 to form AOL Time Warner, which was renamed back to the Time Warner name in 2004.

In March 2001, [[Jamie Kellner]] would officially succeed Ted Turner as head of Turner Broadcasting System.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB983920915516944115|title=WB Network Chief Kellner Takes Over Turner Operations at AOL Time Warner|first1=Joe|last1=Flint|first2=Sally|last2=Beatty|publisher=Wall Street Journalism|date=March 7, 2001|accessdate=June 22, 2024}}</ref> One of Kellner's most notable actions after succeeding Turner was his decision to cancel [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]]'s television programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/former-head-turner-broadcasting-jamie-kellner-passes-away|title=Former Head of Turner Broadcasting Jamie Kellner Passes Away|first=Jeremy|last=Lambert|publisher=Fightful|date=June 22, 2024|accessdate=June 22, 2024}}</ref>

In September 2001, Cartoon Network launched [[Adult Swim]] as an adult-oriented programming block that would air at midnight when Cartoon Network's target demographic would be asleep. It would go on to be very successful. Since 2005, Adult Swim is considered its own network according to [[Nielsen Media Research|Nielsen]] due to Adult Swim and Cartoon Network's differing demographics.

In 2002, Turner started a joint venture with [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] known as Zee Turner for distribution of their channels in India.

In 2003, Philip I. Kent succeeded [[Jamie Kellner]] as chairman. Operational duties for [[The WB]] were transferred by [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner]] from [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros.]] to Turner Broadcasting during 2001, while Kellner was chairman, but were returned to Warner Bros. in 2003 with the departure of Kellner.

On January 1, 2004, Turner launched [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] in India as a sister channel to [[Cartoon Network India]]. The channel is exclusive to South Asia.

On February 23, 2006, Turner agreed to sell the regional entertainment channel [[Turner South]] to [[Fox Entertainment Group]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Becker|first=Anne|title=Time Warner Sells Turner South to Fox|url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/time-warner-sells-turner-south-fox-78962|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060109/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/time-warner-sells-turner-south-fox/78962|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Fox assumed control of the channel on May 1, and on October 13 relaunched it as [[SportSouth]] – coincidentally, the former name of [[Fox Sports South]] when Turner owned this channel in partnership with [[Liberty Media]] between 1990 and 1996.<ref>{{cite news|last=Grossman|first=Ben|title=Turner South To Become SportSouth|url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/turner-south-become-sportsouth-81102?rssid=20105|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928061643/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/turner-south-become-sportsouth/81102?rssid=20105|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2006, Time Warner, which had owned 50% of Court TV since 1998, purchased the remaining 50% from Liberty Media and began running the channel as part of Turner Broadcasting. The channel was relaunched as [[TruTV]] on January 1, 2008.

Also in May 2006, Ted Turner attended his last meeting as a board member of Time Warner and officially parted with the company.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weber|first1=Harry|title=Ted Turner Bids Farewell to Time Warner|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/19/AR2006051900851.html|access-date=13 February 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|agency=AP|date=19 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214014603/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/19/AR2006051900851.html|archive-date=14 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 5, 2007, Turner Broadcasting System completed the acquisition of Claxson Interactive Pay Television Networks in Latin America.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=XSONF.PK|title=Claxson Interactive Group Inc (XSONF.PK)|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415000052/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=XSONF.PK|archive-date=April 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2017}}

On March 2, 2009, Turner launched [[Real (TV channel)|Real]], the company's first Hindi GEC, in India as a joint venture between it and Alva Brothers Entertainment, which it had partnered with before for content on [[Cartoon Network India]] and [[Pogo TV]]. The joint venture was known as Real Global Broadcasting. The channel shut down in March 2010, lasting for a year due to low viewership.

On December 8, 2009, it was announced that Turner had bought a majority stake in NDTV Imagine Ltd. from [[NDTV]], for $117 million, as the company's own channel, Real had failed.<ref name=":2" /> NDTV Imagine Ltd. was previously a joint venture between [[NDTV]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. Turner then went on to acquire 92% of NDTV Imagine Ltd. which included [[NDTV Imagine]], [[NDTV Lumiere]], [[Imagine Showbiz]] and NDTV Imagine Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Shuchi |date=2009-12-18 |title=Time Warner board approves acquisition of NDTV Imagine |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/HmCMVN4twe7fWL9P127nLJ/Time-Warner-board-approves-acquisition-of-NDTV-Imagine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419221507/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/HmCMVN4twe7fWL9P127nLJ/Time-Warner-board-approves-acquisition-of-NDTV-Imagine.html |archive-date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> Turner dropped the NDTV branding from the channels. Turner sold [[Imagine Showbiz]] to [[Reliance Broadcast Network]] in 2011.

=== 2010s ===
On August 26, 2010, Turner Broadcasting took full control of Chilevisión, a television channel owned by the [[President of Chile]] [[Sebastián Piñera]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2010/08/25/turner-broadcasting-system-inc-to-acquire-chilevisi-n|title=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. to Acquire Chilevisión|date=August 25, 2010|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928103233/http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2010/08/25/turner-broadcasting-system-inc-to-acquire-chilevisi-n|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On September 8, 2011, Turner Broadcasting System acquired [[LTS Garðbær Studios|LazyTown Entertainment]], the producer of the TV series ''[[LazyTown]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lazytown-founder-sells-turner-broadcasting-232908|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Mimi|last=Turner|title='Lazytown' Founder Sells To Turner Broadcasting For $25 Million|date=September 8, 2011|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031062900/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lazytown-founder-sells-turner-broadcasting-232908|archive-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 12, 2012, it was announced that Turner would shut down [[Imagine TV]], formerly NDTV Imagine, as the channel struggled for ratings amidst competition from rival Hindi entertainment channels.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2012 |title=Turner to shut 'Imagine TV' in India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyle/turner-to-shut-imagine-tv-in-india-idUSDEE83B06U/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> By 12 May 2012, Imagine TV was shut down in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-12 |title=Imagine TV shuts down |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imagine-tv-shuts-down/articleshow/12634707.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Lumiere Movies]], formerly NDTV Lumiere, was shut down in July along with [[Turner Classic Movies (Asian TV channel)|TCM India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lincoln |first=Ross A. |date=2023-06-24 |title=TCM's UK Channel to Be Shut Down in July |url=https://www.thewrap.com/tcms-uk-channel-to-be-shut-down-in-july/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>

On January 1, 2014, John K. Martin succeeded Phil Kent as chairman and CEO of Turner Broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turner|url=https://pressroom.turner.com/us/john-martin#.VS_o_5TF9Ug|website=John Martin Bio|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065003/https://pressroom.turner.com/us/john-martin#.VS_o_5TF9Ug|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2014, ''[[The Wrap]]'' reported that Turner was preparing to offer buy-outs to 550 employees as part of plans to restructure the company heading into 2015. The ratings performance of CNN and HLN were cited as a factor, while ''[[CBSSports.com]]'' reported that the rising rights fees Turner pays for [[NBA on TNT|its NBA broadcasts on TNT]] may have also been a factor.<ref>{{cite web|title=550 Buyouts, Layoffs Imminent at Turner; HLN, CNN Among Cuts (Exclusive)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/turner-plans-organizational-restructuring-in-next-two-months/|website=[[The Wrap]]|date=August 19, 2014|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928102907/http://www.thewrap.com/turner-plans-organizational-restructuring-in-next-two-months/|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/report-turner-to-fire-550-people-in-advance-of-rising-nba-rights-deal/|title=Report: Turner to fire 550 people in advance of rising NBA rights deal|work=[[CBSSports.com]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=August 26, 2014|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928104334/https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/report-turner-to-fire-550-people-in-advance-of-rising-nba-rights-deal/|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It was further reported in October 2014 that the company planned to reduce its workforce by 10% (1,475 people) through layoffs across a wide set of units including corporate positions.<ref>{{cite news|author=Friedman, Wayne|title=Turner Broadcasting To Cut 10% Of Workforce|date=October 6, 2014|work=MediaDailyNews|publisher=MediaPost Communications|location=New York|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/235579/turner-broadcasting-to-cut-10-of-workforce.html|access-date=March 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318225424/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/235579/turner-broadcasting-to-cut-10-of-workforce.html|archive-date=March 18, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 14, 2015, it was announced that Turner Broadcasting had acquired a majority stake in [[iStreamPlanet]], a Las Vegas-based video streaming services company, in an effort to bolster its [[over-the-top content|over-the-top]] programming and shift its core technology infrastructure to the cloud. iStreamPlanet is a direct competitor of [[Major League Baseball Advanced Media]]. The deal was reported to be in the neighborhood of $200 million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Shalini|title=Time Warner's Turner Cable Unit Acquires Majority Stake In iStreamPlanet|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/08/14/time-warners-turner-cable-unit-acquires-majority-stake-in-istreamplanet/|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=August 14, 2015|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706051856/https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/08/14/time-warners-turner-cable-unit-acquires-majority-stake-in-istreamplanet/|archive-date=July 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2015, Turner launched a streaming-video network named [[Great Big Story]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CNN, Turner Launch Great Big Story Streaming-Video Network|url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/cnn-turner-launch-great-big-story-streaming-video-network-1201588676/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=October 20, 2015|access-date=January 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015424/http://deadline.com/2015/10/cnn-turner-launch-great-big-story-streaming-video-network-1201588676/|archive-date=January 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2017, in order to expedite the sale of Time Warner to [[AT&T]] by shedding FCC-licensed properties, [[WPCH-TV]] was sold to [[Meredith Corporation]], which had already been operating WPCH under a [[local marketing agreement]] since 2011 as a sister to its local [[CBS]] affiliate [[WANF|WGCL-TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-17/time-warner-tv-station-sale-is-approved-easing-way-to-at-t-deal|title=Time Warner TV-Station Sale Approved, Easing AT&T Deal Path|last=Shields|first=Todd|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=April 17, 2017|access-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517170453/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-17/time-warner-tv-station-sale-is-approved-easing-way-to-at-t-deal|archive-date=May 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Turner Podcast Network was formed within Turner's content distribution division in June 2017, with Tyler Moody being named general manager and vice president of the unit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |title=TV News Roundup: Zoe Saldana to Develop Adaptation of Israeli Unscripted Series 'Mothers' |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/authentic-entertainment-cinestar-productions-new-series-1202455667/ |access-date=July 11, 2019 |work=Variety |date=June 6, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910200527/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/authentic-entertainment-cinestar-productions-new-series-1202455667/ |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 22, 2018, [[Six Flags (1961–2024)|Six Flags]] and Riverside Group announced a partnership with Turner Asia Pacific to bring attractions based on [[Tuzki]] and other Turner-owned IPs to its theme parks in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investors.sixflags.com/news-and-events/press-releases/2018/03-22-2018-110034822|title=Six Flags and Riverside Partner with Turner to Offer New Attractions|website=investors.sixflags.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616074302/http://investors.sixflags.com/news-and-events/press-releases/2018/03-22-2018-110034822|archive-date=2018-06-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 15, 2018, it was announced that John Martin would be leaving as CEO following AT&T's completed acquisition of Time Warner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/turner-ceo-john-martin-to-depart-1202411599/|title=Turner CEO John Martin To Depart, Time Warner To Become WarnerMedia|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C.|date=2018-06-15|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105204948/https://deadline.com/2018/06/turner-ceo-john-martin-to-depart-1202411599/|archive-date=2018-11-05|url-status=live}}</ref> By September, AT&T had transferred its [[Audience (TV network)|Audience]] channel, a group of [[AT&T SportsNet|regional sports networks]] plus stakes in [[Game Show Network]] and [[MLB Network]] to Turner from [[AT&T Communications]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otp.tools.investis.com/clients/us/atnt2/sec/sec-show.aspx?Type=html&FilingId=12972266&CIK=0000732717&Index=10000|title=SEC-Show|website=otp.tools.investis.com|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2019|reason=being reported in a different business segment does constitute a transfer.}}

In December 2018, Turner Broadcasting sold the rights to the brand and its pre-2008 original programming library of defunct cable network [[Court TV]] (which relaunched as [[truTV]] in 2008) to [[Katz Broadcasting]], with plans to re-launch it as an over-the-air digital network in May 2019.<ref name="latimes-business">{{cite web |title=Court TV is coming back, thanks to E.W. Scripps decision |first=Stephen |last=Battaglio |date=December 10, 2018 |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-court-tv-revival-20181210-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210214940/https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-court-tv-revival-20181210-story.html |archive-date=December 10, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/court-tv-brand-new-channel-scripps-1203086191/ |title=Court TV Brand to Resurface as New Channel From Scripps Co. |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=2018-12-11 |website=Variety |language=en |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211042201/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/court-tv-brand-new-channel-scripps-1203086191/ |archive-date=2018-12-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 4, 2019, AT&T announced a major reorganization of its broadcasting assets that would effectively break-up Turner Broadcasting System. Its assets are to be dispersed across multiple units of WarnerMedia, including the newly created WarnerMedia Entertainment and WarnerMedia News & Sports. WarnerMedia Entertainment would consist of [[HBO]], TBS, TNT, TruTV, and an [[HBO Max|upcoming direct-to-consumer video service]] (led by former [[NBC]] entertainment chief [[Robert Greenblatt]]), while WarnerMedia News & Sports would consist of CNN, Turner Sports, and the [[AT&T SportsNet]] regional networks (which would be led by CNN Worldwide president [[Jeff Zucker]]). Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, and Turner Classic Movies would be moved under Warner Bros. Entertainment via what would become the formerly operated "Global Kids & Young Adults" business unit.<ref name="cnbc-wmreorganize">{{cite news |last1=Feiner |first1=Lauren |title=WarnerMedia reorganizes its leadership team after AT&T acquisition |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/warnermedia-reorganizes-its-leadership-team-after-att-acquisition.html |access-date=March 4, 2019 |work=CNBC |date=March 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304182211/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/warnermedia-reorganizes-its-leadership-team-after-att-acquisition.html |archive-date=March 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsj-wmreorgamize">{{cite news|title=AT&T to HBO, Turner: No More Fiefdoms|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/at-t-readying-overhaul-of-warnermedia-11551483138?mod=article_inline|access-date=March 3, 2019|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=March 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024226/https://www.wsj.com/articles/at-t-readying-overhaul-of-warnermedia-11551483138?mod=article_inline|archive-date=March 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Although AT&T did not specify any timetable for the changes, WarnerMedia had already begun to remove references to Turner Broadcasting in corporate communications, with press releases referring to its networks as being "divisions of WarnerMedia". However, the Turner logo was still used at its building in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] until it was removed in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/turner-brand-time-warner-tnt-tbs-trutv-1203160652/|title=What the End of the Turner Brand Could Mean for Its Channels|last=Schneider|first=Michael|date=2019-03-12|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330181409/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/turner-brand-time-warner-tnt-tbs-trutv-1203160652/|archive-date=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
On August 10, 2020, WarnerMedia restructured several of its units in a major corporate revamp that resulted in TBS, TNT and TruTV being brought back under the same umbrella as Cartoon Network/Adult Swim, Boomerang and TCM, under a consolidation of WarnerMedia Entertainment and Warner Bros. Entertainment's respective assets that formed the combined WarnerMedia Studios & Networks Group unit. Casey Bloys—who has been with WarnerMedia since 2004 (as director of development at HBO Independent Productions), and was eventually elevated to President of Programming at HBO and Cinemax in May 2016—added oversight of WarnerMedia's basic cable networks and HBO Max to his purview.<ref name="deadline-wmlayoffs"/><ref name="thr-wmlayoffs"/><ref>{{cite web|title=WarnerMedia Begins Massive Round of Layoffs|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warnermedia-begins-massive-round-layoffs-1287678|first=Tatiana|last=Siegel|periodical=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 10, 2020|access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> Turner was subsequently [[Delaware General Corporation Law|reincorporated in Delaware]] on December 30.<ref>{{Citation |title=Business Conversion: Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |date=December 30, 2020 |url=https://ecorp.sos.ga.gov/BusinessSearch/DownloadFile?filingNo=19879490 |work=Georgia Corporations Division |publisher=[[Georgia Secretary of State]] |access-date=December 27, 2024 |id=Filing {{abbr|No.|Number}} 19879490}}</ref>

On April 8, 2022, WarnerMedia was divested by AT&T and merged with [[Discovery, Inc.]] to form [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] (WBD). All linear networks owned by the company, besides CNN, Turner Sports, HBO, and [[Magnolia Network]], are overseen by Kathleen Finch as head of Warner Bros. Discovery U.S. Networks,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2022-04-09 |title=Chip & Joanna Gaines' Road From HGTV To HBO As 'Fixer Upper' Stars Switch Sides Post-WB/Discovery Merger |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/chip-joanna-gaines-hgtv-hbo-fixer-upper-warner-bros-discovery-merger-1234997644/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Deadline}}</ref><ref name="Looks">{{Cite web |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=2022-04-08 |title=What Warner Bros. Discovery Looks Like on Day 1 |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/warner-bros-discovery-brands-channels-properties-1235211353/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=2022-04-09 |title=Warner Bros Discovery Merger: Who's In, Who's Out In The Executive Ranks |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/warner-bros-discovery-executives-list-org-chart-merger-1234997658/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Deadline}}</ref> which resulted in Brett Weitz being removed as general manager of TBS, TNT, and TruTV after 14 years with the networks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2022-05-11 |title=Brett Weitz Exits As General Manager Of TNT, TBS & truTV |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/brett-weitz-exit-general-manager-tnt-tbs-trutv-1235011472/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Deadline}}</ref> The News and Sports division was also split up into separate CNN Worldwide and Warner Bros. Discovery Sports divisions, with the latter being renamed [[TNT Sports (United States)|TNT Sports]] in 2023, but also including Discovery's sports properties such as [[Eurosport]].<ref name="Looks" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2025, WBD announced it will split into two companies, resulting in Warner Bros. streaming and studios entity assuming TCM, while Discovery Global would acquire the remaining linear TV networks including CNN, TNT, and TBS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=2025-09-10 |title=WBD CEO David Zaslav Sees Company Split In April |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/warner-bros-discovery-ceo-david-zaslav-separation-in-april-1236527559/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=2025-07-28 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery's Post-Split Companies Will Be Warner Bros. and Discovery |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/warner-bros-discovery-post-split-warner-bros-and-discovery-1236331000/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Szalai |first1=Georg |date=June 9, 2025 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery to Split Into Two: Streaming and Studios, Global Networks |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/warner-bros-discovery-split-two-streaming-studios-networks-1236259800/ |access-date=June 9, 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="WBITVPAfterSplit">{{Cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |last2=Goldbart |first2=Max |date=2025-07-29 |title=Warner Bros. International Television Production Moving To Discovery Global After Split |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/warner-bros-international-tv-production-future-revealed-1236472938/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=2025-06-09 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery to Split Into Two Companies |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/warner-bros-discovery-split-two-companies-streaming-tv-1236423250/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cobb |first=Kayla |date=2025-12-04 |title=Paramount Accuses Warner Bros. Discovery of Unfair Bidding Process, Favoring Netflix in Letter to Zaslav |url=https://www.thewrap.com/paramount-accuses-warner-bros-discovery-unfair-bidding-process/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=The Wrap |language=en-US}}</ref> Later on December 5, Netflix [[Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery|announced]] that they would be buying the Warner Bros. streaming and studios company for $72 billion after the split closes in the third quarter, valuing WBD at $82.7 billion, while [[Paramount Skydance]] and [[Comcast]] launched bids of their own.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sillars |first=James |date=December 5, 2025 |title=Netflix agrees blockbuster $72bn deal for Warner Bros studios |url=https://news.sky.com/story/netflix-agrees-blockbuster-72bn-deal-for-warner-bros-studios-13479683 |access-date=December 5, 2025 |website=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Whittock|first=Jesse|title=Netflix & Warner Bros. Discovery Confirm $82.7B Mega-Deal That Reshapes The Industry|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 5, 2025|access-date=December 5, 2025|url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/netflix-warner-bros-discovery-deal-official-1236637290/|language=en}}</ref>

== Former properties and assets ==
=== Transferred to [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros.]] ===
* [[Castle Rock Entertainment]] — a film and television production company
* [[Hanna-Barbera]] — an animation studio (Folded into [[Warner Bros. Animation]] in 2001)
** [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Enterprises]] — An animation studio, and former sister company of Hanna-Barbera (Libraries are owned by [[Warner Bros. Animation]])
* [[New Line Cinema]] — a film production company (became separate unit of Time Warner upon close of sale; folded into WB in 2008)
* [[Turner Entertainment|Turner Entertainment Co.]] — a film holding company
** [[Turner Entertainment#Production company|Turner Pictures]] — a defunct in-house production company
** [[Turner Entertainment#Production company|Turner Pictures Worldwide Distribution]] — An international distribution sales unit
** [[Turner Entertainment#Turner Feature Animation|Turner Feature Animation]] — a defunct animation unit
** [[Turner Entertainment#Home video|Turner Home Entertainment]] — a defunct home video distributor (Merged into [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment|Warner Home Video]])
** [[Turner Program Services]] — a former syndication arm − (Merged into [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros.']] [[Telepictures]])
* [[The WB]] — A defunct broadcast television network (with [[Tribune Broadcasting]], 2001–2003; merged with [[UPN]] to form [[The CW]] in 2006)

==== Transferred to [[Warner Bros. Games|Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] ====
* [[Adult Swim Games]]
* [[Cartoon Network#Cartoon Network Games|Cartoon Network Games]]

==== Transferred to [[Warner Bros. Television Studios]] ====
* [[The Cartoon Network, Inc.]]
** [[Cartoon Network Studios]]
** [[Williams Street]]

==== Transferred to [[Warner Bros. Television Studios UK]] ====
* [[Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe]]

=== Transferred to [[Warner Bros. Discovery Networks]] ===
Note: These assets were temporarily part of Turner Entertainment Networks & Warner Bros. under [[WarnerMedia Studios & Networks]] within the WarnerMedia era.

An (*) indicates the assets was once part of [[Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics]].

==== [[The Cartoon Network, Inc.]] ====
* [[Cartoon Network]]*
* [[Adult Swim]]*
* [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]*

====Entertainment Group ====
* [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]]
* [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]]
* [[TruTV]]
* [[Turner Classic Movies]]*
** [[Now Playing (magazine)|''Now Playing'' (magazine)]]

=== Shuttered ===
* [[Cable Music Channel]] — A defunct television channel
* [[CNN+ (TV network)|CNN+]], a joint-venture between Turner (50%) and [[Sogecable]] that is only aired in Spain, closed down in late 2010.
* [[CNNfn]] — a defunct television channel
* [[CNN/SI]] — a defunct television channel
* [[FilmStruck]] — a defunct film streaming service
* [[HBO Asia#HBO South Asia|HBO South Asia]]
* Mondo Mah-jong TV (Japan)
* Studio T — a defunct production company.
* [[Super Deluxe]] — a defunct entertainment company
* Tabi Tele (Japan)
* [[Turner Classic Movies (Asia)|TCM South East Asia]]
* [[Toonami (Asia)|Toonami Channel]] (Asia)
* [[Toonami (India)|Toonami India]]
* [[WB India]]
* [[Real (TV channel)]] (India)
* [[Imagine TV]] (India)

=== Divested ===
* [[Atlanta Hawks]], [[Atlanta Thrashers]] and [[Philips Arena]] — sold in 2004 to [[Atlanta Hawks, LLC|Atlanta Spirit Group]], Thrashers resold in 2011 to [[True North Sports and Entertainment]] and now known as the [[Winnipeg Jets]]. Hawks resold in 2015 to [[Tony Ressler]]
* [[Chilevisión]] — A Chilean Free-to-air television channel, sold to [[Paramount Global]]
* [[Game Show Network]] (42%)
* [[GameTap]] — sold to [[Metaboli]] in 2008, later closed in 2010
* [[Hulu]] (10%) — now fully owned and controlled by [[The Walt Disney Company]]
* [[LTS Garðbær Studios|LazyTown Entertainment]] — sold back to [[Magnus Scheving]] in 2024
* [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM Entertainment Co.]] — sold to United Artists under [[Kirk Kerkorian]]'s ownership in 1986. However, Turner kept the pre-May 1986 MGM library.
* [[Showtime Scandinavia]] through [[NonStop Television]] in the Scandinavian countries.
* [[Silver (TV channel)|Silver]], independent and international movies, through NonStop Television in the Scandinavian countries.
* [[FanDuel Sports Network South|SportSouth]] — A regional sports network (Now owned by [[Main Street Sports Group]] as FanDuel Sports Network South)
* [[Turner South]] — A regional television channel (Now owned by Main Street Sports Group as [[FanDuel Sports Network Southeast]])
* [[United Artists]] — sold back to Kirk Kerkorian in 1986
* Woohoo (Brazil)
* [[World Championship Wrestling|Universal Wrestling Corporation]] — A professional wrestling promotion formerly known as World Championship Wrestling. Currently a defunct company, select assets are now owned by [[WWE]] through WCW, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|title=WCW: How It Died, and How WWE and Vince McMahon Made Sure It Never Rose Again|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/632761-wcw-how-it-died-and-how-wwe-and-vince-mcmahon-made-sure-it-never-rose-again|website=Bleacher Report|access-date=2015-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419130705/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/632761-wcw-how-it-died-and-how-wwe-and-vince-mcmahon-made-sure-it-never-rose-again|archive-date=2015-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[WCNC-TV]] — A terrestrial broadcasting station in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] (now owned by [[Tegna Inc.]])
* [[WPCH-TV]] — A terrestrial broadcasting station in [[Atlanta]] and a former [[superstation]] (now owned by [[Gray Media]])

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190303234514/http://turner.com Turner Broadcasting System] (archived March 3, 2019)

{{Warner Bros. Discovery}}
{{Atlanta companies}}
{{Portal bar|Companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Turner Broadcasting System| ]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:Cable network groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct broadcasting companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct television broadcasting companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Former WarnerMedia subsidiaries]]
[[Category:1996 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:Predecessors of Warner Bros. Discovery]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on NYSE American]]

Bundeswehr

2026-03-27T08:42:03Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: small changes

{{short description|Combined military forces of Germany}}
{{Title language|de}}
{{redirect2|Military of Germany|Armed forces of Germany|historical armed forces of Germany|Military of Germany (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Federal Defence Forces
| native_name = {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}
| image = Logo of the Bundeswehr.svg
| image_size = 185
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto = {{lang|de|Wir. Dienen. Deutschland.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/ueber-die-bundeswehr/selbstverstaendnis-bundeswehr |title='Wir. Dienen. Deutschland.' Das Selbstverständnis der Bundeswehr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217211743/https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/ueber-die-bundeswehr/selbstverstaendnis-bundeswehr |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> ("We. Serve. Germany.")
| founded = {{nowrap|{{Start date and age|1955|11|12|df=y}}}}
| current_form = {{end date and age|1990|10|3|df=y}}
| disbanded =
| branches = * [[File:KdoH.svg|25px]] [[German Army]]
* [[File:Fü M.svg|25px]] [[German Navy]]
* [[File:Kommando Luftwaffe (Bundeswehr).svg|25px]] [[German Air Force]]
* [[File:InternesVerbandsabzeichenKdoCIR.png|25px]] [[Cyber and Information Domain Service]]
| headquarters = [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]], and [[Potsdam]]
| flying_hours =
| website = {{Official website}}
| commander-in-chief = {{plainlist|
* [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Federal Minister of Defence]] (during peacetime)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#GGengl_000P65a |title=Art 65a Basic Law |publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103110623/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#GGengl_000P65a |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor of Germany]] ([[State of defence|during war]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#GGengl_000P115b |title=Art 115b Basic Law |publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103110623/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#GGengl_000P115b |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| commander-in-chief_title = {{nowrap|[[Commander in chief#Germany|Commander-in-Chief]]}}
| chief minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Chancellor of Germany.svg|size=25px}} [[Friedrich Merz]]
| chief minister_title = [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|Chancellor]]
| minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Germany (state).svg|size=25px}} [[Boris Pistorius]]
| minister_title = [[List of German defence ministers|Defence Minister]]
| commander = {{Flagicon image|Flagge Generalinspekteur Bundeswehr.svg|size=25px}} [[Carsten Breuer]]
| commander_title = [[Inspector General of the Bundeswehr|Inspector General]]
| age = 17
| conscription = No (conscription suspended since July 2011 by law)
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age =
| available =
| available_f =
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| active = 186,221 (February 28, 2026)<ref name="bundeswehr"/>
| ranked = 30th
| reserve = ≈ 860,000 (2025)<ref name="Reserve"/>
| deployed = 2,000
| amount = €108.2 billion (2026)<ref name="Haushalt 2026">{{cite web|access-date=2026-01-01|date=2025-11-26|publisher=bmvg.de|title=Deutschland investiert in Verteidigung und stärkt das Bündnis|url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/deutschland-investiert-in-verteidigung-und-staerkt-das-buendnis-6045046|language=de}}</ref> (US$127 billion) Incl. 4th tranche of special assets<ref name="Haushalt 2026" />
| percent_GDP = 2.39% (2025)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/content/dam/nato/webready/documents/publications-and-reports/annual-reports/sgar25-en.pdf#page=67/ |title=The Secretary General’s Annual Report|publisher=NATO|date=2026-03-26|accessdate=2026-03-07|language=en}}</ref>
| domestic_suppliers = [[Airbus]] [[Rheinmetall]] [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]] [[KNDS Deutschland]] [[Hensoldt]] [[MBDA Deutschland GmbH]] [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Diehl Defence]] [[Carl Walther GmbH]]
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|United States}} {{flag|Sweden}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Netherlands}} {{flag|Switzerland}} {{flag|Canada}} {{flag|Italy}} {{flag|Belgium}} {{flag|Poland}} {{flag|Croatia}} {{flag|Austria}} {{flag|Norway}} {{flag|France}} {{flag|Israel}}
| imports = {{Currency|85 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_India"/>
| exports = {{Currency|1.53 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_India">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports data for India, 2014–2022|date=26 January 2024|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>
| history = [[Military history of Germany]] [[:Category:Wars involving Germany|Warfare directory of Germany]] [[List of wars involving Germany|Wars involving Germany]] [[:Category:Battles involving Germany|Battles involving Germany]]
| ranks = [[Rank insignia of the Bundeswehr]]
}}
The '''{{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbʊndəsˌveːɐ̯|lang|De-Bundeswehr2.ogg}}, {{lit}} ''Federal Defence'') are the armed forces of the [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]]. The {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part. The military part consists of the four armed forces: [[German Army]], [[German Navy]], [[German Air Force]] and [[Cyber and Information Domain Service (Germany)|Cyber and Information Domain Service]], which are supported by the [[Bundeswehr Joint Support Command]].

{{as of|2026|01|31}}, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} had a strength of 186,221 active-duty military personnel and 81,205 civilians,<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/zahlen-daten-fakten/personalzahlen-bundeswehr|title=Aktuelle Personalzahlen der Bundeswehr [Current personnel numbers of the Federal Defence]|access-date=2026-03-17|language=de}}</ref> placing it among the 30 largest military forces in the world, and making it the second largest in the [[European Union]] behind [[French Armed Forces|France]]. In addition, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} has approximately 860,000 reserve personnel (2025).<ref name="Reserve">{{cite web |title=Reserve der Bundeswehr |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/menschen-karrieren/die-reserve-der-bundeswehr |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Bundeswehr.de |language=de}}</ref> With the German military budget at $127 billion (€108.2 billion) for 2026,<ref name="Haushalt 2026"/> the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is the fourth-highest-funded military in the world. Germany's defence spending had averaged approximately 1.2% of GDP over the preceding decade, well below the NATO guideline of 2%, which Germany first met in 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author1=Xiao Liang |author2=Nan Tian |author3=Diego Lopes da Silva |author4=Lorenzo Scarazzato |author5=Zubaita Karim |author6=Guiberteau Ricard |date= |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=SIPRI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratz |first=Alexander |date=14 February 2024 |title=Germany hits 2% NATO spending target for first time since end of Cold War |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-hits-2-nato-target-first-time-since-1992-reports-dpa-2024-02-14/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> NATO's revised spending guidelines call for 3.5% of GDP allocated to defence and an additional 1.5% to critical infrastructure resilience, a threshold endorsed at the 2025 Hague summit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Europe’s Defense Under NATO’s Five‑Percent Doctrine: Scenarios & Execution Risks |url=https://www.grosswald.org/nato-five-percent-doctrine-europe-defense-scenarios/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Großwald {{!}} European Defence Intelligence |language=en}}</ref> Germany is aiming to expand the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} to around 203,000 soldiers by 2031 to better cope with increasing responsibilities.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Steigende Bewerberzahlen bei der Bundeswehr |url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/bundeswehr-bewerbungen-anstieg-frauen-100.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=zdf.de |date=17 April 2025 }}</ref>

Following concerns from the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Germany announced a major shift in policy, pledging a €100 billion ($116.344 billion) special fund for the Bundeswehr{{snd}}to remedy years of underinvestment{{snd}}along with raising the budget to above 2% [[GDP]].<ref name=commits/> In 2025, the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|German constitution]] was amended, exempting military and [[German Intelligence Service|intelligence]] spending above 1% GDP from the ''[[Schuldenbremse]]'' (debt limit).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reimer |first=Sören Christian |title=Haushaltsausschuss beschließt Änderungen des Grundgesetzes |url=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2025/kw11-pa-haushalt-sonntag-1056790 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Military history of Germany|List of wars involving Germany}}

=== Founding principles ===
The name {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was first proposed by former ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' general and [[Free Democratic Party of Germany|Liberal]] politician [[Hasso von Manteuffel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Ardennen-Offensive: Verzögerung des Untergangs |url=https://zms.bundeswehr.de/de/ardennen-offensive-vom-16-bis-24-12-1944-5721616 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=zms.bundeswehr.de |language=de}}</ref> The [[Iron Cross]] ''(Eisernes Kreuz)'', a symbol that has a long association with the military of Germany, is its official emblem. The ''Schwarzes Kreuz'' is derived from the [[Black Cross (Teutonic Order)|black cross insignia]] of the medieval [[Teutonic knights]]; since 1813 the symbol has been used to denote a military decoration for all ranks.

When the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was established in 1955, its founding principles were based on developing a completely new military force for the defence of [[West Germany]]. In this respect the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} did not consider itself to be a successor to either the ''[[Reichswehr]]'' (1921–1935) of the [[Weimar Republic]] or [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' (1935–1945), and did not adhere to the traditions of any former German military organization. Its official ethos is based on three major themes:<ref>{{cite web | title=Traditionen der Bundeswehr | url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443cXQESYGYxgEh-pEwsaCUVH1fj_zcVH1v_QD9gtyIckdHRUUAWBsN8w!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNEVI | publisher=[[Bundesministerium der Verteidigung]] | language=de | access-date=6 August 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906201609/http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443cXQESYGYxgEh-pEwsaCUVH1fj_zcVH1v_QD9gtyIckdHRUUAWBsN8w!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNEVI | archive-date=6 September 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* The aims of the military reformers at the beginning of the 19th century such as [[Gerhard von Scharnhorst|Scharnhorst]], [[August Neidhardt von Gneisenau|Gneisenau]], and [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz]]
* The conduct displayed by members of the [[German resistance to Nazism|military resistance against Adolf Hitler]], especially the attempt of [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] and [[Henning von Tresckow]] to assassinate him.
* Its own military traditions set in 1955.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-34150-0001, Bonn, Theodor Blank, Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg|thumb|Generals [[Adolf Heusinger]] and [[Hans Speidel]] being sworn into the newly founded {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} by [[Theodor Blank]] on 12 November 1955]]
[[File:Großer Zapfenstreich auf dem Münchner Platz in Bonn.jpg|thumb|A ''[[Großer Zapfenstreich]]'' at the Federal Ministry of Defense in Bonn in 2002]]

One of the most visible traditions of the modern {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is the ''[[Großer Zapfenstreich]]''. This is a form of [[military tattoo]] that has its origins in the ''[[landsknecht]]'' era. The [[West Germany|FRG]] reinstated this formal military ceremony in 1952, three years before the foundation of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}. Today it is performed by a military band with 4 fanfare [[trumpet]]ers and [[timpani]], a corps of drums, up to two escort companies of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}'s ''[[Wachbataillon]]'' (or another deputized unit) and torchbearers. The ''Zapfenstreich'' is only performed during national celebrations or solemn public commemorations. It can honour distinguished persons present such as the German Federal President, or provide the conclusion to large military exercises.

Another important tradition in the modern German armed forces is the ''[[Ceremonial oath of the Bundeswehr|Gelöbnis]]'': the solemn oath made by serving professional soldiers, and recruits ([[Conscription in Germany|and formerly conscripts]]) during basic training. There are two kinds of oath: a pledge for recruits, and a solemn vow for full-time personnel.

The pledge is made annually on 20 July, the date on which a group of ''Wehrmacht'' officers attempted to [[July 20 plot|assassinate Adolf Hitler]] in 1944. Recruits from the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}'s ''Wachbataillon'' make their vow at the [[Bendlerblock]] in Berlin. This was the headquarters of the resistance and also where the officers were summarily executed following the failure of the assassination attempt on Hitler. National commemorations are held nearby within the grounds of the [[Reichstag (building)|''Reichstag'']]. Similar events also take place across the German Republic. Since 2011, when conscription was suspended, the wording of the ceremonial vow for full-time recruits and volunteer personnel is:

::"''Ich gelobe, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland treu zu dienen und das Recht und die Freiheit des deutschen Volkes tapfer zu verteidigen.''"
:::{{small|"I pledge to serve the Federal Republic of Germany loyally and to defend the right and the freedom of the German people bravely."}}
Serving {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} personnel replace "''Ich gelobe'', ..." with "''Ich schwöre'', ..." ("I swear...").

=== Cold War: 1955–1990 ===
{{See also|French–German enmity}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-098967, Aufnahme der Bundesrepublik in die NATO.jpg|thumb|The Federal Republic of Germany joined [[NATO]] in 1955.]]

After [[World War II]] the responsibility for the security of Germany as a whole rested with the four occupying [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]]: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the [[Soviet Union]]. Germany had been without armed forces since the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' was dissolved following World War II. When the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949, it was without a military. Germany remained completely demilitarized and any plans for a German military were forbidden by Allied regulations.

Some naval [[Minesweeping|mine-sweeping]] units such as the [[German Mine Sweeping Administration]] (''Deutscher Minenräumdienst'') continued to exist, but they remained unarmed and under Allied control and did not serve as a national defence force. The [[Bundesgrenzschutz|Federal Border Protection]] (''Bundesgrenzschutz''), a mobile, lightly armed police force of 10,000 men, was formed on 14 March 1951 and expanded to 20,000 men on 19 June 1953. A proposal to integrate West German troops with soldiers of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, [[Luxembourg]] and Italy in a [[European Defence Community]] was proposed but never implemented.

There was a discussion among the United States, the United Kingdom and France over the issue of a revived (West) German military. In particular, France was reluctant to allow Germany to rearm in light of recent history (Germany had invaded France twice in living memory, in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], and also defeated France in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870/71). However, after the project for a [[European Defence Community]] failed in the [[National Assembly (France)|French National Assembly]] in 1954, France agreed to West German accession to [[NATO]] and rearmament.

[[File:Leopard 2 A5 der Bundeswehr.jpg|thumb|[[Leopard 2]] tanks]]

With growing tensions between the Soviet Union and the West, especially after the [[Korean War]], this policy was to be revised. While the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany) was already secretly rearming, the seeds of a new West German force started in 1950 when former high-ranking German officers were tasked by Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] to discuss the options for [[West German rearmament]]. The results of a meeting in the monastery of [[Himmerod Abbey|Himmerod]] formed the conceptual base to build the new armed forces in West Germany.

The ''[[Amt Blank]]'' (Blank Agency, named after its director [[Theodor Blank]]), the predecessor of the later [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Federal Ministry of Defence]], was formed the same year to prepare the establishment of the future forces. [[Hasso von Manteuffel]], a former general of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] politician, submitted the name {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} for the new forces. This name was later confirmed by the West German ''Bundestag''.

The {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was officially established on the 200th birthday of [[Gerhard von Scharnhorst|Scharnhorst]] on 12 November 1955. In personnel and education terms, the most important initial feature of the new German armed forces was to be their orientation as citizen defenders of a democratic state, fully subordinate to the political leadership of the country.<ref>Fritz Erler, 'Politik und nicht Prestige,' in Erler and Jaeger, Sicherheit und Rustung, 1962, po. 82–83, cited in Julian Lider, ''Origins and Development of West German Military Thought'', Vol. I, 1949–1966, Gower Publishing Company Ltd, Aldershot/Brookfield VT, 1986, p. 125</ref> A personnel screening committee was created to make sure that the future colonels and generals of the armed forces were those whose political attitude and experience would be acceptable to the new democratic state.<ref>Aberheim, 'The Citizen in Uniform: Reform and its Critics in the Bundeswehr,' in Szabo, (ed.), ''The Bundeswehr and Western Security'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 1990, p. 39.</ref> There were a few key reformers, such as General [[Ulrich de Maiziere]], General [[Johann von Kielmansegg|Graf von Kielmansegg]], and [[Wolf Graf von Baudissin|Graf von Baudissin]],<ref>Donald Aberheim, 1990, p. 37; Donald Aberheim, 'German Soldiers and German Unity: Political Foundations of the German Armed Forces,' California Naval Postgraduate School, 1991, p. 14, cited in Artur A Bogowicz, '[http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA376462 Polish Armed Forces of 2000: Demands and Changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042357/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA376462 |date=22 February 2014}},' NPGS Thesis, March 2000, and Obituary for General Ulrich de Maizière, ''The Times'', 13 September 2006</ref> who reemphasised some of the more democratic parts of Germany's armed forces history in order to establish a solid civil-military basis to build upon.
[[File:Mikoyan mig29.jpg|thumb|alt=A flying MiG 29 seen from above. The cross-shaped roundel of the Luftwaffe is painted on the left wing.|The {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was the first NATO member to use the Soviet-built [[MiG 29]] jet, taken over from the former [[Air Forces of the National People's Army|East German Air Force]] after reunification.]]

After an amendment of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]] in 1955, West Germany became a member of NATO. The first public military review took place at [[Andernach]], in January 1956.<ref>Large, David Clay ''Germans to the Front West German rearmament in the Adenauer era'' University of North Carolina Press 1996 pp. 244–45 {{ISBN|0-8078-4539-6}}</ref> In 1956, [[conscription]] for all men between the ages of 18 and 45 was reintroduced, later augmented by a civil alternative with longer duration (see [[Conscription in Germany]]). In response, [[East Germany]] formed its own military force, the ''[[National People's Army|Nationale Volksarmee]]'' (NVA), in 1956, with conscription being established only in 1962. The ''[[National People's Army|Nationale Volksarmee]]'' was eventually dissolved with the [[reunification of Germany]] in 1990. Compulsory conscription was suspended{{snd}}but not completely abolished as an alternative{{snd}}in January 2011.

During the [[Cold War]] the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was the backbone of NATO's conventional defence in [[Central Europe]]. It had a strength of 495,000 military and 170,000 civilian personnel. Although Germany had smaller armed forces than France and the United States, Cold War historian [[John Lewis Gaddis]] assesses the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} as "perhaps (the) world's best army".<ref>John Lewis Gaddis, ''The Cold War: A New History'', Penguin Books, London, 2005, p. 220</ref> The Army consisted of three corps with 12 divisions, most of them heavily armed with tanks and APCs. The ''Luftwaffe'' owned significant numbers of tactical combat aircraft and took part in [[NATINAD|NATO's integrated air defence (NATINAD)]]. The Navy was tasked and equipped to defend the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic Approaches]], to provide escort reinforcement and resupply shipping in the [[North Sea]] and to contain the [[Baltic Fleet|Soviet Baltic Fleet]].

{{further|Operation Summer Rain (Cold War)}}
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s, German special forces of the Bundeswehr were deployed as part of a covert operation. During this time, [[Operation Summer Rain (Cold War)|Operation Summer Rain]] played a significant role. The [[German Federal Intelligence Service]] (BND) conducted this secret mission, where special forces were infiltrated from [[West Germany]] to [[Pakistan]] and then into [[Afghanistan]].

The primary task of these special units was to clandestinely acquire Soviet weapon technology, including armor for combat helicopters, vehicles, landmines, modern ammunition such as uranium rounds, rocket warheads, night vision devices, and navigation technology. Collaboration with the insurgent Mujahideen was central to this covert operation.

During this time the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} did not take part in combat operations. However, there were a number of large-scale training exercises resulting in operational casualties. The first such incident was in June 1957, when 15 paratroop recruits drowned in the [[Iller|Iller river, Bavaria]].<ref>Large op.cit. pp. 263–64</ref>

=== German Reunification 1990 ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1003-040, Strausberg, Eppelmann, Stoltenberg, Schönbohm.jpg|thumb|At a festive event on German Unity Day, Federal Defense Minister [[Gerhard Stoltenberg]] takes over command of the [[National People's Army|armed forces]] of the former GDR.]]
At the time of reunification, the German military boasted a manpower of some 585,000 soldiers.<ref name="auto"/> As part of the [[German reunification]] process, under the [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany]] (Two-Plus Four Treaty), which paved the way for reunification, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was to be reduced to 370,000 personnel, of whom no more than 345,000 were to be in the Army and Air Force.<ref>[[Federal Government of Germany|www.bundesregierung.de]]: [https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/schwerpunkte/deutsche-einheit/deutschland-sagt-verkleinerung-der-armee-auf-370-000-mann-zu-412826 ''Deutschland sagt Verkleinerung der Armee auf 370.000 Mann zu''] (30 August 1990)</ref> This would be Germany's contribution to the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]], and the restrictions would enter into force at the time the CFE treaty would. As a result, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was significantly reduced, and the former East German ''[[Nationale Volksarmee]]'' (NVA) was disbanded at the moment of [[German reunification]], with a portion of its personnel and materiel being absorbed into the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}.
[[File:Eurofighter 9803.ogg|thumb|thumbtime=32|A [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] of the [[German Air Force|''Luftwaffe'']]]]

About 50,000 ''Volksarmee'' personnel were integrated into the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} on 2 October 1990. This figure was rapidly reduced as conscripts and short-term volunteers completed their service. A number of senior officers (but no generals or admirals) received limited contracts for up to two years to continue daily operations. Personnel remaining in the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} were awarded new contracts and new ranks, dependent on their individual qualification and experience. Many were granted and accepted a lower rank than previously held in the ''Volksarmee''.

In general, the unification process of the two militaries{{snd}}under the slogan "''Armee der Einheit''" (or "Army of Unity"){{snd}}has been seen publicly as a major success and an example for other parts of the society.

With the reduction, a large amount of the [[Military technology|military hardware]] of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}, as well as of the ''Volksarmee'', had to be disposed of. Most of the [[Vehicle armour|armoured vehicles]] and [[Fighter jet|fighter jet aircraft]] (the ''Bundesluftwaffe''{{snd}}due to reunification{{snd}}was the only air force in the world that flew both Phantoms and MIGs) were dismantled under international disarmament procedures. Many ships were scrapped or sold, often to the [[Baltic states]] or [[Indonesia]] (the latter received 39 former ''Volksmarine'' vessels of various types).

With reunification, all restrictions on the manufacture and possession of conventional arms that had been imposed on the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} as a condition for West German rearmament were lifted.<ref>Duffield, John: ''World Power Forsaken: Political Culture, International Institutions, and German Security Policy After Unification'', p. 32</ref>

Since 1996, Germany also has its own [[special forces]], the ''[[Kommando Spezialkräfte]]'' (Special Forces Command). It was formed after German citizens had to be rescued from the [[Rwandan genocide]] by [[Immediate Reaction Cell|Belgian Para-Commandos]] as the [[GSG 9|Special Commands]] of the [[Federal Police (Germany)|Federal Police]] were not capable of operating in a war zone.

=== Reorientation ===
A major event for the German military was a series of defense spending cuts and the suspension of the compulsory [[Conscription in Germany|conscription]] for men in 2011. These were introduced by Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] and Finance Minister [[Wolfgang Schäuble]] as part of [[austerity]] measures in response to the [[Great Recession]] and the [[European debt crisis]].<ref>Tooze, Adam (2018). ''Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World''. New York, New York: Viking Press. p. 354. {{ISBN|978-0-670-02493-3}}. {{OCLC|1039188461}}.</ref> In 2011/12, a major reform of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was announced under [[Thomas de Maizière]], further limiting the number of military bases and soldiers. The land forces of the Bundeswehr would have three large units at divisional level. There are currently five. The number of brigades decreased from eleven to eight.<ref name=zukunft>{{cite web |title=Ausblick: Die Bundeswehr der Zukunft | url=http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/!ut/p/c4/NYu7DsIwEAT_yGeLIoiOKAjR0gTTOY7lHPilyyU0fDx2wa40xY4WnlCbzI7eMOZkAjxAWzxNHzHF3YtX3qiuYkW7OFoc8lpyQMY3jO06O2FzctzILjFWejKcSZRMHJrZiKoROIOWauilkv-o7_GqL50-yG649XcoMZ5_83Q_9Q!!/| publisher=[[Bundesministerium der Verteidigung]] |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625060415/http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/!ut/p/c4/NYu7DsIwEAT_yGeLIoiOKAjR0gTTOY7lHPilyyU0fDx2wa40xY4WnlCbzI7eMOZkAjxAWzxNHzHF3YtX3qiuYkW7OFoc8lpyQMY3jO06O2FzctzILjFWejKcSZRMHJrZiKoROIOWauilkv-o7_GqL50-yG649XcoMZ5_83Q_9Q!!| archive-date=25 June 2011| date=18 May 2011 |url-status=live |language=de}}</ref>

German military expenditures are lower than comparable countries such as the United Kingdom, or countries of the [[European Union]] such as France, especially when taking into account Germany's larger population and economy. This discrepancy is often criticized by Germany's [[NATO]] allies, as far back as [[Obama]]-era [[US Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert M. Gates]].<ref name=nytdim>{{cite news| title=Defense Secretary Warns NATO of 'Dim' Future| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/europe/11gates.html?_r=0| work=New York Times| access-date=27 December 2012| first=Thom| last=Shanker| date=10 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724042706/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/europe/11gates.html?_r=0| archive-date=24 July 2014| url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ustsp>{{cite news| title=US Think Tank Slams Germany's NATO Role| newspaper=Der Spiegel| date=18 May 2012| url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/think-tank-criticizes-germany-s-role-in-nato-a-833797.html| publisher=[[Spiegel Online]]| access-date=27 December 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224201046/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/think-tank-criticizes-germany-s-role-in-nato-a-833797.html| archive-date=24 December 2012| url-status=live |last1=Schmitz |first1=Gregor Peter}}</ref>

As one result of the [[2014 NATO Wales summit]] which was attended by both Merkel and [[Ursula von der Leyen]] in September 2014,<ref name="alozius21">{{cite journal |title= NATO's Two Percent Guideline: A Demand for Military Expenditure Perspective | journal=Defence and Peace Economics|volume=33|author=Juuko Alozious| year=2022| issue=4| pages=475–88|doi=10.1080/10242694.2021.1940649| s2cid=237888569| doi-access=free}}</ref> the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} acknowledged in October chronic equipment problems that rendered its armed forces "unable to deliver its defensive NATO promises". Among the problems cited were dysfunctional weapons systems, armored vehicles, aircraft, and naval vessels unfit for immediate service due to a neglect of maintenance, and serious equipment and spare parts shortages. The situation was so dire in 2016 that it was acknowledged that most of Germany's [[fighter aircraft]] and [[Attack helicopter|combat helicopters]] were not in deployable condition,<ref name=foreignaffairs>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2016-01-19/bundeswehr-backs-away-brink|title=Inside Germany's Higher Defense Spending – Foreign Affairs|magazine=Foreign Affairs|date=19 January 2016|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122092701/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2016-01-19/bundeswehr-backs-away-brink|archive-date=22 January 2016|url-status=live |last1=Braw|first1=Elisabeth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/germanys-von-der-leyen-admits-major-bundeswehr-shortfalls/a-17959798|title=Germany′s von der Leyen admits major Bundeswehr shortfalls |date=27 September 2014|work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928021232/http://www.dw.de/germanys-von-der-leyen-admits-major-bundeswehr-shortfalls/a-17959798|archive-date=28 September 2014|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/ramshackle-army-at-odds-with-berlin-s-global-aspirations-a-994607.html |title=Ramshackle Army at Odds with Berlin's Global Aspirations – Spiegel Online |website=Spiegel.de |date=30 September 2014 |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312183955/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/ramshackle-army-at-odds-with-berlin-s-global-aspirations-a-994607.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> although the Air Force had almost 38,000 soldiers,<ref name=zukunft/> and von der Leyen's daycare system.<ref name=hug1>Justin Huggler (2 June 2014), [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10870695/German-army-to-offer-soldiers-creches-and-flat-screen-TVs.html German army to offer soldiers crèches and flat-screen TVs] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref><ref name=hug2>Justin Huggler (12 September 2014), [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/11093249/After-army-creches-and-cosy-barracks-Germany-has-new-idea-for-troops-shorter-working-hours.html After army crèches and cosy barracks, Germany has new idea for troops – shorter working hours] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref>

In 2015, as a result of the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], Germany announced what was termed "a major increase" in defense spending. In May 2015, the German government approved an increase in defense spending, at the time 1.3% of GDP, by 6.2% over the following five years, allowing the Ministry of Defense to fully modernize the army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-defence-budget-idUSKBN0MD1T420150317|title=Germany to boost mid-term defense spending|date=17 March 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905052524/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-defence-budget-idUSKBN0MD1T420150317|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> The 2015 reform set a required strength of 185,000 soldiers.<ref name="Chambers02072017"/> Plans were also announced to significantly expand the tank fleet to a potential number of 328, order 131 more [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer armored personnel carriers]], increase the submarine fleet, and to develop a new fighter jet to replace the [[Panavia Tornado]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/54292/germany-italy-may-increase-submarine-fleets |title=Germany, Italy may increase submarine fleets |first=Alex |last=Pape |access-date=28 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231193129/http://www.janes.com/article/54292/germany-italy-may-increase-submarine-fleets |archive-date=31 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/vehicles/2015/12/17/germanys-army-procures-new-boxer-armored-personnel-carriers/77491026/|title=Germany's Army To Procure 131 New Boxer Armored Personnel carriers|date=17 December 2015|work=Defense News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/germany-plans-to-develop/2365042.html|title=Germany plans to develop new fighter jet to replace Tornado|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105130445/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/germany-plans-to-develop/2365042.html|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-military-to-bring-back-mothballed-tanks/a-18375092|title=German military to bring back mothballed tanks|work=DW.COM|access-date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103014429/http://www.dw.com/en/german-military-to-bring-back-mothballed-tanks/a-18375092|archive-date=3 January 2016|url-status=live }}</ref> Germany considered increasing the size of the army,<ref name="Chambers02072017">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-germany-idUSKBN0TM25A20151203|title=More assertive Germany considers bigger army as Syria vote looms|author=Madeline Chambers|date=3 December 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909142958/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-germany-idUSKBN0TM25A20151203|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> and in May 2016 it announced it would spend €130 billion on new equipment by 2030 and add nearly 7,000 soldiers by 2023 in the first German military expansion since the end of the Cold War.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Smale | first1=Alison | title=In a Reversal, Germany's Military Growth Is Met With Western Relief | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/06/world/europe/european-union-germany-army.html?_r=0 | date=5 June 2016 | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | access-date=2 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908131531/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/06/world/europe/european-union-germany-army.html?_r=0 | archive-date=8 September 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Tomkiw | first1=Lydia | title=Germany Announces First Military Expansion Since Cold War Amid Cyber Threats, US Pressure | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/germany-announces-first-military-expansion-cold-war-amid-cyber-threats-us-pressure-2366946 | date=10 May 2016 | website=[[International Business Times]] | access-date=2 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303050641/http://www.ibtimes.com/germany-announces-first-military-expansion-cold-war-amid-cyber-threats-us-pressure-2366946 | archive-date=3 March 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2017, the German government announced another expansion, which would increase the number of its professional soldiers by 20,000 by 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Germany to Expand Bundeswehr to Almost 200,000 Troops | url=http://dw.com/p/2Xzn0 | date=21 February 2017 | publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

As of May 2025, the Bundeswehr is permanently stationing a full armored brigade abroad for the first time in its postwar history. The [[45th Panzer Brigade (Bundeswehr)|45th Panzer Brigade "Litauen"]] based in Lithuania, is part of Germany's broader ''Zeitenwende'' strategy to reinforce NATO's eastern flank and transition from rotational deployments to structural forward presence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Germany Formalizes Permanent Armored Brigade in Lithuania: 45th 'Brigade Litauen' to Absorb eFP Force, Reach 2,000 Troops by 2026 |url=https://www.grosswald.org/germany-formalizes-permanent-armored-brigade-in-lithuania-45th-brigade-litauen-to-absorb-efp-force-reach-2-000-troops-by-2026/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Großwald {{!}} Structured Intelligence on European Defense |language=en}}</ref> The brigade is expected to include 2,000 personnel by 2026, with additional supporting infrastructure provided jointly with Lithuania.

=== Coordination with European partners ===
As a consequence of improved Dutch-German cooperation, since 2014 two of the three [[Royal Netherlands Army]] Brigades are under German Command. In 2014, the [[11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands)|11th Airmobile Brigade]] was integrated into the German Division of fast forces (DSK). The Dutch [[43rd Mechanized Brigade (Netherlands)|43rd Mechanized Brigade]] will be assigned to the [[1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)|1st ''Panzer'' Division]] of the German army, with the integration starting at the beginning of 2016, and the unit becoming operational at the end of 2019.<ref name=janes16>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/54636/dutch-mechanized-brigade-to-be-integrated-into-german-panzer-division |first=Nicholas |last=Fiorenza |title=Dutch mechanized brigade to be integrated into German panzer division |access-date=10 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322031908/http://www.janes.com/article/54636/dutch-mechanized-brigade-to-be-integrated-into-german-panzer-division |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref> In February 2016 it was announced that the [[Sea Battalion (Germany)|''Seebatallion'']] of the German Navy would start to operate under [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Royal Dutch Navy]] command.<ref name=duint>{{cite web|last1=Mehta |first1=Aaron |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/2016/02/04/bundeswehr-sea-battalion-dutch-navy-integration/79845430/ |title=German Armed Forces To Integrate Sea Battalion Into Dutch Navy |first2=Lars |last2=Hoffmann |website=Defensenews.com |date=4 February 2016 |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The Dutch-German military cooperation was seen in 2016 by von der Leyen and Dutch Minister of Defence [[Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert]] as an example for setting up a European defense union.<ref name=duint/>

According to a policy dictated by von der Leyen in February 2017, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is to play a greater role as "anchor army" for smaller [[NATO]] states, by improving coordination between its divisions and smaller members' [[Brigade]]s.<ref name=anchorarmy>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/EN/Artikel/2017/02_en/2017-02-15-nato-vm-treffen_en.html?nn=392768|title=Bundesregierung – Europa – NATO: Investing more in security|website=bundesregierung.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611073707/https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/EN/Artikel/2017/02_en/2017-02-15-nato-vm-treffen_en.html?nn=392768|archive-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live |date=16 February 2017}}</ref>

A further proposal by Minister of Defence [[Ursula von der Leyen]], to allow non-German [[Citizenship of the European Union|EU nationals]] to join the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}, was met in July 2016 by strong opposition, even from her own party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/section/security/news/germany-proposes-allowing-non-germans-to-join-its-army/|title=Germany proposes allowing foreigners to join its army|date=14 July 2016|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415103922/http://www.euractiv.com/section/security/news/germany-proposes-allowing-non-germans-to-join-its-army/|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live }}</ref>

It was announced in February 2017 that the [[Czech Republic]]'s [[4th Rapid Deployment Brigade (Czech Republic)|4th Rapid Deployment Brigade]] and [[Romania]]'s [[81st Mechanized Brigade (Romania)|81st Mechanized Brigade]] would be integrated into Germany's [[10th Armoured Division (Bundeswehr)|10 Armoured Division]] and Rapid Response Forces Division.<ref name=czroint>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_141113.htm?selectedLocale=en |title=Germany, Romania and the Czech Republic deepen defence ties |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217144429/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_141113.htm?selectedLocale=en |archive-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 4 RDB-10 PD link is not an isolated Czech–German initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=Czechia's 4th Rapid Deployment Brigade inside Germany's 10th Armoured Division |url=https://www.grosswald.org/czechias-4th-rapid-deployment-brigade-inside-germanys-10th-armoured-division-10-pzdiv/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Großwald {{!}} Structured Intelligence on European Defense |language=en}}</ref> It sits beside:

* Netherlands – three brigades integrated into German divisions since 2016.
* Romania – 9th Mechanised Brigade tied to the Bundeswehr's Rapid Response Forces Division.
* Lithuania (2025) – standing up Panzer Brigade 45 under 10 PD for the new German permanent brigade in Rūdninkai.<ref name=":1" />

Taken together, Germany is slowly contributing to a pre-integrated divisional structure.

===Consequences of 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine===
{{as of|2022|12|31}}, the number of active military personnel in the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} was 183,051.<ref name="bundeswehr"/> Military expenditure in Germany was at $52.8 billion in 2020, roughly 1.3% of the country's GDP.<ref name="SIPRI-2020">{{cite web |last1=Tian |first1=Nan |last2=Fleurant |first2=Aude |last3=Kuimova |first3=Alexandra |last4=Wezeman |first4=Pieter D. |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |date=24 April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>

At the end of February 2022, in light of [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] [[Olaf Scholz]] announced a plan to increase the power of the German military, pledging €100 billion ($112.7 billion) of the 2022 budget for the armed forces and repeating his promise to reach the 2% of gross domestic product spending on defense in line with (as editorialized by ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'') NATO "demands".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helferich |first=John |date=2023-04-01 |title=The (false) promise of Germany's Zeitenwende |journal=European View |language=EN |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=85–95 |doi=10.1177/17816858231157556 |issn=1781-6858|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=commits>{{cite web | last1= | first1= | title=Germany commits €100 billion to defense spending | url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-commits-100-billion-to-defense-spending/a-60933724 | date=27 February 2022 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227113954/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-commits-100-billion-to-defense-spending/a-60933724 |archive-date=27 February 2022 | url-status=live }}</ref>

According to information from defense politicians of the federal German parliament, representatives of the armaments industry and other experts, in October 2022 the Bundeswehr only had enough ammunition in stock for one or two days during wartime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helferich |first=John |date=2024 |title=Trapped in the grey zone: NATO-CSDP relations in a new era of European security governance |journal=International Politics |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=1070–1083 |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41311-024-00647-9 |issn=1740-3898|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heimbach |first=Tobias |date=2022-10-10 |title=Munition für maximal zwei Tage Krieg: Bundeswehr muss ihre Arsenale auffüllen – doch bislang bestellt sie nur wenig |url=https://www.businessinsider.de/politik/deutschland/munition-fuer-maximal-zwei-tage-krieg-bundeswehr-muss-ihre-arsenale-auffuellen-doch-bislang-bestellt-sie-nur-wenig-c/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=de-DE}}</ref> A report made by the Ministry of Defence revealed problems in the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} such as limited preparedness and lack of equipment. In the letter accompanying the report which was sent to the federal [[Bundestag|German parliament]], the Minister of Defence noted that the situation would improve but "closing the gaps takes time".<ref>[https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/bundeswehr-einsatzbereitschaft-bericht-1.5714590 Bericht offenbart eklatante Schwächen der Bundeswehr]</ref>

In 2025, the new government under Chancellor [[Friedrich Merz]] passed laws to further significantly expand the Bundeswehr, both in materiel and personnel. The annual military budget of Germany is to grow from ~2% of its GDP in 2025 to 3.5% in 2029.<ref>[https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2025/2025-07-30-government-draft-2026-federal-budget.html German Federal Ministry of Finances - German government intensifies its investment drive: 2026 federal budget and fiscal plan to 2029 adopted]</ref> In October 2025, the Federal Ministry of Defence consolidated its procurement planning into a single framework totalling approximately €377 billion across roughly 320 programmes spanning air, naval, land, air defence, ammunition, and C4ISR domains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Industrial Deterrence: Germany’s €377 B Experiment in Defence Governance |url=https://www.grosswald.org/industrial-deterrence-germany-377bn-defence-governance/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Großwald {{!}} European Defence Intelligence |language=en}}</ref> A new push to gain more volunteers and mechanisms for compulsory drafting in case these efforts are insufficient ("[[Nordic model]]") have been announced to come into force on January 1, 2026. The goal is to reach a number of 260,000 of active Bundeswehr personnel, a 30% increase from its 2025 number.<ref>[https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/einigung-wehrdienst-plaene-100.html tagesschau.de - Was sehen die Pläne für den Wehrdienst vor?]</ref>

== Organisation ==
=== History of organisation ===
With the growing number of missions abroad it was recognized that the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} required a new command structure. A reform commission under the chairmanship of the former President [[Richard von Weizsäcker]] presented its recommendations in spring 2000.

In October 2000 the [[Joint Support Service (Germany)|Joint Support Service]], the ''[[Streitkräftebasis]]'', was established to concentrate logistics and other supporting functions such as military police, supply and communications under one command. 2025, the Joint Support Service was dissolved and its commands and departments reassigned to the [[Bundeswehr Joint Support Command|Joint Support Command]]. Medical support was reorganised with the establishment of the [[Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service|Joint Medical Service]]. In 2016, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} created its youngest branch the [[Cyber and Information Space Command (Germany)|Cyber and Information Space Command]].

=== Senior leadership ===
The Minister of Defence is supported by the Chief of Defense (CHOD, ''[[Inspector General of the Bundeswehr|Generalinspekteur]]'') and the service chiefs (''Inspekteure'': [[Inspector of the Army]], [[Inspector of the Air Force (Germany)|Inspector of the Air Force]], [[Inspector of the Navy]]) and their respective staffs in his or her function as commander-in-chief. The CHOD and the service chiefs form the Military Command Council (''Militärischer Führungsrat'') with functions similar to those of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] in the United States. Subordinate to the CHOD is the [[Einsatzführungskommando|Armed Forces Operational Command (''Einsatzführungskommando'')]]. For smaller missions one of the service HQs (e.g. the Fleet Command) may exercise command and control of forces in missions abroad. The ''[[Bundestag]]'' must approve any foreign deployment by a simple majority. This has led to some discontent with Germany's allies about troop deployments e.g. in Afghanistan since parliamentary consent over such issues is relatively hard to achieve in Germany.

=== Combat forces ===
The combat forces of the Army are organised into three combat [[division (military)|divisions]] and participate in multi-national command structures at the [[corps]] level. The Air Force maintains three divisions and the Navy is structured into two flotillas. The Joint Support Command and the Joint Medical Service are both organized in four regional commands of identical structure. All of these services also have general commands for training, procurement, and other general issues.

[[File:F220-Hamburg-130311-N-XQ474-229-crop.jpg|thumb|left|A [[German Navy]] [[Sachsen-class frigate]]]]

=== Operational Command ===
The Armed Forces Operational Command (''[[Einsatzführungskommando]] der Bundeswehr'') is the only joint military command of the Bundeswehr. It controls all missions abroad. The command is located at Henning von Tresckow Kaserne ([[Schwielowsee]]) near [[Potsdam]] and is headed by a [[Generalleutnant]] (3-star general).

=== Mission ===
[[File:ATF Dingo in German service (Afghanistan).jpg|thumb|[[German Army]] soldiers [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|in Afghanistan]] in front of [[ATF Dingo|Dingo]] infantry mobility vehicles, 2009]]

The role of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is described in the [[Constitution of Germany]] (Art. 87a) as absolutely defensive only. Its only active role before 1990 was the ''Katastropheneinsatz'' (disaster control). Within the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}, it helped after natural disasters both in Germany and abroad. After 1990, the international situation changed from east–west confrontation to one of general uncertainty and instability.

After a ruling of the [[Federal Constitutional Court]] in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/!ut/p/c4/DcwxDsMgDEbhs_QCeO-WW6RdECSG_Ap1IttQqacvesO3PXrTTNJATY5LUqOVXhue-RvyZ9Rg2A7Wg-F2Xw2OMzDEkv9i6axxZ4lFwdPQ1Rkt5i4722AtyaxLtco6L073uTz-dYP0ig!!/ |title=RSS-Feed (Bundeswehr und Bundesministerium der Verteidigung) |language=de |website=BMVg.de |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618164904/http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/!ut/p/c4/DcwxDsMgDEbhs_QCeO-WW6RdECSG_Ap1IttQqacvesO3PXrTTNJATY5LUqOVXhue-RvyZ9Rg2A7Wg-F2Xw2OMzDEkv9i6axxZ4lFwdPQ1Rkt5i4722AtyaxLtco6L073uTz-dYP0ig!! |archive-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the definition given by Defence Minister [[Peter Struck (politician)|Peter Struck]] (2002 to 2005), it may be necessary to defend Germany even at the [[Hindu Kush]]. This requires the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} to take part in operations outside of the borders of Germany, as part of NATO or the [[European Union]] and mandated by the UN.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Military spending ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 93%;"
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1990
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1991
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1992
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1993
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1994
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1995
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1996
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1997
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1998
! style="text-align: left" width=100px |1999
|-
! style="text-align: left" |Yearly budget
(in % of the GDP)
|{{Percentage |240|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=NATO Defence expenditure 1949–2017 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329187767}}</ref>
|{{Percentage |212|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |198|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |180|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |165|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |159|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |156|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |150|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |148|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |148|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|-
! style="text-align: left" |
! style="text-align: left" |2000
! style="text-align: left" |2001
! style="text-align: left" |2002
! style="text-align: left" |2003
! style="text-align: left" |2004
! style="text-align: left" |2005
! style="text-align: left" |2006
! style="text-align: left" |2007
! style="text-align: left" |2008
! style="text-align: left" |2009
|-
! style="text-align: left" |Yearly budget
(in % of the GDP)
|{{Percentage |144|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |141|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |141|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |140|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |135|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |133|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |127|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage |124|10000| 3}}
<ref name=":3" />
|{{Percentage | 128| 10000| 3}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-28 |title=Page 9 - Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2008 - 2015) |url=https://www.nato.int/content/dam/nato/legacy-wcm/media_pdf/pdf_2016_01/20160129_160128-pr-2016-11-eng.pdf#page=6 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=nato.int |language=en |format=pdf}}</ref>
|{{Percentage | 139| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-13 |title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2009–2016) |url=https://www.nato.int/content/dam/nato/legacy-wcm/media_pdf/pdf_2017_03/20170313_170313-pr2017-045.pdf#page=9 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=nato.int |page=9 |format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left" |
! style="text-align: left" |2010
! style="text-align: left" |2011
! style="text-align: left" |2012
! style="text-align: left" |2013
! style="text-align: left" |2014
! style="text-align: left" |2015
! style="text-align: left" |2016
! style="text-align: left" |2017
! style="text-align: left" |2018
! style="text-align: left" |2019
|-
! style="text-align: left" |Yearly budget
(in billion €)
|{{Currency|31.14B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Bundestag: Viel Geld für die Bundeswehr |url=https://webarchiv.bundestag.de/archive/2011/0311/dokumente/textarchiv/2010/28388169_kw03_de_hh_verteidigung/index.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=webarchiv.bundestag.de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|31.55B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hausding |first=Götz |title=Deutscher Bundestag –Verteidigungsetat verzeichnet leichten Zuwachs |url=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/textarchiv/2010/32291641_kw47_sp_hh_verteidigung-203300 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|31.87B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Bundestag - Wehretat 2012 stößt auf ein geteiltes Echo |url=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/textarchiv/2011/36696546_kw47_de_hh_verteidigung-207020 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|33.3B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref name="Weinlein31072025">{{Cite web |last=Weinlein |first=Alexander |title=Deutscher Bundestag – Von der Leyen muss 400 Millionen Euro einsparen |url=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/textarchiv/2014/ak26_ak_verteidigung-283854 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|32.4B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref name="Weinlein31072025"/>
|{{Currency|32.97B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-02 |title=Rund 1,4 Milliarden Euro mehr für den Verteidigungsetat – bundeswehr-journal |url=https://www.bundeswehr-journal.de/2015/rund-14-milliarden-euro-mehr-fuer-den-verteidigungsetat/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Currency|34.3B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-27 |title=Haushalt: Wehretat um 10,2 Milliarden Euro aufgestockt – bundeswehr-journal |url=https://www.bundeswehr-journal.de/2016/haushalt-wehretat-um-102-milliarden-euro-aufgestockt/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Currency|37B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Steigende Verteidigungsausgaben |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/steigende-verteidigungsausgaben-11258 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|38.5B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Deutlich mehr Geld für Verteidigung |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/deutlich-mehr-geld-fuer-verteidigung-26026 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|43.2B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Verteidigungshaushalt 2019 |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt/verteidigungshaushalt-2019 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left" |Yearly budget
(in % of the GDP)
|{{Percentage | 135| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":4" />
|{{Percentage | 128| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":4" />
|{{Percentage | 131| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":4" />
|{{Percentage | 122| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":4" />
|{{Percentage | 116| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5"/>
|{{Percentage | 116| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 118| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 121| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 123| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 133| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|-
! style="text-align: left" |
! style="text-align: left" |2020
! style="text-align: left" |2021
! style="text-align: left" |2022
! style="text-align: left" |2023
! style="text-align: left" |2024
! style="text-align: left" |2025
! style="text-align: left" |2026
! style="text-align: left" |2027
! style="text-align: left" |2028
! style="text-align: left" |2029
|-
! style="text-align: left" |Yearly budget
(in billion €)
|{{Currency|45.65B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Volle Ausgabe des Verteidigungshaushalts 2020 und umfangreiche Investitionen |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/presse/volle-ausgabe-verteidigungshaushalts-2020-5022162 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|46.9B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Verteidigungshaushalt 2021 |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt/verteidigungshaushalt-2021 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Verteidigungshaushalt |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518155841/https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|53B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=The war in Ukraine: consequences for the Bundeswehr and Germany's policy in NATO |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2022-03-30/war-ukraine-consequences-bundeswehr-and-germanys-policy-nato |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Currency|58.5B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
({{Currency|8.4B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}} special fund)

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haushaltsausschuss beschließt Verteidigungsetat und Plan zum Sondervermögen 2023 |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/etat-und-sondervermoegen-2023-fuer-gut-ausgestattete-bundeswehr-5523100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119191247/https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/etat-und-sondervermoegen-2023-fuer-gut-ausgestattete-bundeswehr-5523100 |archive-date=2024-01-19 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|71.75B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
({{Currency|19.8B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}} special fund)

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verteidigungshaushalt |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128090318/https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
|{{Currency|86.31B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
({{Currency|24.06B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}} special fund)

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schulden für die Sicherheit Deutschlands |url=https://www.das-parlament.de/inland/verteidigung/schulden-fuer-die-sicherheit-deutschlands |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.das-parlament.de |language=de}}</ref>
| style="text-align: left; |{{Currency|108.2B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
({{Currency|25.51B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}} special fund)

<ref>{{Cite web |last=SCR |title=Etat 2026: Änderungen im Verteidigungshaushalt beschlossen |url=https://www.bundestag.de/presse/hib/kurzmeldungen-1121624 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |language=de}}</ref>
| style="text-align: left;background: #FFE18B" |{{Currency|120.9B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
({{Currency|27.5B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}} special fund)

<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Verteidigungshaushalt |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/themen/verteidigungshaushalt |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesregierung stellt finanzielle Weichen für die nächsten Jahre: Bundeshaushalt 2025, Eckwerte bis 2029 und Umsetzung des 500-Milliarden-Euro-Investitionspakets beschlossen - Bundesfinanzministerium - Presse |url=https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Pressemitteilungen/Finanzpolitik/2025/06/2025-06-24-2-entwurf-bhh-2025-eckwerte-bis-2029.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Bundesministerium der Finanzen |language=de}}</ref>
| style="text-align: left;background: #FFE18B" |{{Currency|136.5B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref name=":2" />
| style="text-align: left;background: #FFE18B" |{{Currency|152.8B|code=euro|passthrough=yes}}
<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-24 |title=Germany's new budget plans see defence spending boost, energy cost cuts |url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germanys-new-budget-plans-see-defence-spending-boost-energy-cost-cuts |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Clean Energy Wire |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: left" |Yearly budget
(in % of the GDP)
|{{Percentage | 149| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 143| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 148| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage |161| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage |200| 10000| 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
|{{Percentage | 23.9| 1000 | 3}}
<ref name=":5" />
| style="text-align: left; |{{Percentage | 28| 1000 | 3}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesregierung führt Investitionsoffensive fort: Bundeshaushalt 2026 und Finanzplan bis 2029 beschlossen – Bundesfinanzministerium – Presse |url=https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Pressemitteilungen/Finanzpolitik/2025/07/2025-07-30-regierungsentwurf-bundeshaushalt-2026.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Bundesministerium der Finanzen |language=de}}</ref>
| style="text-align: left;background: #FFE18B" |{{Percentage | 30 | 1000 | 3}}
<ref name=":6" />
| style="text-align: left;background: #FFE18B" |—
| style="text-align: left;background: #FFE18B" |> {{Percentage | 35 | 1000 | 3}}
<ref name=":6" />
|}
{{legend|#CEF2E0|Budget confirmed for the following year}}{{legend|#FFE18B|Expected budget}}

==== Representation of the budget since 2010 ====
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:auto height:350 barincrement:40
PlotArea = left:35 bottom:15 top:10 right:18
AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:200
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:0

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:40
bar:2010 from:start till:31 text:31.1 align:center
bar:2011 from:start till:32 text:31.6 align:center
bar:2012 from:start till:32 text:31.9 align:center
bar:2013 from:start till:33 text:33.3 align:center
bar:2014 from:start till:32 text:32.4 align:center
bar:2015 from:start till:33 text:33.0 align:center
bar:2016 from:start till:34 text:34.3 align:center
bar:2017 from:start till:37 text:37 align:center
bar:2017 from:start till:39 text:38.5 align:center
bar:2019 from:start till:43 text:43.2 align:center
bar:2020 from:start till:46 text:45.6 align:center
bar:2021 from:start till:47 text:46.9 align:center
bar:2022 from:start till:53 text:53.0 align:center
bar:2023 from:start till:50 text:50.1 align:center
bar:2024 from:start till:52 text:52.0 align:center
bar:2025 from:start till:62 text:62.3 align:center
bar:2026 from:start till:82 text:82.5 align:center
bar:2027 from:start till:93 text:93.4 align:center
bar:2028 from:start till:137 text:136.5 align:center
bar:2029 from:start till:153 text:152.8 align:center

color:green width:40
bar:2023 from:50 till:59 text:8.4 align:center
bar:2024 from:52 till:72 text:19.8 align:center
bar:2025 from:62 till:86 text:24.1 align:center
bar:2026 from:82 till:108 text:25.5 align:center
bar:2027 from:93 till:121 text:27.5 align:center
</timeline>

: {{Legend inline|skyblue|Base budget (in Euros)}}
: {{Legend inline|green|Special fund (in Euros)}}
<div style="padding-top: 12px;">'''Military spending in % of GDP'''</div>
<div style="margin: 10px 5px -22px -50px; font-size: 80%;">{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| width = 800
| height = 300
| group 1 = 2.4 : 2.12 : 1.98 : 1.8 : 1.65 : 1.59 : 1.56 : 1.5 : 1.48 : 1.48 : 1.44 : 1.41 : 1.41 : 1.4 : 1.35 : 1.33 : 1.27 : 1.24 : 1.28 : 1.39 : 1.35 : 1.28 : 1.31 : 1.22 : 1.19 : 1.19 : 1.2 : 1.23 : 1.25 : 1.35 : 1.51 : 1.45 : 1.51 : 1.64 : 2 : 2.4 : 2.8 : 3 : 0 : 3.5
| colors = blue
| hide group legends = 1
| group names =
| units suffix = _m.
| x legends = 1990 : : : : : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015 : : : : : 2020 : : : : : 2025 : : : : 2029
}}</div>

== Operations ==
Since the early 1990s the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} has become more and more engaged in international operations in and around the former [[Yugoslavia]], and also in other parts of the world like [[Cambodia]] or [[Somalia]]. After the [[11 September 2001 attacks]], German forces were employed in most related theaters except [[Iraq]].[[File:Fregatte Karlsruhe.jpg|thumb|Frigate ''Karlsruhe'' of the German Navy rescuing shipwrecked people off the coast of Somalia where it is patrolling]]

Currently (1 April 2024) there are 1,084 {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} soldiers deployed in:<ref name="bundeswehr" />
* {{flag|Kosovo}}
** [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]]
*** 100 personnel
* {{flag|South Sudan}}
** [[UNMISS]]
*** 14 personnel
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
** [[UNIFIL]]
*** 226 personnel
* [[Mediterranean Sea]]
** [[Operation Sea Guardian]]
*** 42 personnel
* [[Mediterranean Sea]]
** [[Operation Irini]]
*** 16 personnel
* {{Flag|Syria}} / {{Flag|Iraq}}
** [[German intervention against the Islamic State|Operation Counter Daesh]]
*** 293 personnel
* [[Western Sahara]]
** [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|MINURSO]]
*** 3 personnel

In addition to the numbers above, 51 soldiers are on permanent stand-by for medical evacuation operations around the world in assistance of ongoing German or coalition operations ([[Medical evacuation|STRATAIRMEDEVAC]]).

In support of Allied stabilization efforts in Iraq, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is also training the new [[Iraqi security forces]] in locations outside Iraq, such as the [[United Arab Emirates]] and Germany.

Since 1994, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} has lost about 100 troops in foreign deployments, including [[German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan|in Afghanistan]].

In 2025, the Bundeswehr undertook its first permanent foreign deployment since World War II, establishing the 45th Panzer Brigade in [[Lithuania]]. This brigade is expected to reach 5,000 troops by 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Germany is building a big scary army |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2025/06/04/germany-is-building-a-big-scary-army |access-date=2025-06-08 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== Equipment ==

=== Lists of equipment ===

==== Equipment of the army ====
{{Main|List of modern equipment of the German Army|Future equipment of the German Army}}

See also:

* {{ill|List of small arms of the Bundeswehr|lt=|de|Liste von Handwaffen der Bundeswehr}}
* {{ill|List of Bundeswehr ammunition|lt=|de|Liste von Bundeswehrmunition}}
* {{ill|List of wheeled vehicles of the Bundeswehr|lt=|de|Liste von Radfahrzeugen der Bundeswehr}}
* {{ill|List of tracked vehicles of the Bundeswehr|lt=|de|Liste von Kettenfahrzeugen der Bundeswehr}}

==== Equipment of the air force ====
{{Main|List of active equipment of the German Air Force}}

See also:

* {{ill|List of aircraft of the Bundeswehr|lt=|de|Liste von Luftfahrzeugen der Bundeswehr}}
* {{ill|Equipment of the German Air Force|lt=|de|Luftwaffe (Bundeswehr)#Tabelle der Waffensysteme}}

===== Equipment of the navy =====
{{Main|List of active German Navy ships|List of active weapons of the German Navy|Marineflieger#Aircraft}}

See also:
* {{ill|List of aircraft of the Bundeswehr|lt=|de|Liste von Luftfahrzeugen der Bundeswehr}}

=== Planned investments ===
As of October 2025, the Federal Ministry of Defence manages a consolidated procurement framework totalling approximately €377 billion across roughly 320 programmes. Of this, approximately €83 billion in contracts were expected to be signed by end-2026; the remainder represents programmatic intent dependent on future parliamentary appropriations. Estimated allocations by domain include:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Industrial Deterrence: Germany’s €377 B Experiment in Defence Governance |url=https://www.grosswald.org/industrial-deterrence-germany-377bn-defence-governance/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Großwald {{!}} European Defence Intelligence |language=en}}</ref>

* Combat vehicles: €52.5 billion
* Munitions: €70.3 billion
* Vehicles and accessories: €20.8 billion
* Communications equipment: €15.9 billion
* Field and logistics material: €20.9 billion
* Aircraft and missiles: €34.2 billion
* Satellite communications: €13.3 billion
* Naval vessels and other equipment: €36.6 billion

== Appearance ==
=== Uniforms ===
{{See also|Military uniform#Germany}}
[[File:Bundeswehr - 10th Anniversary of Multinational Corps Northeast.jpg|thumb|German Army signallers in service uniforms]]

The service uniform is theoretically the standard type of {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} uniform for general duty and off-post activity,<ref name="loc">{{country study|country=Germany|abbr=de|section=Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia|author=Jean R. Tartte}}</ref> but is most associated with ceremonial occasions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The army's service uniform consists of a light grey, single-breasted coat and darker grey trousers, worn with a light blue shirt, black tie, and black shoes.<ref name="loc" /> The peaked, visored cap has been replaced by the [[military beret#Germany|beret]] as the most common form of headgear.<ref name="loc" /> Dress uniforms featuring dinner jackets or double-breasted coats are worn by officers for various social occasions.<ref name="loc" />

The battle and work uniform consists of ''[[Flecktarn]]'' camouflage fatigues, which are also worn on field duty.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In practice, they are also used for general duty and off-post at least at barracks where there is also field duty even by others, and for the way home or to the post, and generally regarded as the ''Heer'' uniform.<ref>A soldier's joke about this situation runs thus: "The service uniform is called service uniform because it's not worn on service, while the field uniform is called field uniform because it's not worn in the field." (In the field they wear the battle uniform ("Gefechtsanzug"), an extended version of the field uniform.)</ref> In all three services, light sand-coloured uniforms are available for duty in warmer climates.<ref name="loc" /> In 2016 a new ''[[Multitarn]]'' pattern was launched, similar to the [[MultiCam]] uniforms of the [[British Army]] or [[US Army]].<ref>[https://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/NYsxDsMgEAR_xEEKIqWz4yZtmhg3FjYnCwUDOh9xk8cHiuxK08wuTFAb7cdvln2KNsAIZvW35RTL6VDYNxcMAQ9hyzE7pJmp5Izwasc6WFNEbmSM7Cs3spxI5EQcmilE1QjvwEg19Ooq_1HfTpu7ni5aDo_-CXnfux_9yhaG/ Bei jedem Wetter, zu jeder Zeit: Neue Tarnung für die Truppe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025132358/https://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/NYsxDsMgEAR_xEEKIqWz4yZtmhg3FjYnCwUDOh9xk8cHiuxK08wuTFAb7cdvln2KNsAIZvW35RTL6VDYNxcMAQ9hyzE7pJmp5Izwasc6WFNEbmSM7Cs3spxI5EQcmilE1QjvwEg19Ooq_1HfTpu7ni5aDo_-CXnfux_9yhaG/ |date=25 October 2016 }} bundeswehr.de. Erding, Bayern, 9 February 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/neue-bundeswehr-multi-tarnuniform-soll-unsichtbar-machen-14099437.html |title=Neue Bundeswehr Multi-Tarnuniform soll unsichtbar machen |website=Faz.net |date=23 April 2016 |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208213421/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/neue-bundeswehr-multi-tarnuniform-soll-unsichtbar-machen-14099437.html |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Borgans |first1=Christoph }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiwo.de/technologie/umwelt/die-bundeswehr-tarnt-sich-deutsche-soldaten-bekommen-neue-uniform/13502228.html|title=Die Bundeswehr tarnt sich: Deutsche Soldaten bekommen neue Uniform|language=de|website=Wiwo.de|date=26 April 2016 |access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208194538/http://www.wiwo.de/technologie/umwelt/die-bundeswehr-tarnt-sich-deutsche-soldaten-bekommen-neue-uniform/13502228.html|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live }}</ref>

A different, traditional variety of the service uniform is worn by the ''[[Gebirgsjäger]]'' (mountain infantry), consisting of ski jacket, stretch trousers, and ski boots. Instead of the beret, they wear the grey "mountain cap". The field uniform is the same, except for the (optional) metal ''[[Edelweiss]]'' worn on the forage cap.

[[File:040610-N-1823S-348 G36andpracticenade.jpg|thumb|A German infantryman stands at the ready with his [[Heckler & Koch G36]] during a practice exercise in 2004 as U.S. troops watch in the background. All rifles in the photo are equipped with [[Blank (cartridge)|blank]] firing adapters.]]

The traditional arm-of-service colours appear as lapel facings and as piping on shoulder straps.<ref name="loc" /> Generals wear an inner piping of gold braid; other officers wear silver piping.<ref name="loc" /> Lapel facings and piping are maroon for general staff, green for infantry, red for artillery, pink for armour, black for engineers, yellow for communications, dark yellow for reconnaissance and various other colors for the remaining branches.<ref name="loc" /> Combat troops wear green (infantry), black (armour), or [[maroon beret|maroon]] (airborne) berets.<ref name="loc" /> Logistics troops{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} and combat support troops, such as artillery or engineers, wear red berets.<ref name="loc" /> A gold or silver badge on the beret denotes the individual branch of service.<ref name="loc" />

The naval forces wear the traditional navy blue, double-breasted coat and trousers; enlisted personnel wear either a white shirt or a navy blue shirt with the traditional navy collar.<ref name="loc" /> White uniforms provide an alternative for summer.<ref name="loc" /> The officer's dress cap is mounted with a gold anchor surrounded by a wreath.<ref name="loc" /> The visor of the admiral's cap bears a double row of oak leaves.<ref name="loc" /> [[U-boat]] captains wear the traditional white hat.

The air force service uniform consists of a blue jacket and trousers with a light blue shirt, dark blue tie, and black shoes.<ref name="loc" /> Olive battle dress similar to the army fatigue uniform is worn in basic training and during other field duty.<ref name="loc" /> Flying personnel wear [[Aviator badge#After 1955|wings]] on their right breast.<ref name="loc" /> Other air force personnel wear a modified wing device with a symbol in its centre denoting service specialisation.<ref name="loc" /> These ''Tätigkeitsabzeichen'' come in bronze, silver, or gold, depending on one's length of service in the specialty.<ref name="loc" /> Wings, superimposed over a wreath, in gold, silver, or bronze, depending on rank, are also worn on the service or field cap.<ref name="loc" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights=160>
File:Trageweise (Heer + Luftwaffe).svg|Service uniform of the German Army (''Heer'')
File:Trageweise (Heer + Luftwaffe) (Luftwaffenfarben).svg|Service uniform of the German Air Force (''Luftwaffe'')
</gallery>

=== Ranks ===
{{main|Command and obedience in the Bundeswehr}}

In general, officer ranks are those used in the Prussian and pre-1945 German armies.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Officer rank insignia are worn on shoulder straps or shoulder boards.<ref name="loc" /> Army (''Heer'') and air force (''Luftwaffe'') junior officers' insignia are four pointed silver stars while field grade officers wear silver (black or white on camouflage uniforms) stars and an oak wreath around the lowest star.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The stars and wreath are gold for general officers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In the case of naval (''Marine'') officers, rank is indicated by gold stripes on the lower sleeve of the blue service jacket and on shoulder boards of the white uniform.<ref name="loc" />

Soldier and NCO ranks are similar to those of the Prussian and pre-1945 German armies.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In the army and air force, a ''[[Gefreiter]]'' corresponds to the NATO rank OR-2 and ''[[Obergefreiter]]'' as well as ''[[Hauptgefreiter]]'' to OR-3, while OR-4 stands for ''[[Stabsgefreiter]]'' and ''[[Oberstabsgefreiter]]''. An ''[[Unteroffizier]]'' is the lowest-ranking sergeant (OR-5), followed by ''Stabsunteroffizier'' (also OR-5), ''[[Feldwebel]]'' and ''[[Oberfeldwebel]]'' (OR-6), ''[[Hauptfeldwebel]]'' (OR-7/8), ''Stabsfeldwebel'' (OR-8) and ''Oberstabsfeldwebel'' (OR-9).{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Ranks of army and air force enlisted personnel are designated by stripes, chevrons, and "sword knots" worn on rank slides.<ref name="loc" />

Naval enlisted rank designations are worn on the upper (OR 1–5) or lower (OR-6 and above) sleeve along with a symbol based on an anchor for the service specialization (rating).<ref name="loc" /> Army and air force officer candidates hold the separate ranks of ''[[Fahnenjunker]]'' (OR-5), ''[[Fähnrich]]'' (OR-6) and ''Oberfähnrich'' (OR-7/8), and wear the appropriate rank insignia plus a silver cord bound around it. Officers candidates in the navy ''Seekadett'' (sea cadet; equivalent to OR-5) and ''Fähnrich zur See'' (midshipman second class; OR-6) wear the rank insignia of the respective enlisted ranks but with a gold star instead of the rating symbol, while an ''Oberfähnrich zur See'' (midshipman first class; OR-7/8) wears an officer type thin rank stripe.

Medical personnel of all three services wear a version of the traditional caduceus (staff with entwined serpents) on their shoulder straps or sleeve.<ref name="loc" /> The officers' ranks have own designations differing from the line officers, the rank insignias however are basically the same.

=== Women ===

Women have served in the medical service since 1975. From 1993 they were also allowed to serve as enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers in the medical service and the [[Military music|army bands]]. In 2000, in a lawsuit brought up by [[Tanja Kreil]], the [[European Court of Justice]] issued a ruling allowing women to serve in more roles than previously allowed. Since 2001 they can serve in all functions of service without restriction, but they are not subject to conscription. There are presently around 25,417 women on active duty<ref name="bundeswehr" /> and a number of female reservists who take part in all duties including [[peacekeeping]] missions and other operations. In 1994, [[Verena von Weymarn]] became ''Generalarzt der Luftwaffe'' (Surgeon General of the Air Force), the first woman ever to reach the rank of general in the armed forces of Germany.

For women, lower physical performance requirements are required in the basic fitness test, which must be completed at the time of recruitment and later on annually.<ref>{{cite web| title=Zentralanweisung B1-224/0-2| url=http://www.reservisten.bundeswehr.de/resource/resource/MzEzNTM4MmUzMzMyMmUzMTM1MzMyZTM2MzEzMDMwMzAzMDMwMzAzMDY5NjM3MTM3Njk3YTY1NzgyMDIwMjAyMDIw/Ausbildung%20und%20erhalt%20IGF%20KLF%20Zentralanweisung%20B1_224_0_2.pdf| publisher=[[Bundesministerium der Verteidigung]]| access-date=5 September 2017| page=24| language=de| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204151/http://www.reservisten.bundeswehr.de/resource/resource/MzEzNTM4MmUzMzMyMmUzMTM1MzMyZTM2MzEzMDMwMzAzMDMwMzAzMDY5NjM3MTM3Njk3YTY1NzgyMDIwMjAyMDIw/Ausbildung%20und%20erhalt%20IGF%20KLF%20Zentralanweisung%20B1_224_0_2.pdf| archive-date=4 March 2016| url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Rank structure ===
{{Main|Rank insignia of the German Bundeswehr}}

;Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/Germany}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Germany}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OF/Germany}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|}

;NCOs and enlisted
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Germany}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OR/Germany}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/Germany}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/Blank}}
|}

== Recruitment ==
With the suspension of compulsory [[military]] service in 2011 and the reorientation of the Bundeswehr, the military district recruiting offices were dissolved effective 30 November 2012. Their tasks were taken over by the newly created career centers of the Bundeswehr.
The career centers of the Bundeswehr are the armed forces main way of presenting itself as a nationwide employer for both military and civilian careers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karrierecenter der Bundeswehr |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/personal/organisation-/bundesamt-fuer-das-personalmanagement-der-bundeswehr-/karrierecenter-der-bundeswehr- |website=Bundeswehr.de |language=de}}</ref>

In the structure of the Bundeswehr's personnel recruitment organization adopted in 2019, there are five large career centers in [[Hanover]], [[Mainz]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Munich]] and [[Berlin]] with assessment centers. There are 16 smaller, regional career centers, of which only those in [[Wilhelmshaven]], [[Stuttgart]] and [[Erfurt]] have an assessment center. The 110 career counseling offices belonging to the career centers are combined with 86 location teams of the career development service to form 113 counseling offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/19/072/1907200.pdf#22|title=Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 19/7200|date=29 January 2019|website=Dip21.bundestag.de|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
The Bundeswehr offers numerous career paths:
* Voluntary military service (FWD) in Germany is an employment relationship for soldiers in a career of the lower rank Bundeswehr personnel. It lasts at least 7 and at most 23 months. Its legal status is similar to that of conscripts.<ref>{{cite web |title=§ 58b SG – Einzelnorm |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sg/__58b.html |website=Gesetze-im-internet.de}}</ref>
* A temporary soldier (abbreviated SaZ, colloquially called Zeitsoldat) is a soldier who voluntarily agrees to perform military service for a limited time. A SaZ can enter all three categories (enlisted, non-commissioned officers and officers). SaZ recruited as NCOs and officers undergo general military, career and specialty training. The regular commitment period is a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 25 years, but may not extend beyond the age of 62.<ref>{{cite web |title=§ 1 SG – Einzelnorm |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sg/__1.html |website=Gesetze-im-internet.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=§ 40 SG – Einzelnorm |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sg/__40.html |website=Gesetze-im-internet.de}}</ref>
* Professional soldiers for life (''Berufssoldat'') are selected from the group of temporary soldiers. In contrast to temporary soldiers, professional soldiers don't have contractual commitment periods but serve until retirement. The age of retirement varies with rank. It is possible for a professional soldier to ask for early discharge or to revert to temporal service.
* Career in the Reserve: There are multiple career paths in the reserve of the armed forces for officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel, as well as for civilians who have no prior military training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/slv_2002/__43.html |title=Beförderung, Zulassung zu einer Laufbahn der Reserve und Berufung in das Dienstverhältnis einer Berufssoldatin oder eines Berufssoldaten |website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112182103/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/slv_2002/__43.html |archive-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{main|Awards and decorations of the German Armed Forces}}

* [[Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr|Badge of Honour of the ''Bundeswehr'']]
* [[Combat Action Medal of the Bundeswehr|Combat Action Medal of the ''Bundeswehr'']]
* [[German Armed Forces Badge of Marksmanship]]
* [[German Armed Forces Badge for Military Proficiency]]
* [[German Armed Forces Service Medal]]
* [[German Flood Service Medal (2002)]]
* [[German Flood Service Medal (2013)]]
* [[German Parachutist Badge]]

== See also ==
{{portal|Germany}}
* [[Erwin Rommel and the Bundeswehr|Controversy over Erwin Rommel as ''Bundeswehr''<nowiki/>'s role model]]
* [[Day X plot]], alleged conspiracy of ''Bundeswehr'' soldiers to murder left-leaning politicians
* [[Lists of military equipment of Germany]]
* [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* [[Reichswehr]]
* [[United Nations Training Center of the Bundeswehr|United Nations Training Center of the ''Bundeswehr'']]
* [[Wehrmacht]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

=== In German leaguage ===

* [[Sönke Neitzel|Neitzel, Sönke]] (2025): ''Die Bundeswehr. Von der Wiederbewaffnung bis zur Zeitenwende.'' [[C. H. Beck|C.H. Beck Wissen]] {{ISBN|978-3-406-83051-8}}

=== In English leaguage ===

* James S. Corum (editor) (2011): ''Rearming Germany. History of Warfare. Vol. 64.'' Leiden, Boston, {{ISBN|978-90-04-20317-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Searle|first=Alaric|year=2003|title=Wehrmacht Generals, West German Society, and the Debate on Rearmament, 1949–1959|location=Westport, CT|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-275-97968-3}}
* Seppo, Antti (2021). ''From Guilt to Responsibility and Beyond: The Evolution of German Strategic Culture after the End of the Cold War''. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8305-5067-9}}.
* Stengel, Frank A. (2020). ''The Politics of Military Force: Antimilitarism, Ideational Change, and Post-Cold War German Security Discourse''. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|978-0-472-13221-8}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* ''[https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/ Bundeswehr]'' official site
* [http://www.bmvg.de/portal/poc/bmvg?uri=ci%3Abw.bmvg&lg=en Federal Ministry of Defence] official site (in German, English and French)
* [http://www.bwb.org/ ''Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung''] official site (in German)
* [http://www.it-amtbw.de/ ''Bundesamt für Informationsmanagement und Informationstechnik der Bundeswehr''] official site (in German)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060127005113/http://www.terrwv.bundeswehr.de/ ''Territoriale Wehrverwaltung''] official site (in German)
* [http://www.y-magazin.de/ Y – Magazine of the Federal Defence Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809080040/http://y-magazin.de/ |date=9 August 2018 }} (in German)
* [http://www.if-zeitschrift.de/ ''Zeitschrift für Innere Führung''] (in German)
* [https://archive.today/20130106080254/http://www.readersipo.de/ ''Reader Sicherheitspolitik''] (in German)

{{Military of Germany}}
{{Germany topics}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
{{Militaries of European Union member states}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Bundeswehr| ]]
[[Category:Military history of Germany]]
[[Category:Permanent Structured Cooperation]]
[[Category:Military of Germany| ]]

Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women

2026-03-25T19:06:39Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting A Entry From Scratch!

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| headquarters = Wooden Building, Old Assembly Complex, Shrinagar J&K - 190001 (May-Oct) b) Pragati Bhawan, JDA Complex, Ist Floor, Rail Head, Jammu Tawi, J&K - 180012.<ref name="jk ref1">{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir State Commission For Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Jammu_and_Kashmir |website=Jammu and Kashmir State Commission For Women |access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref>
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'''Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women's Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.<ref name="jk ref4">{{cite news |title=J&K Shuts Women's Commission, Violence Against Women Rises |url=https://www.article-14.com/post/j-k-shuts-women-s-commission-violence-against-women-rises |access-date=12 January 2022 |publisher=article-14.com |date=26 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="jk ref5">{{cite news |title=10 months on, J&K state commission for women remains headless |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/editorial/10-months-on-jk-state-commission-for-women-remains-headless |access-date=12 January 2022 |publisher=greaterkashmir.com |date=7 March 2019}}</ref>
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

== Composition ==

Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women was formed by National Commission for Women (NCW).<ref name="jk ref3">{{cite news |title=NCW creates separate cells for J&K, Ladakh to solve women's issues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ncw-creates-separate-cells-for-j-k-ladakh-to-solve-women-issues-in-the-region-1787492-2021-04-05 |access-date=12 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=5 April 2021}}</ref> The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women.<ref name="jk ref7">{{cite news |title=Bill on women's commission adopted |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar24/j&k.htm |access-date=12 January 2022 |publisher=tribuneindia.com |date=24 March 1999}}</ref>

Ms. Nayeema Ahmad Mahjoor was the Chairperson of the Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women.<ref name="jk ref6">{{cite news |title=State Women Commission Chairperson Nayeema Mahjoor Resigns |url=https://kashmirage.net/2018/06/20/state-women-commission-chairperson-nayeema-mahjoor-resigns/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |publisher=kashmirage.net |date=20 June 2018}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Jammu and Kashmir State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="jk ref2">{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir State Commission For Women |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/JK/jk335.htm |website=Jammu and Kashmir State Commission For Women |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112035306/http://www.bareactslive.com/JK/jk335.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.<ref name="jk ref3" />
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== See also ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Jammu_and_Kashmir Official Website]


[[Category:State agencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Aligarh Muslim University Act, 1920

2026-03-25T18:02:16Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Short description|Act of Imperial Legislative Council of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Aligarh Muslim University Act, 1920
| legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| long_title = An Act to incorporate a teaching and residential Muslim University at Aligarh.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2372/1/A1920-40.pdf Act No. 40 of 1920]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 14 September 1920
| date_commenced = 1 December 1920
| amended_by = {{ubl|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1931|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1935|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1941|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1943|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1945|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1951|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1965|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1972|Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1981}}
| status = in force
}}

The '''Aligarh Muslim University Act, 1920''' is an act of [[Imperial Legislative Council]] enacted in 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Graff|first=Violette|date=1990-01-01|title=Aligarh's Long Quest for 'Minority' Status: AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981|jstor=4396615|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=32|pages=1771–1781}}</ref> The Act was amended in 1951 in order to repeal sections on Islamic teachings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aligarh-muslim-university-not-a-minority-institution-govt-tells-sc/story-GYMtOZvFhTSFtiEAlTTJaL.html|title=Aligarh Muslim University not a minority institution: Govt tells SC|date=5 April 2016|access-date=2016-04-05}}</ref> The Act was amended in 1967 which was challenged in Azeez Basha case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-to-not-support-minority-status-for-aligarh-muslim-university-1338715|title=Government To Not Support Minority Status For Aligarh Muslim University|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-04-05}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Allahabad High Court]] quashed the Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act, 1981, as unconstitutional and declared that the AMU was not a minority institution. Therefore, the notification issued by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Human Resource Development Ministry]] in February permitting the university to reserve seats for Muslims in post-graduate medical courses was illegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/26/stories/2005112621950100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Front Page : Aligarh Muslim University withdraws SLP|date=2005-11-26|access-date=2016-04-04}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Minority status ==
The Act is notable for the debate on whether the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] had minority status, which came under the scrutiny of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amu-row-centre-to-withdraw-upas-appeal-push-for-non-minority-status-316246-2016-04-04|title=AMU row: Centre to withdraw UPAs appeal, push for non-minority status|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2016-04-04}}</ref> AMU was declared a minority institution by the AMU Amendment Act in 1981 by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govt-stand-on-amu-heats-up-debate-over-minority-status-of-the-university/|title=Govt stand on AMU heats up debate over minority status of the university|date=2016-04-05|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref> The Allahabad High Court ruled in 2005 that AMU Amendment Act of 1981 was unconstitutional. The [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] appealed to the Supreme Court. However, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA Government]] withdrew the appeal in 2016.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University|Act]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1920 in India]]
[[Category:1920 in education]]
[[Category:1920 in law]]
[[Category:University-related legislation]]

List of people from Jodhpur

2026-03-23T17:19:12Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list |date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Notable people from [[Jodhpur]]''', India

*Maharaja [[Hanwant Singh]]
*[[Maharaj Prem Singh]], [[Arjuna Award]] (first for polo)
*[[Ila Arun]], actress and singer
*Rajmata [[Krishna Kumari (regent)|Krishna Kumari]], politician
*Maharaja [[Gaj Singh]], politician
*[[Jai Narayan Vyas]], politician
*[[Chitrangada Singh]], actress and model
*[[Abhishek Singhvi]], politician
*[[Barkatullah Khan]], politician
*Justice [[Kan Singh Parihar]], former Judge of the Rajasthan High Court and a former Vice-Chancellor of Jai Narain Vyas University, formerly known as Jodhpur University.
*Justice [[Chand Mal Lodha]]
*Justice [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
*Justice [[Milap Chand Jain]]
*Justice [[Guman Mal Lodha]]
*Justice [[Devendra Kachhawaha]]
*Justice [[Vijay Bishnoi]], Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court
*[[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]], jurist
*[[Mithali Raj]], cricketer
*[[Ashok Gehlot]], former Chief Minister of [[Rajasthan]]
*[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]], Cultural & Tourism Minister
*[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], Railway Minister and IT and Communication Minister
*[[Rao Raja Hanut Singh]], British Indian Army soldier and polo player
*[[Kailash Sankhala]], conservationist
*[[D.R. Mehta]], ex-chairman of SEBI
*[[Man Mohan Sharma]], chemical engineer
*[[Suryakanta Vyas]], Member of the Legislative Assembly
*[[Shaitan Singh|Major Shaitan Singh Bhati]] [[PVC]], Indian Army officer
*[[Komal Kothari]], ethnomusicologist
*[[Guru Surendra bahadur singh kushwah]], Arya marudhar vyam sala jodhpur
*[[Karun Nair]], cricketer
*[[Mohammad Faiz]], singer
*[[Achal Das Bohra]], engineer
*[[Chanda Kochhar]], managing director and CEO of ICICI Bank
*[[Sita Ram Lalas]], linguist and lexicographer
*[[Sunil Bohra]], film producer
*[[Shah Bhopal Chand Lodha]], former Public Works Secretary
* [[Shanno Khurana]] (b. 1927), Hindustani classical singer, awarded [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name=tap>{{cite news|title=Tapping tappas |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/16/stories/2006011600620100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009030622/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/16/stories/2006011600620100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2013 |date=16 January 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>
*[[Shailesh Lodha]], actor
*[[Ravi Bishnoi]], cricketer
*[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], singer
*[[Narayan Singh Manaklao]], social worker, [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Shree]] awardee

== References ==
<references />

==See also==
*[[Rulers of Jodhpur]]

[[Category:People from Jodhpur| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Jodhpur]]

Economy of Ludhiana

2026-03-21T04:59:37Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = [[Ludhiana]], Punjab, [[India]]
| image = New Sunder Nagar, Ludhiana.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| organs =
| gdp = {{INRConvert|1250000000000| }} (City) {{INRConvert|1800000000000| }} (Metro Area) (2026 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=D. T. E. |date=1998-11-30 |title=THE INDUSTRIAL TOWNS |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/the-industrial-towns-22724 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>
| gdp rank =
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}}
'''Ludhiana''' is the largest city and largest industrial hub in Punjab, India. It is the biggest city north of Delhi. It is known for hosiery and bicycle manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ludhiana | title=Ludhiana | India | Britannica | access-date=23 July 2020 | archive-date=27 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027132410/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ludhiana | url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2014 Ludhiana had 19.1 percent of Punjab's employment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/ludhiana-offers-maximum-employment-economic-survey/articleshow/40869783.cms|title=Ludhiana offers maximum employment: Economic Survey - Economic Times|access-date=2014-08-25}}</ref>

==Textile industry==
Before [[Partition of India|Partition]], [[Lahore]] was the biggest industrial hub of Punjab. Then industry moved and settled in [[Ludhiana]]. Ludhiana became very important in India for its hosiery and textile industry. Now Ludhiana is Punjab's and (after [[Delhi]]) North India's largest city.

[[Vardhman Group of Companies|Vardhman Group]] is a textile group based there. Vardhman was established in 1965 by Lala Rattan Chand Oswal. The group is engaged in manufacturing and trading in yarn, fabric, sewing thread, acrylic fibre and alloy steel.

==Ludhiana Stock Exchange==
LSC was established in the year 1983. By 1999, the exchange had a total of 284 brokers, out of which 79 were corporate brokers. Among 284 brokers, it was further classified as 212 proprietor broker, 2 partnership broker and 70 corporate broker. Then, there was only 2 sub- brokers registered. It has branches in [[Jalandhar]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Chandigarh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Ludhiana| ]]

Lok Bhavan, Pune

2026-03-21T03:40:06Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: adding pg - done

{{short description|Monsoon residence of the Governor of Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Bhavan, Pune
| image = Entrance of Raj Bhavan, Pune.jpg
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5461373|73.8247585|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 1866
| completion_date = 1871
| number_of_rooms =
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect = James Trubshawe
| engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| operator = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| references =
| current_tenants = [[Jishnu Dev Varma]] ([[ Governor of Maharashtra|Governor of MH]])
}}

[[File:KITLV 100081 - Unknown - Government House of the British rule in Ganeshkhind at Poona in India - Around 1875.tif|thumbnail|right|Government House in Ganeshkhind at Pune, India - Around year 1875]]
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan, Pune''' is the [[monsoon]] [[official residence]] of the [[governor of Maharashtra]]. It is located in the city of Pune, India.

==History==
Raj Bhavan (The Dhapooree House - Pune) were the government houses during the [[British Raj]] era in India. It was the monsoon resort of the [[Governor of Bombay]] and was built in 1866. The building was impressively designed by James Trubshawe and is situated in Ganeshkhind, Pune.

Today Ganeshkhind might mean the Pune University to most. But half a century ago it suggested the Government House, the monsoon resort of the Governor of Bombay. Yet the name still evokes the memories of that fateful night of 22 June 1897. It was on this day that [[Walter Charles Rand]], Special Officer for Plague in Pune, who invited the wrath of Pune residents for his atrocities, was assaulted by the Chapeker brothers while he was returning from the Government house after attending the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Diamond Jubilee]] celebrations.

But before Ganeshkhind became the official residence of the Governor, there was another house, at Dhapooree, where the story really began. It was here that the political diplomacy of the British, relating to the Southern Maratha Country, took shape. Today its tangible and intangible traces have completely faded out of memory.

Pune has the distinction of being the monsoon residence of the Governor of Bombay, now Maharashtra, for almost a hundred and eighty years, through the period of stay has now been reduced to a symbolic month. Even so, the Governor today attends the Independence Day celebrations on 15 August at Pune just as he presides over the Republic day celebrations on 26 January at Mumbai, Shri Sri Prakasa (1956–1962) was, perhaps, the last Governor who kept the schedule of a stay of four months, away from Mumbai, residing at Mahabaleshwar in May and at Pune from June to August.

==Comments==
Commenting on this practice Maclean, as early as 1875, remarked,

"Even the Bombay Government stays (at Bombay) sometime, from the end of November to the end of the March, though in most years it takes itself off to Matheran or Mahabaleshwar at the end of February, moves to Poona at the end of May and does not till November come down".

Pune, by then, had indeed become the second capital of Western India. It was the HQ of the Army and of several government departments. Maclean even thought

"it can boast of the finest Governor’s palace in India, a Council Hall big enough for a Parliament of Western India instead of a dozen legislators who assembled in it three or four times a year.

The new house at Ganeshkhind that was completed and occupied in 1871 overwhelmed Maclean.

While the residency at Mahabaleshwar was clearly for physical comfort, to avoid the hot and sultry summer of Bombay, political expediency was undoubtedly the motivation for Elphinstone’s choice of Pune for establishing a residency. It also came with a premium, as the climate of Pune during the monsoon was "as pleasant as the English summer". Despite the inconveniences of travel and often inclement weather, Elphinstone seems to have enjoyed staying away from Mumbai and Parel for he built for himself a cottage at Malabar Point, a bungalow at Khandala and often stayed at ‘Ghorabunder’ with friends in a small but handsome building, a very cool and convenient house for this climate and commanding a magnificent view".

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in Official website for Maharashtra Raj Bhravan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909070145/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/ |date=9 September 2012 }}
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.548326,73.823082&q=18.548326,73.823082&spn=0.002284,0.005407&t=k Satellite picture by Google Maps]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune]]
[[Category:1871 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1871]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

U Turn (2016 film)

2026-03-18T21:50:37Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{About-distinguish|the 2016 film|U Turn (1997 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kannada film U Turn poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
| producer = Pawan Kumar
| writer = Pawan Kumar
| starring = [[Shraddha Srinath]] [[Roger Narayan]] [[Radhika Chetan]] [[Dileep Raj]]
| music = [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
| cinematography = Advaitha Gurumurthy [[Satya Hegde]] [[Siddhartha Nuni]]
| editing = Suresh Arumugam
| studio = Pawan Kumar Studios
| distributor = Mysore Talkies
| country = India
| released = {{film date|2016|5|20|df=yes}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 121 minutes
| budget = {{INR}}2.5 crore<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Divya |last2=Joshi |first2=Bharath |last3=V |first3=Nirupama |date=10 June 2016 |title=Actor-director Rakshit Shetty feels the challenge ahead is to keep the audience occupied |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-director-rakshit-shetty-feels-the-challenge-ahead-is-to-keep-the-audience-occupied/articleshow/52684042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817173502/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-director-rakshit-shetty-feels-the-challenge-ahead-is-to-keep-the-audience-occupied/articleshow/52684042.cms |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=5 March 2017 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
}}

'''''U Turn''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[supernatural thriller]] film written, produced and directed by [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]. It stars [[Shraddha Srinath]] in the lead role. [[Roger Narayan]], [[Dileep Raj]] and [[Radhika Narayan|Radhika Chetan]] feature in supporting roles. The plot revolves around the death of motorists who break a traffic rule at a particular flyover in [[Bangalore]] and subsequent pinning down of the culprit by an intern journalist and police inspector duo. The film received critical acclaim and being remade a lot of times in different languages.

''U-Turn'' was first remade in [[Malayalam]] in 2017 as ''[[Careful (2017 film)|Careful]]''. Director Pawan Kumar remade it into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual in 2018 with the [[U Turn (2018 film)|same title]] - thereby making it the fourth Kannada film to be remade in three other South Indian languages after ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'', ''[[Sampathige Savaal]]'' and ''[[Devara Kannu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Pawan Kumar's 'U Turn' to be remade in Filipino |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kumar-s-u-turn-be-remade-filipino-120354 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325114200/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kumar-s-u-turn-be-remade-filipino-120354 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title='U Turn' To Be Remade In Hindi By Ekta Kapoor |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/u-turn-to-be-remade-in-hindi-by-ekta-kapoor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044229/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/u-turn-to-be-remade-in-hindi-by-ekta-kapoor/ |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

The movie was remade in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] in 2019 also titled ''[[U Turn (2019 film)|U Turn]]'' - thereby becoming the second Kannada movie to be remade in Sinhala after ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಅತೀ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಭಾಷೆಗೆ 'ರಿಮೇಕ್‌' ಆದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/these-are-the-top-five-kannada-movies-remakes-in-many-languages/articleshow/74894620.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027023552/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/these-are-the-top-five-kannada-movies-remakes-in-many-languages/articleshow/74894620.cms |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref>

The [[Filipino language|Filipino]] remake with the same name was released on pay-to-view basis on 30 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Kim Chiu's horror flick 'U-Turn' coming to Sky Pay-Per-View |url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/10/27/kim-chius-horror-flick-u-turn-coming-to-sky-pay-per-view/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101085652/https://mb.com.ph/2020/10/27/kim-chius-horror-flick-u-turn-coming-to-sky-pay-per-view/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Pawan Kumar's U-Turn goes global |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/15/pawan-kumars-u-turn-goes-global-17563.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128091942/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/15/pawan-kumars-u-turn-goes-global-17563.amp |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Halloween watchlist edition">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=Halloween watchlist edition |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/30/lifestyle-entertainment/show-times/halloween-watchlist-edition/788899/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202095120/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/30/lifestyle-entertainment/show-times/halloween-watchlist-edition/788899/amp/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[The Manila Times]]}}</ref> With that, ''U Turn'' became the first Indian movie to be remade in Filipino.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ಯು ಟರ್ನ್' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಮಾಡಿರುವ ಈ ದಾಖಲೆ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲೇ ಮೊದಲು! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/lucia-pawan-kumars-u-turn-movie-will-be-remade-in-filipino-language/articleshow/74653747.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030140745/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/lucia-pawan-kumars-u-turn-movie-will-be-remade-in-filipino-language/articleshow/74653747.cms |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=Kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=What intrigued Enrico Santos about Pawan Kumar's U Turn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/what-intrigued-enrico-santos-about-pawan-kumars-u-turn/articleshow/74639384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211200059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/what-intrigued-enrico-santos-about-pawan-kumars-u-turn/articleshow/74639384.cms |archive-date=11 December 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The Bengali remake titled ''[[Flyover (film)|Flyover]]'' was released on 2 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-20 |title=Koel Mallick stars in the Bengali remake of Pawan Kumar's U Turn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/koel-mallick-stars-in-the-bengali-remake-of-pawan-kumars-u-turn/articleshow/81603295.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Ekta Kapoor]] produced the Hindi remake with the [[U-Turn (2023 film)|same title]] which released on 28 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=Ekta Kapoor to produce Hindi remake of thriller 'U-Turn'; project - starring Alaya F - to go on floors tomorrow |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ekta-kapoor-to-produce-hindi-remake-of-thriller-u-turn-project-starring-alaya-f-to-go-on-floors-tomorrow/articleshow/84136627.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731204754/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ekta-kapoor-to-produce-hindi-remake-of-thriller-u-turn-project-starring-alaya-f-to-go-on-floors-tomorrow/articleshow/84136627.cms |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> With that, it became the third Indian movie to be remade in seven languages after ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' and ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Record created: 'U-Turn' to be remade in Filipino language |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/record-created-u-turn-to-be-remade-in-filipino-language |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123045557/https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/record-created-u-turn-to-be-remade-in-filipino-language/16032020 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=NewsKarnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Pawan Kumar's U Turn movie now in Filipino, remade officially in 5 languages |url=http://cinimirror.com/pawan-kumars-u-turn-movie-now-in-filipino-remade-officially-in-5-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204191341/http://cinimirror.com/pawan-kumars-u-turn-movie-now-in-filipino-remade-officially-in-5-languages/ |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=Cinimirror}}</ref> It was the seventh Kannada movie to be remade in a foreign language <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=From 'Anuraga Aralithu' to 'U Turn': Kannada movies that were remade in foreign languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-anuraga-aralithu-to-u-turn-kannada-movies-that-were-remade-in-foreign-languages/etphotostory/76302041.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424054346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-anuraga-aralithu-to-u-turn-kannada-movies-that-were-remade-in-foreign-languages/etphotostory/76302041.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the second Kannada movie to be remade in two foreign languages after ''Anuraga Aralithu''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 'School Master' to 'U Turn': A look at Kannada films remade in other Indian languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030064513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=15 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Movies: ಪರಭಾಷೆಗಳಿಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆಗಿ ಸೌಂಡು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿವೆ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಈ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/u-turn-kavaludaari-bell-bottom-and-other-kannada-movies-are-remade-in-multiple-languages/articleshow/78574333.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422141403/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/u-turn-kavaludaari-bell-bottom-and-other-kannada-movies-are-remade-in-multiple-languages/amp_articleshow/78574333.cms |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=Kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rachana, an intern with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', is working on an article on the accidents at a [[Overpass|flyover]] in [[Bengaluru]]. She also has a crush on the crime reporter Aditya, whose help she seeks for research material on accidents on the flyover. She finds that each day some motorists move the concrete blocks that partition the road just to take a quick [[U-turn]] and avoid the traffic. They don’t move the concrete blocks, which are left lying randomly on the road leading to many accidents. A homeless man sitting on the flyover notes down the vehicle numbers of commuters who violate the rule to take the U-turn and gives the list to Rachana. She obtains the details of the culprits using her contact in the traffic department, with the intention of confronting them for their "short-cut" and writing an article for the paper. Her attempt to meet the first person on the list goes in vain.

Later the same day, the police take her into custody and accuse her of killing the same person she wanted to meet. She is shocked and tells her side of the story. Though the senior police officer rejects it, sub-inspector Nayak finds her account believable and does some investigation. It is revealed that all the people Rachana has on her list have committed suicide. They also notice that each person committed suicide the same day they took the illegal "u-turn". Rachana and Nayak find another number has been noted by the homeless man which is to be delivered to Rachana the next day. The duo trace the address and try to rescue the man, a lawyer, who has taken the u-turn on the same day. As nothing seems suspicious, both leave only to encounter the very death of the lawyer whom they came to rescue.

Later Rachana tries to confront the homeless man for the injuries on the flyover. Meanwhile, she sees two young men violate the U-Turn and reports it to Nayak. Nayak locks them up in an old police lock-up to save their lives. But they start fighting and eventually die under the nose of the police.

With no way of finding the real cause of the death of the culprits, Rachana herself takes the wrong u-turn and waits for something to happen. The one who has been killing the culprits is a ghost named Maya, because she and her daughter Aarna died in an accident due to the concrete roadblocks that were moved by the culprits in order to make way for their u-turn. Using her supernatural powers, Maya tries to kill Rachana as well. But Rachana promises to find the person who was responsible for Maya's death. Maya agrees. Rachana, with the help of Nayak, tries to find the person who moved the blocks on the day of Maya's accident. They find out the phone number and address of the person who moved the block. Rachana writes this on a balloon and leaves it on the flyover for Maya to find. She then invites her boyfriend Aditya for dinner.

During dinner, Rachana tries to call the number she found earlier. It turns out to be Aditya's work mobile number. Devastated, she confronts Aditya and informs him that due to his negligence a mother and daughter lost their lives. Aditya says it was not him who made the U-turn. He merely exchanged his bike with his friend. In the final twist, it is revealed that the man who moved the block was Maya's own husband. Maya's ghost is waiting in Aditya's house to kill him when Maya's husband whom Rachana has informed about the events turns up and explains to Maya that it was because of him that they lost their lives. He then tries to commit suicide by jumping from the balcony. Maya's ghost saves him and tells him that his punishment is to suffer in this world without his wife and daughter.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as Rachana
* [[Roger Narayan]] as [[Sub-inspector]] Nayak<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Bhumika |date=24 March 2016 |title=Making the U-turn home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-the-uturn-home/article8393358.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094902/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-the-uturn-home/article8393358.ece |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Radhika Chetan]] as Maya
* [[Dileep Raj]] as Aditya
* [[Skanda Ashok]] as Ritesh
* Krishna Hebbale as Inspector Sudhakar
* [[Pratibha Nandakumar]] as lady constable Sarojamma
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Sundar
* Aarna Kulkarni as Aarna
* Chethan D'Souza as Raju
* Kennedi Gopalan as the Homeless flyover man
* Ram Manjjonaath as Police Officer Muddanna
* Rajath Mayee as [[auto rickshaw]] driver
* Surya Vasishta as Doctor
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
According to the director, the script of the movie took place on the road. He says, "U-Turn happened in July when I used to drop my daughter Lucy to school and traffic used to be high. I used to park in front of her school for more than an hour and used the time to write the script."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2015 |title=It's U-Turn for Pawan as Nicotine Waits |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Its-U-Turn-for-Pawan-as-Nicotine-Waits/2015/11/04/article3112127.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228184054/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Its-U-Turn-for-Pawan-as-Nicotine-Waits/2015/11/04/article3112127.ece |archive-date=28 February 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

''U-Turn'' was produced under Pawan Kumar's then newly launched banner PK Studios, has Poornachandra Tejaswi's music, Satya Hegde, Advitha Gurumurthy and Siddharth Nuni's cinematography and Suresh's editing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title='Lucia' director Pawan Kumar's 'U Turn' trailer released [VIDEO] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/lucia-director-pawan-kumars-u-turn-trailer-released-video-664780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100448/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/lucia-director-pawan-kumars-u-turn-trailer-released-video-664780 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film four out of five, and wrote, "The film can be read on philosophical and symbolic levels with leitmotifs and whatnot, but the triumph is that it even appeals to the lay viewer who seeks thrill and entertainment and nothing more."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=20 May 2016 |title=U Turn Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/U-Turn/movie-review/52360435.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523162526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/U-Turn/movie-review/52360435.cms |archive-date=23 May 2016 |access-date=28 May 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "It is what happens post interval that makes or breaks any film. Here, Pawan Kumar takes the easier route and robs U-Turn of becoming a great film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shyam Prasad S |date=21 May 2016 |title=An urban legend is born |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/entertainment/reviews/an-urban-legend-is-born/articleshow/52366699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225211631/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/entertainment/reviews/an-urban-legend-is-born/articleshow/52366699.cms |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=25 February 2018 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> J Hurtado of [[ScreenAnarchy]] wrote, "Pawan Kumar's U TURN Will Keep You Guessing Until The Last Minute. U-Turn is a film that constantly challenges and defies categorization in the service of telling its own story."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hurtado |first=J |date=22 May 2016 |title=Review: Pawan Kumar's U-TURN Will Keep You Guessing Until The Last Minute |url=http://screenanarchy.com/2016/05/review-pawan-kumars-u-turn-will-keep-you-guessing-until-the-last-minute.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022220954/http://screenanarchy.com/2016/05/review-pawan-kumars-u-turn-will-keep-you-guessing-until-the-last-minute.html |archive-date=22 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=[[ScreenAnarchy]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''U Turn'' was remade in [[Malayalam]] in 2017 as ''[[Careful (2017 film)|Careful]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2017 |title=Careful movie review: Vijay Babu and Jomol impress in a flawed but interesting thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/careful-movie-review-vijay-babu-and-jomol-impress-in-a-flawed-but-interesting-thriller-3515905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820191034/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/careful-movie-review-vijay-babu-and-jomol-impress-in-a-flawed-but-interesting-thriller-3515905.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> It was later remade into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual in 2018 [[U Turn (2018 film)|with the same title]] by Pawan Kumar himself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2018 |title=Samantha starts shooting for 'U-Turn' remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-starts-shooting-for-u-turn-remake/articleshow/62968343.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180219051133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-starts-shooting-for-u-turn-remake/articleshow/62968343.cms |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=25 February 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2018 |title=Samantha Akkineni's U-Turn to release on September 13 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/samantha-akkineni-u-turn-release-5269980/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723111200/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/samantha-akkineni-u-turn-release-5269980/ |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> The film was also officially remade in Sri Lanka in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] in 2019 [[U Turn (2019 film)|with the same title]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=ಸಿಂಹಳ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲೂ ಬರಲಿದೆ ಕನ್ನಡದ 'ಯೂ ಟರ್ನ್'! | Kannada movie U turn will be remake in Srilanka Simhala language |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/kannada-movie-u-turn-will-be-remake-in-srilanka-simhala-language-q2hxsj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215175841/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/amp/sandalwood/kannada-movie-u-turn-will-be-remake-in-srilanka-simhala-language-q2hxsj |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=kannada.asianetnews.com}}</ref> The [[Filipino language|Filipino]] remake with the same title was released on 30 October 2020.<ref name="Halloween watchlist edition" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biong |first=Ian |date=5 December 2019 |title=Kim Chiu, JM De Guzman, Tony Labrusca to star in remake of hit Indian thriller |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/354028/kim-chiu-jm-de-guzman-tony-labrusca-to-star-in-remake-of-hit-indian-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114014319/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/354028/kim-chiu-jm-de-guzman-tony-labrusca-to-star-in-remake-of-hit-indian-thriller |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref> The film was remade in Bengali as ''[[Flyover (film)|Flyover]]'' and released on 2 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ফের থ্রিলারে কোয়েল মল্লিক, ছবির মুক্তি এপ্রিলে |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-actress-koel-mallick-thriller-movie-flyover-to-release-date-out/articleshow/81550603.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319023217/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-actress-koel-mallick-thriller-movie-flyover-to-release-date-out/articleshow/81550603.cms |archive-date=19 March 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koel Mallick stars in the Bengali remake of Pawan Kumar's U Turn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/koel-mallick-stars-in-the-bengali-remake-of-pawan-kumars-u-turn/articleshow/81603295.cms#:~:text=The%20latest%20is%20a%20Bengali,its%20fair%20share%20of%20remakes. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320094515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/koel-mallick-stars-in-the-bengali-remake-of-pawan-kumars-u-turn/articleshow/81603295.cms#:~:text=The%20latest%20is%20a%20Bengali,its%20fair%20share%20of%20remakes. |archive-date=20 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> The Hindi remake with the [[U-Turn (2023 film)|same title]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor ropes in Alaya F for Hindi remake of Kannada film U-Turn |date=5 July 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-ropes-in-alaya-f-for-hindi-remake-of-kannada-film-u-turn-1824044-2021-07-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192717/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-ropes-in-alaya-f-for-hindi-remake-of-kannada-film-u-turn-1824044-2021-07-05 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> was released on 28 April 2023 by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. The director revealed that the rights to the Malay language remake were sold out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Bollywood to remake Kannada hit U-Turn |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/bollywood-to-remake-kannada-hit-u-turn-724547.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029090126/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/bollywood-to-remake-kannada-hit-u-turn-724547.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He also revealed that there are plans to remake the film in Chinese, Thai, Marathi and Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |title=Pawan Kumar's 'U-Turn' goes global, to be made in Filipino |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Mar/16/pawan-kumars-u-turn-goes-global-to-be-made-in-filipino-2117091.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318172837/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/mar/16/pawan-kumars-u-turn-goes-global-to-be-made-in-filipino-2117091.amp |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 March 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.uturnthefilm.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Pawan Kumar}}
{{U Turn and its remakes}}
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Unniyarcha

2026-03-18T11:03:29Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{short description|Indian warrior and heroine}}
{{For|the 1961 film of the same name|Unniyarcha (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Wedding at ‘Puthooram Veedu’.jpg|thumb|Wedding at ‘Puthooram Veedu’, mock marriage at childhood between Chandu chekavar and unniyarcha as described in a ballad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Aparna |title=Bringing to life the ballads of north Malabar on canvases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bringing-to-life-the-ballads-of-north-malabar-on-canvases/article66661369.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=25 March 2023}}</ref>]]
'''Unniyarcha''' or '''Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha''' ({{Script|ml|ഉണ്ണിയാർച്ച}}, {{IPA|ml|uɳːijaːrt͡ːʃɐ}}) is a legendary warrior and heroine from the 16th century, mentioned in the ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'', a set of historical ballads from northern [[Kerala]], a state in southwestern India. She was a member of a [[Thiyyar]] community family called ''Puthooram Veed'' in [[Kadathanad]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaoAEQAAQBAJ&dq=thiyya+subcaste&pg=PA124 | title=The Laws of Yesterday's Wars 3: From the Highlands of Papua New Guinea to the Island of Malta | isbn=978-90-04-51256-6 | last1=Duckett White | first1=Samuel C. | date=8 April 2024 | publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers }}</ref> The location of Puthooram Veed is described in the [[Vadakkan Pattukal]] as follows: ''Puthoorampaadam (large paddy field under Puthooram Veed) is situated at the eastern end of Kadathanadu (present-day [[Vadakara]]). Ilavanoor Madam is located at the western end of Puthoorampaadam, and within Ilavanoor Madam lies Puthooram Veed.''

In the Vadakkan Pattukal, when Unniyarcha beheaded the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s (Jonakars) of [[Nadapuram]] with her [[urumi]], the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] Moopan, who had tried to capture her with his men, approached several people to negotiate and prevent them from informing [[Aromal Chekavar]] or the people at Puthooram Veedu, in order to avoid further retaliation. Finally, they approached the Thamburatti (queen) of [[Kolathiri]]. The Thamburatti replied that they had no right to advise Puthooram Veedu, because at the time of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera king]]’s departure, both [[Kolathiri]] and Puthooram Veedu were granted equal status,meaning even the king could neither control nor advise them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2018/10/17/go-on-a-thrilling-trip-to-the-martial-arts-heritage.html | title=Go on a thrilling trip to the martial arts heritage of Kadathanad }}</ref><ref name="unni2nn"/>

Unniyarcha's father's name was Kannappa [[Chekavar]].<ref name="Thiyya-chekava">Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus - Nisha P.R.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=My8DEAAAQBAJ&q=Chekavan.Jumbos&pg=PT42 and Jumping Devils]</ref> She is believed to have lived in the northern part of Kerala during the 16th century. She is a popular character in Kerala's folklore and is remembered for her valour and skills in Kerala's native martial art, [[Kalaripayattu]]. According to legend, Unniyarcha was mostly known for her deadly skill with the whip-like [[urumi]], a unique type of sword that originates from Kerala. Like most traditional Kalaripayattu practitioners, she began training at the [[kalari]] at the age of seven.<ref name="unni2nn"/>

There are so many such instances in Vatakkan Pattukal where the warrior heroes or heroines of the stories would win or lose in some of the famous duels of Kalaripayattu. Among these instances, the fight between Unniyarcha and several men with an [[urumi]] (specially used for Kalarippayattu) to safeguard herself and her husband from a planned attack by some thieves is very popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arya Madhavan|year=2010|title=Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfl5DwAAQBAJ&dq=unniyarcha&pg=PA134|publisher=Brill ebook|page=134|isbn=9789042027992}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:ലോകനാർകാവ് ഭഗവതി ക്ഷേത്രം 01.jpg|thumb|Bhagavathy Temple, Lokanarkavu belonging to Puthooram Veedu]]
Unniyarcha was from the famous ''Puthooram Veedu'' of [[Kadathanad]] ([[Vadakara]]), a region in northern present-day [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-padma-shri-meenakshi-gurukkal-grand-old-dame-kalaripayattu-56274|title=Meet Padma Shri Meenakshi Gurukkal, the grand old dame of Kalaripayattu - The 75-year-old Padma winner is perhaps the oldest Kalaripayattu exponent in the country|last=|first=|date=25 January 2017|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="malayalamresourcecentre.org">{{Cite web |url=http://malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/folk.html |title=History of Malayalam Literature: Folk literature |access-date=2013-08-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712115051/http://malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/folk.html |archive-date=2012-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Throughout her life she was often titled ''Puthooramputhri'' (daughter of Puthooram house). After her marriage to Kunjiraman she was also referred to as ''Attummanammel Unniyarcha.'' Kunjiraman had a kalari known as ''Puthussery Kalari,'' which is said to remain in the [[Kannur]] district of Kerala to this day. Legend has it that Unniyarcha won 64 kalari ankam in her youth. She was the sister of [[Aromal Chekavar]] and Unnikannan. Unniyarcha rejected the romantic advances of [[Chandu Chekavar]] (also known as ''Chanthu Chekavar''), which led to the murder of her brother Aromal. Aromalunni, the son of Unniyarcha, later took revenge against Chanthu to avenge his uncle.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ayyappapanicker
| first = K.
| title = Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 2000
| isbn = 81-260-0365-0
| pages = 316
}}</ref>
[[File:Urumi weapon.jpg|thumb|Urumi weapon|150px]]
==Nadapuram fight==
According to historian [[A. Sreedhara Menon]], Unniyarcha mastered the technique of warfare in childhood by undergoing a rigorous course of training in the kalari. She married Attummanammel Kunhiraman, and a day later, Unniyarcha set out from home to see the Kuthu in ''Allimalarkavu'', the Vilakku in Ayyappankavu and the Velapuram in Anjanakavu (the version in the ballads). As the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappilas]] (Jonakas) in the bazaar on her journey were a much dreaded lot, her husband and relatives did not approve of that. In spite of this, she was determined to go for these festivals.<ref name="unni2nn"/> Her husband Kunhiraman had no other alternative but to accompany her. As expected, she was waylaid at [[Nadapuram]] by the mappilas. Though Kunhiraman was in jitters, Unniyarcha showed her mettle by facing her adversaries almost single-handed. The headman of the jonakas (mappila), who happened to see her on the way, was enamoured of her beauty and sent his men to carry her away by force. Unniyarcha drew her sword and then proceeded to kill some of them. The rest fled and brought the headman himself to the scene, who soon discovered that she was the sister of his fencing master. He appealed to both the brother and sister to pardon him, but Unniyarcha was inexorable and challenged him and his men to a fight.<ref name="move">{{cite book|last=B.S. Chandrababu, L. Thilagavathi|year=2009|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZmyUpHdPWYC&dq=unniyarcha&pg=PA156|publisher=Bharathi Boothakalayam|page=156|isbn=9788189909970}}</ref>

The mappilas soon realised that their opponent was none other than the brave sister of Aromal Chekavar, whom their leader had held in great awe and respect. Having realised his mistake, the leader tried to do his best to pacify her, but she would not pardon him without a categorical assurance that women would be allowed to walk along that way without any fear of molestation. Not even the intercession of the wife of the ruling chieftain and the influential Chetti (Chekavar’s friend) would be able to win her over. At last, Aromal Chekavar himself appeared on the scene. Only after the leader made a tendered wholesome apology and offered all kinds of gifts did she calm down and make peace with her adversaries.<ref name="unni2nn">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC|title=Kerala History and its Makers|publisher=D C Books|date=4 March 2011|isbn=978-81-264-3782-5|pages=82–86|language=en|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The chief persuaded the girl to sheath her sword, which she did on the headman’s promise that no woman of the place would be molested in the future.<ref name="move"/>

== In popular culture ==
The legend of Unniyarcha has been made into films such as:
* ''Unniyarcha'' (1961)
* ''[[Aromalunni]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]'' (2002)
*A television serial titled ''Unniyarcha'' was broadcast on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] in (2006).
*''[[Veeram (2016 film)|Veeram]]'' (2016)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian women warriors]]
[[Category:Women in 16th-century warfare]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]

Political science

2026-03-16T02:48:55Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: content update

{{Short description|Scientific study of politics and social science}}
{{about|the field of study||Political Science (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Poli sci|the music album|Poly Sci}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2016}}
{{politics}}

'''Political science''' (sometimes abbreviated as '''poli sci''') is a field which aims to study the scientific aspect of [[politics]]. It deals with systems of [[governance]] and [[Power (social and political)|power]], and the analysis of political activities, [[political philosophy|political thought]], [[political behavior]], and associated [[constitution]]s and [[law]]s. Specialists in the field are '''political scientists'''. Unlike [[political philosophy]], which is primarily [[Normativity|normative]] and evaluates politics through [[value judgments]], political science emphasizes descriptive and explanatory of what is and favors [[empirical evidence]] over ethical judgements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>

Political science emerged as a distinct academic discipline in the late 19th century, influenced by the rise of [[empiricism]] and [[positivism]]. It emerged from history, philosophy, and law amid university professionalization and the founding of bodies such as the [[American Political Science Association]] in 1903. The [[Behavioralism|behavioral revolution]] of the 1950s played a significant role in shifting emphasis to scientifically explaining human behavior from an unbiased and neutral point of view using [[Quantitative research|quantitative research methods]] such as [[Survey sampling|surveys]], [[Historiography|historical analysis]], and empirical testing.

==History==
{{main|History of political science}}

===Origin===
As a social science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century and began to separate itself from political [[philosophy]] and history.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |date=2022 |title=A History of Political Science |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/history-of-political-science/F1FADCBCCCCB95BB3B8DF694A0A805F3 |journal=Cambridge University Press |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009043458|isbn=978-1-009-04345-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Into the late 19th century, it was still uncommon for political science to be considered a distinct field from history.<ref name=":1"/> The term "political science" was not always distinguished from [[political philosophy]], and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents including moral philosophy, political economy, [[political theology]], history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Generally, while classical [[political philosophy]] is primarily defined by a concern for [[Greece|Hellenic]] and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thought,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=Irving M. |title=Rulers and Ruled: An Introduction to Classical Political Theory |date=1997 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-7877-3 |doi=10.3138/9781442679498|jstor=10.3138/9781442679498 }}</ref> political scientists are also marked by a great concern for "[[modernity]]" and the contemporary [[nation state]], along with the study of classical thought, and as such share more terminology with [[sociologists]] (e.g., [[structure and agency]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sigelman |first=Lee |date=2010 |title=Terminological Interchange Between Sociology and Political Science |journal=Social Science Quarterly |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=883–905 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00740.x |jstor=42956439 |issn=0038-4941}}</ref>

The advent of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century. The designation "political scientist" is commonly used to denote someone with a doctorate or master's degree in the field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Become a Political Scientist |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/political-scientists.htm#tab-4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627210137/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/political-scientists.htm#tab-4 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=13 September 2016 |agency=Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor}}</ref> Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing, and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both [[Norm (sociology)|normative]] and [[positive (social sciences)|positive]] political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors. The [[American Political Science Association]] and the ''[[American Political Science Review]]'' were founded in 1903 and 1906, respectively, in an effort to distinguish the study of [[politics]] from economics and other social phenomena. APSA membership rose from 204 in 1904 to 1,462 in 1915.<ref name=":1"/> APSA members played a key role in setting up political science departments that were distinct from history, philosophy, law, sociology, and economics.<ref name=":1"/>[[File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg|right|300px|thumb|upright=1.5|A world map distinguishing countries of the world as [[federation]]s (green) from [[unitary state]]s (blue), a work of political science]]The journal ''[[Political Science Quarterly]]'' was established in 1886 by the Academy of Political Science. In the inaugural issue of ''Political Science Quarterly'', [[Munroe Smith]] defined political science as "the science of the state. Taken in this sense, it includes the organization and functions of the state, and the relation of states one to another."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Munroe |date=1886 |title=Introduction: The Domain of Political Science |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.2307/2139299 |jstor=2139299 }}</ref>

As part of a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) initiative to promote political science in the late 1940s, the International Political Science Association was founded in 1949, as well as national associations in France in 1949, Britain in 1950, and West Germany in 1951.<ref name=":1"/>

Founded in 1903, the American Political Science Association (APSA) is the leading professional organization for the study of political science and serves more than 11,000 members in more than 100 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About APSA |url=https://apsanet.org/about/about-apsa/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=American Political Science Association (APSA) |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Behavioral revolution and new institutionalism===
In the 1950s and the 1960s, a [[Behavioralism|behavioral revolution]] stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the discipline. A focus on studying political behavior, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioral political science, including work by [[Robert Dahl]], [[Philip Converse]], and in the collaboration between sociologist [[Paul Lazarsfeld]] and public opinion scholar [[Bernard Berelson]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed a takeoff in the use of deductive, [[game theory|game-theoretic]] formal modelling techniques aimed at generating a more analytical corpus of knowledge in the discipline. This period saw a surge of research that borrowed theory and methods from economics to study political institutions, such as the United States Congress, as well as political behavior, such as voting. [[William H. Riker]] and his colleagues and students at the [[University of Rochester]] were the main proponents of this shift.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Despite considerable research progress in the discipline based on all types of scholarship discussed above, scholars have noted that progress toward systematic theory has been modest and uneven.<ref>Kim Quaile Hill, "In Search of General Theory", ''Journal of Politics'' '''74''' (October 2012), 917–31.</ref>

===21st century===
In 2000, the [[Perestroika Movement]] in political science was introduced as a reaction against what supporters of the movement called the mathematicization of political science. Those who identified with the movement argued for a plurality of methodologies and approaches in political science and for more relevance of the discipline to those outside of it.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veelUVVHg8MC |title=Perestroika!: The Raucous Rebellion in Political Science |date= 2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13020-1 |language=en |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820003122/https://books.google.com/books?id=veelUVVHg8MC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some [[evolutionary psychology]] theories argue that humans have evolved a highly developed set of psychological mechanisms for dealing with politics. However, these mechanisms evolved for dealing with the small group politics that characterized the ancestral environment and not the much larger political structures in today's world. This is argued to explain many important features and systematic [[cognitive bias]]es of current politics.<ref name="AEP">Michael Bang Petersen. "The evolutionary psychology of mass politics". In {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=S.C. |title=Applied Evolutionary Psychology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-958607-3 |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=S. Craig |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001}}</ref>

==Overview==
{{image frame|content={{Photomontage
| photo1a = 2011 Philippine State of the Nation Address.jpg{{!}}National and regional politics and government (sometimes referred to as area studies)
| photo1b = United States Capitol - west front.jpg{{!}}United States Capitol, United States of America
| photo2a = United Nations General Assembly Hall (3).jpg{{!}}United Nations General Assembly
| photo2b = ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL LEMONNIER A READING OF VOLTAIRE.jpg{{!}}A reading of Voltaire's "L'Orpheline de la Chine" in the salon of Madame Geoffrin
| photo3a = Stockmarket.jpg{{!}}The Stock Market
| photo3b = Social Network Analysis Visualization.png{{!}}Visualization of a Social Network
| photo4a = Zal Uchilischa pravovedenia.jpg{{!}}''Hall of the School of Jurisprudence in St. Petersburg'' (1840)
| photo4b = Banderas europeas en la Comisión Europea.jpg{{!}}Flags of the European Union outside of the European Commission
| size = 300
| spacing = 3
| color = #FFFFFF
| color_border = white
}}|width=312|caption='''Main sub-disciplines of political science''', from top left to right: '''1.''' [[Domestic policy|Domestic politics and government]]; '''2.''' [[Comparative politics]]; '''3.''' [[International relations]]; '''4.''' [[Political theory]]; '''5.''' [[Political economy]]; '''6.''' [[Political methodology]]; '''7.''' [[Public administration]]; '''8.''' [[Public policy]]}}Political science is a social study concerning the allocation and transfer of [[Power (social and political)|power]] in [[decision making]], the roles and systems of governance including [[governments]] and [[international organizations]], political behaviour, and [[public policies]]. It measures the success of [[governance]] and specific policies by examining many factors, including [[Economic stability|stability]], [[justice]], [[material wealth]], [[peace]], and [[public health]]. Some political scientists seek to advance [[positive (social sciences)|positive]] theses (which attempt to describe how things are, as opposed to how they should be) by analysing politics; others advance [[Norm (sociology)|normative]] theses, such as by making specific policy recommendations. The study of politics and policies can be closely connected—for example, in comparative analyses of which types of political institutions tend to produce certain types of policies.<ref>{{cite book |first=Edeltraud |last=Roller |title=The Performance of Democracies: Political Institutions and Public Policy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005}}</ref> Political science provides analysis and predictions about political and governmental issues.<ref name="Maddocks">{{Cite web |last=Maddocks |first=Krysten Godfrey |date=26 Jun 2020 |title=What is Political Science All About? |url=https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/social-sciences/what-is-political-science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925233617/https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/social-sciences/what-is-political-science |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=snhu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Political scientists examine the processes, systems and political dynamics of countries and regions of the world, often to raise public awareness or to influence specific governments.<ref name=Maddocks/>

Political scientists may provide the frameworks from which journalists, special interest groups, politicians, and the [[Constituency|electorate]] analyze issues. According to Chaturvedy,
{{blockquote|Political scientists may serve as advisers to specific politicians, or even run for office as politicians themselves. Political scientists can be found working in governments, in political parties, or as civil servants. They may be involved with [[non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) or political movements. In a variety of capacities, people educated and trained in political science can add value and expertise to [[corporation]]s. Private enterprises such as [[think tank]]s, research institutes, polling and [[public relations]] firms often employ political scientists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedy |first=J.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzV4V59udu8C&pg=PA4 |title=Political Governance: Political theory |publisher=Isha Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8205-317-5 |page=4 |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012526/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzV4V59udu8C&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===Country-specific studies===
Political scientists may study political phenomena within one specific country. For example, they may study just the [[politics of the United States]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ginsberg |first1=Benjamin |title=We the People: An Introduction to American Politics |last2=Lowi |first2=Theodore J. |last3=Weir |first3=Margaret |last4=Tolbert |first4=Caroline J. |author-link4=Caroline Tolbert |last5=Spit |first5=Robert J. |date=December 2012 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-92110-6 |display-authors=3}}</ref> or just the [[politics of China]].<ref>{{cite book |title=State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government |url=https://archive.org/details/statepeasantinco00jean |url-access=registration |last=Oi |first=Jean C. |author-link=Jean C. Oi |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |page=xvi}}</ref>

Political scientists look at a variety of data, including constitutions, [[elections]], [[public opinion]], and [[public policy]], [[foreign policy]], legislatures, and judiciaries. Political scientists will often focus on the politics of their own country; for example, a political scientist from Indonesia may become an expert in the politics of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aipi-politik.org/kolom-aipi/220-sekelumit-prof-dr-h-c-miriam-budiardjo-m-a |language=id |title=Sekelumit Prof. Dr. Miriam Budiardjo |publisher=Indonesian Political Science Association |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929232141/https://aipi-politik.org/kolom-aipi/220-sekelumit-prof-dr-h-c-miriam-budiardjo-m-a |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===Anticipating crises===
The theory of political transitions,<ref>Acemoglu D., Robinson J.A. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677820 "A theory of political transitions."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809203648/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677820 |date=9 August 2020 }} American Economic Review. 2001 Sep 1:938–63.</ref> and the methods of analyzing and anticipating<ref name=":0"/> [[Crisis|crises]],<ref>McClelland C.A. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600146 "The Anticipation of International Crises: Prospects for Theory and Research."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809211102/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600146 |date=9 August 2020 }} International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 1, Special Issue on International Crisis: Progress and Prospects for Applied Forecasting and Management (March 1977), pp. 15–38</ref> form an important part of political science. Several general indicators of crises and methods were proposed for anticipating critical transitions.<ref>Scheffer M., Carpenter S.R., Lenton T.M., ''et al.'' [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1225244 "Anticipating critical transitions."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904011435/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/344 |date=4 September 2020 }} Science. 2012 Oct 19; 338(6105):344–48.</ref> Among them, one statistical indicator of crisis, a simultaneous increase of [[variance]] and [[correlations]] in large groups, was proposed for crisis anticipation and may be successfully used in various areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gorban |first1=A.N. |last2=Smirnova |first2=E.V. |last3=Tyukina |first3=T.A. |date=August 2010 |title=Correlations, risk and crisis: From physiology to finance |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222687003 |journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications |volume=389 |issue=16 |pages=3193–3217 |arxiv=0905.0129 |bibcode=2010PhyA..389.3193G |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2010.03.035 |s2cid=276956 |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403175014/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222687003_Correlations_Risk_and_Crisis_From_Physiology_to_Finance |url-status=live }}</ref> Its applicability for early diagnosis of [[political crisis|political crises]] was demonstrated by the analysis of the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian [[economic crisis|economic]] and political crisis. There was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation between the 19 major public fears in the Ukrainian society (by about 64%) and in their statistical dispersion (by 29%) during the pre-crisis years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rybnikov |first1=S.R. |last2=Rybnikova |first2=N.A. |last3=Portnov |first3=B.A. |date=March 2017 |title=Public fears in Ukrainian society: Are crises predictable? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315918065 |journal=Psychology & Developing Societies |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=98–123 |doi=10.1177/0971333616689398 |s2cid=151344338 |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403174938/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315918065_Public_Fears_in_Ukrainian_Society_Are_Crises_Predictable |url-status=live }}</ref> A feature shared by certain major revolutions is that they were not predicted. The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions was also developed.<ref>Kuran T. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30025019 "Sparks and prairie fires: A theory of unanticipated political revolution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121543/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30025019 |date=9 August 2020 }} Public Choice, Vol. 61, No. 1 (April 1989), pp. 41–74</ref>

The study of major crises, both political crises and external crises that can affect politics, is not limited to attempts to predict regime transitions or major changes in political institutions. Political scientists also study how governments [[disaster management|handle unexpected disasters]], and how voters in democracies react to their governments' preparations for and responses to crises.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Healy |first1=Andrew |last2=Malhotra |first2=Neil |author-link2=Neil Malhotra |year=2009 |title=Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=387–406 |doi=10.1017/S0003055409990104 |s2cid=32422707}}</ref>

==Research methods==
{{main|Political methodology}}

Political science is [[methodology|methodologically]] diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology, [[social research]], political philosophy, and many others, in addition to those that developed chiefly within the field of political science.

Political scientists approach the study of politics from a host of different ontological orientations and with a variety of different tools. Because political science is essentially a study of [[human behavior]], in all aspects of [[politics]], observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though [[experiment]]al methods are increasingly common (see [[experimental political science]]).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-17455-8|editor1-link=James N. Druckman |editor-last=Druckman |editor-first=James |location=New York |editor-last2=Green |editor-first2=Donald |editor-last3=Kuklinski |editor-first3=James |editor-last4=Lupia |editor-first4=Arthur |display-editors=2}}</ref> Citing this difficulty, former [[American Political Science Association]] President [[Lawrence Lowell]] once said "We are limited by the impossibility of experiment. Politics is an observational, not an experimental science."<ref name=":0">Lowell, A. Lawrence. 1910. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1944407 The Physiology of Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809185806/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1944407 |date=9 August 2020 }}." ''American Political Science Review'' 4: 1–15.</ref> Because of this, political scientists have historically observed political elites, institutions, and individual or group behaviour in order to identify patterns, draw generalizations, and build theories of politics.

Like all social sciences, political science faces the difficulty of observing human actors that can only be partially observed and who have the capacity for making conscious choices, unlike other subjects, such as non-human organisms in [[biology]], minerals in [[geoscience]], chemical elements in [[chemistry]], stars in [[astronomy]], or particles in [[physics]]. Despite the complexities, contemporary political science has progressed by adopting a variety of methods and theoretical approaches to understanding politics, and [[methodology|methodological]] pluralism is a defining feature of contemporary political science.

Empirical political science methods include the use of field experiments,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ichino |first1=Nahomi |last2=Nathan |first2=Noah L. |date=May 2013 |title=Crossing the Line: Local Ethnic Geography and Voting in Ghana |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=344–361 |doi=10.1017/S0003055412000664 |s2cid=9092626}}</ref> surveys and survey experiments,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Progress and Pitfalls of Using Survey Experiments in Political Science |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia |date=February 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> case studies,<ref>{{cite book |first=Theda |last=Skocpol |year=1979 |title=States and Social Revolutions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29499-7}}</ref> process tracing,<ref>{{cite journal |first=James |last=Mahoney |title=The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences |journal=Sociological Methods & Research |volume=41 |issue=4 |date=2 March 2012 |pages=570–597 |doi=10.1177/0049124112437709 |s2cid=122335417}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Sherry |last=Zaks |title=Relationships Among Rivals (RAR): A Framework for Analyzing Contending Hypotheses in Process Tracing |journal=Political Analysis |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=344–362 |date=July 2017 |doi=10.1017/pan.2017.12 |s2cid=125814475}}</ref> historical and institutional analysis,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Kathleen |last=Thelen |title=Historical institutionalism in comparative politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=2 |pages=369–404 |year=1999 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.369 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ethnography,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Evelyn Z. |last=Brodkin |title=The Ethnographic Turn in Political Science: Reflections on the State of the Art |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=131–134 |date=January 2017 |doi=10.1017/S1049096516002298 |s2cid=152094822}}</ref> participant observation,<ref>{{cite book |first=Katherine J. |last=Cramer |year=2016 |title=The Politics of Resentment |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> and interview research.<ref>{{cite book |title=Interview Research in Political Science |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8014-7863-5 |editor-last=Mosley |editor-first=Layna}}</ref>

Political scientists also use and develop theoretical tools like game theory and agent-based models to study a host of political systems and situations.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Morris P. |last=Fiorina |title=Formal Models in Political Science |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=133–159 |date=February 1975 |doi=10.2307/2110698 |jstor=2110698}}</ref> Other approaches include the study of equation-based models and opinion dynamics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Segovia-Martin |first1=Jose |last2=Rivero |first2=Oscar |title=Cross-border political competition |journal=PLOS ONE |date=May 29, 2024 |volume=19 |issue=5 |article-number=e0297731 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0297731 |doi-access=free |pmid=38809861 |pmc=11135741 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1997731S }}</ref>

Political theorists approach theories of political phenomena with a similar diversity of positions and tools, including [[feminist political theory]], historical analysis associated with the [[Cambridge School (intellectual history)|Cambridge school]], and [[Leo Strauss#Straussianism|Straussian approaches]].

Political science may overlap with topics of study that are the traditional focuses of other social sciences—for example, when sociological [[Social norm|norms]] or psychological [[Cognitive bias|biases]] are connected to political phenomena. In these cases, political science may either inherit their methods of study or develop a contrasting approach.<ref name=wedeen02>{{cite journal |first=Lisa |last=Wedeen |author-link=Lisa Wedeen |title=Conceptualizing Culture: Possibilities for Political Science |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=713–728 |date=December 2002 |doi=10.1017/S0003055402000400 |s2cid=145130880}}</ref> For example, [[Lisa Wedeen]] has argued that political science's approach to the idea of culture, originating with [[Gabriel Almond]] and [[Sidney Verba]] and exemplified by authors like [[Samuel P. Huntington]], could benefit from aligning more closely with the study of culture in anthropology.<ref name=wedeen02/> In turn, methodologies that are developed within political science may influence how researchers in other fields, like public health, conceive of and approach political processes and policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernier |first1=Nicole F. |last2=Clavier |first2=Carole |date=1 March 2011 |title=Public health policy research: making the case for a political science approach |journal=Health Promotion International |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=109–116 |doi=10.1093/heapro/daq079 |pmid=21296911 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The most common piece of academic writing in generalist political sciences is the research paper, which investigates an original [[research question]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Diane E. |chapter=Political Inquiry |date=2019 |title=Writing in Political Science |pages=1–25 |location=New York|publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781351252843-1 |isbn=978-1-351-25284-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Science |url=https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/political-science/ |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925233648/https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/political-science/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
{{Further|Public policy school|College of Arts and Sciences}}
Political science, possibly like the social sciences as a whole, can be described "as a discipline which lives on the fault line between the 'two cultures' in the academy, the [[sciences]] and the [[humanities]]."<ref name="Stoner">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/5/5/8/p245585_index.html |title=Political Science and Political Education |last=Stoner |first=J.R. |date=22 February 2008 |publisher=Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA Teaching and Learning Conference ([[American Political Science Association|APSA]]), San Jose Marriott, [[San Jose, California]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130234044/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/5/5/8/p245585_index.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=19 October 2011 |quote=…although one might allege the same for social science as a whole, political scientists receive funding from and play an active role in both the [[National Science Foundation]] and the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] [in the United States].}}</ref> Thus, in most American colleges, especially [[liberal arts college]]s, it would be located within the [[College of Arts and Sciences|school or college of arts and sciences]]. If no separate college of arts and sciences exists, or if the college or university prefers that it be in a separate constituent college or academic department, then political science may be a separate department housed as part of a division or school of humanities or [[Liberal Arts|liberal arts]].<ref name="Marist">See, e.g., the department of [http://www.marist.edu/liberalarts/polsci/ Political Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319012259/http://www.marist.edu/liberalarts/polsci/ |date=19 March 2009 }} at [[Marist College]], part of a Division of Humanities before that division became the School of Liberal Arts (c. 2000).</ref> At some universities, especially [[Research university|research universities]] and in particular those that have a strong cooperation between research, undergraduate, and graduate faculty with a stronger more applied emphasis in public administration, political science would be taught by the university's [[public policy school]].

Most United States [[Higher education in the United States|colleges and universities]] offer BA programs in political science. MA or MAT and PhD or EdD programs are common at larger universities. The term ''political science'' is more popular in post-1960s [[North America]] than elsewhere while universities predating the 1960s or those historically influenced by them would call the field of study ''government'';<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=DiSalvo |first=Daniel |date=2013-04-01 |title=The Politics of Studying Politics: Political Science Since the 1960s |journal=Society |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=132–139 |doi=10.1007/s12115-013-9631-7 |issn=1936-4725 |s2cid=255514132}}</ref> other institutions, especially those outside the United States, see political science as part of a broader discipline of ''political studies'' or ''politics'' in general. While ''political science'' implies the use of the [[scientific method]], ''political studies'' implies a broader approach, although the naming of degree courses does not necessarily reflect their content. Separate, specialized or, in some cases, professional degree programs in [[international relations]], [[public policy]], and [[public administration]] are common at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, although most but not all undergraduate level education in these sub-fields of political science is generally found in [[academic concentration]]s within a political science [[academic major]]. Master's-level programs in [[public administration]] are [[professional degree]]s covering public policy along with other applied subjects; they are often seen as more linked to politics than any other discipline, which may be reflected by being housed in that department.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vernardakis |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3DDiQm3M8C&pg=PA77 |title=Graduate education in government |publisher=University Press of America |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7618-1171-8 |page=77 |quote=…existing practices at Harvard University, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Michigan. |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012526/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3DDiQm3M8C&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Assessing ChatGPT as a Tool for Research on US State and Territory Politics |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299241268652 |url-access=registration |last=Finn |first=Peter |date=2025 |volume=23 |issue=3 |page=xvi |doi=10.1177/14789299241268652 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |title= Voting equilibria and public funding of political parties |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-024-01550-1 |url-access=registration |last=Correa|first=Lopera|date=2025 |volume=64 |issue=4 |page=xvi |doi=10.1007/s00355-024-01550-1 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |title= American Political Science Association. (n.d.). What is political science? |url=https://www.apsanet.org/resources/what-is-political-science|url-access=registration|page=xvi}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |title= Democracy. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.|chapter=Democracy |date=2024 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/|page=xvi |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University }}</ref>

The main national honor society for college and university students of government and politics in the United States is [[Pi Sigma Alpha]], while [[Pi Alpha Alpha]] is a national honor society specifically designated for [[public administration]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics}}
* {{annotated link|History of political science}}
* {{annotated link|International relations}}
* {{annotated link|Political history of the world}}
* {{annotated link|Political philosophy}}

===Lists===
* {{annotated link|Index of politics articles}}
* {{annotated link|Political lists}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of political science}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{div col}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716091610/http://www.apsanet.org/content_34140.cfm The Evolution of Political Science]'' (November 2006). APSR Centennial Volume of ''[[American Political Science Review]]''. ''Apsanet''. 4 February 2009.
* Alter, Karen J., et al. "Gender and status in American political science: Who determines whether a scholar is noteworthy?." ''Perspectives on Politics'' 18.4 (2020): 1048–1067. [https://scholar.archive.org/work/xbhhphrsbvcpthqsatywdzbafm/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E2682D0FF7BA686CF20BDA89FA2C30C3/S1537592719004985a.pdf/div-class-title-gender-and-status-in-american-political-science-who-determines-whether-a-scholar-is-noteworthy-div.pdf online]
* Atchison, Amy L, ed. ''Political Science Is for Everybody : An Introduction to Political Science''. University of Toronto Press, 2021.
* Badie, Bertrand, et al. ''International Encyclopedia of Political Science''. SAGE, 2011.
* Berlin, Mark Stephen, and Anum Pasha Syed. "The Middle East and North Africa in Political Science Scholarship: Analyzing Publication Patterns in Leading Journals, 1990–2019". ''International Studies Review'' 24.3 (2022): viac027.
* Blatt, Jessica. ''Race and the Making of American Political Science'' University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
* Breuning, Marijke, Joseph Bredehoft, and Eugene Walton. "Promise and performance: an evaluation of journals in International Relations." ''International Studies Perspectives'' 6.4 (2005): 447–461. [https://www.academia.edu/download/68292348/j.1528-3577.2005.00220.x20210724-3457-eoc4t4.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=April 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* Frickel, Scott. "Political scientists". ''Sociological Forum'' 33#1 (2018).
* Garand, James C., and Micheal W. Giles. "Journals in the discipline: a report on a new survey of American political scientists". ''PS: Political Science & Politics'' 36.2 (2003): 293–308. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231955121_Journals_in_the_Discipline_A_Report_on_a_New_Survey_of_American_Political_Scientists available from the authors]
* Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, eds. ''Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics.'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007)
* Goodin, R.E.; Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. ''A New Handbook of Political Science''. (Oxford University Press, 1996). {{ISBN|0198294719}}.
* Goodin, Robert E, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of Political Science''. Oxford University Press, 2011.
* Hochschild, Jennifer L. "Race and Class in Political Science" ''Michigan Journal of Race and Law'', 2005 11(1): 99–114.
* Hunger, Sophia, and Fred Paxton. "What's in a buzzword? A systematic review of the state of populism research in political science". ''Political Science Research and Methods'' (2021): 1–17. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D9CD5E7E13DFA30FD05D41F32E6C122B/S2049847021000443a.pdf/whats-in-a-buzzword-a-systematic-review-of-the-state-of-populism-research-in-political-science.pdf online]
* Katznelson, Ira, et al. ''Political Science: The State of the Discipline''. W.W. Norton, 2002.
* Kellstedt, Paul M, and Guy D Whitten. ''The Fundamentals of Political Science Research'' Third ed., Cambridge University Press, 2018.
* Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, ed. ''The State of Political Science in Western Europe'' (Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publisher 2007). {{ISBN|978-3866490451}}.
* Kostova, Dobrinka, et al. "Determinants and Diversity of Internationalisation in Political Science: The Role of National Policy Incentives". ''European Political Science'' (2022): 1–14. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41304-022-00365-x online]
* Lowndes, Vivien, et al., editors. ''Theory and Methods in Political Science.'' Fourth ed., Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
* Noel, Hans (2010-10-14 | DOI [https://doi.org/10.2202/1540-8884.1393 Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don't]) [http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/for.2010.8.3_20120105083456/for.2010.8.3/for.2010.8.3.1393/for.2010.8.3.1393.xml "Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don't"] ''The Forum'': Vol. 8: Iss. 3, Article 12.
* Morlino, Leonardo, et al. ''Political Science: A Global Perspective''. Sage, 2017.
* Nisonger, Thomas E. "Journals of the Century in Political Science and International Relations". in ''Journals of the Century'' (Routledge, 2019) pp. 271–288.
* Peez, Anton. "Contributions and blind spots of constructivist norms research in international relations, 1980–2018: A systematic evidence and gap analysis". ''International Studies Review'' 24.1 (2022): viab055. [https://academic.oup.com/isr/article/24/1/viab055/6506126 online]
* Raadschelders, Jos CN, and Kwang‐Hoon Lee. "Trends in the study of public administration: Empirical and qualitative observations from Public Administration Review, 2000–2009." ''Public Administration Review'' 71.1 (2011): 19–33. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jos-Raadschelders/publication/229494370_Trends_in_the_Study_of_Public_Administration_Empirical_and_Qualitative_Observations_from_Public_Administration_Review_2000-2009/links/59c24d060f7e9b21a82a53ee/Trends-in-the-Study-of-Public-Administration-Empirical-and-Qualitative-Observations-from-Public-Administration-Review-2000-2009.pdf online]
* [[Michael Roskin|Roskin, M.]] et al. ''Political Science: An Introduction'' (14th ed. Pearson, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Political-Science-Introduction-Updated-2-downloads-ebook/dp/B08DFWBPMK/ excerpt]
* Schram, S.F.; Caterino, B., eds. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kyJ5GJ7DeMQC Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method]''. (New York University Press, 2006).
* [[Glendon A. Schubert|Schubert, Glendon A.]] (1958) The Theory of "The Public Interest" in Judicial Decision-Making – {{JSTOR|2109163}}
* —— (1958) The Study of Judicial Decision-Making as an Aspect of Political Behavior – {{JSTOR|1951981}}
* —— (1959) Quantitative Analysis of Judicial Behavior
* Shively, W. Phillips, and David Schultz. ''Power and choice: An introduction to political science'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022).
* Simon, Douglas W., and Joseph Romance. ''The challenge of politics: an introduction to political science'' (CQ press, 2022).
* Tausch, Arno, "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3950846 For a globally visible political science in the 21st Century. Bibliometric analyses and strategic consequences]" (2021).
* {{Citation |last=Tausch |first=Arno |title=Farewell - peace and justice?: a look back at (my) half a century of political science in times of the Ukraine crisis |publication-date=2023 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |isbn=979-8-89113-055-5}}
* Taylor, C. L., & Russett, B. M. Eds..'' Karl W. Deutsch: Pioneer in the Theory of International Relations'' (Springer, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Karl-Deutsch-International-Humanities-Engineering-ebook/dp/B0825NM1NZ/ excerpt]
* Tronconi, Filippo, and Isabelle Engeli. "The networked researcher, the editorial manager, and the traveller: the profiles of international political scientists and the determinants of internationalisation". ''European Political Science'' (2022): 1–14. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41304-022-00368-8online ]
* Van Evera, Stephen. ''Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science''. Cornell University Press, 1997. [https://www.amazon.com/Guide-Methods-Students-Political-Science/dp/080148457X/ excerpt]
* Weber, Erik, et al. "Thinking about laws in political science (and beyond)". ''Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour'' 52.1 (2022): 199–222.
* Zippelius, Reinhold (2003). ''Geschichte der Staatsideen (History of political Ideas)'', 10th ed. Munich: [[C.H. Beck]]. {{ISBN|3406494943}}.
* Zippelius, Reinhold (2010). ''Allgemeine Staatslehre, Politikwissenschaft (Political Science)'', 16th ed. Munich: [[C.H. Beck]]. {{ISBN|978-3406603426}}.
{{end div col}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt= |c= |n=no |q= |s=no |b= |v=}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* [http://ipsaportal.unina.it/ IPSAPortal: Top 300 websites for Political Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227123603/http://ipsaportal.unina.it/ |date=27 February 2015 }}
* [https://ooir.org/index.php?field=Social+Sciences&category=Political+Science Observatory of International Research (OOIR): Latest Papers and Trends in Political Science]
* [http://www.politicalscience.org/ PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)]

===Professional organizations===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002032919/http://www.ecpr.eu/ European Consortium for Political Research]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415202647/http://icrhs.tsukuba.ac.jp/en/ Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences (ICR) in Japan]
* [https://iapss.org/ International Association for Political Science Students]
* [http://www.ipsa.org/ International Political Science Association]
* [http://www.isanet.org/ International Studies Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031651/http://www.mpsanet.org/ Midwest Political Science Association]
* [http://www.psa.ac.uk/ Political Studies Association of the UK]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219111720/http://spsa.net/ Southern Political Science Association]

===Library guides===
* {{Cite web |url=http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=17084 |title=Political Science |last=Library |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |location=Michigan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707175200/http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=17084 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/political-science-guide/ |title=Political Science: A Resource Guide |last=Library |website=LibGuides |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=6 February 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://ox.libguides.com/politics |title=Political Science |last=Bodleian Libraries |author-link=Bodleian Libraries |website=LibGuides |publisher=University of Oxford |location=UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218121858/http://ox.libguides.com/politics |archive-date=18 February 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://libguides.princeton.edu/politics |title=Politics Research Guide |last=Library |website=LibGuides |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |location=New Jersey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723120001/http://libguides.princeton.edu/politics |archive-date=23 July 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://researchguides.library.syr.edu/polisci |title=Political Science |last=Libraries |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708232448/http://researchguides.library.syr.edu/polisci |archive-date=8 July 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://guides.library.tamu.edu/politicalscience?hs=a |title=Political Science |last=University Libraries |website=Research Guides |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |location=Texas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021070243/http://guides.library.tamu.edu/politicalscience?hs=a |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}

{{Social sciences}}
{{Government}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Science}}
[[Category:Political science| ]]

Shweta Rastogi

2026-03-15T04:38:42Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new the entry with sources...

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shweta Rastogi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|11|16|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/visualstories/entertainment/shweta-rastogi-aka-radha-rani-shri-krishna-glamorous-look-at-age-50-ramananda-sagar-rekha-tv-actress-tmovb-37050-18-05-2023|title=Remember Shri Krishna's Radha? So fit even at the age of 50, looks glamorous|date=18 May 2023 |access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/tv-news/shri-krishna-fame-shweta-rastogi-will-have-to-be-difficult-to-recognize-now-7717907/|title=Radha of 'Shri Krishna' has changed so much after years, it would be difficult to recognize|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/tv-shweta-rastogi-played-radha-role-in-ramanand-sagar-shri-krishna-see-her-latest-glamorous-pics-pr-4479550-page-2.html|title=You will not be able to recognize Radha of 'Shri Krishna', Ramanand Sagar was not impressed with Shweta Rastogi in the first audition|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/amanand-sagar-shri-krishna-radha-role-played-by-shweta-rastogi-is-now-glamorous-see-pictures-5579731/|title=This Is How Shweta Rastogi Became Radha Of Shri Krishna 29 Years Ago, Everyone Was Shocked To See The Glamor Of The Actress|access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/tv-photogalleries/on-janmashtami-2022-shri-krishna-actress-shweta-rastogi-photos-who-played-swapnil-joshi-radha-in-ramanand-sagar-show/photoshow/93637209.cms|title=29 years ago, people used to worship Shweta Rastogi like 'Radha', everyone was shocked to see the glamor of 'Krishna' actress|access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Meerut]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/meerut-daughter-shweta-played-the-role-radha-in-tv-serial-shri-krishna-6072548/|title=This daughter of Meerut will be seen dancing with Kanhaiya in Shri Krishna on Doordarshan|date=6 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| yearsactive = 1988–present
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Shweta Rastogi''' is an Indian television actress from [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/surging-ahead-491993|title=Shweta Rastogi on changes in the fantasy genre|access-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/shweta-rastogi-says-the-industry-has-changed-a-lot-from-alif-laila-to-baalveer-3-466298|title=A lot has changed in the industry from Alif Laila to Baalveer 3.|date=18 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/shrikrishna-fame-radha-aka-shweta-rastogi-now-looking-very-different-see-latest-photos-mhad-gh-747658.html|title='Radha' from 'Shrikrishna' serial now seen; The latest photos came out|date=17 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/television-news/article/shweta-rastogi-from-ramanand-sagars-shri-krishna-difficult-to-recognize/433687|title='This' is Radha from Ramanand Sagar's Srikrishna series, users are also stunned after seeing the latest photo|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/ramanand-sagar-shree-krishna-radha-shweta-rastogi-latest-photos-a590/|title=Remember the little 'Radha' from 'Shri Krishna' series? As it looks now, see the photo|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/entertainment/after-years-radha-of-shri-krishna-has-changed-so-much-will-not-be-able-to-recognize-by-seeing-gh-pp-1239835.html|title=After years, Radha of 'Shri Krishna' has changed so much, you can't even recognize it|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]''
| Child Kavita Saxena
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Parinda]]''
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]''
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Veluchami]]''
| Chinamma
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 1993–1994
| ''[[Krishna (TV series) | Krishna]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/gallery/tv-news/ramanand-sagar-shree-krishna-radha-shweta-rastogi-now-look-glamorous-kpj-rgr5o7?photo=2|title=People used to worship this Radha of TV 29 years ago, everyone was surprised to see the glamorous look of this actress of Shri Krishna|access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref>
| [[Radha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/ramanand-sagar-shree-krishna-radha-shweta-rastogi-then-and-now-photos-tmova-1519638-2022-08-17#ssologin=1|title=Radha of 'Shri Krishna' has changed so much after years, you will not be able to recognize|date=17 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref>
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 1993–1997
| ''[[Alif Laila]]''
| Daughter Of Royal Vazir
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series) | Rishtey]]'' – Maa
| Usha (Episode 39)
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series) | Jai Hanuman]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19960615-bajrangbalis-worshippers-to-have-two-hanumans-on-tv-833227-1996-05-30?onetap=true|title=Bajrangbali's worshippers to have two Hanumans on TV|date=31 May 1996 }}</ref>
| Maharani [[Satyabhama]]
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2000–2003
| ''[[Shree Ganesh]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001015/spectrum/tv.htm|title=War of the lords}}</ref>
| Devi [[Aditi]]
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2001
| Jaane Anjaane<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Watch out for more on the father-son rift|access-date=2001-10-07}}</ref>
| Rashmi Vashisht
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2001–2002
| Jap Tap Vratt<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010617/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Trinity on TV|access-date=2001-06-17}}</ref>
| Devi [[Lakshmi]]
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2001–2002
| Om Namo Narayan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011021/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Another mythological offering|access-date=2001-10-21}}</ref>
| Devi [[Parvati]]
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2001–2002
| Jai Santoshi Maa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020113/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Good Lord!|access-date=2002-01-13}}</ref>
| Devi [[Buddhi]]
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2003
| Maharathi Karna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20010611-sanjay-khan-to-launch-mega-teleserials-1857-kranti-and-maharathi-karana-on-dd1-776696-2001-06-10|title=Sanjay Khan to launch mega-teleserials '1857-Kranti' and 'Maharathi Karana' on DD1|date=11 June 2001 |access-date=2001-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010713/art-trib.htm|title=Sanjay Khan to go back to films|access-date=2001-07-13}}</ref>
| Dhatri
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2003
| Ghar Sansaar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Soapy tales|access-date=2003-03-09}}</ref>
| Shweta Chaudhary
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct1.htm|title=Zee to spruce up programming with new shows|access-date=2003-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dark-deeds-of-another-world-invades-TV/articleshow/331282.cms?from=mdr|title=Dark deeds of another world invades TV|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 November 2003 |access-date=2003-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Communicating with the dead|access-date=2003-12-28}}</ref>
| Aditi
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr127.htm|title=Sahara optimistic about new horror show|access-date=2004-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040512/cth2.htm|title=He has it in him to scare you|access-date=2004-05-11}}</ref> – Jaanwar: Part 1 to Part 4
| Episode 121 to Episode 124
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
| Jaylakshmi
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kesar]]''
| Muskaan Maliya
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Stree Teri Kahani]]''
| Radha
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Rakhi (TV series) | Rakhi]]''
| Gunjan Amber Thakur
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2009
| Ganesh Leela<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/lord-help/|title=Lord,help!|date=24 August 2009 |access-date=2009-08-24}}</ref>
|
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''
| Paro
| [[Imagine TV]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]''
| Juhi Rajeev Patel
| [[Sony SAB]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Devi [[Aditi]]
| [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
| Devi [[Ahilya]]
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Internet Wala Love]]''
| Pratima Shubhankar Verma
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Thoda Sa Badal Thoda Sa Paani]]''
| Lekha Shyam Mukherjee
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Baalveer 3]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-alif-laila-to-baalveer-3-industry-has-changed-a-lot-shweta-rastogi/articleshow/98774599.cms|title=From 'Alif Laila' to 'Baalveer 3', industry has changed a lo ..|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref>
| Adishi
| [[Sony SAB]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm7344759}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rastogi, Shweta}}
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Meerut]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

Battle of Sinhagad

2026-03-13T18:30:06Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: minor updated intro after review further and improved wording

{{Short description|1670 battle between Maratha and Mughal forces}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sinhagad (Kondhana)
| partof = [[The Maratha rebellion]]
| image = Sinhagad.jpg
| image_size = 300
| date = 4 February 1670
| place = Fort [[Sinhagad]], near [[Pune]], [[India]]
| result = Maratha victory
| territory = Fort [[Sinhagad]] (then, Kondhana fort) captured by [[Marathas]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.png}} [[Maratha Empire|Maratha kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Tanaji Malusare]]{{KIA}}
| caption = The Fort of [[Sinhagad]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}
The '''Battle of Sinhagad''', also known as '''Battle of Kondhana''', involved an attack by [[Maratha Army|Marathas]] during the night of 4 February 1670 on the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] fort of [[Sinhagad]] (then Kondhana), near the city of [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. The Marathas captured the fort.

== Battle ==
Sinhagad was one of the first forts which Shivaji recaptured from the Mughals following the treaty of Purandar. The capture was made possible by scaling the walls at night with rope ladders. [[Tanaji Malusare]] was killed, but the fort was captured by the Marathas. The battle and Tanaji's exploits are the basis of a popular Marathi ballad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA79|volume=2|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=79|isbn=9780521033169|quote=The first and most spectacular success was the capture of Sinhagad fort. It was taken by scaling very difficult walls by the means of rope ladders in a night raid which culminated in a hand to hand combat inside the fort. The raid was led by Tanhaji Malsure, who was killed in the battle.}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
When Shivaji was informed about the victory and the loss of Tanaji's life during the battle, he is said to have exclaimed "''गड आला पण सिंह गेला''" ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Gaḍa ālā paṇa siṃha gela'' [[English language|English]]: ''The fort has been captured but we lost the lion''). A bust of Tanaji Malusare was installed at the fort in memory of his contribution and sacrifice.<ref name="Verma">{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=83–86|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8|date=2003}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Tanhaji]]'' - a Hindi movie of 2020, starring [[Ajay Devgn|Ajay Devgan]], depicted the battle of Kondhana.
* ''[[Raja Shivchatrapati]]'' - a Marathi TV serial of [[Star Pravah]] had episodes about this battle.
* ''[[Subhedar]]'' - a Marathi movie of 2023, starring [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], depicted the battle of Kondhana

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:1670 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Sinhgad 1670]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1670|Sinhagad]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Sinhagad]]
[[Category:Night battles|Sinhagad]]
[[Category:1670s in the Mughal Empire]]

Gagan Dev Riar

2026-03-12T20:16:35Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: created basic entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gagan Dev Riar
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = New Delhi
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Gagan Dev Riar''' is an Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Gagan Dev Riar says before Scam 2003, he was worried about 'aage ka kharcha' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/scam-2003-telgi-story-gagan-dev-riar-struggle-abdul-karim-telgi-real-story-8914360/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=From behrupiya to scammer: theatre actor Gagan Dev Riar takes on Abdul Karim Telgi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/from-stage-to-screen-gagan-dev-riar-shines-as-abdul-karim-telgi-in-scam-2003-a-leading-role-debut-101693078525877.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is mainly known for his roles in [[Scam 2003]], [[A Suitable Boy (TV series)|A Suitable Boy]], [[Sonchiriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Scam 2003-The Telgi Story star Gagan Dev Riar recalls the time he worked as a peon in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/scam-2003-the-telgi-story-star-gagan-dev-riar-recalls-the-time-he-worked-as-a-peon-in-mumbai-101699289686206.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Gagan Dev Riar, Abdul Karim Telgi in Scam 2003? Worked with SSR, was first choice for this role in Scam 1992 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-who-is-gagan-dev-riar-abdul-karim-telgi-in-scam-2003-worked-with-ssr-was-first-choice-for-this-role-in-scam-3057943 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I copied even the slightest gestures of Telgi: Scam 2003's Gagan Dev Riar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/sep/07/i-copied-even-the-slightest-gestures-of-telgi-scam-2003s-gagan-dev-riar-2612315.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Riar was born in New Delhi and brought up in [[Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Say hello to OTT's new star, Gagan Dev Riar |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/say-hello-to-otts-new-star-gagan-dev-riar-542961 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his career as a theatre actor. He played noted roles in plays like Piya Behrupiya, Stories in a Song, Monsoon Wedding: The Musical, Detective 9-2-11, Aaj Rang Hai and Baaghi Albele.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gowen |first=Annie |date=2023-05-22 |title=How Mira Nair's 'Monsoon Wedding' became a musical |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/theater-dance/2023/05/12/monsoon-wedding-musical-mira-nair/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Supraja |first=Charumathi |date=2023-08-01 |title=How the play Piya Behrupiya won over audiences with a nautanki twist to Shakespeare's Twelfth Night |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/how-the-play-piya-behrupiya-won-over-audiences-with-a-nautanki-twist-to-shakespeares-twelfth-night/article67131417.ece |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dua |first=Purtika |date=2023-05-05 |title=Atul Kumar's Baaghi Albele: A satirical comedy returns to Delhi for its 6th Season |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/atul-kumars-baaghi-albele-a-satirical-comedy-returns-to-delhi-for-its-6th-season/article66780925.ece |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He made his Bollywood debut in the year 2014 with [[Akarsh Khurana]]’s directed tv film Sunsilk Real FM and played the role of Jwahar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=A Suitable Boy To Sonchiriya, Projects Gagandev Riar Helmed Before Scam 2003 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/a-suitable-boy-to-sonchiriya-projects-gagandev-riar-helmed-before-scam-2003-8566138.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Then he appeared in [[Sudev Nair]]’s directed tv series Not Fit as Raunak.

In 2019, he acted as Khalifa in [[Abhishek Chaubey]]’s directed film [[Sonchiriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-24 |title=Theatre actor Gagan Dev Riar to headline Hansal Mehta's 'Scam 2003: The Telgi Story' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/theatre-actor-gagan-dev-riar-to-headline-hansal-mehtas-scam-2003-the-telgi-story/articleshow/91761934.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
Again, he appeared in [[Mira Nair]] and [[Shimit Amin]]’s directed tv series [[A Suitable Boy]] as Pran Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhibber |first=Mini Anthikad |date=2020-10-23 |title='A Suitable Boy' review: A lavish, if predictable offering from Mira Nair |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-suitable-boy-review-a-lavish-if-predictable-offering-from-mira-nair/article32927018.ece |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasika Dugal, Namit Das join Mira Nair's A Suitable Boy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rasika-dugal-namit-das-join-mira-nair-s-a-suitable-boy-1604828-2019-09-30 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=India Today |date=30 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In the year 2023, he came to limelight with playing as the protagonist [[Abdul Karim Telgi]] in [[Tushar Hiranandani]]’s directed tv series [[Scam 2003|Scam 2003: The Telgi Story]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gagan Dev Riar to play the lead role in Scam 2003 The Telgi Story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/gagan-dev-riar-to-play-the-lead-role-in-scam-2003-the-telgi-story-1953347-2022-05-24 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=India Today |date=24 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
His performance in Scam 2003 praised by audience and critics wrote very positive quotes about him in film's reviews.
[[Shubhra Gupta|Shubra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] said: "Gagan Dev Riar as [[Abdul Karim Telgi]] is terrific".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Scam 2003 The Telgi Story review: Gagan Dev Riar as Abdul Karim Telgi is terrific |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/scam-2003-the-telgi-story-review-gagan-dev-riar-as-abdul-karim-telgi-is-terrific-8918926/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Yatamanyu Narain of [[Network18 Group|News 18]] stated: "Gagan Dev Riar as Abdul Telgi is the heart and soul of Hansal Mehta's show".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Scam 2003 The Telgi Story Review: Hansal Mehta's 'Scam-verse' Gets Bigger And Brilliant |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/scam-2003-the-telgi-story-review-hansal-mehtas-scam-verse-gets-bigger-and-brilliant-8559158.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Bhavna Agarwal of [[India Today]] stated: "Gagan Dev Riar nails it as Telgi".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Scam 2003' Vol 1 Review: Gagan Dev Riar's 'daring' act supersedes scam legacy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/scam-2003-vol-1-review-gagan-dev-riars-daring-act-supersedes-scam-legacy-2429454-2023-09-01 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=India Today |date=September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" |''Year''
! scope="col" |''Movie/TV Series''
! scope="col" |''Roles''
!''Refs.''
|-
|''2014''
|''Sunsilk Real FM''
|''Jwahar''
|
|-
|''2015''
|''Not Fit''
|''Raunakk''
|
|-
|''2019''
|''[[Sonchiriya]]''
|''Khalifa''
|
|-
|''2020''
|[[A Suitable Boy (TV series)|''A Suitable Boy'']]
|''Pran Kapoor''
|
|-
|''2023''
|''[[Scam 2003]]''
|''[[Abdul Karim Telgi]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Costao]]''
|CBI Officer Addnl SP Sameer Narang
|
|-
|''[[13th: Some Lessons Aren't Taught in Classrooms]]''
|MT Sir
|
|}

===Theatre plays===
*Piya Behrupiya<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-02 |title=Atul Kumar's Piya Behrupiya comes to Bengaluru again |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/atul-kumars-piya-behrupiya-comes-to-bengaluru-again/articleshow/69974624.cms |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Stories in a Song<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Gagan Dev Riar? All About Actor Who Plays Abdul Karim Telgi In Scam 2003 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/who-is-gagan-dev-riar-all-about-actor-who-plays-abdul-karim-telgi-in-scam-2003 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
*Monsoon Wedding:The Musical<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernardo |first=Melissa Rose |date=2023-05-23 |title=Monsoon Wedding: An Exceptional Movie Becomes An Unremarkable Musical |url=https://nystagereview.com/2023/05/22/monsoon-wedding-an-exceptional-movie-becomes-an-unremarkable-musical/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=New York Stage Review |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Detective 9-2-11<ref>{{Cite news |title=Playing it right |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/playing-it-right-619527}}</ref>
*Aaj Rang Hai<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAJ RANG HAI play review, Hindi play review - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/07-aaj-rang-hai-hindi-play-review.asp |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref>
*Baaghi Albele<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-10 |title=Aadyam Theatre's 'Baaghi Albele' to portray artists' woes under government repression |url=https://theprint.in/india/aadyam-theatres-baaghi-albele-to-portray-artists-woes-under-government-repression/1565862/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm6421780|name=Gagan Dev Riar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riar, Gagan Dev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actors from New Delhi]]
{{improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Yellow (2014 film)

2026-03-09T09:51:18Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new first stub initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yellow
| image = Yellow (Marathi film) Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Limaye]]
| writer = [[Amabr Hadap]] [[Ganesh Pandit]]
| producer = [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Uttung Hitendra Thakur|Uttung Thakur]]
| starring = [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] [[Upendra Limaye]] [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] Aishwarya Narkar
| cinematography = Mahesh Limaye
| editing = [[Jayant Jathar]]
| studio = [[Mumbai Film Company]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|4}}
}}
'''''Yellow''''' is a 2014 [[Marathi film]] directed by [[Mahesh Limaye]] and produced by [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Uttung Hitendra Thakur|Uttung Thakur]].<ref name=DNA/> The story explores a mother/daughter relationship involving developmental disability and childlike behaviour.

The directorial debut film is based on a true story of Gauri Gadgil, a child with special needs, who also plays herself in the film. The film was released on 4 April 2014 to critical acclaim.<ref name=DNA>{{cite web | title = Movie Review: Yellow (Marathi) |work=Daily News & Analysis | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-movie-review-yellow-marathi-1975936 |date= 7 April 2014|access-date = 9 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Movie Reviews: Yellow| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Yellow-Mahesh-Limaye-Upendra-Limaye-Mrinal-Kulkarni-Gauri-Gadgil-Hrishikesh-Joshi-Riteish-Deshmukh/movie-review/33237601.cms|date=4 April 2014| access-date = 9 April 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref> The film second film of actor [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as producer after ''[[Balak-Palak]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web | title = Marathi audience accepts films with unique concepts: Riteish Deshmukh |date= 6 April 2014 |publisher= Firstpost | url = http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/marathi-audience-accepts-films-with-unique-concepts-riteish-deshmukh-1467355.html | access-date = 9 April 2014 }}</ref>

At the [[61st National Film Awards]], it won the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]], while the child actors Gauri Gadgil and Sanjana Rai received [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]].<ref name=diff>{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 | url = http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals| date= 16 April 2014|quote=An unbelievably inspiring film about a specially gifted girl who overcomes all the odds to make an international mark.|access-date = 16 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Summary==
Mugdha ([[Mrinal Kulkarni]]) and Shekhar ([[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]) are parents of Gauri (Gauri Gadgil), a child with [[Down syndrome]] having mental disability. Despite her unsupportive husband, Mugdha wants to bring Gauri up normally. She separates from her husband and starts living with her brother Shri ([[Hrishikesh Joshi]]). However Gauri remains tough to handle, till she discovers her love for swimming. Thus Mugdha gets her enrolled for coaching for competitive swimming training with coach Pratap Sardeshmukh ([[Upendra Limaye]]).

==Cast==
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Mughdha
* [[Gauri Gadgil]] as Gauri
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Pratap Sardeshmukh
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] as Shri
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Shekhar
* [[Usha Nadkarni]]
* [[Aishwarya Narkar]]
* [[ Dhwani Rajput]]

==Release==
The first look promo of the film was released in January 2014.<ref>{{cite web| title = Riteish Deshmukh happy with response to promo of Marathi film 'Yellow' |work=Daily News & Analysis | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-riteish-deshmukh-happy-with-response-to-promo-of-marathi-film-yellow-1952613 |date=17 January 2014 | access-date = 9 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Awards==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award/Festival
!Category
!Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[61st National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 | url = http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals| date= 16 April 2014|access-date = 16 April 2014 }}</ref>
| [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention (Feature Film)]] for Gauri Gadgil (Child actor)
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention (Feature Film)]] for Sanjana Rai (Child actor)
| {{won}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Marathi films of 2014]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3651028|Yellow}}
{{National Film Award Special Jury Award feature film}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about Down syndrome]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]

HAL Dhruv

2026-03-08T07:05:10Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: updated page

{{Short description|Indian Multi-role helicopter}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}

{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Dhruv
| image = Indian air force dhruv helicopter j4042 arp.jpg
| caption = Dhruv Mk.I with the [[Sarang display team]]
| type = [[Utility helicopter]]
| national_origin = India
| designer = 
| manufacturers = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| design_group = Rotary Wing Research and Design Center<ref>{{cite news |title=Rotary Wing |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Rotary%20Wing/M__326 |access-date=9 October 2021 |agency=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009163535/https://hal-india.co.in/Rotary%20Wing/M__326 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| first_flight = 20 August 1992<ref name= "Important Milestones">{{cite web |url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=69s3HPZPfI4zz/q8SP2vlw==&ParentID=XKXzQohnNlR8lLkeT6DXDw== |title=Equipment: Dhruv |publisher=Indian Army |access-date= 13 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144927/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=69s3HPZPfI4zz%2Fq8SP2vlw%3D%3D&ParentID=XKXzQohnNlR8lLkeT6DXDw%3D%3D |archive-date= 21 October 2014}}</ref>
| introduction = March 2002<ref name= jawa>{{cite book|first1= Paul |last1= Jackson |first2=Kenneth|last2=Munson|first3= Lindsay|last3=Peacock|title= Jane's All the World's Aircraft |year= 2004 |publisher= Jane's |location= Coulsdon |isbn= 0-71062614-2 |edition= 95th | issue = 2004–2005}}</ref>
| retired =
| status = In service
| primary_user = [[Indian Army]]
| more_users = [[Indian Air Force]] [[Indian Navy]] See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| produced = 1992–present
| number_built = 400+ (January 2024)<ref name=theprint>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/over-400-indigenous-dhruv-and-its-variant-helicopters-built-since-2002-but-at-least-23-crashed/1178686/|title=Over 400 indigenous Dhruv and its variant helicopters built since 2002, but at least 23 crashed|first=Snehesh Alex|last=Philip|date=22 October 2022|work=The Print|access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>
| developed_from =
| variants = [[HAL Rudra]]
| developed_into = [[HAL Prachand]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Aero India: HAL showcases new helicopter designs |url=http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/aero-india-hal-showcases-new-helicopter-/ |access-date=31 July 2012 |newspaper=Shephard |date=10 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220125905/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/aero-india-hal-showcases-new-helicopter-/ |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>
}}

The '''HAL Dhruv''' ({{Lit|Unshakeable}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary - ध |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/130.html |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=sanskrit.inria.fr |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921162720/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/130.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[utility helicopter]] designed and developed by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) in November 1984. The helicopter first flew in 1992; though its development was prolonged due to multiple factors including the [[Indian Army]]'s requirement for design changes, budget restrictions, and sanctions placed on India following the 1998 [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests.

The HAL Dhruv entered operational service in 2002. It is designed to meet the requirement of both military and civil operators, with military variants of the helicopter being developed for the [[Indian Armed Forces]], while a variant for civilian/commercial use has also been developed. Military versions in production include transport, utility, [[reconnaissance]] and [[medical evacuation]] variants.

{{asof|January 2024|post=,}} more than 400 Dhruvs had been produced for domestic and export markets logging more than 340,000 flying hours.<ref name=theprint/><ref name="bs-190122">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/HAL-Signs-Contract-For-Export-Of-Dhruv-Helicopter-To-Mauritius/19-01-2022-418261/|title=HAL Signs Contract For Export Of Dhruv Helicopter To Mauritius|publisher=Business Standard|date=2022-01-19|first=Vishal|last=Thapar|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120082105/http://www.businessworld.in/article/HAL-Signs-Contract-For-Export-Of-Dhruv-Helicopter-To-Mauritius/19-01-2022-418261/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Development==

===Origins===
[[File:HAL Dhruv onboard INS Vikrant (R11) during sea trials.jpg|thumb|right|HAL Dhruv on board {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} during her sea trials]]

The ''Advanced Light Helicopter'' (ALH) program for an indigenous 5-ton multirole helicopter was initiated in May 1979 by the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Naval Air Arm]].<ref name ='hirsch 49'/> HAL were given a contract by the Indian government in 1984 to develop the helicopter;<ref name ='hirsch 49'/><ref>Datta 2008, p. 12.</ref> Germany's [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm]] (MBB) were contracted in July 1984 as a design [[consultant]] and collaborative partner on the programme.<ref name= "JAWA03 p185"/><ref name= 'khan 248'>Khan 2004, p. 248.</ref> Although originally scheduled to fly in 1989, the first prototype ALH (Z-3182) made its maiden flight on 20 August 1992 at [[Bangalore]] with the then-Indian Vice President [[K R Narayanan]] in attendance.<ref>Kahn 2004, pp. 248–249.</ref> This was followed by a second prototype (Z-3183) on 18 April 1993, an Army/Air Force version (Z-3268), and a navalised prototype (IN.901) with [[AlliedSignal]] CTS800 engines and a [[Retractable gear|retractable]] tricycle undercarriage.<ref name= "JAWA03 p184">Jackson, p. 184.</ref> Development problems arose due to changing military demands and a funding shortfall in the wake of the [[1991 Indian economic crisis]].<ref name ='hirsch 49'>Hirschberg 2011, p. 49.</ref>

Naval testing on board {{INS|Viraat}} and other ships started in March 1998, and around the same time a weight-reduction programme was initiated.<ref name='dhruv janes'>{{cite web |url= http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/HAL-Dhruv-India.html |title= HAL Dhruv (India), Aircraft – Rotary-wing – Civil/military |publisher= Jane's |date= 13 July 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102628/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/HAL-Dhruv-India.html |archive-date= 3 May 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> However, further delays in development were caused when sanctions were implemented against India following a number of [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests in 1998 and India's continued refusal to sign the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]]. As a result, the intended engine for the helicopter, the [[LHTEC T800]], was [[embargo]]ed.<ref name= 'dhruv janes'/><ref name="dhruv paris buslin">{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/07/05/stories/2005070500361800.htm |title= Dhruv on wings at Paris |work= Business Line |date= 5 July 2005 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083548/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/07/05/stories/2005070500361800.htm |archive-date= 22 September 2012 |df= dmy-all |access-date= 13 August 2011 }}</ref> The [[Turbomeca]] TM 333-2B2 [[turboshaft]] engine was selected as a replacement; in addition, Turbomeca agreed to co-develop a more powerful engine with HAL, originally known as the ''[[Safran Ardiden|Ardiden]]''.<ref name= 'flight152005'>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/02/15/193906/aero-india-hal-to-target-maritime-contract.html |title= Aero India – HAL to target maritime contract |work= Flight International |date= 15 February 2005}}</ref> Turbomeca also assisted in the development of the helicopter; stress analysis and studies of rotor dynamics were conducted in France.<ref>Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 24.</ref> The first flight of Dhruv with the new engine variant, called the [[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti|''Shakti'']], took place on 16 August 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hal-india.com/dhruv-shakti.asp |title=Dhruvs with Shakti engine and weapons make maiden flight |publisher=HAL |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607100023/http://www.hal-india.com/dhruv-shakti.asp |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071950150900.htm |title=Shakti-powered ALH to fly on August 1 |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=Ravi |last=Sharma |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019110353/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071950150900.htm |archive-date=19 October 2011 }}</ref>

===Further development===

The [[HAL Rudra]], earlier known as Dhruv-WSI (''Weapons Systems Integrated''), is an attack variant designed for the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/army-to-soon-get-indigenous-weaponised-chopper-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra/articleshow/9857201.cms |title= Army to soon get indigenous weaponised chopper Advanced Light Helicopter 'Rudra' |work= The Times of India |date= 5 September 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171009040717/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/army-to-soon-get-indigenous-weaponised-chopper-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra/articleshow/9857201.cms |archive-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref> Development was sanctioned in December 1998<ref>Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 45.</ref> and the prototype first flew on 16 August 2007; it is to be armed with both anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles, and a 20-mm turret-mounted cannon.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762311700.htm |title= Weaponised version of Dhruv makes maiden flight |date= 17 August 2007 |location= Chennai, India |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121110125818/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762311700.htm |work= [[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 10 November 2012}}</ref> The Dhruv-WSI is to be capable of conducting [[Close air support|combat air support]] (CAS) and [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) roles as well.<ref>Standing Committee of Defence 2007, pp. 24–25.</ref> In addition to the Dhruv-WSI, HAL also developed the [[HAL Prachand|light combat helicopter]] (LCH), later christened HAL ''Prachand'', based on the Dhruv for the Indian Armed Forces. It is fitted with stub wings for carrying up to eight anti-armour missiles, four air-to-air missiles, or four pods loaded with either 70 mm or 68 mm rockets. The LCH will also have [[forward-looking infrared]] (FLIR), a [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) camera, and a target acquisition system with laser rangefinder and thermal vision.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Indigenous-combat-copter-takes-to-skies/articleshow/5966664.cms |title= Indigenous combat copter takes to skies |date= 24 May 2010 |access-date= 22 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160411224457/http://hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=63 |archive-date= 11 April 2016 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= live }}</ref>
[[File:Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH Dhruv).jpg|thumb|An ALH Dhruv in the Indian Air Force service.]]
In February 2004, HAL signed a $33 million contract with the [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) became the sole manufacturer of the [[avionics]] for at least 100 units of HAL Dhruv, for both domestic and export markets. The firm also won the international marketing rights of the copter to promote the product in the international market against competitors including [[Eurocopter]]. Israel had contributions in developing the avionics for export variant of the helicopter and was considering one example to equip itself for [[VIP transport]] of senior defence officials. The aircraft received its civil certification in December 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-08-17 |title=Israel closes in on Dhruv for VIPs |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/israel-closes-in-on-dhruv-for-vips/56114.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226100552/https://www.flightglobal.com/israel-closes-in-on-dhruv-for-vips/56114.article |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite web |date=2008-10-29 |title=HAL Dhruv – Indian Navy |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/equipment/current/hal-dhruv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226084119/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/equipment/current/hal-dhruv/ |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:IA-1136 HAL Dhruv (Indian Army).jpg|thumb|left|A Dhruv of the Indian Army]]

In 2005, following a crash landing of a Dhruv, the entire fleet was grounded when it was discovered to have been caused by excessive vibration of the tail rotor. Following a redesign which incorporated new materials in addition to changes in design methodology, the Dhruv undertook recertification and returned to service shortly after March 2006.<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article123595.ece |title=IAF's Dhruv helicopter crash-lands in Jaisalmer |work=The Hindu |date=27 February 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102092710/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article123595.ece |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="outlookmar10">{{cite magazine |url= http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?369391 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130130232331/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?369391 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 30 January 2013 |title= Dhruv to resume service soon |magazine= Outlook India |date= 10 March 2006 }}</ref> In April 2007, a report published by the Indian Committee of Defence noted the Dhruv as one of four "focus areas" identified as having high export potential.<ref>Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 71.</ref> In January 2011, HAL and partner [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) announced that they were jointly developing the Dhruv to operate as an unmanned maritime helicopter, stating customer interest in such a feature.<ref name='flight201101'>{{cite web |first= Arie |last= Egozi |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/01/06/351501/iai-to-help-india-develop-unmanned-dhruv.html |title= IAI to help India develop unmanned Dhruv |work= Flight International |date= 6 January 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812151528/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/01/06/351501/iai-to-help-india-develop-unmanned-dhruv.html |archive-date= 12 August 2011}}</ref>

The first five production Dhruv Mk III, powered by the more powerful Shakti-1H engine, were delivered to the [[Leh]]-based 205 Aviation Squadron on 7 February 2011 during a ceremony at HAL's Helicopter Division.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|title=In Siachen, Dhruv proves a world-beater|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/|work=Business Standard|access-date=21 August 2011|date=7 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806070753/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/|archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> In July 2011, India's [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] certified a Dhruv simulator developed by HAL and Canadian developer [[CAE Inc.|CAE Inc]]; the simulator is easily modifiable to simulate different variants of the Dhruv and other helicopters such as the [[Eurocopter Dauphin]].<ref>{{cite web |first= Greg |last= Waldron |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/12/357273/india-certifies-first-dhruv-simulator.html |title= India certifies first Dhruv simulator |work= Flight International |date= 12 July 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811165950/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/12/357273/india-certifies-first-dhruv-simulator.html |archive-date= 11 August 2011}}</ref> [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] (DEBEL) has been developing an oxygen life-support system to improve the helicopter's high-altitude performance, and as of August 2010 the IAF has ordered development of this system for the Dhruv.<ref>{{cite magazine |first= Anantha |last= Kristnan M. |url= http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?id=news/awx/2010/08/13/awx_08_13_2010_p0-247830.xml&topicName=India |title= India Develops Oxygen System for High-Altitude Helo Flights |magazine= Aviation Week |date= 13 August 2010 }}{{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref>

In September 2024, HAL assigned TimeTooth Technologies, based in [[Bengaluru]], for indigenisation of Rotor Damp System to be used on ALH Dhruv and [[HAL Prachand]]. The project involves development and qualification of the system for the next two years followed by its production and supply would be for a period of 5 years and beyond. The majority of the project will be funded by the private company itself. The production order value is expected to exceed $5 million within the 5-year period.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewan |first=Neha |date=2024-09-25 |title=TimeTooth Technologies bags orders from HAL for Light Combat Helicopters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/timetooth-technologies-bags-orders-from-hal-for-light-combat-helicopters/articleshow/113658911.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17273100173643&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/timetooth-technologies-bags-orders-from-hal-for-light-combat-helicopters/articleshow/113658911.cms |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Mauritius Police Force Dhruv Helicopter.jpg|thumb|Dhruv MK.3 of [[Mauritius Police Force]]]]

The HAL Dhruv is of conventional design; about 29 percent of its empty weight (constituting 60 percent of the airframe's surface area) is composite materials.<ref name= "Brasseys99 p298">Taylor 1998, p. 298.</ref> It has been reported that the unique [[carbon fibre]] composite developed by HAL reduced the helicopter's weight by 50 percent.<ref name="datta14">Datta 2008, p. 14.</ref> The high tail boom allows easy access to the rear doors. The twin 1000 shp Turbomeca TM333-2B2 turboshafts are mounted above the cabin and drive a four-blade composite main rotor. The main rotor can be manually folded; the blades are mounted between carbon-fibre-reinforced plates, the rotor head is constructed from fibre elastomers.<ref name= "JAWA03 p185"/> In February 2004, US helicopter company [[Lord Corporation]] were awarded a contract to develop an active vibration control system (AVCS), which monitors onboard conditions and cancels out fuselage vibrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-02-03 |title=Lord wins Dhruv active vibration control deal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/lord-wins-dhruv-active-vibration-control-deal/52759.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226083445/https://www.flightglobal.com/lord-wins-dhruv-active-vibration-control-deal/52759.article |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Lord wins Dhruv active vibration control deal |magazine=[[Flight International]] |issue=3–9 February 2004 |page=27 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-04%20-%200029.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105175033/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-04%20-%200029.html |archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>[[File:Dhruv-IA-1133-060.JPG|alt=|thumb|A HAL Dhruv military variant with cargo bay open|left]]The cockpit section of the fuselage is of [[Kevlar]] and [[carbon-fibre]] construction; it is also fitted with [[crumple zone]]s and [[crashworthiness|crashworthy]] seats. The aircraft is equipped with a SFIM Inc four-axis automatic flight control system. Avionics systems include a HF/UHF communications radio, [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] recognition, Doppler navigation, and a radio altimeter; a weather radar and the Omega navigation system were options for the naval variant.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempGaurdsOffHome.aspx?MnId=M1YqbUPxvIo=&ParentID=pt1+ZmXUE8Y= |title= Equipment: Dhruv |publisher= Indian Army |access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> IAI has also developed targeting systems and an [[electronic warfare]] suite for the Dhruv, as well as avionics for day-and-night flight observation.<ref name="flight201101" /> HAL's claim that the Dhruv is indigenous has been challenged by 5h3 [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], who reported that as of August 2010 the helicopter was: "...against the envisaged indigenisation level of 50% (by 2008), 90% of the value of material used in each ALH is still imported from foreign suppliers".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-06/india/28310212_1_alhs-advanced-light-helicopter-cag |title= Indigenous? Dhruv advanced light helicopters are '90% foreign' |date= 6 August 2010 |access-date= 24 August 2011 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707021951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-06/india/28310212_1_alhs-advanced-light-helicopter-cag |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= dead }}</ref>

[[File:DhruvMKIII.jpg|thumb|HAL Dhruv MK-III of the Indian Coast Guard]]
In September 2010, it was reported that the Dhruv's Integrated Dynamic System (IDS), which combines several key rotor control functions into a single module carrying the engine's power to the rotors,<ref name= "JAWA03 p185">Jackson 2003, p. 185.</ref> was suffering from excessive wear, necessitating frequent replacement; as a consequence the cruising speed had been restricted to 250 km/h and high-altitude performance was lessened as well. HAL contracted Italian aerospace firm [[Avio]] for consultancy purposes and they subsequently replicated production of the IDS in Italy in order to isolate the problem with the early testing of the Dhruv subsequently being criticized as "rushed".<ref name= "busstad 092010">{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|title='Indian' Dhruv copter gets Italian makeover|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-indian-dhruv-copter-gets-italian-makeover-110091300022_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=13 September 2010|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105440/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-indian-dhruv-copter-gets-italian-makeover-110091300022_1.html|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2011, HAL has reported that the issue had been resolved and not present in the Dhruv Mk III; a number of alterations both to the design and production had been made to improve the IDS. A programme of retrofitting the Mk I and Mk II was completed by June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gooptu|first1=Biswarup|title=Hindustan Aeronautics sees spike in light combat helicopter orders|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/hindustan-aeronautics-sees-spike-in-light-combat-helicopter-orders/articleshow/8676716.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=1 June 2011|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105640/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/hindustan-aeronautics-sees-spike-in-light-combat-helicopter-orders/articleshow/8676716.cms|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ALH Mk-III with new [[Safran Ardiden|Shakti-1H]] engines has better and improved high altitude performance operating at altitudes over 6 km. It comes with seating for 14 fully equipped troops. DGCA has reportedly praised its crashworthy design as a few accidents have not caused any fatalities.<ref name=ai15jae>{{cite web |author=Group Captain (Retd) Hari Nair |title=Lessons learnt from ALH Project |url=http://aeroindiaseminar.in/admin/technical/pdf/_1358752354PaperLessonslearntfromALHProject.pdf |publisher=Aero India |year=2013 |access-date=15 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207112036/http://aeroindiaseminar.in/admin/technical/pdf/_1358752354PaperLessonslearntfromALHProject.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2013}} [http://www.livefistdefence.com/2013/02/alh-dhruv-truth-first-hand.html alternate copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713123514/http://www.livefistdefence.com/2013/02/alh-dhruv-truth-first-hand.html |date=13 July 2013 }}.</ref>

== Orders ==

* Nepal placed an order for two Dhruvs in 2004.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=HAL keen to export Dhruv to Chile |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/dec/18hal1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930134834/https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/dec/18hal1.htm |archive-date=2024-09-30 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
* Three major orders for civilian Dhruv helicopters were placed in 2005. The orders was placed by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) for three helicopters, [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand State Government]] for 2 units and [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka State Government]] for one on lease. The combined order value exceeded {{INRConvert|100|c|lk=on|year=2005|mode=historical}}.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=HAL sells 3 choppers to ONGC for Rs 100 cr|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/24hal1.htm|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Rediff|language=en|date=2005-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013013322/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/24hal1.htm|archive-date=2025-10-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=|date=2005-06-27|title=HAL Wins 3 Orders for Dhruv Helicopter (Jun 28)|url=https://www.defense-aerospace.com/hal-wins-3-orders-for-dhruv-helicopter-jun-28/|access-date=2024-09-30|website=Defense aerospace|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> Jharkhand ordered the helicopters at a cost of {{INRConvert|35|c|lk=|year=2005|mode=historical}} under the police modernisation funds for use by the [[Jharkhand Police|state police force]].<ref name=":46" />
* India was expected to order up to 12 Dhruvs outfitted with an onboard emergency medical suite, to be used by the Armed Forces Medical Services for [[MEDEVAC]] purposes as of August 2007.<ref name="army ambulances" /> The [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] (NDMA) placed an order for 12 Dhruv helicopters equipped with a full medical suite, including ventilators and two stretchers in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2007 |title=NDMA to get 12 ALHs |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Jan202007/state149362007120.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004205958/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Jan202007/state149362007120.asp |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* On 23 December 2007, another major order of 159 helicopters, worth {{INRConvert|14000|c|lk=on|year=2007}}, for the Indian Army (105) and Air Force (54) was approved by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) after a delay of nine months.<ref name=":19">{{cite news |date=23 December 2007 |title=HAL's Dhruv gets CCS approval |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/23/stories/2007122358280900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107053624/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/23/stories/2007122358280900.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The order was placed by September 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=9 September 2008 |title=Light Combat Helicopter to fly soon: India's New Helicopters: Part II |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=333870 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607083758/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=333870 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{cite news |date=1 February 2012 |title=HAL making 159 Dhruvs for Indian Army |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hal-making-159-dhruvs-for-indian-army-112020100035_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206184522/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-making-159-dhruvs-for-indian-army/463354/ |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=":18" />
* In June 2008, HAL has secured an order from the [[Ecuadorian Air Force]] (EAF) for seven Dhruvs, worth {{USD}}50.7 million.<ref name=":8" />
* In August 2008, a deal was reportedly finalised with [[Turkey]] for three Dhruvs for {{USD}}20 million for use in the medical assistance role.<ref name="dhruv sale" /><ref name="mail.hal-india.com">{{cite web |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=10 August 2008 |title=India bags $20 mn helicopter contract |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-bags-20-mn-helicopter-contract/346844/ |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019130659/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-bags-20-mn-helicopter-contract/346844 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* In 2009, it was announced that India's [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] had ordered eight Dhruvs for the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |title=Government of India ! Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} Annual Report (2008-2009) |url=https://xn--i1b5bzbybhfo5c8b4bxh.xn--11b7cb3a6a.xn--h2brj9c/sites/default/files/AR%28E%290809_2.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250803055643/https://xn--i1b5bzbybhfo5c8b4bxh.xn--11b7cb3a6a.xn--h2brj9c/sites/default/files/AR%28E%290809_2.pdf |archive-date=2025-08-03 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Ministry of Home Affairs |page=24 |quote=Procurement of one 100-seater Large Transport Aircraft and two 50-seater Medium Transport Aircraft for Air Wing of BSF is underway. A decision has also been taken to procure 8 Dhruv Helicopters from HAL. 4 helicopters are expected to be delivered during 2009 and the remaining in 2010. These aircraft will help the CPMFs to carry out their duties in a more effective manner and will also be used for logistical and other operational support purposes, particularly in the Naxalite affected areas}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{cite web |date=20 May 2009 |title=BSF gets Rs 360 crore for raising 29 new battalions |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/05/20163444/BSF-gets-Rs360-crore-for-raisi.html?h=B |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606210600/http://www.livemint.com/2009/05/20163444/BSF-gets-Rs360-crore-for-raisi.html?h=B |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Livemint.com}}</ref>
* In March 2017, HAL received an order for 32 Dhruv for the [[Indian Navy]] (16) and the [[Indian Coast Guard]] (16). The order was worth {{INRConvert|80|b|lk=on|year=2017}} and was cleared by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] earlier.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=Indian navy and coast guard order 32 Dhruv helicopters |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/indian-navy-and-coast-guard-order-32-dhruv-helicopters/123548.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930133221/https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/indian-navy-and-coast-guard-order-32-dhruv-helicopters/123548.article |archive-date=2024-09-30 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Flight Global |language=en|date=2017-03-30}}</ref>
* On 4 September 2017, an order of 41 helicopters for [[Indian Army]] (40) and [[Indian Navy]] (1). The order is to be executed within 60 months The order was worth {{INRConvert|6100|c|lk=|year=2017}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Releases |url=http://www.hal-india.com/HAL%20Gets%20Orders%20for%2041%20Advanced%20Light%20Helicopters/ND__206 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904195628/http://www.hal-india.com/HAL%20Gets%20Orders%20for%2041%20Advanced%20Light%20Helicopters/ND__206 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=www.hal-india.com}}</ref> The contract was earlier cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) of the Ministry of Defence and chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] on 23 December 2013 at a cost of {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=|year=2013|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=2013-12-24 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2017-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Apart from getting 16 Dhruv Mk III, Indian Coast Guard issued [[Letter of intent|Letter of Intent]] (LoI) for nine additional units in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=HAL delivers 16th ALH Mk-III helicopters to Indian Coast Guard, receives letter of intent for 9 more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/hal-16-alh-helicopter-indian-coast-guard-nine-more-8270185/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116201655/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/hal-16-alh-helicopter-indian-coast-guard-nine-more-8270185/ |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved the procurement of 34 Dhruv Mk III variants. The order was signed between MoD and HAL on 14 March 2024. The Indian Army would receive 25 units of Dhruv MkIII UT while Coast Guard will get 9 units of Dhruv MkIII MR. The order was worth {{INRConvert|8073|c|lk=off|year=2024}}.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MoD signs contracts worth Rs 8073 Cr with HAL for acquisition of 34 Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) Dhruv Mk III for Indian Army & Indian Coast Guard |date=2024-03-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014340 |access-date=2025-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819143630/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014340 |archive-date=2025-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2024-03-14 |title=MoD signs contracts worth Rs 8073 Cr with HAL for 34 ALH Dhruv Mk III Helicopters |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-mod-signs-contracts-worth-rs-8073-cr-with-hal-for-34-alh-dhruv-mk-iii-helicopters-3425426/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
* On 29 January 2026, HAL received an order worth over {{INRConvert|1800|c|lk=on|year=2024}} from [[Pawan Hans]] to supply 10 [[HAL Dhruv#Civil variants|Dhruv NG]] helicopters including associated spares and accessories. The deliveries will be completed by 2027.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2026|title=Signing of Contracts for supply of 10 Dhruv NG Helicopters to Pawan Hans Ltd|url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/corporate/HAL_29012026172520_Pawanhansorder.pdf|access-date=29 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131045758/https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/corporate/HAL_29012026172520_Pawanhansorder.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web|title=HAL secures ₹1,800-crore order from Pawan Hans for 10 Dhruv NG helicopters|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/hal-wins-1800-crore-contract-for-10-advanced-dhruv-ng-helicopters-from-pawan-hans/127776853|website=ETInfra.com|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|last=www.ETInfra.com}}</ref> Four helicopters will be deployed for [[ONGC]] operations under an agreement signed on 17 December 2024.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Vaid|first=Rohit|date=2024-12-17|title=Make-in-India: Pawan Hans to deploy Dhruv NG choppers for ONGC in ₹2,000-cr deal|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/make-in-india-pawan-hans-to-deploy-dhruv-ng-under-2000-crore-contract/article68996123.ece|access-date=2024-12-20|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}</ref>
*On 3 March 2026, the defence ministry placed an order for 6 Dhruv MkIII (MR) variants for the Indian Coast Guard with HAL at a cost of {{INRConvert|2901|c|lk=on|year=2026}}.<ref name=":47">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-03-03 |title=Defence Ministry signs deals worth ₹5,083 crore to buy ALH Mk-III choppers, Shtil missiles to boost maritime security |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-hal-5083-crore-contract-advanced-light-helicopters-surface-to-air-vertical-launch-shtil-missiles/article70699034.ece |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement on 3 December 2024.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-03 |title=DAC approves 05 capital acquisition proposals worth Rs. 21,772 Crores to augment defence preparedness |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2080155 |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Centre clears 5 acquisition deals to improve India's defence preparedness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-clears-5-acquisition-deals-for-indian-army-indian-air-force-indian-navy-coast-guard-to-improve-indias-defence-preparedness-2644308-2024-12-03 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> 
== Operational history ==
Deliveries of the Dhruv commenced in January 2002, nine years after the prototype's first flight, and nearly eighteen years after the program was initiated.<ref name="JAWA03 p184" /> The first batch of eight ALH were distributed among the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy|Navy]], the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] in March 2002. The initial commitment for the helicopter from the various services included 120 each from the Army and the Navy, 60 from the Air Force and seven from the Coast Guard. The delivery target was 15 years. This required HAL to incrementally increase its annual production output from then current 12–16 units to 20 and then to 24 units. The peak production rate could be 36 units as well.<ref name=":29" />[[File:HAL rolls out 300th Dhruv ALH.jpg|thumb|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] introduces the 300th ''Dhruv'' Advanced Light Helicopter]]In early 2006, 46 helicopters were in service with the Indian military, 30 with the Army, 13 with the Air Force and three with the Navy. By 2007-end, the number rose to over 75 Dhruvs were in service with the Indian military along with 10 civil variants.<ref name=":41">{{Cite news |date=2006-01-05 |title=Snag complaints ground star chopper |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/snag-complaints-ground-star-chopper/cid/825041 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3887 |title=Peru, Ecuador Place Orders for HAL Dhruv ALH Helicopters |publisher=India Defence |date=29 June 2008 |access-date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110231608/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3887 |archive-date=10 November 2011}}</ref> By February 2012, the division also completed the delivery of over 100 Dhruvs.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2012-01-30 |title=Production of 159 ALHs is in full swing: HAL |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/production-of-159-alhs-is-in-full-swing-hal/articleshow/11688427.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As of March 2017, there were 228 Dhruv helicopters in active service, including 163 Mk.I and Mk.II variants, 48 Mk.III and 17 [[HAL Rudra]] (Mk.IV) variants.<ref name=":27" /> In May 2018, Israel Aerospace Industries was awarded a contract to upgrade cockpits of 150 Dhruv helicopters, in addition to 50 that had been contracted earlier.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egozi |first1=Arie |title=India expands Dhruv cockpit upgrade |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-expands-dhruv-cockpit-upgrade-448215/ |work=Flightglobal.com |date=1 May 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140609/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-expands-dhruv-cockpit-upgrade-448215/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2020, HAL announced that it had rolled out the 300th Advance Light Helicopter from its Bengaluru production line. Meanwhile, they were executing an order from the Army of 73 units and from the Navy and Coast Guard of 16 units each, 38 of which had been delivered with the rest would be delivered by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-20 |title=HAL rolls out 300th Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/hal-rolls-out-300th-advanced-light-helicopter-dhruv-326261 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indian military ===
==== Indian Navy and Coast Guard ====
[[File:NavyDhruv.jpg|thumb|Technicians attaching underslung load on an Indian Navy Dhruv]]The Indian Coast Guard was the first service to induct the ALH, registered CG-851, on 18 March 2002. Meanwhile, the Indian Navy introduced its first two of the type, IN-701 and IN-702, on 28 March 2002. As of 2008, the Indian Coast Guar operates three Dhruv copters.<ref name=":29" /> On 10 February 2003, the Intensive Flying and Trials Unit (IFTU) was established at {{INS|Garuda}}, [[Kochi]]. Following extensive user trials for three years, the helicopter was cleared for operations and two ALH flights were established at Kochi and [[Goa]] ({{INS|Hansa}}). The merger of the flights resulted in the ALH Flight Kochi which remained the sole operator of the helicopter until the commissioning of the first squadron.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=ALH (Dhruv) |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/alhdhruv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164920/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/alhdhruv |archive-date=2016-11-16 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=indiannavy.gov.in}}</ref> On 12 November 2013, the Indian Navy commissioned their first Dhruv squadron ([[INAS 322]], Guardians) at INS ''Garuda''. The helicopters would be deployed as an advanced search and rescue (SAR) helicopter for heliborne operations and armed patrol with night vision devices".<ref name=":33" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ALH-squadron-adds-to-Navys-fire-power/2013/11/13/article1887731.ece|title=ALH squadron adds to Navy's fire power|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228100350/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ALH-squadron-adds-to-Navys-fire-power/2013/11/13/article1887731.ece|archive-date=28 December 2014|date=2013-11-13}}</ref>

[[File:HAL Dhruv during special operation.jpg|thumb|HAL Dhruv of [[Indian Navy]] during special operation with [[MARCOS]]|left]]
In October 2008, the then Defence Minister [[A. K. Antony]] announced that the Indian Navy will deploy the Dhruv in the utility role. The proposed [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) variant had been deemed unsuitable by the Navy, which was reportedly dissatisfied with the folding blade performance and maintenance record.<ref name="flight132007">{{cite web |first= Siva |last= Govindasamy |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/13/219256/indian-navy-opens-up-utility-helicopter-requirement.html |title= Indian navy opens up utility helicopter requirement |work= Flight International |date= 13 November 2007 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080629234825/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/13/219256/indian-navy-opens-up-utility-helicopter-requirement.html |archive-date= 29 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/Nation/2008-10-22/478115news.html |title=Navy has not rejected Dhruv: Defence Minister |publisher=Zeenews.com |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927061720/http://zeenews.india.com/Nation/2008-10-22/478115news.html |archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> In 2015, HAL modified the foldable rotor's design to allow the Dhruv to be carried on board light frigates; several Indian Navy helicopters shall receive this modification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/14062/Indian_Naval_Helicopter_ALH_Dhruv_Gets_Foldable_Rotors#.Vfl3w31GR94|title=Indian Naval Helicopter ALH Dhruv Gets Foldable Rotors|work=defenseworld.net|access-date=25 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906152909/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/14062/Indian_Naval_Helicopter_ALH_Dhruv_Gets_Foldable_Rotors#.Vfl3w31GR94|archive-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> The Navy has considered the Dhruv for maritime surveillance and search and rescue roles,<ref>Sakhuja 2011, p. 106.</ref> and in 2008 a senior Navy official said: "The ALH has a long way to go before the programme matures sufficiently for it to undertake basic naval roles such as search and rescue (SAR) and communication duties."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/317015.aspx |title= Navy plans to ditch Dhruv helicopters |work= Hindustan Times |date= 12 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121022184725/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/317015.aspx |archive-date= 22 October 2012}}</ref>[[File:First ever successful landing and deck trial of newly inducted 'State-of-the-Art' ALH Mk-III helicopter on ICG Ship undertaken off Chennai on 26 Apr 21.jpg|thumb|Dhruv Mk.III towed inside the hangar of an [[Indian Coast Guard]] patrol vessel]]In 2017, the Indian Navy and Coast Guard placed an order for 16 Dhruv choppers each.<ref name=":27" /> This helicopters would consist of the newer Mk.III Marine Reconnaissance (MR) variants. HAL delivered three such variants to the Navy and two to the Coast Guard on 5 February 2021.<ref name=":30">{{Cite press release |title=HAL hands over five ALHs Mk III to Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard |date=2021-02-05 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1695519&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref> The variant demonstrated [[ship deck]]-based operations in April 2021 in a series of ship-borne trials conducted off the [[Chennai]] coast in coordination with the Coast Guard. The trials included landing on the deck, folding of blades, storing the helicopter inside hangar, undertaking maintenance activities inside the hangar as well as on-deck hot refuelling. During the trials, the helicopter was fielded for missions including surveillance, search and rescue as well as anti-pollution to address oil spillage.<ref name=":31">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2021-04-29 |title=ALH Dhruv demonstrates deck ops in ship-borne trials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alh-dhruv-demonstrates-deck-ops-in-ship-borne-trials/articleshow/82312087.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":32" />

In May and June 2022, the Coast Guard commissioned its second and third Dhruv Mk.III (MR) squadrons at [[Kochi]] and [[Porbandar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title='Aatmanirbhar defence' expands as Coast Guard commissions made-in-India ALH Dhruv Mark III helicopters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coast-guard-commissions-made-in-india-dhruv-mark-iii-chopper-squadron-in-gujarat-101656393386473.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 July 2023 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730140916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coast-guard-commissions-made-in-india-dhruv-mark-iii-chopper-squadron-in-gujarat-101656393386473.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Indian Army and Air Force ====
[[File:Sarang solo.jpg|thumb|Sarang Helicopter display team of the IAF]]The Army received the first three ALH, registered IA-1101 to 1103, on 20 March 2002. The Indian Air Force accepted its first pair of Dhurvs, J-4041 and J-4042, on 30 March 2002.<ref name=":29" /> By 23 December 2007, while the Indian Army established two ALH squadrons at [[Nashik]] and [[Manasbal]], the Indian Air Force operationalised two ALH squadrons in [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelehanka AFS]] in [[Bengaluru]] and [[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Sarsawa AFS]].<ref name=":19" /><ref name="army ambulances" />

The [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[Sarang display team|Sarang]] aerobatic display team performs using four Dhruv helicopters.<ref name=":39">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/dhruv-helicopter-display-in-farnborough-air-show/articleshow/3233734.cms |title=Dhruv helicopter display in Farnborough Air Show |work=The Economic Times |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523190143/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-14/news/28441034_1_dhruv-helicopters-sarang-farnborough-air-show |archive-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Dhruv is capable of flying at high altitudes, as it was an Army requirement for the helicopter to be able operate in the [[Siachen Glacier]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]] regions. In September 2007, the Dhruv Mk.3 was cleared for high-altitude flying in the Siachen Sector after six months of trials.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070024815 "Dhruv helicopter set to fly in Siachen"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205233116/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070024815 |date=5 December 2007 }}, ''[[NDTV]]'', 3 September 2007</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dhruv-clears-trials-to-fly-high-in-Siachen/articleshow/1640897.cms "Dhruv clears trials to fly high in Siachen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120630040309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27883994_1_test-trials-dhruv-siachen |date=30 June 2012 }}, ''[[The Times of India]]'', 20 February 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.</ref> In October 2007, a Dhruv Mk.3 flew to an altitude of {{convert|27500|ft|m}} [[Above sea level|ASL]] in Siachen.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-ALH-pilots-fly-high/articleshow/2437840.cms "Bangalore ALH pilots fly high"], ''The Times of India'', 8 October 2007.</ref> An Indian Army report in 2009 criticised the Dhruv's performance, stating: "The ALH was not able to fly above 5,000m, though the army's requirements stipulated an ability to fly up to 6,500m"; this has been blamed on the TM333 engine. As a consequence the Army had to continue relying on the older Cheetah/Cheetal helicopters to meet the shortfall.<ref>{{cite web |first= Radhakrishna |last= Rao |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/07/15/329681/indian-report-slams-performance-of-hals-dhruv-helicopter.html |title= Indian report slams performance of HAL's Dhruv helicopter |work= Flight International |date= 15 July 2009 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090718153700/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/07/15/329681/indian-report-slams-performance-of-hals-dhruv-helicopter.html |archive-date= 18 July 2009}}</ref> The more powerful Shakti-1H engine has since been introduced on the Dhruv Mk.3; on one test it carried 600 kg load to Sonam Post against the Army's requirement of 200 kg.<ref>{{cite news |first= Ajai |last= Shukla |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/ |title= In Siachen, Dhruv proves a world-beater |work= Business Standard |date= 7 March 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110806070753/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/ |archive-date= 6 August 2011}}</ref> The Indian Army received the first batch of Dhruv Mk.3s during [[Aero India]] 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/dhruv/|title=Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) – Army Technology|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204738/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/dhruv/|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>[[File:HAL Dhruv and Rudra in Rudra formation.jpg|thumb|HAL Dhruv and [[HAL Rudra]] in Rudra formation over Rajpath, at the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day celebrations]], on 26 January 2020|left]]On 9 February 2011, the Indian Army received their first batch of five Dhruv Mk III helicopters, from the 2007's 159 ALH programme. The helicopters, which were the first of the 2007's 159 helicopter order as well, was handed over by HAL chairman Ashok Nayak to [[Major general (India)|Major General]] PK Bharali on the maiden day of the [[List of Aero India Editions#8th edition (2011)|Aero India 2011]]. One unit was put on static display also.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=HAL to deliver 5 ALH to army |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/Feb/07/hal-to-deliver-5-alh-to-army-225379.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-06 |title=HAL to hand over copter to Namibia, five ALHs to Indian Army |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/hal-hand-over-copter-namibia-2392327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820171418/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/hal-hand-over-copter-namibia-2392327 |archive-date=2025-08-20 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |date=2011-02-09 |title=AERO INDIA: Indian army accepts first five Shakti-powered Dhruvs |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aero-india-indian-army-accepts-first-five-shakti-powered-dhruvs/98322.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820170620/https://www.flightglobal.com/aero-india-indian-army-accepts-first-five-shakti-powered-dhruvs/98322.article |archive-date=2025-08-20 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> On 8 February 2012, the Indian Air Force inducted its maiden batch of 10 units of Dhruv Mk III variant in the [[Bareilly Air Force Station]]. The helicopters, assigned with the [[No. 111 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 111 Helicopter Unit]], were received by the then [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]'s [[List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force#Principal Staff Officers at Air Headquarters|Senior Staff Officer]] [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] PS Gill.<ref name=":182">{{cite web |date=9 February 2012 |title=Dhruv MkIII Inducted into Indian Air Force |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/509/dhruv-mkiii-inducted-into-indian-air-force.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212115853/http://www.defencenow.com/news/509/dhruv-mkiii-inducted-into-indian-air-force.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=DefenceNow}}</ref>

In February 2012, HAL reported that the Indian Army and Air Force had an order book of 159 units of Dhruv helicopters.<ref name=":212">{{cite news |date=1 February 2012 |title=HAL making 159 Dhruvs for Indian Army |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hal-making-159-dhruvs-for-indian-army-112020100035_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206184522/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-making-159-dhruvs-for-indian-army/463354/ |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-30 |title=Production of 159 ALHs is in full swing: HAL |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/production-of-159-alhs-is-in-full-swing-hal/articleshow/11688427.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The 25 ALH Mk III helicopters ordered by the Army in 2024 are being fully equipped with Elbit [[Electro-optical targeting system|EO Pods]] as well as [[Saab AB|Saab]] Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (IDAS). The latter had been selected by HAL as the helicopter's electronic warfare self-protection system.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1956230692926615645 |user=VivekSi85847001 |title=New ALH Dhruv Helicopter in making for #IndianArmy... |first=Vivek |last=Singh |date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-08-21}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Air {{!}} India |url=https://www.saab.com/markets/india/solutions-for-india/air |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821172914/https://www.saab.com/markets/india/solutions-for-india/air |archive-date=2025-08-21 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=[[Saab AB]] |language=en}}</ref> The IDAS, also designated as Integrated Architecture Display System (IADS), features capabilities like [[Missile Approach Warning]], [[Laser warning receiver|Laser Warning]], and [[Radar warning receiver|Radar Warning]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1803294014575141133 |user=SaabIndia |title=With Saab's IDAS (Integrated Defensive Aids Suite) watching your back, you can fly and forget... |first= |last= |date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2025-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watching your back in complex missions |url=https://www.saab.com/newsroom/stories/2023/september/watching-your-back-in-complex-missions |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=[[Saab AB]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Central Armed Police Forces ====
In May 2009, the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) expressed interest to acquire eight ALH choppers besides a large transport aircraft and two small aircraft from abroad. The contract was to be finalised by the [[fiscal year]]. The Ministry of Home Affairs has approved the procurement for the Air Wing of the BSF. Four ALH were to be delivered in 2009 followed by the rest in 2010.<ref name=":40" /><ref name=":20" /> By February 2012, seven Dhruv helicopters had been delivered to the Border Security Force to assist in their [[Operation Green Hunt|anti-naxalite operations]] in coordination with the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF).<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":42" /> The BSF choppers are owned by the BSF and are maintained and operated by the [[Pawan Hans]].<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":44" />

=== Other Indian operators ===
[[File:HAL Dhruv edited.jpg|thumb|A Dhruv civil in [[ONGC]] colours]]
On 30 August 2007, a Dhruv helicopter landed at the [[Ranchi Airport]] marking the first delivery to the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. This was first of the type to be delivered to a government or state operator. Earlier, a similar ferry flight ended in a crash in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Meanwhile, one chopper was leased to the [[Government of Karnataka]] and the third was to be delivered to the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) in the third week of September.<ref name="auto" />

Civil Dhruv variants are produced for transport, rescue, policing, offshore operations, air-ambulance, and other roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hal-india.com/helicopter/products.asp|title=Our Products|work=Helicopter Division Bangalore|publisher=HAL|access-date=31 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014004902/http://www.hal-india.com/helicopter/products.asp|archive-date=14 October 2008}}</ref> The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) were to use the Dhruv for offshore operations. Several Indian state governments are to use Dhruvs for police and transportation duties.<ref name="army ambulances">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Bibhu Ranjan |last2=Bose |first2=Praveen |date=17 August 2007 |title=HAL likely to get Rs 420 crore order for air ambulances |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-likely-to-get-rs-420-crore-order-for-air-ambulances/294869/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014080016/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-likely-to-get-rs-420-crore-order-for-air-ambulances/294869/ |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In March 2011, India's [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] released a proposed airworthiness directive asking all civilian Dhruv operators to temporarily ground their aircraft due to cracks potentially forming in the tail area, and recommended reinforcing affected areas.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:PkNqoKJmEMIJ:www.dgca.nic.in/AD/PAD%252011-003.pdf+Dhruv+IGB&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESggGy77S54H6w3bNyHh63KEDMIVALM5N8Pt-BF-ss0EEhpY816kfuqpp5fnN7O4turdhT4caX-RwjZYDa9R_wU4_qS6N7Rr1aNYgi_RGK8JmLf3c13axtWo0szGWk9sYmbB6rJp&sig=AHIEtbQ4TFRpN720p_-52GERxm7lBrof8w |title= Proposed Airworthiness Directive |publisher= Directorate General of Civil Aviation |date= 22 March 2011 |access-date= 28 June 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140308082202/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3APkNqoKJmEMIJ%3Awww.dgca.nic.in%2FAD%2FPAD%252011-003.pdf+Dhruv+IGB&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESggGy77S54H6w3bNyHh63KEDMIVALM5N8Pt-BF-ss0EEhpY816kfuqpp5fnN7O4turdhT4caX-RwjZYDa9R_wU4_qS6N7Rr1aNYgi_RGK8JmLf3c13axtWo0szGWk9sYmbB6rJp&sig=AHIEtbQ4TFRpN720p_-52GERxm7lBrof8w |archive-date= 8 March 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first= Anantha |last= Kristnan M. |url= http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/awx/2011/03/24/awx_03_24_2011_p0-301183.xml&channel=comm |title= India DGCA wants all Dhruv Civil Variants Inspected |magazine= Aviation Week |date= 24 March 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Dhruv civilian version.jpg|left|thumb|Dhruv civil variant]]
In January 2014, the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) inducted a Dhruv equipped with a heliborne geophysical survey system (HGSS). Costing {{INRConvert|63|c|0}}, the HGSS can conduct magnetic, spectrometric and gravity surveys.<ref name="bs23j14">{{cite news|title=Advanced light helicopter 'Garuda Vasudha' dedicated to nation|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/advanced-light-helicopter-garuda-vasudha-dedicated-to-nation-114012200988_1.html|access-date=23 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=23 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127020342/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/advanced-light-helicopter-garuda-vasudha-dedicated-to-nation-114012200988_1.html|archive-date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="dh23j14">{{cite news|title=Garuda Vasudha to detect deep-seated mineral deposits in the country|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/382226/garuda-vasudha-detect-deep-seated.html|access-date=23 January 2014|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=23 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126131230/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/382226/garuda-vasudha-detect-deep-seated.html|archive-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="thin23j14">{{cite news|title=HAL copter to add teeth to GSI mineral search|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hal-copter-to-add-teeth-to-gsi-mineral-search/article5607935.ece|access-date=23 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 January 2014|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130083359/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hal-copter-to-add-teeth-to-gsi-mineral-search/article5607935.ece|archive-date=30 January 2014}}</ref>

As of September 2024, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) chose HAL Dhruv operated by [[Pawan Hans]] for its operations to fly out personnel and equipment from [[Oil platform|offshore oil rigs]]. An initial order of 10 Dhruvs is expected with the order quantity expected to cross 28 units later.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2024-09-30|title=HAL's advanced light helicopters to join offshore missions of ONGC|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hals-advanced-light-birds-to-join-offshore-missions-of-ongc/articleshow/113792385.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17276594098971&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/hals-advanced-light-birds-to-join-offshore-missions-of-ongc/articleshow/113792385.cms|access-date=2024-09-30|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 17 December 2024, Pawan Hans Limited received an order worth {{INRConvert|2141|c|lk=on|year=2024}} to deploy four [[HAL Dhruv#Civil variants|Dhruv-NG]] variant helicopters for offshore operations for 10 years.<ref name=":10" /> The 10-helicopter order was placed on 29 January 2026.<ref name=":25" />

=== Other users ===
'''Israel''': A civilian Dhruv was leased to the [[Israeli Defense Ministry]] in 2004; IAI has also made use of the Defense Ministry's Dhruv for marketing and public relations purposes.<ref name="datta14" /><ref>{{cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Arieh |date=26 May 2005 |title=Defense Ministry leases Indian-made chopper to ferry VIPs |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/844905841.html?dids=844905841:844905841&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26%2C+2005&author=ARIEH+O%27SULLIVAN&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Defense+Ministry+leases+Indian-made+chopper+to+ferry+VIPs&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131160726/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/844905841.html?dids=844905841:844905841&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+26,+2005&author=ARIEH+O'SULLIVAN&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Defense+Ministry+leases+Indian-made+chopper+to+ferry+VIPs&pqatl=google |archive-date=31 January 2013 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sinha |first=Rakesha |date=18 December 2004 |title=Dhruv to spread wings in Israel fleet this January |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/61078/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>[[File:Maldivian Defence Minister Mohamed Nazim addressing an audience in Kochi.jpg|thumb|right| HAL Dhruv helicopter gifted to Maldives]]'''Maldives''': In April 2010, the Indian Navy gifted a Dhruv to the [[Maldives National Defence Force]] for conducting search and rescue and medical evacuation,<ref>{{cite web |title=HAL Dhru to Maldives |url=http://airforcenews.ru/play/bFHv1t0oPno/MALDIVES_RECEIVES_IT%2527S_DHRUV_HELICOPTER_%252C_GIVEN_BY_INDIAN_GOVT..html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331002038/http://airforcenews.ru/play/bFHv1t0oPno/MALDIVES_RECEIVES_IT%27S_DHRUV_HELICOPTER_%2C_GIVEN_BY_INDIAN_GOVT..html |archive-date=31 March 2012 |access-date=13 August 2011 |publisher=airforcenews.ru}}</ref> while a second Mk.III equipped with a [[weather radar]] was donated in December 2013. The first helicopter is based at [[Addu Atoll]] and the second will be based at [[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anandan |first1=S. |date=15 December 2013 |title=India donates second naval Advanced Light Helicopter to Maldives |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-donates-second-naval-advanced-light-helicopter-to-maldives/article5461654.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215044518/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-donates-second-naval-advanced-light-helicopter-to-maldives/article5461654.ece |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=3 September 2014 |work=thehindu}}</ref>

'''Myanmar''': In 2007, [[Amnesty International]] stated it possessed evidence that India planned to transfer two Dhruvs to [[Burma]], and pointed to the use of European-sourced components as a possible violation of the [[European Union]] (EU) arms embargo against that country.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6900052.stm#map "'Threat' to EU-Burma embargo"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411061922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6900052.stm|date=11 April 2011}}, ''[[BBC News]], 16 July 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.''</ref><ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYREP,IND,,46a75e132,0.html "Indian helicopters for Myanmar: making a mockery of the EU arms embargo?".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172119/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYREP,IND,,46a75e132,0.html|date=19 October 2012}} [[Amnesty International]], 16 July 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter to the President of the EU Council of Ministers |url=http://www.amnesty-eu.org/static/documents/2007/B689India_arms_sales_to_Myanmar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006201718/http://www.amnesty-eu.org/static/documents/2007/B689India_arms_sales_to_Myanmar.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-06}}</ref> The Indian government disputed Amnesty's claims and denied any wrongdoing.<ref>''Taipei Times'', p. 5, 17 July 2007. Quote: A government source who asked not to be named, denied any wrongdoing and said India "does not attach much credence to reports by Amnesty International. India does give defense hardware support to Myanmar but the equipment is not offensive ... and not top of the line technology," said the source, asserting that Myanmar was helping in the battle against insurgents in India's northeast. Another Indian official, who also spoke on condition of anonymity, said that the technology concerned was for communications only and not for offensive operations.</ref>

'''Nepal''': In early 2004, the first foreign order for the Dhruv was placed by [[Nepal]] for two examples.<ref name=":5">India to sell 2 Advanced Light Helicopters to Nepal. ''Islamic Republic News Agency'', 11 February 2004.</ref> Both were delivered as of August 2007.<ref name="auto" /> In November 2014, India gifted another Dhruv to [[Nepali Army]] as part of a strategic pact.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2014 |title=Modi holds strategic talks with Nepal, gifts Bodhi sapling, helicopter |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/modi-holds-strategic-talks-with-nepal-gifts-bodhi-sapling-helicopter/20141125.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229115047/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/modi-holds-strategic-talks-with-nepal-gifts-bodhi-sapling-helicopter/20141125.htm |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OuinetAdmin |date=2014-11-25 |title=Indian PM Hands Over HAL Dhruv to Nepal |url=https://www.defense-aerospace.com/indian-pm-hands-over-hal-dhruv-to-nepal/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Defense aerospace |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Peru''': In June 2008, the government of [[Peru]] ordered two [[air ambulance]] Dhruvs for use by the Peruvian Health Services.<ref name="peruorder">{{cite news |author=Bose, Praveen and Ravi Menon |date=24 June 2008 |title=HAL secures copter order from Peru |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-secures-copter-order-peru/326924/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014112023/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-secures-copter-order-peru/326924/ |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=26 August 2011 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

'''Turkey''': In August 2008, a deal was reportedly finalised with [[Turkey]] for three Dhruvs for {{USD}}20 million, with plans to buy as many as 17 of the helicopters for use in the medical assistance role.<ref name="dhruv sale">{{cite news |date=16 July 2008 |title=HAL in negotiations with S American countries |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=42237 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217010712/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=42237 |archive-date=17 December 2009 |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="mail.hal-india.com" />

=== Potential users ===
The Dhruv has become the first major Indian weapons system to have secured large foreign sales. In 2004, HAL stated that it hoped to sell 120 Dhruvs over the next eight years,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Unnithan |first1=Sandeep |date=14 February 2004 |title=Getting A Boost |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20050214/defence.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822045007/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20050214/defence.html |archive-date=22 August 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=India Today}}</ref> and has been displaying the Dhruv at air shows, including [[Farnborough Airshow|Farnborough]] and [[Paris Air Show|Paris]] in order to market the Dhruv.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Jangveer |date=17 June 2005 |title=Dhruv, IJT attract buyers in Paris |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050617/nation.htm#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611055501/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050617/nation.htm#1 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> HAL had entered into a partnership with [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) to develop and promote the Dhruv, IAI has also helped develop new avionics and a [[glass cockpit]] for newer variants of the Dhruv.<ref name="Singh 536">Singh 2008, p. 536.</ref>

With a unit price at least 15 percent less than its rivals, the Dhruv has elicited interest in many countries, mostly from Latin America, Africa, West Asia, South East Asia and the Pacific Rim nations. Air forces from around 35 countries have made inquiries, along with requests for demonstrations.<ref name="Huma">{{cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=15 July 2008 |title=HAL on a Dhruv ride in LatAm |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/HAL-on-a-Dhruv-ride-in-LatAm/335468/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716052247/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/HAL-on-a-Dhruv-ride-in-LatAm/335468/0 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref> Flight certification for Europe and North America is also being planned in order to tap the large civilian market there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=24 March 2011 |title=DRDO looks beyond HAL for Tejas production |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/drdo-looks-beyond-hal-for-tejas-production/429598/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223110050/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/drdo-looks-beyond-hal-for-tejas-production/429598/ |archive-date=23 December 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

'''Russia''': In July 2006, the then [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]], [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]] commented that India could purchase as many as 80 [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]] helicopters if Russia in turn bought Dhruv helicopters in exchange.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gritskova |first=Alexandra |date=11 July 2006 |title=Military Cooperation, Russian MI-17 to Land in India |url=http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/9768842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330104450/http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/9768842 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |publisher=Kommersant}}</ref>

'''South America''': HAL has reportedly been negotiating with Bolivia for five Dhruvs; and with Venezuela for up to seven.<ref name="dhruv sale" />

'''Southeast Asia''': The Dhruv has also been offered to Malaysia,<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2004 |title=HAL hopes to see Dhruv copters on Malaysian shopping list |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/12/24/stories/2004122401440700.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810201827/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/12/24/stories/2004122401440700.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=Business Line}}</ref> while it is also being evaluated by the Indonesian Army.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2009 |title=HAL aircraft to fly in Ecuador skies |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14854661 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214182116/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14854661 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |access-date=31 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

'''Philippines''': The HAL Annual Report for 2020-21, indicated that the [[Philippine Coast Guard]] is interested to potentially buy 7 Dhruvs via Indian-based credit.<ref name="HALAR">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906163839/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=hal-india.co.in}}</ref> It is reported that the PCG is looking at the Dhruv ALH.<ref>{{cite web |author=Franco Jose C. Baroña |date=28 August 2023 |title=PH Coast Guard eyes Indian military equipment |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/08/28/news/national/ph-coast-guard-eyes-indian-military-equipment/1907338 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829032734/https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/08/28/news/national/ph-coast-guard-eyes-indian-military-equipment/1907338 |archivedate=2023-08-29 |accessdate=2023-08-29 |publisher=Manila Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=15 February 2023 |title=HAL plans to sell Tejas LCA to Argentina and Egypt, but loses Malaysian contract |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hal-plans-to-sell-tejas-lca-to-argentina-and-egypt-but-loses-malaysian-contract-1191228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911061348/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hal-plans-to-sell-tejas-lca-to-argentina-and-egypt-but-loses-malaysian-contract-1191228.html |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> There has been to instances when the capabilities of Dhruv were demonstrated to Philippines. It was first used when PCG chief Admiral Artemio M Abu visited [[Indian Coast Guard]] facility at [[Goa]] in 2023 and took part in a "Customer Demonstration Flight" and second was when a three ship flotilla (including {{INS|Delhi}}, {{INS|Shakti}} and [[INS Kiltan (P30)|INS ''Kiltan'']] visited [[Manila]], Philippines in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2024-05-22 |title=Defense Deal Brewing - Philippines Shows Interest In India's Advanced Light Helicopter As Navy Warships Docks At Manila |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/defense-deal-brewing-philippines-shows-interest/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Egypt''': Egypt stated in 2022 that it was interested in acquiring the ALH.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-10-22 |title=HAL gets enquiries for helicopters from various countries: CMD |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-gets-enquiries-for-helicopters-from-various-countries-cmd/article66045232.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230216043556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-gets-enquiries-for-helicopters-from-various-countries-cmd/article66045232.ece |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Argentina''': The [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Argentinian Ministry of Defense]] signed a [[Letter of intent|Letter of Intent]] (LOI) to procure the Dhruv for the [[Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic]] on July 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite press release |title=India: Taiana visitó las instalaciones de la empresa HAL y firmó una carta de intención para avanzar en la incorporación de helicópteros para las FFAA |date=2023-07-20 |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/india-taiana-visito-las-instalaciones-de-la-empresa-hal-y-firmo-una-carta-de-intencion-para |language=Spanish |access-date=20 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720162126/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/india-taiana-visito-las-instalaciones-de-la-empresa-hal-y-firmo-una-carta-de-intencion-para |archive-date=20 July 2023 |work=[[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2023 |title=HAL and Argentine Defence Ministry sign LoI for light and medium utility helicopters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/hal-and-argentine-defence-ministry-sign-loi-for-light-and-medium-utility-helicopters/article67101592.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230824005700/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-and-argentine-defence-ministry-sign-loi-for-light-and-medium-utility-helicopters/article67101592.ece |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Failed bids ===
'''Chile''': The Dhruv participated in a Chilean tender for eight to ten twin-engined helicopters, conducting a series of evaluation flights to demonstrate the capabilities of its avionics and flight performance; however, it lost out to the [[Bell 412]],<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2007 |title=Chile inks contract with Bell for 412 |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2007/12/10/daily19.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103030455/http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2007/12/10/daily19.html |archive-date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=Dallas Business Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2004 |title=Indian Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters Demonstrated to Chilean Air Force, Army, and Naval Aviation units |url=http://www.iai.co.il/23048-32414-en/MediaRoom_NewsArchives_2004.aspx?PageNum=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323163032/http://www.iai.co.il/23048-32414-en/MediaRoom_NewsArchives_2004.aspx?PageNum=2 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |publisher=Israel Aerospace Industries}}</ref> although there were media accusations of unfair pressure being exercised by the US Government to favour Bell.<ref name="Huma" /><ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2008 |title=US pressure robs chopper order from Hindustan Aeronautics |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2008/05/04/US_pressure_robs_chopper_order_from_Hindustan_Aeronautics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330053119/http://article.wn.com/view/2008/05/04/US_pressure_robs_chopper_order_from_Hindustan_Aeronautics/ |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=The India Times}}</ref>

=== Former user ===

==== Ecuador ====
[[File:Dhruv Ecuador.jpg|thumb|right|Dhruv helicopters of the [[Ecuadorian Air Force]] ]]HAL has secured an order from the [[Ecuadorian Air Force]] (FAE) for seven Dhruvs, amidst strong competition from [[Elbit]], [[Eurocopter]] and [[Kazan Helicopters|Kazan]]. HAL's offer of {{USD}}50.7 million was about 32 percent lower than the second lowest bid from [[Elbit Systems|Elbit]].<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=HAL Bags Order from Ecuador |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39794 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605225919/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39794 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Pib.nic.in}}</ref> Five helicopters were delivered in February 2009, during Aero India 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=9 February 2009 |title=HAL to hand over first export Dhruvs |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-to-hand-over-first-export-dhruvs/00/24/348441/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316112133/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-to-hand-over-first-export-dhruvs/00/24/348441 |archive-date=16 March 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Both the [[Ecuadorian Army]] and [[Ecuadorian Navy]] have since expressed interest in the Dhruvs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ecuador Place Orders for HAL Dhruv ALH Helicopters |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3887 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110231608/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3887 |archive-date=10 November 2011 |access-date=13 August 2011 |publisher=Indian Defence}}</ref> The Dhruv has been involved in search and rescue, transport, and [[MEDEVAC]] missions in the north of the country.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=La FAE defiende a los helicópteros Dhruv |url=http://www.elcomercio.com/seguridad/FAE-defiende-helicopteros-Dhruv_0_526147479.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015020734/http://elcomercio.com/seguridad/FAE-defiende-helicopteros-Dhruv_0_526147479.html |archive-date=15 October 2011 |publisher=Elcomercio.com}}</ref> The pilots were trained in India.<ref name=":35">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=2009-10-28 |title=HAL manufactured ALH crashes in Ecuador |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/HAL-manufactured-ALH-crashes-in-Ecuador/article16889019.ece |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Following the crash of one Dhruv of the five delivered in October 2009,<ref name=":35" /> Ecuador reportedly considered returning their six helicopters to HAL amid claims of being unfit for service;<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2009 |title=Ecuador to return 6 Indian Dhruv choppers |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2009/10/30/ecuador-to-return-6-indian-dhruv-choppers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013193744/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/10/30/ecuador-to-return-6-indian-dhruv-choppers.html |archive-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=OneIndia News}}</ref> EAF commander Genl. Rodrigo Bohorquez stated "If it is a major problem that can't be easily remedied, we would have to return [the Dhruv]." HAL assisted the crash investigation, which found the cause to be pilot error.<ref name=":36">{{cite news |date=15 December 2009 |title=Probe finds pilot error caused Dhruv crash in Ecuador |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article65330.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102232308/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article65330.ece |archive-date=2 November 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The other two were to be delivered in May 2010,<ref name=":35" /> but the deliveries were completed in 2012.<ref name=":37" />

In February 2011, the EAF were reported to be satisfied with the Dhruv's performance and was considering further orders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=4 February 2011 |title=HAL plans treat for Aero India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-plans-treat-for-aero-india/424032/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205081443/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/hal-plans-treat-for-aero-india/424032/ |archive-date=5 February 2011 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> By October 2015, a total of four Ecuadorian Dhruvs had crashed reportedly due to mechanical equipment and Ecuador grounded the type. In October 2015 Ecuador cancelled the contract and withdrew the surviving helicopters from service, non-delivery of parts and high accident rate were cited.<ref name=":38">[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506736/ecuador-grounds-fleet-dhruv-choppers.html "Ecuador grounds fleet of Dhruv choppers after mishaps, cancels contract with HAL."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112350/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/506736/ecuador-grounds-fleet-dhruv-choppers.html|date=17 October 2015}} ''Deccan Herald'', 16 October 2015.</ref><ref name=":37">{{cite news |date=16 October 2015 |title=Ecuador cuts Dhruv helicopter contract with HAL after 4 crashes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ecuador-cuts-Dhruv-helicopter-contract-with-HAL-after-4-crashes/articleshow/49403144.cms |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206081615/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ecuador-cuts-Dhruv-helicopter-contract-with-HAL-after-4-crashes/articleshow/49403144.cms |archive-date=6 February 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2016, the Ecuadorian [[Ministry of National Defense (Ecuador)|Minister of Defense]] [[Ricardo Patiño]] announced that the remainder of the HAL Dhruv helicopters of the Ecuadorian Air Force, which are stored at the [[Taura Air Base|Guayaquil Air Base]] are for sale and that the Air Force is looking for potential buyers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rivas |first1=Santiago |date=21 October 2016 |title=Ecuadorian Air Force selling its remaining Dhruv helicopters |url=http://www.janes.com/article/64845/ |access-date=22 October 2016 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |language=en |location=Buenos Aires, Argentina}}</ref> The Government of Ecuador had unilaterally terminated the contract with HAL citing safety concerns of the helicopters.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2016-03-08 |title=16 accidents involving Dhruv helicopters since 2002 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/16-accidents-involving-dhruv-helicopters-since-2002-parliament-told/article8327755.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613140939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/16-accidents-involving-dhruv-helicopters-since-2002-parliament-told/article8327755.ece |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=2021-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A HAL spokesman said that while maintenance was supposed to be done by the EAF due to the warranty period being expired, the company was willing to assist them to make sure that the Dhruvs were operational.<ref name="Wire">{{Cite web |title=Recurring Accidents and Reliability Concerns: A Report Card on Army's Advanced Light Helicopters |url=https://thewire.in/security/recurring-accidents-and-reliability-concerns-a-report-card-on-armys-advanced-light-helicopters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829033356/https://thewire.in/security/recurring-accidents-and-reliability-concerns-a-report-card-on-armys-advanced-light-helicopters |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> Quito declined further assistance.<ref name="Wire" />

== Service history ==
[[File:Dhruv Indian Army Farnborough 08.jpg|thumb|HAL Dhruv of the [[Indian Army]] performing at the [[Farnborough Air Show]] 2008.]]
In January 2006, the entire fleet of 46 ALHs was grounded due to reports of technical snags. HAL representatives were visiting all the airbases where the helicopters were stationed to certify their airworthiness, with two examples already being cleared for operations.<ref name=":41" />

HAL Dhruv of the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Sarang display team]] performed at the [[Farnborough Air Show]] 2008 between 14 and 20 July.<ref name=":39" />

Following the [[2011 Sikkim earthquake]], four Dhruvs conducted rescue operations.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/earthquake-in-sikkim-over-5000-troops-9-choppers-dispatched-to-quake-hit-areas/articleshow/10038511.cms |title= Earthquake in Sikkim: Over 5,000 troops, 9 choppers dispatched to quake-hit areas |work= The Economic Times |date= 19 September 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171002125356/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/earthquake-in-sikkim-over-5000-troops-9-choppers-dispatched-to-quake-hit-areas/articleshow/10038511.cms |archive-date= 2 October 2017}}</ref>

The entire fleet of six helicopters of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA), was grounded after one of its ALH crashed after departing from [[Ranchi]] in October 2012. The fleet was being used by the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) to support the [[Operation Green Hunt|anti-naxalite operations]]. The CRPF had asked both HAL, the manufacturer, and [[Pawan Hans]], the operator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-21 |title=After crash, CRPF grounds Dhruv copters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-crash-CRPF-grounds-Dhruv-copters/articleshow/10435394.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In October 2011, [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] reported that a spate of helicopter crashes, including the Dhruv, were alleged to have been caused by low quality maintenance work performed by [[Pawan Hans|Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd]]. The maintenance of the Pawan Hans was under question since this was the sixth helicopter and the second BSF chopper under the company's operation to crash in 2011, the BSF's first being an [[HAL Chetak]] that crashed on 31 May. However, the MHA was dependant on the company due to the otherwise very expensive pilot training.<ref name=":45">{{cite news |first= Nishit |last= Dholabhai |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111021/jsp/frontpage/story_14650522.jsp |title= Glare on chopper operator – Pawan Hans-run copters involved in six accidents this year |work= Indian Telegraph|date= 20 October 2011 |location= Calcutta, India |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111024054132/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111021/jsp/frontpage/story_14650522.jsp |archive-date= 24 October 2011}}</ref>

In February 2012, the home ministry reported that the Dhruv remained grounded after even another Dhruv crash in Raipur during a flight test. The [[Mi-17]] fleet of the Indian Air Force were supporting the operations of the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPF) as a [[Stopgap|stopgap measure]] due to the absence of the grounded fleet unless the MHA buys and [[wet-lease]] additional helicopters.<ref name=":34">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/MHA-plans-to-buy-wet-lease-choppers-as-Dhruv-fleet-grounded/Article1-805127.aspx |title= MHA plans to buy, wet-lease choppers as Dhruv fleet grounded |work= Hindustan Times |date= 1 February 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120201212550/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/MHA-plans-to-buy-wet-lease-choppers-as-Dhruv-fleet-grounded/Article1-805127.aspx |archive-date= 1 February 2012}}</ref>

In October 2011, Jharkhand's state government appealed for Mi-17 helicopters from the [[Union Government]]. This was because the Dhruv was sent to HAL in January for maintenance which is stipulated for every 500 flying hours by the [[DGCA (India)|DGCA]]. A major inspection and maintenance works took six months of time. However, in that instance the helicopter's return was postponed to November. as operations of their Dhruvs had been disrupted by prolonged maintenance delays and a major crash.<ref name=":46">{{cite news |url= http://telegraphindia.com/1111022/jsp/frontpage/story_14653990.jsp |title= State copter out of action, pilots idle – On 9-month upkeep break |publisher= Telegraph India |date= 22 October 2011 |location= Calcutta, India |first= Amit |last= Gupta |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111025103938/http://telegraphindia.com/1111022/jsp/frontpage/story_14653990.jsp |archive-date= 25 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111020/jsp/frontpage/story_14645424.jsp |title= SOS to Centre for MI-17s |work= Indian Telegraph|date= 19 October 2011 |location= Calcutta, India |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151141/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111020/jsp/frontpage/story_14645424.jsp |archive-date= 24 September 2015}}</ref>[[File:Army Aviation India deploying US troops.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army|US Army]] deploying from Dhruv of the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|201st Army Aviation Squadron]] during [[Yudh Abhyas]] joint military exercise in 2009|left]]Six Army Dhruvs along with 18 Air Force Dhruvs were used during rescue operations after the [[2013 North India floods]]. Their compact size, agility, ability to carry up to 16 people to heights of 10,000 ft, and to evacuate stranded people from inaccessible regions was praised.<ref name="tniex17j13">{{cite news|title=Happy hours in HAL over Dhruv's Char Dham Op|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Happy-hours-in-HAL-over-Dhruv%E2%80%99s-Char-Dham-Op/2013/07/17/article1687404.ece|access-date=17 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=17 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213052225/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Happy-hours-in-HAL-over-Dhruv%E2%80%99s-Char-Dham-Op/2013/07/17/article1687404.ece|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="thin20j">{{cite news|title=Dhruv helicopters fly high in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhruv-helicopters-fly-high-in-uttarakhand/article4833766.ece|access-date=5 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 June 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627103735/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhruv-helicopters-fly-high-in-uttarakhand/article4833766.ece|archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ndtv4j">{{cite news|title=How brave, tireless pilots fought to give Uttarakhand a sheltering sky|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/how-brave-tireless-pilots-fought-to-give-uttarakhand-a-sheltering-sky-387980|access-date=5 July 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=4 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707092708/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/how-brave-tireless-pilots-fought-to-give-uttarakhand-a-sheltering-sky-387980|archive-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> The Dhruv could carry more people from high-altitude helipads than the heavier [[Mi-17]], and land where the lighter [[Bell 407]] could not. Total flight time during [[Operation Rahat]] and [[Operation Surya Hope]] was 630 hours, of which 550 hours were dedicated to [[Search and rescue|SAR]] missions.<ref name="tniex17j13" /><ref name="tt14j13">{{cite news|title=Dhruv delivers but doubters persist Copter comes good in hills|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130715/jsp/nation/story_17118169.jsp#.UeOAgI0wemo|access-date=15 July 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 July 2013|location=Calcutta, India|first1=Sujan|last1=Dutta|first2=Nishit|last2=Dholabhai|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718090524/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130715/jsp/nation/story_17118169.jsp#.UeOAgI0wemo|archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

On 27 April 2016, the [[Indian Navy]] stationed an ALH MK III at Maldives, to be based at [[Kadhdhoo Island]] in [[Laamu Atoll|Laamu Atol]]. The helicopter will assist the [[Maldives National Defence Force]] in undertaking search and rescue, casualty evacuation, coastal surveillance, maritime reconnaissance, communication and logistic duties. The Indian Naval Contingent is headed by Cdr Rohit Gupte and comprises 4 officers and 21 sailors. The technical support team comprises 13 technicians and is headed by Lt Cdr Jithu K Joy. The support team with the spares and support equipment reached [[Malé|Male]] on 25 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2016/04/27/00037778/indian-navy-deploys-advanced-light-helicopter-maldives|title=Indian Navy deploys Advanced Light Helicopter in Maldives {{!}} NetIndian|date=2016-04-27|website=netindian.in|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/navy-deploys-alh-at-kadhdhoo-island-in-maldives-english-news-1.1023478|title=Navy deploys ALH at Kadhdhoo Island in Maldives|last=Correspondent|first=Our Defence|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-deploys-copter-for-maritime-surveillance-in-maldives-116042701240_1.html|title=India deploys copter for maritime surveillance in Maldives|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref>

From late April 2025, the helicopters were used for [[counterterrorism]] operations in [[Kashmir]] after the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]].<ref name=":17" />

Gradually, the Border Security Force (BSF) fleet of six Dhruvs<ref name=":14" /> were transferred to the bases in western borders including [[Bikaner Airport|Bikaner]] and [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]] in the 2020s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Rajasthan: Dhruv ALH Chopper inducted in BSF’s Bikaner fleet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/rajasthan-dhruv-alh-chopper-inducted-in-bsfs-bikaner-fleet/videoshow/103386702.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1538106401352204288 |user=DefenceDecode |title=Wheeled ALH Dhruv for BSF👍 |date=2022-06-18}}</ref>

==Variants==

===Military variants===
;[[File:HAL Dhruv IA-1133 AB.JPG|thumb|Indian Army HAL Dhruv (serial IA-1133) on display at the 2008 [[Farnborough Airshow]]]]Mk.1: The initial configuration with a conventional cockpit with mechanical gauges and [[Turbomeca TM 333|Turbomeca TM 333-2B2]] turboshaft engines. A total of 56 have been delivered to the Indian military.<ref name ='hirsch 50'>Hirschberg 2011, p. 50.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=HAL – Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |url=https://hal-india.co.in/product/dhruv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819143920/https://hal-india.co.in/product/dhruv |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=hal-india.co.in}}</ref> Manufacturing began in 2001.<ref name="Article">{{cite web|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130614205032/http://idp.justthe80.com/common-projects/dhruv---advanced-light-helicopter-alh|url=http://idp.justthe80.com/common-projects/dhruv---advanced-light-helicopter-alh|title=Dhruv – Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH)|publisher=IDP Sentinel|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;Mk.2: Similar to the Mk.1, except has the newer HAL-[[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]] [[glass cockpit]].<ref name=":3" /> Manufacturing had commenced in 2007.<ref name="Article" /> A total of 20 have been delivered to the Indian military.<ref name ='hirsch 50'/>
;Mk.3:An improved version equipped with [[Safran Ardiden|Shakti-1H]] engines, new [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite and warning systems, automatic chaff and flare dispensers, [[Saab AB|Saab]] Integrated Architecture Display System (IADS)<ref name=":22" /> with Digital Moving Map, [[Electro-optic modulator|Electro Optical pod]], [[infrared]] suppressor, [[Health and usage monitoring systems|health & usage monitoring system]], Solid State Digital Video Recorder (SSDVR), Engine Particle Separator and improved vibration control system.<ref name=":3" /><ref name= "mk.3">{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/awx/2011/03/07/awx_03_07_2011_p0-294228.xml&channel=defense |title=HAL To Deliver More Dhruv Mk. 3 Helicopters |publisher=Aviation week |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=6 September 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The first batch were inducted into service in 2012.<ref name=":18">{{cite web |date=9 February 2012 |title=Dhruv MkIII Inducted into Indian Air Force |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/509/dhruv-mkiii-inducted-into-indian-air-force.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212115853/http://www.defencenow.com/news/509/dhruv-mkiii-inducted-into-indian-air-force.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=DefenceNow}}</ref>

;Mk. 3 MR (Marine Reconnaissance)
[[File:Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv, Indian Coast Guard.jpg|thumb|HAL Dhruv operated by Indian Coast Guard]]
The contract for 32 Dhruv copters for the Navy and Coast Guard was contracted to include 19 additional systems.<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=2021-02-06 |title=HAL hands over ALH Dhruv Mk III to the Indian Navy and Coast Guard |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/02/hal-hands-over-alh-dhruv-mk-iii-to-the-indian-navy-and-coast-guard/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Naval News |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225192848/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/02/hal-hands-over-alh-dhruv-mk-iii-to-the-indian-navy-and-coast-guard/|archive-date=2026-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref> This included a nose-mounted modern surveillance radar and electro-optical equipment to carry out [[maritime reconnaissance]] as well as long-range [[search and rescue]] missions, an HMG and the capability to mount at least 2 ASW torpedoes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Indian Navy inducts three ALH MK III helicopters |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/indian-navy-inducts-three-alh-mk-iii-helicopters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328122442/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/indian-navy-inducts-three-alh-mk-iii-helicopters/ |archive-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> The radar has a range of {{Convert|120|nmi|km|abbr=on}} provides 270° field of view and delivers the functions of [[synthetic-aperture radar]], [[inverse synthetic-aperture radar]] as well as [[moving target indication]] and classification. The radar is coupled with an [[electro-optical sensor]], the EO POD Rev III, with a {{Convert|30|nmi|km|abbr=on}} range to detect every type of vessels.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2025-12-21 |title=India's maritime surveillance at sea as ALH Dhruv stays grounded |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/indias-maritime-surveillance-at-sea-as-alh-dhruv-stays-grounded-2838824-2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Naval News |date=2021-04-29 |title=ALH Dhruv Demonstrates Deck Operations Capabilities in Ship-borne Trials |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/04/alh-dhruv-demonstrates-deck-operations-capabilities-in-ship-borne-trials/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> Other systems include [[Searchlight|High Intensity Search Light]] and a [[loud hailer]], a 12.7 mm [[heavy machine gun]] with a range of {{Convert|1800|m|abbr=on}}, [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] MKXII and an [[automatic identification system]] (AIS) among others. It also features a removable medical [[intensive care unit]] (MICU) to undertake [[medical evacuation]] (MEDEVAC) role.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":28" />
;Mk.4: Also known as ALH-WSI (Weapons System Integrated) or [[HAL Rudra]]<ref>{{cite news|title=YEAR-END REVIEW – 2010 DRDO|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68740|access-date=31 July 2012|newspaper=Press Information Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215063516/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68740|archive-date=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref>Hirschberg 2011, p. 51.</ref>

=== Utility Helicopter-Marine ===
HAL is currently developing an advanced derivative of the ALH Dhruv to address the specific needs of the Indian Navy. The helicopter is to be purpose-built for ship-borne roles including [[Utility helicopter|utility]] and [[maritime search and rescue]].

The UH-M programme has its origin from the Navy's Naval Utility Helicopter (NUH) acquisition programme. The Navy issued a requirement of 111 units of utility helicopters. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) – the highest decision-making body under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], then [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] – accorded the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) to the programme on 25 August 2018. The cost of the programme was estimated at {{INRConvert|21000|c|lk=on|year=2018}}. The requirement would be fulfilled through the [[Strategic partnership|Strategic Partnership]] (SP) model including an Indian and a foreign [[Original equipment manufacturer|Original Equipment Manufacturer]] (OEM) under the [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-25 |title=DAC Approves Procurement for Services amounting to Nearly Rs. 46,000 Crores |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903181920/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183066 |archive-date=2025-09-03 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The [[Expression of Interest]] (EoI) to foreign OEMs and domestic Strategic Partners had been issued on 12 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Expression of Interest (EOI) for 111 Naval Utility Helicopters (NUH) for Indian Navy |date=2019-02-12 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1564041&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225172321/https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1564041&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-date=2026-02-25}}</ref> However, the category was included in the third "positive indigenisation list" by the MoD on 7 April 2022, eliminating direct participation by any foreign vendor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Landmark policy decision to indigenise 101 more weapons and platforms to speed up 'Aatmanirbharta' in Defence |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1814446 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The Navy had issued the broad requirement of 60 ALH-based helicopters to HAL in January 2022. A [[Detailed Project Report|detailed project report]] for helicopter configuration, overall cost, including performance based logistics was being prepared for the Navy HQ and MoD. This resulted in the concept of Utility Helicopter-Marine.<ref name=":26">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-04-14 |title=Navy to get variants of indigenous helicopters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-acquire-modified-variants-of-indigenous-helicopters-for-its-ships/article65320960.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206125433/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-acquire-modified-variants-of-indigenous-helicopters-for-its-ships/article65320960.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Hence, HAL had carried out a joint study of ALH Dhruv to increase the [[MTOW]] to 5.7 tonnes, reduce the [[empty weight]] and increase the overall [[Payload|payload capacity]] to 600 kg. The modifications also included "reduced stowage dimensions to meet requirement with foldable two segment blades and modified upper control system and [[Aircraft Ship Integrated Secure and Traverse]] (ASIST) traversing interface for ship deck." The programme is to replace the Navy's ageing [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] fleet.<ref name=":26" /> The Indian Navy is to place an order of at least 50 helicopters in the first phase.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu |date=2022-04-15 |title=Indian Navy working with HAL to develop 50 UH (Marine) choppers for warship requirements |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/indian-navy-working-with-hindustan-aeronautics-limited-to-develop-50-uh-marine-choppers-for-warship-requirements-latest-news-updates-2022-04-15-769927 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230824010923/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/indian-navy-working-with-hindustan-aeronautics-limited-to-develop-50-uh-marine-choppers-for-warship-requirements-latest-news-updates-2022-04-15-769927 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-04-15 |title=Navy working with HAL to develop 50 UH (Marine) choppers for warship requirements |url=https://theprint.in/india/navy-working-with-hal-to-develop-50-uh-marine-choppers-for-warship-requirements/917349/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The maritime wheeled version of Dhruv having segmented Main Rotor Blades (MRBs) and Main Rotor Head (MRH) in pre-cone configuration completed its first flight on 30 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maiden Flight of ALH–Dhruv (Wheeled Version) |url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/experts-speak/?id=521&h=Maiden-Flight-of-ALH-Dhruv-Wheeled-Version#:~:text=On%20June%2030,%202022,%20the,undertook%20a%20successful%20maiden%20flight. |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.spsnavalforces.com}}</ref> By March 2023, tail boom folding has been demonstrated. Reportedly, the UH-M will also showcase [[anti-ship missile]] and [[torpedo]] firing capability.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1636649681089331200 |user=Defencematrix1 |title=ALH Dhruv as NUH for Navy should be different from ALH Dhruv MR, it should have an easy 4-blade folding mechanism, which is already under works (Photo Below), Tail boom folding has been demonstrated too, rest two things are AshM and Torpedo firing capabilities. |date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2024-10-21}}</ref>

On 16 March 2023, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the Utility Helicopter-Maritime programme for the Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Defence Acquisition Council approves proposals worth Rs 70,500 crore for the Armed Forces & Indian Coast Guard under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1907642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813132658/https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1907642 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 20 October 2024, a report from [[The Economic Times]] revealed that the prototype of Utility Helicopters-Marine (UH-M) helicopter is under construction while the first flight is expected by May 2025. Its multirole capabilities will include transportation of personnel, cargo delivery and [[CASEVAC]]. Simultaneously, the new technologies developed for the new helicopter is also being tested on a [[testbed]]. The design is mostly based on the earlier Dhruv and includes extensive modifications to fit inside a ship-based [[hangar]]. The modifications includes foldable tail boom as well as foldable [[rotor blades]] and a nose-mounted surveillance radar. The Navy needs 111 of these helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-10-20 |title=Indigenous marine utility copter set to fly by May next year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-marine-utility-copter-set-to-fly-by-may-next-year/articleshow/114403511.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As of 11 May 2025, the design of the helicopter is almost completed with first flight and deliveries expected by early 2026 and 2027, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-05-10 |title=India reaches out to US, France for twin-engine naval helicopters |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-reaches-out-to-us-france-for-twin-engine-naval-helicopters/article69561544.ece |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In September, HAL released a tender in search for a company to co-develop an [[AESA radar]] for the UH-M helicopter. The radar is meant to operate in multiple modes including Sea Surveillance, Maritime Multi-Target Tracking, Weather Detection with Colour Classification Display for Weather, [[Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar]] and [[SART]]/Beacon mode for [[search and rescue]] operations. HAL's Strategic Electronic Research Design Centre (SLRDC)<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Union Minister Inaugurates SDR System at HAL |date=2013-05-31 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=96345 |access-date=2025-09-04}}</ref> will be responsible for the radar's design, development and integration in the UH-M.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of Aesa Radar System Hardware for Utility Helicopter-maritime |url=https://www.telanganatender.com/Tenderdetailbrief.aspx?ref=87348210&SrNo=89736686&tenders=Light+and+Bulb+tenders+Aviation+Equipment+tenders+Other+Electronic+Devices+tenders+Detector+tenders+Navigational+Equipment+tenders |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.telanganatender.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1962932694905716771 |user=alpha_defense |title=HAL to Engage Vendors for AESA Radar on ALH Derivative UH-M |date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>

In February 2026, [[Centum Electronics]] was reported to have won the tender. The Phase-1 contract is worth {{INRConvert|66|c|lk=|year=2026}} and includes the design and development of the radar over two years. Meanwhile, the Phase-2 contract is worth {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=|year=2026}} and includes the [[serial production]] and supply over five years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=Centum Electronics rises on HAL order for AESA radar systems for UH-M helicopters |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/centum-electronics-rises-on-hal-order-for-aesa-radar-systems-for-uh-m-helicopters-126022400690_1.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

===Civil variants===
;[[File:VT-XLH HAL Dhruv (8414607154).jpg|thumb|Dhruv civil variant]]Dhruv (C)
:Also known as ALH-Civil, a Turbomeca TM333-2B2-powered 12-seat helicopter with [[retractable landing gear]], type certificate issued on 31 October 2003.<ref name="tc">[http://dgca.nic.in/TC/ALH.pdf DGCA Type Certificate Data Sheet No, 5-8/96-RD] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000755/http://dgca.nic.in/TC/ALH.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
;Dhruv (CFW)
:A Turbomeca TM333-2B2-powered 12-seat helicopter fitted with wheels, type certificate issued on 20 April 2005.<ref name="tc" />
;Dhruv (CS)
:A Turbomeca TM333-2B2-powered 12-seat helicopter fitted with skids, type certificate issued on 30 July 2004.<ref name="tc" />
;Dhruv NG
:14-seater civilian variant of Dhruv Mk-3 equipped with two [[Safran Ardiden|Shakti-1H1C]] engines and civil-certified glass cockpit,along with major flight safety upgrades.<ref name=":10"/> First flight: 30 December 2025. It is designed for VIP transport, general passenger operations, HEMS ([[air ambulance]]) missions, and specialised roles including operational support, [[law enforcement]], and [[disaster relief]] ([[search and rescue]]). Specifications:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-30 |title=Dhruv-NG civil helicopter completes maiden flight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dhruv-ng-civil-helicopter-completes-maiden-flight/articleshow/126244608.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-12-30 |title=HAL's Dhruv NG multi-role helicopter takes maiden flight in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hals-dhruv-ngmulti-role-helicopter-takes-maiden-flight-in-bengaluru/article70451989.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/design-refinements-improved-maintainability-hal-s-dhruv-ng-helicopter/ar-AA1VisYb?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=697da8738f55434d8ecbc40551a5b8eb&ei=85|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>
:* [[Maximum takeoff weight]]: 5,500 kg
:* Internal payload: 1,000 kg
:* Maximum speed: 285 km/h
:* Range: 630 km (20 min reserve)
:* Endurance: 3 hours 40 minutes
:* [[Service ceiling]]: 6,000 m
;Garuda Vasudha: A Dhruv outfitted with a heliborne geophysical survey system (HGSS) from Pico Envirotec Inc, [[Canada]].<ref name="bs23j14" /><ref name=":1" />

== Accidents and incidents ==
As reported by the [[Indian Government]] to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] on 8 March 2016, there were 16 accidents involving HAL Dhruv. “Out of 16 accidents, 12 occurred due to human error and environmental factors and the remaining four occurred due to technical reasons,” Minister of State for Defence [[Rao Inderjit Singh]] informed the [[Rajya Sabha]]. The crash involved two civilian, nine Indian military and five foreign operated helicopters. As for the four Ecuadorian Dhruv crahes, two were due to human errors, one due to mechanical error.<ref name="auto1" />

Further, four Dhruv and two Rudra helicopters were lost between March 2017 and December 2021.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2021-12-17 |title=15 military chopper accidents since March 2017: Official data |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/15-military-chopper-accidents-since-march-2017-official-data/articleshow/88346257.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As of January 2025, 20 to 23 ALHs were lost in 23 years of service leading to a death of 17 pilots excluding passengers. A total of around 410 units have been produced.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Explainer: In 23 years since induction, Dhruv fleet suffers 23 crashes, several groundings |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/explainer-in-23-years-since-induction-dhruv-fleet-suffers-23-crashes-several-groundings/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=2025-01-11 |title=HAL asks civil operators to ground Dhruv choppers after January 5 crash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-asks-civil-operators-to-ground-dhruv-choppers-after-january-5-crash/article69089358.ece |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> While the Indian Army and Air Force have lost of 16 and six helicopters, respectively, the Coast Guard has lost three till date.<ref name=":23" />

=== 2005–22 ===
* November 2004: An ALH delivered to the [[Royal Nepalese Army]] suffered a hard landing which damaged its undercarriage and landing gears.<ref name=":35" /> The aircraft was returned to HAL for repairs.<ref name=":41" />
* 25 November 2005: First crash involving an ALH owned by HAL. The helicopter was on its way from [[Bangalore]] to [[Ranchi]] when it crash-landed in a field near [[Karimnagar]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":12" /> The crash was attributed to an expired raisin on the tail rotor of the helicopter following an investigation.<ref name=":19" />
* 2 February 2007: The first fatal accident including HAL Dhruv and the [[Sarang display team]] when one of the helicopters crashed near [[Yelahanka Air Force Station]] during a practice session before [[List of Aero India editions#6th edition (2007)|Aero India 2007]]. Co-pilot [[Squadron leader|Squadron Leader]] Priyesh Sharma was killed and pilot [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]] Vikas Jettley was critically injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/03/stories/2007020321970300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206164816/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/03/stories/2007020321970300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2007|title=Dhruv crashed|access-date=1 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/pilot-dies-in-chopper-crash/articleshow/15678049.cms|title=Pilot dies in chopper crash|date=3 February 2007|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=1 March 2007|archive-date=4 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004101257/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/nithari-cop-has-a-history-of-taking-bribes/articleshowajax/15678052.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=15678060&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref> Vikas Jettley also succumbed to the injuries in 2011 after being in a [[Coma|comatose]] state for four years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sarang-misses-surya-kiran-its-aerobatic-partner/articleshow/68092212.cms|title=Sarang misses Surya Kiran, its aerobatic partner|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004101349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sarang-misses-surya-kiran-its-aerobatic-partner/articleshow/68092212.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/top-stunt-pilot-of-iaf-dies-after-4-yrs-in-coma/story-aoVRDumPnnU7APS566LboN.html|title=Top stunt pilot of IAF dies after 4 yrs in coma|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 January 2011|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The crash was attributed to pilot error as per HAL, though the Air Force has denied the claim.<ref name=":19" />
* 27 February 2010: Another helicopter with the Sarang display team was involved in a crash landing in the [[Jaisalmer district]] while the team was rehearsing for an air show in the 2010 edition of [[Exercise Vayushakti]]. The [[President of India|President]] and the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] would be spectators at the air show. The pilots had to make a "controlled crash landing" of the copter due to a sudden power loss at altitude. A court of inquiry was launched and the team's participation in the following day's air show was unclear.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-27 |title=Dhruv helicopter crash-lands while rehearsing for air show |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Dhruv-helicopter-crash-lands-while-rehearsing-for-air-show/article16832294.ece |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-02-27 |title=Dhruv Helicopter Crashlands At Air Show |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/dhruv-helicopter-crashlands-at-air-show-1905.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> However, the team carried out all the aerobatics as planned on 28 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-28|title=IAF carries out fire power exercise using frontline aircraft|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iaf-carries-out-fire-power-exercise-using-frontline-aircraft-411725|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611030457/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iaf-carries-out-fire-power-exercise-using-frontline-aircraft-411725|archive-date=2017-06-11|access-date=2026-03-08|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2010-03-03|title=Vayu Shakti 2010 Exercise|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/vayu-shakti-2010-exercise-43.39|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616210308/https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/vayu-shakti-2010-exercise-43.39|archive-date=2024-06-16|access-date=2026-03-08|website=India TV News|language=en}}</ref>
* 28 October 2009: A helicopter operated by the [[Ecuadorian Air Force]] crashed during a military parade over [[Mariscal Sucre International Airport]], [[Quito]]. The data acquired by the [[flight data recorder]] and the [[cockpit voice recorder]] was brought to Bangalore for investigation.<ref name=":35" /> The entire fleet was grounded following the crash. By 15 December, the investigation found that the crash was the result of a [[pilot error]]. Two separate probes were undertaken, one was by Ecuador with assistance from the United States and the other by HAL. The Ecuador's probe team had the same results.<ref name=":36" />
* 19 October 2011: A Dhruv owned by the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), operated for the [[Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) and mantained and operated by the [[Pawan Hans]] crashed {{Convert|40|km|abbr=on}} from the Khakra village while en-route from [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi aerodrome]] to [[Chaibasa]]. The pilots, Captain Thomas and Captain S.P. Singh, and technician Manoj Soin was killed in the accident. The aircraft exploded mid-air and disintegrated into parts after falling to the ground. It was the fourth Pawan Hans helicopter to crash within a year. The helicopter took off from 03:09 [[UTC]] and crashed after six minutes, around {{Convert|10|nmi|abbr=on}} from Ranchi. The airframe was lost in the post crash fire.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-10-19 |title=BSF chopper Dhruv crashes in Ranchi, 3 killed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/bsf-chopper-crashes-near-ranchi-143712-2011-10-18 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident HAL Dhruv VT-BSH, Wednesday 19 October 2011 |url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=139315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226161709/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/139315 |archive-date=2026-02-26 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> The maintenance of the Pawan Hans was under question since this was the second BSF chopper under the company's operation to crash in 2011.<ref name=":45" />
* 15 January 2012: Another BSF helicopter crashed during a test flight at the [[Raipur Airport]]. The chopper fell from an altitude of around {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}} and injured both the pilots, an engineer as well as the two technicians. The five injured were hospitalised where they were declared to be out of danger.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-01-15 |title=BSF chopper crashes, five injured |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bsf-helicopter-crashes-in-raipur-89718-2012-01-14 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-15 |title=BSF chopper crashes in Raipur, three injured |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/BSF-chopper-crashes-in-Raipur-three-injured/article13367840.ece |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 25 July 2014: an IAF Dhruv Mk.III of [[No. 111 Helicopter Unit, IAF|111 HU]] carrying two pilots (wing commander T.B.N. Singh and a squadron leader) and five airmen (a junior warrant officer, a sergeant, a leading aircraftman and two corporals) crashed in [[Sitapur district]] at around 5 pm, killing all onboard. The chopper was enroute from [[Bareilly]] to [[Allahabad]] and a technical glitch was reported to the [[Lucknow]] ATC before the tower lost contact. Another IAF helicopter rushed to the spot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-25 |title=7 killed as IAF chopper crashes in U.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/IAF%E2%80%99s-Dhruv-helicopter-crashes-in-Uttar-Pradeshs-Sitapur/article60632578.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The particular chopper had been serviced days before and had flown over 500 hours. IAF had temporarily grounded its 40-strong ALH fleet which restarted operations by August-end. The army's fleet was also grounded for inspection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-27 |title=IAF resumes flying of Dhruv copters after Sitapur crash |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dhruv-helicopters-iaf-sitapur-crash-hal-dhruv-mk-iii-205814-2014-08-26 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* By October 2015, at leat four EAF Dhruvs were lost in crashes after which the service cancelled its contracts with HAL.<ref name=":38" /><ref name=":37" />
* 24 October 2019: An Army Dhruv crash landed near [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. A crew of eight including the then General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant general]] [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]] survived.<ref name=":12" />
* 25 January 2021: an Army Dhruv helicopter crashed due to a technical snag in [[Kathua district]]’s [[Lakhanpur, Jammu|Lakhanpur]] in Jammu and Kashmir, killing one of the pilots.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=1 pilot killed, another seriously injured as Army helicopter crash lands in J-K |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-helicopter-crash-lands-in-j-k-both-pilots-injured-101611585328788.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210125163448/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-helicopter-crash-lands-in-j-k-both-pilots-injured-101611585328788.html |archive-date=2021-01-25 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Sunil |date=2021-01-25 |title=Indian Army helicopter crashes in J&K's Kathua district, 1 pilot dead, another critical |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-helicopter-hal-dhruv-crash-jammu-kashmir-kathua-updates-1762650-2021-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911060614/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-helicopter-hal-dhruv-crash-jammu-kashmir-kathua-updates-1762650-2021-01-25 |archive-date=2023-09-11 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*7 March 2021: an Army Dhruv made an emergency landing in [[Kheda district]] in [[Gujarat]]. Two 3-star officers including [[Army Training Command]] head [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen.]] [[Raj Shukla]] and Indian Air Force [[South Western Air Command]] Chief [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Surendra Kumar Ghotia|S.K. Ghotia]] and four other officers were onboard. Everyone survived as a precautionary landing was conducted 30km away from [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2021-03-07 |title=Army denies 'protocol violation' as helicopter with two 3-star officers makes emergency landing |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-denies-protocol-violation-as-helicopter-with-two-3-star-officers-makes-emergency-landing/617415/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
*3 August 2021: an Army Rudra helicopter crashed into the water near [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]] Lake. The helicopter belonged to the [[Pathankot Airport|Pathankot]]-based 254 ALH-WSI squadron and was carrying out a routine training mission involving low-level flying over the lake and had two officers — a [[lieutenant colonel|Lt Col]] A S Bath and a [[captain|Capt]] Jayant Joshi. The crash led to their death and their bodies were recovered from water after 12 and 76 days of the incident, respectively. Being an Army chopper, it lacked an emergency flotation gear (EFG). The [[search and rescue]] mission involved specialized divers and Dhruv and [[HAL Cheetah|Cheetah]] helicopters and, later, a heavy-lift [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Chinook]] helicopter also joined the search.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-03 |title=Helmets, I-card recovered from Army chopper crash site, pilots missing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/helmets-i-card-recovered-from-army-chopper-crash-site-pilots-missing-101628005351709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804034648/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/helmets-i-card-recovered-from-army-chopper-crash-site-pilots-missing-101628005351709.html |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Incident HAL Dhruv, 03 Aug 2021 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?save&id=266277&fbclid=IwAR0fxlTCSbLqDeOvwvEEkD5XwkckdV20q3b8LJgKtO0HdklxsrwFRyxHBlc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804034648/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?save&id=266277&fbclid=IwAR0fxlTCSbLqDeOvwvEEkD5XwkckdV20q3b8LJgKtO0HdklxsrwFRyxHBlc |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref name=":13" />
*21 October 2022: an Army Rudra, inducted in 2015, crashed killing two pilots and three soldiers onboard. The crash occurred near the [[Tuting]] area in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]’s [[Upper Siang district]] around 10:43 am. The crash was attributed to technical issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-10-22 |title=Over 400 indigenous Dhruv and its variant helicopters built since 2002, but at least 23 crashed |url=https://theprint.in/defence/over-400-indigenous-dhruv-and-its-variant-helicopters-built-since-2002-but-at-least-23-crashed/1178686/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Third Coast Guard chopper crash in less than 2 years: why are there repeated concerns over HAL's indigenous military helicopter? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/concerns-hal-indigenous-military-helicopter-9765403/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===

*On 8 March 2023, a Mark III naval variant made an emergency water landing off the coast of Mumbai, prompting the navy to ground the aircraft pending further investigation. All three crew members were rescued. Before the crash, the crew experienced a "sudden loss of power and rapid loss of height".<ref>{{cite web |title=3 rescued as Navy chopper makes emergency landing off Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/3-rescued-as-navy-chopper-makes-emergency-landing-off-mumbai/20230308.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230730142043/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/3-rescued-as-navy-chopper-makes-emergency-landing-off-mumbai/20230308.htm |archive-date=30 July 2023 |website=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/operations-of-alh-dhruv-helicopters-halted-due-to-the-recent-incident-of-emergency-landing-off-the-mumbai-coast-news-269049fd|title=Outlook India}}</ref> The crash led to the grounding of the entire 330 Dhruv fleet of the Indian Armed Forces as well as the Coast Guard. A problem with control rods were identified. Only few units of the Army until April were cleared for flight before another accident took place.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-05-04 |title=Technician killed, 2 pilots injured as Army helicopter makes hard landing in J&K |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-chopper-crashes-in-j-ks-kishtwar-district/article66811209.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*On 26 March 2023, an Indian Coast Guard ALH Dhruv Mark III helicopter crashed during soon after takeoff from a height of 25 ft near the main runway at [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi Airport]]. Three Coast Guard servicemen on board survived with minor injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard helicopter ALH Dhruv crashes on runway of Kochi airport, no casualties reported; video surfaces |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/indian-coast-guard-helicopter-crashes-after-forced-landing-at-kochi-airport-during-test-flight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326131316/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/indian-coast-guard-helicopter-crashes-after-forced-landing-at-kochi-airport-during-test-flight |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2023 |title=Coast Guard's ALH Dhruv Helicopter Crashes Near Kochi Airport, Runway Closed |url=https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/coast-guards-alh-dhruv-helicopter-crashes-near-kochi-airport-runway-closed-2588031.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230824010534/https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/coast-guards-alh-dhruv-helicopter-crashes-near-kochi-airport-runway-closed-2588031.html |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Zee News}}</ref>
*On 4 May 2023, a Dhruv of the Indian Army [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] on an operational deployment made a hard landing on the banks of Marua river in [[Kishtwar]] region of Jammu and Kashmir at 11:15 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. Two pilots were injured while Craftsmen (Aviation Technician) Pabballa Anil succumbed to his injuries. A technical fault was reported by the pilots to the [[Air traffic controller|ATC]]. The incident occurred while attempting a precautionary landing. The hard landing was attributed to undulating ground, undergrowth and unprepared landing area. This marked the third accident involving Dhruv in a 2-month span. The series of accidents resulted the mean time between checks for the helicopters to be brought down from 600 hours of flight to 300 and a further plan to 100-150.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-04 |title=Technician killed, two pilots injured as Army helicopter crashes in J-K's Kishtwar district |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/may/04/technician-killed-twopilots-injured-as-army-helicopter-crashes-in-j-ks-kishtwar-district-2571995.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2023-05-05 |title=Dhruv crash third incident in two months |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/May/04/dhruv-crash-third-incident-in-twomonths-2572185.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 6 May, the Army's Dhruv fleet was again grounded as a precautionary measure because this accident was not due to control rods like the previous incidents. Only IAF and ICG had a small batch of Dhruv flying as of then while the mean time between checks was down to 100 flying hours.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-05-06 |title=Army grounds ALH Dhruv fleet again following May 4 crash in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-grounds-alh-dhruv-fleet-following-may-4-crash-in-jk/article66819308.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Army grounds ALH Dhruv fleet following May 4 crash in Jammu & Kashmmir |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/army-grounds-alh-dhruv-fleet-following-may-4-crash-in-jammu-kashmmir-1216265.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
The [[aluminium]] booster [[control rods]], which were found to be the main reason of the recent accidents, are being replaced by steel ones. According to reports, the collective control rod has been replaced in the entire helicopter fleet while that of the other two rods (lateral and longitudinal) in the ALH fleet is underway, and is planned to be completed by end of June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=India's Dhruv chopper needs critical safety upgrade: Panel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-military-helicopter-fleet-grounded-for-safety-check-after-a-string-of-accidents-design-review-ordered-by-regulatory-body-101683656231941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230628103009/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-military-helicopter-fleet-grounded-for-safety-check-after-a-string-of-accidents-design-review-ordered-by-regulatory-body-101683656231941.html |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=4 June 2024 |title=Entire Dhruv fleet set to get key safety upgrade by end of month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/entire-dhruv-fleet-set-to-get-key-safety-upgrade-by-end-of-month-101717440521758-amp.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
=== 2024–25 ===
*'''2 September 2024:''' an Indian Coast Guard Dhruv Mk 3 (CG 863) of [[Indian Coast Guard#Current aircraft|835 Squadron]] conducted an [[emergency landing]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] at night when deployed for medical evacuation of a seriously injured crew on board Indian-flagged motor tanker Hari Leela about 45 km from [[Porbandar]]. The helicopter was launched at around 2300 hrs [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and crash landed at 2315 hrs while approaching the motor tanker ship. The injured crew was rescued by an ICG ship afterwards. The same helicopter had rescued 67 people in a recent [[Cyclone Asna|cyclonic weather]] in Gujarat.<ref name=":15" />
**'''Search operations:''' Of the two pilots and two divers on the helicopter, one diver (diver Gautam Kumar) was rescued by a search and rescue team and the search for the others were on. The wreckage was also found. The search and rescue team deployed included — four ships and two aircraft of the ICG and two specialised ships and diving ships of the Navy.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Coast Guard ALH ditches into Arabian Sea, 3 missing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coast-guard-alh-ditches-into-arabian-sea-3-missing-101725338628271.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Later, two missing personnel's body was recovered. They were later known to be pilot Vipin Babu and diver Karan Singh. For the incident, ICG grounded the Dhruv fleet for inspection.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Two dead, one missing after coast guard helicopter goes down in Arabian Sea |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-dead-one-missing-after-coast-guard-helicopter-goes-down-in-arabian-sea-101725390206620.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> As of 6 September, the search for the captain is on along with the process of salvaging the helicopter. The average depth of search and rescue ops is 55 m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Indian Coast Guard and Navy assets intensify search for helicopter captain |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-coast-guard-navy-assets-intensify-search-for-helicopter-captain-756071#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17255879549146&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-coast-guard-navy-assets-intensify-search-for-helicopter-captain-756071 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> On 10 October, the remains of Commandant Rakesh Kumar Rana, the captain of the helicopter was located and recovered about 55 km from southwest of Porbandar after a total of more than 70 air sorties and 82 ship days of search efforts by the ICG and the Indian Navy. He was [[cremated]] with full military honours the next day. This culminated the massive search operation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kshatriya |first=Dilip Singh |date=2024-10-11 |title=Body of missing Coast Guard pilot found over a month after helicopter crash near Gujarat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/11/body-of-missing-coast-guard-pilot-found-over-a-month-after-helicopter-crash-near-gujarat |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*'''2 October 2024:''' an Indian Air Force ALH air-dropping relief material in flood-hit Bihar made a forced landing in a swamp following engine failure. All four crew were rescued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF Chopper Air-Dropping Relief Material Makes Forced Landing In Bihar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iaf-chopper-air-dropping-relief-material-makes-emergency-landing-in-bihar-6699742 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Avinash |date=2 October 2024 |title=Bihar: IAF chopper on flood relief work makes emergency landing in flooded area |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-iaf-chopper-on-flood-relief-work-makes-emergency-landing-in-flooded-area-101727866266707-amp.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
*'''5 January 2025:''' Another ICG Dhruv crashed in an open field at [[Porbandar Airport#Military Enclaves|CGAE Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]] and burst into flames. Both the pilots, who were [[Qualified Flying Instructor|Qualified Flying Instructors]],<ref name=":23" /> and the aircrew driver lost their lives in the incident. An inquiry was launched to investigate the cause of the crash. This was the third incident involving the Dhruv in four months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coast Guard Chopper Crashes In Gujarat's Porbandar, 3 Dead: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coast-guard-chopper-crashes-in-gujarats-porbandar-3-dead-sources-7403835 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The crashed helicopter had been inducted in June 2021 and "had completed one 90-minute training sortie, with the crew undertaking running change for the next sortie. While hovering at around 200-feet, the ALH then crashed nose down and burst into flames".<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-07 |title=Fatal Gujarat crash grounds entire Dhruv fleet, again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fatal-gujarat-crash-grounds-entire-dhruv-fleet-again/articleshow/117003481.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
**'''Investigation:'''
***The FDR ([[flight data recorder]]) and CVR ([[cockpit voice recorder]]) of the chopper were being analysed under HAL and ICG's independent investigations and the Dhruv fleet (including [[HAL Rudra]]) was re-grounded again.<ref name=":16" /> The helicopter did not respond to pilot's command for 3-4 seconds before crashing. On 11 January, HAL also asked for grounding of the civilian Dhruv fleet.<ref name=":14" />
***'''4 February:''' [[National Aerospace Laboratories|CSIR-NAL]] confirmed that the malfunctioning of the [[Swashplate (aeronautics)|swashplate]] — a component of the transmission system — made the aircraft unresponsive. This is the first instance of such failure. A '''defect investigation committee''' (DIC), including members from [[CEMILAC]], HAL and Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA), was formed to identify whether the issue originated from quality, inspection, or maintenance. The wreckage was moved to CSIR-NAL, and the committee was to report within four weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-02-04 |title=Rare transmission system failure led to ALH crash, shows inquiry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rare-transmission-system-failure-led-to-alh-crash-shows-inquiry-101738609206920-amp.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
***'''2 April:''' Fleet-wide checks found cracks in swashplate assemblies of several Navy and ICG Dhruvs, likely due to saline-environment operations. The same defect caused the ICG crash. The aluminum-alloy raw material was sent to [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) for fatigue testing, with results due by April-end for inclusion in the DIC report expected in May. The fleet could remain grounded beyond three months depending on whether checks can be done in the field or if each helicopter’s integrated dynamic system must go to HAL, especially if a design flaw is found.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-04-02 |title=ALH to be grounded for 3 more months |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/alh-to-be-grounded-for-3-more-months-101743532670861.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
***'''26 June:''' Army and Air Force Dhruvs were cleared to resume operations. However, an instrumented Dhruv each from the Navy and ICG remained under analysis. These were fitted with sensors to record subsystem load data—transmission, gearbox, rotor hub—across varying environments. Analysis was set for completion by end-July.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-06-26 |title=Fix eludes HAL on navy, coast guard Dhruvs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fix-eludes-hal-on-navy-coast-guard-dhruvs-101750876633534.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
***By '''14 August''', extensive tests of Dhruv was conducted from warships off [[Visakhapatnam]] in multiple weather conditions for two weeks to identify the cause of the incidents. The data was analysed by Rotary Wing Research & Design Centre and the compilation had to be submitted to DIC by August-end.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-08-14 |title=HAL conducts extensive tests on Dhruv ALH to fix lingering flaws |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-conducts-extensive-tests-on-dhruv-alh-to-fix-lingering-flaws-101755113406510.html |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
***'''5 September''': The necessary rectifications were reportedly identified and HAL was close to the investigation's conclusion. An initial batch of naval helicopters would first undergo modifications and flight trials, followed by the rest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2025-09-05 |title=Navy, Coast Guard to Get ALHs Back Soon After Safety Clearance |url=https://bharatshakti.in/navy-coast-guard-to-get-alhs-back-soon-after-safety-clearance/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>
***'''19 September''': The '''Non-Rotating Swashplate Bearing (NRSB)''' was identified as the defective component of the swashplate. The NSRB manages the pitch of the rotor blade which is important to provide lift direction and stability of the helicopter. The DIC was expected to meet soon. The ICG and IN had lost three and one Dhruv helicopters, respectively, with 29 remaining in their fleet. HAL chairman said HAL was not at fault for the other three losses and expects to inspect 4-5 gearboxes a month which implies the fleet's return to full fledged service within seven months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Som |first=Vishnu |date=2025-09-19 |title=We're Not Responsible For 3 Of 4 Recent Dhruv Chopper Crashes: HAL Chief To NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/were-not-responsible-for-3-of-4-recent-dhruv-chopper-crashes-hal-chief-dk-sunil-to-ndtv-9308397 |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
***'''11 December''': The helicopters would receive manufacturing modifications for a particular component. The modifications will be implemented in batches and the entire fleet is expected to return to service within six months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Key part to be fixed before Dhruvs with Navy, Coast Guard fly again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/key-part-to-be-fixed-before-dhruvs-with-navy-coast-guard-fly-again-10413988/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211032933/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/key-part-to-be-fixed-before-dhruvs-with-navy-coast-guard-fly-again-10413988/ |archive-date=2025-12-11 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[maritime surveillance]] capability of the ICG was heavily affected due to the groundings and had to be trimmed down to 1980s level.<ref name=":23" />
**'''Flight clearance:'''
***On 23 April, the Indian Army gave limited clearance for the operation of its HAL Dhruv fleet for [[counterterrorism]] operations amid [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] and [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-23 |title=Army gives limited permission for grounded ALH Dhruv choppers for counter-terror ops in Srinagar, adjoining areas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-gives-limited-permission-for-grounded-alh-dhruv-choppers-for-counter-terror-ops-in-srinagar-adjoining-areas/articleshow/120540863.cms |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
***On 1 May, the entire Army and IAF Dhruv fleet was cleared for operations after safety checks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-01 |title=Army, Air Force versions of ALH Dhruv cleared for operations after safety review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-air-force-versions-of-alh-dhruv-cleared-for-operations-after-safety-review/articleshow/120794063.cms |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
***On 11 June, the [[HAL Prachand]] fleet was also cleared for operations after replacing few sub-components as suggested by the DIC. The fleet was also grounded following the crash, due to its substantial design heritage from Dhruv.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-11 |title=After Dhruv ALH, Prachand copters cleared for flying |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-dhruv-alh-prachand-copters-cleared-for-flying/articleshow/121762665.cms |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
***The Indian Navy was seen to have returned to service during its demonstrations in the [[International Fleet Review 2026]].<ref name=":142">{{Cite web |title=International Fleet Review 2026: Navy flies Dhruv ALH again|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-flies-dhruv-choppers-again-at-international-fleet-review-2026-3903547|access-date=2026-02-20|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==Operators==

[[File:HAL Dhruv operators.png|thumb|400px|Map of Dhruv operators in blue, former operator(s) in red]]
===Military operators===

* '''{{IND}}'''
** [[Indian Air Force]]: 95<ref name="World1">{{cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |year=2023 |title=World Air Forces 2024 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=[[FlightGlobal]]}}</ref>
** [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Indian Army Aviation Corps]]: 76<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Army Chief says LCH good for high altitude; Army to procure 95 of them |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-army-chief-says-lch-good-for-high-altitude-army-to-procure-95-of-them-2982095/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=IADN Editorial |date=2024-05-25 |title=HAL delivers Dhruv helicopters to Army within 2 weeks of contract signing - IADN |url=https://iadnews.in/hal-delivers-dhruv-helicopters-to-army-within-2-weeks-of-contract-signing/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=- IADN |language=en-GB}}</ref> (19 more on order)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MoD signs contracts worth Rs 8073 Cr with HAL for acquisition of 34 Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) Dhruv Mk III for Indian Army & Indian Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014340 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
** [[Indian Navy]]: 24<ref name="World1" />
** [[Indian Coast Guard]]: 20 delivered (4 Mk1; 16 Mk3).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Clears Grounded 'Dhruv' Chopper Fleet For Flight, But Conditions Apply |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-clears-grounded-dhruv-chopper-fleet-for-flight-but-conditions-apply-4080889 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Coast Guard Advanced Light Helicopter Mk-III squadron, 840 Sqn (CG), commissioned in Chennai |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880134 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> 16 operational as of September 2024<ref name=":2" /> (15 on order in two batches)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":47" />
** [[Border Security Force]]: 8 delivered;<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> 6 operational.<ref name=":14" />
* '''{{ISR}}'''
** [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]]: 1 leased (2007)<ref>{{cite news |date=3 September 2007 |title=Israeli MOD Inducts Dhruv |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Israeli-MOD-Inducts-Dhruv/articleshow/2333038.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107054323/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Israeli-MOD-Inducts-Dhruv/articleshow/2333038.cms |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=3 September 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* '''{{MDV}}'''
** [[Maldives National Defence Force|National Defence Force]]: 2 in service<ref>{{Cite web |last=syndication |date=2024-02-08 |title=Indian troops in Maldives will be replaced by 'competent Indian technical personnel': MEA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Feb/08/indian-troops-in-maldives-will-be-replaced-by-competent-indian-technical-personnel-mea |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-09 |title=HAL workers may replace military staff in Maldives |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-workers-may-replace-military-staff-in-maldives/articleshow/107535138.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''{{MRI}}'''
** [[Mauritius Police Force]]: 3 in service<ref>{{cite web |title=La police s'équipe d'un nouvel hélicoptère |url=https://defimedia.info/la-police-sequipe-dun-nouvel-helicoptere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315121510/https://defimedia.info/la-police-sequipe-dun-nouvel-helicoptere |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>
* '''{{NPL}}'''
** [[Nepalese Army Air Service]]: 1 in service<ref name="World Air Forces 20142">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=World Air Forces 2014 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/108161/world-air-forces-2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225081256/http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/108161/world-air-forces-2014.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=5 September 2014 |publisher=Flightglobal Insight}}</ref>

====Former military operators====
;{{ECU}}
* [[Ecuadorian Air Force]]:<ref name="World1"/> 7 delivered, 4 crashed between October 2009 to January 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-25 |title=Crash of two Dhruvs in Ecuador due to pilot error: Govt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/crash-of-two-dhruvs-in-ecuador-due-to-pilot-error-govt-653081-2016-11-25 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-25 |title=Crash of two Dhruv helicopters in Ecuador due to pilot error: Govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/crash-of-two-dhruv-helicopters-in-ecuador-due-to-pilot-error-govt-4395242/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (withdrawn from service in 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ecuador-cuts-Dhruv-helicopter-contract-with-HAL-after-4-crashes/articleshow/49403144.cms|title=Ecuador cuts Dhruv helicopter contract with HAL after 4 crashes|website=The Times of India|access-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206081615/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ecuador-cuts-Dhruv-helicopter-contract-with-HAL-after-4-crashes/articleshow/49403144.cms|archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ecuador-cancels-deal-with-HAL-for-crash-prone-Dhruv/articleshow/49425469.cms|title=Ecuador cancels deal with HAL for 'crash-prone' Dhruv|website=The Times of India|date=17 October 2015 |access-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207104122/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ecuador-cancels-deal-with-HAL-for-crash-prone-Dhruv/articleshow/49425469.cms|archive-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

===Civil operators===

[[File:HAL Dhruv Ambulance Version.jpg|thumb|ALH Dhruv air ambulance in [[Bengaluru, India]]]]

;{{IND}}
* [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]: 3 civil variants<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name="HAL dhruv gets ccs approval">{{cite news| title =HAL dhruv gets ccs approval| date =23 December 2007| url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/23/stories/2007122358280900.htm| access-date =12 February 2013| location =Chennai, India| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121107053624/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/23/stories/2007122358280900.htm| work =[[The Hindu]]| archive-date =7 November 2012}}</ref>
* [[Government of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh State Government]]<ref name="HAL dhruv gets ccs approval"/>
* [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand State Government]]: 2 civil variants.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/03/stories/2007090360691400.htm |title=HAL delivers Dhruv to Jharkhand |date=3 September 2007 |access-date=21 August 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110125326/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/03/stories/2007090360691400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>
*[[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka State Government]]: 1 on lease.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="auto"/>
* [[Geological Survey of India]]: 1 [[#Civil variants|Garuda Vasudha]] variant<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2014-01-23 |title=India joins elite club with heliborne geo-survey capability |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-joins-elite-club-with-heliborne-geo-survey-capability/articleshow/29262865.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="thin23j14" />
* [[Pawan Hans]]: 10 [[HAL Dhruv#Civil variants|Dhruv NG]] on order with deliveries by 2027.<ref name=":25" /> Over 28 planned. Four to be operated on behalf of [[ONGC]] for 10 years.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" />
;{{TUR}}
* Turkish Health Services: 3<ref name="mail.hal-india.com" />
;{{PER}}
* Peruvian Health Services: 2<ref name= 'peruorder'/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Model of Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter.jpg|Model of ALH Dhruv
File:HAL Dhruv production line.JPG|Multiple ALH Dhruvs being prepared for [[production line]]
File:Hindustan Dhruv at the 2007 Aero India show at Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bangalore, India (VT-HAR, 14011801213).jpg|[[ONGC]] operated ALH Dhruv (VT-HAR) in [[air ambulance]] configuration at [[List of Aero India editions#6th edition (2007)|Aero India 2007]]
File:IA Dhruv Berlin-08.jpg|[[Indian Army]] operated ALH Dhruv (IA-1136) from 350 Army Aviation Squadron during [[ILA Berlin Air Show#ILA 2008|ILA 2008]]
File:Hindustan ALH Dhruv, Ecuador - Air Force JP7505969.jpg|[[Ecuadorian Air Force]] operated ALH Dhruv (FAE-603) during [[List of Aero India editions#7th edition (2009)|Aero India 2009]]
File:Indian Navy deployed ALH at Maldives, 2016.jpg|[[Indian Navy]] operated HAL Dhruv (IN 750) based at [[Kadhdhoo]] to support [[MNDF]] operations in 2016
File:HAL Dhruv of Indian Navy during an exercise taking off from INS Vikramaditya.jpg|HAL Dhruv (IN 705) taking off from {{INS|Vikramaditya}}
File:HAL Dhruv MR during the commissioning of INAS 323 at INS Hansa, Goa.jpg|HAL Dhruv Mk III MR of [[INAS 323]] of the Indian Navy at {{INS|Hansa}}
File:IN Dhruv helicopters.jpg|Indian Navy Dhruv Mk III MR from {{INS|Parundu}} undertaking [[Maritime surveillance|surveillance]] over [[Gulf of Mannar]] and [[Palk Bay]].
File:Indian Navy ALH Mk III.jpg|HAL Dhruv Mk III MR during [[List of Aero India editions#14th edition (2023)|Aero India 2023]]
File:HAL Dhruv ALH.jpg|HAL owned and operated ALH Dhruv (VT-HEL) during [[List of Aero India editions#15th edition (2025)|Aero India 2025]]
</gallery>

==Specifications==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Couldson|isbn=978-0710631770|pages=307–308|chapter=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2020/06/navy-dhruv-spat-lets-stop-fighting-hal-test-pilot-says.html|title=NAVY-DHRUV SPAT: Let's Stop Fighting, HAL Test Pilot Says|date=11 June 2020|publisher=LiveFist|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131109/https://www.livefistdefence.com/2020/06/navy-dhruv-spat-lets-stop-fighting-hal-test-pilot-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=Two pilots
|capacity=12 armed troops or 14 passengers
|length m=15.87
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|width m=3.15
|width ft=
|width in=
|width note=
|height m=4.98
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=with skid landing gear
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=4445
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=for Mk III with wheels
|max takeoff weight kg=5800
|max takeoff weight lb=
|max takeoff weight note=for Mk III with skids
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1055|kg|lb}}
|more general=*'''Payload:''' {{cvt|1500|kg|lb}} underslung (Mk II)
*'''Payload:''' {{cvt|1000|kg|lb}} underslung (Mk III)

|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Turbomeca TM 333]]-2B2
|eng1 type=[[turboshaft]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=
|eng1 shp=1082
|eng1 note=(Mk I and II)
|power original=
|thrust original=
|eng2 number=2
|eng2 name=[[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]]-1H
|eng2 type=turboshaft
|eng2 kw=
|eng2 hp=
|eng2 shp=1432
|eng2 note=(Mk III and IV)
|more power=

|rot number=1
|rot dia m=13.2
|rot dia ft=
|rot dia in=
|rot area sqm=136.85
|rot area sqft=
|rot area note=

|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=135
|cruise speed note=for Mk III
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=157
|never exceed speed note=for Mk III
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=340
|range note=for Mk III
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=3 hours and 42 minutes for Mk III
|g limits=3.5
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=20000
|ceiling note=<ref>{{cite web|last1=Luthra|first1=Gulshan|last2=Rai|first2=Ranjit|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm|title=IAF: ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000|website=India Strategic|date=September 2011|access-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007051047/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
|climb rate ms=10.33
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|disk loading kg/m2=40.19
|disk loading lb/sqft=
|disk loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=

|armament=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
|related=
* [[HAL Rudra|Rudra]]
* [[HAL Prachand|Prachand]]
* [[HAL LUH]]
* [[HAL Medium Lift Helicopter]]
* [[Aérospatiale Alouette III]] (HAL Chetak)
* [[Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama]] (HAL Cheetah)
|similar aircraft=
* [[AgustaWestland AW169]]
* [[Bell 412]]
* [[Bell 429 GlobalRanger|Bell 429]]
* [[Eurocopter EC145]]
* [[Kazan Ansat]]
* [[KAI LCH]]
* [[KAI LAH]]
* [[MD Helicopters MD Explorer]]
* [[Sikorsky S-76]]
|sequence=
|lists=
* [[List of rotorcraft]]
}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last= Crawford |first= Steve |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n69bvgAACAAJ |title= Twenty-First Century Military Helicopters: Today's Fighting Gunships |publisher= Zenith Imprint |year= 2003 |isbn= 0-7603-1504-3 }}
*{{cite book |first= Saikat |last= Datta |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YzEEAAAAMBAJ |title= Hay After A Long Hover |publisher= Outlook Publishing |volume= 48 |issue= 28 |date= 14 July 2008 |pages= 12–13 }}
*{{cite web |first= Mike |last= Hirschberg |url= http://www.vtol.org/vertiflite/halHelicopters.pdf |title= From Chetak to Dhruv: The History of HAL Helicopters |publisher= VertiFlite |date= Spring 2011 |pages= 46–52 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Paul|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2003–2004|year=2003|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon, UK|isbn=0-7106-2537-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Kahn |first= J. A. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Na-V9H0dbrgC |title= Air Power and Challenges to IAF |publisher= APH Publishing |year= 2004 |isbn= 81-7648-593-4 }}
*{{cite book|last= Sakhuja |first=Vijay |title= Asian Maritime Power in the 21st Century: Strategic Transactions China, India and Southeast Asia |publisher= Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-981-4311-09-0}}
*{{cite web |author= Standing Committee on Defence |url= http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Defence/17threport.pdf |title= In-Depth Study and Critical Review of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) |publisher= Ministry of Defence |date= April 2007 |access-date= 28 July 2007 |archive-date= 9 August 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070809080245/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Defence/17threport.pdf |url-status= live }}
*{{cite book |last= Singh |first= Ashok Kumar |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CzV1MgFH6oMC |title= Science and Technology for Civil Service |publisher= Tata McGraw-Hill Education |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-07-065548-5 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|HAL Dhruv}}
* {{cite web|url=http://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx|title=Official website|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055554/http://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx|url-status=dead}}
* YouTube
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_bqfOS6tG0 Video of HAL Dhruv advertisement]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_MfsPAAyzI Sarang helicopter display team performing at Aero-India]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xp009SS6QhM Video of Dhruv at Paris airshow 2007]

{{HAL aircraft}}

[[Category:HAL aircraft|Dhruv, HAL]]
[[Category:1990s Indian helicopters]]
[[Category:Military helicopters]]
[[Category:1990s Indian civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:1990s Indian military utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-turbine helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1992]]

Kala Bazar

2026-03-04T04:00:47Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: refine section

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{for|the 1989 film|Kala Bazaar}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kala Bazar 1960.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
| producer = [[Dev Anand]]
| writer = Vijay Anand
| starring = Dev Anand [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| studio = [[Navketan Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1960|02|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross =
}}

'''''Kala Bazar''''' ({{Translation|Black market}}) is a 1960 Hindi-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Film noir|noir film]] produced by [[Dev Anand]] for [[Navketan Films]]. Written and directed by Dev Anand's younger brother [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]], the film starred Dev Anand, [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Leela Chitnis]], [[Mumtaz Begum (actor)|Mumtaz Begum]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]. [[Sachin Dev Burman|S.D. Burman]] composed the music, while the lyrics were penned by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/best-dev-anand-movies-43840.html|title=Best Dev Anand Movies|website=Filmfare|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|accessdate=15 July 2021|date=26 September 2020|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207082554/https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-dev-anand-movies-43840.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was noted for having several of Bollywood's stars in a cameo at the film [[premiere]] of ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), and it was also the only film to star the three [[List of Hindi film clans#The Anand family|Anand brothers]] together.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/watch-vijay-anands-1960-classic-kala-bazar |title=Why You Should Watch Vijay Anand's 1960 Classic Kala Bazar |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=15 February 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=26 August 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826015023/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/watch-vijay-anands-1960-classic-kala-bazar |archive-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raghuveer is a poor bus conductor who is fired from the job after getting into an argument with a passenger. With an ailing mother and two younger siblings to take care of, Raghuveer doesn't know how to provide for his family. When he passes by a cinema hall and sees Kalu (Rashid Khan) selling movie tickets, he gets an idea. Seeing that as a good source of quick money, he too decides to black market movie tickets. But for that, he needs capital to start with. So he robs Advocate Desai (Chetan Anand) of Rs 5000 and soon sets his own network of black marketers outside all prominent cinema-halls of Bombay.

First, he works with Kalu and at the premiere of Mother India, their tickets sell faster and faster as more film stars arrive – they include Dilip Kumar, Guru Dutt, Geeta Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Raaj Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, Sohrab Modi, Mohammed Rafi, Nargis, Nadira and Nimmi. Finally, he sells his last ticket for 100 rupees when one ticket cost only 2 rupees. Elated with his newfound business, Raghuveer and Kalu go from strength to strength, recruiting many poor and homeless thieves. When Ganesh dares to challenge him, Raghuveer beats him up. The next day, Ganesh agrees to work for Raghuveer. Now a wealthy man, Raghuveer buys a new, spacious flat for his family on Marine Drive. Things change when a group of students buy movie tickets from him. Alka finds out that her friends bought them in black, and tears the tickets as she hates black marketing. This has a great impact on Raghuveer and he gets attracted towards Alka, who is standing nearby and watching. She was in love with her boyfriend, Nand Kumar Chattopadhyay (Vijay Anand) who promises her not to do it again.
Smitten with Alka, Raghuveer starts to follow her. So, when Nand gets a scholarship and travels overseas, Alka's parents decide to take her to Ooty to take her mind off Nand. Raghuveer sees this as a perfect opportunity and gets on the same cabin as her family and attempts to woo Alka on their trip to Ooty, but in vain. He sings "Apni To Har Aah Ek Toofan Hai", trying to flirt with Alka, while the song itself was veiled as a prayer. He also helps to cure Alka's father's back pain with a massage and soon, he becomes friends with the family. Though he is unable to win Alka, his feelings towards her makes him a changed man and he gives up the path of black marketing.

All that taken care of, he sets out to romance Alka, but she resists and turns away his love when she lies that she is engaged to Nand. Heartbroken, Raghuveer returns to Bombay to continue his business, but his love for Alka has changed him. When he left Alka in Ooty, he promised that he would never do anything bad. Raghuveer tries to convince his partners to stop black marketing and get an honest job, but they all eventually go back to their bad deeds. Raghuveer continues to try and earn an honest living and to his surprise, he meets Alka one day in Bombay. Alka, meanwhile, also falls for Raghuveer, but hesitates to tell him. Finally, she writes a letter to Nand, telling him to forget her, because she loves Raghuveer. The latter is delighted and Alka tells him to come in the evening to talk to her parents. However, everything goes awry when she learns that Nand has returned. When Nand comes to her house, the two of them argue, but finally both concede that their "love" was just childishness. Now free to profess her love for Raghuveer, Alka goes to his house, only to learn that he has been arrested for black marketing. The movie takes a turn and the court case is with Advocate Desai. The court room drama is really engaging as it shows how the black marketers changed the kala bazaar to Safed Bazar and all the people working for Raghuveer, give their opinion which is his positive side. The movie ends with Dev Anand and Waheeda Rehman walking in the rain under a single umbrella.

==Cast==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Raghuveer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kala Bazar (1960) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kala-bazar-2771/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306151206/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kala-bazar-2771/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
*[[Waheeda Rehman]] as Alka Sinha
*[[Nargis]] (Cameo)
*[[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] as Nand Kumar Chattopadhyay
*[[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]] as Advocate Desai
*[[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] as Sapna
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer/Singer
*[[Madan Puri]] as Ganesh
*[[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]] as Kalu
* Kartar Singh as sikh man in the bank
*[[Leela Chitnis]] as Raghuveer's Mother
*[[Mumtaz Begum (actor)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Mrs. Sinha
*[[M. A. Latif]] as M. L. Sinha
*Sushil Kumar as Raghuveer's Brother
*[[Krishan Dhawan]] as Sapna's Boyfriend
*[[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]] as Raghuveer's Gang Member
*[[Kishore Sahu]] as Public Prosecutor
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Black Marketeer of Ticket

==Critical response==
Vijay Lokapally of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called ''Kala Bazar'' a "timeless classic".<ref>{{cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=27 November 2009 |title=Kala Bazar (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kala-Bazar-1960/article16894562.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715235151/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kala-Bazar-1960/article16894562.ece |archive-date=15 July 2021 |accessdate=15 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The songs of the film are composed by [[S. D. Burman]] and lyrics are by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].

Film Song list is as follows:

{|class=wikitable
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Teri Dhoom Har Kahin"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Na Main Dhan Chahoon"
| Geeta Dutt, Sudha Malhotra
|
|-
| "Apni Toh Har Aah Ik"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Sanjh Dhali Dil Ki Lagi"
| Asha Bhosle, Manna Dey
|
|-
| "Khoya Khoya Chand Khula Aasmaan"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Sambhalo Sambhalo Apna Dil"
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Sach Huye Sapne Tere"
| Asha Bhosle
|[[Kafi (raga)]]
|-
| "Rimjhim Ke Tarane Leke Aayi"
| Geeta Dutt, Mohammed Rafi
|Pahadi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0053980}}

{{Vijay Anand}}

[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]

Sri Rama Rajyam

2026-03-03T17:55:47Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new the info v1

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Rama Rajyam
| image = Sri Rama Rajyam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| producer = Yalamanchali Saibabu
| screenplay = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]-[[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]]
| story = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]-[[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ramayana]]m''|[[Valmiki]]}}
| starring ={{ubl|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = P. R. K. Raju
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao
| studio = Sri Sai Baba Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|11|17|ref1=<ref name="RD">{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Rajyam Movie Official Blog |url=https://sriramarajyam2011.blogspot.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010452/http://sriramarajyam2011.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=25 November 2011 |publisher=Naga Chaitanya}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|32|c}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|72|c}}(India)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala Krishna Sri Rama Rajyam Total Collections |url=http://tollyrevenue.com/2013/04/bala-krishna-sri-rama-rajyam-tota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119151627/http://tollyrevenue.com/2013/04/bala-krishna-sri-rama-rajyam-tota/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=Tollyrevenue}}</ref>
}}
'''''Sri Rama Rajyam''''' ({{translation|''The Kingdom of Lord Rama''}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[devotional film]] directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] (in his last venture) who co-wrote the film with [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]], and produced by Yalamanchali Saibabu. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], and its music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], which won him [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Award Winners List 2011 |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Nandi%20Award%20Winners%20List%202011-4-256060.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155047/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Nandi%20Award%20Winners%20List%202011-4-256060.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2015-11-29 |publisher=Telugu.way2movies.com}}</ref> Sri Rama Rajyam is a reboot of the 1963 blockbuster film ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh Krishnamoorthy |date=18 November 2011 |title=Reliving the magic of 'Lava Kusa' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2638709.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121003207/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2638709.ece |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=18 November 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Upon its release, ''Sri Rama Rajyam'' received positive reviews and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M Suganth |date=13 November 2011 |title=Sri Rama Rajyam in demand |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-13/news-interviews/30393730_1_telugu-film-sri-rama-rajyam-prabhu-deva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529132557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-13/news-interviews/30393730_1_telugu-film-sri-rama-rajyam-prabhu-deva |archive-date=29 May 2013 |access-date=13 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sri Rama Rajyam garnered seven State [[Nandi Awards]], including the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]]; three [[Filmfare Awards South]], and one [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=2011 Nandi Awards winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2011-Nandi-Awards-winners-list/articleshow/16797289.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627090518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/news-interviews/34430644_1_sri-rama-rajyam-dookudu-jai-bolo-telangana |archive-date=27 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was featured at the [[42nd International Film Festival of India|42nd IFFI]] on 28 November 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I cast actors according to the requirement of the script |url=http://www.iffi.nic.in/03Dec2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216033827/http://www.iffi.nic.in/03Dec2011.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2011 |access-date=15 January 2012 |website=IFFI daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Rajyam at IFFI |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/sri-rama-rajyam-iffi-410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127172943/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/sri-rama-rajyam-iffi-410 |archive-date=27 November 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film was simultaneously dubbed into Tamil, and Malayalam with the same title, and in Hindi as Ayodhyapati Sri Ram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Mythili |date=2 April 2012 |title=SPB and Chinmayi voice for Balakrishna and Nayanthara in Sri Rama Rajyam movie - Tamil Cinema News - Latest News on Kollywood |url=https://tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.com/2012/04/spb-and-chinmayi-voice-for-balakrishna_02.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613014603/http://tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.com/2012/04/spb-and-chinmayi-voice-for-balakrishna_02.html |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Lord Rama]] returns to [[Ayodhya]] after killing the demon king [[Ravana]] along with his rescued wife [[Goddess Sita]] to be crowned as the emperor and settles down to a harmonious lifestyle. When his spies inform him that his reputation may be at stake as Sita had spent over a year in Ravana's prison, he asks his brother [[Lakshmana]] to ensure that Sita is sent to exile. A devastated, pregnant, and distraught Sita is exiled to the forest, but is rescued by the saint [[Valmiki]], who takes her to his hermitage by renaming her Lokapavni, where she subsequently gives birth to twin sons [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]. Lord [[Hanuman]] also accompanies Sita and serves her in the disguise of a tribal child named Balaraju. Valmiki trains Lava and Kusha in every possible way, including knowledge, warfare, and religion. Ten years later, the twins, not knowing that Rama is their father and Sita is their mother, decide to visit a drought and famine-ravaged Ayodhya to get the blessings of Rama and Sita as well as recite the Ramayana, and here they find that Srirama has exiled Sita, and they return home disappointed and refuse to recite the Ramayana any more. The twins then stop the [[Ashvamedha|Ashwamedha]] horse, not realising that they will soon be thrust into a confrontation with Lakshman, Rama, and the entire army of Ayodhya. After that, they find out that their father is Rama himself. Sita reunites her two sons Kusha and Lava with their father Rama and tearfully returns to her mother [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]]. Rama and his brothers renounce the throne and crown Rama's sons, Lava and Kusha, king. Rama returns to [[Vaikuntha]]. As he merges into his original form, [[Vishnu]], he is reunited with Sita in her original form, [[Lakshmi]].

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as [[Rama]] / [[Vishnu]]
* [[Nayanthara]] as [[Sita]] / [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Valmiki]]
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Sameer Hasan]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as [[Kausalya|Kousalya Devi]]
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
* Sandhya Janak as [[Sumitra]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2012 |title=Tollywood's favorite mommy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywoods-favorite-mommy-sandhya-janak/articleshow/13034616.cms |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] as [[Hanuman]]
** Pavan Sriram as [[Hanuman|Balaraju]] (Young Hanuman)
* Gaurav as [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]
* Dhanush Kumar as [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]
* [[Murali Mohan]] as [[Janaka|Janaka Maha Raju]]
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]]
* [[M. Balaiah]] as [[Vashistha|Maharshi Vashistha]]
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]]
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Chakali Tippadu
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as [[Narada]]
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as [[Mandodari]]
* [[Nagineedu]] as [[Rishyasringa|Rishyashrunga]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Development===
Veteran director Bapu announced that he would remake the 1963 film ''Lava Kusa'' with Balakrishna who reprises the role of Lord [[Rama]] which was enacted by his father [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in the original film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bapu's Lava Kusa with Balakrishna |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bapus-lava-kusa-with-balakrishna-news-telugu-kkgu9riibhdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612150148/http://www.sify.com/movies/bapus-lava-kusa-with-balakrishna-news-telugu-kkgu9riibhdsi.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bapu's friend, Mullapudi Venkata Ramana, wrote the screenplay and dialogues for the film and it was notably his last film as he died before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2011 |title=Writer Mullapudi passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Writer-Mullapudi-passes-away/article15458327.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413075718/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Writer-Mullapudi-passes-away/article15458327.ece |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Bapu said that the title of the film was inspired from 1943 Hindi film ''Ram Rajya''.<ref name="preview">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. l |date=12 November 2011 |title=Preview: Epic comes full circle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/preview-epic-comes-full-circle/article2621449.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925163053/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/preview-epic-comes-full-circle/article2621449.ece |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Balakrishna was assigned to play [[Rama]]. [[Mamta Mohandas]] was the original choice <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=నాకు ఇంకా కాన్సర్ అని ప్రచారం చేస్తున్నారు | Mamta Mohan das Emotional Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=am3oyYx8P0Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226031128/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=am3oyYx8P0Y |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> after considering [[Jyothika]], [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]. But she couldn't do it owing to her cancer treatment, after which Nayanthara was selected to play [[Sita]]. Balakrishna said that when Saibabu approached him for the role the moment he said that Bapu is to direct the film, without any questions, he immediately said ‘yes'.<ref name="preview" /> For the character, Balakrishna had to shave off his mustache.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Prashanth |title=Balakrishna's close shave |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Balakrishnas-close-shave/articleshow/8175662.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Balakrishnas-close-shave/articleshow/8175662.cms |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Sandhya Janak was selected to play the role of queen Sumithra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=3 December 2011 |title=Juggling multiple roles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/juggling-multiple-roles/article2684385.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521090631/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/juggling-multiple-roles/article2684385.ece |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> Saikumar was initially approached to enact the character of Bharatha but he was eventually replaced by Sameer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=20 February 2011 |title=His own voice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/His-own-voice/article15451575.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413075722/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/His-own-voice/article15451575.ece |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> Gaurav, Dhanush, and Pawan were selected to play the characters of Lava, Kusa and young Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=18 December 2011 |title=The epic wonders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-epic-wonders/article2724816.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413075714/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-epic-wonders/article2724816.ece |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

===Filming===
{{quote box
| quote = "A mythological film calls for a lot of work as the sets need to have a period look. For "Sri Ramarajayam" I made huge sets of durbars and palace interiors. My art director gave the sketch to the RFC staff and they created the set for us. Nearly 700 workers from RFC worked on the sets and completed it on time".
| source = —Yalamanchili Saibabu about the set designs of the film.<ref name="RFC">{{Cite news |title=Ramoji Film City: A world of fantasy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Ramoji-Film-City-A-world-of-fantasy/articleshow/11180974.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Ramoji-Film-City-A-world-of-fantasy/articleshow/11180974.cms |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
The filming began on 22 November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Rajyam shoot from November 22 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sri-rama-rajyam-shoot-from-november-22-news-telugu-klplgxbeeehsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612150203/http://www.sify.com/movies/sri-rama-rajyam-shoot-from-november-22-news-telugu-klplgxbeeehsi.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The costumes for the film was designed by [[Anu Vardhan]]. Anu stated that for Nayanthara, she went and picked up tulasi mala from authentic places. Balakrishna had used his father's accessories and jewellery and Anu replicated it to match with the heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=11 December 2011 |title=Customising fashion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/customising-fashion/article2705252.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413075714/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/customising-fashion/article2705252.ece |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> Yugandhar Tammareddy of Pixelloid said that Bapu and his team gave storyboards down to the last detail. Along with 100 of his team members, Yugandhar had his task cut out. "The breathtaking palace, the pushpaka vimanam, the Bhoodevi sequence…" were all created by his team. Yugandhar said: "For the palace, we asked the filmmakers to erect a 12-foot palace set just so that there is authenticity when people walk on the floor, lean against a wall or touch a piece of furniture. The rest was done on visual effects".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=8 December 2011 |title=Photo finish |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/photo-finish/article2698176.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018010518/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/photo-finish/article2698176.ece |archive-date=18 October 2021 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> The film was entirely shot at Ramoji Film City with a set erected resembling a kingdom.<ref name="RFC" />

==Music==
{{Main|Sri Rama Rajyam (soundtrack)}}
The audio of the film was released on 15 August 2011 and the launch was held at Bhadrachalam under Bhadradri Ramayya and Seetamma's Sannidi on the same day. The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and it features 15 tracks. The lyrics for the Telugu version were written by [[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]], while Mankombu Gopalakrishnan and Piraisoodan penned the lyrics for the Malayalam and Tamil versions respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Rajyam (2011) Tamil Movie CD-Rip 320KBPS MP3 Songs Music By Ilaiyaraaja |url=http://starmusiq.com/tamil_movie_songs_listen_download.asp?MovieId=1224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227130926/http://starmusiq.com/tamil_movie_songs_listen_download.asp?MovieId=1224 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Starmusiq.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raaga.com |title=Sriramarajyam Songs Download, Sriramarajyam Malayalam MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Malayalam Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/malayalam/movie/sriramarajyam-songs-M0002653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003073147/https://www.raaga.com/malayalam/movie/sriramarajyam-songs-M0002653 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=www.raaga.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 17 November 2011.<ref name="RD" /> The film was released in Tamil on 27 July 2012. The Malayalam version was released as well. Initially scheduled to be released on 10 November but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Ramarajyam postponed |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/isri-ramarajyami-postponed-news-news-lkvm9rdgbibsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914084034/http://www.sify.com/movies/isri-ramarajyami-postponed-news-news-lkvm9rdgbibsi.html |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>{{When|date=February 2021}} Producer Sai Babu has said that a good response has come from Malayalam movie lovers and that he planned to release the Hindi version.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

=== Marketing ===
The film was promoted with posters attached in tricycles. P. V. V. Raghavendra Babu, general manager of Prathima Multiplex told "We want to bring back olden days of publicity for the latest mythological movie of ''Sri Rama Rajyam'' and get film lovers back to the theatres".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dayashankar |first=K. M. |date=24 November 2011 |title=Bringing back publicity through tricycles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bringing-back-publicity-through-tricycles/article2655374.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413075716/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/bringing-back-publicity-through-tricycles/article2655374.ece |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
The film completed 50 days on 5 January 2012 in 49 centres at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRR completes 50 days |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/srr-completes-50-days-181 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108084812/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/srr-completes-50-days-181 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The film received positive reviews from critics. ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' which gave a four stars, said "''Sri Rama Rajyam'' is one film that the Telugu film industry can be proud of. ''Sri Rama Rajyam'' is a well-known story, so it's a challenge to remake such a classic, but Bapu's good work turns the remake into another classic. Filmgoers, who look for classics, should not miss this film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Review: 'Sri Rama Rajyam' is a must watch |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122051451/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html |archive-date=22 November 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated three stars explains "Superstar Balakrishna finally stepped into his legendary father NTR's shoes and impressed audiences playing the role of Lord Rama. Veteran director Bapu deserves all the praise he gets for remaking the classic ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963) and retaining the soul of the original".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B.V.S. Prakash |title=Sri Rama Rajyam review: Glimpses of NTR in Balayya's role |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/sri-rama-rajyam-review-glimpses-ntr-balayya%E2%80%99s-role-441 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119193433/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/sri-rama-rajyam-review-glimpses-ntr-balayya%E2%80%99s-role-441 |archive-date=19 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' described as "In all, ''Sri Rama Rajyam'' is a feel-good film that brilliantly showcases our ancient culture".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review in pics: Sri Rama Rajyam |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=12&ID=11667#talk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715081817/http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=12&ID=11667%23talk |archive-date=15 July 2012 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

''[[Oneindia.in]]'' noted "''Sri Rama Rajyam'' is a feel good film that showcases our ancient culture, heritage and values. The way Bapu managed to make the film into a visual and musical delight is extraordinary and it is a film that can give you an enriching experience while entertaining you in good measure".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2011 |title=Sri Rama Rajyam – Movie Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2011/sri-rama-rajyam-review-171111.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526080934/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2011/sri-rama-rajyam-review-171111.html |archive-date=26 May 2013 |access-date=17 November 2011 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave three stars said "Kudos to Bapu and Saibabu for recreating the Ramayana magic on celluloid. Only Bapu, the veteran director, could have executed this mammoth task so well. Sri Ramarajyam is an optical feast. Go for it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhika Rajamani |title=Review: Sri Ramarajyam is a visual treat |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-sri-ramarajyam/20111117.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619020451/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-sri-ramarajyam/20111117.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012 |access-date=17 November 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave verdict as "Good" and says "The movie holds ample strength to live up to the expectations at the box office. Bapu and his associate Ramana does not deviate much from Lava Kusa, and they took great pains to see that the element of exaggeration is completely checked".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Ramarajyam review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sri-ramarajyam-review-review-telugu-14983681.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201051940/http://www.sify.com/movies/sri-ramarajyam-review-review-telugu-14983681.html |archive-date=1 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote: "The director Bapu should be applauded for re-inventing the mythological and using a glitzy starcast and getting an understated performance from all of them".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=19 November 2011 |title=Return of the mythological |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Return-of-the-mythological/article12642778.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305165218/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Return-of-the-mythological/article12642778.ece |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Nandi Awards of 2011|Nandi Awards - 2011]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi awards for year 2011 - Telugu cinema news |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2011.html |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film – Gold]]
| Sai Babu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Nayanthara]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]
|Raju
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Make Up]]
|P. Ram Babu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|Sreenu
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[59th Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712073106/http://filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012 |publisher=[[Filmfare Awards]]}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Nayanthara]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|{{ubl|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] | ("Jagadhananda Karaka") }}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|{{ubl|[[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]] | ("Jagadhananda Karaka") }}
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]]
|P. R. K. Raju
|{{won}}
|}

==Legacy==
Director [[K. Viswanath]] compared the duo Bapu and Ramana to "technically perfect and smooth Rolls Royce".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=18 December 2011 |title=Back on screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/back-on-screen/article2724877.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413075716/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/back-on-screen/article2724877.ece |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> A novel of the film based on the screenplay was released in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolanu |first=Manjula |date=23 March 2012 |title=Epic on a storyboard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/epic-on-a-storyboard/article3156372.ece |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> ''Rediff'' included the film in their list "Top Five Telugu Films of 2011".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top Five Telugu Films Of 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-films-of-2011/20111213.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718204902/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-films-of-2011/20111213.htm |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1783377}}

{{Bapu (film director)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Rama Rajyam}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Uttar Ramayana]]

Unnikrishnan Puthur

2026-03-03T15:41:23Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: fixed details based on references and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian writer (1933–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Unnikrishnan Puthur
| image = Unnikrishnan Puthur.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = ഉണ്ണിക്കൃഷ്ണൻ പുതൂർ
| native_name_lang = ml
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|07|20}}
| birth_place = [[Engandiyur]], [[Trichur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|04|02|1933|07|20}}
| death_place = [[Chavakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
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| children =
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| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Odakkuzhal Award]]
| signature =
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}}

'''Unnikrishnan Puthur''' (20 July 1933 – 2 April 2014) was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language ]] [[novelist]] and [[short story]] writer.<ref name="The Hindu"/> Puthur wrote about 700 short stories and published 29 collections of short stories, 15 novels, a collection of poems and autobiographical writings, among others. He was awarded [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the novel ''Balikkallu'' in 1968. He received the [[Malayalam literary awards#Odakkuzhal Award|Odakkuzhal Award]] in the year 2010 for the book ''Anubhavangalude Ner Rekhakal''.<ref>[http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/odakkuzhal-award/483 "Odakkuzhal Award"]. [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref>

==Life==
Born in the village of [[Engandiyur]], in [[Thrissur]] district of [[Kerala]], as the son of Kallat Chulliparambil Sankunni Nair and Puthur Janaki Amma, Unnikrishnan Puthur studied at the [[Chavakkad]] Board School and [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]].<ref name="Profile1">[https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/unnikrishnan-puthoor-%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D/ "ഉണ്ണിക്കൃഷ്ണന്‍ പുത്തൂര്‍"]. Keralaliterature.com. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref> He started his career in college and parallelly worked as a newspaper correspondent for two years, then joined the [[Guruvayur temple|Guruvayur Sreekrishna temple]] Devaswom office as a clerk and retired as head of the establishment wing of the Guruvayur Devaswom Library in the year 1987.<ref name="Profile1"/> He was a trade union leader and a socialist. He was nominated to the Temple Managing Committee as the representative of the temple employees.<ref name="Profile1"/>

He also served as the president of the Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society, member of the executive committee of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the general council of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], and founder-member of the editorial committee of ''Bhakthapriya'' magazine.<ref name="Profile1"/>

He died on 2 April 2014 at Raja hospital in [[Chavakkad]], a town near his hometown, aged 80.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/unnikrishnan-puthur-dead/article5865476.ece |title=Unnikrishnan Puthur dead |author=K. Santhosh |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> He had been undergoing treatment for age-related ailments for quite some time.<ref name=express>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Unnikrishnan-Puthur-is-Dead/2014/04/03/article2146524.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407134303/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Unnikrishnan-Puthur-is-Dead/2014/04/03/article2146524.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Unnikrishnan Puthur is Dead |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours at the premises of his home in Guruvayur.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/writer-unnikrishnan-puthur-cremated-with-full-state-honours/articleshow/33204644.cms "Writer Unnikrishnan Puthur cremated with full state honours"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref>

==Writing==
His works include ''Jalasamadhi, Dharmachakram, Gajarajan Guruvayur Kesavan, Puthurinte Kathakal, Thallaviral, Akashavani, Kuttasammatam, Atmaviboothi, Aanappaka, Amruthamadhanam, Karayunna Kalpadukal, Nashtapetta Ponnonam, Kamsan, Dylan Thomasinte Ganam, Sundari Cheriamma'', and ''Kalpakapoomazha'' (collection of poems).<ref name="Profile1"/>

His novels and scores of short stories narrated the tales of ordinary men and women bound to the famous Guruvayur temple, unnoticed in the hustle and bustle of the pilgrim town visited by thousands from outside. It was his novels like ''Balikkallu'' and ''Anappaka'' that brought to light the plight of men and women destined to eke out a living by doing menial chores for the rich temples, as mahouts and charwomen. ''Nazhikamani'' records the rituals and life around Guruvayur temple, where he worked for 32 years. ''Balikkallu'' too emerged from this experience. ''Aattukattil'' documents the growth and break-up of the [[Nair]] ''[[tharavad]]'' (ancestral house) in the feudal era. ''Panchara Mavu Veenu, Bhagam, Ozhivudinam, Gopuravelicham, Eeeranmundum Nananja Kannukalum, Nakshatrakunju, Pavakkalyanam'', and ''Kadinjool Prasanam'' too are set in the matrilineal Nair milieu. Puthur writes about the complexities of life in a simple style. There are echoes of [[Kesavadev]] and [[Ponkunnam Varkey]] in his writings. Puthur's troubling remarks about Malayalam author [[Rajalakshmi]] in his memoirs written in ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'' had stirred a huge controversy in Kerala literary circles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/the-why-remains-47-years-later/article3634104.ece |title=The 'why' remains, 47 years later |author=K. Santhosh |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 July 2012 |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
*''Rescue Shelter'' ([[Trichur]]: Current Books, 1967)
*''Balikkallu'' ([[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]], 1968)
*''Manasse Santhamakoo'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1968)
*''Aattukattil'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1970)
*''Aanappaka'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1976)
*''Pavakkinavu'' (Kottayam: [[DC Books]], 1976)
*''Vidhi Chakram'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1978)
*''Amrutamathanam'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1981)
*''Indra Kalpana'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1982)
*''Kuthira Vela'' (Kottayam: Current Books, 1985)
*''Vadiya Chembakapookkal'' (Kottayam: Current Books, 1985)
*''Marakkanum Porukkanum'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1989)
*''Mrithyu Yathra'' ([[Cochin]]: Poompatta, 1989)
*''Nazhikamani'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1990)
*''Athmaviboothi'' (Kottayam: Current Books, 2001)
*''Jalasamadhi'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 2003)

===Short story collections===
*''Kettu Pinanja Jivita Bandham'' ([[Palghat]]: Modern, 1956)
*''Vedanakalum Swapnangalum'' ([[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]], 1957)
*''Premavum Vairupyavum'' ([[Calicut]]: P. K. Brothers, 1960)
*''Dylan Thomasinte Ganam'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1961)
*''Nidra Viheenangalaya Rathrikal'' (Kottayam: Manorama, 1961)
*''Snehadarangalode'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1962)
*''Oru Devalayathinu Chuttum'' ([[Trichur]]: Current Books, 1963)
*''Sundari Cheryemma'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1964)
*''Charamavaranam'' (Trichur: Current Books, 1965)
*''Nakshatra Kunhu'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1966)
*''Gopura Velicham'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1967)
*''Akashavani'' (Kottayam: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|NBS]], 1967)
*''Echumoppol'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1968)
*''Chathuppu Nilam'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1969)
*''Nee Thannu Nee Thiricheduthu'' (Kottayam: NBS, 1969)
*''Kuttasammatham'' (''The Confession'') (Kottayam: SPCS, 1970)
*''Utsavam'' (Children's stories)
*''Makante Bhagyam'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1972)
*''Aswastatayude Chirakadi'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1974)
*''Thiranjedutha Kathakal'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1975)
*''Pallakkinte Saapam'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1977)
*''Vicharana'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1980)
*''Bhaga Pathram'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1980)
*''Nashtapetta Ponnonam'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1986)
*''Puthur Kathakal'' (Calicut: Mathrubhumi, 1987)
*''Annadana Prabhu'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1991)
*''Ellam Daivathinte Kayyil'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1991)
*''Ente Nootonnu Kathakal'' (Calicut: [[Mathrubhumi]], 1996)
*''Kamsan'' (Kottayam: [[DC Books]], 1996)
*''Kazhchakalkappuram'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 1999)
*''Dharmachakram'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 2002)
*''Kalathinte Kali'' (Calicut: Mathrubhumi, 2003)
*''Thallaviral'' (Calicut: Mathrubhumi, 2006)
*''Anubhavangalude Ner Rekhakal'' (Trichur: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], 2009)

===Others===
* ''Kalpaka Poomazha'' ([[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]], 1985, collection of 38 poems, with an introduction by [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]])
* ''Guruvayurappante Kunnikurumala'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1981, spiritual literature)
* ''Gajarajan Guruvayur Kesavan'' (Kottayam: SPCS, 1989)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' by Amaresh Datta

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puthur, Unnikrishnan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Shivamma Yarehanchinala

2026-03-03T12:10:17Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new initial info v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shivamma Yarehanchinala
| image = Shivamma Yarehanchinala.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Jaishankar Aryar
| writer = Jaishankar Aryar
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Rishab Shetty]]
| starring = Sharanamma Chetti Chennamma Abbegere Shivu Abbegere Shruthi Kondenahalli Chennappa Hansi Shivanand Sadar
| cinematography = Vikas Urs Saumyananda Sahi
| editing = Jaishankar Aryar Chandan CM
| music =
| studio = [[Rishab Shetty|Rishab Shetty Films]]
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|||[[27th Busan International Film Festival]]|2024|6|14|ref2=<ref name="TOI"/>}}
| runtime = 107 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shivamma Yarehanchinala''''' (or '''''Shivamma''''') is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Jaishankar Aryar, starring Sharanamma Chetti in the titular role. The film is backed by [[Rishab Shetty]] under his Rishab Shetty Films banner. ''Shivamma'' chronicles the story of a poor, middle-aged woman sales representative for an energy drink company. The entire cast of the film consists of non actors.

The film was initially screened at the [[27th Busan International Film Festival]] where it won the [[New Currents|New Currents Award]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosser |first=Michael |date=2022-10-14 |title=‘A Wild Roomer’, ‘Shivamma’ win top awards at Busan film festival |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/a-wild-roomer-shivamma-win-top-awards-at-busan-film-festival/5175447.article |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Screen }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-17 |title=Exclusive: Kannada feature film Shivamma wins big at Busan Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-kannada-feature-film-shivamma-wins-big-at-busan-film-festival/articleshow/94900620.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-12-03 |title=Rishab Shetty’s Shivamma showered with awards |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Dec/03/rishab-shettysshivamma-showered-with-awards-37302.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327102253/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/dec/03/rishab-shettysshivamma-showered-with-awards-37302.html |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2022-10-14 |title=‘A Wild Roomer’, ‘Shivamma’ Win Top Awards At Close Of Busy Busan Festival & Market |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/busan-film-festival-a-wild-roomer-shivamma-new-currents-awards-1235144817/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025032925/https://deadline.com/2022/10/busan-film-festival-a-wild-roomer-shivamma-new-currents-awards-1235144817/ |archive-date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was later screened in various film festivals across the world and won many awards including the [[Fajr International Film Festival]] and [[Three Continents Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nachiyar |first=Nalme |date=2022-12-10 |title=Rooted in reality and written with empathy, Jaishankar’s Kannada film ‘Shivamma’ goes international |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rooted-in-reality-and-written-with-empathy-jaishankars-kannada-film-shivamma-goes-international/article66247088.ece |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-10-11 |title=Rishab Shetty-backed 'Shivamma' debuts at MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Oct/11/rishab-shetty-backed-shivamma-debuts-at-mamimumbai-film-festival-2622665.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivamma Grabs a Number of Awards at Different Festivals |url=https://cinitimes.com/sandalwood/news/shivamma-grabs-a-number-of-awards-at-different-festivals |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Cinitimes |language=en}}</ref> It was theatrically released in Karnataka on 14 June 2024 to positive reviews.

== Plot ==
Shivamma, a 46-year-old poverty-stricken woman, invests her hard-earned money in a network marketing business to make some quick money, which puts her daughter`s imminent marriage at stake.

== Cast ==
*Sharanamma Chetti as Shivamma
*Shivu Abbegere as Shivu
*Shruthi Kondenahalli as Jyothi
*Chennappa Hansi as Rudrappa
*Shivanand Sadar as Mallappa
== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Shivamma'' comes with the ‘festival film tag’, and may not be everyone’s cup of tea, especially the commercial cinema-goers. Sure there are no action sequences between 2 actors, but there is a fight of a gritty woman, who does it all with no help or support from anyone whatsoever, and that itself is worth watching and supporting".<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=Shivamma Yarehanchinnala Movie Review : Shivamma Yarehanchinnala review: A gritty tale of woman’s resilience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivamma-yarehanchinnala/movie-review/110986937.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614133030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shivamma-yarehanchinnala/movie-review/110986937.cms |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "With sharp dialogues, evocative cinematography and remarkable sound design, the film poignantly captures the aesthetics of rural landscape".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shivamma-yarehanchinala-movie-review-a-witty-evocative-tale-of-grit-and-resilience-3067237|title=‘Shivamma Yarehanchinala’ movie review: A witty, evocative tale of grit and resilience|first=Pranati|last=A. S.|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=14 June 2024|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|22171962}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Comedy drama]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Rock On 2

2026-03-02T10:06:27Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: add intro further and added references

{{short description|2016 Indian musical drama film}}
{{About|the 2016 film|the soundtrack album|Rock On 2 (soundtrack)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rock On 2
| image = Rock On 2 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shujaat Saudagar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Rampal]]|[[Farhan Akhtar]]|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]|[[Purab Kohli]]|[[Prachi Desai]]|[[Shashank Arora]]}}
| narrator = [[Purab Kohli]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cinematography = [[Marc Koninckx]]
| editing = Anand Subaya
| studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|11|11}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/rock-2-film | title=''Rock On!! 2'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=8 November 2016 | access-date=11 November 2016 | archive-date=12 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112080410/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/rock-2-film | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|45|c}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/11/10/rock-on-2-film-trade-bollywood-first-day-collections-box-office-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor|title = PM Modi's Demonetisation to Dent 'Rock on 2' at the Box-Office|date = 10 November 2016|access-date = 11 November 2016|archive-date = 11 November 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161111203026/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/11/10/rock-on-2-film-trade-bollywood-first-day-collections-box-office-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor|url-status = live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|15.70|c}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Rock-On-2-box-office-collection-Day-5-Farhan-Shraddhas-film-continues-its-blockbuster-run/articleshow/55454374.cms|title='Rock on 2' box-office collection Week 1: Farhan-Shraddha's film has a poor first week|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712210809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/rock-on-2-box-office-collection-day-5-farhan-shraddhas-film-continues-its-lacklustre-run/articleshow/55454374.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-rock-2/|title = Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Rock On!! 2 :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama|website = [[Bollywood Hungama]]|date = 12 November 2016|access-date = 3 July 2023|archive-date = 28 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230128094438/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-rock-2/|url-status = live}}</ref>
| producer = {{Plainlist|
[[Farhan Akhtar]] [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
[[Abhishek Kapoor]] Pubali Chaudhuri
}}
}}
'''''Rock On 2''''' is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[drama film]]. It was directed by Shujaat Saudagar and produced by [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]. The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]].

The film is a [[sequel]] to the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] winner ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008). The actors [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Purab Kohli]] and [[Prachi Desai]] reprise their roles from the original film, while [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and [[Shashank Arora]] appear in new roles.

Unlike its predecessor, the film was unsuccessful at the box office, grossing only ₹15.70 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-rock-on-2/20161114.htm|title=Box Office: Rock on 2 flops|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118214449/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-rock-on-2/20161114.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2016-11-12 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Rock On!! 2 :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-rock-2/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=July 2024}}
Eight years since Magik the band won its comeback [[Channel V India|Channel V]] contest as a tribute to its late member Rob Nancy, its members are reintroduced to the audience through the lens of Kedar 'Killer "KD" Drummer' Zaveri, the band's lead drummer. Lead guitarist Joseph "Joe" Mascarenhas has finally found strong financial success as a judge on a successful reality show and is a working partner with KD at Club Bar & Blues. KD narrates how five years ago, Aditya Shroff, Magik's lead singer, left the city due to a painful experience, and has since been residing in a little town in Meghalaya.

Jiah Sharma, a young music programmer, is the daughter of once revered sarod player Pandit Vibhuti Sharma, better known as Guruji. Jiah is introduced to Uday Brijkishore Mishra, who has come to her father to learn music and the Sarod from him. Guruji reluctantly agrees, but has a hard time cooperating since Uday's effortless grasp on the sarod triggers haunting memories of his late son. Jiah plays her part in motivating Uday and soon they both come together to achieve common interests. Uday then plays a sarod composition of the song Jiah had recorded earlier. Against her will, Uday picks a CD containing Jiah's recording of the revised composition and takes it to the Club Bar & Blues Studio, little realizing it would bring about a huge twist of fate and also reunite band members of Magik in the process.

Meanwhile, on his birthday, Adi is visited by Joe and KD along with their families as well as his wife Sakshi and son Rob. As they later gather together, Joe and KD find Adi's poetry in his diary and ask him if he has a new tune they can play; he agrees. The next morning, a regular chat between the trio swiftly turns into a past-hunting argument which reveals that Adi is tormented by the failure of Magik's music label in Mumbai, which took away, along with the money invested, a young, aspiring artist's life. The trio blames each other for certain things that led to the label's downfall, but the argument soon ceases when Joe and Adi pacify each other. As the day ends, Adi bids goodbye to his friends and promises to return soon.

The film flashes back to Magik's old days when Adi recalls how a young boy, Rahul Sharma, insisted that he go through a demo tape of his recordings, though Adi pays no heed ultimately. A few days pass and a wildfire suddenly destroys many parts of the town in Meghalaya, leaving the residents destitute. Left with nothing, Adi travels to Cherrapunji, where he comes across Jiah. KD discovers him there and urges him to return to Mumbai and try moving on, but Adi refuses.

Fast forward to the present, Uday and Jiah are called by Joe to the studio, where Jiah meets Adi, who has finally relented and returned, and later performs her song live in the studio. Impressed by her skills, Magik members suggest that Jiah sing in an upcoming concert. But Jiah backs out at the last moment for she recalls how Baba disapproves of modern music, calling it a destroyer of the soulfulness and purity of the art.

Adi and his friends eventually take a shocking retreat when a scuffle between the band members leads to Uday informing them that Rahul, the young man who committed suicide, is Jiah's brother. Amidst a highly tense atmosphere, while Joe refuses to cooperate with Adi and KD in their thoughts of apologizing to Jiah, the story flashes back five years earlier when Rahul tried to attack Adi. The resulting fight attracted a threat from Rahul, following which Rahul killed himself by the time Adi and KD heard his CD and decided to call him. Jiah learns of the truth and breaks off all contact with Magik and Uday and recalls how Baba chided Rahul for ruining the art of Indian music despite his pleas and valid excuses.

Adi learns of further problems in the Meghalaya town, and this causes a rift between him and Sakshi, who is upset that he does not have time for her. Finally, after some hard thinking, Jiah visits Adi in the village and convinces him to stop brooding over Rahul's suicide, stating that he was so dejected with life that he ended up messing with Adi's life as well. Adi visits the camp, but there is not much funding available, so Joe and KD come up with the idea of organizing a rock concert in a village near Shillong with some known bands to raise collective funds. However, as soon as Mahendra, the state welfare board chief, who had earlier gotten into an egoistic argument with Adi, learns of this, he orders an ambush on the concert venue, thus ruining everything.

That day, Guruji is called by a news reporter and is surprised to learn that his daughter was at the venue of the attack. During a heated argument, Jiah vents out to Baba that it was he who had killed Rahul by not motivating him for what he needed badly in life. This forces her father to reconsider his outdated approach towards music and artists. Meanwhile, a contestant from Joe's reality show brings some equipment as a replacement for the broken setup. The concert becomes a success as Adi gets Jiah to overcome her fears and apprehensions. The village recovers from its crisis as Mahendra is forced to release funds, Magik reunites eventually, with Uday as a new member, and Jiah becomes a singing sensation.

==Cast==
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Joseph "Joe" Mascarehas, a reality show judge and club owner
* [[Farhan Akhtar]] as Aditya "Adi" Shroff, Magik's lead singer
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]] as Jiah Sharma, a singer and a programmer
* [[Prachi Desai]] as Sakshi Shroff, Adi's wife
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Kedar Zaveri a.k.a. Killer Drummer
* [[Shashank Arora]] as Uday Brijkishore Mishra, an aspiring musician
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Pandit Vibhuti Sharma (Baba), Jiah's father
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]] as Rahul Sharma, Jiah's brother
* Dinesh Kumar as Mannjyot
* [[Luke Kenny]] as Rob Nancy (cameo), Magik's late member
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Debbie Mascarenhas (cameo), Joe's wife
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] as herself (cameo), a [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] judge
* [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]] as himself (cameo), a [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] judge
* [[Usha Uthup]] as herself (cameo)
* [[Vishal Dadlani]] as himself (cameo)

==Production==
===Development===
Following the release of the first film, there were plans for a sequel. However, a follow-up went through prolonged [[development hell]] for almost 8 years. According to Rampal, this was because "it was important to figure out the story."<ref name="CN1">{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/interview-i-was-skeptical-about-shraddha-kapoor-s-addition-to-rock-on-2-says-arjun-rampal-bollywood-latest-news-1478256764.html/2|title=Interview: I was skeptical about Shraddha Kapoor's addition to Rock On 2, says Arjun Rampal|work=Catch News|date=4 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123252/http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/interview-i-was-skeptical-about-shraddha-kapoor-s-addition-to-rock-on-2-says-arjun-rampal-bollywood-latest-news-1478256764.html/2|url-status=live}}</ref> The idea of the sequel was to have the same characters, but explore where they are now after 8 years.<ref name="CN1"/> Pubali Chaudhuri spent 3 years writing the script.{{cn|date=January 2025}} During the development phase, the film was initially intended to take place in [[Himachal Pradesh]], but following the attacks of [[Manipur]]i students in [[Delhi]], the producers decided to alter the film's setting. Saudagar was watching the incident on the news when Akhtar pinged him up where the two discussed on the issue. Neither him or Akhtar had been to the North East before, but Kohli who had visited many places there, so he suggested [[Meghalaya]] and [[Shillong]], as Shillong is also called the "rock capital." Initially, the decision was met with some resistance. Saudagar remarked that the main intent was to bring the North East to Hindi cinema and also highlight the issues people face in the state.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The producers decided that there would be no romantic relationship or love story between the two leads. Saudagar stated, "''Rock On 2'' is not about an extramarital affair, it's a story of human bonds and is based on modern relationships."<ref name="IE"/>
[[File:Shashank Arora at special screening of "Rock On 2" (cropped).jpg|thumb|Arora at special screening of the film]]

===Pre-production===
{{quote box|width=33%|align=right|quote="I wanted to do a film in the North-East. There are North-Eastern students in various parts of India being beaten up and called outsiders. This film is a small attempt to bring the region into popular culture. I’m glad we shot in Shillong. Every person felt a sense of loss when we finished shooting. We'd all love to go back.|source=—Producer [[Farhan Akhtar]] on the decision to make the film in [[Northeast India]].<ref name="HTimes"/>}}
Shujaat Saudagar, who had previously collaborated with Ritesh Sidhwani on ''[[Don 2]]'' as an assistant, agreed to direct the sequel to ''[[Rock On!!|Rock On]]'' after being impressed by the script. Saudagar admitted he is not in favour of sequels, but grew interested in this one after finding the completed story coherent with what he had observed of ''Rock On''.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Akhtar had always wanted to make a film in [[Northeast India]] and stated that the film is a "visual treat", a tribute to the people of the North-East and an attempt to bring the whole region into mainstream pop culture.<ref name="HTimes"/>

===Casting===
Aside from newcomers Kapoor and Arora, the principal cast from the original film all returned for the sequel. The only member from the film's band Magik who did not return for the follow-up was Luke Kenny as his character died in the first film, while Rampal, Akhtar and Kohli all reprised their respective roles, a rare occurrence in Bollywood; Kenny, however, did reprise his role briefly for a song sequence in a flashback. The only other Bollywood sequel to have three or more leads return for a sequel was ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' (2015).<ref name="DNA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-here-we-go-again-2269642|title=Farhan Akhtar's 'Rock On 2' has this in common with 'Tanu Weds Manu Returns'|author=Joginder Tuteja|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=3 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106152640/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-here-we-go-again-2269642|url-status=live}}</ref> After Rampal won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[56th National Film Awards]] in 2008 for his role in ''Rock On!!'', he rejected all offers thereafter to play a lead role as a musician.<ref name="DC2">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/041116/my-national-award-is-precious-but-award-shows-have-lost-their-charm-arjun-rampal.html|title=National award is dear to me, but award shows have lost their charm: Arjun Rampal|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105140302/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/041116/my-national-award-is-precious-but-award-shows-have-lost-their-charm-arjun-rampal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|There were offers to play the role of a musician but I did not want to do it. I did not want to do it (musician role) because I had done it (with ''Rock On'') beyond my expectations. I had surpassed the expectations. There was always talk about ''Rock On 2'', so I wanted to preserve it.<ref name="DC2"/>}}

[[File:Shraddha Kapoor at Filmfare Awards in 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Kapoor, an ardent fan of the original film undertook vocal training for her role.]]
Kapoor plays Jiah Sharma, a keyboard player, programmer and a singer.<ref name="FP">{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-on-rock-on-2-when-i-saw-farhan-sing-i-knew-i-wanted-to-as-well-3100132.html|title=Shraddha Kapoor on Rock on 2: 'When I saw Farhan sing, I knew I wanted to as well'|author=Seema Sinha|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112225639/http://m.firstpost.com/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-on-rock-on-2-when-i-saw-farhan-sing-i-knew-i-wanted-to-as-well-3100132.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was an ardent fan of the original film and cites the recurring themes of music and friendship in the first film as her prime reason wanting to star in the sequel. After watching the film in theaters, she told her father that if a sequel was made, she would be in it.<ref name="INE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/she-taught-me-to-be-alone-shraddha-kapoor-on-rock-on-2-character-3734280/|title='She taught me to be alone': Shraddha Kapoor on Rock On 2 character|author=Pooja Pillai|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108060417/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/she-taught-me-to-be-alone-shraddha-kapoor-on-rock-on-2-character-3734280/|url-status=live}}</ref> When she first heard that the filmmakers were making a sequel, she called up Sidhwani to ask if she could be considered for a part. She met Sidhwani and the production team who mainly wanted to hear her sing.<ref name="INE"/> She gave a singing audition to composer trio [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/professional-singers-were-tested-for-my-rock-on-2-role-shraddha-116110600212_1.html|title=Professional singers were tested for my Rock On 2 role:Shraddha|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Although Kapoor had sung before in her previous films, this marks the first time that the singer-actress sings rock songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-magik-of-rock-on-2/article9272601.ece|title=The Magik of Rock On 2|author=IANS|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 October 2016|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712210810/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-Magik-of-Rock-On-2/article15803613.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Whilst growing up, she took training in classical music from her grandmother, Pandharinath Kolhapure, but ceased training after her grandmother died. For the film, Kapoor undertook vocal training with Samantha Edwards, a jazz vocalist, in order to adapt her voice to the rock genre.<ref name="CN">{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/interview-shraddha-kapoor-on-rock-on-2-writing-her-own-songs-more-1478349690.html|title=Interview: Shraddha Kapoor on Rock On 2, writing her own songs & more|work=Catch News|date=5 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108215254/http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/interview-shraddha-kapoor-on-rock-on-2-writing-her-own-songs-more-1478349690.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her biggest inspirations as a singer are her grandmother [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and her mother Shivangi Kapoor (née Kolhapure).<ref name="CN"/> She said that part of what inspired her to star in the film was watching Farhan Akhtar in the original film write his own songs and perform them.<ref name="CN"/> Rampal was a little skeptic and grew wary when he first heard about Kapoor's involvement in the film since "she is from a different generation." But, upon hearing her vocals, it instead provided him inspiration.<ref name="CN1"/>

Kapoor says she and her character Jiah share little resemblance. While she had a sheltered upbringing and would always travel with companies, Jiah is a loner and a reclusive character who chooses to remain aloof and would rather live and travel alone. Saudagar would make her undergo a training process in which she spent as much time alone as possible with herself in order for her to connect to her character. Travelling to Shillong was in a way helpful for this process as she was away from her family. In some instances, she would put up "[["Do not disturb" sign|do not disturb]]" sign on the door.

{{blockquote|I live with my family, so this meant that no one could knock on my door and come in while the sign was up. I needed to do this because Jiah is very aloof. She taught me to be alone. Jiah just packs her bags and takes off. I feel that I’ve learned how to be by myself, just reading a book or listening to music. I think that's important.<ref name="INE"/>}}

The film also marks the third time that Akhtar plays a father in a feature film after ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]'' (2014) and in ''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]'' (2016).<ref name="HTimes">{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/rock-on-2-an-attempt-to-bring-north-east-into-pop-culture-farhan-akhtar/story-T2lLEkuZEICMX5KAWv9cKO.html|title=Rock On 2 an attempt to bring North-East into pop culture: Farhan Akhtar|author=Subhash K Jha|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 August 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712210809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/rock-on-2-an-attempt-to-bring-north-east-into-pop-culture-farhan-akhtar/story-T2lLEkuZEICMX5KAWv9cKO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film also includes budding star [[Priyanshu Painyuli]] who plays Kapoor's brother, who plays a crucial role in the story.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/161116/between-rock-a-starred-place.html|title = Between 'Rock' & a starred place!|date = 16 November 2016|access-date = 16 November 2016|archive-date = 16 November 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161116225621/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/161116/between-rock-a-starred-place.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Principal photography===
[[File:Shillong.jpg|thumb|right|The film was extensively shot in and around the city of [[Shillong]] (''pictured'') unofficially called "the rock capital of India."]]
[[Principal photography]] began in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] on 6 October 2015 and the film was shot in numeours other locations in the eastern part of the state, including Umniuh Village in [[Ri-Bhoi district]], [[Cherrapunjee]] and Laitlum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farhan Akhtar commences shoot for 'Rock On 2!!' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-commences-shoot-for-rock-on-2/ |date=6 October 2015 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223212123/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-commences-shoot-for-rock-on-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to filming, a [[memorandum of understanding]] was signed between [[Excel Entertainment]] and the [[Government of Meghalaya]] in July 2015.<ref name="May">{{cite web|url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/rock-on-2-all-set-to-be-shot-in-shillong/|title='Rock On 2' all set to be shot in Shillong|work=The Northeast Today|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106190426/http://thenortheasttoday.com/rock-on-2-all-set-to-be-shot-in-shillong/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the script demanded picturesque, mountainous locations, Sidhwani chose Shillong and its adjacent places in the state of Meghalaya as the ideal locations. Sidhwani visited the state in February 2015 for scouting filming locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-s-rock-on-2-to-be-shot-in-shillong-2062959|title=Farhan Akhtar – Shraddha Kapoor's 'Rock On 2' to be shot in Shillong?|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=21 February 2015|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225032040/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-s-rock-on-2-to-be-shot-in-shillong-2062959|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''The Northeast Today'', Akhtar stated that Shillong was the natural choice because of its close history with music saying "we all know that Shillong has a huge history with rock music and it was an obvious choice for the movie,"<ref name="TNT">{{cite web|url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/rock-on-2-lead-actor-farhan-akhtar-to-visit-shillong-on-october-21/|title=Rock On 2' lead actor Farhan Akhtar to visit Shillong on October 21|work=The Northeast Today|date=18 October 2016|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104020249/http://thenortheasttoday.com/rock-on-2-lead-actor-farhan-akhtar-to-visit-shillong-on-october-21/|url-status=live}}</ref> while Saudagar said this was due to the city's passion for rock music.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rock-on-2-is-a-maturer-story-says-director-shujat-saudagar-4368655/|title=Rock On 2 is a more mature story, says director Shujat Saudagar|author=Dipti Sharma|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111163756/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rock-on-2-is-a-maturer-story-says-director-shujat-saudagar-4368655/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was initially set to take place in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |author=Soumita Sengupta |date=4 November 2016 |title=Rocking It! |url=http://boxofficeindia.co.in/rocking-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121121412/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/rocking-it/ |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |work=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> By August 2015, the whole cast and crew had arrived in the city to begin production. Akhtar mingled with the people in the villages in order to understand their way of life.<ref name="May"/>

In October 2015, Kapoor flew to Mumbai after an internal injury in her eye – an unknown object flew into her eye which caused a scratch in her [[cornea]]. After her treatment, she returned to the city the same month to continue filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/photo-of-the-day-shraddha-kapoor-returns-to-shillong-shares-an-adorable-selfie-with-rock-on-2-gang/1/504848.html|title=Photo of the day: Shraddha Kapoor returns to Shillong, shares an adorable selfie with Rock On 2 gang|work=[[India Today]]|date=22 October 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106190124/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/photo-of-the-day-shraddha-kapoor-returns-to-shillong-shares-an-adorable-selfie-with-rock-on-2-gang/1/504848.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2016, it was reported that while shooting a live concert sequence, Rampal and Kohli got into a major fight due to creative differences which resulted in the shooting getting stalled for nearly an hour. The incident took place at the [[Gateway of India]] in Mumbai where the film was being wrapped with a song shoot. Akhtar, who at first was oblivious to the upheaval situation when he heard about the incident, met the two men in their respective vanity vans and was able to calm them down. The shoot then resumed thereafter and went on smoothly with all three actors returning to the stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rock-on-2-shoot-stalled-due-to-arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-s-ugly-spat-on-the-sets-257472.html|title='Rock On 2' Shoot Stalled Due To Arjun Rampal And Purab Kohli's Ugly Spat On The Sets!|author=Mimansa Shekhar|work=[[India Times]]|date=28 June 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712210825/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rock-on-2-shoot-stalled-due-to-arjun-rampal-and-purab-kohli-s-ugly-spat-on-the-sets-257472.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Saudagar rebuffed these allegations saying that such an incident never took place.<ref name="INT">{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/rock-on-2-director-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-arjun-rampal/1/804314.html|title=Rock On 2 director Shujaat Saudagar opens up on Arjun Rampal-Virat Kohli spat|author=Samrudhi Gosh|work=[[India Today]]|date=7 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109001749/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/rock-on-2-director-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-arjun-rampal/1/804314.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Front View of Gateway Of India.JPG|thumb|right|Filming concluded in the [[Gateway of India]], [[Mumbai]] in June 2016.]]
The film had to undergo ten days of reshoots just two weeks before its premiere, making it a rare occurrence in Bollywood. According to an undisclosed source by the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', this was done in order to enhance the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/031116/rock-on-2-re-shot-2-weeks-before-release.html|title=Rock On 2 re-shot, 2 weeks before release|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=3 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105201155/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/031116/rock-on-2-re-shot-2-weeks-before-release.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Such claim was also nevertheless dismissed by Saudagar but he said that there were some delays in shooting due to rain in Shillong.<ref name="INT"/> Additionally, shooting for the "You Know What I Mean" song took place in [[Madh Island]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/bollywood/bollywood-news/Farah-Khan-choreographs-special-track-for-Rock-On-2/articleshow/55239408.cms|title=Farah Khan choreographs special track for 'Rock On 2'|work=[[Times of India]]|date=4 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712210812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farah-khan-choreographs-special-track-for-rock-on-2/articleshow/55239408.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Pre-production took place for 77 days while filming lasted for a total of 66 days,<ref name="FP"/><ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rock-on-2-link-ups-bother-me-says-shraddha-kapoor/story-eMnZ5qAHuwyiNzVm2HJRCL.html|title=Rock On 2: Link-ups bother me, says Shraddha Kapoor|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 November 2016|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712210809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rock-on-2-link-ups-bother-me-says-shraddha-kapoor/story-eMnZ5qAHuwyiNzVm2HJRCL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ending on 17 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Farhan-Akhtar-Arjun-Rampal-wrap-up-Rock-On-2-shoot-with-selfie/articleshow/52809086.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618152404/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Farhan-Akhtar-Arjun-Rampal-wrap-up-Rock-On-2-shoot-with-selfie/articleshow/52809086.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-06-18|title=Farhan Akhtar, Arjun Rampal wrap up 'Rock On!! 2' shoot with selfie|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref>

===Post-production===
Due to part of a Hindi dialogue being spoken unclear by a character from Meghalaya, the CBFC requested the producers to re-dub the dialogues for clarity.<ref name="UA"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Rock On 2 (soundtrack)}}
The film's accompanying soundtrack on the film is composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]. Akhtar and Kapoor sang all parts of their respective songs. According to Saudagar, the soundtrack was as pivotal as the script to the development of the film. Shankar composed the music side by side when Chaudhuri was working on the script.<ref name="BOI"/> The soundtrack also features music from Shillong-based band Somersault.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Rock-On-2-to-be-shot-in-Shillong/articleshow/48074259.cms|title='Rock On 2' to be shot in Shillong|author=Manosh Das|work=[[Times of India]]|date=15 July 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101090142/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Rock-On-2-to-be-shot-in-Shillong/articleshow/48074259.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Marketing==
{{advert|date=November 2016}}
While the film is predominantly aimed at younger demographics, [[Excel Entertainment]] carried out a marketing plan in order to appeal to a much wider audience.<ref name="Livemint"/> The film recouped {{INR}}8–10 crore from various brand tie-ups alone.<ref name="Livemint"/> The first poster was released on 2 September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/arjun-farhan-come-back-with-rock-on-2-shraddha-joins-the-party/articleshow/53976999.cms|title=Arjun & Farhan come back with 'Rock On!! 2', Shraddha joins the party|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2 September 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905230954/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/arjun-farhan-come-back-with-rock-on-2-shraddha-joins-the-party/articleshow/53976999.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A live concert by the stars and music directors was held in [[National Sports Club of India]] in [[Mumbai]] on 23 September, for the album launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-and-team-rock-on-2-launch-the-film-s-music-in-a-live-concert-2256791|title=Farhan Akhtar, Shraddha Kapoor and team 'Rock On 2' launch the film's music at a live concert!|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=25 September 2016|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028131410/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-and-team-rock-on-2-launch-the-film-s-music-in-a-live-concert-2256791|url-status=live}}</ref> Akhtar and Kapoor, along with members of the former's Farhan Live band embarked on a nationwide concert tour such as in [[Bangalore]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]] on 2 November and [[Hyderabad]] on 6 November. The first trailer was launched on 24 October in presence of the cast members. On 8 November, the band held a concert at one of [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]'s [[Ramjas College]] in [[New Delhi]]. The band was originally set to perform in one of the university's other college, [[Kirori Mal College]], which is the alma-mater of Kapoor's father, [[Shakti Kapoor]]. However, permissions were not granted for performing there due to the staff council allowing concerts only during a specific school festival, and not any other event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/bollywood/bollywood-news/Offered-parking-lot-for-show-by-KMC-Rock-On-2-concert-shifted-to-Ramjas/articleshow/55311445.cms|title=Offered parking lot for show by KMC, 'Rock On 2' concert shifted to Ramjas|author=Riya Sharma|work=[[Times of India]]|date=9 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112202426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/bollywood/bollywood-news/Offered-parking-lot-for-show-by-KMC-Rock-On-2-concert-shifted-to-Ramjas/articleshow/55311445.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to her commitments to the film, Kapoor decided to put her shooting schedule her upcoming film, ''Haseena'', on hold until December 2016 in order for her to promote the sequel more robustly.<ref name="DC">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/061116/first-rock-on-2-then-haseena.html|title=First Rock on 2, then Haseena for Shraddha Kapoor|author=Subhash K Jha|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=6 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106125610/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/061116/first-rock-on-2-then-haseena.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She also delayed a flight to the [[United States]] in September 2016 for her ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' shooting schedule for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-delays-flying-for-half-girlfriend-shoot-to-promote-rock-on-2/story-hEGffqokknckxFqrumYkzM.html|title=Shraddha Kapoor delays flying for Half Girlfriend shoot to promote Rock On 2|author=Rukmini Chopra|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 September 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712211319/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-delays-flying-for-half-girlfriend-shoot-to-promote-rock-on-2/story-hEGffqokknckxFqrumYkzM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film signed with 10 various brand associations which served as promotional partners, such as Hexa from [[Tata Motors]], [[Amul]], Boat Speakers, Regal Shoes, [[Nutrilite]], [[Vodafone]], Spunk Apparels, [[Cromā]], [[hike Messenger]] and [[Zippo]].<ref name="Livemint">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/C8TM1ko9AXJz0CfbQiA6gO/Why-brands-are-making-a-beeline-for-Rock-On-2.html|title=Why brands are making a beeline for 'Rock On 2'|author=Gouri Shah|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|date=1 November 2016|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=1 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101113950/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/C8TM1ko9AXJz0CfbQiA6gO/Why-brands-are-making-a-beeline-for-Rock-On-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iconic-lifestyle-brand-zippo-proudly-partners-with-rock-on-2-4368563/|title=Iconic lifestyle brand Zippo proudly partners with Rock On 2|author=ANI|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 November 1016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111123149/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iconic-lifestyle-brand-zippo-proudly-partners-with-rock-on-2-4368563/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was released in theaters in India on 11 November 2016. The film was passed with a UA certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] with almost no cuts.<ref name="UA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rock-on-2-passed-with-a-ua-certificate-and-one-change-2270508|title=Rock On 2 passed with a 'UA' certificate and one change|author=Subhash K Jha|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=6 November 2016|access-date=6 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109033643/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rock-on-2-passed-with-a-ua-certificate-and-one-change-2270508|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 November, three days before the film's release, [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|country's two currencies – {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 – would be demonetized]] from the next day onwards as a means to counter fake currency and exterminate black money and corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/business/india-bans-largest-currency-bills-for-now-n-bid-to-cut-corruption.html|title=Narendra Modi Bans India's Largest Currency Bills in Bid to Cut Corruption|author=Geeta Anand and Hari Kumar|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109185043/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/business/india-bans-largest-currency-bills-for-now-n-bid-to-cut-corruption.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This would mean that it would not be possible for patrons to purchase tickets from box office using the old notes until Thursday, 10 November, when new {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000 notes will be issued. Ticket buyers would also sway away from buying tickets due to limited sources of money and from the other available option of purchasing tickets, via online, since a 'convenience fee' is charged for such method. In order to curb this problem, the film partnered with theater chain [[PVR Cinemas]] where ticket buyers will be able to evade paying convenience fees in the company's website and app respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/narendra-modi-rs-500-100-ban-rock-on-2-farhan-akhtar-arjun-rampal/1/806404.html|title=Modi bans Rs 500/1000 notes: Rock On 2 team has an EPIC way to celebrate the move|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109233534/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/narendra-modi-rs-500-100-ban-rock-on-2-farhan-akhtar-arjun-rampal/1/806404.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/pvr-not-to-charge-convenience-fee-for-rock-on-2-farhan-akhtar-welcomes-move/articleshow/55333286.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113115613/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/pvr-not-to-charge-convenience-fee-for-rock-on-2-farhan-akhtar-welcomes-move/articleshow/55333286.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-11-13|title=PVR not to charge convenience fee for 'Rock On 2', Farhan Akhtar welcomes move|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=9 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

The release date was almost postponed following the demonetization of the said currencies as it would have caused hindrance and limit the purchase of tickets by patrons. However, this decision was later scrapped since the film had already been released in the Gulf and such a decision would lead to piracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/piracy-wouldve-killed-rock-on-2-had-we-pushed-release-ritesh-sidhwani-1310850.html|title=Piracy Would've Killed Rock On 2 Had We Pushed Release: Ritesh Sidhwani|author=IANS|work=[[News18]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112181844/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/piracy-wouldve-killed-rock-on-2-had-we-pushed-release-ritesh-sidhwani-1310850.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The weekend's two other releases – ''[[Saansein]]'' and ''30 Minutes'' – were however rescheduled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/will-demonetization-currency-affect-box-office-prospects-rock-2/|title=Will the demotenization of currency affect the box office prospects of Rock On 2|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=10 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111164511/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/will-demonetization-currency-affect-box-office-prospects-rock-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film opened Friday, 11 November, across approximately 700 screens, earning approximately {{INRConvert|2.02|c}} and witnessed an above-average start by occupying 5–10% of seats on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rock-on-2-box-office-collection-day-1-farhan-akhtar4370274/|title=Rock On 2 box office collection day 1: Farhan Akhtar film opens low|author=Express Web Desk|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112033830/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rock-on-2-box-office-collection-day-1-farhan-akhtar4370274/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-office-report-rock-on-2-is-a-great-on-day-1-2272413|title=Box Office Report: 'Rock On 2' is a disaster on Day 1|author=DNA Web Team|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426134630/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-office-report-rock-on-2-is-a-great-on-day-1-2272413|url-status=live}}</ref> The prime factor for the film's low performance was the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetization]] of the two currencies as people nationwide were more pre-occupied with depositing, exchanging and withdrawing the currencies and the money would be allocated to other needful resources other than movie tickets since people would want to forgo waiting in long queues as bank would constantly run out of cash.<ref name="Lament">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/demonetisation-affecting-rock-on-2-footfalls-ritesh-sidhwani-4372148/|title=Demonetisation affecting Rock On 2 footfalls: Ritesh Sidhwani|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 November 2016|access-date=13 November 2016|archive-date=13 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113190625/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/demonetisation-affecting-rock-on-2-footfalls-ritesh-sidhwani-4372148/|url-status=live}}</ref> Producer Sidhwani lamented on the performance saying, "We have made a beautiful film and by the time announcement was made, it was Wednesday and the prints were already out. We couldn't afford to push the release date as the piracy laws in our country are not strong enough to protect the movie from getting leaked. Our two years of efforts would have been wasted." He also pointed out that had the postponement decision been made a week before, then they would have gone with it.<ref name="Lament"/> The film was termed as a disaster by [[Box Office India]] because of demonetization.

===Critical reception===
The film garnered polarized reception from critics. Praise was aimed at the cast's performances and [[Marc Koninckx]]'s cinematography, while its screenplay and soundtrack received negative reception.<ref name="TOIR">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Rock-On-2/movie-review/55367537.cms|title=Rock On 2 Movie Review|author=Renuka Vyayahare|work=[[Times of India]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112085151/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Rock-On-2/movie-review/55367537.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TIER">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rock-on-2-movie-review-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-arjun-rampal-star-rating4369434/|title=Rock On 2 movie review: Farhan Akhtar, Shraddha Kapoor film aims to capture the Magik|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111192049/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rock-on-2-movie-review-farhan-akhtar-shraddha-kapoor-arjun-rampal-star-rating4369434/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Economic Times]]'' lauded the film, giving it 4½ stars out of 5 and writing that the film is pretty much the most engaging and authentic sequel to come out of Bollywood in recent memory.<ref name="TERR">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rock-on-2-review-a-grooving-musical-journey-that-keeps-you-engaged/articleshow/55367295.cms|title='Rock On 2' review: A grooving musical journey that keeps you engaged|author=IANS|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=13 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113160233/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rock-on-2-review-a-grooving-musical-journey-that-keeps-you-engaged/articleshow/55367295.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "''Rock On 2'' might not have a strong conflict in the storyline, but it definitely works as the narrative of a unique camaraderie among the boys."<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="DC"/><ref name="HTR">{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/rock-on-2-review-the-band-of-boys-weaves-its-magic-again/story-N3EqOjLQsW4xQBQAh6u8tI.html|title=Rock On 2 review: The band of boys weaves its magic again|author=Rohit Vats|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712211318/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/rock-on-2-review-the-band-of-boys-weaves-its-magic-again/story-N3EqOjLQsW4xQBQAh6u8tI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|rock-on-2}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rock_on_2 ''Rock On 2''] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Farhan Akhtar}}
{{Ritesh Sidhwani}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock On 2}}
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
[[Category:2010s musical drama films]]
[[Category:2000s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian rock music films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Shillong]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 musical films]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Bireswar Sen

2026-03-02T00:44:02Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: fixed issues

{{short description|20th-century Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Bireswar Sen
|image = Bireswar_Sen.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 15 November 1897<ref name="Sansad">{{cite book | title=Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.I | publisher= Sahitya Sansad,Kolkata | author= Subodhchandra Sengupta & Anjali Bose | year=2016 | pages=500 | isbn=978-81-7955-135-6}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta), [[India]]
|death_date = 10 September 1974
|death_place = [[Lucknow]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[India]]
|death_cause =
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|resting_place_coordinates =
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|occupation = Painter, teacher, writer
|education = [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]
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}}

'''Bireswar Sen''' (1897–1974) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] painter, writer, and teacher, who was influenced by the [[Bengal School of Art]] and Western modernism, but then later developed a unique visual language of miniatures. He depicted grand landscapes, mostly featuring the [[Himalayas]], on paintings measuring smaller than postcards.<ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|author=Tanuj Kumar |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/mgFEEU9k9Heu57W7JkIAHI/Bireswar-Sen-and-Nicholas-Roerich-A-friendship-to-remember.html |title=Bireswar Sen and Nicholas Roerich: A friendship to remember |publisher=Livemint.com |date= 3 November 2017|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref> Sen was popular and celebrated during his lifetime, but faded from public consciousness after his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-prodigy-from-the-past-1835819 |title=Prodigy from the past |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date= |accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref>

However, there has been an increasing interest in his oeuvre, since the noted art historian [[B. N. Goswamy]] curated an exhibition of his works, titled ''Heaven and Earth: Himalayas and the Art of Bireswar Sen'', at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[New Delhi]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Himanshu Bhagat |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/4Vy44dOzcDiY4VvGGRmchN/Very-big-very-small.html |title=Very big, very small |publisher=Livemint.com |date=2010-02-22 |accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sen was born in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta), [[British India]], to Rai Bahadur Saileswar Sen, a professor of literature at [[Calcutta University]], and Niharnalini Sen.<ref name="Master of Mountains, Deccan Herald">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/59054/master-mountains.html|title=Master of the mountains|date=20 March 2010|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He took up painting and drawing when young, but didn't pursue art formally. He went to [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he received an MA in English literature in 1921.
[[File:Bireswar Sen sketch.jpg|thumb|Portrait sketch of Bireswar Sen by L. M. Sen, published in ''Modern Review'' (1928)]]

==Career==

In 1923, Sen became an English lecturer at [[Bihar National College]] in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]. During his teaching, Sen continued to paint and draw and later came into contact with the three Tagores: [[Abanindranath Tagore]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Gaganendranath Tagore]]. He trained informally under modernist [[Nandalal Bose]] and Abanindranath, both of whom taught at the [[Indian Society of Oriental Art]].<ref name="dailypioneer1">{{cite web|author=The Pioneer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/vivacity/voyage-in-the-mountains.html |title=Voyage in the mountains |publisher=Dailypioneer.com |date= |accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref>

Sen's miniature watercolours feature mountains, valleys and forlorn landscapes. He was inspired by the Himalayas and visited them continually throughout his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_blr-acc-no-01950-473 |title=National Portal and Digital Repository: Record Details |publisher=Museumsofindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref> It was on one of his trips in 1932, when he met the Russian artist [[Nicholas Roerich]], who had settled in the Indian hill town of [[Naggar]] in [[Kullu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Their meeting, and subsequent correspondence, left a lasting impact on Sen, both artistically and spiritually.<ref name="livemint1"/> Although he was inspired by Roerich, he never imitated Roerich's style, art historian Goswamy claims. "The fountain of his [Sen's] own ideas was different, his understanding of life of another order. Even in sheer physical terms, Bireswar’s work looked very different, small in scale as it was, and painted on paper in the wash technique," wrote Goswamy in an introductory essay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100214/spectrum/art.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref>

===Re-evaluation of Sen's work===
Sen died in Kolkata on 10 September 1974. After his death, Sen's popularity diminished, and remained so until 2010, when the first posthumous retrospective was held at the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi. In 2016, his works were displayed in a show curated by B.N. Goswamy at the [[Crow Museum of Asian Art]], [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].<ref name="Dallas News, Bireswar Sen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2016/01/14/bengali-artists-work-set-for-crow-collection/|title=Bengali artist's work set for Crow Collection|date=14 January 2016|website=Dallas News}}</ref> Then, in November 2017, a second retrospective, ''Reflections: Man And Nature In The Paintings Of Bireswar Sen'', comprising 80 works, was held at the National Gallery of Modern Art in New delhi, which further helped his works reach a wider and new audience.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Kochhar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/monumental-world-contained-in-bireswar-sen-s-miniature-landscapes-117092901249_1.html |title=Monumental world contained in Bireswar Sen's miniature landscapes | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date= 29 September 2017|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/size-matters-bireswar-sen-4916177/ |title=Size Matters |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2017-11-01 |accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bireswar Sen}}
* [https://www.bireswarsenart.com/about Bireswar Sen Family Trust website]
* [https://www.artsy.net/artist/bireswar-sen Artsy profile]
* [http://ngmaindia.gov.in/virtual-gallery-bireswar.asp Virtual exhibition, NGMA Delhi]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Bireswar}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Gorubathan (community development block)

2026-02-24T01:43:17Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: update lead as per guidelines

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gorubathan
| native_name =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.96|N|88.69|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
| established_title = 
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| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
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| area_total_km2 = 442.72
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| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gorubathan''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Kalimpong subdivision]] of the [[Kalimpong district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Gorubathan is located at {{coord|26.96|N|88.69|E|format=dms|}}.

The snow-clad mountain ranges, a little to the north of the old Darjeeling district, form the main [[Great Himalayas|Himalayan range]]. Ranges/ ridges branching out from the main Himalayas pass through Darjeeling district. To the north-west towers the giant [[Kangchenjunga]] {{convert|28146|ft|abbr=on}} and to the north-east is Dongkya {{convert|23184|ft|abbr=on}}. From Kangchenjunga the [[Singalila Ridge]] slopes down southward forming the border between India and Nepal. [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling|Manebhanjyang]], [[Sandakphu]] and [[Phalut]] are popular trekking destinations on this ridge. It continues south and south-east through Tunglu and Senchal and other spurs that form the Darjeeling Hills west of the [[Teesta River|Teesta]]. To the east of the Teesta, a lofty ridge runs south of Dongkya, bifurcating at Gipmochi {{convert|11518|ft|abbr=on}}, forming two spurs that contain the valley of the [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]]. The lower portion of this hilly region forms the Kalimpong Hills. Four great hill ranges radiate from a single point at [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]], a saddle {{convert|7372|ft|abbr=on}} high – the first, the Ghum range running due west to Simanabasti; the second, the Senchal-Mahaldiram range sloping south towards Kurseong, the highest points being East Senchel {{convert|8,600|ft|abbr=on}}, Tiger Hill {{convert|8515|ft|abbr=on}} and West Senchel {{convert|8163|ft|abbr=on}}; the third, the Takdah or Takbu range, sloping north-east to a point above the junction of the Great Rangit and Teesta; the fourth, the Darjeeling Jalapahar Range, extending northwards towards Darjeeling.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/gazetteer/District-Gazetteer.pdf | title = District Gazetteer | work= Pages 5-7 Physical aspects | publisher = Darjeeling District administration |access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200222023508/https://darjeeling.gov.in/gazetteer/District-Gazetteer.pdf | archive-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref>

Gorubathan CD block is part of the Kalimpong Range physiographic region. The average elevation varies from 300 m to 3,000 m above sea level. “This region is characterised by abruptly rising hills and numerous small river streams coming down in the north-south direction.”<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

Gorubathan CD block is bounded by [[Bhutan]] on the north and east, [[Mal (community development block)|Mal]] and [[Matiali (community development block)|Matiali]] CD blocks in Jalpaiguri district on the south and [[Kalimpong I]] and [[Kalimpong II]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Map of Darjeeling district on the fifth page| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/jalpaiguri.html | title = Tehsil map of Jalpaiguri| publisher = Maps of India|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

The Gorubathan CD block has an area of 442.72 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 91 gram sansads (village councils), 38 [[mouza]]s and 27 inhabited villages. [[Jaldhaka#Police station|Jaldhaka]] police station serves this block<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=census2001>{{cite web| url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| title = Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4| publisher = Census Commissioner of India| work = Census of India 2001, Darjeeling district (01)| access-date = 12 February 2020| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040244/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| archive-date = 19 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Gorubathan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 12 February 2020 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s in Gorubathan CD block are: Aahaley, Dalim, Garubathan I, Garubathan II, Kumai, Nim, Patengodak, Pokhreybong, Rongo, Samsing and Todeytangta.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/misc/District-Detail.pdf | title = Egiye Bangla Darjeeling | work= Miscellaneous - District Detail| publisher = District administration |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Gorubathan CD block had a total population of 60,663, all of which were rural. There were 31,053 (51%) males and 29,609 (49%) females. There were 6,441 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 4,027 (6.64%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 14,315 (23.60%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Gorubathan CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Today Tangta Khasmahal (5,290), Paten Godak Khasmahal (5,530), Rango Forest (9,131) and [[Gorubathan]] (5,291).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Gorubathan CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Dalingma (821), [[Kumai Tea Garden]] (3,907), Kumai Khasmhal (1,590), Kumai Forest (1,393), Nim Khasmahal (1,764), Samsing (3,711), [[Lower Fagu Tea Garden]] (2,070) and [[Samabiyong Tea Garden]] (1,608).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Gorubathan CD block was 41,687 (76.88% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 23,324 (84.21% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 18,363 (69.23% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.97%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD blocks of Darjeeling district (2011) |collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Gorubathan CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|67.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|21.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|9.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Kirat Mundhum]]|red|1.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|Green|0.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 41,009 and formed 67.60% of the population in the Gorubathan CD block. Buddhists numbered 12,776 and formed 21.06% of the population. Christians numbered 5,645 and formed 9.31% of the population. Muslims numbered 319 and formed 0.53% of the population. Others numbered 914 and formed 1.51% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Gorubathan CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value1 = 91.85 |color1 = lightcoral
|label2 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 4.11 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.33 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 2.71 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.85% of the population spoke [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 4.11% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] and 1.33% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 declared that Bengali and Nepali were to be used for official purposes in the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong in Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20Bengal%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201961_1.pdf | title = The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961| publisher = WBJA |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 24.40% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 4-9% of the population in Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts were below poverty level, the lowest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Gorubathan CD block'''
|value1 = 30.99
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 19.47
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.08
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 45.46
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Gorubathan CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,480 and formed 30.99%, agricultural labourers numbered 4,700 and formed 19.47%, household industry workers numbered 986 and formed 4.08% and other workers numbered 10,973 and formed 45.46%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 25,139 and formed 39.79% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 36,524 and formed 60.21% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 27 inhabited villages in the Gorubathan CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Darjiling, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 24 villages (87.89%) have drinking water supply. 8 villages (29.63%) have post offices. 14 villages (51.85%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 13 villages (48.15%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 8 villages (29.63%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (7.41%) have agricultural credit societies and 4 villages (14.81%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 85, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2012-13, there were 1 fertiliser depot, 1 seed store and 33 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Gorubathan CD block.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Gorubathan CD block produced 1,163 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 643 hectares, 75 tonnes of wheat from 66 hectares, 4,822 tonnes of maize from 1,578 hectares and 5,820 tonnes of potatoes from 364 hectares. It also produced some pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2013/>

===Tea gardens===
[[Darjeeling tea]] “received the iconic status due to its significant aroma, taste and colour… the first Indian product to be marked with the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2003… As per the definition, “Darjeeling Tea” can only refer to tea that has been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in few specific hilly areas of the district.” Apart from the hill areas, tea is also grown in the plain areas of the terai and dooars, but such gardens are not covered under the GI tag.<ref name=tea>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 26: Tea industry of Darjeeling district | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref>

As of 2009-10, there were 87 tea gardens covered under the GI tag, employing 51,091 persons. Total land under cultivation was 17,828.38 hectares and total production was 7.36 million kg. A much larger population is indirectly dependent on the tea industry in the district. The average annual production including those from the plain areas, exceeds 10 million kg.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 5.3 (f): Area, production and employment in the tea industry | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=tea/>

As of 2013, Darjeeling subdivision had 46 tea estates, Kalimpong subdivision had 29 tea estates and Kurseong subdivision had 6 tea gardens. This added up to 81 tea estates in the hill areas. Bannackburn Tea Estate and Lingia Tea Estate in Darjeeling were the first to come up in 1835. Siliguri subdivision in the terai region had 45 tea estates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wblc.gov.in/download/Synopsis-of-Tea-Garden-Survey-Final-Report.pdf | title = Synopsis on Survey of Tea Gardens| publisher = Regional Labour Offices under jurisdiction of Joint Labour Commissioner, North Bengal Zone |access-date = 5 March 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012-13, Gorubathan CD block had offices of 1 commercial bank and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2013/>

==Transport==
Gorubathan CD block has 1 originating/ terminating bus route. The nearest railway station is 12 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2013/>

[[State Highway 12 (West Bengal)|State Highway 12]] and [[National Highway 717A (India)|National Highway 717A]] passes through Gorubathan CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 21 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012-13, Gorubathan CD block had 100 primary schools with 8,387 students, 4 middle schools with 1,593 students, 4 high schools with 2,007 students and 2 higher secondary schools with 3,065 students. Gorubathan CD block had 158 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,808 students.<ref name=handbook2013/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Gorubathan CD block, among the 27 inhabited villages, all villages had primary schools, 21 villages had two or more primary schools, 18 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 9 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 394, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Government General Degree College, Gorubathan]], was established in 2015 at [[Gorubathan]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and science.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gorubathanggdc.co.in/ |title = Government General Degree College, Gorubathan |publisher= GGDC | access-date = 3 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Gorubathan CD block had 1 hospital, 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centre with total 40 beds and 2 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 12 family welfare subcentres. 1,522 patients were treated indoor and 19,745 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2013/>

Gourbathan Block Primary Health Centre, with 25 beds at [[Gorubathan]], PO Fagu, is the major government medical facility in the Gorubathan CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Jaldhaka]] (with 2 beds) and Shirpagaon (with 2 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kalimpong}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Kalimpong topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Kalimpong district]]

James Philip Mills

2026-02-07T23:01:28Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting Some Data More To Come!

{{Short description|British member of the Indian Civil Service and ethnographer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Philip Mills
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|02|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Cheshire, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|05|12|1890|02|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = Dorset, England
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''James Philip Mills''' CSI, CIE, [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAI]] (1890 – 1960) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] and an ethnographer.

==Early years==
James Philip Mills was born on 18 February 1890, younger son of James Edward Mills and his wife Ada Smith. He was educated at [[Windlesham House School]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Windlesham House School 1837-1937|last=Wilson|first=G. Herbert|publisher=McCorquodale & Co. Ltd|year=1937|isbn=|location=London|pages=}}</ref> [[Winchester College]] (1903–1908) and [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]] (1909–1912).

==Career==
In 1913 Mills joined the Indian Civil Service and was posted to [[Assam Province]]. During the First World War he served as a trooper in the Jumna Valley Light Horse.[4] In 1916 he was assigned to the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], where he was appointed Subdivisional Officer based at [[Mokokchung]].[2]

In 1926 he advised the government on the administration of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and was acting Deputy Commissioner of Cachar 1927-8. [4]

He was Deputy Commissioner Naga Hills District, based at Kohima during the 1930s.[3]

Alongside his official tasks, Mills took an interest in [[ornithology]], gathering information on birds and mammals for the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], which was published in 1923.[2]

While at Oxford he had acquired an interest in anthropology and inspired by the curator of the Pitt Rivers Museum. Henry Balfour, he and his colleague J.H. Hutton made important ethnographic collections for that institution.[4] Philip Mills published three monographs on the [[Naga people|Nag]]<nowiki/>as: The Lhota Nagas 1922, The Ao Nagas 1926 and The Rengma Nagas 1937. [4] In 1930 he was appointed Honorary Director of Ethnography for Assam. The same year he married Pamela Moira Foster-Vesey-FitzGerald. From 1943-47 he was Adviser to the Governor of Assam for Tribal Areas and States.[3] This enabled him to visit little-known places north of the Bramhaputra such as the Subansiri and Lohit areas.[3]

Mills retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1947, and the following year was appointed Reader in Language and Culture at the [[SOAS, University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London]] until his retirement in 1954.[3] After his death, his collection of several hundred photographs was donated to SOAS. [4].

From 1951 to 1953 Philip Mills served as President of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute]]. He died on 12 May 1960.

==Publications==
* ''The Lhota Nagas'', 1922
* ''The Ao Nagas'', 1926
* "Folk Stories in Lhota Naga", ''J. Asiat. Soc. Beng.'', 22/5 (1926)
* with [[John Henry Hutton|J.H. Hutton]], "Ancient Monoliths of North Cachar", ''J. Asiat. Soc. Beng.'', 25/1 (1929)
* ''The Rengma Nagas'', 1937
*''The Mishmis of the Lohit Valley, Assam,'' Presidential Address: Jour. RAI Vol.82 (1952)
*''Anthropology as a Hobby,'' Presidential Address: Jour. RAI Vol. 83 (1953)
'''Archives'''
*SOAS, diaries and papers relating to Assam; photographic collection.
*MSS Royal Anthropological Institute London, Mongsen Ao word list.
*U. Cam., Centre for South Asian Studies, papers.
*U. Oxf., Pitt Rivers Museum, artefacts and papers.
*Anthropological research notes and other papers of J P Mills are held by [https://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/collections/a-z/m/ SOAS Archives].

==Awards==
* 1941: C.I.E
*1942: Rivers Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
*1945: Gold medal, The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
*1947: C.S.I.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*2. J.H. Hutton "James Philip Mills: 1890-1960. ''With a portrait''". "''Man"'' June 1960 Nos. 120, 121.
*3. C. von Furer-Haimendorf “James Philip Mills CSI. CIE. 1890-1960” ''The Geographical Journal,'' Vol. CXXVI, Part 3, Pp. 380-381, September 1960.
*4. Alan Macfarlane, “Mills, James Philip (1890-1960)” ''Oxford Dictionary of National'' ''Biography,'' Oxford University Press, 2004.

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Mey |first1=Wolfgang |title=J.P. MIlls and the CHittagong Hill Tracts, 1926/1927 |date=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/j.-p.-mills-the-cht/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=21 November 2025}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mills, James Philip}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British ethnographers]]
[[Category:Academics of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:People educated at Windlesham House School]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]

Narayangarh Assembly constituency

2026-02-01T14:30:43Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{For|disambiguation|Narayangarh (disambiguation){{!}}Narayangarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narayangarh
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Narayangarh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Narayangarh Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Surja Kanta Atta]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| constituency_no = 225
| established = 1951
| electors = 191,705
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Narayangarh Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 225 Narayangarh Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2010-10-15 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 18 September 2010 }}</ref>

Narayangarh Assembly constituency is part of No. 34 [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Surendranath Pramanik
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|Krishna Chandra Satpati
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!colspan="3"|''No Seat''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Krishna Prasad Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. D. Roy
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Mihir Kumar Laha
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Braja Kishore Maity
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Krishna Das Roy
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Bibhuti Bhusan De
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Surjya Kanta Mishra|Dr Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Prodyut Kumar Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Surja Kanta Atta]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Narayangarh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
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{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
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|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Narayangarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Surja Kanta Atta]]
|votes = 100,894
|percentage = 46.33
|change = -3.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rama Prasad Giri|votes=98,473|percentage=45.23|change=+40.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Tapas Sinha|votes=13,229|percentage=6.08|change=-36.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Shyama Pada Jana|votes=2,833|percentage=1.30|change=-0.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,756|percentage=0.81|change=-0.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Banamali Das|votes=560|percentage=0.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=217,750|percentage=92.76|change=+1.91}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, Prodyut Kumar Ghosh of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Dr. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Narayangarh<ref name="Narayangarh">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25225.htm |title = Narayangarh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064158/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Prodyut Kumar Ghosh]]
|votes = 99,311
|percentage = 49.39
|change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Surjya Kanta Mishra|Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
|votes = 85,715
|percentage = 42.63
|change = -7.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Prasad Roy
|votes = 10,262
|percentage = 5.10
|change = +2.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Surya Pradhan
|votes = 3,984
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,786
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,065
|percentage = 90.85
|change = -1.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Dr. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Surjya Kanta Atta of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Narayangarh<ref name="Narayangarh">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25225.htm |title = Narayangarh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064158/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Surjya Kanta Mishra|Dr Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
|votes = 89,804
|percentage = 50.50
|change = -6.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Surja Kanta Atta
|votes = 82,695
|percentage = 46.50
|change = +8.69#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Prasad Roy
|votes = 5,345
|percentage = 3.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,844
|percentage = 92.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -14.87#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===2006===
In the 2006 elections, Dr. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak of Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Narayangarh<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25225.htm |title = Narayangarh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2006-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064158/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Narayangarh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2006-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Narayangarh |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2006-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra
|votes = 85,930
|percentage = 56.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak
|votes = 49,023
|percentage = 32.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mrityunjoy Sahu
|votes = 5,451
|percentage = 3.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surja Kanta Pradhan
|votes = 8,196
|percentage = 3.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,844
|percentage = 92.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -14.87#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2001===
In the 2001 elections, Dr. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Narayangarh<ref name="Narayangarh">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25225.htm |title = Narayangarh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064158/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra
|votes = 75,612
|percentage = 54.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Salil Kr. Das Pattanayak
|votes = 48,699
|percentage = 34.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Prasad Roy
|votes = 9,805
|percentage = 7.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Surjya Kanta Pradhan
|votes = 3,828
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ashoke Mondal
|votes = 1,592
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 139,536
|percentage = 84.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -14.87#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.

===1996===
In the 1996 elections, Dr. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1996]]: Narayangarh<ref name="Narayangarh">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25225.htm |title = Narayangarh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064158/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra
|votes = 79,565
|percentage = 60.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Salil Kr. Das Pattanayak
|votes = 39,911
|percentage = 30.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Patra
|votes = 6,526
|percentage = 4.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Panchanan Pradhan
|votes = 4,894
|percentage = 3.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,30,896
|percentage = 89.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -14.87#
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
In the 1991 elections, Dr. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1991]]: Narayangarh<ref name="Narayangarh">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25225.htm |title = Narayangarh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064158/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=225| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Narayangarh |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra
|votes = 61,898
|percentage = 55.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Salil Das Pattanayak
|votes = 39,631
|percentage = 35.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bijoy Krishna Tewari
|votes = 4,047
|percentage = 3.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Panchanan Pradhan
|votes = 3,555
|percentage = 3.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Asok Kumar Das
|votes = 815
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Niranjan Patra
|votes = 753
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Saktipada Guchhait
|votes = 232
|percentage = 0,21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,30,896
|percentage = 89.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996 and 1991 state assembly elections, Surjya Kanta Mishra of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Narayangarh assembly seat defeating Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006 and 2001, Durgesh Mishra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and Salil Kumar Das Pattanayak of Congress in 1991. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Bibhuti Bhusan De of CPI(M) defeated Timir Baran Pahari of Congress in 1987 and Krishna Das Roy of Congress in 1982. Krishna Das Roy of Congress defeated Mihir Kumar Laha of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp227.htm |title = 227 - Narayangarh Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Braja Kishore Maity of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Mihir Kumar Laha of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969. K.D.Roy of Congress won in 1967. Krishna Prasad Mondal of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. The Narayanagarh seat was not there in 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Surendranath Pramanik of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] and Krishna Chandra Satpati of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] won the Narayangarh dual seat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-20 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

ITA Award for Best Drama Popular

2026-01-29T18:20:45Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting The Article Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian Television Academy Award}}
{{See also|ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award for Best Show Popular]]
| current_awards =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| image_caption =
| type = Best Show Popular
| awarded_for = Most Popular Show
| country = {{IND}}
| presenter = [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| former_name = ''Desh Ka Dharavahik''
| firstawarded = 2001
| lastawarded = 2024
| most_wins = ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (5)
| most_nominations =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 24 awards
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2001)
| award3_type = Latest winner
| award3_winner = ''[[Anupamaa]]'' (2024)
| website = {{url|http://indiantelevisionacademy.com/|Website}}
}}

'''ITA Award for Best Drama Popular''' is an award given by [[Indian Television Academy Award|Indian Television Academy]] as a part of its annual event. The winners are decided by audience voting. First awarded in 2001, it was originally named ''Desh Ka Dharavahik'' but was later renamed to ''Best Show Popular''.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Show
!Production House
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|2001
| rowspan=5|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|rowspan=5|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|rowspan=5|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=315|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2001|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=316|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2002|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=322|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2003|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=323|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2004|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2005|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]''
|[[Sphere Origins]]
|[[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=325|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2006|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
|Shakuntalam Telefilms
|[[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=326|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2007|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
|[[Director Kut's Productions]]
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=327|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2008|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|[[Director Kut's Productions]]
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=328|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2009|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|Spellbound Productions Walkwater Productions
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=329|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2010|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=330|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2011|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|Shashi Sumeet Productions
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ita-awards-winners-list-ram-kapoor-and-barun-sobti-voted-best-actor-159068/|title=ITA Awards winners' list: Ram Kapoor and Barun Sobti voted Best Actor!|date=2012-11-05|website=Bollywood Life|language=en-EN|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|[[4 Lions Films]]
|[[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/photos-indian-television-academy-awards-2013-winners-list-123200.html|title=Photos: Indian Television Academy Awards 2013 Winners; Karan, Jennifer, Kapil, Comedy Nights...|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=2013-10-24|website=filmibeat.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|Shashi Sumeet Productions
|[[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/indian-television-awards-2015-article24074.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925091100/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/indian-television-awards-2015-article24074.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2019|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2015: Complete List Of Winners!|date=2015-09-08|website=Desimartini|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=2016-11-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|[[4 Lions Films]]
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-helly-shah-smriti-irani-ekta-kapoor-lifetv-1080588-2017-11-06|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Helly Shah win big|date=6 November 2017 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Bepannah]]''
|[[Cinevistaas Limited]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|date=12 December 2018 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2019 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2019/113 |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
|[[Inspire Films]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2020 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2020/113 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|[[Director's Kut Productions]]
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2022: Harshad Chopda, Nakuul Mehta, Anupamaa Win Big; Here's the Complete Winners List |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ita-awards-2022-harshad-chopda-nakuul-mehta-anupamaa-win-big-heres-the-complete-winners-list-4844942.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| [[Neela Film Productions]]
| [[Sony SAB]]
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| rowspan="2"| [[Director's Kut Productions]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2024
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|
|}

==See also==
*[[ITA Award for Best Show Drama]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama]]
*[[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards]]

Vada Chennai (soundtrack)

2026-01-29T02:32:09Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new first page w/ infobox...

{{Short description|2018 soundtrack album by Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Vada Chennai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover = Vada Chennai soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 23 September 2018
| recorded = 2017–2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 40:47
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Wunderbar Films|Wunderbar Studios]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title = [[Pariyerum Perumal]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[A1 (2019 film)|A1]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

'''''Vada Chennai''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2018 [[action crime film]] [[Vada Chennai|of the same name]] directed by [[Vetrimaaran]], starring [[Dhanush]] in the lead role. The film featured music composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] in his maiden collaboration with [[Vetrimaaran]]. ''Vada Chennai'' also marks the 25th film of Narayanan as a composer in his career.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-16|title=#VadaChennai is the 25th film of our Music Director @Music_Santhosh. #SaNa25|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1041225689922326528|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en}}</ref> The album in its entirety was released on 23 September 2018 to positive response from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-24|title=Vada Chennai Music: Dhanush-Starrer Releases its Film Soundtrack|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vada-chennai-music-dhanush-starrer-releases-its-film-soundtrack-1887341.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007194230/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vada-chennai-music-dhanush-starrer-releases-its-film-soundtrack-1887341.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|12th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] held in [[Chennai]], Santhosh received an award for Best Music Director also for his work in ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' and ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை|url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2019-jan-09/ananda-vikatan-awards/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018.html|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210250/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2019-jan-09/ananda-vikatan-awards/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Development ==
The film was initially announced with Vetrimaaran's regular collaborator [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] being brought on board.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 2011|title=Vetri Maaran's Vada Chennai – Hero Finalized!|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-11-05/vetri-maran-vada-chennai-30-11-11.html|access-date=20 March 2012|publisher=Behindwoods.com|archive-date=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420161241/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-11-05/vetri-maran-vada-chennai-30-11-11.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, he was ousted from the project due to Dhanush's fallout with Prakash Kumar in the past and also due to Prakash's acting commitments.<ref>Sundar, Mrinalini (14 January 2017) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Andrea-on-the-love-of-her-life/articleshow/50974681.cms Andrea, on the love of her life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716044558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Andrea-on-the-love-of-her-life/articleshow/50974681.cms |date=16 July 2021 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 3 January 2019.</ref> In late 2017, when [[Santhosh Narayanan]] signed for [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' directed by [[Pa. Ranjith]], which is also produced by Dhanush, he suggested Santhosh's name to Vetrimaaran and eventually announced him as the film's composer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santhosh Narayan thanks Vetrimaaran and Dhanush - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santhosh-narayan-thanks-vetrimaaran-and-dhanush/articleshow/62834068.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711234603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santhosh-narayan-thanks-vetrimaaran-and-dhanush/articleshow/62834068.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon, Santhosh started recording the tracks for ''Vada Chennai'' while also composing for Kaala, and work on the entire soundtrack album was completed within June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santhosh Narayanan: Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai' is a stunning epic film - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-narayanan-dhanushs-vada-chennai-is-a-stunning-epic-film/articleshow/64823553.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725014435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-narayanan-dhanushs-vada-chennai-is-a-stunning-epic-film/articleshow/64823553.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the film is based on the life of people revolving in [[North Chennai]], Santhosh recorded the tracks with the influence of [[gaana]] (a popular music in North Chennai) and roped in gaana singers for the album.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-16|title=Watch: In conversation with Santhosh Narayanan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watch-in-conversation-with-santhosh-narayanan/article26291335.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712150240/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watch-in-conversation-with-santhosh-narayanan/article26291335.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> However, one song titled "Kaarkuzhal Kadavaiye" and "Ennadi Maayavi Nee" were melodic numbers which were included in the album to unify listeners; the latter featured a flute interlude. In an interview with [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'', he mentioned the themes in the song as a tribute to late [[M. S. Viswanathan]], whom Santhosh had admired.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-16|title=Santhosh Narayanan On Composing The Music Of Vetrimaaran's Vada Chennai, His Tribute To MS ViswanathanThe composer says he included the melodic 'Kaarkuzhal Kadavaiye' in the album to unify listeners|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/santhosh-narayanan-on-composing-the-music-of-vetrimaarans-vada-chennai-his-tribute-to-ms-viswanathan/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710175213/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/santhosh-narayanan-on-composing-the-music-of-vetrimaarans-vada-chennai-his-tribute-to-ms-viswanathan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The makers announced that the entire soundtrack of Vada Chennai will be released on 23 September 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|title='Vada Chennai' audio to release on September 23 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vada-chennai-audio-to-release-on-september-23/articleshow/65827964.cms|access-date=2019-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711234601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vada-chennai-audio-to-release-on-september-23/articleshow/65827964.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-18|title='Vada Chennai' audio to be launched on September 23|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-audio-be-launched-september-23-88563|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710175214/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-audio-be-launched-september-23-88563|url-status=live}}</ref> without launching any singles from the album.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-18|title=No Single Release. Full album of #VadaChennai will hit the tracks on 23rd September. Tracklist soon! :)|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1042059929454952449|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801015952/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1042059929454952449|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-15|title=Dhanush's Vada Chennai audio to release on September 23|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dhanushs-vada-chennai-audio-to-release-on-september-23.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173713/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dhanushs-vada-chennai-audio-to-release-on-september-23.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by Wunderbar Studios, a subsidiary of Dhanush's production company [[Wunderbar Films]], along with [[Divo (record label)|Divo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-15|title=#VadaChennai Music on September 23rd|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1040964591809847296|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153749/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1040964591809847296|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-20|title=Album of #VadaChennai will stream exclusively on @Saavn & @JioMusicHD. Music on 23rd September|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1042744308342743041|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803222031/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1042744308342743041|url-status=live}}</ref> The tracklist was released on 21 September 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai' tracklist revealed! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vada-chennai-tracklist-out-santhosh-narayanan-dhanush-vetrimaaran-tamil-news-221283|access-date=2021-07-10|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vada-chennai-tracklist-out-santhosh-narayanan-dhanush-vetrimaaran-tamil-news-221283|url-status=live}}</ref> which features eleven songs composed by Santhosh Narayanan with three instrumentals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SaNa25: Vada Chennai Tracklist is here|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/21447/sana25-vada-chennai-tracklist-is-here|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.moviecrow.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/21447/sana25-vada-chennai-tracklist-is-here|url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Gana Bala]], [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Rokesh]], [[Arivu]], Dholak Jagan and Sindhai Rev. Ravi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title='Vada Chennai' tracklist out, including a song by Dhanush|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-tracklist-out-including-song-dhanush-88751|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-tracklist-out-including-song-dhanush-88751|url-status=live}}</ref> An album preview was released on 22 September, in which composer Santhosh Narayanan, described about the album in a live interaction with fans streamed on various social media handles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-22|title=.@Music_Santhosh will be Live on #WunderbarFilms YouTube, FB & Twitter for an Exclusive Album Preview of #VadaChennai :)|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1043474148360519680|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-22|title=Album Preview of #VADACHENNAI|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1043507854374629378|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en}}</ref> The songs were released directly through the internet and in streaming platforms such as [[JioSaavn|Saavn]], [[JioSaavn|JioMusic]] and [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-09-23|title='Vada Chennai' jukebox out, Santhosh Narayanan's album is an exciting mix of genres|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-jukebox-out-santhosh-narayanan-s-album-exciting-mix-genres-88821|access-date=2019-09-10|work=The News Minute|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403010654/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-jukebox-out-santhosh-narayanan-s-album-exciting-mix-genres-88821|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-26|title=Vada Chennai music released|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260918/vada-chennai-music-released.html|access-date=2019-09-10|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008115830/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260918/vada-chennai-music-released.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-25|title=Music of #VadaChennai Garnering Rave Reviews!|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1044502878285492224|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731052234/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1044502878285492224|url-status=live}}</ref> Within 3 days of its release, the soundtrack topped the [[iTunes]] charts,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-27|title=#VadaChennai Album Tops No.1 Position in iTunes India|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1045285478998523905|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en}}</ref> and also streamed above 5,00,000 times on Saavn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2018-09-27|title=5.4 Lakh+ Streams for #VadaChennai Album on @Saavn|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1045206701241069568|access-date=2020-05-12|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802153012/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1045206701241069568|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharanya CR from ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it as a "brilliant stuff by Santhosh, who gives a peek into the film with his incredible music".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Review: Vada Chennai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-vada-chennai/articleshow/65992941.cms|access-date=2019-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712091836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-vada-chennai/articleshow/65992941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The News Minute]]'' called the soundtrack as an "exciting mix of genres".<ref name=":2" /> ''Behindwoods'' reviewed the album stating that, "Santhosh Narayanan retains the flavor conveyed in the title of the film!" and rated with 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-22|title=Vada Chennai (aka) VadaaChennai songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vada-chennai/vada-chennai-songs-review.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508081159/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vada-chennai/vada-chennai-songs-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Surendhar MK of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the album 3.5 out of 5 stars, and called the soundtrack as "earthy" and "liberating" which "brims with rooted, heart-rending tunes and explores majestic themes".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-03|title=Vada Chennai music review: Santhosh Narayanan delivers an earthy soundtrack in his first collaboration with Vetrimaaran|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-music-review-santhosh-narayanan-delivers-an-earthy-soundtrack-in-his-first-collaboration-with-vetrimaaran-5310411.html|access-date=2019-09-10|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-music-review-santhosh-narayanan-delivers-an-earthy-soundtrack-in-his-first-collaboration-with-vetrimaaran-5310411.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Archana Nathan of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' praised the soundtrack album as it "offers rich tributes to Madras [[gaana]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Archana|title=The soundtrack of Dhanush-starrer 'Vada Chennai' offers rich tributes to Madras gaana|url=https://scroll.in/reel/895587/the-soundtrack-of-dhanush-starrer-vada-chennai-offers-rich-tributes-to-madras-gaana|access-date=2019-09-10|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://scroll.in/reel/895587/the-soundtrack-of-dhanush-starrer-vada-chennai-offers-rich-tributes-to-madras-gaana|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ashameera Aiyyapan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' described Vada Chennai's soundtrack in two parts with one being the ''gaana''-infused folk numbers and the other being "the melodies which had a trademark touch of Santhosh [Narayanan]". She further added that the composer "captured the cultural exuberance of North Chennai in the former, while balancing the melodies that consist of an eclectic mosaic of sounds in the latter" and it was combined to get a "holistic picture of the film as well as the works of the composer".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vada Chennai music review: Santhosh Narayanan captures the vibrant charm of North Chennai|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/sep/23/vada-chennai-music-review-santhosh-narayanan-captures-the-vibrant-charm-of-north-chennai-8008.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/sep/23/vada-chennai-music-review-santhosh-narayanan-captures-the-vibrant-charm-of-north-chennai-8008.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' called that "Santhosh Narayanan hits a new high".<ref>{{Cite web|title=VadaChennai (Music review), Tamil – Santhosh Narayanan by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2018/09/23/vadachennai-music-review-tamil-santhosh-narayanan/|access-date=2021-07-10|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173717/https://milliblog.com/2018/09/23/vadachennai-music-review-tamil-santhosh-narayanan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title5 = Ennadi Maayavi Nee
| extra1 = Ka Ka Balachander, [[Gana Bala]]
| length1 = 4:50
| title2 = Goindhammavala
| lyrics2 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra2 = [[Dhanush]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Kaarkuzhal Kadavaaiye
| lyrics3 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra3 = Santhosh Narayanan, [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]], Ananthu, Vijaynarain
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Maadila Nikkura Maankutty
| lyrics4 = Gana Bala
| extra4 = Gana Bala, [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| length8 = 3:01
| length4 = 4:46
| lyrics5 = Vivek
| extra5 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Epadiyamma
| lyrics6 = Sindhai Rev. Ravi
| extra6 = Sindhai Rev. Ravi
| length6 = 4:13
| title7 = Maathiya Seraiyile
| lyrics7 = [[Arivu]]
| extra7 = [[Arivu]]
| length7 = 2:17
| title8 = Alangaara Pandhal
| lyrics8 = Dholak Jegan
| extra8 = Dholak Jegan
| lyrics1 = [[Gana Bala]]
| title1 = Sandhanatha
| length12 =
| lyrics9 = –
| length9 = 3:48
| title10 = VadaChennai Theme
| lyrics10 = –
| extra10 = Instrumental
| length10 = 2:45
| title11 =
| lyrics11 =
| extra11 =
| length11 =
| total_length = 40:47
| headline =
| all_writing =
| title12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title9 = King of the Sea
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length20 =
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vada Chennai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 16 November 2018
| recorded = 2017–2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:08
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Wunderbar Films|Wunderbar Studios]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The original film score composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] was released on 16 November 2018. It featured thirteen [[instrumental]]s, plus an additional track titled "Patta Patti" written and performed by [[Arivu]].<ref name=":3" />{{track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| length3 = 0:31
| title20 =
| title9 = Double Cross
| title1 = Patta Patti
| length4 = 0:58
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Central Jail Gangs
| length2 = 2:55
| title3 = Chandra's Love
| title4 = Rajan
| title19 =
| title5 = Rajan – The Legend
| length8 = 1:58
| length5 = 1:23
| title6 = Death of a Legend
| length6 = 1:39
| title7 = Chandra's Revenge
| length7 = 1:22
| title8 = Accidental Murder
| length20 =
| length19 =
| length18 =
| length12 = 0:34
| title12 = Out of the Equation
| length9 = 1:30
| title10 = It Begins
| length10 = 1:00
| title11 = Murder Instincts
| length11 = 2:10
| total_length = 26:08
| headline =
| all_writing =
| title13 = Viswasam
| title18 =
| length13 = 4:01
| title14 = Rivalry
| length14 = 2:55
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| note1 = Written and performed by [[Arivu]]
}}

== Album credits ==
Credits adapted from Wunderbar Studios<ref>{{Citation|title=VADACHENNAI - Official Jukebox {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Vetri Maaran {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} #SaNa25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIrvwdKYFo8|language=en|access-date=2021-07-10|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIrvwdKYFo8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=VADACHENNAI - Original Sound Track {{!}} Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Dhanush {{!}} Vetri Maaran {{!}} Wunderbar Films|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLKppy1VRC0|language=en|access-date=2021-07-10|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173711/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLKppy1VRC0|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Producer(s) ===
[[Santhosh Narayanan]]

=== Songwriter(s) ===

* Santhosh Narayanan (Composer, Arranger)
* [[Gana Bala]], [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Rokesh]], [[Arivu]], Sindhai Rev. Ravi, Dholak Jagan (Lyrics)

=== Performer(s) ===
Santhosh Narayanan, Gana Bala, [[Dhanush]], Ka Ka Balachander, [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]], Arivu, Sindhai Rev. Ravi, Dholak Jagan, [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]

=== Musicians ===

* [[Piano]], Keys, [[Synths]], [[Accordion]]s – Santhosh Narayanan
* [[Acoustic guitar|Acoustic Guitars]] – Pradeep Kumar, Telfie
* [[Trumpet]]s, [[Trombone]]s, [[Flugelhorn]] – Martin Vijay
* [[Bass guitar|Bass]] – Naveen
* Ganjira, [[Tabla]], [[Dholak]], [[Percussions]] – Ganapathy
* [[Bongo drum|Bongos]], Potti, [[Vibraphone]] – Sundar RK
* [[Harmonium]] – [[Sean Roldan]]
* [[Flute]] – Vishnu Vijay
* Percussions, [[Drum kit|Drum Kits]] and [[Screaming (music)|Highs]] – David Joseph
* [[Rhythm]]s arrangement and programming – Sundar RK
* [[String (music)|Strings]] – [[Music of North Macedonia|Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra]] (Arranged by Collins Rajendran)
* [[Choir|Chorus]] – [[Vetrimaaran|Vetri Maaran]], Tony Britto, Chinna, Dinesh Antony
* Live Sounds – Ganapthy, Dinesh Antony, Santhosh Narayanan

=== Sound Engineers ===

* Future Tense Studios – Santhosh Narayanan, Sundar RK, Dinesh Anthony
* [[AM Studios]] – S. Sivakumar (Chief sound engineer), Kannan Ganpat, Pradeep Menon, Krishnan Subramaniyan, Manoj Raman
* Prism Studios – Dinesh Anthony

=== Production ===

* Mixed by – S. Sivakumar (AM Studios), Santhosh Narayanan, R. K. Sundar (Future Tense Studios)
* Mastered by – Alex Gordon ([[Abbey Road Studios]], [[London]])
* Mastering co-ordinator – Andrew T. Mackay
* Recording management – Meenakshi Santhosh

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Santhosh Narayanan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Santhosh Narayanan soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Crime film soundtracks]]

Jayakrishnan

2026-01-02T10:59:39Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1970)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayakrishnan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|04|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma mater = [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery]]
| occupation = Actor, television presenter
| years_active = 1997–present
}}

'''Jayakrishnan''' (born 11 April 1974) is an Indian film and television actor known for his work in the [[Malayalam]] industry.

He was introduced as an actor by cinematographer and director [[Sunny Joseph]] with the serial ''Ninavukal Novukal'' in 1997. He has performed various roles throughout his career.

Jayakrishnan has also starred in other regional industries, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/im-glad-viewers-recognized-me-by-my-voice-jayakrishnan/articleshow/62777056.cms | title=I'm glad viewers recognized me by my voice: Jayakrishnan - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India| date=5 February 2018}}</ref> He briefly worked as a television presenter as the host of Top 5 Movies for [[Surya TV]]. Some of his notable serials are ''Thaali'', ''Mazhayariyaathe'', ''Kavyanjaly'', ''Kasthuri'' (Tamil), and ''Abirami'' (Tamil).

== Early life ==

Jayakrishnan was born on 11 April 1974 in a [[Hindu]] Nair family in Kuzhimattom, [[Kottayam]] to P.N Narayanan Kutty and the late Sreedevi. His father is a retired school teacher as well as a ''pranic'' healer. He has a sister named Jyothi, and sculpture artist K.S. Radhakrishnan is his cousin brother who took to painting inspired by Jayakrishnan's father.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksradhakrishnan.com/images/Bio_Pictorial_KSR.pdf |title=Bio |website=www.ksradhakrishnan.com }}</ref>

Jayakrishnan received his school education at NSS High School, Kuzhimattom, where his father was an arts teacher. He graduated from [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery]]. He developed a passion for acting from the theater performance arts club in his hometown; later he started out giving narrations for documentaries and made his acting debut on television in the serial ''Ninavukal Novukal'' by cinematographer and director [[Sunny Joseph]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/20228-interviews.html | title=സീരിയലിലെ മമ്മൂട്ടി ഇനി സിനിമയില്‍}}</ref>

== Career ==

Jayakrishnan's character in the serial ''Sooryakanthi'' (1998) gave him a break in the entertainment industry. He worked with production companies including [[Balaji Telefilms]], Seven Arts, and Manorama Vision.<ref name="auto"/> Jayakrishnan semi-retired from acting in serials after getting supporting roles from movies and concentrated on his business interests and social work. He has had supporting roles in films such as ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'', ''Mask'', ''[[Pulimurugan]]'', ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'', ''[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]'', ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'', ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'', ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'', ''[[Karmayodha]]'', ''[[Parunthu]]'', ''[[Naatturajavu]]'', and ''[[Roudram]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&actor=Jayakrishnan&limit=14&alimit=10&sortorder=1&sorttype=2 | title=List of Malayalam Movies by Actor Jayakrishnan}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Jayakrishnan married Priya in 2000, who holds a post graduate degree in library science and is a classical dancer. They have one son, Devanarayan, who was born in 2001. The couple lived separately for one year until 2011 when they filed for divorce by mutual consent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2018/10/07/jayakrishnan-open-out-film-serial-acting/|title=വേഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കായി പരവേശം പിടിച്ചോടുന്നവരെക്കുറിച്ച് നടന്‍ ജയകൃഷ്ണന്‍|jayakrishnan|website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1994 || Habelinte Vayalukal || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]'' || Nanthagopal ||
|-
| ''The Warrant'' || Jyothir Ghosh ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nagaravadhu]]'' || Harshan ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]'' || Kunjiraman ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Soudamini'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Naatturajavu]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008|| ''Mayakazhcha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Roudram]]'' || CM's son ||
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' || Karthik Mohan ||
|-
| ''Gulmohar'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || CI ||
|-
| 2009|| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || ||
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''Happy Durbar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bangkok Summer]]'' || Madhavan ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2012|| ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || Sateesh Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Simhasanam (Malayalam film)|Simhasanam]]'' || Krishnan Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrikan]]'' || Manappilli Bhattahiri ||
|-
| ''[[Grihanathan]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudumba Chithram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karmayodha]]'' || Mohammed Riyaz IAS ||
|-
| ''Chuzhali Kaattu'' || JP ||
|-
| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || Balagopalan IAS ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Scaria ||
|-
| ''[[Ardhanaari]]'' || Balu Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2013 || ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yathrayil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' || Venugopal S ||
|-
| ''[[Radio (2013 film)|Radio]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''[[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Garbhasreeman'' || 'Blade' Antony Isaac ||
|-
| ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]'' || CI ||
|-
| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || Mohan (District Collector) ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2015 || ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' || Officers ||
|-
| ''Just Married'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Acha Din]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' || Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Kumbasaram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016|| ''[[Daffedar]]'' || Viswanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Paavada]]'' || Kallu Varkki, Joy's father ||
|-
| ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' ||Police officer, Raghurajan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2017 || ''Kadam Katha'' || ||
|-
| ''Kuppivala'' || ||
|-
| ''Achayans'' || SI ||
|-
| ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'' || Commando Anand ||
|-
| ''Love Bonda'' || ||
|-
| ''Chembarathipoo'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Fukri]]'' || Raghunath ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018|| ''Thenkasi Kattu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019|| ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || SI Sebastian Paul ||
|-
| ''Theerumanam '' || Vishwan ||
|-
| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || George ||
|-
| ''Orma'' || Sibi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''Safe'' || Jashik ||
|-
| ''Mullapoo Viplavam'' || ||
|-
| ''Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || MLA Tom Mukkadan ||
|-
| ''Mission C'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kolaambi]]'' || Jacob George ||
|-
| ''[[Vidhi (2021 film)|Vidhi: The Verdict]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Thathvika Avalokanam]]'' || Padmakumar ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''Panthrand (Twelve)'' || ||
|-
| ''Laughing Budha'' || ||
|-
| ''Pathaam Valavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || CI Josemon ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otta trailer: Resul Pookutty's star-studded directorial debut promises some intense drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/otta-trailer-resul-pookuttys-star-studded-directorial-debut-promises-some-intense-drama-48804.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''Iyer in Arabia'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Makers Of Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Iyer In Arabia Lock Release Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-iyer-in-arabia-lock-release-date-8732420.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kudumbasthreeyum Kunjadum'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=It’s A Wrap For Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Kudumba Sthreeyum Kunjadum |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-kudumba-sthreeyum-kunjadum-8702453.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ezhuthola'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Suresh Unnikrishnan's Debut Film Ezhuthola Roars At London Film Festival |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/suresh-unnikrishnans-debut-film-ezhuthola-roars-at-london-film-festival-7483009.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chithini'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Chithini Trailer: Amith Chakalakkal and Vinay Forrt in a supernatural horror thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/chithini-trailer-amith-chakalakkal-and-vinay-forrt-in-a-supernatural-horror-thriller |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Anand Sreebala}} || {{TBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-19 |title=It's a wrap for Arjun Ashokan and Aparna Das-starrer Anand Sreebala |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/19/its-a-wrap-for-arjun-ashokan-and-aparna-das-starrer-anand-sreebala |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television Serials==
;Partial list
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Serial!! Character !! Language!!Channel
|-
|1999|| Ninavukal Novukal || Balu || Malayalam ||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2002|| Anna||Hari||Malayalam||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-

|2000||Detective Anand || Detective Anand ||Malayalam||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2000|| Thali || Keshu || Malayalam ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2001|| Valayam || SP Jayadevan IPS || Malayalam||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2002|| Yudham||Ravi||Malayalam||[[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2003|| Thulasidalam||||Malayalam||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2003|| Sthree Oru Santhwanam || || Malayalam ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2006|| Swarnamayooram || || Malayalam ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2006||Sindoorarekha||||Malayalam ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2006|| Kavyaanjali || Arun || Malayalam ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2006-2008|| [[Kasthuri (TV series)]] || Ram || Tamil||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2007|| Suryakanthi || Dathan || Malayalam||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2007|| Brahmamudi || || Telugu||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2008|| [[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]||||Malayalam||Asianet
|-
|2008|| Namma Kudumbam || || Tamil||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2008|| Mazhayariyathe || || Malayalam ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2009|| [[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam|Vadakakku oru Hridayam]] || Sadasivan Pillai || Malayalam ||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2011|| [[Abirami (TV series)]] || || Tamil||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2012|| Amma || Jagan || Malayalam ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2012|| Manasaveena || || Malayalam ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2018|| CBI Diary || CBI DySP Sharafudheen || Malayalam ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2024-2025||Premam||Vasudevan||Malayalam||Pocket FM
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7611622/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm IMDb Profile]
*
*
*
*
*

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Lower Dharmaram Formation

2025-12-24T02:22:43Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Lower Dharmaram Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Norian|Latest Norian]]–[[Rhaetian]] ~{{fossil range|211|202}}
| period = Rhaetian
| prilithology = [[Sandstone]], [[Mudstone]]
| otherlithology =
| namedfor = [[Dharmaram, Peddapalli district|Dharmaram]]
| namedby =
| region = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2|N|79.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|32.3|S|36.1|E|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Gondwana Group]]
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Upper Dharmaram Formation]]
| overlies = [[Upper Maleri Formation]]
| thickness =
| extent = [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 19.2
| lon_deg = 79.6
| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Lower Dharmaram Formation''' is a [[sedimentary]] [[geological formation|rock formation]] found in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is one of the formations of the [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]]. It is of latest [[Norian]] and [[Rhaetian]] ages ([[Upper Triassic]]), and is notable for its [[fossil]]s of early [[dinosaur]]s.

== Vertebrate fauna ==
cf. ''[[Paratypothorax]]'', cf. ''[[Nicrosaurus]]'', fragmentary remains of [[sauropodomorph]]s ([[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI]] R279, 280, 281) and [[neotheropod]]s (ISI R283) have also been recovered from it.<ref name=Indiansaupo>Novas et al., 2011, p.345</ref>

{{paleobiota-key-compact}}

=== Saurischians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Saurischia|Saurischians]] reported from the Lower Dharmaram Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Jaklapallisaurus]]''
| ''J. assymetrica''<ref name=Indiansaupo/>
| [[Telangana]]
|
| "ISI R279, distal end of right [[femur]]."<ref name=Indiansaupo/>
| A [[Unaysauridae|unaysaurid]], also found in the [[Upper Maleri Formation]].
|
|-
| [[Sauropodomorpha]]
| Indeterminate
| [[Telangana]]
|
| "ISIR 280, astragalus."
| An Indeterminate Sauropodomorpha.
|
|-
| [[Neotheropoda]]
| Indeterminate
| [[Telangana]]
|
| "ISIR 283, incomplete femur."
| An Indeterminate [[Neotheropod]].
|
|-
|}

=== Pseudosuchians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Pseudosuchia|Pseudosuchians]] reported from the Lower Dharmaram Formation'''
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| ''[[Kuttysuchus]]''
| ''K. minor''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haldar |first1=A. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=S. |year=2024 |title=A new paratypothoracin aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Upper Triassic Dharmaram Formation of India and its biostratigraphic implications |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2439533 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2439533 }}</ref>
| Telangana
|
|
| A [[Typothoracinae|typothoracine]] [[Aetosauria|aetosaur]].
|
|-
| ''[[Venkatasuchus]]''
| ''V. armatus''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Haldar |first1=A. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=S. |year=2023 |title=A new typothoracine aetosaur (Archosauria, Pseudosuchia) from the Upper Triassic of India with insights on biostratigraphy, diversification, and paleobiogeography |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |at=e2253292 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2253292 }}</ref>
| Telangana
|
|
| A typothoracine aetosaur
| [[File:Venkatasuchus reconstruction.png|frameless]]
|-
| cf. ''[[Paratypothorax]]''
| sp.
| Telangana
|
|
|A typothoracine aetosaur.
|
|-
| cf. ''[[Nicrosaurus]]''
| sp.
| Telangana
|
|
|A [[Mystriosuchini|mystriosuchin]] [[Parasuchidae|parasuchid]].
|
|-
| cf. ''[[Desmatosuchus|Desmantosuchus]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Haldar |first1=A. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=S. |title=First report of desmatosuchin aetosaurs (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the lower part of Dharmaram Formation and a biostratigraphic re-evaluation of the upper Triassic horizons of India |year=2025 |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2025.2569748 }}</ref>
| sp.
| Telangana
|
|
| A typothoracine aetosaur.
|
|-
| [[Desmatosuchinae]] indet.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|
| Telangana
|
|
| Indeterminate typothoracine aetosaurs.
|
|}

== Correlations ==
The formation has been correlated with the [[Elliot Formation|Lower Elliot Formation]] ([[Karoo Basin]]) and [[Forest Sandstone]] of Africa, the [[Caturrita Formation]] of the [[Paraná Basin]] in Brazil, the [[Laguna Colorada Formation|Laguna Colorada]] and [[Los Colorados Formation]]s ([[Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin]]) of Argentina, the [[Chinle Formation]] of North America, the [[Trossingen Formation]] of the [[Keuper]] of Germany, and the [[Nam Phong Formation]] of Thailand.<ref name=Novas2011_p343>Novas et al., 2011, p.343</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geology|Paleontology}}
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last1=Novas |first1=Fernando E. |last2=Ezcurra |first2=Martín D. |author3-link=Sankar Chatterjee |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Sankar |last4=Kutty |first4=T.S. |year=2011 |title=New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of central India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231824148 |journal=[[Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=333–349 |doi=10.1017/S1755691011020093 |bibcode=2010EESTR.101..333N |accessdate=2019-04-06 |author1-link=Fernando Novas }}{{doi|10.1017/S1755691011020093}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Triassic System of Asia]]
[[Category:Norian Stage]]
[[Category:Rhaetian Stage]]
[[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geology of Andhra Pradesh]]

{{geologic-formation-stub}}

Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T09:02:53Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new a stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tumkur
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Tumkur.map}}
| map_caption = Tumkur Lok Sabha Constituency Map
|established = 1951
|mp = [[V. Somanna]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|assembly_cons =[[Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency|Chiknayakanhalli]] [[Tiptur Assembly constituency|Tiptur]] [[Turuvekere Assembly constituency|Turuvekere]] [[Tumkur City Assembly constituency|Tumkur City]] [[Tumkur Rural Assembly constituency|Tumkur Rural]] [[Koratagere Assembly constituency|Koratagere]] [[Gubbi Assembly constituency|Gubbi]] [[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]]
|reservation=None
}}
[[File:Tumkur Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=207}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|128
|[[Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency|Chiknayakanhalli]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Tumakuru district|Tumkur]]
|[[C. B. Suresh Babu]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|129
|[[Tiptur Assembly constituency|Tiptur]]
|[[K. Shadakshari]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|130
|[[Turuvekere Assembly constituency|Turuvekere]]
|[[M. T. Krishnappa]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
|132
|[[Tumkur City Assembly constituency|Tumkur City]]
|[[G. B. Jyothi Ganesh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|133
|[[Tumkur Rural Assembly constituency|Tumkur Rural]]
|[[B. Suresh Gowda]]
|-
|134
|[[Koratagere Assembly constituency|Koratagere]] (SC)
|[[G. Parameshwara]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|135
|[[Gubbi Assembly constituency|Gubbi]]
|[[S. R. Srinivas]]
|-
|138
|[[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]]
|[[K. N. Rajanna]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumkur (Karnataka) General(Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019 -Tumkur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/parliamentary-constituencies/tumkur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[C. R. Basappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. V. Krishnappa]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|1962^
|[[Ajit Prasad Jain]]
|-
|1965^
|[[Mali Mariyappa]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" |[[K. Lakkappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[G. S. Basavaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[C. N. Bhaskarappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[G. S. Basavaraj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[G. S. Basavaraj]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[G. S. Basavaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[V. Somanna]]
|}
^ denotes by-poll

== Election results ==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Tumkur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. Somanna]]|party=BJP|votes=7,20,946|percentage=55.31|change={{up}}7.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,45,352|percentage=41.84|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=6,460|percentage=0.50|change={{down}}0.33}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,75,594|percentage=13.47|change={{up}}12.40}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,04,308|percentage=78.49|change={{up}}1.06}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = {{up}}7.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Tumkur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[G. S. Basavaraj]]
|votes= 5,96,127
|percentage= 47.89
|change={{increase}}15.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate= [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|votes= 5,82,788
|percentage= 46.82
|change={{increase}}23.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Shivanna
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 17,227
|percentage= 1.38
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 10,295
|percentage = 0.83
|change = {{decrease}}0.34
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,339
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,45,469
|percentage = 77.43
|change = {{increase}}4.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}15.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Tumkur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]]
|votes = 4,29,868
|percentage = 39.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[G. S. Basavaraj]]
|votes = 3,55,827
|percentage = 32.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = A. Krishnappa
|votes = 2,58,683
|percentage = 23.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 12,934
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 74,041
|percentage = 6.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,02,012
|percentage = 72.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Madhugiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Tiptur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/tumkur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tumkur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.3|77.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]

Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-07T01:29:23Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new the article basic info...

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = Sikkim {{Small|SK-1}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Sikkim.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 1977
|reservation = None
|mp = [[Indra Hang Subba]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[Sikkim]]
|electors = 4,64,140<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|assembly_cons = [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|32]]: [[Yoksam–Tashiding (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yoksam–Tashiding]] ([[Bhutia-Lepcha|BL]]), [[Yangthang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yangthang]], [[Maneybong Dentam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maneybong Dentam]], [[Gyalshing-Barnyak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gyalshing-Barnyak]], [[Rinchenpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rinchenpong]] (BL), [[Daramdin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daramdin]] (BL), [[Soreng-Chakung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Soreng-Chakung]], [[Salghari-Zoom (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salghari-Zoom]] ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]), [[Barfung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barfung]] (BL), [[Poklok-Kamrang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poklok-Kamrang]], [[Namchi-Singhithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namchi-Singhithang]], [[Melli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Melli]], [[Namthang-Rateypani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namthang-Rateypani]], [[Temi-Namphing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Temi-Namphing]], [[Rangang-Yangang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangang-Yangang]], [[Tumin Lingee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tumin Lingee]] (BL), [[Khamdong-Singtam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khamdong-Singtam]], [[West Pendam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Pendam]] (SC), [[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rhenock]], [[Chujachen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chujachen]], [[Gnathang-Machong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gnathang-Machong]] (BL), [[Namchaybong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namchaybong]], [[Shyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyari]] (BL), [[Martam-Rumtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Martam-Rumtek]] (BL), [[Upper Tadong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Tadong]], [[Arithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arithang]], [[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]] (BL), [[Upper Burtuk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Burtuk]], [[Kabi Lungchok (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Kabi Lungchok]] (BL), [[Djongu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Djongu]] (BL), [[Lachen-Mangan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lachen-Mangan]] (BL), and [[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly%20Constituencies.htm|title=Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer of Sikkim|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian parliament) constituency which covers the entire area of the state of [[Sikkim]].

Sikkim participated in its first general elections in 1977 after joining the Union in 1975. Its first member of parliament (MP) was Chatra Bahadur Chhetri of the [[Indian National Congress]] who was elected unopposed. The current MP is [[Indra Hang Subba]] of [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]], who has represented the constituency since 2019. He was re-elected in 2024.{{update after|2029|06}}

{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful parties from Sikkim Lok Sabha|color1={{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}|label1=[[Sikkim Democratic Front|'''SDF''' (6 Times)]]|value1=46|color2={{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}|label2=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad|'''SSP'''(3 Times)]]|value2=23|color3={{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}|label3=[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|'''SKM'''(2 Times)]]|value3=15|color4={{party color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}|label4=[[Sikkim Janata Parishad|'''SJP'''(1 Time)]]|value4=8|color5={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|label5=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC'''(1 Time)]]|value5=8}}

==Assembly Segments==
Since Sikkim has only one Lok Sabha constituency, it comprises all 32 Assembly constituencies of the state.
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!style="font-size:75%"|#
! Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Bhutia-Lepcha|BL]]/None)
!width=100px|District
! MLA
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1
| [[Yoksam-Tashiding (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yoksam-Tashiding]]
| BL
|rowspan=7| [[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
| [[Tshering Thendup Bhutia]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 2
| [[Yangthang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yangthang]]
|None
| [[Bhim Hang Limboo]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 3
| [[Maneybong Dentam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maneybong Dentam]]
|None
| [[Sudesh Kumar Subba]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 4
| [[Gyalshing-Barnyak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gyalshing-Barnyak]]
|None
| [[Lok Nath Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 5
| [[Rinchenpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rinchenpong]]
| BL
| [[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 6
| [[Daramdin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daramdin]]
| BL
| [[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 7
| [[Soreng-Chakung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Soreng-Chakung]]
|None
| [[Aditya Tamang]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 8
| [[Salghari-Zoom (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salghari-Zoom]]
|SC
|[[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]] & [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| [[Madan Cintury]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 9
| [[Barfung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barfung]]
|BL
|Rowspan=7|[[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| [[Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 10
| [[Poklok-Kamrang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poklok-Kamrang]]
|None
| [[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 11
| [[Namchi-Singhithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namchi-Singhithang]]
|None
|Satish Chandra Rai
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 12
| [[Melli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Melli]]
|None
| [[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 13
| [[Namthang-Rateypani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namthang-Rateypani]]
|None
| [[Sanjit Kharel]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 14
| [[Temi-Namphing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Temi-Namphing]]
|None
| [[Bedu Singh Panth]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 15
| [[Rangang-Yangang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangang-Yangang]]
|None
| [[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 16
| [[Tumin Lingee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tumin Lingee]]
|BL
|[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]] and [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| [[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]]
| {{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 17
| [[Khamdong-Singtam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khamdong-Singtam]]
|None
|Rowspan=12|[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
| [[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 18
| [[West Pendam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Pendam]]
|SC
| [[Lall Bahadur Das]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 19
| [[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rhenock]]
|None
| [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 20
| [[Chujachen (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chujachen]]
|None
| [[Puran Kumar Gurung]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 21
| [[Gnathang-Machong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gnathang-Machong]]
|BL
| [[Pamin Lepcha]]
| {{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 22
| [[Namchaybong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Namchaybong]]
|None
| [[Raju Basnet]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 23
| [[Shyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyari]]
|BL
| [[Tenzing Norbu Lamtha]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 24
| [[Martam-Rumtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Martam-Rumtek]]
|BL
| [[Sonam Venchungpa]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 25
| [[Upper Tadong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Tadong]]
|None
| [[G.T. Dhungel]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 26
| [[Arithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arithang]]
|None
| [[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 27
| [[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]]
|BL
| [[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]]
| {{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 28
| [[Upper Burtuk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Burtuk]]
|None
| [[Kala Rai]]
| {{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 29
| [[Kabi Lungchok (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Kabi Lungchok]]
|BL
|[[Mangan district|Mangan]] and [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
| [[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 30
| [[Djongu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Djongu]]
|BL
|Rowspan=2|[[Mangan district|Mangan]]
| [[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 31
| [[Lachen-Mangan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lachen-Mangan]]
|BL
| [[Samdup Lepcha]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| 32
| [[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
| None
|[[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]
| [[Sonam Lama]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| Chhatra Bahadur Chhetri<ref name=CBC>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|page=175|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Pahal Man Subba<ref name=PMS>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|page=204|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2024-06-27 |title=Pahalman Subba, Sikkim's First Elected Lok Sabha MP, Passes Away at 90 |url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/pahalman-subba-sikkims-first-elected-lok-sabha-mp-passes-away-at-90/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Voice Of Sikkim |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]<ref name=NBB>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|page=201|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1985^
|[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| Nandu Thapa<ref name=NT>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|page=244|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]<ref name=DKB>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|page=258|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan=3| [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]]<ref name=BPD1>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|page=385|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=BPD2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|page=233| publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=BPD3>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|page=224| publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Nakul Das Rai]]<ref name=NDR>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|page=281|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan=2|[[Prem Das Rai]]<ref name=PDR1>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results|page=122|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archivedate=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=PDR2>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS211.htm?ac=1 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Election Commission of India |archivedate=17 May 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135150/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS211.htm?ac=1 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]

|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Indra Hang Subba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

^By Poll

==Election results==

===20th century===
====General election 1977====
In the first election after Sikkim joined the Union, Indian National Congress candidate, Chhatra Bahadur Chhetri was elected unopposed.<ref name=CBC/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/blog/2013/03/25/election-trivia-why-no-election-was-held-in-sikkim-before-1977/|title=Election Trivia – Why no election was held in Sikkim before 1977?|publisher=Indiavotes|date=25 March 2013|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/DY4MgYfe8KxMTLEEvKuR4J/The-explainer-Uncontested-elections.html|title=The explainer: Uncontested elections|publisher=Livemint|date=22 April 2014|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>

====General election 1980====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|General Election, 1980]]: Sikkim<ref name=PMS/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Janata Parishad
|candidate = Pahal Man Subba
|votes = 31,750
|percentage = 61.65
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)
|candidate = R. C. Paudyal
|votes = 11,632
|percentage = 22.59
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Prajatantra Congress
|candidate = Indra Bahudar Rai
|votes = 5,125
|percentage = 9.95
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Prasad Sharma
|votes = 1,073
|percentage = 2.08
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
|candidate = Kharananda Adhikari
|votes = 943
|percentage = 1.83
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Subba
|votes = 801
|percentage = 1.56
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Damber Kumari Pradhan
|votes = 179
|percentage = 0.35
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,118
|percentage = 39.06
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 52,895
|percentage = 44.74
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Janata Parishad
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1984====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|General Election, 1984]]: Sikkim<ref name=NBB/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|votes = 56,614
|percentage = 68.50
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pahal Man Subba
|votes = 21,327
|percentage = 25.81
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bishnu Kumar Rai
|votes = 1,717
|percentage = 2.08
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lal Bhadur Basnet
|votes = 936
|percentage = 1.13
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhim Bahadur Mishra
|votes = 843
|percentage = 1.02
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Subba
|votes = 604
|percentage = 0.73
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Phur Tshering Lepcha
|votes = 495
|percentage = 0.60
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baldeoram Harijan
|votes = 110
|percentage = 0.13
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,287
|percentage = 42.69
|change = {{increase}}3.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 86,024
|percentage = 57.64
|change = {{increase}}12.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Sikkim Janata Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1989====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Sikkim<ref name=NT/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|candidate = Nandu Thapa
|votes = 91,608
|percentage = 68.52
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]
|votes = 28,822
|percentage = 21.56
|change = {{decrease}}4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rising Sun Party
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Poudyal]]
|votes = 12,858
|percentage = 9.62
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sonam Topgyal Gensapa
|votes = 411
|percentage = 0.31
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 62,786
|percentage = 46.96
|change = {{increase}}4.27
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 138,698
|percentage = 72.01
|change = {{increase}}14.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1991====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Sikkim<ref name=DKB/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|candidate = [[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]
|votes = 103,970
|percentage = 90.12
|change = {{increase}}31.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Phur Tshering Lepcha
|votes = 3,759
|percentage = 3.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dukanath Nepal
|votes = 3,372
|percentage = 2.92
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bharat Basnet
|votes = 2,688
|percentage = 2.33
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kharga Bhaadur Subba
|votes = 867
|percentage = 0.75
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mandadara Sharma
|votes = 536
|percentage = 0.46
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Yognidhi Bhandari
|votes = 181
|percentage = 0.16
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 100,211
|percentage = 86.86
|change = {{increase}}39.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 118,502
|percentage = 58.75
|change = {{decrease}}13.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1996====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Sikkim<ref name=BPD1/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]]
|votes = 124,218
|percentage = 72.15
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|candidate = [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
|votes = 42,175
|percentage = 24.50
|change = {{decrease}}65.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nandalal Gurung
|votes = 4,263
|percentage = 2.48
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhan Bahadur Tamang
|votes = 436
|percentage = 0.25
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Pradhan
|votes = 421
|percentage = 0.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nabin Chandra Subba
|votes = 410
|percentage = 0.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhagwan Prasad
|votes = 251
|percentage = 0.15
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 82,043
|percentage = 47.65
|change = {{decrease}}39.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 177,440
|percentage = 77.43
|change = {{increase}}18.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Democratic Front
|loser = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1998====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Sikkim<ref name=BPD2/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]]
|votes = 102,440
|percentage = 65.72
|change = {{decrease}}6.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanchaman Subba
|votes = 51,611
|percentage = 33.11
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Om Prakash Bhandari
|votes = 1,820
|percentage = 1.17
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,829
|percentage = 32.61
|change = {{increase}}15.04
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 158,787
|percentage = 67.14
|change = {{decrease}}10.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Democratic Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1999====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Sikkim<ref name=BPD3/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]]
|votes = 107,828
|percentage = 52.56
|change = {{decrease}}13.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad|candidate=Satish Chandra Rai|votes=86,466|percentage=42.15|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Somnath Poudyal]]|votes=9,762|percentage=4.76|change={{decrease}}28.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Youaraj Rai|votes=1,077|percentage=0.53|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,362|percentage=10.41|change={{decrease}}22.20}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=208,670|percentage=81.71|change={{increase}}14.57}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===21st century===
====General election 2004====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Sikkim<ref name=NDR/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Nakul Das Rai]]
|votes = 153,409
|percentage = 69.84
|change = {{increase}}17.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Biraj Adhikari]]
|votes = 60,258
|percentage = 27.43
|change = {{increase}}22.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
|candidate = Rajendra P. D. Uprety
|votes = 3,216
|percentage = 1.46
|change = {{decrease}}40.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad
|candidate = Tara Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 2,765
|percentage = 1.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 93,151
|percentage = 42.41
|change = {{increase}}32.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 219,648
|percentage = 77.95
|change = {{decrease}}3.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 2009====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Sikkim<ref name=PDR1/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Prem Das Rai]]
|votes = 159,351
|percentage = 63.30
|change = {{decrease}}6.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kharananda Upreti]]
|votes = 74,483
|percentage = 29.59
|change = {{increase}}2.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad
|candidate = Tara KR. Pradhan
|votes = 4,639
|percentage = 1.84
|change = {{increase}}0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Padam Br. Chettri
|votes = 4,458
|percentage = 1.77
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Atri Ram Chandra Poudyal
|votes = 3687
|percentage = 1.46
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Sikkim Jan-Ekta
|candidate = Bhim Subba
|votes = 2849
|percentage = 1.13
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Sikkim Gorkha Prajatantrik
|candidate = Nar Bahadur Khatiwada
|votes = 2284
|percentage = 0.91
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 84,868
|percentage = 33.71
|change = {{decrease}}8.70
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 251,751
|percentage = 81.00
|change = {{increase}}3.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 2014====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Sikkim<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archivedate=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=PDR2/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Prem Das Rai]]
|votes = 163,698
|percentage = 52.98
|change = {{decrease}}10.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
|candidate = Tek Nath Dhakal
|votes = 121,956
|percentage = 39.47
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nar Bahadur Khatiwada
|votes = 7,279
|percentage = 2.36
|change = {{increase}}0.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Akar Dhoj Limbu
|votes = 7,189
|percentage = 2.33
|change = {{decrease}}27.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,332
|percentage = 1.40
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Kaushal Rai
|votes = 2,541
|percentage = 0.82
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nakul Das Rai]]
|votes = 1,972
|percentage = 0.64
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,742
|percentage = 13.51
|change = {{decrease}}20.20
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 308,967
|percentage = 83.37
|change = {{increase}}2.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 2019====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections|General Election, 2019]]: Sikkim<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/in-the-first-phase-polls-in-91-ls-seats-andhra-pradesh-sikkim-and-odisha-to-also-see-assembly-polls/articleshow/68819325.cms|title=In the first-phase: Polls in 91 LS seats; Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim and Odisha to also see assembly polls|date=10 April 2019|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/sikkim-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-2019-voting-live-updates-voter-turnout-at-62-in-sikkim-arunachal-pradesh-registers-54-polling-till-3-pm-6425421.html|title=Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election 2019 voting Updates: Voter turnout at 62% in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh registers 54% polling till 3 pm|website=Firstpost |date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/lok-sabha-election-2019-sikkim-april-11-sdf-congress-bjp-1-seat/story/335991.html |title=Lok Sabha Election 2019: Sikkim votes today; SDF to take on Congress, BJP for 1 seat|work= BusinessToday|date=11 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="eciturnout">[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-and-phase-2-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ Final voter turnout of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019], The Election Commission of India (20 April 2019, updated 4 May 2019)</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha| candidate=[[Indra Hang Subba]]| votes=166,922| percentage=47.23|change={{increase}}7.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Sikkim Democratic Front|candidate=Dek Bahadur Katwal|votes=154,489|percentage=43.71|change={{decrease}}9.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Laten Tshering Sherpa|votes=16,572|percentage=4.69|change={{increase}}2.33}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,433|percentage=3.52|change={{decrease}}9.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=353,415|percentage=81.41|change={{decrease}}1.96}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
|loser = Sikkim Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== General election 2024 ====
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sikkim]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
|candidate=[[Indra Hang Subba]]
|votes= 1,64,496
|percentage=42.71
|change={{decrease}}4.52
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party=[[Citizen Action Party – Sikkim|CAP-S]]
|candidate=Bharat Basnett
|votes= 83,566
|percentage=21.71
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Sikkim Democratic Front
|candidate=[[Prem Das Rai]]
|votes= 77,171
|percentage=20.05
|change={{decrease}}23.66
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Laten Tshering Sherpa
|votes=21,263
|percentage=5.52
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Dinesh Chandra Nepal
|votes= 19,035
|percentage=4.95
|change={{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Sikkim Republican Party
|candidate=Kharga Bahadur Rai
|votes= 4,799
|percentage=1.25
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Sambhu Chhetri
|votes=4,690
|percentage=1.22
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes=2,527
|percentage=0.66
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Gopal Chhetri
|votes= 2,241
|percentage=0.58
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Nawin Kiran Pradhan |votes=1,166|percentage=0.30|change=}}

{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Beena Rai|votes=1,125|percentage=0.29|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Ravi Chandra Rai |votes=1,123|percentage=0.29|change=}}

{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Shyamal Pal |votes=740|percentage=0.19|change=
''New''}}

{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Madhukar Dhakal |votes=532|percentage=0.14|change=''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Rudra Mani Pradhan |votes=519|percentage=0.13|change=''New''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=80,830|percentage=21|change={{increase}}17.48}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=3,84,893|percentage=82.93|change={{increase}}1.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/sikkim/sikkim/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Sikkim lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikkim (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim|Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:Elections in Sikkim]]

Raj Bhavan, Haryana

2025-11-30T05:49:06Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: slightly adjusted formatting based on references for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Lok Bhavan, Haryana]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Star One Horror Nights

2025-10-21T17:34:20Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: new the info first draft

{{Short description|Indian television horror series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Horror film|Horror]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| story = Aditya Narain Singh
| screenplay = Sameer Modi
| director = Pavan Kaul/Avdhesh Yadav
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 52
| editor = K. Rajgopal Chandan Singh
| producer =
| runtime = 40 min
| company = Reliance Big Productions Shri Jagannath Entertainment
| network = [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2010|05|22}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2010|11|14}}
}}

'''''Star One Horror Nights'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-horror-nights-are-back/articleshow/5954171.cms|title=The 'Horror Nights' are back|date=2010-05-20|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref> is an Indian horror drama television series that aired on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]. It used to air at 9.30 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-shows/horror-night|title=Star One Horror Nights|website=NETTV4U Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref> every Saturday and Sunday on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]].

==Cast==
* Rashmi Singh
* [[Sreejita De]]
* [[Mamik Singh]]
* [[Chandana Sharma]]
* [[Riddhi Dogra]]
* [[Alihassan Turabi]]
* [[Himanshu Malhotra]]

==Episode list==

* Episode 1 Manhoos Aatma
* Episode 2 Manhoos Aatma 2
* Episode 3 Khandar
* Episode 4 Khandar 2
* Episode 5 Saat peedhi Purane Pendant ka Raaz part 1
*Episode 6 Saat peedhi Purane Pendant ka Raaz part 2
* Episode 7 Friendship Band
* Episode 8 Friendship Band 2
* Episode 9 Aaina
* Episode 10 aaina
* Episode 11 Haunted Hospital
* Episode 12 Haunted Hospital 2
* Episode 13 Aashiq Aatma
* Episode 14 Aashiq Aatma 2
* Episode 15 Story Writer
* Episode 16 Story Writer 2
* Episode 17 Bhatakati Aatmayen
* Episode 18 Bhatakati Aatmayen 2
* Episode 19 Qismat
* Episode 20 Qismat 2
* Episode 21 Tara
* Episode 22 Tara 2
* Episode 23 Daksha Sur 666 part 1
* Episode 24 Daksha Sur 666 Part 2
* Episode 25 Shruti Revenge
* Episode 26 Shruti Revenge 2
* Episode 27 Didi
* Episode 28 Didi 2
* Episode 29 Karmik Ghost
* Episode 30 Karmik Ghost 2
* Episode 31 Nandita Revenge
* Episode 32 Nandita Revenge 2
* Episode 33 Tantrik Ka Vardan
* Episode 34 Tantrik Ka Vardan 2
* Episode 35 Khoon Ka Badla Khoon
* Episode 36 Khoon Ka Badla Khoon 2
* Episode 37 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga
* Episode 38 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 2
* Episode 39 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 3
* Episode 40 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 4
* Episode 41 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 5
* Episode 42 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 6
* Episode 43 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 7
* Episode 44 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 8
* Episode 45 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 9
* Episode 46 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 10
* Episode 47 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 11
* Episode 48 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 12
* Episode 49 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 13
* Episode 50 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 14
* Episode 51 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 15
* Episode 52 Tujko Aana Hi Hoga 16

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]

2025–26 Irani Cup

2025-10-06T02:48:58Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Short description|Cricket match}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| name = 2025–26 Irani Cup
| image =
| date = 1–5 October 2025
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| stadium = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team1score1 = 342
| team2score1 = 214
| team1score2 = 232
| team2score2 = 267
| details = Vidarbha won by 93 runs
| man_of_the_match = [[Atharva Taide]] (Vidarbha)
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Kannur Swaroopanand
| previous = [[2024–25 Irani Cup|2024–25]]
| next = [[2026–27 Irani Cup|2026–27]]
}}

The '''2025–26 Irani Cup''' was the 62nd edition of the [[Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India, organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). It was played as a one-off match between Vidarbha, the winners of the [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]], and a [[Rest of India cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/indian-domestic-cricket-calendar-2025-26-schedule-full-list-tournaments-ranji-smat-hazare-dates-news/article69909496.ece |title=Indian domestic cricket calendar 2025-26: Full list of tournaments, matches, schedule |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

It took place from 1 to 5 October 2025 in [[Nagpur]]. The tournament was part of the 2025 Indian domestic cricket season, announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/iW0StRT9 |title=Update – 28th Apex Council Meeting |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] were the defending champions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2024-25-1445825/mumbai-vs-rest-of-india-1445838/match-report-5 |title=Kotian hits century as Mumbai end 27-year wait for Irani Cup |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"style="white-space: nowrap;"
|-
![[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shreyas-iyer-to-lead-india-a-in-one-dayers-against-australia-a-rajat-patidar-named-rest-of-india-captain-for-irani-cup-1504425 |title=Iyer to lead India A in one-dayers against Australia A; Patidar named Rest of India captain |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
![[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/gFqS6eIl |title=India A and Rest of India squads announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Batters
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Yash Rathod]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* Danish Malewar
* Aman Mokhade
* [[Dhruv Shorey]]
* [[Atharva Taide]]
|valign=top|
* [[Rajat Patidar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yash Dhull]]
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
* [[Shaik Rasheed]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Wicket-Keepers
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Akshay Wadkar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* Shivam Deshmukh
|valign=top|
* [[Aryan Juyal]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]]
|-
! colspan="2" |All-Rounders
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Nachiket Bhute]]
* [[Harsh Dubey]]
* Yash Kadam
* [[Parth Rekhade]]
|valign=top|
* [[Saransh Jain]]
* [[Tanush Kotian]]
* [[Manav Suthar]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bowlers
|-
|valign=top|
* Praful Hinge
* [[Akshay Karnewar]]
* [[Darshan Nalkande]]
* [[Aditya Thakare]]
* [[Yash Thakur]]
|valign=top|
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
* [[Gurnoor Brar]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
* [[Anshul Kamboj]]
|}

==Match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 1–5 October 2025
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 342 (84 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Atharva Taide]] 143 (283)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Akash Deep]] 3/51 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 214 (69.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 66 (125)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Yash Thakur]] 4/66 (16.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 232 (94.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Aman Mokhade 37 (76)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 4/34 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 267 (73.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yash Dhull]] 92 (117)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harsh Dubey]] 4/73 (27.5 overs)

| result = Vidarbha won by 93 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1492389.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = [[Atharva Taide]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2025-26-1492380 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Irani Cup}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 2025-26}}
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2025–26]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]

Neelan K. Sekar

2025-09-26T04:55:53Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: adding entry - done

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Neelan K. Sekar
| image = Neelan_while_writing.jpg
| caption = Neelan Sekar
| birth_name = Neelambaradhan
| occupation = Director, screenwriter
| notable_works = ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
| years_active = 2005-present
}}

'''Neelan K. Sekar''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work in the Tamil film industry, predominantly writing screenplays.

== Early life ==
He was inspired by films like ''[[La ragazza dalla pelle di luna|Three Way Love]]'' (1973), ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (1979), ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'' (1985), ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (1993), and ''[[Gunaa]]'' (1992) as well as the works of [[K. Viswanath]] like ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1976), ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980), ''[[Salangai Oli]]'' (1983).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gSj_wmF-88|title=Favourite Films of Neelan K Sekar | First Person|date=19 May 2019|via=YouTube|work=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> His favourite authors include [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[B. Jeyamohan]] and [[Jayakanthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2c6BeMbnJc|title=Neelan's Favourite Authors | First Person|date=29 September 2019|work=[[Film Companion]]|via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Career ==
Regarding his directorial debut ''[[Alibhabha]]'' (2008), a critic wrote, "On the whole Neelan definitely has the stuff in him, for a first timer his screenplay and narration is impressive, but towards the end goes overboard."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/alibaba-review-tamil-pclwJwejibbgg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070639/http://www.sify.com/movies/alibaba-review-tamil-pclwJwejibbgg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2018|title=Alibaba|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Work
! colspan="3" |Credited for
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!Screenplay
!Direction
!Acting
|-
|2005
|''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]''
| {{yes}}
|{{partial|Associate Director}}
| {{yes}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2006
|''[[Pattiyal]]''
|
| {{Partial|Associate Director}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Alibhabha]]''
|{{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tamil-releases-naan-attakathi-and-etho-seithai-ennai-850138-8.html |title=Tamil Releases: 'Naan', 'Attakathi' and 'Etho Seithai Ennai' |date=27 February 2015 |website=[[Network18 Group|News18]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526155109/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tamil-releases-naan-attakathi-and-etho-seithai-ennai-850138.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Yaman (film)|Yaman]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="AV">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fingertip (web series)|Fingertip]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|Television series
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="series">{{cite web |date=3 September 2019 |orig-date=3 September 2019 |title=Serial Chiller Zee5's Fingertip is a highly relatable, acutely watchable series about modern Tamil lives |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/serial-chiller-zee5s-fingertip-is-a-highly-relatable-acutely-watchable-series-about-modern-tamil-lives-7268831.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316100148/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/serial-chiller-zee5s-fingertip-is-a-highly-relatable-acutely-watchable-series-about-modern-tamil-lives-7268831.html |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[C/O Kaadhal]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/care-of-kaadhal/movie-review/80754214.cms?from=mdr
|date=2021-02-12
|url-status=live
|title=C/O Kaadhal Movie Review : An overly faithful, largely effective remake
|access-date=2022-05-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528144121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/care-of-kaadhal/movie-review/80754214.cms?from=mdr
|archive-date=2022-05-28
|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2023
|''[[The Village (2023 TV series)|The Village]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|Television series
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Nesippaya]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|}

;As screenplay supervisor
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Work
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Maara]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maddy--shraddha-srinath-to-team-up-again-for-maara-news-tamil-sgoi52gjhfcjh.html
|date=2018-06-14
|url-status=dead
|title=Maddy & Shraddha Srinath to team up again for 'Maara'!
|access-date=2022-05-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626003219/http://www.sify.com/movies/maddy--shraddha-srinath-to-team-up-again-for-maara-news-tamil-sgoi52gjhfcjh.html
|archive-date=2019-06-26
|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Jhansi (TV series)|''Jhansi'']]
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="2" |''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Screenplay
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="AV"/>
|-
|Critics Choice Film Awards
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="cv">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm5237659|Neelan K. Sekar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekar, Neelan K.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]

Keventers Milkshake

2025-09-24T20:33:26Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: Starting A Details Nd Citations

{{short description|Indian milkshake brand and restaurant chain}}
[[File:Keventers Milkshake.png|thumb|The logo of Keventers Milkshake]]
'''Keventers Milkshake''' is an Indian [[milkshake]] brand and [[Restaurant chain|chain]] of restaurants and [[kiosk]]s that began operating in 1925. The brand mostly dissolved in the 1970s and was revived starting in 2014. It is owned by Super Milk Products Private Limited. In 2021, the company had a combined total of over 200 Keventers Milkshake restaurants and outlets in India. Keventers Milkshake specializes good in classic and custom-style milkshakes and claims that it is the first milkshake brand made in India.<ref name="Ghosh 2019"/>

==History==
Keventers Milkshake was founded in 1925 by Edward Keventer, a Danish [[dairy]] entrepreneur and technologist who the British Government recruited in 1889 to modernize India's dairy industry.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Keventers on expansion drive; targets turnover of Rs 700 cr by 2025-26 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/keventers-on-expansion-drive-targets-turnover-of-rs-700-cr-by-2025-26-121102400296_1.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211629/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/keventers-on-expansion-drive-targets-turnover-of-rs-700-cr-by-2025-26-121102400296_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times 2021">{{cite web | title=Taste of life: Keventer's "Poona experiment" gives cheese Indian stamp of authenticity | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=16 December 2021 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/taste-of-life-keventer-s-poona-experiment-gives-cheese-indian-stamp-of-authenticity-101639651185847.html | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220142707/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/taste-of-life-keventer-s-poona-experiment-gives-cheese-indian-stamp-of-authenticity-101639651185847.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Keventer moved to India in 1889, and in 1894 purchased the floundering Aligarh Dairy in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].<ref name="Tandon 2017"/> Realizing success and profitability in revitalizing the dairy, Keventer established another dairy farm in 1925 in the [[Chanakyapuri]] area of [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name="Tandon 2017">{{cite web | last=Tandon | first=Suneera | title=Keventers: A brand that once meant Cassata to Lutyens' Delhi is now wooing millennials with milkshakes | website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=5 September 2017 | url=https://qz.com/india/1057099/keventers-a-brand-that-once-meant-cassata-to-lutyens-delhi-is-now-wooing-millennials-with-milkshakes/ | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220113134/https://qz.com/india/1057099/keventers-a-brand-that-once-meant-cassata-to-lutyens-delhi-is-now-wooing-millennials-with-milkshakes/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Within a decade Keventer had established eponymous plants in [[Delhi]], [[Aligarh]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Darjeeling]].<ref name="Caldron 2015">{{cite book | title=Keventers: The Revival of a Legend | publisher=CaLDRON Magazine | year=2015 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFc1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 | access-date=20 February 2022 | pages=56–57}}</ref>

After Keventer died in 1937, industrialist Ram Krishna Dalmia, a Keventers distributor at the time, bought the brand in 1940.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/> Dalmia diversified the company into producing powdered milk, condensed milk, milkshakes and ice creams.<ref name="David 2015">{{cite web | last=David | first=Shantanu | title=A Tale of Two Dairies | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=29 March 2015 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/a-tale-of-two-dairies/ | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220195052/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/a-tale-of-two-dairies/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The company's expansion expanded to 48 distribution points around the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="David 2015"/> Keventers also became a major supplier of milk, [[powdered milk]], condensed milk and biscuits to the [[Indian Army]] for several decades up until the 1970s.<ref name="Caldron 2015"/><ref name="Mintlounge 2021">{{cite web | title=How Keventers' Agastya Dalmia made milkshakes trend again | website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=8 October 2021 | url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/how-keventers-agastya-dalmia-made-milkshakes-trendy-111633621008844.html | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220201316/https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/how-keventers-agastya-dalmia-made-milkshakes-trendy-111633621008844.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Singh 2021">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Sakshi | title=Keventers to evolve from milkshake only brand to 'everything sweet' | website=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 July 2021 | url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/food-and-beverages/keventers-to-evolve-from-milkshake-only-brand-to-everything-sweet/84264414 | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=21 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211644/https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/food-and-beverages/keventers-to-evolve-from-milkshake-only-brand-to-everything-sweet/84264414 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1970s, Keventers' primary plant in Chanakyapuri was forced closed by the Indian government to further expand the diplomatic enclave there.<ref name="Ghosh 2019"/> After this, Dalmia focused his energy on other business notions, losing interest in the Keventers brand.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/> A small number of Keventers outlets continued to exist, run by a few of its remaining distributors.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/>

==Today==
Keventers is owned by [[New Delhi]]-based Super Milk Products Private Limited, which also produces other dairy products.<ref name="Ghosh 2019"/><ref name="Upadhye 2019">{{cite web | last=Upadhye | first=Aishwarya | title=Bottled happiness | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 January 2019 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/bottled-happiness/article26089713.ece | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=22 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222003415/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/bottled-happiness/article26089713.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Keventers specializes in classic and custom-style milkshakes.<ref name="Upadhye 2019"/><ref name="Caldron 2015"/> Today, the company is known by consumers in part for its unique foil-topped, vintage-style glass milkshake bottles,<ref>{{cite web | last=Nagarajan | first=Nisthula | title=What's shakin'? | website=[[Khaleej Times]] | date=31 March 2021 | url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/metrolife/whats-shakin | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220112343/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/metrolife/whats-shakin | url-status=live }}</ref> which customers are allowed to take with them when they leave.<ref name="Paitandy 2017">{{cite web | last=Paitandy | first=Priyadarshini | title=This milkshake brings everyone to the yard | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/this-milkshake-brings-everyone-to-the-yard/article20013316.ece | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=22 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222003407/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/this-milkshake-brings-everyone-to-the-yard/article20013316.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Agastya Dalmia, the grandson of Ram Krishna Dalmia partnered with his friend Aman Arora in attempts to revive the brand, working in part with a few old recipes of the milkshake that Ram Krishna Dalmia had devised.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/> As Dalmia and Arora had no experience in the restaurant business, they attempted to recruit restaurateur Sohrab Sitaram in their endeavor, who declined the offer to work with the brand at the time.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/> Dalmia and Arora continued anyway, opening their first restaurant in the [[Pitampura]] area of Delhi in 2014, but did not meet success, closing less than a year later.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/> Sitaram later eventually joined as a partner in the endeavor.<ref name="Tandon 2017"/>

In 2019, the company went to the [[Delhi High Court]] in protest about one of the company's licensees, which was alleged to have been purveying Keventers products using inferior milk.<ref name="Ghosh 2019"/> During that time, the judge stated to company lawyers that he had sampled products at several outlets and that the brand is "no longer as good as it used to be" and deemed them as "not at all fit for consumption."<ref name="Ghosh 2019"/> At the time, the franchisee stated that they had made significant improvements, and the judge stated that the licensee and Keventers should utilize dispute resolution mediation to resolve the matter, and did not impose any injunction against the licensee.<ref name="The Indian Express 2019">{{cite web | title=Keventers no longer as good as it used to be: Delhi HC judge | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=6 June 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keventers-no-longer-as-good-as-it-used-to-be-hc-judge-5768388/ | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220153924/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keventers-no-longer-as-good-as-it-used-to-be-hc-judge-5768388/ | url-status=live }}</ref> After the judge's statement, some consumers discussed the matter on Twitter expressing disappointment with the product.<ref name="Ghosh 2019"/>

In 2021, the company had a combined total of over 200 kiosks, cafés and brick-and-mortar restaurants in India<ref name="Ghosh 2019">{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Somrita | title=Many keventers, but where is the old taste? | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=8 June 2019 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/jun/08/many-keventers-but-where-is-the-old-taste-1987537.html | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220141336/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/jun/08/many-keventers-but-where-is-the-old-taste-1987537.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Munjal | first1=S. | last2=Sharma | first2=S. | title=The Food and Beverage Hospitality Industry in India: An Emergent Segment | publisher=Apple Academic Press | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-000-05343-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vY8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 | access-date=20 February 2022 | page=62}}</ref> and also has a presence in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Nairobi, Kenya; and Nepal.<ref name="Paitandy 2017"/><ref name="Capital Lifestyle 2018">{{cite web | title=Keventers brings every Milkshake lover in Nairobi to their yard | website=Capital Lifestyle | date=4 October 2018 | url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/lifestyle/2018/10/04/keventers-brings-every-milkshake-lover-in-nairobi-to-their-yard/ | access-date=20 February 2022 | archive-date=20 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220155952/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/lifestyle/2018/10/04/keventers-brings-every-milkshake-lover-in-nairobi-to-their-yard/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of frozen dessert brands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | last=Dey | first=Asmita | title=100-yr old Keventers to take milkshake to small cities | website=[[Fortune India]] | date=13 December 2021 | url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/100-yr-old-keventers-to-take-milkshake-to-small-cities/106354 | access-date=20 February 2022}}
* {{cite web | title=Mithai Madness Sundae And Hot Chocolate Rum; New Additions To Keventers' Menu Are All Things Decadent | publisher=[[NDTV]] Food | date=24 January 2022 | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mithai-madness-sundae-and-hot-chocolate-rum-new-additions-to-keventers-menu-are-all-things-decadent-2726913 | access-date=20 February 2022}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.keventers.com}}

{{portalbar|Drink|India}}

[[Category:Brand name dairy products]]
[[Category:Ice cream drinks]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Milkshakes]]

Ganye Gangadharpur

2025-07-28T17:06:19Z

Hojjathassanpour2023: created some entry from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ganye Gangadharpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4720|N|88.2668|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.68
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 5210
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ganye Gangadharpur''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Maheshtala]] police station in the [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|0|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Budge Budge]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|37|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Benjanhari Acharial]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Dongaria]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|55|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|30|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= Ganye Gangadharpur (CT) |shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Hanspukuria]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Batanagar]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Ganye Gangadharpur is located at {{coord|22.4720|N|88.2668|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

[[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala|Rameswarpur]], [[Chata Kalikapur]], Ganye Gangadharpur and [[Asuti]] form a cluster of census towns on the southern side of [[Maheshtala]], as per the map of the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block on page 153 of the District Census Handbook 2011 for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 153 – Map of Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 3 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ganye Gangadharpur had a total population of 5,210, of which 2,677 (51%) were males and 2,533 (49%) were females. There were 435 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Ganye Gangadharpur was 4,179 (87.52% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 5 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook'' 2011, Ganye Gangadharpur covered an area of 2.6831 km2. [[Akra railway station]] is 5 km away. Among the civic amenities it had 7 km of roads with open drains. The source of protected water supply was borewell tank and overhead tank. It had 1.212 domestic electric connections and 35 road lights. Among the medical facilities it had were a hospital 2 km away and a nursing home 5 km away. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school and the nearest general degree college was at [[Sarsuna]] 4 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, the nearest public library and reading room were at Jot Shibrampur 4 km away. Three important commodities manufactured were: brass and sikeer moulding, pen making, fabrication.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Ganye Gangadharpur to the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Akra railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Sarsuna Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds, at [[Sarsuna]], is the major government medical facility in the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =5 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face – Female

2025-07-24T07:40:39Z

Hojjathassanpour2023:

{{Short description|Award in the Indian Telly Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Fresh New Face – Female
| presenter = [http://www.indiantelevision.com IndianTelevision.com]
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2004
| holder =
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face – Female ''' is an [[award]] given by [http://www.indiantelevision.com Indiantelevision.com] as part of its annual [[Indian Telly Awards]] for TV serials.

== List of winners ==

===2000s===
*'''2001''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2002''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2003''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2004''' '''[[Aamna Shariff]]''' – '''''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''''' as '''Kashish''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Geetanjali Tikekar]] – ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Aparna
**[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin|Jasmeet Walia]] ([[Mona Singh]]) – ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' as Jassi
**[[Shama Sikander]] – ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]'' as Pooja
**[[Sai Deodhar]] – ''[[List of programs broadcast by Star Plus|Saara Akaash]]'' as Flight Lt Monica
*'''2005''' '''[[Mona Wasu]]''' – '''''[[Miilee]]''''' as '''Miilee''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Priya Wal]] – ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' as Anvesha Bannerjee
**[[Kulraj Randhawa]] – ''[[Kareena Kareena]]'' as Kareena
**[[Neha Bamb]] – ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]'' as Kripa
**[[Amrita Raichand|Amrita Saluja]] – ''[[Time Bomb 9/11]]'' as Roma
*'''2006''' '''[[Prachi Desai]]''' – '''''[[Kasamh Se]]''''' as '''Bani''' (tied with) '''[[Rajshree Thakur]]''' – '''''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''''' as '''Saloni''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Kanchi Kaul]] – ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]'' as Ananya Sachdeva
**[[Priyanka Bassi]] – ''Bombay Talking'' as Sheena
**[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] – ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]'' as Nimmo
**[[Mouni Roy]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Krishnatulsi
*'''2007''' '''[[Divyanka Tripathi]]''' – '''''[[Banoo Mein Teri Dulhann]]''''' as '''Vidya''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Twinkle Bajpai]] – ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan]]'' as Lakshmi
**[[Pallavi Subhash]] – ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' as Gauri Shiv Kapoor
**[[Shalini Chandran]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]'' as Maithili
**[[Suhasi Dhami]] – ''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein'' as Urmi
**[[Shubhangi Atre Poorey]] – ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' as Kasturi
*'''2008''' '''[[Avika Gor]]''' – '''''[[Balika Vadhu]]''''' as '''Anandi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 video|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7w1y3_31-december-indian-telly-awards-200_shortfilms}}</ref>
**[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] – ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Sadhna
**[[Parul Chauhan]] – ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Ragini
**[[Additi Gupta]] – ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' as Heer
**[[Abigail Jain]] – ''[[Kya Dill Mein Hai]]'' as Kakoon
*'''2009''' '''[[Hina Khan]]''' – '''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''''' as '''Akshara'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|archive-date=2012-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|archive-date=2016-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Rubina Dilaik]] – ''[[Choti Bahu]]'' as Radhika
**[[Ankita Lokhande]] – ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Archana
**[[Kritika Kamra]] – ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai]]'' as Arohi Sharma
**[[Shivshakti Sachdev]] – ''[[Sabki Laadli Bebo]]'' as Bebo

=== 2010s===

*'''2010''' '''[[Anupriya Kapoor]]''' – '''''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''''' as '''Tani''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Pratyusha Banerjee]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Anandi
**[[Smriti Kalra]] – ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' as Simran
**[[Neha Jhulka]] – ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' as Dr. Naina Mehta
**[[Neha Sargam]] – ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]'' as Nivedita
*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''[[Aakanksha Singh]]''' – '''''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''''' as '''Megha Mohan Bhatnagar'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 }}</ref>
**[[Mitali Nag]] – ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'' as Krishna Raj
**[[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] – ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' as Tanya Tej Prakash Chaturvedi (Toasty)
**[[Soumya Seth]] – ''[[Navya (TV series)|Navya]]'' as Navya Anant Bajpai
**[[Deepika Singh]] – ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Sandhya Sooraj Rathi
**[[Kirti Nagpure]] – ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay—Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]'' as Siddhi Kunal Chopra
*'''2013''' '''[[Disha Parmar]]''' – '''''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''''' as '''Pankhuri Aditya Kumar'''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php#PO4 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2015-04-25 }}</ref>
**[[Ekta Kaul]] – ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'' as Sahiba Ranveer Singh
**[[Shiny Doshi]] – ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'' as Kusum Danny Vyas
**[[Surbhi Jyoti]] – ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' as Zoya Siddiqui
**[[Roopal Tyagi]] – ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'' as Gunjan
**[[Shamin Mannan]] – ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]]'' as Bhoomi Jaikishan Vaishnav
*'''2014''' '''[[Paridhi Sharma]]''' – '''''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''''' as '''[[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha]]''' <ref name="Telly awards 2014 Popular">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archive-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>
**[[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]] – ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Draupadi]]
**[[Digangana Suryavanshi]] – ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Veera
**[[Farnaz Shetty]] – ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Gunjan
**[[Preetika Rao]] – ''[[Beintehaa]]'' as Aaliya Zain Abdullah
**[[Harshita Gaur]] – ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'' as Sanyukta Agarwal
* '''2015''' '''[[Radhika Madan]]''' – '''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''' as '''Ishaani'''
**[[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]] – ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Draupadi]]
**[[Shamin Mannan]] – [[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]] as Bhoomi Jaikishan Vaishnav
**[[Shivangi Joshi]] – ''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]'' as Poonam Lakhan Thakur
**[[Roopal Tyagi]] – [[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]] as Gunjan
* '''2019 Aakriti Sharma – [[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]] as Kullfi'''
* '''2023 Surabhi Das – [[Nima Denzongpa]] as Nima'''
* '''2025 Tanishq Seth - [[Mann Atisundar]] as Radhika Divyam Bansal'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Telly Award Fresh New Face Female}}
{{Indian Telly Awards}}

[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]